IWiailAlLi|LJIiMA TsrBsscsrrrsTT-snrBrrBnaPK moai. «m ■y^miL*^ ne Hi. This book may be kept out TWO WEEKS onJy, and is subject to a fine of TWO CENTS a day thereafter It will be due on the day m- dicated below. 1990' "-■■ 101 hi to % Cyclopedia of American horticulture Picea pungens, var. k'-ui^.., Ihe Colorado Blue Spruce Cyclopedia of American Horticulture COMPRISING SUGGESTIONS FOR CULTIVATION OF HORTI- CULTURAL PLANTS, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, TOGETHER WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM BY L. H. BAILEY Assisted by WILHELM MILLER, Ph.D. Associate Editor AND MANY EXPERT CULTIVATORS AND BOTANISTS SIUu£itrateb tDitft nearip "Cftree 'Ctoudanb wji.(7C?is,- lowest one, P. alba; upper right hand, P. nigra, var. brevifolia. The Piceas embrace some of the most useful as well as ornamental trees of the Conifer family. They cover a great variety of forms, from the stiff -branched, sturdy and rugged P. pungens to the lithe, graceful and droop- ing P. Bretveriana. The American species comprise P. alba, nigra, rubra, pungens, Jingelmanni, Brew- eriana and Sitchensis. The grand and towering Douglas Spruce and the graceful Hemlock Spruce, so called, are not true Spruces and will not be noticed in this article. Picea alba, the White Spruce, is a native of the northern parts of America and is justly thought to be one of our best conifers, a compact and upright grower of great longevity; trees growing at Waukegan, 111., over fifty years old are still well branched at the bottom, retain their pyramidal form and annually make an upward growth. They are the most aromatic of the Piceas; in fact, this odor is often used to identify them while young from the Norway Spruce or Engelmann's Spruce. They grow on a great variety of soils, bear crowding well and also will stand severe pruning; hence are used for wind-breaks and hedges. They vary con- siderably in color, some of them fairly rivaling the blue form of the P. pungens. This tree, being a native of a cold climate, is subject to the ravages of the red spider in a warm climate and should not be planted south of Philadelphia or St. Louis. There is a variety of P. alba found in the Black Hills that stands extreme drought better than the northern form and is largely planted on the dry prairies of Nebraska and the Dakotas. It does not, however, do as well in northern Illinois or farther east as the northern variety. Picea Engelmanni, one of the gems of Colorado, resembles P. alba, more than it does its near neighbor P. pungens, being of finer foliage and not as stiff- branched as the latter. It is one of the few conifers that will stand the extreme cold of St. Petersburg, Russia, but on our western prairies it soon loses its lower branches, as it seems to be unable to withstand the hot and drying winds of that section in late sum- mer and early autumn. In the eastern states, however, it does not have this fault, as the cooler and more humid air seems to better agree with it. Another Colorado conifer, Picea pungens (the blue form being called by some the "Queen of the Piceas "), is a striking and noble tree, seeming to be hardy wherever tested and on all varieties of soil. Strong, sturdy, and upright in growth, its form alone would make it a strik- ing figure in any landscape. Its beautiful color varies from a light silvery hue in some specimens to a dark blue, almost purple in others. In some specimens the branches are in distinct and regular whorls, resembling Araucaria excelsa. Undoubtedly the oldest and finest specimens of this grand tree are found on the former grounds of the late Robert Douglas, at Waukegan, 111. These trees are now 25 to 30 ft. high and show no signs 84a 1332 PICEA PICEA of weakness anywhere, being: one mass of foliage from thie ffround upward. The green form of P. pungens is an excellent tree, but is not as much appreciated by planters and lovers of trees as it should be, as it is always compared to its more striking variety, the Blue Spruce. There is a fine specimen growing on the above grounds, even larger than the blue form, which does not sutfer in comparison with its near neighbors, Ahies concolor, A. Fra.seri, P. Engelmanyii, Tsnga Cana- dentin or Hemlock Spruce, Pseudotsuga Doiiglasii or Douglas Spruce, and Puuit! Sfrohus, all large and fine specimens, equal to any in the middle west. Pieea nigra, or Black Spruce, is undoubtedly the poorest tree of the genus from a landscape gardener's l>oint of view. It has very short needles and is greatly disfigured by its cones, which hang on for several years. It begins seeding when very young and is an exceedingly slow grower. Some good specimens of it are found, however, in the East, but in very restricted localities. P. rubra, long thought to be a variety of the preceding, is a much better tree in every respect, resembling P. excelsa in color and form. It seems to be a short-lived tree, especially in the West. This tree is undoubtedly the least known of the American Piceas. P. Sitchensix of the Pacific coast strongly resembles P. pungens; in fact, when the latter was first introduced it was thought to be a variety of P. Sitchensis. It has much finer branches and needles than P. pungens, varies in coloring as much as the latter, and where hardy makes a very fine tree. Unfortunately it is not hardy in any of the northern states. Unlike P. pungens, it will not stand close planting, as the needles fall off badly where the branches are rubbed together by the wind or strike other objects. Without doubt the most graceful and elegant Picea is P. Breu'eriana, or Weeping Spruce, a native of the Siskiyou and Coast Ranges of mountains in northern California and Oregon. It has the true Spruce form, tall and symmetrical, with horizontal branches and a beautiful dark green color. In its general features it resembles a well-grown specimen of the Norway Spruce, but its distinguishing beauty is in the long, pliant, pendulous branchlets which hang straight down from the branches to a length of 6 to 8 ft. and no larger around than a lead pencil. It has a stately grace in calm weather, but its characteristic impressiveness is seen only when the long, flexible branches are undulat- ing in a light breeze or streaming before a gale. The bark is smooth and reddish in color, adding to its beauty where glimpses of it can be seen through the green foliage. It grows only at high elevations in its native habitat and on the northern slope of the moun- tains where the annual fall of snow is 1.5-25 ft., as the winter trip of the mail-carrier shows. The cones are from 2)4 to 'i% in. long, of a purplish color, and as they grow only on the tips of the branches they add greatly to its beauty. Unfortunately this beautiful tree has not proved satisfactory. Out of over 300,000 seedlings raised in 1893, only one plant is now alive; it is grow- ing on the writer's grounds and is scarcely (! in. tall, having cost over $100 per inch, and this is doubtless the largest specimen in cultivation. Of the foreign Piceas P. excelsa is most popular; in fact is the best known and most largely planted of any of the; genus. It makes a large, fine-looking tree, grows in a great variety of soils, is hardy throughout most of North Ame^rica, is the most rapid grower of any of the Piceas, and stands close planting very well. It is used more than any other tree for wind-breaks and shelter-belts. It bears pruning well. Hedges of this species and P. atha that have been planted niore than 25 years are growing on the Douglas grounds that are now G ft. high and 8 ft. across the base. One fine speci- men tree on these grounds measures al)Out 52 ft. high and .55 ft. from tip to tip of its lower branches. Other foreign species, but not as well known nor as thoroughly tested as the preceding, are P. ohorata, a close, com- pact-growing tree dark green in color. P. ^^mithiana or P. Aforitidd is one of the handsomest of the Piceas, but is not hardy in the northern states, plants from seed collected at an elevation of 8,000 ft. oti the Himalaya mountains not proviiiir hardy. Fine speciniens of this tree are foun2-l in., seeds 1-12 in. long. Of little ornamental value. V. 2.3:291. A. G. 23: 201, 203. Var. virg^ta, Rehd., is a sparingly branched form with long and slender branches destitute of branchlets, very similar to P. ercelsa, var. virgata. G.P. 8:45. Var. ptimila, Hort., is a dwarf, compact, cushion-like form of very dark green color. 9. ilba, Link (P. CancuUnsis, Britt., Stems & Pogg.). Pig. 1794. Tree, usually 60-70, sometimes to 1.50 ft., with ascendent branches and usually pendent branch- lets : bark light brownish gray: Ivs. slightly curved, acute or acutish, more or less bluish green, %-'% in. long, of a strong, aromatic odor when bruised : fls. pale red or yellowish : cones cylindric-oblong, light brown and glossy, lJ^-2 in. long; scales orbicular, with usually entire margin, thin and flexible. From Labra- dor to Alaska, south to Mont., Minn, and N. Y. S.S. 12:598. G.F. 8:223; 9:355. F.S. 21:2251. -A decorative species of dense habit when young and with rather light bluish green foliage; it endures heat and drought much better than the two preceding species. The most im- portant garden form is var. caervilea, Carr. (var. argintea and var. glauca, Hort. Abies rubra, var. vioMcea, Loud.). Of dense habit, with light bluish green or almost silvery gray foliage. Var. ailirea, Beissn., has yellow foliage. Var. n^na, Loud. Dwarf, forming a dense round bush. Var. p6ndula, Beissn. With pendu- lous branches. 10. ^ngelmanni, Engelm. (Abies commutdta, Murr.). Tree, to 150 ft., with slender spreading branches in closely arranged whorls, forming a dense and narrow pyramid in young trees : winter-buds with brownish yellow usually appressed or little spreading scales: young branches pale brownish yellow, pubescent: ivs. slender, straight or slightly incurved, acute, bluish green to steel-blue, %-! in. long, without resin canals, of a strong aromatic odor when bruised: fls. purple: cones oval- to cylindric-oblong, light brown, 1/4-3 in. long; scales rhomboidal, narrowed and truncate or rarely acute at the apex. From Alberta and Brit. Col. to Ariz, and N. M. S.S. 12:599.-A very orna- mental tree, varj-ing in the color of foliage. Var. glailca, Hort., has bluish or steel-blue, and var. ar- g^ntea, Hort., silvery gray foliage. P. psendopungens, Dieck, seems not to differ from typical P. Engel- manni. P. Engehnanni is said to be sold for P. pimgens. It is more common, and its seeds are there- fore more readily secured. 11. piingens, Engelm. (P. Par- rydna, Sarg. Abies M6nsiesi, Engelm., not Lindl.). Fig. 1794, 1798. Tree, 80-100, or occasionally to 150 ft., with horizontal stout branches in rather remote whorls, forming a broad, regular pyramid: winter-buds with brownish yellow usually reflexed scales: young branches glabrous, bright yellowish brown: Ivs. rigid, inctirved, spiny - acuminate, bluish green to silvery white or rarely dull green, '% to one and one-fifth in. long, with 2 resin canals: cones cylindric-oblong, light brown and glossy, 23^-4 in. long; scales rhomboidal, narrowed and erose at the apex. Wyo. to Colo, and Utah. S.S. 12:600. G.C. II. 20:725; 111.10:547. Mn. 7, p. 51. Gng. 7:49. S.H. 2:273. P. 1884, p. 5. G.M. 40:35. — A very handsome and very hardy tree of symmetrical habit, with light, sometimes almost silvery white foli- age. According to the different shades of color of the foliage, vars. arg^ntea, coeiillea and glailica, Hort., are distinguished. Var.vlridis, Regel (P. commntdfa, Hort.), is the form with green Ivs. A dwarf compact form of this species originated about 10 years ago at the Arnold Arboretrum. 12. Sitch6nsis, Carr. (Abies M^nziesi, Lindl.). Tide- land Spruce. Sitka Spruce. Tree, usually 100 ft., oc- casionally 200 ft. high, with slender horizontal branches, forming a broad pyramid in young trees ; in old trees the upper branches short and ascending, the lower ones slender and spreading, clothed with slender branchlets: bark bright or dark red-brown: young branches rigid, light brownish yellow, glabrous : Ivs. bright green, shilling and rounded on the lower side, flat, slightly ridged and silvery white on the upper side, sharply acute or acuminate, J^-1 in. long: staminate fls. red: cones cylindric-oval, pale yellowish or reddish brown, 23^-4 in. long; scales rounded at the apex and erose. Alaska to Calif. G.C. II. 25:728, 729. S.S. 12:002. G.F. PICE A PIERIS 1335 4:211(erroneouslynamed Douglas Fir). M.D.G. 1896:403. —A very ornamental tree, especially attractive by the contrasting colors of the foliage, but it can hardly be grown successfully in the eastern states; it does not stand the hot summers well, and is probably not hardy farther north than Mass. Var. speciosa, Beissn., is of slower growth and more compact hal)it, with more as- cending branches and shorter, more rigid Ivs. l.'i. Ajaii6nsis, Fisch. {Abies Jezoensis, Sieb. & Zucc. P. Hondohisis, Mayr. P. Alcockidiui, Veitch partly). Tree, 100- 150 ft. or occasionally higher, with hori- zontally spreading slender branches : bark dark gray : young branches glabrous, Ahining, yellowish brown or yellowish green: Ivs. slightly curved, acute or ob- -' tuse, slightly ridged on both sides, dark green and shining below, silvery white above, %-% in. long: fis. carmine: cones oblong, light brown, l}4-3}4 in- long; scales oval -oblong, erose. E. Siber., Amurland, Sachatin, Yeso. B. M. 6743. G.C. II. 13: 115, 212; III. 3, p. 53. Gt. 38, p. 217, figs. 2-5. — Similar to the preceding and highly orna- mental, hardier: Ivs. somewhat broader and shorter and less sharply pointed than in the preceding. P. Ajanensis and P. Hondoensis are considered by Mayr as two distinct species: the first has yellowish green branches and on older plants the slightly swollen leaf- cushions are recurved; the latter has light reddish brown branches, the leaf -cushions on the xipper side of the branches are much swollen, pointing forward, with two small furrows below the apex, the Ivs. somewhat shorter and the bracts of the scales somewhat narrowed near the middle. 14. Alcocki^na, Carr. (P. hlrolor, Mayr. Abies bi- color, Maximowicz). Tree, 80-150 ft., with slender spreading branches: bark grayish brown: young branches dull reddish brown, sometimes finely pubes- cent: Ivs. somewhat curved, dark green above with two bluish lines below, sharply acuminate, l4-% in. long: cones oblong, brown, purple before ripening, 3-4 in. long; scales obovate, finely denticulate at the often re- curved margin. Japan. G.C. II. 13, p. 213. — Handsome tree, with more slender branches than the preceding and of more rapid growth. Sometimes cult, under the name P. Alcockiana nova and P. acimilaris. 15. Omorika, Bolle (Plnus 0)« or? fca, Pancic). Tree, to 100 ft. or higher, with rather short spreading and as- cending branches forming a narrow pyramidal head : young branches brown, pubescent : Ivs. compressed, ridged on both sides, obtuse and mucronulate, dark green and shining below, with whitish lines above, %- ,4 16. Breweriana, Wats. Tree, 80-120 ft. high, with the branches at the top slightly ascending, the lower ones horizontal or pendulous, with whip - like pendulous branchlets often 7 or 8 ft. long, furnished with similar, slender lateral branchlets; young branches reddish brown, pubescent: Ivs. straight or slightly curved, ob- tuse, rounded and dark green at the lower surface, al- most flat and with white lines above, %-l in. long: 1798. Picea pungens. The two small tufts at the right are P. excelsa, var. Maxwelli. % in. long: fis. purple: cones ovate-oblong, cinnamon- brown, glossy, l>2-2>2 in. long; scales almost orbicular, with finely denticulate margin. S. E. Eu. G.C. II. 21:.308; III. 21:153. Gt. 47, p. 177. -Handsome tree of rather slow growth, forming a dense and narrow pyra- mid when young; very hardy. 1799. Picea nigra (X 3^). staminate fis. purple: cones oblong, 2}4-5 in. long, light orknge-brown ; scales obovate, with entire margin. Sis- kiyou Mts. in Ore. and N. Calif. S.S. 12:601. G.F. 3:66, 67; 5:595. G.C. II. 25:497. -One of the most dis- tiu^t Spruces, but it has not yet been successfully cul- tivated in the eastern states. P. Columbiana, Lemm., is a form of P. Engelmanni, of smaller size, with smaller coues and scaly brown bark —P. Olehni, Mast. Tree, to 150 ft., aUied to P. bioolor, but Ivs. shorter, about M"/^ in- long and comparatively broad: cones 1-2 in. long. Amurland, Sachalin, Yeso. G.C. II. 13:301. -P. Maximoiviczi, Kegel. Allied to P. polita, but much smaller in every part: Ivs. about }^, cones 2 in. long, smaller in cult, plants. Japan. ALFRED Rehder. PICKEREL-WEED. Pontederia. PICOTEE. See Carnation. FICRASMA (Greek, pikrasmos, bitterness; referring to the bitter bark and wood). Including Ptcmwrt. Sima- rnbdceie. Trees and shrubs, with alternate, odd-pinnate Ivs., yellowish green fls. in axillary, long-peduncled, loose cymes and subglobose, dry, berry-like fr. About 8 species in S. and E. Asia and W. India. Only P. ailanthoides, Planch. (P. Japdnica, Gray), seems to be in cult. It is an upright shrub, almost glabrous except the tomentulose inflorescence: Ivs. with 4-8 pairs of Ifts. ; Ifts. ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, crenately serrate, 2>2-3J^ in. long: fr. pea-sized, bright red, with 1 seed. N. China, Japan. This is probably the hardiest species of the genus, but has proved only half- hardy at the Arnold Arboretum. Farther north it may be of value on account of its orange and scarlet fall coloring and the bright red fruits. It is sometimes united with P. quassioides, Benn., from Himalaya and China. Wood and bark are exceedingly bitter. The wood of some species, especially P. excelsa, Planch., from Jamaica, is used in medicine like that of Quassia. Alfred Rehder. PICTURES. See Photography. PIE-PLANT. See Bhubarb. Fl£!RIS (a mythological name). Including Portitna. Ericdcew. Ornamental evergreen or deciduous shrubs or rarely small trees, with alternate short-petioled Ivs. and handsome usually white fls. in often-panicled ra- cemes or in racemose axillary fascicles. The evergreen P. floribunda and the deciduous P. 3faria»a are hardy North and, like the other species, are valuable for the earliness of their flowers. The most beautiful are P. Japonica and P. formosa, with long drooping or nod- ding racemes of white fls. arranged in terminal panicles; the first thrives still in Mass., but the fls. are usually winter-killed, while P. formosa can be grown only South. They are easily forced, and P. Japonica especially may be recommended for this purpose; it makes a very handsome and graceful pot-plant for inside decoration with its slender racemes of pure white flowers hanging over the glossy bright green foliage. The species of Pieris, like other Ericaceae, grow well in a moderately 1336 riERIS PILEA moist, well-drained and porous soil, but dislike lime- stone and heavy clay; a partly shaded situation suits them best. Prop, by seeds treated like those of Azalea or Rhododendron; also by layers, and the evergreen ones by cuttings of almost ripened wood in August under glass, kept during the winter in a cool green- house. They root very slowly; cuttings taken from forced plants root more readily. About 10 species in N. Amer. and in Asia from Himal. to Japan. Calyx- lobes valvate or distinct; corolla globose or urceolate; stamens 10 ; anthers obtuse, with a pair of awns near the base or the filaments 2-toothed below the apex: cap- sule with 5 dehiscent valves ; seeds linear-oblong, not winged, with membranaceous testa. Often included under Andromeda. Closely allied to Lyonia, but dis- tinguished by its awnless anthers, and to Zenobia, which has the anthers 4-awned at the apex. The foliage of some species is said to be poisonous to cattle. A, Lvs. evergreen. B. Flowers in terminal panicles formed the previous year and remaining naked during the winter: capsule globose, ivithout ridges. floribunda, Benth. & Hook. (Andrdmeda floribunda, Pursh. Porthna floribtinda, l2-23^ in. long: fls. nodding, in terminal dense upright panicles lK-4 in. long; corolla ovate, strongly 5-angled, white, K in. long. April, May. Va. to Ga., in the Alleghany Mts. B.M. 156(1. B.R. 10:807. M.D.G. 1898:333. — Very desirable evergreen shrub for its hardi- ness and earliness of the fls. Jap6nica, D. Don (AndrSmeda JapSnica, Thunb.). Pig. 1801. Shrub, with spreading branches or some- times small tree to 30 ft. : branches glabrous : lvs. crowded at the ends of branches, obovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, crenately serrulate, cuneate at the base, glabrous, l>2-23^ in. long : fls. in pendulous panicles, Dwarf form with small linear-oblanceolate lvs . Japanese botanists speak of a variety with the racemes a foot and more long; this form seems to be not yet introduced. P. Japonica is one of the most graceful early-blooming evergreens. 1800. Pieris floribunda (X Va). 2^-5 in. long; corolla ovate, not angled, H in. or slightly longer. April, May. Japan. R.B. 11:10. B.H. 21:l!t. On. 12:98 and p. 424; ,W, p. .307; 57, p. 399. G.C. 11. 17:797. M.D.G. 1898:.544.-Var. albo-margind,ta, llort. Lvs. with whitish margin and smaller, Var. pygmsea, Maxim. 1801. Pieris Japonica (X I-,). BB. Fls. in axillary clusters, forming terminal leafy racemes. nitida, Benth. & Hook. (AndrSmeda nitida, Bartr. A. coridcea, Ait.). Fetter-bush. Shrub, 2-6 ft. high, with triangular branches, quite glabrous: lvs. obovate or broadly elliptic to oblong, narrowed at both ends, bright green and shining above, entire and slightly rev- olute at the margin, l>2-3 in. loug: corolla cylindric- ovate. white to pink, 34-34 in. long: capsule ovoid glo- bose, with ridges at the sutures. March-May. N. C. to Fla. and La. B.M. 1095.— Var. riibra, Lodd. Fls. deep pink. L.B.C. 7:072. AA. Lvs. deciduous. Mariana, Benth. & Hook. (Andrdmeda Maridna, Linn. Lyonia 31aridna, D. Don. Leucothoe' Maridna, DC). Staggee-bush. Shrub, 2-4 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so: lvs. oval to oblong, obtuse or acute, usiially cuneate at the base, entire, 1-3 in. long: fls. nodding, in axillary clusters on leafless branches of the previous year, forming 2-5 in. long racemes; corolla cylindric- campanulate, white or pale pink, almost yi in. long: capsule ovate-pyramidal. April-June. R. L to Fla. B.M. 1579. P. formbsa, D. Don. Evergreen shrub or small tree, to 12 ft., allied to P. Japonica: lvs. scattered, broader, elliptic, 3-5 in. long: panicles 6 in. or more long. April, May. Himalayas. Gu. 54, p. 77. G.C. II. 15:569.— P. ovalifbUa, D. Don. Decidu- ous shrub or tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. ovate to elliptic, entire, pubes- cent on the veins beneath, 2-6 in. long : fls. ovate, white, in simplelateral racemes, 2-6 in. long. June. Himalayas to Japan. About as hardy as P. Japonica.— P. pfti7?2/ert'^6h'a, DO. Ever- green shrub, 1-2 ft., glabrous: lvs. oblong, serrulate near the apex, 1-2 in. long: racemes axillary, 4-12-ild.: corolla ovoid, white. Feb., March. W. Fla. B.R. 30:36. Alfred Rehdeb. PIGEON BERRY. Phytolacca deeandra. PIGEON PEA. Cajanus Indicus. PIGEON PLUM. See Coccoloba. PIG-NUT. See Hicoria. PIGWEED. Species of Chenopodium and Amaran- txis. PILEA (pileus, a Roman cap; one of the segments of the perianth in the first described species covering the akene). Urticdcece. Many tropical and some temperate- region herbs (rarely shrubby), annual or perennial, of various habit. Most of them are weedy plants, but forms of one or two species are grown in greenhouses for their compact fern-like sprays and for the interest- ing phenomenon of forcibly discharging the pollen, whence the name Artillery Plant. The species are widely distributed in the Old and New World. The PILEA PILOCEREUS 1337 flowers are monoecious or dioecious, mostly very small and in axillary clusters; stamens 3-4, and the sepal- lobes in the staminate fls. of the same number; sepal- lobes of pistillate fls. 3, the ovary 3-angled and erect and bearing a sessile tufted stigma, with 3 scale-like staminodiums: fr. an akene, ovate or nearly orbicular, compressed, more or less invested in the perianth. There are 150 or more species of Pilea, one of which, P. pumila, is a small nettle-like plant growing in the northern states. The Artillery Plants of the gardens are small branchy half-succulent herbs, usually grown in pots and allowed to reach a foot or so in height. The gracefully curving fronds of small ovate or obovate shining leaves are much prized. They are easy to grow, being propagated by cuttings. They thrive best when given an abun- dance of water. Sometimes they are used as edgings in orchid houses, to screen the pots with green, and they also tend to equalize the moisture conditions and thereby contribute to the welfare of the orchids. When the staminate flowers open, the pollen is usually discharged forcibly and visibly. If a plant is put in a sunny place when the pollen is ripe, it may set up a vigorous bombardment, particularly if the foliage is sprayed. (See I. H. 1, p. 64 (1854) for an account of this phenomenon.) The Artillery Plant is seen in nearly every greenhouse, but whether there is more than one species in common cultivation it is difficult to deter- mine, for specific characters are difficult to draw. The Ivs., although opposite, are unequal. Usually the branchlets develop alternately on the branch. microph^Ua, Liebm. (P. mnscosa, Lindl. P. calli- trichioldes of some -d-vLthors). Monoecious: small, rather weak plant: Ivs. less than % in. long as a rule, some- times very small: fl. -clusters mostly sessile or nearly so. S. Amer. serpyllifdlia, Wedd. {P. muscdsa, Hort. in part. P. callitrichio'ides of some). Fig. 1802. Dioecious: plant usually stronger and more upright: Ivs. usually more than M in. long, and fl. -clusters more peduncled. Mex. Seems to be the commoner species, but it is difficult to determine them. L, H, B 1802. Artillery Plant— Pilea serpyllifolia. Separate spray natiu'al size. PILOCARPUS (Greek, pilos, a cap, and Tcarpos, a fruit, from the shape of the fruit) . Butdcea'. Shrubs or small trees, sometimes attaining 10 ft., with pinnately compound Ivs. of 1-4 pairs and a terminal leaflet; the Ifts. opposite, but the Ivs. usually alternate: fls. in elongated racemes; petals 4-5, valvate; stamens 4-5: ovary 4-5-lobed, not tubercled. The plants of the genus form the source of the alkaloid "pilocarpine," and to- gether with plants of several other genera, the basis of the drug "Jaborandi." Seventeen species, natives of tropical America, principally Brazil. pennatifdlius, Lem. Branchlets glabrous or puberu- lent: Ivs. alternate, 1-13^ ft. long; Ifts. 2 or 3 pairs, be- sides the terminal one, 3-9 in. long, oblong ; apex rounded or emarginate, coriaceous, yellowish green: raceme spike-like, many-fld. (about 100); rachis stout, pedicels stoiit, horizontal, with 2 small greenish tooth- shaped bracts at their bases: fls. reddish brown, rotate. Brazil. B.M. 7235. — Int. into Calif, by Dr. Franceschi, and said to be hardy in the open wherever the lemon can be successfully grown. P. Jaborandi. Holmes, has been described as P.perinatifolius, by Beiith. «V Trim., but is ^ ft., rarely branching: ribs 10-22, sharp-angled, shallow, the old stems perfectly cylindrical: spines small and bristle-like, less than }4. in. long; radials 5-6; central usually 1 ; spines of the flowering area 2-3 in. long, crowded: fls. large, trumpet-shaped, dark red: fr. red, scaly. Mex. AA. Fruiting area lateral, of dense tufts of wool in which the flowers are imbedded : young shoots laniig inous , except in P. Hoppenstedtii. 4. Hoppenstedtii, Web. Columnar, simple, slender, reaching a height of 30 ft.: ribs numerous, more than 16: radial spines 14-18, very short; centrals 5-8, the lower longest one reaching 3 in. ; all the spines at first yellowish, then white: cephalium of 1-2 in. long tufts of yellowish hairs, forming a narrow bract on the north side of the plant : fls. 3 in. long, bell-shaped, whitish, with rosy tips. Mex. 5. CelsiS,nus, Lem. {P. fossulcttus, Lab.). Columnar, in the gardens simple, hardly more than 4 ft. high, 3 in. in diam.: ribs 10-17, bright green; areolae bearing long (2 in.) white hair ; radial spines usually 9, the lower one, the longest, less than 1 in. long; central usually 1, sometimes 4, the longest sometimes 3 in. long, all yellow: fls. not known. Andes of Bolivia. Var. Bninnowii, Schura. (P. Brunnowii, Haage Jun.). Stem stouter: wool brownish, more copious ; spines stronger and darker. 6. Royeni, Rlirapl. (P. floccdsus, Lem.). Columnar, branching, reaching 15 ft. in height, 2-3 in. in diam.: ribs 9-10, obtuse bluish pruinose: spines 12-16, rigid, divaricate, bright amber-yellow, the inner ones larger, nearly an inch long: on the sterile branches long hairs are found on areolae, on the fertile bract these are more numerous and aggregated : fls. and fr. as in the last species, but lighter in color. Island of St. Croix. 1338 PILOCEREUS 7. Houll6tii, Lem. Tree-like, attaining 40 ft. in height: branches divaricate; cultivated plants usually 3-4 in. in diam: ribs 6-8, rounded, glaucous ; radial spines 7-9, spreading Vi in. long, honey yellow, central twice as long and stronger: areolae of the sterile stem with more or less hairs, which in the fruiting area are very numer- ous, making a shaggy tract sometimes 1 ft. long: fls. 3 in. long, imbedded in the wool, turbinate, greenish red outside, rose-red within: fr. dark red, depressed-globose. Mexico. R.H. 1862, pp. 427-430. AAA. Fruiting area a prominent cephalium composed of dense locks of u'oolly hairs intermixed with bristles, unilateral except sometimes in P. chrysomallus. B. Lo)ig hairs absent except in the cephalium. 8. Columna-Trajani, Salm-Dyck. Tree-like, attaining a height of 50 ft. and a diam. of over 2 ft., simple below: areolsB large, elliptic ; radial ' ./ spines 10-12, the upper very short, the lower longest, nearly an inch long ; centrals 2, the upper an inch long, the lower 4-5 in. : fls. about 2 in. long, scarcely projecting from the unilateral woolly and bristly £?- -_ cephalium. Mex' R.H. 1890, p. 129. The specific name refers to the famous Trajan's Column. BB. Long hairs covering all but the oldest ports of the plant. 9. chrysomallus, Lem. Tree- like, with erect In-anches, reach- ing a height of 30 ft. : ribs in cultivated plants 13 : areolae with long hairs ; radial spines 11-13, the upper /i in. long, the lower twice as long; centrals 4, still longer; all the spines am- ber-yellow, becoming brown: cephalium terminal or some- times unilateral, a foot long, woolly and setose. Mex. 10. senilis, Pfeiff. Old Man Cactus. Columnar, reaching a height of 35 ft. and a diam. of 1 ft., branching at the very base, the branches becoming parallel with the parent: ribs 20-30, very little elevated ; areolae bearing 20 to 30 white, wavy bristles 2-5 in. long; later ap- pear also, at first 1, then 3-5 strong, yellowish spines : fls. very numerous in the cephal- ium, nearly 4 in. long, red out- side, reddish white within: fr. violet, 2 in. long. Central Mex. R.H. 1889, p. .568; 1890, p. 128. 11. Daiitwiztii, Haage {P. Haclgei, Poselg. ). Colum- nar, reaching 5 ft. in height, 4 in. in diam. : ribs 25-30, low, ol)tuse : areolae close together, bearing over 20 needle-like, spreading and interlocking spines, and also copious long, white, curled hairs which cover the whole upper part of the plant, like a spider's web: cephalium and fl. not certainly known. Northern Peru. G.C. 1873:7. F.S. 21:2163. AAAA. Fruiting areoltp and younger parts of the plant bearing short hairs, but cephalium wanting. 12. ex^rens, Schura. {P. v\rens, Lem.). Branching at base, 3-4 ft. high, 2-3 in. in diam., tapering above: ribs 4-6, ol>tuse, the sterile shoots with short, sparse, woolly hairs at the top; spines comiiionly 7 radials, very short, 1-3 centrals 4 times as lotig; woolly hairs much more abundant on the blooming plant: fls. about 3 in. long, trumpet-bell-shaped, without wool or spines. 1803. Pilocereus Schottii. PIMELEA PILTJMNA. See Trichopilia. PIMELEA (Greek, fat; referrmg to the fleshy seeds). Thymehedcece. Rice Flower. A genus comprising- many showy species, and confined almost exclusively to Australia and neighboring islands. They are mostly delicate shrubs, fitted only for greenhouse culture, though reported to be hardy in the open wherever the lemon can be successfully grown. Lvs. nearly always opposite, always simple and entire: inflorescence usu- ally a terminal head or cluster, never umbellate, often with an involucre of 4 or more bracts at the base : per- ianth tubular, with a spreading (rarely erect) 4-lobed limb: stamens 2, inserted in the throat opposite the 2 outer perianth-lobes: ovary 1-celled: fr. a small drupe. Of the many species, only three (P. decussata, P. li- gustrina and P. spectabilis) have been actually intro- duced into the U. S., but there are so many other very showy species, some of which are already in the Old World, that in all probability more will soon be found in our collections for greenhouse culture. For the lat- ter the soil should be a mixture of peat and loam, with enough sharp sand added to make it "gritty," and spe- cial care given to insure perfect di-ainage. After bloom- ing, the plants should he cut back severely to stimulate new growth. They can be propagated from either seed.s or cuttings. Ernest Braunton writes: "P. decussata is an elegant little shrub, of uncertain existence. In southern Calif, it attains a height of 3 ft., with the same width at the top, flowers magnificently and then dies. In northern Calif, it does the same. In the open ground it lives 3-5 years, and must have shade." Arnold V. Stubenrahch. Cuttings of well-ripened wood of P. spectabilis and P. decussata root freely at 60° placed under a bell-glass, in a shaded house. They are not sti'ong growers and must not be over-potted. During the summer they do best when plunged outside but covered with lath racks. They may be kept with auriculas. During the winter they may be kept with ericas at 40-45° at night, and they will come in at Easter without forcing. They are rather slow-grqwing plants for a commercial man, but they probably will become profitable. P. decussata, espe- cially, is one of the finest of pink greenhouse shrubs. H. D. Darlington. The following are all natives of Australia, except when otherwise stated: arenfria, 9. deciitsata, 13. drupacea, 2. fernighiea, 1.3. glauca, 6. graciliflora, 8. hypericina, 3. imbrieata, 16. ligiistrina, 4. linifolia, 7. longiflora, 1. nivea, 12. rosea, 10. spatliulata, 15. spectabilis, 14. suaveolens, .5. sylvestris, 11. Brazil. Katharine Brandegee. PILOGYNE. See Melothria. A. Involucral lvs. absent 1. longiflora AA. Involucral lvs. reduced to 3 small bracts 2. drupacea AAA. Involucral lvs. 4-8. B. Lvs. distinctly penniveined. c. Fls. white 3. hypericina. 4. ligustrina cc. Fls. rose-colored or yellowish. 5. suaveolens BB. Lvs. not penniveined or very obscurely so. c. Color of invohicral lvs. gi-een. D. Fls. white. E. Perianth -tube cylindri- cal 6. glauca 7. linifolia EE. Perianth -taJie wider at top 8. graciliflora EEE. Perianth-tube narrower at top 9. arenaria DD. Fls. rose-colored. E. Perianth-tube cylindri- cal 10. rosea EE. Perianth-tul'i' wider at top n . sylvestris DDD. Fls. u-hife and pitik in same head 12. nivea PIMELEA PIMENTA 1339 CC. Color of involncral I vs. pink or red, or tinged only at margin. D. Fls. rose-colored 13. ferruginea UD. Fls. white and pink in same head 14. spectabilis DDD. Fls. pale yellow 15. spathulata AAAA. Inroliicral Ivs. 8 or usually more than S 10. imbricata 1. longifldra, R. Br. Stems 4 ft. or more high, slender, very leafy: Ivs. sometimes alternate, linear, hairy: fls. pure white, hairy externally, long and slender: heads globose, many-fld. : anthers yellow, not exserted. B.M. 3281. 2. dnip^cea, Labill. A straggling shrub 6-8 ft. high or lower: branches leafy: Ivs. ovate to oblong-elliptical or oblong-linear, glabrous above, slightly silky hairy beneath, distinctly peuniveined : fls. white or tinged with pink, silky hairy, small; anthers yellow, hardly ex- serted: heads sessile, few-fld. L.B.C. 6:540. 3. hypericina, A. Cunn. Stem slender, 3 ft. or more high : branches not very leafy : Ivs. elliptically oblong, smooth : fls. hermaphrodite and female on distinct plants, very hairy externally; hermaphrodite fls. longer and more slender: heads many-fld. and crowded. — Very similar to P. ligustrina, in fact placed as a variety of it in Flora Australiensis; distinguished in having more involncral Ivs. much shorter than the fls. and silky pu- bescent or hoary. B.M. 3330. 4. ligustrina, Labill. Erect, 5-6 ft. high: Ivs. ovate to oblong or elliptical: involncral Ivs. 4, very rarely 5 or 6, as long as the fl. -tubes, glabrous: fls. sometimes female only, silky hairy. Int. into Calif., where it is said to do very well. B.R. 21:1829. 5. suavdolens, Meissn. Erect, usually less than 1 ft. high, sometimes branching at base only: branches very leafy: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to oblong-linear; involncral Ivs. 4-8, usually as long as the fls. and ciliate: fls. yel- lowish when fresh, usually hairy; heads globular, very large and many-fld. B.M. 4543 (as P. macrocephala) . 6. glatlca, R. Br. Erect, much branched, Vi-VA ft. high: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate or almost linear; involncral Ivs. usually 4, shorter than fls. : fls. silky hairy: heads globular, not many-fld. L.B.C. 17:1611. 7. linifdlia, Sm. Erect, from less than 1 to 3 ft. high: branches slender, bark ferruginous, not very leafy: Ivs. linear or oblong; involncral Ivs. 4, nearly as long as fls. : heads terminal, globular, erect. B.M. 891. 8. gracilifldra, Hook. Erect, slender, VA ft. high: Ivs. lanceolate, dotted above; involncral Ivs. 6, shorter than fls.: fls. long, slender, glabrous. — Very similar to P. sylvestris, and described as the same in Fl. Anat. ; distinguished from it by narrower Ivs. dotted above, and more slender pure white fls. B.M. 3288. 9. arenilria, A. Cunn. Small, erect shrub, dichoto- mously branched: Ivs. ovate, obscurelv downy above, silky hairy beneath ; involncral Ivs. not different from stem-lvs.: fls. silky on outside; anthers and style not protruded beyond perianth-tube : heads few-fld. and sessile. New Zealand. B.M. 3270. 10. rdsea, R. Br. Erect, small : branches sparsely leafy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, glabrous on both sides; involucral Ivs. 4, as long as fls., ciliate on margins: fls. with long spreading hairs on lower portion of tube, silky on upper portion. — Very closely allied to P. fer- ruginea. B.M. 3721 (as P. Hendersoni) . B.M. 1458. L.B.C. 1:88. 11. sylvestris, R. Br. Shrub, 2-3 ft. high, copiously branched : Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, glaucous ; involucral Ivs. 4-6, smaller than stem-lvs., shorter than fls.: fls. quite glabrous; stamens and style very much protruded: heads large and many-fld. B.M. 3276. B.R. 19:1582. L.B.C. 20:1965. 12. nivea, Labill. Erect, bushy or straggling, 6 ft. or more high : branches and under side of the Ivs. white, with a dense tomentum : Ivs. ovate or orbicular, glabrous above; involucral Ivs. 4—6, larger than stem-lvs.: fls. tomentose or silky: heads globular, terminal, many-fld. B.R. 24:24 (as P. incana).^ F.C. 1:9. 13. ferruginea, Labill. (P. decussdta, R. Br.). Stunted, much branched, from less than 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. ovate or oblong. Arm; involucral Ivs. 4, orbicular, glabrous, shorter than the fls. : fls. hairy, lower portion hispid, upper silky: heads terminal, globular. Cult, in Calif. L.B.C. 13:1283; 18:1708 (as P. diosmifolia). 14. spect6.bilis, Lindl. Erect, 3-4 ft. high : Ivs. crowded, linear-oblong or lanceolate : involucral Ivs. 4-6, ovate or ovate -lanceolate, half as long to nearly as long as the fls., usually tinged only at margins : fls. white after expansion, hairy outside; heads very large, globular, many-fld. B.R. 27:33. B.M. 3950. -A very handsome, showy plant, cult, by H. D. Darlington, Flushing, L. 1. 15. spathulElta, Labill. Much branched, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. linear to linear-oblong; involucral Ivs. ovate, gla- brous, sometimes not colored: fls. silky hairy, much re- sembling P. lini folia: heads large, globular, many-fld. and nodding. F.C. 2:72 (as P. cernua). 16. imbricd.ta, R. Br. Small, erect, much branched, from less than }4-\}4 ft. high, usually clothed with long, silky hairs, but sometimes glabrous: Ivs. usually crowded, alternate or opposite, oblong lanceolate to linear; involucral Ivs. similar to stem-lvs., much shorter than fls.: fls. white, outside hairy; tube cylindrical, heads terminal, globular, many-fld. B.M. 3833 (as P. nana). Arnold V. Stubenrauch. PIMENTA (from the Spanish pimento, allspice). Myrtdcece. The genus containing the Allspice is a group of 4 species of highly aromatic trees native to the West Indies, with large, leathery, feather-veined, long- stalked Ivs. which are black-dotted beneath, and numer- ous small white fls. borne in terminal or axillary, tri- chotomous cymes. As a genus Pimenta is distinguished from its near allies (Eugenia, Myrtus) by the circular or spiral embryo and the 2-celled ovary with 1-6 ovules pendulous from the apex of each cell. Other generic 1804. Allspice— Piminta officinalis (X /:, characters: calyx-tube top-shaped; petals 4—5; stamens numerous: drupe 1-2-seeded. Allspice is the unripe berry of P. officinalis, which is gathered and dried in the sun. Its name comes from the idea that Allspice combines the flavors of clove, cinna- mon and nutmeg. Allspice is common in the wild in Jamaica, inhabiting limestone soil. It is more exten- sively cult, in Jamaica than anywhere else. It is cult. up to 4,000 ft. The plant is not offered in the American 1340 PIMENTA PINE trade, but there seems no reason why it could not be cult, in Porto Rico. officin^is, Lindl. {P. vulgaris, Lindl.). Allspice. Pimento. Figs. 1804, 1805. Distinguished from the other 1805. Flowers of Allspice (X J). species by the oblong Ivs., 4-lobed calyx and globose drupe. Tree, 30^0 ft. high: Ivs. 2-6 in. long; petiole }4 in. long: fls. 3 lines long: drupe 3 lines thick. The male Pimento is a form with the female organs less de- veloped. B.M. 123(5 (as Miirtus Pimenta, var. tongi- folia). P. acris, Kostel, called Bayherry, Black Cinnamon and Wild Clove, where cult, in the Orient, is distinguished by the 5- lobed calyx, ovoid drupe and I he veins of the Ivs. rather promi- nent above. B.M. 3153 (as Myreia acris). Yields oil of myrcia, the basis of bay rum.— P. Pinieiitn, Griseb., is distinguished by the obovate Ivs , .'ilobed calyx, ovate-oblong drupe and Ivs., with veins obsolete above. PIMPERNEL!. Properly Anagallis. PIMPINELLA (possibly from Latin bipinnnla, bi- piiiuatei. Untbellifenv. About 70 species of herbs, one of which has been described under Anise. Lately P. integerrima, Gray, has been offered by one dealer in hardy native plants. It differs from Anise in being a perennial plant with Ivs. 2-3-ternate and segments en- tire. B.B. 2:526. 1806. Pinanga Kuhlii. PIN ANG A (Malay name). Palmd,ce(P.. About 25 spe- cies of slender, spineless, Ijamboo-like palms from In- dia and th(! Malay Archipelago. Lvs. terminal, un- eijiially lobed or pinnatisect, or simple and bifid at the aiiex; segments plicate, many-nerved, the lower ones acuminate, the upper confluent, the margins not thick- ened, recurving at the base ; rachis acute above, convex below; petiole convex above; sheath elongated: spadix usually small, very simple: peduncle short: branches in groups; spathe 1, symmetrical, swollen or compressed and2-winged: fls. rather small: fr. ovoid or elliptical, orange or red. For culture, see Palms. KtiWii, Blume. Fig. 1806. Stems tufted, 20-30 ft. high, slender: lvs. 3-4 ft.; Ifts. many, 1-2 ft., falcate- linear to linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, strongly 2-3-ribbed, upper confluent; petiole variable in length, somewhat sctirfy: fr. J^ in. long, shortly apiculate. Su matra, Java. grdcilis, Blurae [Areca gracilis, Roxb.). Stems 6- 20 ft. high, 3-4 lines in diam., thickening upwards, usually gregarious: lvs. 3-4 ft. long, sparingly pinnate; petiole and sheaths scurfy; Ifts. inserted by a very broad base, 1 ft. or more long, the lower ones 2-3- ribbed, finely acuminate, the upper 3-5 in. wide, many- ribbed: fr. % in. long, scarlet or orange, smooth, taper- ing to the tip. Himalayas, Burma. Jared G. Smith. PINCENECTlTIA. See JYoIiita. PINCKNfiYA (Charles Cote.sworth Pinckney. of South Carolina, 1746-1825, distinguished statesman and gen- eral of the American Revolution). HiibiAceie. This in- cludes the Fever Tree or Georgia Bark, a tall slirtib or small tree with fls. in large terminal cymes, native to the marshy banks of streams in the pine barrens from S. C. to Fla. Its showy flower-cluster attains a breadth of 4 in. and depth of 3 in., with as manj' as 20 fls., each 1 in. long, tubular, white, speckled red, with 5 revohite lobes. But the distinctive feature of the Fever Tree, both botanically and horticulturally, is the presence of 5 or more large, showy colored floral leaves. These are 2 in. long, 1-1?^ in. wide, oval or roundish, acute, nar- rowed at the base, and peach-yellow margined with rosy red. The interesting feature of these floral lvs. is that they are not bracts, btit modifications of one of the calyx-lobes, which are normally small and awl-shaped. Only one other species of this genus is known, P. ionantha ttom Colombia. The Fever Tree has been cult, in Europe under glass, but it is rarely successfully cult, in America. ptibens, Michx. Georgia Bark. Fever Tree. Bitter Bark. Attains 25 ft.: lvs. oval or oblong, acute, 4x 1^2 in.; midrib rosy: calyx 5-lobed; lobes deciduous or one of them in the outer fls. often transformed into a showy floral If.; corolla hairy; stamens 5, exserted, stigma ob- tuse: capsule globose, papery, 2-celled; seeds numer- ous, in 2 rows, horizontal, winged. F.S. 19:1937. S.S. 5:227-8. — Plnckneya puhens grows in low marshy woods and on borders of swamps. It thrives best when shaded by other trees. Seedlings require very rich moist soil and should always be grown under shade. They are difficult to keep alive if exposed to direct sunlight until .4 or 5 feet high; then give partial shade. P. J. Berckmans and W. M. FINE. What the apple is among the fruits, what the oak is among the broad -leaved trees of the temperate zone, the Pines represent among the conifers, excelling all other genera in this most important family in num- ber of species, in fields of distribution, in extent of area occupied, in usefulness and importance to the human race. No other trees of the temperate zone have con- tributed so much to the building up of civilization and no other, it maybe predicted, will continue longer to fill the important place in the household of civilized man; for not only do they in a number of species furnish the most satisfactory qualities of wood for structural pur- poses, but their frugality in regard to soil conditions will preserve them a place as wood-producers in many of the poor sites, when the lands fit for agricultural use have all been turned over to food production. Among the 70 or more well-distinguished species- over 600 species and varieties of Pinus have been de.scribed— all inhabitants of the northern hemisphere, ranging from the arctics through plains and moun- tains to near the equator, occurring in the tropics at least on high mountains, a variety of adaptation, of form, of usefulness, may be found to satisfy every requirement; and since more than half the number of PINE PINE 1341 species (about 40) aie indigenous to North America or the United States, it is hardly necessary to go out of our own country for plant material. For economic importance as well as a combination of points of excellence in all directions, ornamental as well as useful, rapidity and quantity of production and adaptability to climate and soil, the chief place belongs to our White Pine (P. Strobus), and next in importance stands the Longleaf Pine (P. palustris) of our southern states. The Red Pine (P. resinosa), the Shortleaf (P. echinafa), the Loblolly (P. Tceda), with the Cuban Pine {P. Cubensls), a.dd their stores to the enormous quanti ties furnished annually by the first and second. In our western mountains the Bull Pine (P. ponderosd), the Sugar Pine (P. Lambert lana), and the Silver Pine (P. monticola) are our large timber Pines; and in Mexico P. Ai/iicohuite replaces our White Pine, and P. Arizonica and Miinteznmie are the important yellow Pines. In our Philippine possessions one species, Pinus insularis, forms important mountain forests. In Europe the Scotch Pine (P. syh-estris) furnishes the bulk of supplies, with P. Laricio in the more southern countries. In Japan and northern China P. densiflora and TJiioibergi and in the Himalayas P. excelsa and lonqifolla are the important species. Besides the timber, several of the species furnish from their resinous contents naval stores, turpentine, tar and pitch, the bulk of which is now still derived from our ■M0i 1807. Pinus ponderosa. Young trees in Colorado. own Longleaf Pine. Pine wool is made from the leaves of this and other species, essential oils are distilled from leaves and young shoots and used medicinally, and the seeds of the Nut Pines are used for food and flavors. While the economic importance of the genus can hardly be overrated, the ornamental value is undoubtedly less than that of other genera like the spruces and firs. Nevertheless, at least interest and picturesqueness, if not beauty and symmetry of form, attach to a large number of species. Choice of material for planting with such a wealth of species is difficult; yet climatic limitations reduce the number that may be grown within each climatic zone, and further assistance in the choice maybe found in the fact that the botanical division of the species into three groups; viz.. White Pines, Yellow Pines (so called from the color of the wood) and Nut Pines, denotes at the same time differences of habit and form. In no other group, perhaps, is it so necessary to keep in mind that form and habit change through the different periods of life from the juvenile through the adolescent to the virile and senile stages of development; while symmetrical and pleasing in their youth and grand or picturesque in their age, in their intermediate stages the trees may be straggling and unsightly. Starting in its youth with the pyramidal aspiring habit of all the conifers, the shaft dominating over the branch system and the latter surrounding the former in regular whorls, later on the symmetry is disturbed and finally the towering old Pine may have its bole split up into many stout branches and the crown may have broadened and flattened or rounded off in the umbrella-like fashion which the Stone Pine (P. Pinea) exhibits so strikingly in the Italian landscape. This flattening of crown is characteristic of most Yellow Pines, while the piiions or Nut Pines have a tendency to the broom-like or apple tree appearance. Of our eastern species, the White Pines alone preserve to some extent the conical habit of the crown in imitation of the spruces with more or less symmetrical horizontally spreading branches, which render them pleasing objects throughout all periods of life. On the Pacific coast a number of species preserve the conical form. In the choice and combination of plant material we should keep in mind that the Pines are essentially light-needing species, hence do not bear overtopping or crowding unless they have a chance by their rapid growth in height to escape from the pressure of their shade-making neighbors; the White Pines, especially P. Strobus with its denser foliage, is more tolerant of shade than others; the dwarf P. montana is also tolerably shade-enduring. In each of the three groups there are rapid growers (in height) and slow growers, although all are slow dur- ing the first 2-7 years. Our common White Pine (P. Strobus) and the Cuban Pine (P. Ciibensis), with the European, Scotch and Austrian Pines, are good examples of the first class, making under favorable conditions annual shoots of 1-2 ft. for a number of years; while the Swiss Stone Pine (P. C'embra) and other Pines of high altitudes, like P. flexilis and albicauUs, are examples of slow growers. There are persistent growers reaching great heights, and laggards, remaining dwarfs or medium-sized trees; again our king of Pines, the common White Pine, and its giant congener the Sugar Pine, with the Bull Pine in favorable situations, take first rank, the first with a maximum height of 160 ft. and more, the last with over 200 ft., while many of the so-called Scrub Pines, like P. Virginiana, serofina, divaricata, etc., the Alpine White Pines P. flexilis, arisfata, Pence, punqens, densiflora, and most Nut Pines reach rarely over 40 ft.; some, like P. Koraiensis, Bungeana, montana, with sev- eral of the nurserymen's varieties, remaining actually dwarfs and maintaining a compact, bushlike appearance for a long time. In regard to foliage, quite a large variety can be had. For grace and elegance nothing better again than our five-needled silver-lined White Pine can be suggested, although P. excelsa from the Himalayas, with its slenderer and longer branches and more drooping foli- age, and the dwarfs P. Pence from Macedonia and P. Koraiensis, with their denser and more compact crowns, and some others of the White Pine tribe, may vie with it. Among the Yellow Pines our own almost entirely overlooked P. glabra deserves mention in this connection, where the climate permits its use, as well as the interesting Sand Pine, P. clausa. For richness, fulness and vigor of foliage, our Red Pine (P. resinosa) outranks even the much-planted more somber Austrian Pine, and for interest in devel- opment nothing can compete with our Longleaf Pine (P. paliistris). With its needles, which in young speci- mens exceed a foot in length, surrounding in dense, graceful tufts the big silvery buds at the tip of the candelabra-like branches, P. palustris offers a most, striking appearance. Unfortunately, it is not adapted for planting north of the 32d degree. The thin, grayish, short foliage of the frugal Bank- sian Pine and of several other of our Scrub Pines, and the stouter also grayish foliage of the Scotch Pine, make a pleasing color contrast against the somber dark back- ground of spruces and firs, while the short, stiff needles of the Nut Pine P. edulis and the interesting one-needle Pine (P. monophylla) resemble the spruce foliage. Color of bark varying in species from silvery gray through red and yellow tints to almost black, and character or size of cones from the diminutive globose forms of P. contorta to the long, pendulous cones of the Sugar- 1342 PINE PINE Pine 2 ft. in len^h and the hooked ponderous cones of P. Torreyana and Sabiniana, may also intluence choice of material. With wide range of distribution and hence adaptive- ness as far as climate is concerned, we have our Short- leaf Pine (P. echinata), which is found from Massa- chusetts to Texas, and in the West our Bull Pine (P. ponderosa), which ranges from the moist Pacific coast in Washing- ton to the dry slopes of Arizona. In Europe, the Scotch Pine comes nearest to such wide distribution. Besides our own northern species, there have been found hardy in our north- eastern states the Scotch and Austrian Pines P. Bxinqeana, Cembra, Kora- iensis, montana, TJiun- bergi, while the Mexican Pines and those of south- ern Asia will endure only the light frosts of our southern states. Yet in the parks of Washington, D. C., the following Pines are to be found: P. Stro- bus, Cembra, excelsa, La m bertiana , A yacahuite , A mature tree 60-90 ft. high, in Koraiensis, palusfris, dry and shallow Colorado soil. Tceda, ponderosa, rigida, Laricio, glabra, Virgini- ana, echinata, montana. Pinaster, edulis, puvgens, sylvestris, Massoniana ; and the probability is that most of the other species could find a place there to live if not to thrive. Figs. 1807-180!) show how a species may vary under different conditions. The list of species hardy in the Arnold Arboretum (Boston) comprises the following: 1808. Pinus ponderosa. 1. Thriving well. Bungeana, Cembra, densiflora, divaricata, echinata, Jeffrey!, Koraiensis, Lambertir.na, Laricio, montana, monticola, parviflora, Pence, pungens, P. excelsa and P. ponderosa pendula thrive well in a sheltered place, but are probably not quite hardy here. resmosa, rigida, Strobus, sylve.stris, Thunbergi, Virginiana. 2. Hardy, bxit not of promising growth. Balfouriana, var. aristata, eontorta, var. Murrayana, edulis. flexilis, monophylla. In the interior middle states the number which would stand the extremes of drought and cold would probably be reduced; a partial list found in the Missouri Botani- cal Garden is given below: The best are given first. All of the later ones on the list die out sooner or later, as the city smoke is very detrimental to coniferae. None do very well on that account. Mughus(P. Pumilio),1 Virginiana, Austriaca, V 3 best. resiuosa, Strolms, ) Laricio, Cembra, sylvestris, rigida, ponderosa. For seaside planting P. rigida has shown itself most fit, and of foreigners in proper climate P. Pinaster and Ilalepcnsis, while P. eontorta on the northwest coast and the frugal P. radiata on the southwest coast are the seacoast trees par excellence. The Pines are essentially inhabitants of the poor sandy soils and dry situations, their stout root system enabling them to seek the scanty water supplies where other species find it difficult. Some, like the White Pine, are adai)ted to a variety of soil conditions, Imt only a few can (■n^' X 15° and weaving the lath in this. Under the most PINEAPPLE PINGUICULA 1345 favorable circumstances such a shed can be erected for $450 per acre, but this is about the cheapest and lightest form that will withstand the elements. Diseases and Insect Jo-2 times longer and wider. China. — There is a variety with narrower leaf-segments and another with Ivs. cut into 5 segments. PINEY. Old-fashioned name of Peony. PINGUlCULA (diminutive of Latin pinguis, fat; re- ferring to the succulent and greasy foliage). Lentibul- ariacece. Butterwort. About 30 species of small, swamp-loving herbs of carnivorous habits with pretty long-spurred fls. something like a snapdragon. They grow in tufts or rosettes with several scapes less than a foot high, each bearing a solitary flower. The Ivs. are more or less short, thick, succulent, and densely covered with crystalline, glandular hairs, which give the Ivs. their buttery feeling. Small insects are caught on these sticky hairs, and the margins of the Ivs. roll in and cover them. D. T. Macdougal writes: "A digestive fluid, probably a trypsin, exudes from the surface of the leaf which dissolves the bodies of the insects, allowing the substances of which they are composed to be ab- sorbed by the leaf. The leaves of Pinguicula also con- tain vegetable rennet, and Linnaeus mentions that the leaves of P. vulgaris were used by the Lapland tribes for curdling milk, and Pfeffer says the same custom prevails among the peasantry of the Italian Alps." Pinguiculas make dainty flowering plants in pots; although natives of northern countries, they can scarcely be considered hardy subjects, as they require special treatment. The choicest species are undoubtedly P. lutea and P. caudata. P. Ititea, a native of our low pine -barrens from N. C. to Fla. and La., is unique in the genus by reason of its yellow fls., while P. caudata, with its rich purple fls., is the finest of all those which range from violet and purple through rose and lilac to whitish. The charm of P. caudata, aside 1346 PINGUICULA PINUS from its color, lies in its extraordinarily loug spur, which attains 2 in., while the 5-lobed limb reaches an equal length. These plants ai-e scarcely known in America outside of botanic gardens. F. W. Burbidge has given a detailed account of his success with P. caudata in Gn. 22, p. 309: The spring and summer foli- age are scarcely recognizable as belonging to the same plant. In early spring the Ivs. are numerous, small, short, thick and pointed, forming a dense rosette like an Echeveria; in midsummer the Ivs. are large, thin, obovate and lax. The plant blooms freely in both stages, but produces the largest fls. later. In the fall the foliage again becomes a bulb-like mass of fleshy ivs., and so rests all winter. Burbidge found that the plants can be readily propagated by these fleshy Ivs., each one producing a new plant, as in the case of the bulb scales of certain common lilies. These leaf cuttings were placed by Burbidge in the live sphagnum of orchid baskets. Young plants were potted in 2/^ -in. pots of live sphagnum, using small crocks only. These small pots may then be plunged in small shallow orchid pans to prevent extremes of moisture and hung up in the cool end of a Cattleya house. Burbidge has also grown P. hirti flora in pans of sphagnum standing in a saucer of water and treated to the hottest sunshine. The fls. are said to last 8 or 9 weeks. Pinguicula belongs to the same family with Utric- ularia, a group composed largely of aquatic plants which capture n^.inute creatures in little bladders that are developed on the thread-like Ivs. Pinguicula differs in the more terrestrial habit, the 4-5-parted calyx, spreading position of the posterior lip of the corolla and also in the anthers. Pinguicula is one of the very few dicotyledonous plants with only 1 seed-leaf. The fls. of Pinguicula are often reversed before and during anthesis. A. Color of fls. yellow. Ititea, Walt. Unique in the genus by reason of its yellow fls. and nearly regular (not 2-lipped) corolla. Exceedingly variable in the size of all its parts, and in the obtuse toothing of the corolla-lobes. Scapes 5-12 in. high: fls. Vi-lYi in. loug and broad; spur curved, abotit as long as the rest of the corolla; throat spotted and belly lined with red ; palate very prominent and densely bearded. Low pine barrens, N. C. to Fla. and La. B.M. 7203 (most of the lobes 4-cut, the middle cut being deeper). B.R. 2:126 (2 upper lobes once-cut, 3 lower lobes 4-cut). AA. Color of fls. jiurple to lilac. B. Spur S or 4 times as long as the rest of the corolla. caudata, Schlecht. Scapes 5-7 in. high: fls. deep bright violet-purple, attaining 2 in. ; lobes all rounded except the middle one of the lower lip, which is retuse. Mexico. B.M. 6G24. Gn. 23, p. 309. BB. Spxir about as long as the rest of the corolla. c. Fls. %-l in. long and broad. grandiflora, Lam. Scapes 3-8 in. long: fls. "blue, rarely i)ur|dish violet," according to DC, 10-15 lines long, 9 lines broad (3 or 4 times longer than in P. vul- garis); lobes undulate; palate with 1 or 2 white spots; spur straight, a trifle shorter than the broadly funnel- shaped tube. Western Eu. G.C. III. 10:373. -Accord- ing to Bentham, this is a large-fld. var. of P. vulgaris, with longer spur and broader lobes, which in the west- ern part of Eu. passes into the common form. hirtifldra, Tenore. Scapes 3-4 in. high : fls. 8 lines long and ))r()ad, lilac or rose (blue according to Tenore, and shown as purple in B.JM.), with a white tube; spur straight or curved, about as long as the rest of the corolla. S. Eu. B.M. 0785. Gn. 25, p. 290. -Possibly distinguished from P. grandiflora by the color of the tube, which is wliitc^ outside and yellow in the throat. According to Burbidge there is a var.with pure white fls. CO. Fls. Yiin. long and broad. vulgaris, Linn. According to Hooker, this differs from P. hirtiflora in the bright blue; color and the retuse lobes of the corolla, as also in the less globose capsule: scapes 1-5 in. high: fls. bluish purple ("blue," writes Hooker), about C lines long; spur nearly straight, about 2 lines long or as long as the rest of the corolla. Wet rocks, Eu., Asia, N. Amer. Gn. 57, p. 335. — Sometimes called Labrador Violet. -^ jj PINK. See Diavfhus; also Carnation. PINK MULLEIN. Lychnis Coronaria. PINKEOOT. Spigelia. PINKSTER FLOWER. A wild Azalea, A. ntidi flora. PINUS (ancient Latin name). Conifers. Pine. Pine- tree. Evergreen resiniferous trees, usually tall, rarely shrubby, with spreading branches forming a pyramidal or round-topped, in old age often very picturesque head, and clothed with acicular Ivs. in clusters of 2-5, rarely solitary: fls. catkin-like, appearing in spring; staminate yellow or purple, often conspicuous by their abundance; pistillate greenish or purplish, developing into subglobose to cylindric, usually brown cones, which sometimes attain 18 or more inches in length, ripening mostly not before the second or rarely the third year. The Pines are among the most important timber trees of the northern hemisphere, and many of them are val- uable for the decoration of parks and gardens. A great number of the species are hardy north. Among the hardiest are P. Strobus, Cembra, parviflora, Bungeana, Koraiensis, rigida, divaricata, Thunbergi, resinosa, sylvestris and montana. The Mexican species and those from southern Asia stand only a few degrees of frost. The degree of hardiness is mentioned with the description of each species. Young Pines ai-e with few exceptions of more or less regular, pyramidal habit; but in old age they are often very picturesqvie, especially P. Strobus, radiata, rigida, Pinea, Cembra, Laricio, parviflora and others. Of very graceful habit, with slender bi'anches and drooping foli- age, are P. excelsa, Ayacahuite, Montezuma', longifolia, and Ganariensis, but they are all, except the first named, very tender. The very large cones of some species, as P. Lambertiana, Ayacahuite, Sabiniana and Coulteri, are a conspicuous ornament. Most species are of vigorous growth when young, but the foreign species usually grow rather slowly and are therefore well suited for smaller gardens, especially P. Koraicn- 1813. 1814. Staminate cone Pistillateflowers (enlarged) of Austrian Fine; of Pinus rigida. also a young pistillate cone natural size. (X 2.) a, frout view of two o^iiles; c, side view. sis. Pence, Bungeana, parviflora; the American P. aristata and flexilis may also be recommended for this purpose. For planting rocky slopes P. diraricata rigida. \'irginia na and some western species are valu- able; and if dwarf forms are desired P. montana is one of the Ix'st, thriving in more shaded i)ositioiis and as undergrowth in open woods bettc^r than any other spe- cies. The Pines are not very particular as to the soil, and Pinus Strobus, the common white pine, in a New York garden PINUS PINUS 1347 in their native liabitats they usually occupy the less fertile situations, as dry uplands and sandy plains. Some, as P. rigida, Cubensis and Tcada, can be grown both in dry and in swampy ground. Pi mis pa htstris is verj^ unhappily named, since it almost never grows in swamps. Pines are much used for the afforestation of barren sandy plains and dry rocky mountain slopes. For seaside planting P. itisignis, Pinaster, Ilalepensis and also P. rigida are valuable. Pines cannot be transplanted successfully when old on account of their long tap-roots, and only younger nursery-grown trees should be used for planting. As they cannot usually be taken up with a good ball of earth, it is well to immerse the roots in a loam puddle imiiicdiately after the trees ai'e dug up. Pines are propagated by seeds sown in spring either in prepared beds or frames or in boxes or pans ; the seeds should be covered only slightly with fine soil, but the larger ones about a quarter of an inch, and the young seedlings shaded and watered when necessary. Varieties and rarer kinds are grafted on their types or allied species, usually by veneer-grafting on potted stock in the green- house in winter. Cuttings even of the dwarf forms do not root readily; the easiest to root are young shoots with primary foliage, as they sometimes appear on older branches or on the trunk. The Pines belong to the most important timber trees in their native countries; these are in eastern N. America P. palustiis, Strobiis and echinata; in the western states P. Lamhertiana, monticola and poii- derosa; in Europe P. sijlvestris and Laricio; in eastern Asia P. TJiunbergi and densiflora, and in the Himalayas P. excelsa. Prom the resinous secretions of many species, chiefly P. palusfris, Cubensis, Pinaster, Ilal- epensis and longifolia, turpentine, tar and pitch are obtained. An essential oil used medicinally is distilled from the Ivs. and young shoots of several species. Edible seeds are produced by some species, in America by P. edulis and cembroides; in Europe by P. Pinea and Cembra, in E. India by P. Gerardiana. Mats similar to Cocoa mats are manufactured from the Ivs. of P. palustris and Pine wool for stuffing luattresses is made from Ivs. of European and American species. About 75 species are known, distributed through the northern hemispliere from the arctic circle to Mexico and the West Indies, N. Africa and the Malayan Archi- pelago; iu the tropical and subtropical regions they are confined to the mountains. Resinous trees, rarely shrubs; winter-buds covered with imbricate scales: Ivs. of 2 kinds; the primary Ivs. are spirally arranged and as they appear on young seedling plants and occasion- ally on shoots from the old wood, are green and subulate, but commonly they are reduced to small scarious bracts bearing in their axils the acicular, semi- terete or triangular secondary Ivs. borne on an unde- veloped branchlet in clusters from 2-5, rarely reduced to 1, surrounded at the base by sheaths of 8-12 bud- scales: fls. monoecious; the staminate ones axillary, clustered at the base of the young shoots, catkin-like, yellow, orange or scarlet, composed of spirally arranged numerous 2-celled anthers with the connective enlarged and scale-like at the apex (Fig. 1813); pistillate lateral or subterminal, greenish or purplish, consisting of numerous spirally arranged scales each in the axil of a small bract and bearing 2 ovules inside near the base (Fig. 1814): cone subglobose to cylindric, with woody scales closely appressed before maturity and tightly enclosing the seeds, which are usually furnished with a long thin wing, but in some species are wing- less or short-winged; the apex of the scales is usually more or less thickened and the exposed part, which is usually rhombic in outline and termed apophysis, is often protracted into prominent bosses or knobs; the apophj'sis is terminated by the umbo, usually differing in color and ending mostly in a spine or prickle. In P. Strobus and the allied species the apophysis is fiat and thin, and bears the spineless umbo at the upper end, while in most other Pines the apophj'sis is thickened and transversally keeled and bears the iimbo in the middle. These diffei-ences belong to the most impor- tant characters in the grouping of the species: other val- uable characters are furnished by the structure of the Ivs., which contain either 1 or 2 fibro-vascular bundles and usually 2 or more resin-ducts, being either pe- ripheral, i. e., situated beneath the epidermis; or par- enchymatous, i. e., enclosed by the tissue of the leaf; or internal, i. e., near the fibro-vascular bundles; strengthening cells, i. e., cells with thickened walls, are 1815. Pinus Strobus. Leaf with a single fibro-vascular bundle (a), usually two peripheral resin-ducts (6); strengthening cells (c) only beneath the epidermis ; stomata (d) only on the two inner sides. mostly present beneath the epidermis and often sur- round the resin-ducts, sometimes also along the fibro- vascular bundles. (See Figs. 1815-1818). Thenumberof the fihro-vascular bundles and the position of the resin- ducts can he readily seen with a common magnifying glass in thin cross-sections made with a sharp razor from the middle of the leaf and placed on a glass-plate. In the following enumeration the species are grouped according to Mayr's classification, with a few slight changes; his names of his sections, however, are omitted, since they are mostly not well chosen, and the sectional and subsectional names of Engelmann stib- stituted as far as his groups could be brought in accord- ance with those of Mayr. To facilitate the determination of the cultivated species a key is given to determine plants without cones. Good illustrations are found in Sargent, Silva of N. America, vol. 11 ; Lambert, Descrip- tion of the genus Pinus; Lawson, Pinetum Britannicum; Forbes, Pinetum Woburnense; Antoine, Die Coniferen. For the horticultural vars. see Beissner, Nadelholz- 1816. Pinus Coulteri. Leaf witli two fibro-vascular bundles (a); several parenchymatous resin-ducts (b) ; strengthening cells (c) around the resin-ducts, several layers beneath the epi- dermis and along the inner and the outer side of the fibro-vascular bundles; stomata (d) all around. kunde and the new edition by A. H. Kent of Veitch's Manual of the Coniferse. Among other important works may be mentioned E. A. Carriere's Traits General des Coniferes, 2d edition, 1867; Heinrich Mayr's Die Waldungen von Nordamerika, 1890; Englerand Prantl's Die Natiirlichen Pfianzenfamilien II Teil, 1. Abteilung, pages 70-7-t (Leiferung .3 and 4); G. Engelmann's Re- vision of the Genus Pinus, in Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis published in 1880; Maxwell T. Masters in Journal of the Linnean Society, volumes 22 (1886) and 27 (1889); Conifer Conference in Journal Royal Horticultural Society, volume 14 (1892). For a fuller account of the relative value of species of Pinus and their culture, see Pine. 1348 PINUS PINTTS a 1817. Pinus palustris. Leaf with two fibro-vaseular bundles (a) : several in- ternal resin-duets (6) ; one layer of strengthening cells (c) beneath the epidermis and on the inner sida of the fibro-vascular bundles; stomata (d) all around. 1818. Pinus echinata. Leaf with two fibro-vascular bundles (a) and several parenchymatous resin -ducts (6); only one layer of strengthening cells (c) beneath the epidermis; stomata (d) all around. alba, 3. albo-terminata, 43. argentea, 44. aristata, 15. attenuata, 26. aurea, 43, 44. australis, 23. Austriaca, 36. Ayacahuite, 6. Balfouriana, 15. Banksiana, 31. Benthamiana, 20. Bolanderi, 33. brevifolia, 3. Bungeana, 11. Buonapartea, 6. Boursieri, 33. Calabrica, 36. Canariensis, 24. Oarpatica, 45. Cebennensis, 36. Cembra, 10. clausa, 32. columnaris, 44. compacta, 44. coutorta, 33. Coulteri, 18. Cubensis, 32. densiflora, 43. divaricata, 31. Don-Pedrii, 6. echinata, 29. edulis, 13. ElKntii, 22. excel.sa, 1. fastigiata, 3, 44. flexilis, 7. Fremontiana, 14. Graezelieri, 4. Halepensis, 41. Hamiltoni, 37. heterophylla, 22. horizontalis, 36. inops, 30. insignis, 27. Jefifreyi, 19. Koraiensis, 9. Lambertiana, 5. Larieio, 36. Lemoniaoa, 87. Jjoudoniana, 6. longifolia, 25. maerocarpa, 18. Mandshurica, 9. niaritima, 37. Massoniana, 38, 42. minor, 37. niitis, 29. monophylla, 14. Monspeliensis, 36. montana, 45. Mmvtereyensis, 27. montieola, 4. Mughus, 45. muricata, 35. Murrayana, 33. nana, 3. Nepalmisis, 1. nigra, 36. nigricans, 36. nivea, 3. Oeulus draconis, 38, 43. Pallasiana, 36. palustris, 23. Parryana, 12. parviflora, 8. pendiila, 20, 44. Pence, 2. Pinaster, 37. Pinea, 39. Pithyusa, 41. ponderosa, 20. prostrata, 3. pumila, 10, 44. Pumilio, 45. pungens, 34. pygmcea, 3, 36. pyramidalis. 3, 44. Pyrenaica, 36 and suppl. Quadrifolia, 12. radiata, 27. resinosa, 40. rigida, 28. rostrata, 45. rotimdata, 45. Roxhurghi, 25. Sabiniana, 17. Salzmanni, 38. scopulorum, 20. Sibirica, 10. Sinensis, 42. Strobus, 3. sylvestris, 44. Taeda, 21. Thunbergi, 38. Torreyana, 16. tubereulata, 26. umbraculifera, 3. uncinata, 45. variegata, 38. 43. Virginian a, 30. zebrina, 1. Key for Detekmining Pinks Without Conk-s (compare Pigs. 1815-1818). A. Number of Zt^s. 5, only occa- ' sionally 3 or 4. 'B. Sheaths deciduous: fibro- vascular bundle 1. C. Edges of Ivs. serrulah'. D. jjength of Irs. l}4-8 in. E. Branchlets (jlabrous or nearly so. p. I'he Ivs. 6-8 in. long: branchlets glaucotis. 1. excelsa FP. The Ivs. 3—5 in. long: b r a n chlet s n o i glaucous. G. Tree a rather dense pyramid 2. Peuce GG. Tree an open pyra- mid ."{. Strobus KE. Branchlets densely brownish tomentose ..10. Cembra BEE. Branchlets pubescent or puberulous . p. JYe edles slender, somewhat pendu ■ lous, 4-6 in. long... (i. Ayacahuite pp. Needles stiff, 1%-^ in. long. G. Back of Ivs. with fine white lines... 5. Lambertiana GG. Back of li's. usu- ally not lined. H. Color of li'S. blu- ish or dark green 4. montieola HH. Color of Ivs . bright green 9. Koraiensis DD. Length of Ivs. %-l% in.: Ivs. usually twisted, forming brttsh - like tufts at the end of the branchlets 8. parviflora CO. Edges of Ivs. entire. D. iivs. 1^2-3 in. long 7. flexilis DD. Lvs. 1-1}4 in. long 15. Balfouriana BB. Sheaths persistent: fibro- vascular bundles 2: lvs. 8-12 in. long, rigid 16. Torreyana AA. Number of lvs. 3, or 4 or 1, only occasionally 2 or 5. B. Usually solitary, sometimes ■ in 2's 14. monophylla BB. I'sually 4, sometimes 3 or 5. .VI. Parryana BBB. Usually 3, occasionally 2. c. Fibro -vascular bundle 1: sheaths deciduous. D. Margin of lvs. entire: lvs. Va-IVi in. long 13. edulis DD. Margin of lvs. serrulate: lvs. 2-4 in. long 11. Bungeana CO. Fibro-vascular bundles 2: sheaths persistent. D. Branchlets glaucous: lvs. bluish or grayish green. (See also No. 21.) E. Habit of lvs. slender, drooping 17. Sabiniana EE. Habit of lvs. straight, stiff. p. Buds very resinous: lvs. 6-12 in. long, dark bluish green... 18. Ooulteri FF. Buds not or little resinous: lvs. 5-8in. long, pale bluish green 19. Jeffreyj DD. Branchlets not glaucous: lvs. da rk yellow or bright green. E. Habit of lvs. slender, drooping. p. Resin - ducts inter- nal 2.3. palustris pp. Jt'esin - ducts paren- (• h y m at ous: buds brown 24. Canariensis PPP. Bes in ■ ducts periph- eral: buds b r i (/ h f eliesfnut-brou-n . 25. longifolia EE. Habit of Ivs. stiff. P. Length of lvs. 6-12 in. PIN us PINUS 1349 G. Buds cyl Indri c, tv i t h spreading scales little or not resinotis: I vs. 8-12 in. long, dark green, in S's and S's 22. Cubensis QG. Buds oblong-ovate, resinous: Irs. 6-9 in. long, light or slightly bluish green 21. Taeda GGG. Buds ovate, acumi- nate, resinous: Ivs . 5-11 in. long, dark yellowish green.. .20. ponderosa FF. Length of Ivs. S-7 in. (See also No. 29.) G. Character of Ivs. slender. H. Foliage pale yel- lowish or bluish green: buds ob- long-ovate , dark brown 26. tuberculata HH. Foliage bright green : buds ovate, bright chestnut-brown.27. radiata GG. Character of Ivs . stout. H. Fo rm 0 f bud s thick, orate, acute or acumi- nate 20. ponderosa, var.scopulorum HH. Form of buds ob- long-ovate 28. rigida AAA. Number of Ivs. 2. B. Branchlets glaucous. c. Buds very resinous 30. Virginiana cc. Btids not or little resinous. D. Hue of Irs. dark bluish green 29. echinata DD. Hue of Irs. bright green. .iS. densiJlora BB. Branchlets not glaucous. C. Length of Ivs. 1-S% in. D. Branchlets brown or orange : re s in -d uct s parenchymatous . E. Character of Ivs. slen- der: branchlets brown.32. claiisa EE. Character of Ivs. stout, twisted: branchlets orange or orange- brown. F. Lvs. l-Syi in. long. G. Besin-ducts 1 or 2.33. contorta GG. Besin-ducts 2-5 . . .34. pungens FF. Lvs. Y-i.-! in. long ...31. divaricats DD. Branchlets dull greenish yellow or greenish broivn: resin-ducts pe- ripheral. E. Character of lvs. slen- der: buds not resin- ous 41 Halepensis EE. Character of lvs. stout: buds coated with resin. F. Generally a tree 44. sylvestris FF. Generally a shriib...^5. montana CO. Length of lvs. 3-9 in. D. Color of buds whitish or grayish white 38. Thunbergi DTi. Color of buds brown. (See also No. 41.) E. Scales of the oblong buds with reflexed tips, chestnut-brown. F. Habit of lvs. very slender and thiH...i2. Massoniana FF. Habit of lvs. stiff and rigid. G. Buds resinous 35. muricatf GG. Buds not resinous. H. Besin-ducts par- enchymatous. ..37. Pinaster HH. Besin - ducts pe- ripheral 39. Pinea BE. Scales of the thick ovate-acuminate buds with the tips not re- flexed, light brown, resinous. V. Foliage lustrou s , resin-ducts periph- eral 38. resinosa FF. Foliage dull : resin- ducts parenchyma- tous 3C. Laricio Key Based on Cones and Seeds. Cone-scales thin at the apex, with a marginal obtuse umbo: number of lvs. 5: sheaths de- ciduous : fibro- vascular bundle 1: wood soft and light.. Strobus. B. IVings longer than seed: cones long and slender: resin- ducts of lvs. peri pheral. Bustrobi. C. Scales with broad, rounded apex. d. Lvs. slender: branchlets usually glabrous.. . . 1. 2. 3. DD. Lvs. stout: branchlets puberulous or pubescent. 4. 5. cc. Scales with elongated and tapering, at last recurved apex B. Wings shorter than seeds or wanting: cones more or less ovate, with thickened scales. Cembrce. c. Margin of lvs. entire: branchlets glabrous, light brown CC. Margin of lvs. serrulate: branchlets pubescent . D. Seeds with narrow wing: resin-ducts peripheral. . DV. Seeds wingless: resin- ducts parenchy matous . . ezcelsa Peuce Strobus monticola Lambertiana 6. Ayacahuite flexilis 8. parviflora Koraiensis Cembra A. Cone-scales more or less thick- ened at the apex, with the often sjiiny umbo in the middle of the transversely ridged apophy- sis. Pinaster. B. Sheaths caducous or curling back and tardily deciduous: fibro - vascular btindle 1 : resin-ducts peripheral. C. Seeds short-ivinged : num- ber of Irs. 1-4, only occa- sionally 5. D. Margin of lvs. serrtilate, 3; sheaths caducotis. Gerardiancs 11. Bungeana DD. Margin of lvs. entire ; sheaths curling back and falling offend of the first year. Cembroides. E. Number of lvs. 3-5 12. Parryana EE. Number of lvs. 1-3 13. edulis M. monophylla cc. Seeds with long wing: num- beroflvs.5: margin entire. Balfouriance 15. Balfouriana BB. Sheaths persistent: fibro-vas- cular bundles 2: margin of lvs. serrulate. 1350 PINUS PINUS C. Number of Ivs. 5: resin- ducts parenchymatous . Pseudostrobi 16. Torreyana cc. Ntimber of Ivs. 3, occasion- ally 4-5: resin-ducts tisu- ally parenchymatous. Tcedce. T). Branchlets glaucous: color of Irs. bluish or grayish green. E. Lvs. slender, d rooping .1" . Sabiniana EE. Lvs. stout ,6-1^ ill. long: seeds hiiii/-ivinged 18. Coulteri 19. Jeffrey! DD. Branchlets not glaucous: color of lvs. dark yel- lowish or bright green. E. Length of lvs. 5-12 in.: lvs. stout 20. 21. ponderosa Taeda Cubeusis EE. Length of lvs. 8-18 in.: lvs. slender , drooping .2^. 24. 25. EEE. Length of lvs. 3-7 in.: lvs. stout. (See also No. 20 var. ) F. Cones very oblique, 3i4-6in. long: length of lvs. usually 4-6 in 26. 27. FP. Cones not oblique, S^ in. long : length of lvs. usually 3-4 in. .28. CCC. Number of lvs. 2. D. Resin-ducts parenchyma- tous : cones mostly be- tween the whorls. Lariciones 29. E. Branchlets glaucous ..30. EE. Branchlets not glau- cous. F. Lvs. 1-3% in. long. Q. Cones not prickly.. 3\. GG. Cones prickly 32. 33. 34. FF. Lvs. 3}4-7 in. long. G. Winter-budsbrown.35. 36. 37. GG. Winter-buds gray- ish white or silvery white, oblong, not resinous, only tips of scales often light brown 38. T>T). Resin-ducts peripheral: cones usually appearing at the whorls. Sylves- tres. E. Length of lvs. 2}4-8 in. F. Seeds short-winged, % in. long 39. FF. Seeds long-winged. G. Branchlets not glaucous 40. 41. 42. GG. Branchlets g lau - cous 43. EE, Length of lvs. %-2'%, in.ii. 45. I. Strobus. 1. Uustrobi. palustris Ganariensis longifolia tuberculata radiata rigida ecbinata Virginiana divaricata clausa contorta pungens muricata Laricio Pinaster Thunbergi Finea resinosa Halepensis ^^""^^ ■' Massoniana %> densiflora Bylvestris montana green, 6-8 in. long: cones cylindric on 1-2 in. long stalks, 6-10 in. long: seed brown, 4 lines long. Himal. Gn. 31, p. 195. A.G. 19:149. — Handsome tree, of some- what loose habit, with graceful pendulous foliage, hardj' as far north as Mass. in sheltered po- sitions. Var. zebrlna, Bailly, has the lvs. with a whitish zone near the tip. 2. Petice, Griseb. (P. excilsa, var. Pence, Griseb.). Attains 50 ft., with ascending short branches form- ing a narrow dense pyramid : branch- lets greenish, glabrous, not glaucous : winter-buds ovate: lvs. straight, blu - ish green, 3-4 in. long: cones short- stalked, cylindric, 33^-6 in. long, with obovate scales: seed 4 lines long. S. E. Eu.— An ornamental hardy Pine of dense, regular habit and slow growth; forms a narrower and denser pyramid than No. 3. 3. Strobus, Linn. White Pine. Figs. 1815, 1819, 1820. Attains 100, occasionally 150 ft., with horizontal branches in regular whorls forming' a symmetrical open pyramid. In old age the head is usually broad and open and often very picturesque. Branchlets greenish or light green- ish brown, glabrous or slightly pu- jgjg^ pin^g strobus. berulous : winter-buds ovate, acura- (x V ) inate: lvs. soft, bluish green, 2-4 in. long (or 3>2-5) : cones on stalks Vi-X in. long, cylindric, slender, often curved, 2-4 in. long, with oblong-obovate scales : seed red-brown, mottled with black, 3 lines long. Newfoundland to Manitoba, north to Ga., 111. and Iowa, S.S. 11:538, 539. A.G. 12:645; 13:1. Gn. 30, p. 404.- Very valuable ornamental hardy Pine of rapid growth, sym- metrical when young, picturesque in old age : no tree is better adapted to break up the monotonous sky-line of plantations in northern parks. There are a number of garden forms occasionally cultivated. Var. dlba, Loud, (var. nivea, Carr. ). Low form of irregular habit, with almost silvery white foliage. Var. brevifolia, Loud, (var. ndna, Knight. Var. pygmiea, Hort.). Dwarf, compact, round bush, with short lvs. Var. fastigiata, Beissn. (var. pyramiddlis, Hort.). With ascending branches, of narrow pyramidal or columnar habit. Var. prostr^ta, Arb. Kew. Dwarf, procumbent form, diffuse and trailing on the ground. Var. umbraculifera, Knight. Dwarf, flat-topped bush, with short lvs. R.H. 1869, p. 38. There are also forms with variegated and with yel- low foliage. 4. monticola, Don. Mountain White Pine. Tree, to 100 or occasionally 150 ft., with slender, spreading, somewhat pendulous branches forming a narrow open 1830. Pinus Strobus (X 3^). 1. exc6lBa, Wall. (P. iVepaZ^wsis, Chambr.). Attains 150 ft., with spreading and slightly ascending branches forming a broad open pyramid : branchlets greenish, glabrous, glaucous: winter -buds cylindric -obovate, ftcute: lvs. slender, flaccid, drooping, grayish or bluish pyramid: branchlets ptiberulous, yellowish or reddish brown : winter -buds ovate, acute : lvs. stiff, bluish green and glaucous, 13^-4 in. long, with few inconspic- uous or no lines on the back: cones short-pedunclcd, cylindric, slender, slightly curved, 5-11 in. long, yellow PINUS PINUS 1351 ish brown ; scales pointed by the slightly thickened umbo: seed red-brown, mottled with black, ^ in. long. Brit. Col. to Idaho and Calif. S.S. 11:540,541. G.F. 5:5, 7. R.H. 18(59, p. 12G (as P. Gra-zelieri). — SimiXar to P. Strobus, but forming a somewliat narrower, more slender pyramid; hardy as far north as Mass. 1821. Pinus flexilis (X 34). 5. Lamberti^na, Dougl. Sugar Pine. Fig. 1823. Tree, to 200 or 220 ft., with spreading somewhat pendulous branches forming a narrow open pyramid ; old trees usually with fiat-topped wide-spreading open head: branchlets brown, pubescent: winter-buds oblong-obo- vate, apiculate: Ivs. stout, sharply pointed, dark bluish green, 3-4 in. long, with conspicuous white lines on the back: cones on peduncles 2-3K-in. long, cylindric, often slightly curved, light brown, lustrous, 10-20 in. long: seed about >2 in. long, dark brown or nearly black. Ore. to Mex. S.S. 11:5^42, 543. Gn. 31, p. 152, 153. G.C. II. 23:11; III. 1:769. -One of the tallest trees of the Pacific coast; in the eastern states it is hardy as far north as Mass., but grows only slowly; has handsome dark foliage. 6. AyacahMte, Ehrenb. (P. Buonapcirtea, Rcezl. P. DoH-Pedrii, Roszl. P. Loudonidna, Gord.}. Tree, to 100 ft., with spreading, slender branches: branchlets yel- lowish brown, finely pubescent: Ivs. slender and some- what pendulous, bluish green, 4—6 in. long: cones short- stalked, cylindric conical, gradually narrowed toward the apex, often slightly curved, brownish yellow, 9-15 in. long: seeds about % in. long, gray-brown, mottled dark brown. North Mex. G.C. II. 18:493; III. 20:751,753. Gn. 25, pp. 192, 193. — Handsome tree, somewhat resem- bling the White Pine, but foliage more slender, especially ornamental with its large cones. Not hardy north. 2. Cemhrce. 7. fl6xili3, James. Limber Pine. Fig. 1821. Tree, to 50, occasionally to 80 ft., with stout horizontal branches forming a narrow open pyramid, in old age with low, broad, round-topped head: winter-buds broadly ovate, slender-pointed: Ivs. rigid, acute, dark green, l%-3 in. long: cones ovate to cylindric-ovate, light brown, 3-6, rarely 10 in. long; scales rounded at the apex, tipped with an obtuse, dark umbo, the lower ones elongated and reflexed: seeds dark brown, mottled with black, ^-)4 in. long, with narrow wing. Alberta to Calif, and New" Mex. S.S. 11:546, 547. G.F. 10: 165. -Hardy Pine of slow growth; seems to be best adapted for ornamen- tal planting on rocky slopes. 8. parviflbra, Sieb. & Zucc. Tree, to 80 ft., of dense, pyramidal habit, with slender, horizontal branches: branchlets light greenish brown, puberulous: Ivs. crowded, rather stiff, usually twisted, forming brush- like tufts at the end of the branchlets, bluish green, 54-1^2 in. long : cones ovate or oblong-ovate, almost sessile, reddish brown, 2-3 in. long: seeds dark brown, hardly K i'^. long. Japan. S.Z. 2:115.— Hardy and very ornamental Pine, bearing numerous decorative cones when older. Cultivated plants are often grafted and as- sume a more irregnilar habit. In Japan it is often culti- vated in pots and dwarfed. A.G. 14:212. 9. Korai6n8is, Sieb. & Zucc. (P. Mandshurica , Rupr.). Pyramidal tree, to 100 ft.: branchlets with yellowish brown pubescence: winter-buds oblong-ovate, acumi- nate, dark chestnut-brown: Ivs. straight, dark green and glossy on the back, bluish white on the inner sides, 2K-4 in. long: cones almost sessile, conic-ovate, yellow- ish Vjrown, 4-6 in. long; scales rhombic-obovate, with re- curved obtuse apex: seed over % in. long, brown, sharply edged. Japan, Corea. S.Z. 2:116. Gng. 6:1. — In cultiva- tion of slow growth, forming a rather dense, broad pyra- mid, with handsome foliage. One of the best hardy Pines for smaller gardens. 10. C^mbra, Linn. Swiss Stone Pine. Tree, to 70 or occasionally 120 ft., with spreading usually short branches forming a narrow, dense pyramid, in old age often with very picturesque broad, open, round-topped head: branchlets coated with dense yellowish brown tomentum: winter-buds globose-ovate, long acuminate: Ivs. straight, dark green on back, bluish white inside, 2-33^ in. long: cones short-peduncled, ovate, obtuse, light brown, 23^-33^ in. long; scales broadly ovate, rounded at apex, apophysis much broader than high: seed 3^ in. long. M. European, Alps to N. Russia and N. Asia. G.C. II. 17:80, 81; III. 24:459. Gn. 19, p. 369; 28, p. 175, 182. Gt. 45, p. 205. — Handsome hardy Pine of slow growth and symmetrical habit when young. Var. Sibirica, Loud., has shorter Ivs. and longer cones, and is of narrower habit and more vigorous growth. Var. pilmila, Pall. See P. piimila in suppl. list. II. Pinaster. 3. Gernrdiance. 11. Bunged.iia, Zucc. Lace Bark Pine. White Bark Pine. Tree, to 80 or 100 ft., with long and slender branches: bark flaky, light gray: young branches gray- ish green, glabrous: Ivs. rigid, acute, light green, 2-4 in. long: cones almost sessile, conic-ovate, light yellow- 1822. Pinus edulis i'X'^A). ish brown, 2-3 in. long; apophysis much broader than high, ridged, with a triangular pointed and recurved umbo: seed dark brown, with narrow wing, 3^-3^ in. long. N. China. G.C. II. 18:9. — Hardy slow-growing tree of bushy habit in cultivation and with rather sparse light green foliage. 1352 PINUS 4. Cembroides. 12. Parryina, Engelm. (P.quadrifdlia, Sudw.)- Nut Pine. Pinnon. Tree, to 40 ft., with stout, spreading branches, form- ing a regular pyramid but usually round- topped and irregular in old age: branch- lets puberulous, light grayish brown: Ivs. 3-5, usually 4, rigid, incurved, pale glaucous green, !%-!% in. long: cone subglobose, 13^-2 in. broad, chestnut- brown, lustrous ; apophysis thick, pyra- midal, conspicuously keeled; umbo with minute recurved prickle: seed about i4 in. long. Calif. S.S. 11:549. -Not hardy north. 13. 6duli8, Engelm. Nut Pine. Fig. 1822. Small tree, 10-20 or occasionally to 40 ft., with horizontal branches, bushy when young, with low, round-topped head in old age: branchlets light yellowish brown, pu- berulous at first: Ivs. 2-3, rigid, dark green, 54-1/^ in. long: cones almost sessile, broadly ovate, greenish yellow, lustrous, about 1%. in. long ; apophysis pyramidal, strongly keeled ; umbo with minute recurved tip: seed % in. long, with narrow wing remain- ing attached to the scale. Colo, to North Mex. and Tex. S.S. 11 :5.")2. -Hardy as far north as Mass., forming a slow-growing and compact bush. The seeds are an im- portant article of food among the Indians. 14. monophylla, Torr. & Frem. (P. Fre- moHtidua, Endl.). Tree, 15-20, occasionally to 50 ft., similar to the preceding: branch- lets light orange, glabrous: Ivs. usually solitary, sometimes 2, terete, rigid, spin- escent, glaucous green, %-!% in. long; cones broadly ovate, light brown, l>b-2 in. long; apophysis depressed-pyramidal, ridged, the flattened umbo with a minute incurved tip: seed % in. long. Calif, to Colo, and Ariz. S.S. 11: 551. G.C. II. 20: 44: 26:137. — Of slow growth, hardy as far north as Mass. The solitary leaf has been believed to consist of two connate ones, but this is certainly not the case, as the one fibro-vascular bundle plainly shows. 5. Balfourianxe . 15. BalJouriana, Jeffrey. Foxtail Pine. Tree, to 40, occasionally 90 ft., narrow pyr- amidal when young, irregular and open in old age: branchlets dark brown, puberulous at first: Ivs. crowded, incurved and pressed against the branches, rigid, acute, dark green on the back, white inside, 1-13^ in. long, remaining for 10 or 12 years on the branches ; cones pendulous, subcylindrie, dark purplish brown, 3>2-5 in. long; apophy- sis flattened, the concave oblong umbo with minute incurved prickle: seed ]:4, in. long, Calif. S.S. 11:5.53. -Not hardy north. Var. aristilta, Engelm. (P. aritttMa, Engelm.). Bushy tree, occasionally to 50 ft., sometimes a semi - prostrate shrub : branchlets of lighter color and almost glabrous: Ivs. with less conspicuous white lines inside: cones cylindric-ovate, 3-33^ in. long; apophysis elevated ; umbo with a slender incurved spine to \{ in. long. Calif, to Utah and Ariz. S.S. 11:.554. G.C. III. 20:719. -Hardy as far north as Mass. ; in cultivation usually a handsome low, Inishy shrub of distinct habit: Ivs. often sprinkled with resinous dots. C. Pseudostrobi. 16. Torrey^na, Parry. Soledad Pike. Tree, to 40 or occasionally to GO ft., with spreading and sometimes ascending branches: branchlets greenish or purplish, bloomy, glabrous: Ivs. rigid, dark green, 8- 13 in. long: cones broadly ovate, 4-G in. 1823. Cones of Pines. HcKiiiniuK at the top: P. Ooiiltrri, Lambertiana, pxlustris, radiata. (X 1-5.) PINUS long, chocolate-brown ; apophysis low- pyramidal, umbo elongated and reflexed with short spiny tip: seeds % in. long, short-winged. S.Calif. S.S. 11:557,558. — Rarely cult. ; not hardy north. 7. T(edw. 17. Sabinid,na, Dougl. Digger Pine. Bull Pine. Tree, to 50 or occasionally 80 ft., usually divided into several stems, with short crooked branches, the lower ones pendent, the upper ones ascending, forming a round-topped head : Ivs. slen- der, flexible, pale bluish green, 8-12 in. long: cones pendent on about 2-in. long stalks, oblong-ovate, light red-brown, 6-10 in. long ; apophysis pyramidal, sharply keeled, flattened at the straight or incurved apex, the lower scales with much recurved apex: seeds % in. long, short- winged. Calif. S.S. 11:569. G.C. 111.4:43; 5:45. F.S. 9:964. -Not hardy north. Distinct Pine of loose habit and with sparse pale foliage. The seeds are edible. 18. Cdulteri, Don(P. macrocdrpo, Lindl. ). Pitch Pine. Fig. 1823. Tree, to 80 ft., with stout branches, pendulous below and as- cending above, forming a loose pyramidal head: winter-buds oblong-ovate, resinous: Ivs. stout, acuminate, dark bluish green, 6-12 in. long: cones short-stalked, pendent, cylindric-ovate, yellowish brown, 9-14 in. long; apophysis elongated-pyramidal, nar- rowed into the compressed spiny- tipped straight or incurved umbo: seed % in. long. Calif. S.S. 11:571, 572. G.C. II. 23:409, 413 ; HI. 4:765. -Not hardy north. Old trees are often very picturesque and the large cones are conspicuous and ornamental. 19. J6ffreyi, Murray {P. ponderbsa, var. Jeffreyi, Vasey). Jeffrey's Pine. Tree, to 120 or occasionally to 180 ft., with short spreading or often pendulous branches, the uppermost ascending, forming an open pyr- amidal and sometimes narrow spire - like head : young branches fragrant when broken : winter-buds oblong-ovate, not res- inous: Ivs. stout, acute, pale bluish green, 5-8 in. long: cones conic-ovate, light brown, 6-12 in. long; apophysis depressed, keeled; umbo elongated into a slender recurved spine: seed about J^ in. long. Ore. to Calif. S.S. 11:562, 563. 'G.C. II. 22:813; III. 5:361, 369. G.F. 5:185. -Distinct and orna- mental Pine of symmetrical habit when young, hardy as far north as Mass. Among the hardier species this Pine has the long- est Ivs. 20. ponderdsa, Dougl. [P. Benthamidna, Hartw.). Yellow Pine. Bull Pine. Figs. 1807-9. Tree, to 150, occasionally to 230 ft., with stout spreading and often pendulous branches usually ascending at the ends and forming a iiarrow, spire-like head : branch- lets reddish brown, fragrant when broken: winter-buds oblong-ovate or ovate, resinous: Ivs. acute, dark green, 5-11 in. long: cones almost sessile, often in clusters, ovate-ob- long, light reddish or yellowish brown and lustrous, 3-6 in. long; apophysis depressed- pyramidal or flattened, with a broadly tri- angular umbo terminated by a stout, usu- ally recurved prickle ; lower scales with more elongated apex : seed M in. long. Brit. Col. to Mex., east to Neb. and Tex. S.S. 11:560, ,561. G.F. 8:395. G.C. III. 8: 557, 561, 569. — One of the tallest and most important Pines of the western states. Hardy as far north as New York, and in sheltered positions to Mass. Var. p6ndula, H.W. Sarg., has drooping T)ran('hes. \'ar. scopuldrum, Engelm. (P. srrnm, Lemm.), is a geographical var., smaller in PINUS PINUS 1353 every part: usually to 75 ft. high: Ivs. 5-7 in. long, sometimes in 2's: cones smaller, ovate. S. Dakota to N. Mex. and Tex. S.S. 11:564. G.C. 11. 9: 797. -Somewhat hardier than the type. 1824. Pinus rigida (X%). 21. TSeda, Linn. Loblolly Pine. Old Field Pine. Frankincense Pine. Tree, to 100, occasionally to 170 ft., with spreading l)ranches, the upper ascending, form- ing a compact, round-topped head: branchlets yellowish brown, sometimes slightly bloomy: winter-buds oblong, resinous: Ivs. slender but stiif, acute, bright green, 6-9 in. long: cones sessile, spreading, conic-oblong, light reddish brown, 3-5 in. long; apophysis flattened or de- pressed-pyramidal; umbo small, with short, triangular, recurved spine, lower scales not elongated: seed /i in. long. Del. to Fla. and Tex. S.S. 11 :577, 578. -Not hardy north and rarely cult, for ornament. 22. Cub^nsis, Griseb. {P. lieferoplnjUa, Sudw. P. Ulliditii, Engelm.). Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Tree, to 100 or 120 ft., with horizontally spreading branches forming a round-topped broad and compact head: branchlets orange-brown: winter-buds cylindric, light brown: Ivs. dark green and lustrous, acute, in 3's and 2's, 8-12 in. long, with internal resin-ducts: cones short-peduncled, conic-oblong, dark brown and glossy, 3-6/^ in. long; apophysis flattened, keeled; umbo small, with minute recurved prickles : seed %-% in. long. Ga. to Fla., near the coast. S.S. 11:591, 592. — Handsome Pine, with compact broad head, hardy only south. 23. paliistris, Mill. {P. ausfrdlis, Michx.). Long- leafed Pine. Southern Pine. Fig. 1823. Tree, to 100 or 120 ft. with ascending branches forming an ob- long open head : branchlets orange-brown ; winter-buds whitish, oblong: Ivs. crowded, forming tufts at the end of branchlets, dark green, 8-18 in. long, with internal resin-ducts: cones almost sessile, cylindric, dull brown, G-10 in. long; apophysis flattened; umbo dark browm, with triangular, reflexed short spines: seed almost 3^ in. long. Va. and Fla., to Miss, along the coast. S.S. 11:589, 590. G.F. 10:115. — Very importanttimbertree, butrarely planted for ornament; hardy only south Branches are imported in great quantities into the northern cities in midwinter and used for decorations on account of their large, handsome foliage. 24. Canari^nsis, C. Sm. Tree, to 80 ft., with slendei branches forming abroad, round-topped head: branch- lets yellowish: Ivs. slender, spreading and pendulous, light green and lustrous, 9-12 in. long, with parenchy- matous resin-ducts: cones cylindric-ovate, 4—8 in. long; apophysis low -pyramidal, irregularly 4 -sided, light brown and glossy, with obtuse umbo: seed }/i in. long. Canary Isl. G.C. 111. 3:721. — Handsome Pine, cult, in Calif, and in colder regions, sometimes in the green- house. 25. longifdlia, Lamb. {P. Rdxhnrghi, Sarg. ). Tree, to 100 ft. or more, with round-topped symmetrical head: branchlets light yellow brown: winter-buds oblong, light chestnut-brown, not resinous: Ivs. slender, pendulous, light green, 8-12 in. long, with peripheral resin-ducts: cones short-stalked, conic-ovate, 4-7 in. long; apophysis elongated -pyramidal, compressed, more or less re- curved; umbo obtuse: seed %-l in. long. Himal. — Im- portant forest tree in its native country. Not hardy north, but cult, in Calif. Very decorative as a young plant, with its long drooping light green foliage. 2G. tubercull,ta, Gord. (P. attenudfa, Lemm.). Knob- cone Pine. Tree, usually 20, occasionally to 100 ft., with slender horizontal branches ascending at the ends, forming a broad pyramid, with open, round-topped head in old age: bark thin, scaly: young branches slender, dark orange-brown: winter-buds oblong-ovate, dark brown: Ivs. slender, acuminate, pale yellowish or bluish green, 3-7, usually 4-5 in. long: cones .short- stalked, usually in clusters, elongated-conical, 3^-6 in. long, upper scales with pyramidal apex; umbo promi- nent, sharply pointed and recurved, lower scales with depressed apex and small prickly umbo: seed 34 in. long. Ore. to Calif. S.S. 11:575, 576. G.C. II. 24:784, 785. F.S. 5, p, 517c. — Of little ornamental value and not hardy north. Usually a bushy tree with sparse dull foliage. 27. radid,ta, Gord. (P. insignis, Dougl. P. Monterey- ^ns *s, Hort.). Monterey Pine. Fig. 1823. Tree, to 80 or 100 ft., with stout, spreading branches forming an irregular open, round-topped head: bark thick, fur- rowed: branchlets brown: buds ovate, bright chestnut- brown: Ivs. acute, bright green, 4-6 in. long: cones short-stalked, conic-ovate, upper scales with elevated, rounded, almost hemispherical and obscurely keeled apex; umbo small, with minute straight or recurved prickle, lower scales with almost flattened apex: seed black, 34 in. long. S.Calif. S.S. 11:573, 574. F.S. 6, p. 44. G.C. III. 9:336, 341. Gn. 36, p. 47; 49, p. 312.- Handsome species with bright green foliage and of rapid growth and bushy habit when young; valuable for sea- side planting. Not hardy north. 28. rfgida, Mill. Pitch Pine. Figs. 1813, 1824-1827. Tree, to 80 ft., with horizontally spreading branches forming an open, irregular pyramid : branchlets light brown: winter-buds ovate or ovate-oblong, chestnut- brown: Ivs. stiff and spreading, acuminate, dark green, 1825. Pinus rigida, with young cones (X 3^). 2-5 in. long: cones almost sessile, often in clusters, ovate, light brown, 2-4 in. long; apophysis little ele- vated; umbo triangular, ending in a slender, recurved prickle: seed dark brown, 34 in. long. New Brunswick to Ga., west to Ontario and Ky. S.S. 11:579. G.F. 4:402; 10:195. Gn. 31, p. 128, 132. M.D.G. 1896:301.- 1354 PINUS PINUS Hardy Pine of rapid growth when young and easily raised from seed; grows on dry and sterile soil. As an ornamental plant it may be used on dry and rocky slopes, where it becomes often very picturesque when 1826. Pinus rigida, recent cone (X K). older. It sprouts readily from stumps if cut down or destroyed by fire. 8. Lariclones. 29. echin^ta, Mill. ( P. mlfi.9, Michx.). Spruce Pine. Yellow Pine. Tree, to 100 or 120 ft., with slender often pendulous branches in regular whorls: winter-buds ob- long-ovate, brown: Ivs. slender, acute, dark bluish green, sometimes in .3's, 3-5 in. long : cones short- stalked or almost sessile, conic-oblong, dull brown, 1}4- 2 in. long; apophysis flattened ; umbo little elevated, with short straight or curved prickle: seeds one-fifth to K in. long. N. Y. to Pla., west to 111. and Tex. S.S. 11 :.587. — Handsome tree, with broad, oval head, hardy as far north as Mass. .SO. Virginielna, Mill. (P. inops, Aii.). Scrub Pine. Jersey Pine. Tree, to 40, or sometimes to 100 ft., with slender horizontal or pendulous branches in remote and irregular whorls, forming a broad, open pyramid or sometimes flat-topped : winter-buds oblong, dark brown: Ivs. stiff, twisted, spreading, acutish, 13^-2>2 in. long: cones conic-oblong, reddish brown, lK-2}4 in. long; apophysis little elevated, with a broad, depressed-pyra- midal umbo ending in a short recurved prickle: seed pale brown, % in. long. N.Y. to iL^^:^^,^ S. C, west to Ky. and Ind. S.S. 11:581. — Hardy as far north as Mass., but of little ornamental merit. Valuable in the Middle States for covering dry and bar- ren soil. .'!1. divaricata, Dum.-Cours.(P. B(i iil-siaiiii , Laml).). Tree, to 70 ft.. l>ut usuallj' lower and some- times shrubby, with slender, spreading branches, forming a broad, open head : branchlets yellowish to purplish brown: winter-buds oblong-ovate, light brown, very resinous: Ivs. stiff, twisted, spreading, acute or ob- tusish, dark or briglit green, about 1 in. long: cones conic-ob- long, usually curved, pale yellow- brown and lustrous, unarmed, l>2-2 in. long, remaining on the tree for 12 or 15 years; apophysis flattened, with a transverse line and a small dark obtuse umbo: seed black, % in. long. Hudson bay to N. Y., west to Minn. 1827. Old cone of Pitch Pine — Pinus rigida (X X). S.S. 11:588.— The most northern of all American Pines and quite hardy, but not of much ornamental value. 32. clailsa, Sarg. (P. inops, var. ehiusa, Engelm.). Sand Pine. Spruce Pine. Pigs. 1828, 1829. Tree, to 20, occasionally to 70 ft., with slender, spreading branches: branchlets red-hrown: winter-buds oblong, obtuse, not or little resinous: Ivs. slender and flexible, acute, dark green, 2-3 in. long: cones short-stalked, often oblique at the base, conic-ovate, dark reddish brown, 2-'.i% in. long, remaining closed for 3 or 4 years after ripening and often becoming enveloped by the growing wood of the stem; apophysis depressed pyra- midal, conspicuously keeled; umbo with a short, st2 in. long; apophysis pyramidal and conspicuously keeled, the conical elongated umbo ending in a stout curved spine: seed light brown, }4, in. long. N. J. to N. C. and Tenn. S.S. 11 :584. — Hardy as far north as Mass., but of little ornamental value. 35. muric^ta, Don. Prickle-cone Pine. Tree, to .50, occasionally to 90 ft., with stout, spreading branches 1828. Cone of Pinus clausa, grown over by the branch (X /in- forming a regular pyramid in young trees, in old age usually round-topped and compact: branches orange- brown: winter-biuis ovate, dark brown, resinous: Ivs. stiff, usually twisted, acute, d.ark green, 4-7 in. long: cones usually clustered, oblong-ovate, obli(|uc at tlie base, chestnut-brown, 2-33^ in. long; scales of (lie upper side with elongated conical apex terminated by a dark triangular spiny umbo, scales of the lower side more flattened, with slender straight spines; tlie cones usu- ally remain closed for several years after maturity: PINUS PIN US 1355 seeds almost black, }4 in. long. Calif. kS.S. 11:585. 580. O.F. 10:2;i5. F.S.5, p.517. G.C. II. 21 :48, 4'J, 53.-llaiHl- soine Pine, with regular, pyramidal head ; not hardy north. .'{(i. Laricio, Polr. Corsican Pine. Tree, to 100 or occasionally 150 ft., with stout, spreading branches in regular whorls forming a symmetrical pyramid, in old age sometimes broad and liat-topped: branchlets usu- ally light brown : buds ovate or oblong-ovate, light brown, resinous: Ivs. stiff, acute, dark green, ^K-GK in. long: cones sessile, ovate, yellowish brown, glossy, usually 2-;5J'2 in. long; apophysis depressed, conspicu- ously keeled; umbo flattened, obtuse or with a very short prickle: seeds gray, % in. long. S. Eu. to W. Asia. — Very variable and usually the following 4 vars. are distinguished : Var. Austriaca, Endl. (var. mgrivantt, Pari. P. .4«.s'/r)rtcrt, Hoss. P. ni3 in. long. S. Eu., near the coast. Gn. 14, p. 20. — Handsome Pine of regular, pyramidal habit and rapid growth, but not hardy north. In England it is much used for seaside planting and the vars. Hdmiltoni, Pari., var. Lemoniina, Endl., and var. minor, Loisel., are occasionally cult, in English gardens. Several horticultural vars. have been introduced from Japan: one of the most distinct is var. Oculus-draconis, Mayr, each leaf being nuirked with 2 yellow bands and therefore the tufts of the Ivs. at the end of the branches, 1829. Cone of Pinus clausa. Natural size. 38. Thiinbergi, Pari. {P. Massonidna, Sieb. & Zucc, not Lamb.). Japanese Black Pine. Tree, to 100 ft. or occasionally 120 ft., with spreading, often somewhat pendulous branches, forming a broad, pyramidal head: branchlets orange - j'ellow, the winter buds oblong, grayish or silvery white : Ivs. stiff, sharply pointed, bright green, 3—1% in. long: cones short-stalked, conic- ovate, grayish brown, 2-3 in. long; apophysis flattened, with small, depressed uml)o, ol)tuse or with a minute prickle: seed grayish brown. ^4 in. long. Japan. G.C. II. 23:345. S.Z. 2:113. — Handsome tree and hardv north. 1830. Austrian Pine— Pinus Laricio, var. Austriaca (X 3^). if seen from above, show alternate yellow and green rings, hence the name Ocidus-draconis (dragon-eye). Var. variegata has the Ivs. partly yellow or occasionally wholly yellowish white. There are also similar forms in P. (le)ixiflora, which may be distinguished by the brown color of the winter buds. 9. Sijiresfres. 39. Pinea, Linn. Stone Pine. Tree, to 80 ft., with long, horizontally spreading branches forming in older trees a bi-oad, flat-topped head: branchlets pale brown: buds with revolute scales, oblong-ovate, not resinous: Ivs. rigid, acute, bright green, 5-8 in. long: cones broadly ovate, chestnut-brown, 4-5j^ in. long ; apophysis de- pressed-pyramidal, radiately ridged; umbo flat, obtuse: seed reddish-brown, % in. long, edible. S. Eu. G.C. II 20:45; III. 4:604, 605. Gn. 27", p. 245-247; 50, p. 460.- Tree of picturesque habit, with a trunk usually desti- tute of branches for a considerable height and with a wide-spreading parasol-like head. Not hardy north; in warmer regions often cultivated for its edible seeds. 40. resinosa, Ait. Red Pine. Norway Pine. Tree, to 70, occasionally to 150 ft., with stout spreading and sometimes pendulous branches forming a broad pyramidal head when young and an open round-topped one in old age: branchlets orange-color: buds ovate, acuminate, light brown, resinous: Ivs. slender and flexible, acute, dark green and lustrous, 4-6 in. long : cones subsessile, conic-ovate, light brown, l/i-2/i in. long ; apophysis flattened, conspicuously keeled, obtuse, with small dark unarmed umbo ; seeds dark brown, % in. long. Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Pa. and Minn. S.S. 11:550,551. A.G. 12:645.-One of the most ornamental Pines for northern parks, quite hardy and of vigorous growth. Lumber tree. 41. Halep6nsis, Mill. Aleppo Pine. Tree, to 60 ft., with short branches forming an open, round-topped head: branchlets slender, yellowish or light greenish brown: winter-buds small, cylindric, not resinous: Ivs. sometimes in 3's, slender, bluish or dark green, 2K-4 in. long: cones conic-ovate or conic-oblong, yellowisk 1356 PIN us PIN US brown, unarmed, 23^-3 >2 in. long; apophysis flattened, with a transversal line and a little or not elevated obtuse umbo: seed 34 in. long. Mediterranean region. G. 0.11.22:553; III. 3:029. -Not hardy north and of little ornamental value, but recommended for seaside plant- ing. Trunk usually slender and destitute of branches for a considerable height: foliage thin and sparse, in tufts at the end of branchlets. Var. Fithydsa, Stev., is a smaller tree with slenderer branches, longer Ivs. and smaller cones. W. Asia. 42. Massoniana, Lamb. (P. Sinensis, Lamb.). Tree, to 80 ft., with slender, spreading branches: branchlets yellowish brown: Ivs. very slender and thin, light green, 5-8 in. long: cones oblong-ovate or ovate, dull brown, 2-3 in. long; apophysis flattened, slightly keeled, with a small, flat, unarmed umbo: seed 1-5 in. long. China. — Not hardy north and rarely cult. Often con- founded with P. Thunbergi and P. densiflora. 43. densifldra, Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Red Pine. Tree, to 100 ft., with spreading branches forming an irregular, rather broad head : branchlets orange-yellow, bloomy: buds oblong -ovate, chestnut -brown: Ivs. slender, acute, bright bluish green, 2>2-5 in. long: cones short- stalked, conic -ovate to oblong, grayish brown, somewhat oblique at the base, about 2 in. long; apophysis flattened and slightly ridged, those near the base sometimes elongated; umbo small, with a short prickle or obtuse: seed grayish yellow, 34 in. long. Jap. S Z. 2:112. — Ornamental hardy tree, rapidly growing when j'oung, often very picturesque when older. Many garden forms are cult, in Japan, several of them with variegated Ivs. The best are perhaps var. atirea, Mayr, with yellow foliage; var. albo-termini,ta, Mayr, witli the tips of the Ivs. yellowish wliite, and var. Oculus draconis, Mayr, like var. variegata, Mayr, similar to the vars. of the same name under P. Thunbergi. 44. sylv6stris, Linn. Scotch or Scots Pine. Fig. 1831. Tree, to 70 or occasionally 120 ft., with spreading, often somewhat pendulous branches, pyramidal when young, with broad and round-topped often picturesque head in old age: branchlets dull grayish yellow: winter-buds oblong-ovate, brown, resinous: Ivs. rigid, acute, twisted, bluish green, 13^-3 in. long: cones short - stalked, conic-oblong, grayish or reddish brown, 13^-2 J^ in. long; apophysis little thickened, slightly keeled, only those near the base elongated; umbo small, obtuse: seed dark gray, 1-6 in. long. Eu. to W. and N. Asia. Gn. 36, p. 167; 38, p. 455; 49, p. 296. — One of the most impor- tant timber trees of Europe. It is quite hardy, but has little to recommend it as an ornamental tree. Several geographical and garden forms have been distinguished. Var. arg6ntea, Stev. Foliage light bluish green, with silvery hue. Var. atirea, Hort., with the young Ivs. golden yellow. Var. columnaris compActa, Bailly. 45. montitna. Mill. Swiss Mountain Pine. Very van- able in habit, usually low, often prostrate shrub, some- times pyramidal tree to 40 ft., similar to the preceding: branchlets usually of darker, brownish color: Ivs. bright green, acutish, stout, crowded, %-2 in. long: cones ovate or conic-ovate, M-234 in. long; apophysis often pyra- midal; umbo light gray, surrounded by a blackish ring. 1831. Scotch Pine— Pinus sylvestris (X %). Dwarf, dense, columnar form. R.H. 1889, p. 393. Var. fastigiata, Carr. (var. pyramiddltK, Ilort.). Of pvra- nii.l;il lial.it. N. 3:146. Var. p6ndula, Ilort. With pen- dulous branches. Var. ptimila, Hort. Dwarf globose bush. 1832. Mugho Pine— Pinus montana, var. Mughus. Mts. of M. Eu. Gn. 30, p. 225. Mn. 5, p. 49. -Handsome hardy low shrub with ascending branches densely clothed with bright green foliage; ornamental as single specimens or for covering rocky slopes and as under- growth in open woods. A very variable species which has been divided according to the cones into the follow- ing 3 vars. or subspecies. Var. uncinata, Willk. (in- cluding var. rostrata and rotundatu , Ant.). Cone very oblique, usually deflexed; apophysis pyramidal, with often reflexed umbo. Often arborescent. Var. Fumilio. Willk. (P. PumiUo, Haenke. P. Carpdfica, Hort.). Cone regular, subglobose to ovate, before maturity glaucous and usually violet-purple, ripe yellowish or dark brown. Var. Mughus, Willk. (P. Miightis, Scop.). Fig. 18.32. Cone regular, conical or conic-oval, with usually prickly umbos, not bloomy, yellowish brown be- fore ripening, cinnamon-brown when ripe. P. Abies, Linn.=Pieea exoelsa.— P. albicaiilis, Engelm. Py- ramidal tree, to 30, rarely (30 ft., sometimes shrubby: allied to P. ttexills: bark whitish or light brown: cones smaller, 1/^-33^ in., subglobose or oval, purplish brown. Brit. Col. to Calif, and Wyo. S.S. 11:548. G.C. II. 24:9. Probably as hardy as P. flexi- lis. — P. Aifj*fnsts,Poir.=P.Halepensis. — P. Arizonica, Engelm. Tree, to 100 ft., with pyramidal or open, round-topped head: allied to P. Torreyana : Ivs. shorter, 5-7 in. long : cones smaller, 2-23^ in., with recurved spines. Ariz. S.S. 11:559.— P. Armdndi, Franeh. Chinese species, allied to P. parviflora. i'oung plants without name, raised from Chinese seed in th& Arnold Arboretum, seem to belong here: similar in foliage to P. Koraiensis, but branchlets glabrous: Ivs. 3-43^ in. long, with peripheral resin-ducts. Has proved hardy and promises to be- come an ornamental Pine.— P. Brutia, Ten.=P. Pyrenaica. — P. cemhroldes, Zuce. (P. osteosperma, Engelm.). Bushy tree, with round-topped head, to 30, rarely to 60 ft.: allied to P. edu- lis: Ivs. slenderer, bright green, l3^-2in. long: cones somewhat larger. Ariz, to Calif, and Mex. S.S. 11:.550. G.P. 4:353. P.S. 4, p. 325 b.— P. ChUiualiu(ina, Engelm. Allied to P. ponderosa, but very distinct by its deciduous sheaths: tree, to 40, rarely 60 ft.: Ivs. slender, pale green, 23^-4 in. long: cones broadly ovate, 13^-2 in., with small, recurved prickles. Calif, to N. Mex. and M ex. S.S. 11:566. G.F. 8:24. Tender and of little orna- mental value.- P. Gerardidna, D. Don. Tree, to 60 ft., with broad, round-topped head: allied to P. Bungeana: Ivs. bluish L;rceii, '2%-i in. long: cones 6-9 in. long, with the tips of scales retlcxed: seeds short-winged, to 1 in. long, edible. Himal. Not hardy north.— P. glabra, Walt. Cedar Pine. Spruce Pink. Pyramidal tree, to 80, rarely 120 ft.: allied to P. eehinata: Ivs. dark green, l3^2~3 in. long: cones broadly to oblong-ovate, 134~ 2 in. long. S. C. to Fla. and La. S.S. 11 :583. Hardy only south. — P. Gordonidna, Hartw. = P. MontezumiB. — P. Oreiwillece, Crord.=Montezum8e. — P. Heldreichi, Christ. Small tree, allied to P. Larieio: Ivs. 3-4 in. long: cone 3 in. long, witli impressed dull umlio furnished with a small curved prickle. Greece. G.C. II. 21:740.— P. insrtlari.^, Eudl. Tall tree: Ivs. 3, llaecid and very slender, 7-9 in. long: cones conic-ovate, 2M-3 in. long; scales with lowpyramid.al, sluiriily keeled aiiex and iibtuse or on the upper scales mucrouulate uiul)0. l'hili|ii)ine Islands. Not yet introduced. — P. lati folia, Sarg. (P. Jlayriuna, Sudw.). Tree, to 60 ft., allied to P. ponderosa: Ivs. 12-15 in. long and 1-16 in. wide: cones oblique at the base, 3-4 in. long. Ariz. S.S. 11:565. G.P. 2:496; 8:25. Not hardy north.— P. Intisqvdma, Engelm. Allied to P. Parryana : Ivs. 5, slender, 13^-2 in. long: cones, pcduneled, cylindric-ovate, 3-4 in. long; Jipophysis depressed .an imnierous (about 70) synonyms show. Not hardy nortli. — I', usti-oxpenna, Engelm. = P. cembroides. — P. patula, Scliicde. Allied to P. Taeda: tree, to 80 ft.: Ivs. sometimes 4 or 5, drooping, light green, 7-9 in. long: cones oblong-ovate, oblique, with depressed knobs, 4 in. long. Mex. G.O. II. 23:108, 109, 117; III. 9:435. (Graceful tree, but not hardy no th. — P. pentaphijlla, Mayr. Allied to P. par\'iflora,but seeds long- winged, two-fifths in. long; Ivs. stouter and longer, with conspicuous white lines inside: cones 2/^-4 in. long. Japan. Probably as hardy as P. parvi- flora. — P. Plcea. Linn.=Abies Picea.— P. pilmila, Regel. (P. Cembra, var. pumila. Pall.). Shrubby, often procumbent, allied to P. Cembra, but resin-ducts of Ivs. peripheral: Ivs. l?4-3 in. long: cone 1/^ in. long: seed two-fifths in. long. N. E. Siberia to Japan. Hardy.— P. Pyrenaiea, Lapeyr. (P. Brutia, Ten.). Tree, to 50 ft.: allied to P. Halepensis: Ivs. twice as long, 5-7 in., bright green: cone oblong, 2-4 in. long, with rugose de- pressed knobs. S. Eu.,W. Asia. G.C. III. 4, p. 268. Not hardy north ; often confounded with P. Laricio, var. Salzmanni, from which it is easily distinguished by its greenish to reddish brown branchlets. — P. reflexa, Engelm.=P. strobiformis. — P. serotina, Michx. Pond Pine. Marsh Pine. Tree, to 50, occa- sionally to 80 ft.; allied to P. Tieda: Ivs. dark yellowish green: cones '2%-3 in. long, with slender, incurved deciduous prickles, remaining closed for 1 or 2 years after maturity. N. C. to Fla. S.S. 11:580. Not hardy north. — P. st.ohUonnis. Engelm. (P. reflexa, Engelm.). Tree, to 100 ft. ; allied to P. flexilis; Ivs. re- motely and minutely serrulate or almost entire, slender, 2/^-4 in. long: cones 5-9 in. long, with reflexed knobs. Ariz. S.S. 11:544,545. ALFRED ReHDER. PlPER (the ancient Latin name). Piperctcece. Pepper. A vast genus (probably 600-700 species) of both the Old and New Worlds, mostly in the tropics, a few of which are in cultivation in this country as greenhouse foliage plants. In choice collections one is likely to find several other species, but as they seldom fruit it is very difficult to determine their species. In the following list appear all the names that occur in the American trade. Piper is an exceedingly difficult genus to the systematist be- cause of the great numbers of specie.s, the variation of foliage iti the same plant at different epochs, the diffi- culty of matching the sexes of the same species, the imperfect specimens in herbaria, and the scarcity of good studies of the plants in the wild. In nearly all cases. Pipers are dicBcious. The flowers are very minute, and are borne beneath decurrent bracts in slender, erect or drooping, axillary spikes; perianth none; sta- mens usually 1-4: ovary 1-loculed, with a solitary erect ovule. The fruit is a small globular drupe or berry. The leaves are alternate, stipulate, usually entire. Pipers are mostly climbing shrubs, but some are trees and some herbs. The Pepper of commerce is the product of P. nigrutn. For Red Pepper and Chile Pepper, see Capsi- cum and Pepper. Pipers are easy of cultivation. Most of those known in our houses require a warm-house temperature and a humid atmosphere. Easily multiplied by cuttings of the firm wood. They are grown for the decorative value of their drooping or bushy sprays. A. Plant erect and btisTiy. excelsum, Forst. Glabrous shrub, reaching 20 ft. in some of its native places: Ivs. cordate-orbicular to ovate, stalked, short-acuminate, 7-9-nerved from the base, the blade 2-4 in. across: spikes solitary or in 2"s, short-peduncled, the staminate ones 2-3 in. long and the bracts peltate, the stamens 2 or 3; pistillate spikes shorter, the fls. with 3 stigmas. New Zealand and other South Pacific islands. — Offered in Calif. Lvs. aromatic. AA. Plant climbing, or <1 mophig when not given sup- port. B. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, deciduous. Futokadsilra, Sieb. Japanese Pepper. Clinging closely to walls by its aerial roots: lvs. ovate-lanceolate and acuminate, cordate at base, glabrous: fls. greenish: berries red. Japan. — Handsome plant, standing con- siderable frost. BB. Lvs. broadly ovate or roundish, evergreen. nl^mm, Linn. Black Pepper. Plant woody below; stem strong, terete, emitting roots, tall-climbing, gla- brous: lvs. thickish, .stalked, broadly ovate-oblong or nearly orbicular, the base usually rounded and oblique, 5-9-nerved above the base, the nerves alternate: fis. .sometimes polygamous but usually diajcious: fr. glo- bose, red. Old World tropics, but now widely dispersed in warm countries. B.M. 3139. — Occasionally grown in hothouses, particularly amongst collections of economic plants. In the wild it is a strong climber, rooting at the nodes, sometimes reaching 20 ft. in height. The dried berries, which are collected before ripe, are black and wrinkled, and constitute the Black Pepper of commerce. When the outer skin is removed from the fruit, the product is White Pepper. The commercial Pepper comes mostly from the eastern tropics. ornd,tum, N. E. Br. Climbing, 10-15 ft. tall, glabrous, rooting at nodes: lvs. glabrous "and directed to one side;" petioles slender and nearly terete, the blade pel- tate, ovate-orbicular, with a short, rather blunt point, the nerves 7 but not prominent above and uniting in loops on the margin, the upper surface of the young lvs. shining green and covered with pinkish spots, the old lvs. duller and whiter-spotted. Celebes. metdllicum, Lindl. Lvs. thick, rounded, handsome metallic green. Borneo. P. Beite, Linn. Betel (which see). Climbing, nearly or quite glabrous: lvs. large and thick, ovate-oblong-acuminate, usually oblique at base, strongly .5-7-nerved: spikes often 4-6 in. long: fr. very fleshy, often cohering into a long-cylindrical mass. Eastern tropics. B.M. 3132. Lvs. chewed by natives, and the plant much cnMivnted. — P. Cubeba, Linn. (Cubeba oflicinalis, Raf.). CuBEB. Climbing or tree-like : lvs. glabrous, oval, short-acuminate, obliquely cordate, the iipper ones smaller and oval-oblong : fr. resembling those of P. nigrum, but stalked. E. Indies. The fr. is employed in medicine. — P. por- pfiyrophyUum, N. E. Br. (Cissus porphyrophylla, Lindley, and of horticulturists). Handsome climbing foliage plant with broadly cordate-oval short-pointed lvs. that are purple beneath and bronzy green and pink-spotted along the veins above. Probably E. Indies. F. S. 14:1491. R.H. 1883, p. 560. Lowe, ,59. - P. rubrnnoddsum. Bull. Shrub, with red-jointed roughish stems : lvs. cordate-ovate, somewhat blistered, sil- very gra.v, the petiole pubescent. Colombia.— P. rubrovenosvm, Hort. Climbing: lvs. cordate-ovate acuminate, marked with rose-colored dots and streaks along the veins. Very like P. or- natum. and perhaps not distinct. Papua. I.H. 34:33. L. H. B. PIPPEMDGE s an English name of the Barberry; for Pepperidge, see Ifyssa. PIPSISSEWA. See Chimapliitd. PIPTADfiNIA (Greek, falling gland; referring to- the anther). Leguminoscie. About 45 species of shrubs or trees, with or without prickles: lvs. bipinnate: pe- duncles axillary, solitary or clustered: fls. small, white, sessile, in cylindrical spikes or globose heads; petals usually connate to the middle, valvate ; stamens 10, free: pod straight or curved, flat, 2-valved; valves en- tire, not septate within. Cebil, Griseb., from the Argentine Republic, is a fast- growing unarmed tree, attaining 60 ft., int. by Fran- ceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif., for its economic interest. It is valued in its native land for tan bark. Pinnae 12- 16-paired ; Ifts. 24-40-paired : fls. white, in globose heads about >2 in. in diam. including the stamens: pe- duncles %-l in. long: corolla funnel-shaped, IK lines long; stamens 10, distinct, long-exserted : pod 6-8 in. long, 8-10 lines wide, straight but sinuate between the ^^®^s- J. B. S. Norton. PIQIJfiRIA (A. Piquerio, Spanish botanist of eigh- teenth century). Composite. Under the name of S'/er/a serrafa or S. serratifolia, florists grow Piqueria tri- n6rvia. Cav. (Fig. 1833), for its small white fragrant flowers and for bedding. It resembles a small Eupa- torium in foliage and flowers. The small heads are boi-ne in small panicled corymbs, each cluster terminat- ing a Slender axillary branch or peduncle. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, serrate- dentate, very short-stalked. There is a dwarf, compact form (var. nd,na, Hort.), and also one with broadlv 1358 PIQUERIA PISTIA white-edged leaves (var. variegita, Hort., Fig. 1834), which are much used for bedding out. The Piqueria endures both sun and shade, and thrives with even in- different treatment. For flowers, it is much prized in winter, when delicate white sprays are not abundant. It demands the general treatment given zonal gera- niums. Prop, by cuttings with great ease, and begin- ning to bloom when only 2 or 3 in. high. It often blooms in the cutting-bed. It also grows readily from seeds, 1833. Piqueria trinervia (X %). Known to florists as Stevia serrata. 1834. Marginate form of Piqueria which are handled by seedsmen. Frequent pinching will keep the plants within bounds and contribute to floriferousness. Plants allowed to grow as they will soon become straggly and wiry. For winter bloom the plants may be handled in pots or grown in beds. A stock of compact pot-plants kept in a cool corner is very useful for filling vacancies in the house. Piqueria trinervia is native in Mexico. It is per- ennial. B. M. 2650. The genus contains about 10 species of herbs or bushes, all of tropical America. The heads contain 3-5 whitish tubular fls. : torus plane or convex, naked: pappus none or very short: akene 4-5-angled. L. H. B. Usually the best way to manage to produce good flow- ering plants of Stevia in midwinter is to save a few old plants after the flowers are cut at New Years. Cut off the old stems 5 or 6 inches above the pots and stand the plants in any cool house. The plant needs the cool- est house at all times; 40° at night during the winter will grow it better than a higher temperature, but, for all that, it does not endure the slightest frost. About March 1, these old plants will have sent out any num- ber of small growths from the base of the stems. These root very readily in a cool propagating house. They should then be grown along, first in 2- and after- ward in 3-inch pots, until the first of June, when they should be planted out in the open ground. It need not be very rich ground, for they are very rampant growers. Give every plant 2 feet of space. They seldom need any artificial watering during summer, but they should have frequent pinching to produce bushy plants. The more shoots, the more flowers will be secured. Before there is any danger of frost in the fall, the plants should be lifted and put into 6-, 7-, or 8-inch pots. They lift well, and if stood in the shade and kept syringed for a few days they will show no bad results of the lift- ing. A position at the north side of a shed or wall is much better for them for the next month than under glass, but always have them in a position where they can be protected in case of a frost. By the end of Oc- tober, if frost is escaped, put them in the ligtitest and coolest house available. If kept cool these very desir- able sprays of flowers will be in perfection at Christ- mas, and that is the time they are most valuable. Al- though classed as a common, cheap flower, there is a grace about Stevias that makes them indispensable for many of our flower arrangements, and we consider them a very needful florist's plant. Wm. Scott PIRONNEAVA. See ^chmea. PISClDIA (Latin, fisli and kill). Leguminosce. A genus of 1 or 2 species, including the Fish-poison tree of the American tropics, or Jamaica Dogwood. The leaves, bark and twigs of this tree when thrown into the water intoxicate or stun the fish so that they can be caught readily. (For the plant used in China for this purpose, see Cocciilus.) The bark has also been used in medicine for its hypnotic effect. Botanically this genus is close to Lonchocarpus, differing mainly in the pod, which is long, thickish and longitudinally 4-winged. Generic characters : calyx-teeth 5, short, broad: wings adhering to the falcate keel: vexillar sta- men free at the very base, but grown together at the r^ middle with the others into a closed tube: ovary ses- sile, many-ovuled. Erythrina, Linn. Fish-poison Tree. Jamaica Dog- wood. Lfts. 7-11, opposite, oblong or elliptical, pointed or blunt: fls. purplish white, % in. across: pod 2-4 in. long, 4 lines broad; seeds 6-8, black. Trop. Amer., es- pecially common in Jamaica. PISTACHIO. See Pistacia. FISTACIA (derived indirectly from ancient Persian pista). Anacardidcew. P. vera produces the Pistachio- nuts of commerce, which are much vised in confection- ery and flavoring. The so-called nut is really the seed or kernel of a dry drupe. The seed is green, and has a highly jieculiar flavor. P. Terebinthus exudes from its stem the fragrant Cyprian or Scio-turpentine used in medicine as early as the time of Hippocrates. Pistacia is a genus of about 10 species of trees, found from the Mediterranean region to Afghanistan, with 1 species in the Canaries and 1 in Mexico. Lvs. alternate, evergreen or deciduous, odd-pinnate: fls. small, in axillary pani- cles or racemes, dioecious and without petals; males with 5-cut calyx and 5 stamens; females 3-4-cut and with 3-cut style: ovary 1-celled. Engler, DC. Monogr. Phaner. 4:284-293 (1883). v6ra, Linn. Pistachio-nut. Small tree attaining 20 ft. : lfts. 3 or 5: fr. large, oblong, acute. Mediterranean region and Orient. Cult, in S. California, Calif. May be grafted on P. Terebinthiis. P. Terebinthus, Linn. A small tiirpentine-producing tree: lfts. 9-13, mvicronate; petiole not winged : stamens pink : stig- mas red: fr. small, roundish. Southern Eiirope, Mediterra- nean region. In the European form the terminal 1ft. is about as long as the others, but in the oriental form it is minute or lacking. Mentioned in the lists of Amer. Pomological Society as a ciiltivated fruit, as is also P. vera. PlSTIA (probably from Greek, pistos, watery; refer- ring to its aquatic nature). Ardcem. Water Lettuce or Tropical Duckweed is a small, tender, perennial floating herb desirable for aquaria. It forms a loose rosette of lvs. and has long, slender, feathery roots. The plant sends out runners on which may sometimes be seen young plants in all stages of development. A healthy plant measures about 6 in. across. The lvs. are generally more or less wedge-shaped, 2-5 in. long, pea- green, velvety to the touch, and covered beneath with a sort of mealy down. The Pistia rosette has been com- pared to a half-grown lettuce plant before the head has formed. Like many other aquatics, the Water Lettuce has an immense range. It is found in fresh waters throughout the tropics, and in America is said to be native as far north as North Carolina. Water Lettuce is commonly grown outdoors in sum- mer in collections of tender aquatics, and also in aquaria. The summer temperature of the water should bo 70°-80° F. Although it grows well when floating free in several feet of water, it seems to do better when placed in shallow water where the roots may reach the soil. Larger-sized plants may be secured by using a thin layer of rich soil or well-rotted manure in the bottom of the vessel. Soft water is said to be essential. Running water is not necessary. The plants should be PISTIA PITCHER PLANTS 1359 shaded during the middle of the day in summer, or the foliage is likely to become yellow and sickly-looking. In winter the plants are liable to some decay. Botanically, the genus Pistia is unique. The latest monographer of the aroids (Engler, in DC. Monogr. Phaner. 2, 1879) makes Pistia the sole representative of a subfamily, one of his 10 primary natural divisions of the Arum family. He regards the Pistias as all one species, though 9 or more have been described. He recognizes 4 well-marked varieties, based upon the shape of the Ivs., which he calls ciineata, spathulata, obcordata and linqaiformis. After the continental fashion Engler takes no one of these as a tj'pe to which the others are referred. It is probable that the form with obcordate Ivs. is the one chiefly cult, in American water gardens. Generic characters: fls. unisexual; spadix without ap- pendage, adnate to the back of the spathe; male fls. in whorls, with 2 very short stamens which are much grown together and inserted at the apex of the spadix; female fls. solitary: ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous, orthotropous, in 4-6 series ; fr. baccate, irregularly breaking open, normally with many seeds. Stratidtes, Linn. Water Lettuce. Tropical Duck- weed. Tender perennial aquatic herb described above. The small white fls., though inconspicuous and borne at the bottom of the cup of Ivs., are large enough to show at a glance their relation to the Arum family. B.M. 4564. F.S. 6:625. W. M. FISTJM (Greek and Latin name of pea). Legumi- nbsce. About 6 species of mostly climbing herbs of the Mediterranean region and eastward, one of which, P. sativum, is the common Pea. Calyx-tube oblique at the base, the lobes more or less leafy; standard obovate or orbicular ; wings adhering to the keel ; style mostly rigid, widened above, bearded down the inner margin: Ifts. 1-3 pairs, the leaf ending in a tendril or point, the stipules conspicuous. Annual or perennial, of easy cul- ture. Hardv. 1835. Pisum sativum (X 3^). sativum, Linn. Garden Pea. Fig. 1835. Annual, glabrous and glaucous, tendril-climbing: stipules large and leafy (usually as large as Ifts.) : Ifts. oval or ovate, 2-3 pairs, the leaf ending in tendrils: fls. few, on an axillary peduncle, white : seeds globular. Eu., Asia. See Pea, Var. arv6nse, Poir. (P. arvSnse, Linn.). Field Pea. Fls. usually bluish or dull white, with purple wings: seeds angular, often gray. Grown for forage. formdsuni, Stev. (Orobns formosus, Stev. Ldthyrxis frigidHS, Schott & Ky. Plsum Ancheri, Jnuh. & Sp.). Perennial, 1-2 ft. tall, not climbing: stipules sagittate- ovate: Ifts. 1 pair, small, ovate-rhomboid, entire, mu- cronate: peduncles 1-fld., the fls. purplish: legume 86 smooth, as also the ovate seeds. Asia Minor, Persia.— The Orobns formosus that has appeared in the trade seems not to be this plant, for the cult, plant is de- scribed as having "dense spikes of purple flowers." It is not known to the writer whether the true P. fornwsum is in the trade. L H B PITANGA. Eugenia Michell. PITCAIRNIA (W. Pitcairn, a London physician). BromeUAcew. Mez, the most recent monographer of the bromeliads (DC. Monogr. Phaner. 9), admits 134 species of Pitcairnia. They are American, mostly tropi- cal. In choice collections, various species of Pitcairnias may be expected, but verj' few of them are in the Ameri- can trade. They are billbergia-like, very short-stemme2 in. wide, acutish: fls. /^ in. long, yellow; sepals acuminate, tips recurved: fr. %-% in. long, rough outside; seeds red or brown. Feb. -April. Aus- tralia. B.R. 3:186. AAA. Fls. ivhite, greenish white or yellowish white. B. Lvs. acute or acuminate . 7. rhombifdlium, A. Cunn. Queensland Pittospo- rum. Tree, 60-80 ft., or when grown as a pot shrub 4-5 ft. high : lvs. rhomboid-oval, coarsely and irregularly toothed from the middle up; veins prominent on both sides: fls. in a corymb resembling that of a Cornus; sepals obtuse; petals and capsule /i in. long: seeds 2-3, black. Queensland.— Franceschi says that the hand- some yellow berries persist all winter in S. Calif. 8. undulitum, Vent. Mock Orange. Fig. 1836. With us a shrub or small tree: lvs. oval-oblong to lanceolate, entire, flat or undulate, rich deep green, margins often fls. yellowish; sepals minute, pubescent, lanceolate* acuminate; petals linear: capsule 4-seeded. Feb., Mar- India. —Int. by Franceschi, 1897, who says it has very rich foliage, silky white in the new growth. Pittosporum undulatum undulate, veins inconspicuous: inflorescence not corym- bose: fls. intensely fragrant at night ; sepals acumi- nate; petals 5-6 lines long: capsule 3^ in. long; seeds numerous, light brown. Spring. Australia. B.R. 1:16. 9. tetrasp6rmum, Wight & Arn. Madras Pittospo- rum. Lvs. elliptic-oblong, acute, margins slightly waved and recurved : peduncles 1-2-fld., pubescent: 1837. Pittosporum Tobira, var. varie- gatum (y.%). BB. Lvs. very obtuse or retuse. 10- Tobira, Dryand. Tobira. Japanese Pittospo- rum. Winter-flowering shrub: lvs. obovate, glabrous, dark green above, pale beneath: fls. in a terminal ses- sile umbel, pure white, fragrant. China and Japan. Withstands some frost. Var. variegatum, Hort. (Fig. 1837), has lvs. variegated with white. — In the East this variety is the favorite Pittosporum, as it makes a good house plant. The typical form is also cult, in Pla. J. Burtt Davy. PIXY or Flowering Moss is Pyxidanthera barbulata. FLAGEA (possibly derived from a Chilean name). Atnarylliddcece. Five speciq^ of rare and beautiful Chilean bulbs, of dififlcult culture bearing showy fls. something like an Amaryllis (Hippeastrum), the colors being white or yellow, streaked with red. Botanically the peculiar feature of Placea is its cup or corona, which is smaller than that of Narcissus and red, instead of yellow or white. The beauty of the Placeas, how- ever, is of the Hippeastrum type, though the fls. are not so symmetrical, for at first sight it looks as if two of the perianth -segments were torn away. Placeas are generally classed as autumn-flowering bulbs. Though natives of the Andes at considerable elevations they are not hardy. The bulbs are said to lie deep in the ground in their native country, and pot culture is generally considered unsuitable for deep-lying bulbs. There is probably nothing in the genus finer than P. ornata as depicted in The Garden, with its umbel of 4 fls. each 3 in. across, and painted with red on a white ground, while each perianth has a strong green stripe up the middle. Yet Lemaire declares that his P. grandiflora has much larger flowers, the other parts of the plant being three times as large as in P. ornata. P. ornata was the first species discovered, but Miers, who found it in 1824, lost all his bulbs by shipwreck, together with the greater part of his collec- tions. "Placea," says Max Leichtlin, in Gn. 54, p. 510, "is one of those bulbs which will not be pot-bound. I either plant them in a walled frame which is kept free of frost, or in a low house which has a border on the south 1362 PLACEA PLANTAGO side, and is kept at 37° or 40° F. at night, and leave them alone. They go to rest about August and push up about December, flowering in May. In a pot thej' ought to have their exact time of rest, and must be buried in the soil, which ought to be very rich, but in pots they are not certain to flower. They must be planted with at least an inch of soil over their necks, and they prefer a loose soil. I use thoroiighly decom- posed cow manure (three and four years old), mixed during decomposition with one-third silver sand." Generic characters: perianth funnel-shaped, with scarcely any tube; corona funnel-shaped, inserted at the base of the segments, deeply cut, the divisions notched, stamens inserted inside the corona: ovary top-shaped, 3-celled; ovules many, superposed: style declinate: stigma capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. orn^ta, Miers. Bulb 1 in. thick: Ivs. 2, linear, appear- ing with the fls. : scape 6-9 in. high: imibel 4-G-fld.: perianth-segments 1-1^ in. long. B.R. 27:50. Gn. 54:1202. P. grandiflbra, Lem., is thrice as big as P. ornata, more flor- iferous, and is essentially distinguished by its perianth-seg- ments, which are more acuminate and sharp- pointed. I.H. 15: J74. F.S. 20:2047 (erroneously as P. ornata). \y_ ]yi_ PLAGIANTHUS (Greek, oblique flower). Ifalvdcece. About 11 species of tender shrubs and herbs from Aus- ti-alia. New Zealand and Van Dieman's Land, with large or small white 5-petaled flowers. They are hardy in the most favored parts of England. The finest species is P. Lyalli, which, however, is not easily prop, by cut- tings. This species is grown as a pot plant or for cutting. The house treatment given Daphne will suit it well. None of the species is offered in America. They are known as "Ribbon Trees." Generic characters: Bractlets none or distant from the calyx: calyx 5-toothed or cut ; column of stamens divided at the apex into many filaments: cells of ovary 2-5, rarely 1 or many: ovules solitary, pendulous; car- pels in a single series : style-branches longitudinally stigmatose within. Foliage and inflorescence various. Distinguished from Abutilon by the number of ovules. A. Fls. large, 1-1}4 in- across. Lyalli, Hook. Small branching tree, 20-30 ft. high: Ivs. 2-4 in. long, cordate-ovate, doul)ly crenate, pale or white beneath ; petiole 1-1 >2 in. long: fls. 1-134 in. across, numerous, drooping, in axillary clusters of ,3-5; styles pink; calyx campanulate. July. B.M. 5935. Gn. 44:917. G.C. III. 4:209. — Said to be evergreen below 3,000 ft. in New Zealand, deciduous above. • AA. Fls. small, ]4 In- across or less. Ldmpenii, Booth. Botanically only a variety of P. juilcliellas, but horticulturally incomparably superior. Shrub, attaining 6-8 ft. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 x 3^-1 in., sharply serrate: fls. in short, axillary leafy panicles, very numerous and crowded ; styles very small. Van Dieman's Land. G.C. II. 22:201. pulcli611us, Gray (Ahhtilon lynlcMllnm, Sweet. A. pulchrum, Don). Tall shrub: Ivs. lanceolate, cordate, acuminate, 2-3 in. long, coarsely crenate: fls. few, clustered along rachis of axillary racemes: ovary 5-celled. Australia. B.IA. 21a[i (Sida palchella). H. A. SiEBKECHT and W. M. PLAGIOBOTHRYS (Greek, phiijios, sideways, and bothros, pit or hollow; wherefore the name should have been written Plii(/iobothrns). Borradindceo'. Nine spe- cies of low-growing, commonly diffuse annuals from western America, with small white fls. Here belongs P. nothohilvus. Gray, which was otice advertised by Breck under its synonym Kri/ rirhiii in Hotliofiil i'iihi , Gray. This plant has no horf iciiHui-aI stamling and is no longer advertised. See Gray's Syn. Flora of N. Amer. PLANERA (after .1., I. Planer ( 174,3-1789), professor of medicine at Krfnrt; author of several books on bot- any). Urti(-(iri'(v. Watek I'li.M. IVIonotypic genus, allied to Ulmus and Celtis: Ivs. pinnatcly veined, alternate: fls. polygamous, with deeply 4-5-lobed calyx; staminate fls. short-stalked, in clusters at the base of the young branchlets, with 4-5 stamens; pistillate or perfect ones on rather slender stalks, 1-3 in the axils of the lower Ivs.: fr. a small muricate nut. The only species is P. aquatica, Gmel. (An6nyimiS aqudticus, Walt. P. iilnii- folia, Michx.). Small tree, sometimes to 40 ft.: Ivs. short-petioled, somewhat unequal at the base, ovate to ovate-oblong, unequally serrate, glabrous at length and somewhat leathery, 134-2K in. long; fr. oval, ^ in. long, with irregularly crested fleshy ribs. April, May. S. 111. and Ky. to Fla. and Tex. S.S. 7:31G. This tree is not in general cultivation and has little to recom- mend it as an ornamental plant. It would not prove hardy north. It will probably thrive best in moist soil and be prop, by seeds sown soon after ripening in May and by layers. The plants sometimes cult, under the name of P. aquatica belong either to Ulmus campestris, var. viminalis, U. Chinensis, or U. alata, to which the true Planera is similar in foliage, or to some other small- leaved elm. P. acuminata, Lindl.=ZelkowaKeaki.— P. carpinifblia, Wats. ^Zelkowa carijinifoli.-i. — 7'. Japo,iica, yar. Verschaffelti, Hort. =Zelk()wa .lapoiiica, var. Vt-rsfliaffelti. — P. Keaki, C. Kocli = Zelkowa Keaki.— P. ri'pens, Hort.=Ulm\is pumilaor Cbinen.sis. —P. Richardi, Michx. =Zelkowa earpinifolia. Alfred Rehdek. PLANE-TREE. See Platanus. PLANER- TREE. Planera. PLANT (Latin, planta). A plant is a living organism consisting cf one or more cells, some of which, inmost of the higherforms, contain agreen suhstunee—ciilorophyll — by the aid of which they are able in the light to con- struct carbohydrate food-matters (as sugar, starch, etc.) from carbon dioxid and water. The cell protoplasm assimilates or uses these carbohydrates and is nour- ished by them, and from the elements they furnish it is able to make cellulose, the substance which walls it in, and gives strength and solidity to the plant. Animals do not (as a rule, at least) have chlorophyll, and cannot construct carbohydrates from carbon dioxid and water. Some plants have the habit of absorb- ing their carbohydrates ready-made from other organ- isms, and they are destitute of chlorophyll, as in case of the fungi, lichens, bacteria, and some flowering plants (e. g., dodder, Indian pipe, beech drops, etc.). Such plants are more or less degenerated, and are phys- iologically like animals, but they still retain enough of the typical plant structure so that we are rarelj' at a loss where to place them. Green plants absorb carbon dioxid from the air, and in the process of carbohydrate formation they give off a certain (luantity of oxygen. However, in the further chemical activities of their cells oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxid is given off. In the plants which are not green (and in animals, also) the first process is wanting, while the second takes place. These facts have given rise to the view that plants and animals are quite opposite in their physiological rela- tions to the surrounding air. They should not be con- trasted, however, in this way; it is more exact to say that green plants have two important nutritive functions, namely (1) carbon absorption and fixation (technically, photosyntJiesis), and (2) the assimilation of food mat- ters. Respiration — in the process of which oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxid is given off— occurs in all plants and animals. q_ e_ Bessey. PLANTAGO (the Latin name) comprises some 200 or more species of annual or perennial herbs or snbshnibs occurring in many parts of the world. It is a weedy genus, and only two or tliiee species have any economic or comnuurial Value worth mentioning. They are gen- erally known as Plantains, although this name is also ai>pliCd to certain l)ananas (see i)/((.s7( ) , which are idants of widi'ly dit'fercnt kind. Pl(iiit(i(/o l0 i selected 1 5/icn£5| i 1 QEIiLRAL cnop 5ACRE6\ 500 — *(T) 1839. Diagram illustrating method of selecting cotton. Occasionally individuals "sport," as gardeners say, and plants entirely different from the type of the race are produced. These variations are usually very marked ones and no definite cause for their appearance is yet known. Many valuable races of cultivated plants owe their origin to variation of this sort. For instance, the Cupid type of the sweet pea, a dwarf race, originated as a seedling sport from the Emily Henderson, an ordi- nary tall sort, and certain other sweet peas, the writer is informed, show a tendency to sport in this way. Another variation of similar kind is the change in character of certain parts or branches of individuals, known as bud-sporting. Bud-sports have proved par- ticularly valuable in producing new sorts of chrysan- themum and other plants cultivated for their flowers. There appears to be no way in which the breeder can induce seedling- or bud -sports, and the only course seems to be to watch carefully for their occurrence and be ready to utilize them whenever they appear. The most fertile way of securing variations is by the intermingling of species and varieties by hybridization. By blending distinct types of different species or races in this way, individuals of almost any grade of inter- mediacy between the two parents can be obtained and those having valuable combinations of characters se- lected and sometimes fixed into stable races. Cross- ing in general is probably the most active agency in procuring variation, and is thus of the highest impor- tance to the plant-breeder, inasmiich as the production of the initial variation of a desired kind and in a de- sired direction is the most difficult achievement. Improvement by Selection. — Improvement by selec- tion depends u])on the principle of gradually augment- ing a quality by selecting seed each year from that individual which by comparison with numerous other individuals is found to exhibit the character desired in 1840. Improvement of Sea Island Cotton by selection. Ordinary type on left, and selected type on rijilit. the greatest perfection or highest degree. By this con- stant selection of seed from the best individual, it has been found that the desired quality can be secured in more and more marked degree the longer the selection is continued. It is to this cumulative power of selec- tion that the great improvement in many of our cul- tivated plants is due, and, in general, selection may be considered a fundamental factor in the successful cultivation of any crop, as it is necessary not only to improve a race but to retain it true to type and in vig- orous productive condition. The most marked instance known to the writer of the improvement of a plant by selection alone and the de- pendence of an entire industry on this factor, is that of the sea island cotton. Every successful grower of sea island cotton selects his seed each year with the great- est care, and pursues year after year a definite process of continuous selection. In beginning selection, the general crop is examined and a number of individuals selected which seem from general appearance, vigor, productiveness, etc., to be superior plants. These su- perior plants are then subjected to a very critical exami- nation as to (1) vigor, (2) productiveness, (3) season, (4) covering and size of seed, (5) character of staple, etc. Under the last heading, "character of staple," attention is given to (a) length, (6) strength, (c) silkiness, (d) fineness, (e) uniformitj' of length and (f) proportion of lint to seed. etc. Finally, considering all of the above 1841. Improvement of corn by selection. Boone County White corn on left, and original type from which it was developed by selection on riglit. points carefully, the individual which is found to be su- perior to all others is selected. The seed from this is saved and planted the next year in a select patch and will usually yield some 500 individuals. The second year a single superior plant is selected with the same care from among the 500 plants grown from the seed of the plant selected the first year. The seed of the remaining individuals of the 500 plants is retained to plant a special seed patch the third year. The third year the seed of the specially selected plant of the preceding year is grown by itself, producing some 500 plants, from among which a single superior individual is again selected. The seed of the remaining 500 plants is again retained to plant a special seed patch the fourth year. Further than this, in the third year the seed of the 500 plants grown the previous year is planted by itself and will produce a patch of some 5 acres in extent, which will yield sufficient seed to plant the general crop in the fourth year of the selection. (Compare Fig. 18.'i9.) In succeeding years this policy is continued, the general crop being grown continuously from seed of a higher and higher grade of selection. Under this continuous selection the quality and length of the staple has been continuously imjtroved (Fig. 1840), and the yield increased, so that the growers to- day are producing more cotton than ever before and of a better quality. Corn ( Fig. 1841 ) , wheat, and very many of our races of other cultivated plants have been im- proved in a similar manner, and many of our most valu- abl(> races to-day are simplj' types gradtially ameliorated through years of continuous selection. In a similar manner selection may be used to improve any character of a plant, as the shape or color of a flower, acidity of the fruit, sugar content of the root (as in the beet), protein content of the seed (as in corn and PLANT -BREEDING PLANT -BREEDING 1365 wheat), etc. The necessity of intelligent selection of plants fi-om which seed is to be taken can hardly be overestimated. In all of our orchard fruits selection has played a most important part, though here the process is slightly different, as the selection is usually limited to a single generation, the best individual among many seedlings being selected and propagated by buds or grafts so that further selection to fix and retain its qualities are un- necessary. In this way was produced the famous Con- cord grape, the Dana Hovey pear, the Wealthy apple, etc. It must not be understood, however, that continu- ous selection would not give valuable results among orchard fruits also. Some of our good select seedling varieties are seedlings of select seedlings, and the pro- cess is thus a continuous one, though carried on largely by different experimenters owing to the long time re- quired to secure fruits. The character of the individual as a whole is a factor of prime importance in selection, and should be clearly recognized by every one striving for improved or pedigree plants. The aim should not be to select the single best fruit, but to select fruit from the best indi- vidual plant. If one is selecting to decrease the num- ber of seed he would probably entirely fail should he depend upon examining a number of fruits without ref- erence to the plants on which they grew, and selecting that one for propagation which was found to contain the fewest seed. He should examine the fruit on numerous trees, and then take seed for planting from that tree which by the examination of many fruits is found to show the most decided general tendency toward seed- lessness. Limitations of Selection. — Selection is by many horti- culturists considered to have been the most important factor in the development of our cultivated plants, and some go so far as to assert that all other factors are of minor importance. Both crossing and selection, however, have their definite and distinct places in any rational system of plant-breeding. When used alone in the improvement of plants, selection depends upon the adding up of small, insignificant variations through many generations, which in the end may possibly result in marvelous differences ; but by this method the breeder has no way to force the change, and must be satisfied with slight variation and long-continued selec- tion. When marked changes and new creations are desired it is to crossing or to chance sports that at- tention must be directed. 1842. Aquilegia flowers, illustrating the process of emasculation. a, mature bud showing stage which should be selected for emasculation; 6, similar bud with the tips of the corolla pried apart and the stamens removed; c, a bud opened naturally, too old to operate on; d, a bud of the stage shown in a and 6, with corolla removed to show the internal organs: e, a bud the same as in d, but with the stamens removed; f, the same as e, but older, at the age when pollination normally takes place ; g, pistil shortly after fecundation, the remnants of the stamens having fallen away. Improvement by Means of Crossing.— Aside from selection, crossing has played the most important role in the formation of the varieties and races of our culti- vated plants, but the results obtained are in many cases closely connected with selection. In the production of 1843. Plant of Aquilegia with flowers covered with bags in hybridization work. new and novel races it is to the crossing of mark- edly different species or races that the breeder must look. In this way plants may be obtained combining the good qualities of two distinct sorts, with an elimi- nation of the undesirable features. In plants which are propagated by vegetative parts, such as buds, grafts, cuttings, etc., a desirable variation obtained by cross- i!ig may be propagated di- rectly without further im- provement. This is the case in apples, pears, oranges, and all orchard fruits. In the case of plants propa- gated by seed, however, a valuable hybrid must be inbred and selected for several generations until a fixed type is produced. The process of crossing or hybridizing plants is neither difficult nor mysteri- ous. It is simply necessary to recognize that plants, like animals, bear male and fe- male organs. In plants, however, the male and fe- male elements are most com- monly borne on the same individual and in the same flower. In some cases, as in the castor bean, corn, etc., both sexes are borne on the same plant but in different flowers, while in other cases, as in the date palm, hemp, box elder, etc., the sexes are on different plants. If the plant to be operated on has the stamens and pistils (male and female organs) in the same flower, buds must be selected and the stamens removed before they burst and discharge the pollen. This is necessary in order to prevent self-fertilization. In some in- stances, as in the case of the columbine, this can be done very easily by simply selecting a bud just before it opens (Fig. 1842) and prying the tips of the petals apart so that the stamens may be pulled off with small pincers or forceps. The bud should then be inclosed in a small paper bag until the pistil matures normally, when the bag may be removed and the pollen dusted over the pistil (female organ). After this the bag must again be put over the flower to prevent other pollen from being brought in by insects, etc. Fig. 1843. In some cases the pollen may be placed on the immature pistil without injury when the flower is emasculated, and this is a great saving of time when it can be done. However, in experiments conducted by C. P. Hart- ley, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, it has been demonstrated that in some plants the pollination of immature pistils produces injury and thus cannot be practiced in all cases. In some instances, as in the apple, pear, cotton, etc., it is difficult to pry the petals apart to remove the sta- mens, and in such cases the corolla may be cut off without injury, in this way exposing the organs so that the stamens can be easily removed (Fig. 1844). In striving to secure a certain combination of the good characters of any two sorts, very numerous crosses between them should be made in order to furnish the breeder greater range of selection. Indeed at every step the success of the plant-breeder depends on han- dling large numbers. True, the desired variation may be sectired in a small batch of crosses, but the chance of success is increased in proportion to the number handled. In his experiments Burbank has found that in peaches about one desirable variety of superior ex- cellence is obtained from each 1,000 seedlings tested, while in raspberries and blackberries only about one sort in 20,000 has proved to be worthy of retention. In the crossing of races and species the hybrids in the first generation are usually nearly alike, exhibiting in general the same intermediate characters. In the sec- ond generation of these hybrids, however, there is al- most invariably greater variation, and it is usually from the plants of this generation that the most valuable 1366 PLANT -BREEDING PLATANUS types can be selected. It is thus important that the hybrids of the first generation should be inbred with their own pollen or with pollen of the hybrids of the same combination, and numerous individuals of the sec- ond generation obtained in which plants showing the desired combination of characters are more likely to be found. One of the most prominent characters of crosses is their extreme vigor, which is particularly marked in racial and specific hybrids where the parents are widely distinct in characters (Fig. 1845). In crosses of closely related sorts, which are reproduced b}' buds, cuttings, slips, etc., and which do not ordinarily remain true to type when propagated by seed, the increase in vigor is not commonly so marked. Sterility, which is a common character of hybrids of very distinct species and races, may prove a detriment in certain cases; but it is seldom that all of the hybrids of any combination are completely sterile, and in most instances of this sort complete fertility can probably be secured by selection. The improvements which can be secured by means of crossing are almost innumerable, and many of them, so far as we are informed, can be secured in no other way. Such is the production of fragrant varieties from odor- less tvpes as has been accomplished in the case of pan- sies, and the blending and changing of colors of flowers and fruits. Increased hardiness and adaptability to growth in warmer climates might possibly be secured by simple selection through a long series of years ; but they can doubtless be most quickly secured by crossing tender and hardy soi'ts or species, when plants can be obtained which possess these opposite qualities. Fixation of Crosses. — \n plauts which are propagated hy vegetative parts no fixation is necessary, but in those which are propagated by seed, all crosses that are found to possess desirable qualities must be fixed by selection into stable races reproducing these qualities true. Usually, a large majority of the progeny of a cross will revert toward one of the parents, and may not show the characters desired. In order to render the de- sired qualities hereditary, the cross must be inbred with its own pollen or the pollen of another cross of the same parentage which exhibits the same characters, and a large number of plants grown from the seed thus produced. These plants must then be carefully exam- ined and individuals selected for further work which have reproduced the desired characters in the highest degree. These individuals must be again inbi-ed and the process continued for several generations until all of the plants are reproduced true to the desired type. This, in most cases, requires from five to six generations of careful selection. The time used in selecting to fix the type is by no means lost, as meanwhile careful attention can be given to increasing the fruitfulness so that this factor also mav be greatly improved. this way. In orchard fruits, carnations, violets, pota- toes, etc., careful attention should thus be given to the buds or cuttings used in propagation. By a careful selection of violet cuttings from those plants which were found to produce the greatest number of good flowers, P. H. Dorsett has greatly increased the average 1844. Cotton flowers, illustrating the process of emasculation- Tiiature bud showing the stage whicli should be selected for einasculatiou ; h, a similar bud with the corolla cut off ready to emasculate ; c, a similar bud with the stamens removed, — emasculated. The Selection of Vegetative Parts. — Within re- cent years some attention has been given to the im- provement of plants by the selection of buds, cuttings, etc., and tlie results obtained by certain practical in- vestigators indicate that much may be accomplished in F E M 1845. Increase in size of cotton bolls caused by hybridization. F, Sea island cotton used as the female parent; H, hybrid ; M, Klondike, a variety of upland cotton used as the male parent. yield of his plants and believes that an increased yield of nearly 100 per cent is perfectly possible by careful attention to this factor alone. Here, again, it is not in- creased yield merely which can be improved, but various other qualities as well. The literature of plant-breeding is niainlj' scattered through periodicals and is difficult of access. The prin- cipal work treating the subject in a general way is Professor Bailey's "Plant-Breeding" (The Macmillan Company, New York, 1895). The following are a few of the most important general papers: "The Production et Fixation des variet^s dans les v^g^taux," by E. A. Car- rifere, Paris, 18G5; "Die Pflanzenmischlinge," by W. O. Focke, Berlin, 1881; "A Selection from the Physiologi- cal and Horticultural Papers of Thomas Andrew Knight, ptiblished in the Transactions of the Royal and Horti- cultural Societies," London, 1841; "Hybrids and their Utilization in Plant-Breeding," by W. T. Swingle and H. J. Webber; Year-book. U. S. Department of Agri- culture, 1897; "Sur la Production et la Fixation des Varietes dans les Plantes d'Ornement," by Jean Bap- tiste Verlot, Paris, 1865; "The Improvement of Plants by Selection," Yearbook, U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, 1898; "Hybrid Conference Report," Journal Roy. Hort. Society, vol. xxiv, April, 1900 ; "Survival of the Unlike," by Bailey. Herbert J. Webber. PLANT CELLARS will be treated under Winter Pro- tection. PLATANUS (its ancient Greek name). Platandrete. Plane-tree. Buttonwood. Ornamental deciduous trees with alternate, petioled, rather large, palmately lobed Ivs. and small greenish flowers in globular, soli- tary or racemose, slender-stalked and drooping heads, followed by similar heads of fruits remaining on the branches during the winter. The smooth, light-colored often almost creamy white bark of the branches and limbs, usually mottled by darker blotches of the older bark, which peels off in large thin plates, gives the tree a very characteristic appeai-ance in winter, while in summer the Plane-tree, with its large head of dense bright green foliage and with its massive trunk, is a beautiful and majestic shade tree. The native Platanus occidentalis is hardy north and P. oriental is hardy as far north as Mass., while the southwestern and Mexican species cannot bo cult, in the North. From titne imme- morial the Oriental I'laiie, whicli was well known to the ancient Greek writers, has been famous for the large PLATANUS PLATANUS 1367 size it attains— trunks of 30 ft. diameter and more are reported to exist— and has been planted as a shade tree in W. Asia and S. Europe, and to-day it is still one of the favorite street trees throughout the temperate re- gions of Europe. It has also been recognized in this country as one of the best street trees, even to be pre- 1846. Plane-tree -Platanus occidentalis. ferred to the native Plane, which, unfortunately, suffers from the attacks of a fungusi, Glcfosporium nervisequum, while the Oriental is not injured by it. The Plane-trees stand pruning— even severe pruning— well. To what extent they are sometimes pruned in European cities without losing their vitality is shown in an interesting illustration in "Forest Leaves," vol. 3, p. 97. They are also easily transplanted even as larger trees. They grow best in a deep and rich, moist soil. Prop, by seeds sown in spring and only slightly covered with soil and kept moist and shady; also by cuttings of ripened wood and by greenwood cuttings under glass in June taken with a heel and sometimes by layers. Varieties are also occa- sionally grafted in spring on seedlings of one of the species. The stellate hairs of the young Ivs. when de- tached by the wind, sometimes float in great quantities in the air and are liable to cause irritation and some- times inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eye, nose and mouth. But as this is likely to occur only dur- ing a very limited period late in spring it can hardly be considered as a serious objection to the use of Platanus as a street tree. Six or 7 species of Platanus are known in N. America south to Mexico and from southeast Europe to India. Trees with the bark exfoliating in thin plates; only at the base of older trunks the bark is persistent, of darker color and furrowed. Stipules conspicuous, usually connate into a tube, with spreading leaf-like margin; peti- ole with the enlarged base inclosing the ax- illary bud: Ivs. palmately veined, covered densely with stellate hairs when young: fls. moncecious, in dense, globular heads, stami- nate and pistillate similar, but on separate peduncles; sepals and petals 3-8; staminate with 3-8 stamens, pistillate with 3-8 pistils with elongated styles: fr. -heads consisting of numerous narrowly obconical, one-seeded luitlets surrounded at the base by long hairs. occidentalis, Linn. Buttonwood. But- TONBALL. American Plane-tkee. Also wrongly called Sycamore. Figs. 1846, 1847. Large tree, attaining 130 or occasionally 170 ft., with a round-topped oblong or broad head and with a trunk 10 ft. or exceptionally more in diam., often of considerable height: bark of limb and branches of very light often al- most creamy white color, at the base of the trunks dark brown, fissured: stipules large, with toothed margin : Ivs. as broad or broader than long, truncate or cordate, rarely cuneate at the base, usually 3-, sometimes 5-lobed, with shallow sinuses; lobes shorter than broad, coarsely toothed or entire. floccose-toraentose when young, at maturity only pubes- cent on the veins beneath, 4-9 in. broad: fr. -heads soli- tary, rarely in 2's, on 3-G-in. long peduncles, about 1 in. across or more, comparatively smooth at length; nutlets with obtuse apex, with the rest of the style one-six- teenth inch long or shorter. May. Maine to Ontario and Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. S.S. 7:3'2(;, 327. G.F. 2:354, 355; 9:55. Em. 1 :201, 2G3. Gng. 4:343. Mn. 3, p. 09; 5, p. 205, 209. — The most massive and perhaps the tallest of all deciduous trees of N. America and an excel- lent street and park tree where it is not injured by fun- gous diseases. There are several vars. in cultivation: Var. HispAnica, Janko (P. Hispdnica, Lodd.). Lvs. large, 3-5-lohed, with very shallow sinuses, coarsely toothed, usually cordate at the base. Gn. 1, p. 588; 20, p. 370. Var. pyramidalis, Jaen. (P. pyramiddUs, Bolle). Of pyramidal habit: lvs. usually 3-lobed, often longer than broad, with usually rounded base. Var. tu- bifera, Jaen. (P. siiperba, Hort.). With very conspicu- ous elongated, tubular stipules. There are also some forms with variegated lvs. Var. Siittneri, Hort., with the lvs. spotted and marked white, and var. aureo-vari- egata, Hort. (var. KelseyAna, Jaen.), with yellow varie- gated leaves. orientdilis, Linn. Oriental Plane. Tree, to 80 ft., with usually very broad and round head on a compara- tively short trunk : bark of dull grayish or greenish white color; stipules small, usually with entire margin: lvs. usually broadly cuneate at the base, deeplj' 5-7- lobed, rarely 3-lobed, with the sinuses reaching almost to or below the middle; lobes longer or much longer than broad, coarsely toothed or entire, glabrous or nearly so at maturity, 4-8 in. long: fr. -heads 2-4 on long, drooping stalks, bristly, the nutlets narrowed at the apex into a persistent style to 2 lines long. Mav. S. E. Eu. to India. G.F. 4:91. G.O. III. 23:25, 27. Gn. 1, p. 550; 20, p. 3G9, 371, 373. — A variable species, of which the most important forms are the following: Var. aceri- folia, Ait. (P. acerifolia, Willd. P. intermedia, Hovt.). Lvs. less deeply lobed, the sinuses rarely reaching be- low the middle; lobes usually 5, the middle one only little longer than broad: fr. -heads usually in 2's. Gn. 1, p. 588; 20, p. 371 and probably 1, p. 486 and 20, p. 370 (as P. occidentalis). This form resembles in foliage the American Plane, and is also of more pyramidal habit than the Oriental Plane, which in its typical form has a broad head, with wide-spreading branches deeply divided, 5-7-lobed lvs., and the fr.-heads often in 3's and 4's. It is often considered a distinct species, and some have ventured the opinion that it may be a hybrid between P. occidentalis and P. orientalis, as it is in some characters intermediate between the two, but the fr. does not differ from that of the latter. The var. 1847. Platanus occidentalis (X 30. acerifolia, which is the so-called London Plane, seems hardier and is more generally planted under the name of the Oriental Plane than the typical P. orientalis. Var. digit^ta, Janko (P, umhra.culifera , Hort , var /o- 1368 PLATANUS PLATYCERIUM cinidta, Hort.). Lvs. cuneate or truncate or cuneate at the base, deeply 5-lobed, with narrow, elongated, coarsely toothed lobes. Gn. 1, p. 572, 573; 20, p. 371. Var. unduld,ta, Ait. (var. cunedta, Loud. P. cunedta, Willd. ). Often shrubby: lvs. short-stalked, smaller, usually deeply 3-lobed and cuneate, with narrow-toothed lobes. Gn. 1, p. 618; 20, p. 371. P. racembsa, Nutt. (P. Californica, Benth.). Tree, to 100 or 120 ft., with a trunk often divided into several stems: lvs. usu- ally cordate or truncate, deeply 3-5-lobed, with ovate-lanceo- late, mostly entire lobes, pale-tomeutose beneath, 6-10 in. long: fr. -heads bristly, sessile on the slender stalk, racemose. Calif. S.S. 7:328.— P. vulgaris, Spach, comprises all species of the ge- nus. — P. Wrlghtii, Wats. Tree, to 80 ft., often divided into several stems : lvs. usually cordate or truncate, deeply 3-7- lobed, with lanceolate, acuminate, entire or dentate lobes, to- mentose beneath or nearly glabrous at length, 6-8 in. long: fr.-heads racemose, rather smooth, each on a short stalk. New Mex. and Ariz, to Calif. S.S. 7:329. The other species, as P. Mexicdna, Moric, which is some- times planted as a street tree in Mexico, P. Lindenidna, Mart. & Gal,, and P. glabrdta, Fernald, all natives of Mex., are not yet introduced. Alfred Rehder. PLATYCARYA {plati/s, broad, carya, nut; alluding to the shape of the fruit). Syn., Fortunea. Jxiglandd- cece. A monotypic genus distinguished from all other JuglandacesB by its fertile tts. forming an upright cone- like spike. Small deciduous tree: the branches with solid pith: winter-buds with imbricate scales: lvs. odd- pinnate, similar to those of Hicoria Pecan, but smaller; staminate catkins axillary; pistillate terminal, solitary: fr. a small, winged nut in the axils of densely imbri- cated, rigid and sharply pointed lanceolate bracts form- ing a terminal upright cone. Rarely cult, and probably not hardy north of the Middle States. It has graceful and interesting foliage, but its ornamental value is not great. Prop, by seeds and by layers, probaiily also by grafting on Hicoria. strobililcea, Sieb. and Zucc. (Fortunea Sinensis, Lindl.). Small tree, with upright glabrous branches: lvs. 8-12 in. long; Ifts. 9-17, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, doubly serrate, pubescent only on the midrib beneath, 3-4 in. long: fr. -bearing cone about 1-1 >2 in. long, oval, brown. Summer. Japan, China. S.Z. 2:149. P.S. 4, p. 326b. R.H. 1888, p. 88. Alfred Rehder. PLATYCfiRIUM (Greek, broad horn; alluding to the shape of the lvs.). Polypodidcece. Stag-horn Fern. An anomalous genus of ferns with irregularly lobed thick lvs. with the sori forming irregular patches over one or both surfaces. The sterile lvs. are flat, rounded expansions closely adherent in layers to the substratum. In their native forests these ferns grow to the surface of trees and old plants and often form enormous nests. Eight kinds of Platycerium are offered for sale in America. The word "disk,' as used below, refers to the widest unbranched portion of the fertile frond. A. Plants not forked like a stag horn... I. Angolense AA. Plants resembling a stag horn. B. Sori borne on a special receptacle described tinder JVo, 2 2. biforme BB. Sori borne on the last forks or near their base. C. Barren fronds stag -horn -like a bo ve . D. Fertile fronds in pairs. E. Plants glabrous or nearly so 3. enrande EE. Plants pubescent, with yel- lowish wool 4. Wallichii DO. Fertile fronds in S's 5. Willinckii CC. Barren fronds not stag -horn- like, entire or merely lobed. D. Segments and sinuses of the fertile fronds t^ery broad.. .(>. Sthiopicum DD. Segments and sinuses narrow. E. Unbranched portion of fer- tile fronds very long and narrow 7. Hillii EE. Unbranched portion of fcr- tile fronds moderati'ly long H. alcicorne 1. Angol6nse, Welw. (P. ^thi6picum,\a.t. Angolinse, Welw.). Fertile fronds wedge-shaped in outline and merely wavy at the margin. It is also distinct by reason of felt-like covering of rust-colored wool on the lower side of the fronds. Barr.en fronds large, erect; fertile fronds attaining a length of 18 in. and a width of 9 in. at the top: spore-mass nearlv as broad as the frond. Angola (West Africa). G.C. III. 23:155 (repeated in 28:444j. 2. bifbrme, Blurae. According to Blume's plate and description, this differs from all other kinds in having the spores borne on a special appendage, which is kid- ney-shaped and attached bc'ow the first fork. Blume says there are 2 such appendages ; that the barren fronds are roundish, entire below, lobed above: fertile fronds 3-5 ft. long, many times forked, pale green. Java. — The fertile fronds of P. biforme are said to grow 15 ft. long sometimes. The picture in Gn. 4, p. 295, labeled P. biforme seems to be distinct and anomalous, though somewhat like P. grande. 3. grdnde, J. Smith. JMg. 1848. This maybe readily distinguished from P. alcicorne by its barren fronds, which are also stag-like, while those of P. alcicorne are not. Barren fronds stalkless; segments blunt, spongy, pale green, tomentose: fertile fronds in pairs, 3-6 ft. long: sori not at the base of every ultimate fork but against the upper edge of the disk, with an infertile fork projecting beyond on either side. North Australia. G.C. 1872:1137; III. 8:97 (good, repeated in III. 10:698 and 28:433). Gng. 5:169 (same as A. P. 6:701). F. 1850:47 (same as F.S. 6, p. 156). Not G.M. 40:135, which is P. ulCthiopicum. Mn. 1, p. 77 (erroneously as P. alcicorne). 4. WdllicMi, Hook. As in P. grande, the sori are borne not at the base of the ultimate forks, but on a disk which is not squared off at its tipper surface but rounded and projecting into the angle between the forks. Sori roundish. Malay Peninsula. G.C. III. 28:435. Hook. Fil. Exot., plate 97. 5. Willinckii, Moore. Distinguished from P. grande by the sori, which nearly fill the last forks but do not approach the base of the sinus. The fronds are thinly furnished with minute stellate hairs, at length glabrous and pale green. Moore says: "fertile fronds in S's, elon- gate, pendent, with scarcely any disk, bipartite for about two-thirds of their length, one of the margins of each primary branch entire, the other bearing numerous lobes in about three series on a dichotomous plan." Strong features of this plant are the length, narrowness and acuteness of the forks, and also the narrowness of the "disk" or unbranched portion just below the primary forks. Java. G.C. II. 3:303 (repeated in HI. 10:701 and 28:431. A.G. 15:111. Gn. 10, p. 383 (repeated in Gn. 30, p. 300). 6. .ffithibpicum, Hook. (P. Stemmdria, Beauv. ). Bar- ren fronds rounded; fertile fronds 2-3 ft. long, clus- tered, pendent, twice dichotomous (not twice trichot- omotis, as some writers say) : sorus a V-shaped patch stirrounding the sinus. Guinea, Angola. Hooker's Garden Ferns, plate 9. A.G. 15:111. G.M. 40:135 (erro- neously as P. grande). — The fronds are said to be cov- ered below with a thin cottony down. 7. Hillii, Moore (P. alcicdrne, var. Hillii). Barren fronds like P. alcicorne, but the fertile fronds are erect, the unbranched portion longer, the forks more numer- ous and compact, the segments shorter and more acute. Fronds clustered thinly, covered when mature with white stellate hairs: sori in oval or roundish masses, not at the base of the sinus but near the base of each of the last segments. The upper third of the fertile frond is "1,5-18 in. across, 3-parted, the central segment with 1 or 2 side lobes near the apex, the 2 lat- eral segments broader and twice or thrice forked into 5-10 ultimate lobes." T. Moore. Queensland. G.C. II. 10:51, 428, 429. J.H. III. 32:497. 8. alcic6rne, Desv. Barren fronds rounded, convex, wavy margined; fertile fronds clustered, attaining 2-3 ft., 2-.'f times dichotomous, the unforkod portion erect, the segments pendent, rather narrow and sharply cut, under surface covered with thin cottony down: sori in irregtilar masses filling the last forks and a space across their bases, shown in H.H. 3:202, 263 (as Acros- tichum alcicorne). Temperate Australia. A.G. 14:153; PLATYCERIUM PLATYCLINIS 1369 15;111. Gn. 51, p. 259. G.C. III. 10:G97. Not Mn. 1, p. 77, which is really P. grande. Var. m^jus, Moore, is stronger-growing, more up- right, and with thick, leathery, dark green fronds. Ac- cording to F. L. Atkins, the fertile troiwls are more broadly cut than the type and seldom forked more than once. Polynesia. Veitch's Catalogue 187^, p. 13. W. M. No private conservatory should make any pretensions to rank in the tirst class that does not take pride in at least one well-grown specimen of Platycerium. The Stag-hoi-n Ferns are amongst the most beautiful and distinct of ferns— perhaps the most striking of all— be- cause of their noble, antlered appearance and their epiphytal habit. They have two kinds of fronds, bar- ren and fertile, the former being rounded disks which clasp the tree trunk, while the fertile fi-onds generally hang down and look like antlers. Occasionally the barren fronds are more or less antlered, as in P. grande, but never give so perfect a suggestion as do the fertile fronds. The species are all tropical, except P. alcicorne, which is therefore the easiest to grow and the commonest in cultivation. This species can endure a night temperature of 50° F. or even less. The glory of the genus, however, is P. grande (Fig. 1848). The barren fronds are exceptionally large, rounded and wavy margined at the base, deeply cut above, forming an erect or arching background to the pendent fertile fronds, which fork more times and have much narrower segments than the barren fronds. Unfortunately this is the only species that does not produce suckers at the roots, by which all the others are easily propagated. It alone must be raised from spores, a long and anxious process. The only kind that has an erect and rigid habit is P. HillU, which therefore is grown in pots, while all the others may be grown on a block of wood, and some in baskets. P. hiforme differs from all others in having a separate and specialized structure on which the sori are borne, the other kinds bearing their spore- masses on the under surface of the fertile fronds at or near the last forks. P. hiforme, though advertised in America, is probably nowhere in cultivation in the world. There is an improved form of the common type known as P. alcicorne, var. majus, which is stronger-growing and has thicker fronds, enabling it to endure a drier atmosphere. It is therefore one of the best, if not the best, for exhibition purposes. At the other extreme from the slender grace of P. alci- corne and the rest is the bold and broad style of P. ^thiopicnm. P. Angolense is the only one which bears no resemblance to antlers. All the species require a moist atmosphere, though the humidity should be reduced during the winter. With the exception of P. alcicorne they all require a high temperature. All need perfect drainage, and in winter they shotild not have too much direct syringing, for they need a slight rest and are likely to spot or damp-off if water remains on the foliage too long. P. ^thiopicum is said to be particularly sensitive. Stag-horn Ferns are often grown on pieces of tree-fern stem. They are fastened to such support or to a board by means oi wire, having first furnished the roots with a slit piece of peat for root-hold and some sphagnum moss, to which may be added a little bonemeal for food and some charcoal for drainage. A little moss may be added every year or two. Eventually the barren fronds will entirely cover this material and the plants should then be left undisturbed for years. A Stag-horn Fern, with antlers spreading 6 or 8 feet, is a sight never to be forgotten. -w. H. Taplin and P. L. Atkins. PLATYCLlNIS (Greek, iroad bed; in allusion to the clinandrium). Orchiddcew. Plants with small, closely crowded pseudobulbs, each with a single, narrow, ever- green leaf. The flowers are borne in graceful, drooping racemes 6-10 in. long. They are small and not showy, but the thread-like racemes arching from among the densely tufted green foliage give the plants a pleasing appearance. Sepals and petals spreading; labellum 3- lobed; column short, with an erect-toothed clinandrium and a large, narrow, erect wing on each side of the clinandrium. About 20 species in India, China and the Malay Islands. Heinrich Hasselbring. 1848. Platycerium grande The several species of Platyclinis are all small, com- pact-growing plants, requiring but little root-space. They are of easy culture and readily adapt themselves to either pot or basket culture, the latter being prefer- able for those with pendulous flower-scapes. The roots do not like being disturbed, but when repotting is neces- sary it is best to do it just after the flowering period. The compost should consist of equal parts chopped live sphagnum moss and clean peat fiber. The roots should be carefully distributed and the compost pressed gently but firmly in around them, leaving the surface slightly convex when finished. At least two-thirds of the space should be devoted to free drainage with potsherds or bits of charcoal. A shaded location and moist atmosphere, with a tem- perature of 60-65° F. by night and 70-75° by day, will afford them satisfactory growing conditions. They re- quire a liberal supply of water at the roots, with occa- sional syringing overhead in bright weather when grow- ing, and should never be allowed to remain long dry even when at rest. The plants frequently prodtice side growths from the old pseudobulbs, which may be re- moved after the growths are matured, leaving three or more of the old pseudobulbs attached to each piece, thus increasing the stock. When no natural break occurs, however, the plants may often be induced to break by slightly twisting, or notching the rhizome with a sharp knife, thereby retarding the flow of sap at that point. Robert M. Grey. gluind.cea, Benth. (DendrochUum glumdceuni, Lindl.). Pseudobulbs crowded, forming dense spreading masses, the young ones clothed with red scales: Ivs. solitary, broadly lanceolate, tapering to a petiole which is en- closed by the sheath: peduncle from the top of the pseudobtilb, slender, bearing a long, drooping spike of small white fls. : sepals and petals spreading, oblong, acuminate; middle lobe of the labellum rotund, curved, base with 2 fleshy ridges. Spring. Philippines. B.M. 4853. G.C. III. 18:552. filifdrmis, Benth. (Dendrochilitm filiforme, Lindl.). Pseudobulbs crowded : Ivs. linear-lanceolate : flower- stem thread-like, bearing a long, pendulous raceme of 1370 PLATYCLINIS PLATYSTEMON small, pale j-ellow fls. : sepals and petals obovate; la- bellum cuneate-rotund, auriculate at the base. Summer. Philippines. l.H. 25:323 {as Dendroch Hum glumaceum) . G.F. 2:485. Cobl)i&.na, Hemsl. (De-ndrocluhim Cobbiclnum, Reichb. f. ). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: tls. in a zigzag raceme, pale yellow, with an orange lip; sepals and petals triangular- oblong ; labellum cuneate-f an- shaped, retuse. Nov., Dec. Philippines. Heinrich Hasselbring. 1849. Platycodon grandiflorum. PLATYCODON (Greek, plafys, broad, and kodon, bell; referring to the shape of the flower). Ca mpanuldcece . A mono- typic genus of very handsome hardy herbaceous perennials, with blue or white bell-shaped flowers; hence the name " Chinese " or "Jap- anese Bellflower." This plant was first placed in Campanula by Jac- quin and later, by Schrader, in Wahlenbergia; and it is still some- times cult, under these names. In 1830 it was given a new genus (Platycodon) by A. DeCandolle. It is distinguished from Campanula by its broadly cup-shaped flowers, the stamens dilated at the base, and the capsule opening at the top and not at the sides. From Wahlenber- gia it differs in the valves of the capsule being opposite to the calyx- lobes instead of alternate with them Several supposed species have been described at different times, but there seems to be no doubt that the genus is distinctly monotypic and that all forms can be referred as forms of the type P. {/randiflorion , which has been widely distributed and therel)y grt-atly modi- fied. It has been found in a wild state from Dahuria to Manchuria, in China, in Siberia, Corea and Japan. Platycodon requires a medium sandy loam, and does not succeed in either extremely stiff or sandy soils. It is particularly sensitive to ill-drained soils. Under suit- able soil conditions it is perfectly hardy and will even stand considerable neglect. It is desirable to keep the stems tied during the season, for if once allowed to fall they can never be raised without breaking. In autumn the old stems should not be cut away, but the ])lant al- lowed to die off naturally; otherwise the crown may be injured. It can be propagated (dther by division or by seeding, the latter being more surely successful and therefore preferatile; besides, a greater variety of flow- ers is obtained in this way. More care and skill are necessary in propagation by division, because of the fleshy rootstock. It is best accomplished in sjiring, when the plant is breaking into new growth. grandifldnim, DC. (Campdnula grand i flora, Jacq. Wuhlenbergia grandiflora, Schrad.). Chinese or Jap- anese Bell-flower. Balloon Flower. Fig. 1849. Plant 1-2 ft. high, forming a dense, branching bush of upright habit: lvs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, gla- brous, unequally toothed: fls. large and open, attaining 3 in. in diani., produced from tips of branches, inflated in the bud, hence sometimes called "balloon flower"; corolla 5-lobed, blue, pale blue-white, or variegated. June, July. G.C. III. 28:223. J. H. III. 30:123. F.S. 22: 2332. B.M. 252.-Var. dlbum. A white-flowering form. Var. autumnale. Later-flowering form from Manchuria. Gn. 45, p. 4(i2. R.H. 1848 :.3G1 ; 18.-3: 547. Var. Jap6nicum (P. Jap6nicum, Hort.) is of stronger and bushier growth and freer-flowering. The flowers average 23^ in. across; the inner and outer lobes alternate with one another, giving the flower the appearance of a 10-pointed star. — This va- riety was flrst procured by Dreer in 1895 from Leonard Lille, Lyons, France, who offered it as a novelty that season. It proved to be a first-class and desirable sort and has been tested by Dreer since, who considers it one of the good hai'dy perennials. Var. Mariesi (P. 3fdriesi, Hort.). Recently introduced into England from Japan by Maries, and supposed to be identical with var. glattcum of Siebold. It does not ex- ceed 1 ft in height: growth stouter and more compact: lvs. thicker than in the type: fls. are as large or larger than the type and varying in color from deep purplish blue to pale blue or lavender and white. G.C. III. 14:163. G.M. 37:35. J.H. III. 35:29. Gn. 27:483; 45:904. -Var. semi-plenum. Fls. semi-double, and varying in color from purple to white ; said to have been developed fi"om var. aJbitm. Var. striatum. A garden form with blue or white fls., striped with white or blue. Arnold V. Stubenracch. PLATYCRATER (Greek, plafys, broad, and crater, bowl; alluding to the broad, enlarged calyx of the ster- ile fls.). Saxifrugdcpoe. A monotypic genus allied to Hydrangea. The species is a prostrate shrub, with op- posite serrate lvs. and white, comparatively large fls. in long-peduncled, loose cymes, the marginal ones sterile and with enlarged calyx; petals 4; stamens numeroiis: fr. a 2-celled many-seeded dehiscent capsule. It is not hardy north, and of little decorative value. It thrives best in rather moist, porous soil and partly shaded po- sition and is easily prop, by seeds, greenwood cuttings under glass, or layers. argilita, Sieb. & Zucc. Prostrate shrub: lvs. oblong to oblanceolate, cuneate at the base, acuminate, glabrous except on the veins beneath, thin, light green, 3-6 in. long: cymes 3-10-fld., on a 1-2-in. long peduncle: fls. slender-pedicelled, the sterile ones apetalous, 1 in. across, with broad, obtuse sepals; fertile smaller, with lanceolate sepals half as long as the oblong-ovate petals. July. Japan. S.Z. 1:27. Gt. 15:516. — Useful for rock - work in greenhouses. Alfred Rehder. PLATYLOMA is a name for ferns of the genus Pclhia which have a narrow indusium and a broad soi-us. For Platyloiiui Bridgetiii and P. falcata, see PellcKU. PLATYSTfiMON (Greek words referring to the dihtted filaments). Papaverdcece. Cream Cups. A half-hardy annual growing about a foot high and bearing 0-i>etaled pale yellow fls. 1-1/^ in. across. This plant is improp- erly called California Poppy in some catalogues. It is inferior to the common and California poppies \n hardi- ness, in strength and variety of color, and in size of fls., but it is interesting botanically in four respects: (1) It is unique in the po]){)y family in its fruit, which is not a capsule but is composed of numerous carpels that separate at maturity into linear parts, which are monili- form (i.e., compressed at intervals like the links of a necklace), each joint containing a single seed. (2) It is remarkalde for the dilation of the filaments of the an- thers, which are numerous and separate. (.3) It is one of the few abnormal nu>mbers of the poppy family with entire lvs. (4) The petals are not shed quickly, as in the common poppies, but they wither and remain closed PLATYSTEMON PLEIONE 1371 over the foriuing: fruit. Platystemon grows wildjthrough- out Ciiliforuiii, except in the inouiitains, iitid is said to prefer a loose soil. See Annuals. Calif6rnicus, Benth. Cream Cups. Lvs. mainly oppo- site, st'ssile, ligulate, hispid: tls. light yellow to cream color or white, rarely roseate; sepals ;{. B.M. 3579. B. R. 20 : 1()79. B. 2 :G5. Gn. 30, p. 313. -The smooth-fruited form figured as P. leiocarpum in P.C. 2 :?(> and B.M. 3750 is said by the Synoptical Flora to be "a mere state." W. M. PLATYSTlGMA (Greek, broad stigma). Papaverclcece. Low, slender California annuals with pale yellow fls. less than 1 in. across. They are among the few plants of the poppy family with entire lvs. They are closely allied to Platystemon, but dilfer in having the filaments scarcely dilated, 3 stigmas instead of many, and the fr. a capsule which is 3-valved at the apex. Other generic characters: fls. commonly trimerous; stamens numer- ous, free; stigmas not confluent. Four species from Calif, and Oregon. P. lineare is the only one with thick stigmas and also differs in its tufted habit, the others having leafy and branching stems. It is figured in B.M. 3575 with pale j'ellow fls.; in B.R. 23:1954 it is shown with 3 white petals alternating with yellow ones. Platy- stigraas seem never to have been offered for sale in America. PLATYTHfiCA (Greek, broad anther cells) . Treman- drdcew. A heath-like Australian shi'ub, with foliage like a bed-straw (or Galium) and many 5-pointed starry blos- soms of light purple borne toward the end of the branches. Each flower is about 1 inch across, and its ■center is marked with a star of red. Platytheca belongs to a small, beautiful and distinct family of Australian shrubs, composed of 3 genera, of which Tetratheca is the dominant type. The Tremandra family resembles the Polygala family in the structure of the capsule, but differs in the regularity and estivation of the flower; it resembles the Pittosporacefe in having a very small em- bryo immersed in coi)ious albumen, and particularly the genus Cheiranthera in having anthers which open by a pore at the top. The three genera of Tremandracese are distinguished from one another by the anthers; Tre- mandra differs from the other two in having the anthers jointed with the filaments ; in Platytheca the anthers have 4 cells all in the same plane; in Tetratheca the anthers are 2-celled or 4-celled, with 2 cells in front of the 2 others. Other generic characters of Platytheca: floral parts in 5's; stamens in 2 distinct series, with 4 parallel cells in a single plane contracted into a tube at the top: cap- sule opening loculicidally at the edge, with the 4 valves splitting septicidally: seeds glabrous, without appen- dage. Only one species. galioides, Steetz. {P. verficilldta, Baill.). Lvs. linear, % in. long, about 10 in a whorl, hairy. Said to bloom in June. P.M. 13:171 (as Tetratheca verticillata).— This plant deserves to be better known. Cuttings of half- ripened wood root freely under a bell-glass in a shaded house at G0°. Cuttings rooted in February or March will make good plants in 5-inch pots in one year. In summer keep them plunged outside, but covered with shaded sash. By trimming frequently they will make well-shaped plants, needing no supports. Kept in a coolhouse (45°) during winter, they will be covered with bloom in March and April. The flowers last but a short time, but the plant is so free that it is always covered ■with bloom. H. D. Darlingtox and W. M. PLECTOCOMIA (Greek, plaited hair,- application ob- scure). Palmdcew. Six species of East-Indian climbing palms which fruit once for all and then die. One of the most interesting species is P. Kliasyana, which is fig- ured in B.M. 5105 under the erroneous title of i'. Assam- ica. This species has a slender stem CO-80 ft. long, and al)out as thick as a man's arm, being slightly thicker above than at the base. The lvs. attain 30 ft. and are pinnate only in the lower half, the rest of the leaf being a long, whip-like extension of the rachis of the leaf. A singular feature of this palm is the device by which it climbs. This consists of a series of com- pound spines snaped like a downward-pointing Human hand, the back of the hand being yellow and the 5 or G fingers composed of brown spines. These organs are scattered all along the lower side of the flattened rachis. They hook on the branches of trees and thus enable the palm to climb for light. "A yet more wonderful provision of nature," says Hooker, "is observed in the young and yet unfolded leaves of these plants during the period when they in- sert themselves upwards among the branches of the forests, for then these spines are upright and lie flat against the stalk of the leaf, not becoming reflcxed till they are needed as a means of supjxirt." Pr()))ahly all the species possess these flagelliform leaves and re- markable spines. The whip-like leaf -tips may act as ten- drils. The genus is little known to cultivators, and only one species is offered in the U. S. The genus is allied to the rattans (Calamus), which also are climbers. William Watson writes that the fruit of a Plectocomia is a shell composed of many small, tightly overlapping scales, inclosing a round seed which has a solid whitish albumen almost as hard as ivory. Watson adds that young plants are ornamental, but their spiny lvs. are a drawback, and the lvs. are much more easily broken than those of most palms. elong-^ta, Mart. Lvs. very large; Ifts. 1-lJ^ ft. x2 in., sparsely white powdery beneath, with 3 very slender parallel nerves or costae. Penang, Sumatra, Java. — Offered in 1890 by Reasoner Bros. PLECTOPOMA. a few species, now apparently much hybridized, all referred to Gloxinia. PLECTRANTHUS (Greek, spurred flower). Labidtce. A large and uninteresting genus of herbs and sub- shrubs, widely scattered, bearing rather small or small- ish fls., ranging from blue and purple to lilac. There are said to be some species with fls. nearly an inch long. The genus is closely allied to Coleus, being distin- guished by having the stamens free instead of united st the base into a tube, which is distinct from the corolla. In other respects the genus has wide limits of variation. Sixty-six species are described in DC. Prod. 12:l5 (1848). Sometimes called Cockspur-flower. fruticdsus, L'H^rit. South African shrub, 3-4 ft. high: lvs. 4 in. or more long, petiolate, broadly ovate, doubly dentate: racemes laxly panicled: whorls about 3-6-fld.: fls. blue; pedicles 1% in. long; coroUa-tul e spurred above the base: fruiting calyx declinate. — Said to be an elegant shrub. Ernest Braunton has a specimen at Los Angeles, which is 4 ft. high and 6 ft. through. PLECTKONIA (Greek, cockspur ; referring to th-' spines). Rubiarece. About 70 species of shrubs or small trees, founi in the Old World, mostly in the trop- ics. They are more or less spiny and have somewhat funnel-shaped, 5-parted fls., with reflexed segments val- vate in the bud, and a hairy or naked throat. Calyx obovate or oblong ; stamens 5, in the throat; style short; stigma subcapitate, of 2 approximate lamellae: berry obovate-oblong, compressed, didymous, 2-stoned: stones indehiscent, 1-seeded. spindsa, Klotzsch. Very spiny South African shrub, 5-8 ft. high: lvs. fasciculate, oval or obovate, 'obtuse, entire, 1-13^ in. long: racemes or panicles shorter than the lvs.: peduncles axillary, 5-12-fld.: corolla-tube shorter than the limb; throat naked. Int. by Prances- chi, Santa Barbara. PLEldNE (from Greek mythology; Pleione, mother of the Pleiads). Orchidclcew. A small genus closely related to Coelogyne, but having annual deciduous lvs. and pseudobulbs. Natives of the mountains of India, extending to elevations where snow and frost are not uncommon. Few species are cultivated in America. See Orchid. maculata, Lindl. Pseudobulbs round, flattened, do pressed at the top, forming a fleshy ridge around the summit: lvs. lanceolate, from inflated sheaths: fls. pre- ceding the lvs., on short peduncles; sepals and petals lanceolate, spreading, white; labellum funnel-shaped, with 5-7 fringed lamellae extending the entire length of 1372 PLEIONE PLUM the labellums, side lobes streaked with purple, middle lobe ovate, wavy, white, spotted with purple and yellow. The Ivs. fall in Sept.; fls. in Nov. B.M. 4691. F.S. 14:1470. F. 1851:97 (all as Ccelogyne maculata). — Viir. Bermdnica was once offered by Wm. Mathews. prsBCOZ, D. Don (P. Wallichidna, Lindl. & Paxt. ). Fig. 1850. Pseudobulbs flask-shaped, depressed, dull green, warted and covered with a network of the old split sheaths : Ivs. broadly lanceolate, plicate: fls. large, on short peduncles ; sepals long lanceolate, spreading, pink; petals similar but narrower; labellum trumpet-shaped, indistinctly lobed. pink, white and yel- low in the throat; disk with longitudinal fringed lamel- lae, margin dentate-flmbriate. Oct., Nov. B.M. 4496. B.R. 26-24, P.M. 6:25 (all as Ccelogyne Wallichiana) . 1850. Pleione praecox (X %). Lagen&ria, Lindl. & Paxt. Pseudobulbs clustered and depressed, as in the other species, dull green, mottled with brown: fls. about 4 in. across, rose-lilac; sepals and petals narrowly lanceolate ; labellum convolute, crisp on the margin, pale lilac, blotched with yellow and deep crimson in the throat and having several yel- low crests. Aug.-Nov. HiiiialavaMts. B.M. 5370. F.S. 2:5:2386. I.H. 14:510 (all as Vtvlotjijne Lagenaria). Gn. 51, p. 64. Eeichenbachi^na,T. Moore. Pseudobulbs 5-8-grooved, flask-shaped but suddenly contracted at the top : scape 1-2 in. long, closely sheathed: sepals and petals linear- oblong, pale purple to white; labellum nearly white, middle lobe white with few pale purple spots, with 3 crests; margin ciliate -toothed. Autumn. Rangoon. B.M. 5753. Heineich Hasselbking. PLEROMA. See Tihouchina. PLEURISY ROOT is Ascleplas fuherosa. PLEUROTHALLIS (Greek, lateral branch; referring to the inflorescence, wliich arises from the axil of the leaf). Orchiddce(e. One of the largest of the genera of orchids containing about 400 species, dispersed in the region extending from Brazil and Bolivia to Mexico and the West Indies. On account of their small, inconspicu- ous flowers these plants are of no horticultural value, and not generally cultivated. Stems clustered on the rhizome, sheathed with scales below and bearing a single l(!af at the summit: fls. in a nodding raceme from the axil of the leaf; sepals free or the lateral ones united at the liase; petals smaller; Ial)ellum free, simi- lar to the petals or 3-]obed; cojuinn short, without lateral branches. Boezlii, Reichb. f. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 in. long: flower-stem often a little longer than the lvs.: fls, purple-brown, in a one-sided raceme. Colombia. omita, Reichb. f . A very small cespitose plant with lvs. scarcely 1 in. long: fls. opening successively on erect, zigzag racemes a few inches long, inconspicuous, yellow with brown spots. B.M. 7094. — The plant is easily distinguished by the sepals, which are fringed with silvery pendulous hairs. Heineich Hasselbbing. PLUM. Plate XXX. It is probably more difficult to give specific practical advice for the management of the Plum than for any other common fruit. This is because the cultivated Plums represent several distinct species which are not equally adapted to all parts of the coun- try, and the same remarks will not apply to them all. There is no country in which the domesticated Plum flora is so complex as in North America, for we not only grow the specific types of Europe and of Japan, but also species that are peculiar to our own country. In the northeastern states and on the Pacific slope the European or Domestica types are the leading Plums. In these same areas and also in the South and in parts of the mid-continental region, the Japanese Plums are now popular and are gaining in favor. In the cold North, in the great interior basin, and also in most parts of the South, various native types now consti- tute the leading cultivated Plums. These native Plums are developed from wild species of the countrj', and they are unknown in cultivation (except in botani- cal or amateur collections) in any other part of the world. These have been developed chiefly within a half century, although a few varieties are older than this. For a history of this evolution, see "Sketch of the Evo- lution of our Native Fruits." The Plums cultivated in North America belong to the following groups ( see Prunus ) : 1. Domestica or European tj-pes, Prnnns domestica. Native to western Asia. Comprises the common or old- time Plums, such as Green Gage, Lombard, Bradshaw, Yellow Egg, Damsons, and the like. The leading Plums from Lake Michigan eastward and north of the Ohio, and on the Pacific slope. Figs. 1851 to 1856 are of this species. Of late years, hardy races of Prvvns domestica have been introduced from Russia. These have value for the colder parts of the plum growing regions. Figs. 1853-5 show representative forms of the Russian type. 2. The Myrobalan or cherry-Plum type, Prunns ceras- ifera. Native to southeastern Europe or southwestern Asia. Much used for stocks upon which to bud Plums, and also the parent of a few named varieties, as Golden Cherry ; and DeCaradeuc and Marianna are either offshoots of it or hybrids between it and one of the native Plums. 3. Japanese types, Prunns tri flora. Probably native to China. The type seems to be generally adapted to the United States, and will certain!}' be of great value to both the South and North. This species first appeared in this country in 1870, having been introduced into California from Japan. For historical sketch, see Bull. 62, Cornell Exp. Sta. (1894); also Bull. 106 (1896). 4. The Apricot or Simon Plum, Prnnus Simonii. Native to China. Widely disseminated in this country, but little grown except in parts of California. Intro- duced about 1881. 5. The Americana types, Prnnus Americana. The common wild Plum of the North, and extending west- ward to the Rocky mountains and southward to the Gulf and Texas. Admirably adapted to climates too severe for the Domestica Plums, as the Plains and the upper Mississippi valley. See Cornell Bulletin 38 for an early account of the native Plums. Fig. 1857. 6. The Wild Goose or Hortulana types, Priinns hort- ulana. A mongrel type of Plums, comprising such kinds as Wild Goose, Wayland, Moremaji, Miner and Golden Beauty. These are no doubt hybrids of the last and tlii' next. 7. The (jhickasaw types, Pruniis angiistifolia (or P. Chicasa). Native to tlie southern states, and there cultivated (from southern Pennsylvania southwards) in sucli varieties as Newman, Caddo Chief and Lone Star. PLUM PLUM 1373 8. The Sand Plum, Prunus angustifolia, var. Watnoni. Native to Kansas and Nebraska. A bush-like species, little known in cultivation. A hybrid of this and the Western Sand Cherry is the Utah Hybrid Cherry. 9. The Beach Plum, Primus maritima. Native to the coast from New Brunswick to Virginia. In cultivation represented by the unimportant Bassett's American; also as an ornamental plant. 10. The Pacific coast Plum, Prunus subcordafa. Native to Oregon and California. Sparingly known in cultivation, chiefly in the form known as the Sisson Plum (var. Kelloggil.) The Plum of history is Prunus domestica. It is to this species that general pomological literature applies. It gives us the prunes (which see). Perhaps it would be serviceable to classify the Domestica Plums into five general groups, although any classification is arbitrary at certain points : (a) Prunes, characterized by sweet firm flesh, and capable of making a commercial dried product. They may be of anj'^ color, although blue-purple prunes are best known. Some of the prunes are grown in the East as ordinary market Plums, being sold in the fresh state. Almost any Plum can be made into dried prunes, but the varieties used commercially for this purpose constitute a more or less distinct class of firm and thick-fleshed kinds. In the East, prune is nothing more than a varietal name. See Prune. (h) Damsons, comprising very small, firm Plums of various colors, generally borne in clusters, the leaves mostly small. The run-wild Plums of old roadsides and farmyards are mostly of the Damson type. Fig. 185fi. (c) The green gages, comprising various small, green or yellow-green Plums, of spherical form and mostly of high quality. Reine Claude is the common- est representative of this group in the East. The name Green Gage often stands for a group rather than for a variety. (d) Large yellow Plums, such as Coe Golden Drop, Washington, and the like. (e) Large colored Plums, including the various red, blue, and purple varieties, like the blue prunes, Lombard, Bradshaw, Quackenboss, etc. The Japanese Plums (Prunus tri flora) differ from the Domesticas in having longer, thinner, smooth and mostly shining leaves, smooth twigs, a greater tendency to the production of lateral fruit-buds on the annual growth, and mostly rounder or shorter fruits with col- ors running more to cherry-reds and light yellows. Most of the varieties are as hardy as the Domestica series. The Japanese varieties are important because they add variety to the list, and especially because they are rich in very early kinds, and the fruit is so firm that now believed to rejjresent a hybrid class), represent a wide range of varieties. Those from Prunus Americana parentage are very hardy and are adapted to regions in which the Domestica and Japanese types are tender, as in northern New England, parts of Canada, and the northern Plains states. Those partaking strongly of P. angustifolia parentage, and the greater part of the 18j1. Fliim— Peter Yellow Gage (X 3^). it carries well; aside from this, the trees are vigorous and very productive, and they are less liable to injuries from black-knot and curciilio than the Domesticas are. The native Plums, chiefly offspring of Prunus Amer- icana, P. angustifolia and P. hortulana (the last name 1852. Plum— Fellenbere or Italian Prune (X 3^2). Hortulanas, thrive well in the South, where the climate is too continuously hot for other Plums or where the fruit-rot fungus is too prevalent. Plum-growing. — The Plum thrives on a variety of soils. The Domesticas generally do best when planted upon clay loam. They usually thrive best on lands which are suited to pears, or on the heavier lands to which apples are adapted. Yet there are many varie- ties which grow well on lands that are comparatively light or even almost sandy. The Americanas thrive best in a rather moist soil, and mulching is often very favorable to the size and quality of the fruit. The stocks upon which Plums are grown are very va- rious. By far the greater number of the trees in the North are now grown upon the Myrobalan stock, which is a species of rather slow-growing Plum, native to southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia. This is the stock that is sometimes recommended in the older fruit books for the making of dwarf trees ; but unless the top is kept well headed in, the trees generally make normal growth upon it. Trees grown upon this root are usually larger and finer at one or two years of age than those grown upon other Plum stocks, and the probability is that they are nearly as useful from the grower's stand- point as any other. However, there are some varie- ties that overgrow the Myrobalan, and the stock is likely to sprout from the ground and thereby cause trouble. Probably the most ideal stock for Domesticas, from the standpoint of the grower, is the Domestica itself, but seeds of it are more difficult to secure, the stock is more variable and it is more likely to be injured in the nursery row by leaf fungi; therefore, as a matter of practice, the Myrobalan has very generally supplanted it. In the southern states the peach is largely used as: a stock upon which to grow Plums, and it seems to be gaining favor in the North. It is undoubtedly a very excellent stock for sandy lands, and, in fact, is proba- bly better for such lands than the Myrobalan itself. Some varieties — of which Lombard and French Dam- son are examples— do not take well on the peach. The Japanese Plums are commonly worked upon the peach. The Marianna stock, which is much recommended in the South, has not found favor in the North. Some varieties of Plums are such slow and crooked growers in the nurseries that it is advisable to top-graft or bud them on some strong and straight stock. The Lom- bard is no doubt the best stock for this purpose now grown by nurserymen. The old Union Purple is one of the best stocks, but it is not much grown at the present 1374 PLUM PLUM time. Reine Claude, Germau Prune, Copper, are prob- ably best when top-worked on some strong stock. For man)' native varieties, seedlings of vigorous natives, as of Golden Beauty and Wayland, make excellent stocks. Americanas should be worked on their own seedlings, at least in the North. In the South they are often budded on Marianna. Plum trees are usually planted when two years old from the bud, although some of the strong-growing kinds may be planted at a year old with the very best results. As a rule. Plum trees are planted about as far apart as peaches are, that is, from 15 to 20 feet apart each way. Many growers prefer to plant them closer one way than the other and eventually to stop cultivation in one direction. If this sj^stem is used, they may be placed 18 or 20 feet apart one way, and from 8 to 12 feet the other way. When planted, the trees are pruned in essen- tially the same way that apple trees are. It is generally advisable to start tops as low as possible and yet allow of the workiuic of the curculio catcher below them. This means that the limbs should start from 3 to 4 feet above the ground. With the modern implements and methods of tillage, there is little inconvenience in working the land if tops are started as low as this. The sulisc(juent prun- ing of tlie Plum tree has no special diliiiiilties. About four or five main limbs are allowed to form the frame- work of the top, and in most varieties, especially those which are not very tall growers, the central trunk or leader may be allowed to remain. The frtiit of the Domestlcas is borne mostly on spurs, as shown in Fig. 1858. These spurs, therefore, should not be removed unless it is desired to thin the fruit. In the Americanas and the Japanese varieties, the fruit is borne both on spurs and on the annual axial growth. Insects and Diseases. — The black-knot is one of the most serious Plum diseases. It is best kept in check by systematically cutting it out. The grower should go over his orchard for it in the summer time and again as soon as the leaves fall. If trees are thoroughly sprayed every year with Bordeaux mixture for the leaf -blight fungus, the black-knot will make comparatively little headway in the orchard. The l)light, which causes the leaves to fall in August or September, is one of the most serious diseases in the Plum orchard ; but the disease can readily be kept in check by thorough spraying with Bordeaux mixture two or three times during the summer. The mixture for spraying Plums should be weaker than for apples, par- ticularly for the Japanese varieties. The fruit-rot is the work of a fungtis. Many times the dead and dried fruit may be seen hanging on the tree all winter, as shown in Fig. 1859; and in such cases it is very likely that the fruit-spur may be killed, as the upper one in the picture has been. In handling this disease, the first consideration is the fact that some il m - — M ^^ ^m 1 ^H i ^^ wK^-. ^^^ w- -— 1853. Early Red, one of the Russian Plums (X %). varieties are much more susceptible to it than others. The Lombard is one of the worst. Again, if the fruit grows in dense clusters, the disease is more likely to be severe. The thinning of the fruit, tlierefore, is one of the very best preventives of the spread of the disease, and at the same time, also, one of the raost efficient means of increasing the size, quality and salableness of the product. Thorough spraying with Bordeaux mix- ture is a specific for the trouble. The curculio, which causes wormy fruit, can be held in check by the jarring process, as described under Peaclfi. For literature on Plums, see Waugh's "Plums and Plum Culture ; " Bulletins by Waugh, Goff and Craig, chiefly on Native Plums. Bull. 131. Cornell Exp. Sta. 1854. Moldavka, a Russian Plum (X %). (from which the above account is adapted); bulletins of Cornell Exp. Sta. on Japanese Plums, and also No. 38 on Native Plums. l_ jj b_ Cultivation of Native Plums.— Approximately 300 varieties of Plums, derived chiefly from 6 native types, are now propagated by American nurserymen and planted in American orchards. A large number of these varieties are comparatively worthless, and must presently be discarded. A creditable minority, however, has qualities of absolute and considerable merit, and may be looked on as permanent additions to our pomo- logical wealth. The native varieties are now propagated and planted bj^ thousands annually, both for home use and for market. For certain culinary purposes many of the natives are superior; and in many places, particu- larly in states of middle latitude, they are the most profitable market Plums grown. The Americana Plums are especially qualified to with- stand the severity of northern winters. They are su- perlatively hardy. They are practically the only Plums grown in tlie cold northwestern states (except the com- paratively unimportant Nigras and the Miners) and their usefulness in northern New England and middle Canada is limited only by the extent to which they are known. Their cultivation has been developed to a special degree in Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and adjacent states. For this region they must be propagated always on Americana stock. This stock has other advantages besides its har- diness, and it is rapidly coming into extensive use for all sorts of Plums in the northwest. The sand cherry is sometimes used as a stock, but has not yet passed the experimental stage. It dwarfs Americana Plums worked on it. It is perfectly hardy. The Americana Plums are wayward and awkward growers. With many varieties it is impossible to make a comely orchard tree. They do not appear to take very kindly to pruning; and the usual method has been to let them very nuieh alone. Careful pruning dur- ing the first few years, directed with a view to forming an open top on comparatively few supporting main branches, will do something toward shaping the trees; but with our present knowledge, no extensive pruning can be recommended for mature trees. The method of heading-in, as often practiced with the Domestica Plums, is especially unadapted to tlie Americanas. The Americana Plums are early and very prolific bearers. Overbearing is a habit and a serious fault with most varieties. Extensive thinning of the fruit is in- dispensable. The trees are sometimes severely attacked by shot-hole fungus, and thorough sjjrayiiig with Bor- deaux mixture is necessjiry. The fruit-rot (nionilia) at- tacks all the native Plums more or less, and must be controlled by Bordeaux mixture. See Spra ii'ntg. The Nigra grou]) lias two or three important varie- ties of su])('rior hardiness, as Cliciiev and Aitkin. In general they bloom earlier, aixi fruit less heavily than the Americanas. Their habits and culture are the same. PLUM PLUM 1375 The Miner-like varieties are hardly to be distin- guished from the Americanas in any way. They have practically the same geographical range, and may be given the same treatment in the orchartl. The Wayland group includes several varieties of great value, especially for the South. Of these Way- land, Golden Beauty, Moremah, Benson, and Kanawha may be mentioned. They are not to he recommended generally for localities north of Massaciiusctts and Ne- braska, their northern limit being determined less by their non-hardiness than by the very late ripening. This habit of late ripening, combined with very late bloom- ing, makes them desirable for late marketing, particu- larly in southern markets. They are very prolific and constant bearers. Tlie trees are free-growing, usually of rather spreading habit, and will bear heading-back better than the Americanas. The pruning knife, if used in season and with good judgment, will assist in mak- ing comparatively open-headed and amiable trees of these varieties. The Wild Goose group includes varieties like Wild Goose, Milton, Wooton, and Whitaker, specially adapted to the latitude of Maryland, Kentucky and Kansas. The same varieties succeed only less well southward; but are not generally valuable to the north of this line. For the section named, the varieties of this class have un- questionably been the most profitable Plums grown up to the present time. They are propagated chiefly on peach, Marianna and Myrobalan. These stocks are all fairly satisfactory, though not equally good for all va- rieties ; but when peach stocks are used the union shovild be made by whip-grafting on the peach root. Otherwise the peach stock comes above the ground and is a prey to the peach borer. The trees are mostly rapid, willowy, rather zigzag growers; and are amena- ble to the pruning knife in about the same degree as the Wayland-like varieties already mentioned. Whit- aker makes an open-headed tree without much trouble. So does Sophie. Wild Goose is more inclined to be thick and thorny in the top, but may be thinned carefully to make an accessible head. Milton is much like Wild Goose. Wooton makes a fine vase-form top, which, with a little timely pruning, is almost ideal. Wilder, James Vick, and some others, are prone to make thick, bushy, thorny tops, and are hard to manage. These varieties are all considerably subject to shot-hole fungus, which often strips them of their foliage in midsummer. They are mostly thin-skinned and liable to crack at ripening time, especially if the weather is wet. They should be picked rather green for shipment, the point to be ob- served being that they have attained their full size, rather than that they are dead ripe. The Chicasaw varieties are very effective pollinizers for all the Wild Goose and Japanese varieties blooming at the same time; but very few of them have sufficient value in themselves to make them profitable orchard trees. A few varieties, like Munson and McCartney, are still planted for their own fruit; but in general they have been displaced by other types of Plums. The trees are mostly bushy, thorny and thick-topped, some- times so thick and thorny that the blackbirds can hardly get in to steal the fruit. It is difficult to prune them enough to make really satisfactory trees. The Chicasaw Plums are specially adapted to the southern states, though Pottawattamie, an exceptionally hardy variety, succeeds as far north as southern Iowa and central Vermont. They propagate readily on any kind of stocks. Other types of native Plums, such as the Sand Plum, the Beach Plum, the Pacific Plum, etc., are not suffi- ciently numerous in cultivation for their treatment to have been determined. Hybrid Plums of various strains are now beginning to come to the fore. Most of these hybrid varieties resemble rather strongly one or the other of their par- ent species; and the best that can be said regarding their culture at this early day is that they may be safely treated like the varieties which they most closely re- semble. Wickson, President and perhaps Climax, with some others, resemble the Simon Plum, and ought to have much the same treatment, that is, practically the same treatment as the Japanese varieties. Gonzales, Excelsior, Golden and Juicy, on the other hand, resem- 87 ble the Wild Goose type, and may have the same general treatment as Wild Goose. All the native Plums, with very unimportant excep- tions, requii'e cross-pollination. For the most part, however, they are fully inter-fertile, so that a given va- riety will pollinate any other variety, providing the two bloom at the same time. Simultaneous blooming is of chief importance in adjusting varieties to one another for cross-pollination. To determine which varieties bloom together, careful observations should be made in the orchard and recorded, or recourse must be had to the published tables. Pollination is effected chiefly, if not exclusively, by the bees, so that their presence should be encouraged. Most of the native Plums make comparatively small trees, so that they may be set somewhat close together in orchard-planting, say 12 to 20 feet apart, usually about 15 feet. Some varieties, particularly in the South, need 20-30 ft. space. Putting a Plum orchard down to grass is not admissible under any circum- stance?; but cultivation should cease with the first of July, or certainly by the middle of July; for the native Plums are especially liable to make too much late sum- mer growth. High manuring of the soil is not iisually necessary, or even desirable: yet something consider- ably short of starvation will be found the best treat- ment for native Plums. F. A. Waugh. The Plum in California. — The cultivation of the Plum in California differs widely from that in the other Plum -producing sections of the U. S. Here the dreaded curculio is unknown, and while the equally dangerous black -knot has been found infesting a native wild cherrj' ( P. demissa ) it has never been observed in cultivated orchards. The former has been kept out by rigid inspection and quarantine regula- tions, and the latter is undoubtedly held in check by the existing climatic conditions — excessive dryness be- ing unfavorable to its development. Here, then, the most delicate varieties of the Old World find a very congenial home, and therefore, tinlike the prevailing custom of much of the eastern Plum -growing, form the basis of practically all orchard planting. In early min- ing days the California native Plum (Prtmvs subcor- data ) was frequently cultivated, and before the introduc- tion of European standard varieties attempts were made to improve the fruit by the usual methods of selection. Some very promising results were obtained; but since the demonstration of the great success of the more delicate and higher-flavored varieties, there has been little incentive to the use of the native species. There are two varieties, the type being a low shrub, rarely over 3 ft. high, branching from the ground; the fruit oblong, about % in. long, "almost the shape and color of a Damson when ripe," but the pulp is described as "inferior." The other variety (Kellfxjgii) forms a larger shrub, from 10 to 15 ft. high, with larger fruit, round, yellowish in color and much more acceptable, both for eating and preserving. The two varieties are usually found associated, "growing in patches at the heads of ravines, on rocky hillsides and in open woods." The larger variety is not so widely distributed, and seems to have reached its highest state of perfection in the Sierras, where (in Sierra county) it is still preferred in the local markets, and where, it is said, the imported varieties "do not pay for the picking." With the Plum fruits might also be mentioned the "oso berry," or so-called "California false Plum" (Nnt- tallia cerasiformis), a shrub sometimes 15 ft. high, and found "in moist places and the north sides of hills from San Luis Obispo northward." The bark is smooth, much resembling that of the Plum or cherry; the fruit is plum-like, pulpy, when ripe covered with a deep blue bloom, handsome in appearance, and has been used in the kitchen for making pies, preserves, and the like, though it is rather bitter to the taste. So far as known, no attempts have been made to improve it by cultivation. It seems hardly fair to make a distinction between "Plums" and "prunes" in discussing this subject from the California standpoint. With the exception of the differences in the preparation for market, what may be said of the Plum applies as well to the prune ; for a prune is simply a Plum which dries sweet without 1376 PLUM PLUM removing the pit. In most of the varieties of Plums there occurs a fermentation around the pit in the pro- cess of drying, which prevents their being successfully dried without its removal; these are known as "Plums." The prune varieties are, however, much sweeter and contain less acid; but the main distinction is in their adaptabilitj' of drying whole. As California has to find distant markets for most of her immense fruit crops, it follows, then, that by far the gi-eater portion of her Plum areas are devoted to the production of prunes. Some pitted dried Plums have been prepared, but the small favor with which they have been received does not warrant the extra expense and labor of pitting. Some varieties are canned, and marketed in that way; but by far the greater portion of the real Plum product is marketed in the fresh (not canned) state both in local and distant cities. See Prune. The Plum has an exceedingly wide range in Califor- nia. It is not limited to any particular region of the state, but is thrifty and healthy on the immediate coast, in the interior and coast valleys and well up into the foothills. This is perhaps most strikingly shown by the fact that every county in the state, except two, per- haps (one being the city of San Francisco), contains Plum or prune orchards, or both. When it is considered that this covers an area of nearly 160,000 square miles, extending through 9}2 degrees of latitude, a fair esti- mate of the adaptability of this fruit to varying condi- tions of soil and climate will be obtained. By choosing varieties ripening in succession, the California Plum season may be extended from May to December. It is not surprising, then, that the acreage devoted to Plums and prunes is one of the largest in the state, reaching a total of nearly 55,000 acres, an aggregate of nearly 6,090,000 trees, of which about seven-eighths are prunes. Alameda county leads in the acreage of Plums with 2,000 acres and Santa Clara in prunes with 8,000 acres. This great industry has developed since the discovery of gold. The early Mission plantings (1769-182.3) included varieties of European Plums, a few of which were able to survive after the abandonment of the Missions in 1834 1855. Voronesh Yellow, a Russian Plum of recent introduction. (X%.) (See page 1.372.) by reproducing themselves by suckers. One variety found at Mission Santa Clara was grown and marketed as the "Mission Prune " as late as 1870. The introduction of improved Plum varieties, however, dates back to 1851, when the first grafted fruit trees were brought to the state by Seth Lewelling from Oregon, where he and his brother had established nurseries in 1847. Prior to tliis introduction, however, the miners were supplied with fruit of the native Plums, and it is proliable, therefore, that the nc^ed of introduced varieties of this fruit was not at first felt; hence, the adaptability of Californa to the production of the superior imported varieties was not recognized until some years later. The first impor- tation of prune cions from France by the IT. S. Patent OflSce in 1854 did not reacli California. It was not until two years later that Pierre Pellier brought with him to San Francisco a small package of cions from the fa- mous prune district of Agen, in France. Notwithstand- ing their long, perilous journey, the precious cuttings arrived in fairly good condition and were at once sent to Pellier's brother, Louis, who had already established a nursery and fruit garden in the Santa Clara valley, upon a portion of the site of the present city of San Jose. From these cuttings a number of trees were pro- duced which succeeded admirably, and eventually were distributed through different sections of the state, but principally in the Santa Clara valley, which to this day remains the center of the California prune industry. In 1863 the first California-grown and -cured prunes were exhibited at the State Fair in Sacramento; but it was not until 1870 that planting on a commercial scale was begun. Through the seventies, and especially after 1878, numerous orchards were set out, until in 1881 some of the larger growers were producing between five and six tons of cured fruit. Since 1881 the growth of the prune industry has been marvelous, until now there are growers whose annual products reach hundreds of tons. The total output of the state was over 125,000,000 pounds in 1900, with many young trees not yet in bearing. In 1888 the United States imported 83,000,000 pounds of Plums and prunes. Since that time the importations have steadily declined until at present they are less than 800,000 pounds. The home product, the greater part of which, it is safe to say, comes from California, is thus gradually replacing the foreign-grown article. Considerable difficulty was at first encountered in the selection of the proper grafting stocks. Naturally the native species were the first to suggest themselves and were used to some extent. But they were soon found to be unsatisfactory, mainly on account of their persist- ent habit of suckering, and dwarfing effect. The oso- berry, or False Plum, has also been used: it also dwarfs the trees and causes earlier ripening of the fruit. Many other American varieties have been tried as grafting stocks, but the persistent root-cutting brought about by the necessary summer cultivation in this state causes such heavy suckering that they have been abandoned. Peach, apricot and almond roots and suckers of the Mission Prune and Damson were used, but consider- able difiiculty was again encountered. The peach has proved the best. The apricot and almond can only be used in special cases, and double-working is almost always necessary; for, although some Plums "take" and grow on these stocks, the union is frequently im- perfect, and instances are on record where the trees have broken off at the graft after reaching the bearing stage. The introduction of the Myrobalan or French cherry-plum (Prunus cerasifera) and its adoption as a grafting stock for Plums and prunes have greatly sim- plified matters for the California orchardist. It does not sucker, and experience has shown that in California it succeeds in low, moist lands, in comparatively dry soils and in stiff upland clay soils. It thus has become the all- round Plum stock in California; despite the dwarfing habit attributed to it by some, it has proved sufficiently free-growing in this state to suit all purposes, and to form a good foundation for full standard trees. On deep, mellow loam soils, specially adapted to the peach, that root is still preferred for Plum stock; but many varie- ties, e.g., the Columbia, Yellow Egg and the Washing- ton, do not unite well with it, and cannot, therefore, be worked directly upon it. This is equally true of the almond, which is used in loose, warm or rocky foothill soils, and the deep, light valley loams where some ex- cellent results with its use as a stock for the French and Fellenberg prune have been reported. The Myrobalan, then, is used almost entirely, except in special cases ; but lately some murmurings of dissatisfaction with its last- ing qualities (supposedly from the use of cuttings) have been heard; so that the question of an all-satis- factory grafting stock for the Plum in California may be still considered an open one. There has been much discussion over the desirability of propagating the Myrobalan stock from cuttings or seeds. It is said that the roots from a cutting, be- ing fibrous and coining from one point, cannot form a projicr system for the support of the tree, though some old orchards worked on cutting roots are still thrifty. It must be admitted that the seedling gives a PLUM PLUM 1377 much more spreading and strong supporting system of roots. Tliis has come to be generally recognized, and seedlings are now visually the rule. This is all- important in California, for there the roots of all plants must necessarily go deep for their moisture and nour- ishment. In fact, deep-rooting is the rule beyond all common expectation; thus almond roots the thick- ness of one's thumb have been found at a depth of 22 feet— one of the many instances of the characteristic conditions of California agricultural practice Propagation is by both buds and grafts. The usual practice is to bud the young stock in July and August, and then in January and February following all those which have not taken can be grafted, thus securing two chances. When peach or almond is used as stock, budding alone is done, as these stocks have been found to take the graft poorly. The trees are not allowed to remain in nursery longer than one year after budding, and in many cases are set out the spring following, as "dormant buds." In California the necessity of deep and thorough prepa- ration of the land before planting the young trees cannot be too strongly em- phasized ; for here the young tree must have every facility for getting its roots deeply and firmly established at the beginning, in order to enable it to withstand successfully the heat and drought of the long, arid summer. There has been much difference of opinion as to the proper distance for setting the trees apart and the nsode of laying out the orchard. In early days the tendency was to rather close planting, in some cases as close as IG feet; but experience soon demonstrated the undesirability of too close proxim- ity, and later plantings were made with wider distances, until from 20 to 24 feet has come to be the rule. The lay- ing out of orchards has caused much discussion, some asserting that the quincunx, hexagonal, and triangular systems secure better use of the land and allow better access to plow and cultivator than do the planting in squares. The square system, how- ever, has come to be most generally iised. The style of tree was the next point of contention among the growers; but experience soon decided in favor of the low-headed tree of the vase-form, with rather more branches than usual. The early, high-headed, sprawl- ing trees have now practically disappeared from the California orchards, notwithstanding the strong ob- jections at first offered against the low trees on the score of impeding easy cultivation. The prejudices have been overcome by the appreciation of the many advantages of a low, "stocky" tree, and the introduc- tion of improved implements. The rule now is to cut back the young trees at planting to from 18 to 24 inches. Until the top is formed the stems are protected, by whitewashing or wrapping with burlap, from the hot afternoon sun. The first year from 3 to 5 branches are allowed to grow from the stem, and these used to form the main limbs of the tree. From this time the prun- ing is done according to the usual methods for the vase-form tree, with the exception perhaps that se- verer cutting-back is practiced at first in order to give strength and stockiness to the limbs. In California the Plum is a most remarkable grower, often send- ing out shoots 10 feet long in one season and prone to overbear ; and when anything but the severest shortening-in system during the first two seasons, at least, is adopted, the trees very soon break down with their loads of fruit. This has been emphasized again and again in some of tne earlier improperly pruned orchards, where even propping proved ineffectual; the branches break at the bearing of the props, and when they do not break are so badly dainaged from sunburn (to which the bark is extremely sensitive) that the tree is irreparably injured. After the third or fourth sea- son the growth of wood is much less and usually the pruning operations are confined to keeping the tree in shape, removal of dead or damaged branches and short- ening-in the current season's growth to keep the young twigs in a vigorous growing condition and to prevent overbearing. One interesting exception to the usual practice might be mentioned liere. On some very rich, moist bottom- lands of the San Joaquin valley the long, slender branches are not cut back; in fact, they are encouraged by iiruning back to the crown. The long, arching "canes" are allowed to remain until they have produced a crop (which they do in the second season with the greatest profusion), the ends resting upon the ground as the fruit gains weight. When these droop too low, they are cut back to the crown, when others will be produced to take their places. In this way enormous crops of fruit are produced on these lands, where, with ordinary treatment, the trees would run entirely to wood. Thorough and persistent tillage is one of the first principles of the California orchardist, for with him 1856. Damson Plum (X H). (See page 1373.) the absence of summer rains makes the conservation of the winter rainfall an absolute necessity. Even in the summer-irrigated districts the soil is tilled and kept loose as soon as it is in proper condition, and no weeds allowed to rob the trees of the precious fluid. Up to three years ago, practically all the prune and Plum crop was produced without summer irrigation. Winter irrigation was often practiced and the water conserved in the soil by the usual methods of tillage. But the season of 1897-8 was one of the driest in the history of the state, with less than one-third of the usual amount of rainfall. The use of summer irrigation was in some instances the only salvation of the trees. The installation of pumping plants and irrigation systems thereby received a great impetus, until, to - day, many orchards of importance are thus equipped, and the use of summer irrigation bids fair to remain a permanent practice, at least in the pro- duction of prunes. As yet the California Plum-grower (and this indeed is generally true for all deciduous fruits) has hardly felt the need of extensive fertilization. The soils of the arid regions generally possess such high intrinsic fertility, and the tree-roots have such great depths from which to draw the nourishment and sustenance, that thus far they have been able to produce the enormous crops taken from the land without replenishment of the natural sup- plies. In some of the older orchards, however, the need of fertilization is beginning to be felt. In a great many the main deficiency has been found to be vegetable mat- ter, and, consequently, nitrogen. The extremely fine tilth which has been maintained has resulted in the de- struction of all natural green growth and the "burning out " of the humus, and has necessitated the call for a green-manure crop. This problem is rendered more dif- ficult in California by the fact that any such crop must be produced during the winter months and be ready to 1378 PLUM PLUM plow-in with the beginning of tillage in Mareh ; for no summer-growing crop can be allowed in the orchard. The matter has been under investigation at the Califor- nia Experiment Station for some years, and after many trials of native and exotic legumes, three species of European lupins {L. pilosus, var. roseus and var. 1858. Fruit-spurs of a 1857. Flowers of native plums. Domestica Plum. Primus Americana on the left; The letters indicate the P. angustifvlia on the right. termination of annual (See page 1374.) growths. (See page 1374.) cieritleus, L. angtistifoUus), and the "n airy vetch " ( ricia villosa ) have been found to be the most promising. From numerous analyses of California soils, Professor Hil- gard has found them generally wtdl sui)i)Iied with lime and potash, with nitrogen and pliosiihoric acid not over- abundant. It is, then, these latter which will have to be supplied first, and such has been the advice given to growers. As mentioned above, the Plum has few serious ene- mies in California, and none which cannot be held in check by spraying and other treatment, l^pon the leaves the Plum aphis and the canker worm have given some trouble. Lately, the "peach moth" has been found at work on the prune trees, but not to any serious extent. The trees, too, are sometimes subject to the attacks of scale insects; the black scale (Lecanmm olea), apricot scale (L. Armeiiifirum), frosted scale (L. pruinosum) and pernicious scale {Aspidiotiis perniciosus) being the most frequent; all of which, however, the California fruit-grower has learned to keep in check, and in some cases even to eradicate. The crown root-knot has also caused considi-rablc trouble. The cause of this disease has been lately df monstrated by Toumey to be a "slime mold" {D/'ntlropli'if/us (/lobnsus). Relief has been se- cured by cutting off the knots and painting the wounds with Bordeaux mixture. In ('alifornia some fruit is usually borne the third year; in tiic fourth a fairly profitable crop is expected; the fifth from .")() to (iO pounds per tree should be pro- duced, which ought to double in the sixth, and after that from 150 to 300 pounds is the rule. These figures apply mostly to the prunes; many of the Plums are two or three years later in coming into full bearing. From 200 to 300 pounds are considered the average at full bear- ing in the Santa Clara valley. In some instances 600 and even 800 pounds have been produced, and a 6-year-old tree at Visalia (San Joaquin valley) is credited with 1,102 pounds of fruit in one season. It would be impossible to enumerate a full list of the varieties actually in successful cultivation within the state. Such a list would probably include every note- worthy variety of Domestica Plum. Many, however, despite excellence of quality and flavor, are suited only for home-growing, or at most for local markets, on account of poor shipping qualities. For this reason the number of varieties planted on a large scale is being constantly reduced. Experience has demonstrated the superiority of some varieties for certain climatic regions and general market conditions, and these have come to be recognized as standard. At the head of the list stands the Prune d'Agen, the originally introduced French prune, which has proved itself adapted to more varying conditions than any other variety, and is therefoi-e perhaps the most generally planted variety of fruit in the state. For some time its identity as the true French prune was disputed ; but from authentic samples .submitted to them, French experts have declared it to be of the true d'Ente type of the Agen district, both in botanical characters and in sweetness and flavor. It is, of course, used chiefly for curing. In the same category belong the Robe de Sergeant, Imjierial Epineuse, Silver and Sugar— all standard drying prune varieties. The Robe de Sergeant has been supposed by some to be a syno- nym of the Prune d'Agen, and is so considered in France; but in California it is grown as a distinct va- riety. The fruit is larger, usually more highly flavored, and has commanded higher prices in the San Francisco market. The tree, however, has not proved so widely adaptable, and is in disfavor in the coast valleys on account of defective bearing; in the interior it is more satisfactorj'. The Silver prune (an Oregon seedling of Coe Golden Drop) is also a defective bearer in some districts, and is used mostly in the preparation of "bleached prunes," for which it has proved quite profit- able in some instances. It is sometimes marketed in the fresh state also. The Imperial Epineuse is a recently introduced French variety and is fast becoming very popular. So far as tried it has proved very profitable, especially in the Santa Clara valley, where many or- chards have been grafted over to it. The fruit is very large and handsome, and actual analysis has shown it to contain 2 per cent more sugar than the ordinary French. It must be distinguished, how- ever, from the "Imperial," a va- riety very much inferior in flavor and sweetness and not nearly so satisfactory. Luther Burbank's new Sugar prune (introduced two years ago) bases its claims upon superior sweetness and flavor, togetlier with fafr medium size. It has not yet been long enough under trial, however, to justify any remarks regarding its merits as a commercial variety. The Ger- man prune, Italian(Fellenberg), Golden prune, Hungarian (Pond Seedlings and Tragedy are varieties sometimes used for curing, but are frequently shij)ped green as "Plums." Of 1859. Plum rot. these the German is perhaps The mummy Plums hang the most extensively used. The on the tree all winter. Italian succeeds well along the (See paj;e 1374.) coast in places liable to fogs or sea winds, where the French is not at its best. It is valuable as a late variety, and is said to dry excellently, as docs also the (iolden, an Oresron seed- ling. The fruit of the Hungarian | Pond) is very hand- PLUM PLUMBAGO 1379 some and showy, and is rated, on its style, a good seller in both the local and distant markets. The Tragedy— a seedling of the old Mission prune — belongs, together with the (Jlynian (a California seedling), Giant (Bur- bank's), Royal Hative, 8iraon and Peach, to the list of va- rieties most popular for early market — especially for eastern shipment. For canning, ('oe Uolden Drop and the Imperial Gage are the most popular. The Brad- shaw, (Johimbia, Damson, Duane Purple, Green Gage, Jefferson, Washington, and Yellow Egg are all highly regarded, and planted more or less widely, as they suit the different climatic regions. Many of the Japanese Plums are represented in California orchards. The most prominent of these has been the Kelsey, the pioneer in this country of this class of fruits. In the interior valleys it is in some disfavor on account of its failure to develop color in these sections; but where it colors well it is profitable for shipping, and is highly regarded everywhere for domestic use; lately the Bur- bank and Wickson are largely replacing it. The Abun- dance and Red June are very popular for early ship- ment, while the Satsuma, Burbank, Normand, and Wickson (a Burbank hybrid) are all highly esteemed, especially for local market and domestic use. During the past ten years elaborate investigations of the composition and food value of different fruits grown in the state have been carried on at the California Experiment Station. Many interesting results have been obtained, tending to show the vast influences of differing soil and climatic conditions upon the character and quality of the crops. Herein, too, may perhaps be found some explanation for the reason why the home- grown fruits have so readily displaced the foreign in the markets of our country ; for the analyses have shown that our fruits are sweeter, more nutritious and contain less mineral matter than the European. In the average sugar percentages represented in the analysis of the juice, the figures are 18 per cent to 6.15 per cent or about as 3 to 1 in favor of the California prune. In albuminoids, or flesh-forming substance, the average percentages stand: for prunes, Californian 1.01 per cent, European .78 percent; for Plums, Californian 1.13 per cent, European .40 per cent. Here it may be men- tioned that the California analyses have shown the fig to stand highest in nutritive value, the apricot and Plum second, and the prune and orange about equal for third place. The figures for soil ingredients withdrawn show the California crop to contain less than the European, comparing as follows: European 6.30 pounds of ash per 1,000 pounds of fruit, Californian 4.86; for a crop of 30,000 pounds, 189 pounds for European and 145.80 for Californian. The amounts of important soil ingredients withdrawn per 1,000 lbs. in California are: of potash 3.1 pounds, lime .25 pound, phosphoric acid .95 pound and nitrogen 1 .62 pounds. From these figures, the actual draft of the crop can be determined, and this, with the knowledge of the amounts of available plant- food in the soil, together with a consideration of its physical conditions, forms the basis of an intelligent judgment of fertilization requirements. See Wickson's "California Fruits and How to Grow Them," the Reports of the California State Board of Horticulture, and the Reports and Bulletins of the Cali- fornia Experiment Station. Arnold V. Stubenkauch. PLUM, CHERRY. Prunus cerasifera. PLUM, COCOA. Clirysobalamus Icaco. PLUM, DATE. Diospyros. PLUM, GOVERNOR'S. See Flacourtia RamontcM. PLUM, JAPAN. Properly Prunus triftora ; improp- erly applied to the Loquat, Eriobotrya Japonica. PLUM, MARMALADE. Lncuma mammosa. PLUMBAGO (from Latin for lend; because of some old tradition). Plumbagindcece. Leadwort. About 10 species of subshrubs or herbs, sometimes climbing, in- habiting warm countries, chiefly of Europe, Asia and Africa. Leaves usually alternate and entire, various : flowers spicate or racemose on the ends of the branches, gamopetalous, salverform, the tube usually slender, the corolla blue, violet, rose or white; calyx tubular, 5-toothed and somewhat angled, glandular; stamens 5, free from the corolla-tube: ovary attenuated at the top, the single style with 5 stigmas: fr. a membranaceous 5- valved capsule. For P. Lorpentce, consult Oeratostujttia. Two species of shrubby Plumbagos, P. Capensis and P. roaea, are deservedly well known. In the middle and northern states they are treated as greenhouse pot- plants and are iisually turned out to flower in summer. They are readily propagated by cuttings taken either in the fall from plants growing in the open or in the spring from stock plants. They require an intermediate temperature. A. Fls. blue or white. Cap6n8is, Thunb. Fig. 1860. Climbing shrub but a straggling upright plant as grown under glass, some- what glaucous, glabrous except in the inflorescen&e: 1860. Plumbago Capensis (X Vz). Ivs. scattered, oblong-ovate to oblong-spatulate, nearly or quite obtuse, narrowed into a short petiole : racemes relatively short, the fls. sometimes appearing as if um- belled: fls. azure-blue, with a very slender tube IM in. long and several times longer than the glandular-hairy cylindrical calyx-tube, the corolla-lob.es obovate and phlox-like. S.Africa. B.M. 2110. B.R. 5:417. Gn.44,p. 380; 46, p. 245; 48, p. 344; 58, p. 20. Var. Alba, Hort., has white flowers.— A well-known greenhouse plant. Old plants turned into the soil in late spring in a sunny exposure bloom profusely until frost. Plants struck from fall cuttings also give good bloom the following summer, but younger plants usually do not bloom so well. Plants can be kept in a cellar during winter, or they may be grown under glass for spring and summer bloom. It is an excellent rafter plant. In southern California it climbs trees 15 or 20 ft. higL if undis- turbed. Zeyldnica, Linn. Half-climbing, glabrous except the inflorescence, which is glandular-hairy: Ivs. ovate ob- tuse or acute, the base of the short-winged petiole clasp- ing the stem: fls. white, shorter than in the above, the exserted part of the tube scarcely longer than the obovate refuse corolla-lobes, the calyx glandular-hairy. Tropics of Asia and Africa, and east to Australia and Hawaii. B.R. 32:23. — Little grown now, as it is inferior to the 1380 PLUMBAGO white-fld. form of P. Capensis. Distinffuished from that species by its shorter fls. and different Ivs. scindens, Linn. Trailing or climbing, glabrous: co- rolla white with nmcronate lobes, the tube twice longer than the glandular-hairy calyx-tube: Ivs. ovate-lanceo- late to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, stalked. Trop. Amer. AA. Fls. red. rdsea, Linn. (P. sanguinea, Hort.?). Stem zigzag, more or less climbing," glabrous even in the intiores- cence: Ivs. large, ovate-elliptic, the short petiole some- what clasping: tis. purplish red, in long racemes, the corolla-lobes little if any exceeding the exserted part of the tube, the calyx glandular-hairy. S. Asia. B.M. 230. — Var. coccinea, Hook. {P. coccinea, Salisb.), is a form with larger scarlet fls. B.M. .536.3. Gng. 1:183. This is the form chiefly cultivated. Like P. Capensis, this spe- cies is useful for summer bedding. It is also an excel- lent subject for winter blooming in pots. l. jj. B. PLUME GRASS. Eriantlms Ravennw. PLUMfiRIA (Charles Plumier, 1646-1706, distinguished French botanist; wherefore the genus should have been spelled Plumieria). Apocymlcece. This includes the showy tropical tree known as Frangipani, properly P. rubra. Plumerias are amongst the most fragrant of tropical flowers, vying in this respect with the jessa- mine, Cape Jasmine and tuberose. They have large, waxy, funnel-shaped fls. with 5 spreading lobes of white, yellow, rose-purple or combinations of the three colors. Choice specimens have been known to bear clusters 9 in. across, com])osed of more than 20 fls. each 33^ in. across. There are about 40 species, all tropical American, of which 2 kinds at present are offered in S. Calif, and 2 in S. Fla. They are considerably cult, in all tropical lands. The word Frangipani is supposed to be from the French, franchipanier, coagulated milk, referring to the tenacious white juice which exudes plentifully from the wounded plant. All species are likely to be called Frangipani. Plumerias are essentially summer-growing plants. Keep rather dry in winter. Prop, by cuttings in February or March. In general, the Ivs. are alternate, penninerved, the primary veins joined to a nerve running parallel with the margin : fls. in terminal 2-3-chotomous cymes : bracts usually large and covering the young buds but deciduous long before anthesis; corolla-tube cylindrical throughout; stamens included, near the base of the tube; disk wanting or fleshy and covering the tube of the calyx: ovules in many series: follicles 2. The spe- cies are much confused and imperfectly understood. A. Fls. more or less rosy. rillbra, Linn. Frangipani. Low tree or shrub: Ivs. 5-8 in. long: cymes spreading : corolla-lobes broadly oval, longer than the tube. Mex. to Guiana and Ecua- dor ; naturalized in West Indies. B.R. 10:780 (fls. chiefly golden, only the tips bright rose). B.M. 279. AA. Fls. chiefly white or yellow. B. Lvs. narrow, oblong-linear. ilba, Linn. Lvs. rounded or acuminate at top, revo- lute at margin, tomentose beneath; veins rectangular- transverse: fls. white. W. Indies. P. hypolenca, Gas- parr, is probably a color variety, with yellow flowers. BB. Lvs. ivedge-shaped to lanceolate. acutifdlia, Toir. (P. acumincLta, Ait.). Lvs. acumi- nate, often 1 ft. or more long, 3 in. wide, broadly lan- ceolate, with a long tai)ering base: corolla-lobes oval. Mex. B.M. :i'.l.';2 (fls. white, much flushed from the cen- ter with pale yellow). P. acuminata of B.R. 2:114, with its narrow oblong lobes and close, well-dcflned golden center, must be a different species. -yy ^ POA (ancient Greek name for grass or fodder). Gra- miniiK. About 100 species, natives of temiierate and cold regions, mostly perennial grasses of low growth. Several sp(;cies arc cult, lor forage or ornament. Spike- lets 2-Ofld., in o|>cn i)anicli's, eni|)ty ghnucs slmrter than thcll.glmncs, awnh^ss; fl. -glumes keeled on back, POA membranaceous, scarious margined, pointless, 5-nerved, often clothed with soft hair. arachnlfera, Torr. Texas Blue Grass. Culm 2-3 ft. high: panicle contracted, 3-8 in. long: spikelets % in. long; first emptj^ glume 1-nerved, second 3-nerved; fl. -glume copiously webby hairy at base. A native of Texas, where it is a valuable forage grass. — It propa- gates by rhizomes and forms a dense sod. Recom- mended as a winter pasture grass in the South. Easily distinguished from the other species by its contracted panicle and large spikelets. prat^nsis. Linn. Kentucky Blue Grass. June Grass. Fig. 1801. Panicle pyramidal, open, usually 3-4 in. long: spikelets 3-6-fld., % in. long; lower empty glume 1-nerved, second 3 nerved: fl. -glume hairy at 1861. June-grass— Poa pratensis (X x2)- Flower enlarged. base: culm usually 1-2 ft. high, forming a sod with its copious rootstocks, its long, soft radical lvs. forming an abundance of foliage. Native in the cooler regions of the northern hemisphere.— A common pasture grass through the middle portions of the United States. Its most important horticultural use is for lawns, for which purpose its habit and aggressiveness are emi- nently adapted. trivi^lis, Linn. Rough-stalked Meadow Grass. Resembles P. pratensis, from which it differs by hav- ing no creeping rootstocks, taller stems, branches of panicle more slender and spreading, usually only 2-fld. spikelets, and lateral nerves of fl. -glume much more conspicuous. Native of Europe, where it is a prominent pasture grass, and rather sparingl)' cult, in this coun- try, where it is recommended for wet pastures. A va- riegated form is described. F.S. 16:1695. compr^ssa, Linn. Known in the trade as Canada Blue Grass (though it is probably not native to Can- ada) and English Blue Grass, but the latter name is often applied to Festuca pratensis. Distinguished from P. pratensis, which it resembles, by its blue-gre(>ii foli- age, distinctly flattened culms, and its short and much contracted panicles. Spreads liy rhizomes. Native of Europe and extensively naturalized in this country, l)e- ing found in open and rather sterile soil. — It is of little value as a pasture grass except possibly on sterile soil. nemor&,Iis, Linn. Wood Meadow Grass. A tufted perennial without running rootstocks. Panicle long and narrow, with short branches: culms 1-3 ft.: empty glumes 3-nerv(Hl, acuminate. Native of Europe and cooler parts of America. — It is recommended for pasture