ca fie? hed Ni gy any W Vabeg § Pear) se 2 fe Way ; AT ets hy. ey tis aoe Gas SB S55 Book. A. A- GopnightNO COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: CYCLOPEDIA OF HARDY FRUITS THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK - BOSTON + CHICAGO + DALLAS ATLANTA + SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., LimiteD LONDON + BOMBAY + CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Lt. TORONTO BALDWIN CYCLOPEDIA OF HARDY FRUITS BY U. P. HEDRICK VICE-DIRECTOR AND HORTICULTURIST OF THE NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION jQew Bork THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1922 All rights reserved PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CopyricHT, 1922, By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published September, 1922. Press of J. J. Little & Ives Company New York, U. S. A. SEP 20 1922 Ocha6s18b60 PREFACE The purpose of this manual is to describe the varieties of hardy fruits grown in North America. A new book describing hardy fruits needs no justification. Downing’s Fruits and Fruit Trees and Thomas’ American Fruit Cul- turist, in their many editions, have served two generations of fruit-growers. Both are worn out tools. Most of the varieties described by these authors are not now found in American or- chards or nurseries. Many of the kinds they discuss have never been grown in this country, the descriptions published having come from European fruit-books. On the other hand, none of the varieties of this century is de- scribed in Downing or Thomas. Moreover, the descriptions of these old workers are too scant and fragmentary to have great value in modern pomology. A new manual of fruits is needed to take the place of Downing and Thomas, valuable as these books were for their day. The plan of the book is simple. A brief glance through its pages should suffice to reveal even to the beginner in the study of pomologi- cal literature the arrangement of fruits and their varieties, and the presentation of names and synonyms. Clearness and simplicity have been sought, that the reader may with the least trouble obtain a perfect mental picture of the variety described. The ways in which the author designs to make this manual useful are: (1) To aid in the identification of varieties. (2) To guide in the choice of varieties. (3) To sort the names now in use for varieties of hardy fruits, and assign them to the varieties to which they belong. (4) To state in what regions the va- rieties described grow best. (5) To tell when and where the varieties originated. (6) By depicting choice products of the orchard, to stimulate the desire to grow better fruits. The book is written for fruit-growers, nurserymen, students in colleges and _high- schools, county agricultural agents, and buyers of fruits. It is designed for those interested in fruits in general, rather than for the spe- cialist in pomology. Specialists will find fuller discussions of nearly all of the varieties de- scribed in this manual in the fruit-books pub- lished by the New York Agricultural Experi- ment Station, most of them written under the direction ot the author, and from which he has drawn heavily for this volume. Geneva, New York, December 15, 1921. The chief value of a book like this lies in the accuracy of the descriptions and of the determinations of synonyms. Herein the author has had an advantage over the old pomologists, since his connection with a mod- -ern experiment station, with a large collection of fruits and a good horticultural library, has given him opportunity to describe first hand and pass impartial judgment on varieties, and to go to original sources for names; whereas, the old writers, lacking these modern facilities, were compelled to copy one from the other. With great reluctance, the author abandons a key to varieties of the severat hardy fruits. Years of patient labor have not enabled him to produce a key that will work. A variety of any fruit behaves so differently in the sev- eral great pomological regions of the continent that a key cannot be made that will be usable for a fruit in all regions. A satisfactory key to varieties of apples for New York does not fit this fruit in Virginia, Iowa, California, or Oregon. About the only constant characters of the apple for all regions of the continent are sweetness and sourness. The color of the flesh is the only constant character of the peach. There are few or no constant char- acters in other fruits as they grow in different regions. To arrange varieties alphabetically is unscientific, disorderly, and makes difficult the identification of fruits, but it is the author’s belief that they cannot be satisfactorily ar- ranged otherwise for a text covering more than one pomological region. Keys to varieties of fruits can be of value only when made for particular regions. In acknowledging obligations, the author needs to name the pomologists of the nine- teenth century. Coxe, writing in 1817, was the pioneer, followed by Prince, Kenrick, Manning, Downing, Thomas, Cole, Barry, Hovey, Elliot, Hooper, and Warder, the pageant ending in 1867. These men brought fruit-growing into being in America and nourished it to maturity. They studied fruits in their various seasonal expressions with accuracy and insight, and wrote with the sincere and sympathetic feeling of the best naturalists of their day, thereby putting American pomology on a solid founda- tion. The author of this manual is not forget- ful of their great work, a service to the national welfare little appreciated, but which is to him perennial inspiration. U. P. Hepricx. ye TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I—POME-FRUITS CHAPTER I Tue StructuraL Borany OF POME-FRUITS II Species oF PoME-FRUITS . TII Varreties oF APPLES . TV VartIETIeEs OF CRAB-APPLES . V VARIETIES OF PEARS . VI VARIETIES OF QUINCES PART II—DRUPE-FRUITS VII Botany oF THE DRUPE-FRUITS . VIII Varieties or APRICOTS IX VarIETIES OF CHERRIES . X Varieties oF NECTARINES XI Varieties oF PEACHES XII Varieties or PLUMS . PART IJI—THE GRAPE XIII Borany oF THE GRAPE XIV VARIETIES OF GRAPES . PART IV—THE BRAMBLES XV Borany OF THE BRAMBLES . XVI VarIeTIES OF RASPBERRIES XVII Varieties oF BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES PART V—CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES XVIII Borany or CuRRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES . XIX Varrevies OF CURRANTS . XX VARIETIES OF GOOSEBERRIES . vii Pace 107 113 131 136 157 161 190 223 225 233 263 265 275 285 293 295 301 307 vill CHAPTER XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS PART VI—HEALTH FRUITS Botany oF Heatu Fruits . Tuer CRANBERRY AND ITs VARIETIES BLUEBERRIES AND HUCKLEBERRIES . PART VII—THE STRAWBERRY BoTANY OF THE STRAWBERRY VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES . PART VIII—MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS PreRSIMMONS, MuLBERRIES, Pawpaws, Exvpers, HicHBUSH CRAN- BERRIES, BUFFALO-BERRIES, GOUMIS AND BARBERRIES PAGE 311 313 316 322 327 329 335 347 349 PLATE PLATES Bautpwin APPLE (in color) . . - + + «© © « » . Frontispiece FACING PAGE BartLetr Pear (in color) Pe i Bae ote ee OS Seon Ene eo Sie ae i eee ee RigmimkoneNCy OMMERY: <2 - 2 = ets © 2-5 © « «' OF Mita EEE. fce G oe ee See oe ee TE EER TASEEACEIMEMEECT el fo sls: ao sei oso veh ey eS Se) (ey) 132 Bancciewebedse ef SO ee seh Boe) a ws @ 192 Ss Sees scot yeh eRe a) ae a ReRGRaEeUare ic vom go oS) ee es cote ot ekg 5. | 082 Goncorp Grapr (in color). . . » = « » + » s «© «© - 206 Mee OC AEN Me uu ors genase. he coe “eae Mune RASPBMRRS oo. 06 2 a wt ey ce Se, ee Nekukne (RURCRBEREY 10) Ge toed ~ oe 4e gh ee 5 ET TeGurinie Le 2 cee ee see es: Pelaseaes: «O08 Goop Luck STRAWBERRY (in color) . .« « © «© «© « 2» #© »& 342 Inpustry GOOSEBERRY . CYCLOPEDIA OF HARDY FRUITS CYCLOPEDIA OF HARDY FRUITS PART I—POME-FRUITS CHAPTER I THE STRUCTURAL BOTANY OF POME-FRUITS Botanists differ in defining a pome. One definition is that the outer fleshy part of the apple, pear or quince, fruits which all agree are typical pomes, is the thickened calyx; a comparatively new definition describes a pome as consisting of two to five carpels, each of which is a drupe-like fruit containing one to many seeds, the several drupes being connected and held together by a fleshy receptacle. The of pome. to which belong the apricot, cherry, peach, nectarine, and plum; the brambles, a general name for blackberries, dewberries, and raspber- ries; and strawberries, sometimes called the runner fruits. Among these several groups, pome-fruits lead in importance in the agricul- tural regions of the world. The pomes seem to have been cultivated longer than any other of the fruits under consideration; hence it may B 1. Flower and fruit of a pome. A, Flower of pome; B, Fruit a, Sepal; b, calyx-tube; c, receptacle; d, carpel; e, ovule; f, petal; g, stamen; h, style. definition most generally accepted is that a pome is a fleshy fruit of which the compound ovary is borne within and connected with the enlarged receptacle. A discussion of the botanical alliances of this group of plants would be helpful to the study of the structure of pomes. Such a discussion, however, would lead far afield, so that a brief statement must suffice as to the place which pome-fruits hold in botanical classifications of plants. The pome-fruits belong to Rosaceae, a family of plants of which the rose is the type. Three other groups of hardy fruits com- mon in orchards are associated with the pomes in the Rose family. These are: drupe-fruits, be assumed that they are farthest evolved from the wild state, and accordingly there are more varieties of apples and pears than of other hardy fruits. It is significant that pomology, the name accepted for the science and practice of fruit-growing, is derived from pome. (Fig. i); CHARACTERS OF POME-FRUIT PLANTS The recognition of varieties is usually de- pendent on characters of the fruits, but the plants are distinct as well as the fruits and may be helpful in identification and classifica- tion, and, in the absence of fruit, must be relied on to identify a species or variety. It is 2 CONSTITUTIONAL CHARACTERS still more important that the cultivator should know whether or not the plant is manageable in the orchard, and, therefore, should have a description of all plant-characters. Size of tree is a very reliable character to determine varieties of any of the pome-fruits. The Wagener or Rome Beauty apples, or the Winter Nelis pear, are almost dwarfs as com- pared with other apples and pears. Size varies greatly with environment, it must be remem- bered, in using this character. The terms large, small, and medium are commonly used to designate size. Vigor must not be confused with size. Vigor may be defined as internal energy. Small trees may be as vigorous as large ones. The term “habit of growth,’ as used by pomologists, has reference to the form of the top. In describing the tops of pome-fruit trees a number of self-explanatory terms are used; as, upright, spreading, drooping, tall, low, dense, open-topped, vase-form, and round-topped. Many if not most varieties of pome-fruits may be told by the form of the top. One can tell Sutton at a glance by its upright branches; as he can, also, Rhode Island Greening by its wide-spreading branches; or the Winter Nelis pear by its drooping branches. The form of the top may make a variety easy or difficult to manage in the orchard. Constitutional characters. Constitution is a rather vague term used by pomologists to indicate the vital power of varieties. It generally refers to hardiness, pro- ductiveness, susceptibility to pests and adapt- ability to climates and soils. The degree of hardiness is difficult to use in identification but does identify, and is of utmost importance in characterizing the value of a fruit. Baldwin and Rhode Island Green- ing apples are relatively tender to cold; McIn- tosh is hardy and Hibernal is very hardy. The Bartlett pear is tender; Seckel more hardy. Productiveness, age of bearing, regularity of bearing, and certainty of bearing are all well- recognized characters of pome-fruits, helping to set the value of a variety, and all count in classifying, although rather difficult to use for this purpose. Length of life, whether long or short, 1s another character of constitution that must be noted. The degree of susceptibility of a variety to fungous diseases or insect pests is a most valuable cultural character and may be used in classifying. Thus, there are great differences in varieties of apples in their resistance to apple-scab, fire-blight, cedar-rust. and bitter- rot; or, to codlin-moth, any of the aphids, or San José scale. All pears are more or less susceptible to pear-blight and various fungous diseases, as they are also to psylla, San José scale, and other insects. Varieties of apples and pears are described in this text as immune to one or more of these pests, and others as especially susceptible to them. All of these constitutional characters are much modified by care and environment. Care and environment, also, greatly modify the LEAF-BUDS AND LEAVES adaptability of varieties to special locations, although nothing is more certain than that some varieties are adapted to a greater range of conditions than others. The Baldwin apple and Bartlett pear have as one of their most valuable qualities great adaptability to diverse conditions. Trunk and branch. The trunk counts for little in descriptions of varieties because it is usually changed by pruning. The bark may be smooth or shaggy. Color of bark is often a most valuable diag- nostic character, especially in young trees. Many if not most varieties of pome-fruits can be told in the nursery by the color of the bark. The branches offer several distinctive char- acters, some of which are very reliable. The long slender branches of Rhode Island Green- ing and Tompkins King apples, and the slender drooping branches of the Winter Nelis pear are examples. The branches of some pears bear spines, and the fruit-spurs borne on branches of all pome-fruits are very characteristic. The branchlets or twigs may be short or slender; long-jointed or short-jointed; straight or zig- zagging; variously colored; some, at certain stages of maturity, are pubescent, others glabrous; the branching angle of branchlets is often characteristic; the epidermis may be smooth or covered with scarf-skin; lastly, the size, shape, color, number, and position of the lenticels on young wood are most important in identifying trees after the leaves have fallen. Leaf-buds and leaves. Size, length and shape of leaf-buds help to identify dormant trees. The shape may usu- ally be described as acute, pointed, obtuse, conical or plump. If the bud lies close to the twig, it is said to be appressed; if it stands at a considerable angle, it is free. In examin- ing dormant buds, note should be made as to whether the Jeaf-scar is conspicuous or incon- spicuous. While leaves vary much in accordance with the condition of the plant which bears them, they offer a number of valuable distinguishing characters. In the study of leaves, those found on water-sprouts or suckers and those borne on slow-growing spurs should not be used, but, rather, those found on free-growing twigs. The size of the leaf, if given in figures, is a most valuable determinant of varieties of all pome-fruits, as is the shape, if depicted in well-chosen words. Thickness counts for some- thing, as do the color of the upper and lower surfaces and the character and amount of pubescence on the surfaces. The margins offer evidence for identification in the character of the serrations, and in the glands and hairs to be found in an occasional variety. The time of the appearance and the fall of leaves characterizes some varieties. Lastly, some sorts have many leaves and others few. The length, thickness, and color of the petiole and its smoothness or pubescence are sometimes worth noting. FLOWER-BUDS AND FLOWERS Flower-buds and flowers. Flower-buds offer the same marks for identi- fication as are mentioned for leaf-buds. They may usually be distinguished from leaf-buds, being larger and less pointed, and, of course, by their contents, if examined under a microscope. Time of opening is a mark of distinction with varieties that bloom very early or very late, but it will be found that most varieties open at approximately the same time. ; The flower of the apple gives opportunity to identify through its characteristics almost every variety; the flowers of the pear and quince are of less use, but still are useful. The size, shape, and color of the petals offer the best means of identification in flowers. The length, thickness, amount, and kind of pubes- cence on the styles may distinguish varieties. The styles of Tolman Sweet are covered and bound together by dense pubescence not to be found in any other variety. The styles of the Howell pear are abnormally short. The calyx- tubes, calyx-lobes, and pedicels differ mate- rially. These structures in the flower, while offering decisive evidence in identification, are seldom used by pomologists, because characters of plant and fruit may be studied during a much longer time and are of greater cultural importance. The stamens, however, afford a more permanent means of classifying than other parts of the flower. In the blooming season, length, diameter, and the pubescence of stamens may be noted, but much more im- portant, taxonomically, is the position of the stamens on the calyx-tube in the mature fruit, these organs, or remnants of them, persisting in the ripened fruits, as will be noted in the discussion of characters of the fruit. Lastly, some varieties may be identified during the blooming season by the distribution of the blossoms on the tree. The flowers of Rome Beauty, as an example, are borne on the periphery of the tree, giving it an aspect by which one may recognize the variety at once. The flower-clusters of some pome-fruits bear many flowers; others few; in some the flowers are loosely arranged, in others com- pactly. FRUIT CHARACTERS OF POMES If a variety is not noteworthy in the char- acters for which the fruit is grown—those which appeal to the senses of taste and sight— it stands small chance of being cultivated long or widely. Varieties are generally known, therefore, from the characters of the fruit rather than those of the plant. Hence, especial attention is paid to descriptions of the fruit, some pomologists characterizing almost wholly from the fruit and saying little or nothing of the plant. Season and use. Perhaps season is the first character, and certainly it is one of the most important char- acters to be noted in the ripened fruit. By Season 1s meant the period in which a variety SIZE AND SHAPE 3 is in proper condition for use. Unless other- wise stated, season has reference to the period during which fruit is in condition for use in ordinary storage, which of course greatly pro- longs the natural season. The terms summer, fall and winter, sometimes modified by early or late, give the season with sufficient accuracy. Keeping quality and shipping quality, both de- pendent on several factors, are usually men- tioned in connection with season. Rather closely connected with season is use, the uses for which a variety is particularly sulted being indicated by several terms. A market variety is one suitable for the general market; a local market sort is one which does not stand handling well enough for the general market but is acceptable in local trade. A dessert or table variety is suitable for eating in the uncooked state; culinary, cooking, or kitchen varieties are especially desirable for culinary purposes. Size and shape. Among external characters of pome-fruits, size 1s important, if several typical specimens can be examined, but is often misleading be- cause under the stress of environment abnormal specimens may be produced. Gradations in size are expressed by the terms large, medium, and small, modified by very, above, or below. Used in connection with size, uniform signifies that the fruits of a variety are generally of about the same size. Probably no one character of pome-fruits is more important in classification than shape, especially since it may be used with reference to immature as well as mature specimens. In determining the shape of a pome, the fruit should be held opposite the eye perpendicular to the diameter from stem to calyx; or the fruit may be cut longitudinally at its widest diameter. So looked at, an apple may be described as round, oblate, conical, ovate, ob- long, truncate, or by combinations of these and similar terms. If the fruit then be turned so that the base or apex is opposite the eye, or if a transverse section be made at the widest diameter, it may be determined whether the fruit is regular, that is if the transverse section is circular in outline; elliptical, with its sides compressed; or ribbed, angular, oblique, with sides unequal or symmetrical,— all self-explanatory terms. The shapes of pears are even more used in classifying that fruit than is the case with apples. Besides the terms used in describing apples, additional descriptive words are neces- sary by reason of the common division of a pear into two parts—the neck and the body. The neck is the narrow part bearing the stem ; the body is the more or less swollen part crowned by the calyx. A pear is pyriform when the curves formed by the body and neck are concave; turbinate, or top-shaped, when the body is nearly round with a short neck. The neck may be long or short, distinct or ob- seure, obtuse or acute. The body is usually described by the terms used in describing apples. 4 THE STEM The terms used in describing shapes of apples and pears are applicable to the quince. Many pomologists describe quinces as either apple- shaped or pear-shaped. A graphic record should accompany a de- scription of the fruit, to show size and shape. A simple outline drawing serves the purpose. The stem. Varying as little as any other character of the apple or pear, the stem is much used in identification. It may be long and slender, as in the Rome Beauty apple or Bosc pear; short and thick as in the Sutton apple and Comice pear; fleshy as in the Peck Pleasant apple and Louise Bonne pear; clubbed when enlarged at the end; and lipped when the flesh forms a protuberance under which the stem is inserted, as in the Pewaukee apple. The stems of pears are often set obliquely, as in Clairgeau; or are crooked or curved, as in Howell. The stems of some pome-fruits have distinguishing colors; those of others are pubescent. In some pears, as Bergamot d’Es- peren, there are bud-like projections on the stem. The length of the stem in apples and pears is a reliable diagnostic character only when it is known from what part of the flower- cluster the fruit was developed. For, as a rule, the nearer the flower to the center of the umbel in the apple, and the tip of the raceme in the pear, the shorter the stem of the fruit. Cavity and basin. The cavity, the depression in which the stem is set, offers several marks which greatly en- hance the value of a description of any of the pomes. It may be acute or obtuse; shallow, medium, or deep; narrow, medium, or broad; smooth or russeted; furrowed, ribbed, angular, or uniform; or it may be lipped as described under stem. The color of the skin within the cavity is sometimes different from that with- out, and there may be radiating lines, rays, or streaks. The basin, the depression in which the calyx is set, is as important as the cavity in classify- ing pomes, and is described by the same terms. The furrows in the basin are some- times indistinct and are then called wavy. The skin around the calyx-lobes may be wrinkled, plaited, folded or corrugated. Rarely, there are fleshy protuberances about the calyx- lobes, as in the Delicious apple and Siberian crab-apple, called mammiform appendages. Calyz-lobes. The withered calyx-lobes persist in some pomes and not in others. They persist in the common apple and are deciduous in P. bac- cata; persist in European pears, deciduous in the edible-fruited Asiatic species; persist in the common quince, deciduous in the Japanese quince. The calyx-lobes may be 9pen, partly open, or closed in varieties of the fruits in which they are persistent. In some varieties of apples the segments are separated at the base; in others, united. The lobes may lie flat on the fruit or may stand erect. When up- CHARACTERS OF THE SKIN right, if the tips incline inward, the lobes are said to be connivent ; if inclined outward, they are reflered or divergent. The lobes may be broad or narrow, with tips acute or acuminate. Characters of the skin. The skins of pome-fruits offer several most valuable features for classification, color being the most important. Perhaps no character of fruits varies more in accordance with environ- ment than the color, yet the color itself and the way in which it is distributed on the fruit serve to make this character a fairly safe dis- tinguishing mark for most varieties of pome- fruits. The ground-color of apples, pears, and quinces is the green or yellow-green of chloro- phyll, usually with an over-color of tints and shades of yellow or red. The over-color may be laid on in stripes, splashes or streaks; or as a blush; it may mottle the surface, or may be a single color, in which case the fruit is said to be self-colored. The skin may be thick or thin, tough or tender. In a few varieties of apples it is rela- tively free from the flesh, but with most clings tightly. The surface of the skin may be cov- ered with a delicate white substance called the bloom, McIntosh furnishing a good ex- ample of an apple with a bloom. In other varieties the skin is waxy or oily, as in Lowell and Tompkins King apples. This character must not be confused with waxen, which re- . fers to the glossy appearance of the skin of such apples as Winter Banana and Maiden Blush. Some apples and pears have an unbroken russet surface, as Roxbury Russet apple and the Sheldon pear. Or the surface may be rough because of minute russet dots or netted veins. In many apples the cavity alone is russeted, as in Pumpkin Sweet. If the russet of the cavity is spread out in radiating lines, it is said to be radiating. In some apples a suture-like line extends toward the apex from the base, Tolman Sweet furnishing an example. With varieties of all of the pome-fruits, note should be made of the presence and character of pubescence about the calyx. In the quince, the whole surface is covered with woolly pubescence, which must be described. Nearly all apples and pears have few or many dots on the skin, notes on which may enhance the value of a description. These may be obscure or conspicuous, large or small, raised or sunken. If visible under the epider- mis, they are said to be submerged. When star-like, they are called stellate. If sur- rounded by a halo of lighter color, they are said to be areolar. In some varieties of apples, the dots are much elongated. The .roughened outer skin, called scarf-skin, gives a distinguishing appearance to a few apples. The scarf-skin runs outward from the base of the apple in lines or stripes on Pump- kin Sweet, Green Newtown, and some other varieties. This scarf-skin gives a dull appear- ance to some red apples, as Sweet Winesap and Black Gilliflower. INTERNAL STRUCTURE Cutting pomes to show the internal structure. When varieties cannot be distinguished from external marks, there are several very reliable characters that can be made use of in the in- ternal anatomy of the pome. To study these characters it is necessary to make a longi- tudinal and a transverse section of the fruit. To make an accurate examination of the in- ternal structure of apple, pear or quince, the sectioning must be done with a keen, thin knife, with a steady hand and a good eye. _ In making the longitudinal section, the knife should pass through the center of the calyx, showing the remnants of styles and stamens; through the middle of the core cell, showing the outline of the core cavity; and through the middle of the stem. A true record cannot be obtained unless the organs named are di- vided with fair accuracy into halves. In mak- ing the transverse section, the knife should pass through the widest diameter of the fruit, cutting the core in half. If the core is not in the center of the fruit, trial cuts to locate it must be made that it may be halved exactly. 2. Longitudinal section of an apple showing core characters (X 1%). a, Cavity; b, core- lines; c, abaxile open core with broadly ellip- tical mucronate carpels; d, conical calyx- tube; e, calyx-lobes; f, basin. The stamens. After halving the fruit longitudinally, the first organs to be studied are the stamens, the position of which furnishes reliable taxonomic data. Hogg, an eminent British pomologist, devised an analytical key to varieties of apples based on the position of the stamens. Apples may be divided into three groups in accordance with the position of stamens. In one group the stamens are on the outer margin of the ealyx-tube and are said to be marginal; in the second, they are located about the middle of the tube and are said to be median; in the third, they are inserted at the base of the tube and are said to be basal. The calyx-tube and styles. _ Passing from the stamens to the calyx-tube, it will be found that the shape of this structure is of some use in separating varieties, although it is exceedingly variable in accordance with the size of the fruit, and is materially altered FIBROVASCULAR BUNDLES 5 by abnormalities in the fruit. The base of the styles, in some varieties, develops into fleshy tissue which alters the shape of the calyx-tube. The calyx-tube may be cone-shaped, funnel- shaped, or urn-shaped. When funnel-shaped, the broad upper part is called the limb; the narrow lower part, the cylinder. In some varieties the remnants of the styles, often more or less fleshy, form a point, called the prstz- point, which projects into the calyx-tube. Gano has a well-developed pistil point. The core. The position of the core in the fruit is often a valuable means of distinguishing varie- ties. If close to the stem, the core is said to be sessile; if at the center of the pome, it is median; when distant from the stem, distant. The cell containing seed, called a carpel, is morphologically a modified leaf, which by folding together and by union of its edges forms a closed receptacle. In some varieties the carpels are open; in others, closed. If the tip of the carpel is indented, it is said to be emarginate; if long and pointed, mucronate. In shape, carpels may be round, cordate, ob- cordate, elliptical, oblong, elongated, ovate, or obovate. In the cores of most pomes there is a central cavity called the core-cavity, some- times spoken of as the avial-sac, which may be either narrow or wide; in some it is lacking. This is a character of much importance and reliability in pears. When the carpels extend quite to the axis of the fruit, they are said to be azile, and there is no core cavity; when distant from the axis, they are abarile, and a core cavity is formed. Sometimes the carpel is lined on the inner surface with a white sub- stance, as in Tompkins King, when it is said to be tufted. In some pears there are many fine hairs in the core-cavity, in which case the cavity is said to be tufted. The characters of the core are shown in Fig. 2. The limits of the core are marked by a line usually very distinct in apples and quinces, which is called the core-line. The area enclosed by this line may be large or small and may be variously shaped. In some species of apples, as in P. coronaria and P. ioensis, we core separates from the flesh along the core-line so that it may be taken out, leaving a well-defined cavity in the apple. The direction which the core- line takes from the intruded woody stem fibres is often a clear mark of distinction. Thus, the line may proceed at right angles from the stem, may incline upward, or incline down- ward. When the core-line joins the calyx-tube along the sides it is said to be clasping; when the two ends of the line meet at the base of the calyx-tube, the expression “core-lines meeting” is used. Fibrovascular bundles. Ten primary fibrovascular bundles enter the flesh of pomes from the pedicel and closely follow the core-line which marks the limits of the core. These are plainly seen in transverse sections of apples and quinces as well-marked dots. They are arranged in two cycles. In 6 SEEDS the outer cycle, the bundles are opposite the dorsal sutures of the carpels; those of the inner cycle alternate with the carpels. The core-line appears in the transverse section on the inner side of the ten bundles as a beautiful bit of tracery, looping out between the bundles into the pulp. There is much difference in the size of the bundles and in the outline of the core-line, as seen in sections of a pome, and these seem quite distinct in each variety. Ac- cordingly, it is proposed by several workers at home and abroad to classify varieties by means of these structures. To the working pomologist, who finds little difficulty in identi- fying varieties from characters more easily seen, such attempts seem an unnecessary magnifi- cation of fine points. Seeds. Seeds are characteristic in all varieties of pome-fruits, and might well be used in classi- fication more generally than is the case. The number is exceedingly variable in all varieties. In apples and pears, the usual number is two in each cell, but often there are three or more, and occasionally seeds are missing; in quinces, there are many in each cell. Seeds vary greatly in different varieties in size, shape and color, and differences in these characters are as constant as are those of any other organs of the fruit. Number, size, shape, and color of seeds should be noted with care in every technical description of a pome. The point of the seed, also, 1s worth noting; it may be acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Like the carpels, the seeds are often tufted. In quinces, the seeds are arranged in two rows, and the testa abounds in a gum having demulcent and mucilaginous properties. Flesh. Most pomes may be identified from the flesh characters without a glance at any other part of fruit or plant. Flavor, odor, and texture of flesh are distinct in almost every variety of apple, pear, or quince, and appeal more strongly to the senses of taste and smell than characters measured by the eye do to the sight. Unfortunately, flavors, odors, and tex- tures are difficult to describe. All characters of the flesh vary greatly in accordance with conditions of growth, soil and climate having a profound influence on texture, flavor, and FLAVOR AND QUALITY quality. It is important, also, in describing the flesh to have the fruit at the proper stage of maturity, and as immaturity verges almost imperceptibly into maturity and maturity into decay, each condition affecting the flesh, it is not surprising that differences of opinion may be many in judging the flesh characters of a fruit. In cutting an apple, the color of the flesh is first noted. It may be white, as in MelIntosh; tinged with yellow, as in Baldwin; greenish- white, as in Stark; or streaked or tinged with red, as in Wealthy. Apples with red flesh are occasionally found, but no stand- ard varieties have flesh of this color. Pears have the flesh of the same colors as the apple, except that none is quite as white in flesh as McIntosh. The flesh of the quince is yellow or orange, often turning pink or red when cooked. One determines the nature of the texture by cutting the fruit, by pressing with the fingers, and by eating. The texture may be coarse or fine; tender or tough; crisp, breaking, melting, or in the pear almost buttery; dry or juicy. Many varieties of pears are granular or gritty about the core, and sometimes gritty nodules are found in the flesh, but usually as abnormalities. Flavor and quality. Apples and pears are readily divided into two classes as to flavor; they are either sweet or sour. Such a division is less apparent in quinces. The qualifying terms mildly and very are often used with sweet and sour. Sub- acid, tart, and sprightly are sometimes most expressive. Austere refers to a flavor more or less sour with some astringency. Pears and quinces may often be put down as astringent. All varieties have a more or less distinct aroma. Rich and refreshing are words often found in the rather extensive vocabulary neces-- sary to describe the flavors of fruits. Quality is that combination of texture, flavor, and aroma which makes a fruit pleasant to the palate. Quality is rated by common consent of pomologists in five grades: poor, fair, good, very good, and best. It should be noted that good in this rating signifies a fruit of but medium quality. The accompanying description blank for the apple sets forth most of the characters stu- dents and fruit-growers will use in describing pome-fruits. DESCRIPTION BLANK FOR THE APPLE Name scp ahatantasbtendododoond Ose ss bsagsnosmagsoeecnoneoo sa /GRCne Nowcscce Dates secccccces L9.oee B> Marked characteristics Large, medium, small Vigorous, medium, weak Upright, spreading, drooping Tall, low, dense Open, vase-formed, round-topped Slow growing, rapid growing Hardy, half-hardy, tender Very productive, productive Medium productive, unproductive Regular bearer, uncertain bearer SUSCEPTIBILITY to cece sve c cece seeeeseceee eee) Insects cneceres Siereicisleje siniwialeinieie(eie.oeje/eiecain’s sigs Diseases «sever eereee ence evccecesenvecceesess TRUNK Stocky, medium, slender Smooth, medium, shaggy BRANCHES Thick, medium, slender Smooth, medium Shaggy, zigzag Red, brown, gray, green Lenticels Numerous, medium, few Large, medium, small BRANCHLETS Thick, medium, slender, willowy Long, medium, short Red, brown, gray Green, glossy Rough, smooth, zigzag Pubescent, glabrous Internodes Long, medium, short LEAF-BUDS Large, medium, small Long, medium, short Obtuse, conical, pointed, plump Appressed or free Leaf-scars Prominent Thength. «2 ec ese es sevecee Width. cccccccsscvcce Large, medium, small Wide, medium, narrow Long, medium, short Oval, ovate, obovate Abruptly pointed, taper-pointed Thick, medium, thin Light, medium, dark green Smooth, rugose Margin Glandular, crenate Finely serrate, coarsely serrate Petiole, length ......--. ABO OOUDOOODOUOODDOUOLAICO Long, medium, short Thick, medium, slender FLOWERS Date of bloom ......+eeeeeeee eee ceceneceenccce Early, medium, late Large, medium, small White, pink Fertile or sterile FRUIT Marked characteristicS ..+seeeesceseeereeeeereseee Early, mid-season, late DATE OF RIPENING ..ceeeeeecceereeees cncceoee LENGTH OF SEASON ..... snodon wee clecsesene eee HANGS WELL OR DROPS .....-- bie vocacceccies a KEEPING QUALITY «..seeeseeeeeeres ceeeee 500006 SHIPPING QUALITY ....--+++00s nlerele’e/sieinivi6 efeielei= SUSCEPTIBILITY to Insects ....++ee- Bononod DiseaseS ..++-seeveeere FRUIT, Cont’d Length ....s+seeeeeee aigiclalnleislecclelefelessielavonivinrweieces Large, medium, small Uniform, variable Roundish, oblate, conical Ovate, oblong, truncate Oblique, ribbed, irregular Symmetrical, sides unequal Uniform STEM Long, medium, short Thick, medium, slender CAVITY Obtuse, acute, acuminate Shallow, medium, deep Narrow, medium, broad Russeted, smooth Symmetrical, furrowed Compressed, lipped CALYX Open, closed Large, medium, small Lobes Separated at base Long, medium, short Broad, medium, narrow Obtuse, acute, acuminate BASIN Shallow, medium, deep Narrow, medium, wide Obtuse, abrupt, smooth Furrowed, corrugated Symmetrical, compressed SKIN Thick, medium, thin Tough, medium, tender Smooth, rough Russet, waxen Glossy, dull, bloom Large, medium, small Conspicuous, obscure Gray, russet Submerged, areolar FLESH White, yellow, red Firm, coarse, medium, fine Crisp, tender, tough Dry, juicy, sweet, subacid Sour, aromatic, sprightly Quality Best, very good, good Fair, poor, very poor CORE Large, medium, small Open, closed Axile, abaxile CORE-LINES Clasping, meeting CALYX-TUBE Long, medium, narrow Wide, medium, narrow Funnel-shaped, conical, urn-shaped SEED Large, medium, small Wide, medium, narrow Long, medium, short Flat, plump, obtuse Acute, acuminate, tufted USE—Dessert, kitchen, market, home TYPE OF ...-.0 Byetaeraietercteleinioieets Se clvslecceisesevae DESIRABILITY ....cnvessesccceves CHAPTER II SPECIES OF POME-FRUITS There are about ninety genera in the Rose family, of which ten or twelve bear pome- fruits. Of the pome-bearing genera, but two contain cultivated species of prime importance in fruit-growing: namely, Pyr s, to which be- long apples and pears; and Cydonia, the quince. Three other genera are of lesser im- portance: Mespilus, the medlar; Cheenomeles, the Japanese quince; and Amelanchier, the Juneberry. The fruits of Crataegus, the haw- thorns or thorn-apples, allied to medlars in the structure of the fruit, are edible, and several species offer possibilities for domestication, but none is cultivated in North America. THE GENUS PYRUS Authorities differ as to what groups of plants should be included in Pyrus. Most of the older botanists placed in the genus the apple, pear, crab-apple, quince, medlar, sorbus, and chokeberry. Some botanists still include all of these fruits, but the modern tendency is to segregate the groups in distinct genera some- what in accordance with the common names, as the differences which give distinctions suffi- cient for a common name suffice also for a botanical division. The pear and apple, how- ever, are generally kept together in Pyrus; but few botanists consider the differences in the two fruits sufficiently marked to justify putting them further apart than in two sections of one genus. The distinguishing characters of Pyrus are: Woody plants, trees or shrubs, with smooth or scaly bark. Leaves simple, or sometimes lobed, alternate, usually serrate, deciduous with deciduous stipules which are free from the petiole. Flowers perfect, regular, borne in compound terminal cymes; torus urn-shaped, adnate to the ovary and inclosing it with thick suc- culent flesh at maturity; calyx-lobes 5, acuminate and reflexed, persistent in some and deciduous in other species; petals 5, white, pink or red, inserted on the thickened border of the disk; stamens 15-20, in three rows; styles 2-5 free ov united below; carpels 2-5, inferior, crowned by the styles, usually 2-seeded. Fruit an ovoid or pyriform pore; seeds 2 in each cell, brown or brownish, lustrous, mucilaginous on the outer surface. Pyrus contains fifty to sixty species widely scattered throughout the north temperate zone, the largest number in south-central and east- ern Asia. In North America, Pyrus is repre- sented by five species, while eight or nine species inhabit Europe. Study of the species makes plain that there are many natural varieties. The two sections of Pyrus, given the rank of genera by some authors, are dis- tinguished as follows: 8 1. Apples (Malus). Flowers pink, rose-color, red or sometimes white, borne in fascicles or subumbellate clusters on short spurs or lateral branchlets; ovary 3-5- celled; styles more or less united at the base. Fruit more or less globuiar with a distinct depression at both ends, the flesh without grit cells, rounded at the base. The species in this section number from 30-40, of which not more than a half dozen are domesticated. - 2. Pears (Pyrus). Flowers white, few, borne in corymbs on short spurs or lateral branchlets; ovary 5-celled; styles usually free. Fruit usually pyriform, sometimes subglobose, usually conical at the base, the flesh usually bearing grit-cells when ripened on the tree. The species number from 15-20 of which but two are truly domesticated, but several others give promise of value for stocks and possibly for their fruits. THE APPLE Of the thirty and more species of apples and crab-apples, but two are prominent pomologi- cal subjects, as all of the others remain wild or are cultivated in a small way or as orna- mentals. Among the ornamental species, how- ever, are several bearing edible fruits, which, though of small value now for the orchard, may through selection or hybridization play an important part in the pomology of the future. But for the present, fruit-growers are concerned with only P. Malus, from which comes the common apple, and P. baccata, parent of most cultivated crab-apples. Culti- vated apples and crab-apples are easily dis- tinguished in standard varieties by size, shape, flesh, and flavor, to name the characters in which differences are most apparent, but in outlying varieties the two fruits merge into each other so that clear botanical separation rests on a difference in one structure, the calyx. In the common apple the calyx persists on the ripened fruit; in the true crab-apple, it falls from ripe fruits. 1. Pyrus Malus, Linn. Apple. Plant a large bush or a tree attaining a height of 60-70 feet with a trunk 1-2 feet in diameter which .divides into stout spreading branches forming a round open head; bark separating into large, thick, ashy-brown persistent scales; branch- lets and twigs glabrous or slightly pubescent, usually bright red-brown and dotted with scattered, conspicuous lenticels. Leaves oval, ovate or orbicular-ovate, usually pointed at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, with serrate margins, dull in color, soft in texture, borne on stout petioles. Flowers large, white, pink or red, borne in close terminal cymose clusters on short pedicels ; appearing with the leaves; calyx-lobes 5, acuminate; petals 5, inserted, remotely contracted into narrow claws, usually pink. Fruit exceedingly variable in size, shape color, flavor and time of ripening, with a cavity about the stem, the calyx persistent and set in a well-marked basin; flesh thick, succulent and homogeneous. Seeds brownish, glossy, mucilaginous, usually two in each of the 5 carpels forming the core. Between four and five thousand named pomological varieties belong to this species, a CRAB APPLES species, however, which some authorities prefer to divide into two or more specific groups. It is probable that cultivated apples have come from two distinct species, possibly three, but these have been so fused by hybridization that it is now impossible to separate cultivated varieties into species. The best that can be done is to divide the species into several botanical varieties to which the pomological varieties may be referred, but even this cannot be done with the precision that might be wished. Of the many botanical varieties de- scribed by various authors, but three are de- limited with sufficient exactness to make them useful to the pomological student. These are: Var. sylvestris, Linn. Characterized by glabrous shoots and leaves whereas those in the type species are pubescent; the calyx-lobes are glabrous outside but pubescent within. The habitat of the variety is West and Central Europe. The distinction between this variety and the type species would be hardly worth making, were it not that some European botanists give it the rank of a species and refer several pomological varieties to it. Var. pumila, Henry. To this botanical variety, de- scribed as a species by some authors, most of the cultivated apples are now referred. The trees are large or small, sometimes bush-like, with the young branches, pedicels, calyx-tube, both surfaces of the calyx-lobes and the under surface of the leaves prominently tomentose. The Paradise and Doucin apples, used as dwarfing stocks, are probably dwarf forms of Var. pumila. This botanical variety is native to southeastern Europe and western Asia, although found wild as an escape wherever the apple is cultivated. Var. astracanica, Loud. It is probable that several pomological varieties belong to this botanical variety, which is characterized by large, coarsely serrate or double serrate leaves, tomentose beneath, and by the long pedicels; it is a native of Asia. In the descriptions of the species and its varieties, statements of habitat were made; these need to be amplified. P. Malus has been known as a wild plant in temperate Europe and Asia throughout historic times, but un- questionably its fruits were used long before history began, and, no doubt also, the plants were distributed by the prehistoric dwellers in the two continents. Students of the origin of cultivated plants now believe the species to be indigenous in the northwestern Himalayas, where there are vast forests of wild apples ascending the mountains to a height of nine to ten thousand feet in regions to which man could hardly have introduced the plant. The apple has been cultivated from remote times in India, Cashmere, and northern China. Carbonized apples are found in the ancient lake habitations of Switzerland, showing that they must have been known in Europe by pre- historic peoples. The apple is mentioned by the earliest writers on agriculture in China, India, Greece, Italy, France, Germany, and England. It was introduced by the first col- onists in all temperate parts of the New World. It is now the most valuable fruit-plant of the temperate regions of the world, and by se- lection and hybridization several thousand varieties have been obtained. The apple is cultivated in all agricultural regions of the United States excepting in subtropical parts of the Gulf states and California. CRAB APPLES 9 CRAB-APPLES There seems to be little question that the crab-apples of most common cultivation, rep- resented by such varieties as Martha, Hyslop, and Transcendent, are hybrids between two species, P. baccata and P. Malus, though these hybrids are often put in a separate species, P. prunifolia. The Siberian crabs, of which several named varieties are cultivated, un- doubtedly belong to a distinct species now to be described. 2. Pyrus baccata, Linn. Siberian Crab. Plant 2 small round-headed tree attaining a height of 30-40 feet, with a trunk 10-12 inches in diameter, which divides into many rather slender branches forming a compact head; vigorous, hardy and productive; wood hard and tough, bark much less rough and tree smoother in all of its parts than in the common apple. Leaves ovate, ovate- lanceolate or ovyate-acuminate, thin, glabrous, bright green; petioles slender; margins finely and evenly serrate. Flowers large, white, very fragrant, handsome ; appearing with the leaves; pedicels very slender, green- ish; style usually longer than the stamens, glabrous or lightly pubescent; calyx-lobes long, narrow acuminate ; calyx falling away before maturity. Fruit from 4-1 inch in diameter, yellow or red; borne on long, hard slender stems; basin shallow or none, often wrinkled or having mammiform protuberances; flesh yellow, very firm, subacid, astringent, translucent. Seeds small, short, wide, obtuse, dark brown. There are several botanical forms of P. bac- cata, but to which of these the cultivated crab- apples belong is a mooted question. No doubt there are a number of natural hybrids, as there certainly are of artificial ones. Hybrid and pure-bred crab-apples, cultivated for their fruits, number two score or more, and probably a much greater number of named varieties, Abe world over, are grown as named ornamen- tals. The crab-apple probably came originally from Siberia, northern China, and Manchuria, but has been cultivated for its fruit and flowers in China and Japan from time immemorial. The Chinese and Japanese have developed many forms differing in plant, fruit, and flower, more particularly in the flowers, these being of many colors, various sizes, and in all degrees of doubling. The Siberian crab-apple is the hardiest of the tree-fruits, grows with great rapidity, thrives in many soils, and bears year after year with increasing abun- dance. This species was early introduced into Eu- rope, although little grown until the last cen- tury for its fruit. While it may have come earlier as an ornamental, it seems not to be mentioned as a fruit-tree in America until toward the close of the eighteenth century, and since nurserymen did not list crab-apples until toward the middle of the nineteenth century, this fruit must be looked on as comparatively a newcomer. But few of the cultivated crabs of American orchards are pure-bred to the species, most of them being hybrids with P. Malus. These hybrid crabs are most valuable additions to the apple-flora of the whole country, and, because of great hardiness, promise much for cold regions. The species does not thrive as well as might be wished in southern apple re- 10 THE PEAR gions, where its usefulness is also much cur- tailed by its susceptibility to pear-blight. Crab-apple trees are used in cold climates as stocks upon which to graft the common apple, for which purpose they are in most respects very desirable. Some twenty or more oriental flowering crab-apples are listed in the botanies, several of which produce edible fruit, and two of which, P. prunifolia, Willd. and P. Sieboldi, Regel, have been more or less cultivated for their fruits and used as stocks for the common apple in China and Japan. Some of these Asiatic crab-apples are promising, also, for hybridization with the common apple and the Siberian crab. Five types of native crab-apples grow in North America. None of these has sufficient merit to recommend it to pomologists in regions where the common apple grows, but one, the Soulard crab, P. Soulard, Bailey, probably a natural hybrid between P. Malus and P. zoensis is grown in the upper Missis- sippi Valley where only trees of great hardiness withstand the cold. A typical variety of this species is described as the Soulard crab by botanists. There is some promise of further amalgamation of the common apple and the native crab-apple to secure greater hardiness eh tree and longer keeping qualities in the Tuit. THE PEAR The innumerable varieties of pears, more than 4000, almost all come from a single species, P. communis. A second species, P. serotina, the Chinese Sand pear, furnishes per- haps a score of named sorts with showy fruits which keep well, but are scarcely edible un- cooked and of very indifferent quality in culinary preparations. This species, however, has added much to the pear flora of the world; for, when hybridized with the common pear, a plant is produced of remarkable vigor, clean in growth, productive, hardy, and almost im- mune to the dreaded pear-blight, which yields a fruit suitable for culimary purposes and edible out of hand, if properly ripened. The well-known Kieffer is typical of these hybrids. A third species, P. nivalis, the Snow pear, is grown sparingly in parts of Europe for the making of pear cider, but is not of sufficient importance to warrant discussion in a pom- ological text. 3. Pyrus communis, Linn. Common Pear. A vig- orous, upright tree attaining a height of 80 feet and a diameter of 4 feet, usually with an oblong or pyramidal and rather compact top; bark on old trees rough with rather large persistent scales. Leaves 2-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, oblong-ovate, thin, hard and veiny; upper surface dark green, glabrous; lower surface light green, glabrous; apex acuminate; margin, crenate- serrate or entire, never setose-serrate; petiole 1 to 2 inches long, becoming glabrous. Flowers 1-2 inches across, white, appearing with the leaves, borne in 4-12 umbel-like clusters on slender pedicels; calyx persistent or rarely deciduous; stamens 15-20. Fruit exceedingly variable under cultivation, usually pyriform, sometimes round-conic, turbinate or occasionally round-oblate ; green, yellow, red or russet, or combinations of these colors; flesh of fruits ripening on the tree with few THE PEAR or many grit-cells. Seeds 1-3 in a cell, sometimes abortive or wanting, large, brown or brownish, often tufted at the tips. Botanists describe several botanical varieties, and some would separate from the species a number of garden forms. In the present state of botanical knowledge of the species, however, the pomologist may best classify pomological varieties under the type species. Pyrus communis now grows naturally in all but the coldest and warmest parts of Europe and Asia. It probably came originally from the Caucasian countries and northern Persia, where, in elevated regions, there are now for- ests of wild pears; or, possibly, the original center of distribution was in Cashmere and the northwestern Himalayas where there are also pear forests. The tree grows spontaneously as an escape from orchards in nearly all re- gions where the pear is generally cultivated, but sparingly in North America, because kept down by pear-blight. The common pear has been cultivated from time immemorial. The ancient Greeks had several varieties; Pliny, the Roman naturalist, describes forty-one varieties. The pear is men- tioned in France, Germany and Great Britain almost with the first written records of agri- culture, and it came to America with the earliest permanent settlers in the northern states. The French brought the pear to Can- ada and Michigan, and pear-trees said to be two hundred years old are yet standing about mission sites of the French along the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes to Detroit, Michigan. The pear is now grown in the temperate regions of the whole civilized world, not so commonly planted as the apple only because less easily managed in the orchard, less adaptable to soils and climates, and more susceptible to pests, especially the pear-blight, which takes prodigious toll from this fruit in the pear-regions of the New World. In North America, pears thrive particularly well only in the states north of Maryland and west to Wisconsin and in the Pacific states. The climate of the southern states is uncon- genial to this fruit, being too hot, while that of the Mississippi Valley and Great Plains is too hot in the summer and too cold in the winter. Blight, also, is more virulent in these regions than in those first named, and makes pear-culture precarious even where climate favors. California and New York are the lead- ing pear-growing states, in both of which re- gions the pear industry is handicapped by blight. Pear-growing began in America as an avoca- tion for men of means, leisure, and taste. Its period of greatest activity began early in the nineteenth century and passed before the close of the century, during most of which time the pear was the center of interest in American fruit circles. In the first half of the last cen- tury many new varieties of pears were intro- duced from Europe, and a considerable number originated on this side of the Atlantic. In 1859, T. W. Field, in his Pear Culture, gave a THE PEAR list of 854 pears, of which 686 originated in Europe and 168 in America. The great Ameri- can pomologists of the nineteenth century— Manning, the Downings, Wilder, Berckmans, Hovey, Barry, and Thomas—were more inter- ested in the pear than in any other fruit. _ For many years past, however, the pear, in comparison with the apple, peach, plum, or cherry, has been losing in popularity. There are now few good collections in the country; nurserymen list fewer and fewer varieties; the pear is now less and less used as a dessert fruit, the product being largely used in canning. Pear-culture is failing in America for the reasons that the pear is not well adapted to the American climate; that cultural and com- mercial conditions make it more difficult to grow than other fruits; and that the formidable disease, blight, remains unchecked by any of the remedies now in use. Owing to the decline in pear-growing, many of the varieties described in this text cannot now be purchased from nurserymen. All have been cultivated on this continent, however, and many old trees of all varieties still exist. Some, it is to be hoped, will be reintroduced for home orchards, if not for commercial planta- tions. 4. Pyrus serotina, Rehd. Tree vigorous, upright, attaining a height of 20-50 feet, the branchlets becoming glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong, sometimes ovate, 3-5 inches long, rounded at the base, long acuminate, sharply setose-serrate; lower surface cobwebby but be- coming glabrous. Flowers white, borne in 6-9-flowered umbellate-racemose clusters; calyx-lobes long-acuminate, glandulose denticulate; petals oval, short-clawed ; stamens about 20; styles 4 or 5, glabrous. Fruit subglobose, russet-brown; stalk slender; calyx deciduous. Pomologists are interested in the type species, which comes from central and western China, only as a possible source of blight- resistant stocks for varieties of the common pear. Stocks from the species were introduced some years ago on the Pacific slope, but have proved unsatisfactory because difficult to bud, very susceptible to leaf-blight, and not im- mune to pear-blight. Rehder, an authority on Pyrus, gives two botanical varieties, one of which is most important to pomologists, having given, as a hybrid with the common pear, a new and very distinct type of pear. This variety is described as follows: Var. culta, Rehd. Sand Pear. Japanese Pear. Chi- nese Pear. Tree strong and rapid in growth, with strong thick shoots. Leaves very large, often 6 inches long and 3-4 inches broad, broadly ovate and long- pointed, very dark green; margins setose-serrate, the teeth very sharp, almost bristle-like. Flowers very large, appearing somewhat in advance of the foliage. Fruit apple-shaped or pyriform, more or less rough, with a well-marked cavity about the stem; calyx usually de- ciduous; flesh tough, gritty and poor in flavor. The sand pear differs from the type in its larger and differently shaped fruits and much larger, greener leaves. It comes from Japan, where it must have been early introduced from China, and where it is now the most common fruit-tree with the exception of the persimmon. There are several pomological varieties in Japan, although they differ less from each THE QUINCE 11 other than varieties of the European pear. The fruits are little liked by those who have the common pear, although they are attractive in appearance, long keepers, and not unpalat- able in some culinary preparations. Several Japanese pears have been introduced into America, and their apple-like fruits are not uncommon, being readily distinguished from apples by their deciduous calyces, rough skins, long stems, gritty flesh, and potato-like flavor. These Japanese pears hybridize freely with the common pear, and several valuable hybrids are now widely and commonly grown in North America, Kieffer, Le Conte, and Garber, in the order named, being the best known. These hybrids are much stronger in growth, more blight-resistant, more productive, and more rapid in growth than the common pear; the fruits are more pyriform and of much better flavor than those of the oriental parent; the calyx in the hybrid is sometimes persistent and sometimes deciduous. They do not make good stocks and intergraft but poorly with the common pear. Of all pear-trees, these are handsomest in growth, making excellent orna- mental plants. Several other oriental pears are being tested in the United States as stocks for named varie- ties of the common pear. Seedlings of the common pear have been used in the past as stocks, but these are susceptible to blight, lack in vigor, and the seedlings are not uniform. Search is being made for an oriental pear that does not have these defects and those of European stocks. Some of the species intro- duced from China for stocks are cultivated in their native country for their fruits, and it may be expected that hybrids between these and the common pear will give new types of this fruit. THE QUINCE The common quince belongs to the genus Cydonia, which differs from Pyrus chiefly in the fruits. Thus, the pomes of Cydonia are harder than those of Pyrus; the quince has a woolly surface while that of the apple and pear is smooth; the sepals at the apex of the quince are more leaf-like than those of the apple and pear; the five carpels of the quince contain many seeds, those of species of Pyrus but few; the testa of quince seeds abounds in a gum having mucilaginous and demulcent properties, while there is little or no gum in seeds of the apple and pear; the stem of the quince is so short as to appear to be wanting, while the stem of the apple and pear is dis- tinct and often long. Cydonia contains only the species now to be described. Cydonia oblonga, Mill. Common Quince. Small trees or shrubs 15-20 feet in height, with slender unarmed branches. Leaves alternate, oblong-oval, entire, pubescent beneath, petioled, stipulate, 2-4 inches long. Flowers white or tinged with pink, large, 2 inches in diameter, showy, terminal on short leafy branchlets; petals 5; stamens numerous; styles 5, free; ovary with 5 cells each containing many seeds, Fruit large, round or pear- shaped, yellow, woolly, with hard yellow flesh which becomes pink after cooking. 12 THE JAPANESE QUINCE The Japanese quince, now put in the genus Chenomeles, was long included in Cydonia. It is easily distinguished by the serrate or crenate papery leaves and styles united at the base. The species has been divided into several botanical varieties, but only the type is of interest to pomologists. The quince is of but secondary importance in fruit-growing, since it is only sparingly used for culinary purposes. The fruit deserves, how- ever, much more attention than is given it in domestic economy, for it is second to no other for marmalades, jellies, and conserves of all kinds, and is much used for flavoring prepara- tions of apples and pears. There are but few varieties and there seems to be little or no interest in increasing the number, although the quince offers great possibilities in hybrid- ization within the species and with the Japanese quince, while interesting hybrids between the quince and the pear are recorded. Quince stocks are much used whereon to graft the pear, to dwarf the tree and increase the size of the fruit and hasten its bearing. The quince is a native ef the Mediterranean and Caucasus regions, and in ancient times grew abundantly in Crete, deriving from Cydon in that country the name Cydonia. From ancient Greece, it was taken to Rome before the Christian era, for the writers of the first century mention it as if it were a common fruit. The Romans knew the quince as the cotonea, a name to be found in old English as well as in Latin. Spreading from Italy, it was soon cultivated, as agriculture advanced step by step, throughout the mild climates of Europe. In 812, its culture was enjoined by Charlemagne in France under the name coing. Chaucer speaks of the quince in the latter part of the fourteenth century in England, calling it coine from the French. Early Spanish, English, French, and Dutch settlers brought the quince to America. THE JAPANESE QUINCE Four species of Chenomeles are grown for their handsome flowers, and one, C. lagenaria, is of some value also for its fruit and offers a good field for the plant-breeder. Through hybridization and selection, it is possible that other species of the genus might be made to yield fruits of value. Chenomeles lagenaria, Koid. Japanese Quince. Shrub 8-6 feet high, with spreading, spiny branches. Leaves sub-persistent or deciduous, alternate, oblong-ovate, glossy above, papery, 114-3 inches long. Flowers in clusters of 2-6, red or reddish, 114-2 inches across; calyx-lobes entire or serrate; petals 5; stamens nu- merous; styles 5, united at the base. Fruit 5-celled, each cell with many seeds; globular or ovoid; yellowish- green; stem lacking. There are many ornamental forms, most of which bear quinces esteemed for jellies, con- serves, and other culinary purposes. The dark, green fruits are very hard, but contain a rich, aromatic, lemon-like juice which makes a jelly of very pleasing flavor. The fruits are further characterized by a strong, distinctive odor, to THE JUNEBERRY most people very pleasant, which it imparts to other fruits when cooked with them. The species is a native of China and Japan, but has long been cultivated in Europe and Amer- ica. THE JUNEBERRY Under the names juneberry, shad-bush, service-berry, sugar-pear, and grape-pear, or their equivalents in other languages, the fruits of some twenty-five or thirty species of Amelanchier are used for food in all parts of the North Temperate Zone. While very dis- tinct in aspect of tree and fruit, Amelanchier and Pyrus have few structural differences, the two genera being separated chiefly by reason of the fact that the compound ovary in Amelanchier has partial divisions which are Ss y 3. Juneberry. (<4) lacking in the ovary of Pyrus. The species are so closely related, with numerous spontane- ous hybrids—from which, indeed, they are hardly to be distinguished—that it serves the uses of pomologists to characterize the genus alone, without giving detailed descriptions. of the several species which have pomological possibilities. (Fig. 3.) Amelanchier. Shrubs or small trees, unarmed. Leaves simple, alternate, petioled, serrate. Flowers white, racemose or rarely solitary; calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the tube campanulate and adnate to the ovary; petals 5, obovate, oblong or rarely linear; stamens numerous, short; styles 5, united below; ovary inferior, 5-celled, each cell with two ovules; cells with a projection grow- ing from the back forming a false partition. Fruit an edible berry-like pome with a cavity at the top; sweet and juicy; ripening in early summer. The species of interest to fruit-growers are all natives of temperate North America. The product of one or another of them plays an important part in the diet of North American Indians, who make use of the berries both fresh and dried. So, also, juneberries have been a source of food supply to explorers, pros- pectors, and pioneers, who testify to their value as pleasing dessert fruits. Juneberries are as yet little used where they must compete with other fruits, although they have many qualities to commend them for domestication. The fruit of the juneberry is a small pome THE MEDLAR or apple, usually with five cells, each more or less completely divided into two parts so that there appear to be ten cells. The pomes of some species are no larger than a pea, while in the best strains of other species they attain the size of a small crab-apple. They vary in color from dark red to a purplish-blue or black and all have more or less bloom. The several juneberries are exceedingly variable in their fruits, suggesting high potentialities in the domestication of the best of the wild species. They differ much in the character of the plants, some species being dwarf shrubs with many stems, while others are small trees with straight, slender trunks, the largest of which attain a height of forty feet and a diameter of eight or ten inches. All are hardy, and at least two of them give promise of making most desirable domesticated plants in regions too cold for any, or but few, other fruits. June- berries thrive under the same care as that given the apple or pear. The genus shows wide adaptation to soils and moisture condi- tions; in temperate regions there are few lo- calities where other fruits are grown in which some one or several of the juneberries would not thrive. Strains of several species have been brought under cultivation, some of which have been named and sparingly disseminated by nursery- men. So far, all of the cultivated varieties have come from the bush-like species, most of them from A. alnifolia. One of the first named sorts to be sent out was Success, a dwarf strain probably of A. canadensis, in- troduced by H. E. Van Deman, then of Kansas, about 1878; this variety seems to be no longer cultivated. Several western nurserymen now offer strains of A. alnifolia under the names Improved Dwarf Juneberry, Dwarf Mountain Juneberry, and Western Huckleberry. These named varieties are selected strains from wild plants, no one as yet having set out to improve juneberries. There are many distinct forms in the wild, some of them supposed to be natural hybrids, offering opportunities for selection in the amelioration of the species for the garden. There is no reason to believe that the species will not hybridize as freely as other members of the rose family. Juneberries are readily propagated from seeds and no doubt all would yield to budding and grafting. They are said to be easily budded on the hawthorn. At present, suckers are used in propagating the species. THE MEDLAR The medlar, or mespil, is a small, handsome tree belonging to the genus Mespilus which bears edible fruits. The genus is closely re- lated to Crataegus and Pyrus. It is separated from Crataegus by its large flowers, which are borne singly and have leaf-like sepals, and by its stemless fruits. It differs from Pyrus, with which it is sometimes classed, in bearing its flowers singly on leafy shoots of the current year’s growth; in having an open-topped, over- growing receptacle which does not cover the THE MEDLAR 13 ovaries; and in its apparently stemless fruits. There is but one species. Mespilus germanica, Linn. Medlar. Mespilus. Plant a small tree attaining a height of 25 feet, sometimes shrub-like, the wild plants thorny, cultivated varieties thornless. Leaves simple, nearly sessile, oblong-lance- olate or oblong, pubescent, serrate. Flowers large and sessile on short, leafy shoots, white or pink, pubescent outside; styles iy glabrous and distinct. Fruit a round- ish or top-shaped pome with the 5 leaf-like sepals persistent; receptacle hollowed as in the apple and pear, but not completely inclosing the carpels; the 5 carpels having a hard, bony wall protecting the single seed within, At least two botanical varieties are named, one a large-fruited form, and the other seedless, both of which, from the descriptions given, might well be considered pomological varieties. The medlar is a native of Europe, being found wild in many parts of central and southern Europe and even in England, where, however, it is probably an escape from cultivation. It is thought to be indigenous to south-central 4. Dutch Medlar. (X14) Europe eastward to the Caucasus. The medlar is said to hybridize with the hawthorns. The medlar, it seems, held a much higher place among fruits in the Middle Ages than now. It was used as a preserve and to season meats. The fruit was the foundation of the famous preserve known in Orléans, France, as cotignac, which was always offered a French sovereign when he entered the town, and which was the first present made to Joan of Are when she led her troops into that city. The fruit is somewhat common in the markets of France, very common in Germany, and some- times is to be found on fruit-stalls in England. Medlars are to be seen in many door-yard plantations in the South Atlantic and Gulf states in the United States, but are seldom seen northward, although they are hardy as far north as Geneva, New York. In parts of Florida, the medlar is very common, being used as a hedge-plant as well as a fruit-plant, and is frequently found in a semi-wild state. When plants or seeds were first brought to America is not known; American pomologies and horticultural magazines give but scant and fragmentary information on the subject. It seems certain, however, that the plant has 14 THE MEDLAR been known in the South, especially about New Orleans, for two centuries at least, prob- ably brought there from France by French Jesuits. The tree is small but handsome; often, es- pecially in the North, it is a much-branched, twiggy shrtib. In central New York it bears showy white blossoms late in May or early in June, when the soft, luxuriant foliage is well out. The roundish or top-shaped fruit is red- dish-brown with firm, austere flesh which is unpalatable until mellowed and sweetened by frost or decay. After the period of decay, called in England bletting, the fruit has a rich subacid flavor much prized by those accus- tomed to it. Medlar stocks may be grown from seed; or the varieties may be budded or grafted on the THE MEDLAR pear, quince, or thorn. Usually the seeds will not grow the first year, but require stratifica- tion through this period. Three varieties are grown in England, compiled descriptions of which are herewith given. DUTCH. Tree weeping, very handsome and much used as an ornamental. Leaves large, soft, luxuriant. Flowers very large and showy. Fruit large, 214 inches in diameter, ripening in October, edible before Christmas ; not the best in quality, but the most generally grown because of the tree. ROYAL. Tree more upright, with smaller leaves than the former; more productive. Fruit smaller and scarcely as good as that of Dutch. NOTTINGHAM. Tree of upright growth, fewer branches and sparser foliage than in the two former. Fruit smaller, brisker and better flavored, being the best of the medlars. Nottingham is sometimes called the small-fruited medlar to distinguish it from Dutch which is called the large-fruited or monstrous. CHAPTER III VARIETIES Probably not less than 2500 apples have been named or described in America. Possibly twice as many more names have appeared in the horticultural literature of the world. Com- mercial fruit-growing demands few varieties, and with the change from the growing of fruit for personal use and pleasure to the commer- cial orecharding which is taking place in America, the number of apples under culti- vation annually grows less, until it is doubtful whether as many as 300 names appear in current literature; in fact, a count of varieties offered by nurserymen in 1920 shows only about 200, not a few of which are recent intro- ductions that ought not to be considered es- tablished sorts. In this text, only standard varieties are described—those grown exten- sively for home or market at the present time; those that are generally on probation among fruit-growers or experiment stations; and a few old sorts that have historical value or are still to be found in old orchards. All full descriptions were made at the Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, while the ab- breviated ones have been compiled. 5. Akin. (X%) AKIN. Fig. 5. Akin Red. Akin is a hand- some dark red, late winter-apple of medium size and very good quality. It is adapted to south- ern regions, though the fruits usually mature as far north as central New York. It succeeds best in the Middle West and on rich warm soils. Akin is especially adapted to the needs of the fancy fruit trade. The variety origi- nated from seed planted near Lawrenceville, Illinois, in 1831 by W. J. Akin. Tree upright-spreading, dense, vigorous; branches long, stout. Leaves large, broad. Fruit medium, round-ob- late, often irregular, slightly ribbed, sides sometimes unequal; stem long, slender; cavity obtuse, broad, shal- low, often distinctly furrowed and corrugated; skin tough, smooth, yellow, blushed and striped with bright deep red, in well-colored specimens almost completely red; dots small, white; calyx-tube conical; stamens OF APPLES median; core abaxile, open or partly closed; core-lines meeting; carpels elliptical, emarginate; seeds dark brown, long, narrow, acute, numerous; flesh yellow, crisp, coarse, tender, very juicy, subacid, aromatic; good to very good; January to June. ALBEMARLE. See Green Newtown. 6. Alexander. (X14) ALEXANDER. Fig. 6. Aporta. Alexan- der has many merits but some faults. Merits of the trees are vigor, hardiness, productiveness, earliness and regularity of bearing; of the fruits, ‘ large size and handsome appearance. The chief fault of the tree is susceptibility to blight. The apples fail in being coarse in texture and so poor in quality as to be suitable only for culinary purposes; in ripening unevenly and so requiring several pickings; in dropping prematurely; and in not keeping well in either common or cold storage. The variety is much used as a filler in some apple regions, and as a permanent tree where hardiness is a determi- nant. Its cultivation is everywhere common in northern apple regions. Alexander was in- troduced into England in 1817; when into America is not known. Tree large, vigorous, with long stout branches, upright- spreading, open, somewhat drooping. Fruit large, uni- form in size and shape, round-conic to oblate-conic, reg- ular or approaching broadly angular, symmetrical; stem short, thick; cavity acute, deep, broad, symmetrical, oc- casionally lipped, russeted, often with broad, conspicu- ous outspreading russet rays; calyx large, open; lobes short, narrow, acute; basin small, deep, narrow, abrupt, smooth, symmetrical; skin thick, tough, smooth, glossy, waxen, pale yellow deepening to orange-yellow in the sun, overspread with lively red or striped and splashed with carmine; dots inconspicuous, scattering ; prevailing effect red or striped; calyx-tube variable, long, wide, conical; stamens median; core small, usually axile; cells closed or slightly open; core-lines clasping ; carpels elliptical, emarginate; seeds wide, short, plump, obtuse ; flesh faint yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; fair to good; September to November. 15 16 ANISIM ANISIM. According to N. E. Hansen, in charge of pomology at the South Dakota Ex- periment Station, Anisim is a most valuable apple in the northern states of the Great Plains. It seems not to be grown elsewhere in the United States. The variety is a Russian sort introduced into Canada about 1885. The fol- lowing is the description given by Hansen: “Tree a strong grower in the nursery and orchard and a prodigious bearer; young trees upright, spreading with age; limbs long, slender with a very strong shoul- der; leaves narrow, pointed, dark green. The beautiful color of the fruit attracts favorable attention. Fruit below medium, roundish-conical, slightly angular; sur- face greenish-yellow, covered almost wholly with a beau- tiful dark crimson, with heavy blue bloom; dots white, minute; cavity regular, acute, usually slightly russeted ; stem medium; basin narrow, very shallow, corrugated, sometimes flat ; calyx closed. Core closed, clasping ; tube short, broad; stamens median; flesh greenish-white, with green veins, good; early winter.” ARCTIC. Arctic, as the name implies, is an apple for cold climates, much hardier than Baldwin or Northern Spy, but not so hardy as several of the Russian apples. The trees are vigorous, healthy, and usually productive; but the fruit, while pleasing in appearance, is far from good in quality. Arctic originated as a seedling on the farm of John H. Esseltyne, Cape Vincent, New York, about 1862. Tree a moderate grower, spreading and open, with long, stout branches. Leaves large, dark green, broad and thick. Fruit large, oblate, sometimes round-conic, often faintly ribbed, uniform in size and shape; stem short and thick; cavity shallow, broad, usually sym- metrical or furrowed and having outspreading rays of red or green-russet; calyx large, segments broad, ob- tuse, closed; basin abrupt, wide and deep, often com- pressed or furrowed and corrugated ; skin smooth, slightly roughened by light russet or white dots, deep yellow almost wholly covered with bright red obscuring stripes of deeper red; calyx-tube short, conical; stamens me- dian; core medium, axile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly round to obcordate, emarginate, tufted; seeds often abortive, large, flat, ob- tuse, sometimes tufted, dark; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, juicy, mild subacid; good in quality; October to February. ARKANSAS. Mammoth Black Twig. Ar- kansas Black. Arkansas is a large, dull, deep red, striped, late-keeping winter-apple of good quality, much grown in the South and South- west. In the North the fruits are usually small, poorly colored, and otherwise undeveloped. North and South, the trees are unproductive. Arkansas was grown from a seed planted in 1833 near Rhea Mills, Arkansas. It resembles Winesap, of which it may be a seedling, and Paragon, to which it is similar. It is often con- fused with Arkansas Black because of similarity in name. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading ; branches large, crooked, stout, open. Fruit large, uniform in size, round to conic, sometimes oblate, broadly ribbed, uniform in shape; stem long or short, stout; cavity acute, wide, medium in depth, green, often much russeted, sometimes indistinctly furrowed ; calyx small, closed; basin abrupt, wide, deep, broadly furrowed or wavy; skin smooth, dull green, often becoming deep yellow, overspread with a dull deep red, obscurely striped with darker red; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; calyx-tube conical; sta- mens median; core axile, closed; core-lines clasping ; carpels broadly ovate, deeply emarginate, tufted; seeds few, variable, long, narrow, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, very firm, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, crisp; good; December to May. BAILEY SWEET ARKANSAS BLACK. Arkansas Black Twig. Arkansas Black is a beautiful dark red, late-keeping apple of very good quality. Un- fortunately, the trees are so unproductive as to make the variety hardly worth planting, even for home use. It is profitably grown only in the South and Southwest. The variety originated in Benton County, Arkansas, about 1870. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open; branches long, slender. Fruit medium or rarely large, uniform in size and shape, nearly round; cavity acute, small, sometimes lipped, partly russeted; calyx small, closed; basin obtuse, shallow, slightly furrowed, faintly cor- rugated; skin smooth, waxy, yellow covered with a lively red deepening to almost black on the exposed side; dots small, inconspicuous; calyx-tube conical; stamens marginal; core small, abaxile, closed or partly open; core-lines clasping; carpels concave, roundish, emar- ginate; seeds plump, short, obtuse, dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid ; good to very good; December to April or later. BABBITT. Western Baldwin. If the fruit were not quite so acid, and the trees were more productive and more regular in bearing, Bab- bitt would be rated as a valuable variety. The apples are large and often strikingly handsome, while the trees are hardy, healthy, vigorous, and productive. The variety is of value as a culinary fruit, since the apples retain their sprightly subacid flavor throughout late win- ter. It is grown most largely in the Mississippi Valley. Babbitt is a seedling of Baldwin grown by C. W. Babbitt, Woodford County, Illinois, about 1845. Tree very vigorous, spreading, open; branches stout, often crooked. Leaves large, broad, dark green, thick. Fruit large, round-oblate, angular and irregular; stem short ; cavity obtuse to acute, shallow, broad, russeted ; calyx closed; basin abrupt, deep, furrowed, corrugated ; skin bright, pale yellow with mottled red cheek, striped with bright carmine; calyx-tube conical; stamens me- dian; core small, axile, closed; core-lines clasping; car- pels broad, round, truncate; seeds dark brown, small ; flesh yellow, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, sprightly sub- acid; good to very good; November to May. BAILEY SWEET. Howard's Sweet. De- spite many faults, Bailey Sweet is largely grown in many parts of America because of its rich, sweet fruits—agreeable to all who like sweet apples. The trees lack vigor, health, and hardi- ness,—defects offset somewhat by productive- ness and regularity in bearing. The fruits are susceptible to the scab fungus, do not keep well, are often malformed, and are not uniform in size. The origin of the variety is not known, further than that it was disseminated from Perry, New York. The first description was published by Thomas in 1849. Tree upright-spreading, open ; branches slender. large. Fruit large, round-conic, or oblate, ribbed ob- scurely, symmetrical, sides elliptical, uniform in size and shape; stem short; cavity acute, deep, furrowed, sometimes with sides compressed or lipped, often with thin golden-brown russet ; calyx closed, small with short obtuse lobes; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, furrowed or corrugated, often with mammiform protuberances ; skin tender, smooth, clear bright yellow covered with deep red, mottled or striped with darker red, often with irregularly netted markings and dots; calyx-tube funnel- shape, wide limb; stamens median; core axile, closed; core-lines clasping; carpels elliptic, emarginate; seeds large, long, acute; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, ten- der, juicy, sweet, agreeable in flavor; very good in quality ; October to January or later. Leaves BALDWIN BALDWIN. Fig. 7. Pecker. Steele’s Red Winter. Woodpecker. Baldwin is the standard winter apple of eastern America, and is more largely grown than any other variety of this fruit on the continent. It takes its high rank from several characters, chief of which is adap- tability to a great diversity of soils and cli- mates. Other good qualities are: the fruits keep long; are uniformly large; when well grown, are attractive in color; the quality, while not of the best, is good; and the apples, because of firm texture and thick skin, stand handling and shipping well; this fact makes it the standard variety for both home and foreign markets. The trees are vigorous, long-lived, healthy, and remarkably productive, individual trees not infrequently bearing twenty barrels of apples, and the crop is usually uniform. The trees are faulty in bearing biennially, in falling a little below the average of the species in 7. Baldwin. (X%4) hardiness, and in being susceptible in both fruit and foliage to the apple-scab fungus. Baldwin originated about 1740 as a chance seedling on the farm of John Ball, Wilmington, Massachu- setts. Tree large, very vigorous, upright-spreading ; branches stout. Leaves large. Fruit large, round-conie to round- oblong, often faintly ribbed or irregular, uniform in shape; stem medium to long; cavity acute, deep, broad, often furrowed, sometimes compressed, sometimes lipped, often russeted with outspreading rays of russet or green; calyx small, closed or open, with long lobes, acuminate ; basin abrupt, narrow to wide, often furrowed, corrugated ; skin tough, smooth, light yellow, blushed and mottled with red, striped with deep carmine; dots gray, de- pressed, small and numerous toward the basin, conspicu- ous towards the cavity; calyx-tube conical, short and wide with projection of fleshy pistil point into its base; stamens basal; core medium, axile, closed or parily open; core-lines meeting; carpels round-ovate, emar- ginate, tufted; seeds variable, large, long, acute, dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, agreeably subacid, sprightly, aromatic; good to very good; November to March or April. BANANA: See Winter Banana. BANKS. Banks Gravenstein. Banks is a bright red Gravenstein, differing in no other im- portant particular than color. Some say that the apples are smaller, less ribbed, and more regular in shape. Banks is a bud-variation of Gravenstein, first noticed and propagated by C. E. Banks, Berwick, Kings County, Nova Scotia, about 1880. BELMONT 17 Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open. Fruit large, uniform in size but not in shape, oblate or round, somewhat irregular, broad at the base, angular, narrow to broad, irregularly russeted; calyx large, open or closed, with lobes large, long, very broad, acute; basin irregular, wide, obtuse to abrupt, wrinkled; skin thin, tender, rough, greenish-yellow or orange-yellow overlaid with broken stripes of light and dark red; dots few, small, light; prevailing effect yellow striped; calyx tube large, conical; stamens median; core medium in size, strongly abaxile; cells open; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels broad-ovate, emarginate ; seeds large, long, plump, acute, brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aro- matic; very good to best; late September to early November. BAXTER. Baxter's Red. Red Pound. The bluish bloom, large areolar dots, large size, form, color, and the flesh and flavor of the fruits of Baxter, all indicate close relationship to Blue Pearmain. In quality, the apples are only fair, but immunity to fungi and the great hardiness of the trees make the variety de- sirable in regions too cold for Baldwin or Northern Spy. Baxter came into local repute at Brockville, Ontario, about 1800. Tree productive, very vigorous, upright-spreading, open; branches long, stout. Leaves large. Fruit large to very large, round-conic, faintly ribbed, sides often unequal, axis sometimes oblique; stem short; cavity large, deep, acute, partly russeted, furrowed; calyx small, closed or partly open; basin oblique, shallow to deep, narrow, obtuse, furrowed, corrugated; skin thick, tough, roughened by russet dots, pale yellow mottled and blushed with bright red deepening to darker shades, splashed and striped with purplish-red; dots numerous, conspicuous, areolar; bloom heavy; prevailing effect red or striped red; calyx-tube large, elongated, funnel-form ; stamens median to marginal; core abaxile, open; core- lines clasping; carpels elongated-ovate, emarginate, tufted; seeds numerous, small, wide, plump, obtuse, tufted, dark brown; flesh yellow, sometimes stained with red, firm, breaking, coarse, tender, juicy, mild, subacid, aromatic; fair to good; November to January. BEACH. Apple of Commerce. Beach has been widely distributed in the United States and Canada, and is now offered by many nurserymen. It is not likely to become widely grown, and yet it should be known for its late-keeping fruits. The apples are pleasant to eat—hardly among the best—but are not attractive in form or color. The variety was first described in Arkansas in 1898. Tree large, vigorous, productive, round, dense; branches stocky. Leaves large, long; petioles red at base. Fruit medium in size and uniform in size and shape, round-obovate, sometimes oblate, regular, sym- metrical; stem slender; cavity acuminate, deep, wide, green or with outspreading russet, symmetrical; calyx closed; basin shallow to deep, obtuse, wide, furrowed, corrugated, often with mammiform protuberances; skin thick, tough, smooth, bright yellow, shaded and mottled with red and striped with dark carmine; dots incon- spicuous, small, gray; prevailing effect red or red striped; calyx-tube narrow, deep, conical, with fleshy projection of pistil point into its base; stamens median ; core axile, large, closed; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly ovate, emarginate; seeds large, narrow, long, acute; flesh yellow, very firm, coarse, subacid; fair to good in quality; very late. BELMONT. Golden Pippin. Wazen. This beautiful and choice cooking and dessert apple seems on the way to oblivion in the East, but is still rather commonly grown in the Pacific states as Waxen. Its chief faults are in the fruits, which bruise readily, do not keep well, and lack uniformity in size; but the trees fail also in that they are not reliably fruitful and 18 BEN DAVIS are subject to sun-scald and canker. Belmont originated in the garden of a Mrs. Beam, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, about 1800, but was introduced and named many years after from Belmont County, Ohio. Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, vigorous. Fruit medium or large, uniform in size and shape, round- oblong to oblate-conic, broadly and indistinctly ribbed, irregular; stem short, slender; cavity large, acuminate, deep, broad, wavy, irregular, usually with thin brown russet, sometimes lipped; calyx small, closed; basin shallow to deep, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, waxen, clear bright yellow with bright orange-red blush; dots whitish with minute russet point, often submerged, on the blushed portion becoming red areolar; prevailing color yellow ; calyx-tube long, elongated-cone-shaped; stamens marginal; core large, axile, sometimes closed; core-lines clasping ; earpels round-cordate, tufted; seeds long, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, sub- acid; very good; October to February. BEN DAVIS. Fig. 8. Baltimore Pippin. Kentucky Pippin. New York Pippin. Red Pippin. Victoria Pippin. Ben Davis has the high place in the South and Middle West that Baldwin holds in the North and East, and, even in the latter regions, it ranks among the leading half-dozen commercial apples. But for the fatal fault of poor quality, Ben Davis would probably surpass Baldwin as a commercial variety, since it is least of all apples subject to local preju- dices as to soils and climates, and about the latest in season, and since it stands shipping and handling better than any other standard apple. Nurserymen like the variety because the young trees make a rapid and _ presentable growth where those of other varieties often fail. 8. Ben Davis. The trees are vigorous, thrifty, hardy, healthy, bear young, annually, and abundantly, blos- som late, and are, all in all, ideal in every respect except that they are short-lived and produce small apples as they grow old. The apples are large, uniform in size and shape, and are handsomely mottled, striped and splashed with bright red on a yellow background. There are few more beautiful apples. Looks belie the taste, however, as the fruits are poor in quality, though in the late spring they are acceptable for dessert, as they are at all times for cooking. The origin of Ben Davis is not known, but it has been cultivated in parts of the South since about 1800. It seems not to have been described until the 1857 edition of Downing’s great book. Tree medium in size, very vigorous, upright-spreading ; branches strong, with numerous short laterals and spurs, (X4%) BETHEL drooping. Leaves large. Fruit medium to large, vary- ing from conic to oblong, broad, rounded at the base, often elliptical or irregular, sides sometimes unequal, uniform in shape and in size; stem long, slender; cavity acute, deep, symmetrical, often with rays of thin greenish-russet; calyx closed, with short, acute lobes ; basin abrupt, medium in width and depth, obtuse, sometimes furrowed, usually oblique; skin tough, waxy, bright, smooth, glossy, yellow, mottled and washed with bright red, striped and splashed with carmine; dots inconspicuous, scattering; prevailing effect bright deep red, striped; calyx-tube short, cone-shaped, with a long cylinder, frequently with a fleshy projection of pistil point into its base; stamens median; core axile, closed or partly open; core-lines clasping ; carpels flat, obovate, emarginate, mucronate; seeds large, long, irregular, wide, plump, acute, dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, care, aromatic, juicy, mild subacid; good; January o June. BENONI. Fig. 9. Benoni falls short of being a most excellent market and home apple through the smallness of the fruits, and the unproductiveness and biennial bearing habit 9. Benoni. (X14) of the trees. When well grown it is a beautiful and delicious dessert apple. The variety originated at Dedham, Massachusetts, some- time before 1832, when it was first described. It is now chiefly grown in Illinois, Missouri, and neighboring states. erect or round-topped, dense. Fruit medium or small, round-conic, faintly ribbed toward the apex, sides unequal; stem short or very short, slender; cavity acute, narrow, deep, wavy, green- ish-russet; calyx small, partly open, pubescent; basin medium in width and depth, abrupt, wrinkled; skin smooth, orange-yellow, partly covered with red striped with carmine; dots scattering, minute, white; stamens basal; core small, axile; cells closed ; core-lines meeting ; carpels round, elongated, emarginate; seeds few, dark brown, medium in size, plump, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, fine-grained, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; good to very good; August and early September. BETHEL. Fig. 10. Bethel falls at once through its fruit and tree characters into the well-known Blue Pearmain group of apples. It is probably worth planting only in regions where Baldwin is injured by cold. The apples are bright dark red, uniform in size, fair in quality, and keep well, but do not ship well. The trees are vigorous, healthy, hardy, long- lived, fruitful, bear young and annually, but often lose the crop before picking time. The stem of Bethel is characteristically curved to one side. Culture of the variety is largely confined to the New England states. Bethel is often confused with Stone, but the two, as the descriptions show, are quite distinct. The variety originated at Bethel, Vermont, some time previous to 1886. Tree large, vigorous, BIETIGHEIMER 10. Bethel. (1%) Tree large, vigorous, round, spreading. Fruit large, Tound-conic, angular or irregularly elliptical; stem short, slender; cavity acuminate, deep, broad, sym- metrical, with red-russet often outspreading; calyx pubescent, large, open or closed; basin shallow, wide, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow, washed and mottled with red and striped with ecarmine, dark red in highly colored specimens; dots numerous, conspicuous, russet or light, many small and some large and areolar; calyx-tube very large, wide, funnel-shaped with a short cylinder; stamens median; core large, abaxile, open or closed; core-lines clasping ; carpels broad, round-ovate, emarginate, tufted; seeds large, wide, long, acute to acuminate, tufted, brown; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; fair to good; November to March. BIETIGHEIMER. Red _ Bietigheimer. The fruits are of largest size, for which and for their beauty of form and color, the variety is remarkable. On the other hand, the apples are coarse, poor in quality, and drop badly during the maturing period. The trees are hardy and healthy, and come into bearing early, but are among the unmanageables of orchard and nursery, and are seldom fruitful. The variety was introduced from Germany about 1870, and is now more or less grown in the colder parts of America. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, with drooping laterals. Fruit very large, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate, with broad, flat base, somewhat irregular; stem short, thick; cavity large, acute, wide, shallow, sometimes furrowed, occasionally lipped, often much russeted and with outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed, with narrow, acute lobes; basin shallow and obtuse to deep and abrupt, wrinkled, often marked with mammiform protuberances; skin thick, tough, smooth, pale yellow washed with pinkish-red, sparingly and obscurely splashed with deeper red; dots numerous, small, inconspicuous, yellow or russet; calyx-tube broadly conical; stamens basal; core medium to large, axile; cells partly open; core-lines clasping; carpels cordate or broadly roundish, tufted; seeds numerous, large, wide, broadly acute, light brown; flesh white, firm, very coarse, crisp, tough, juicy, subacid; fair to good; September and October. BISMARCK. Bismarck is of the type of the better-known Alexander. The quality of its fruit is so poor, that, were it not for several remarkable characters of the trees, the variety could hardly obtain standing with fruit- growers. The trees begin bearing as soon as established, often when one or two years set, sometimes in the nursery row; they are also hardy, healthy, productive, and annual in bear- ing; and have a dwarf habit, scarcely attain- ing the dignity of a tree, a fact which fits them admirably for fillers and for close plantings. BLACK GILLIFLOWER 19 The apples are large and handsome, but too poor in quality for even a good culinary fruit. Bismarck originated in the Province of Canter- bury, New Zealand, and was introduced into America from England about 1895. Its cul- ture is restricted in America to the northern states and Canada. Tree dwarf, spreading, open with very short, stout drooping branches. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate or round-conic, flattened at the base, regular, sides often unequal; stem short, thick; cavity large, acuminate, wide, deep, often compressed, green or russet with outspreading russet rays; calyx large, open, with short, broad, obtuse lobes; basin large, usually symmetrical, deep, wide, abrupt, sometimes broadly furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow washed, mottled and striped with two shades of red becoming solid dark red on the exposed cheek, overspread with thin bloom and often marked with scarf-skin about the base; dots minute, russet or large and pale gray; prevailing effect red; calyx-tube wide, broadly conical; stamens basal; core small, axile to abaxile; cells closed or open; core-lines meeting ; earpels flat, broadly ovate, tufted; seeds few, often abortive, wide, short, plump, obtuse, brown; flesh white, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, subacid; fair to good; October to early winter. BLACK BEN DAVIS.—Black Ben Davis is either a seedling or a bud-mutation of Ben Davis, from which it differs in bearing dark red apples scarcely broken in color, whereas in Ben Davis the red fruits are striped, splashed, and mottled. Despite the fact that the evidence seems to show that they are of distinct origin, Black Ben Davis and Gano may be considered identical. The variety is said to have orig- inated on the farm of M. Black, Washington County, Arkansas, about 1880. Its culture, as an apple of commerce at least, is restricted to its native state and the nearby states. 11. Black Gilliflower. (X%) BLACK GILLIFLOWER. Fig.11. Gilli- flower. Red Gillflower. Black Gilliflower, threatened with oblivion, is again being planted. The distinct form, color, flavor, and aroma of the apples, as pictured in the tech- nical description, mark it as an unusual and attractive fruit, fit for dessert, and excellent for cookery. The apples, eaten out of hand or however cooked, have a rare, sweet flavor and aroma, most agreeable to many. They are, also, usually perfect, uniform in size and shape, and keep very well in either cold- storage or the cellar. The trees are vigorous, healthy, and fruitful. Black Gilliflower was 20 BLUE PEARMAIN known in New England as early as the Revo- lutionary War; thence its culture has spread southward to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading. Leaves long. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and _ shape, oblong-conic, ribbed, axis sometimes oblique; stem long, thick; cavity acuminate, wide, lipped but usually symmetrical, with red-russet or greenish outspreading rays; calyx closed; basin often oblique, shallow and obtuse to deep and abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow, striped or covered with red, deepening to almost black, obscurely striped with darker crimson and with streaks of scarf-skin, giving the effect of dull bloom; dots numerous, gray, small, rough ; prevailing effect dull gray-purple; calyx-tube large, wide, cone-shape; stamens median; core large, axile, closed; core-lines clasping; carpels long-ovate, tapering both ways, emarginate, tufted; seeds often abortive, when developed of medium size, acuminate, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, tender, coarse, juicy becoming dry, mild good; subacid, rich, peculiarly aromatic, October to January or February. Ads 12. Blue Pearmain. (<4) BLUE PEARMAIN. Fig. 12. Blue Pear- main is characterized by its bluish bloom, deep purplish color, ribbed or sometimes fur- rowed surface, thick skin, the mild pleasant flavor of its fruits, and the hardiness of the trees—all of which characters it seems to have transmitted little changed to a numerous prog- eny. The fruit does not keep well, and the quality is not sufficiently high to make the variety worthy except where hardiness 1s neces- sary. Blue Pearmain is known to be at least a hundred years old, but is of uncertain origin. It was first described by Kenrick in 1833. The variety is widely grown only in New England. Tree large, vigorous, spreading. Leaves broad, coarsely serrated. Fruit large to very large, uniform in size and shape, round to oblate, inclined to conic, irregular, often obscurely ribbed, sometimes distinctly furrowed from the cavity nearly to the basin; stem short, thick ; cavity deep, obscurely furrowed, usually covered with orange-russet or greenish-russet ; calyx partly open, acute lobes; basin medium in depth and width, with con- centric gray or russet lines, obscurely furrowed; skin rough, yellow, washed and mottled with red, often deepening on one side to nearly solid red, splashed and striped with deep purplish-carmine and overspread with an abundant blue bloom; dots numerous, small, pale, mingled with others which are conspicuous, very large, gray with russet center and often also mingled with irregular lines or flecks of dull green or russet; calyx- tube elongated-conical; stamens basal; core large, axile, closed or open; core-lines clasping; carpels broad, elongated or round, tufted; seeds long, acuminate, light brown; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, juicy, mild, subacid, agreeably aromatic; good; October till March. BOGDANOFF GLASS. Bogdanoff. Sklan- ka. This variety may have some value in BONUM cold regions, since it is a hardy Russian sort. Unfortunately, the quality of the fruit is not high, but the apples are handsome in appear- ance and keep well. The variety was imported from Russia to America about 1880. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open; branches long, curved, stout. Leaves broad. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round-conic sometimes approaching round-oblate, obscurely ribbed, usually symmetrical, sometimes elliptical or irregular; stem short, thick, often swollen at the base, sometimes knobbed; cavity acuminate, shallow to deep, broad, furrowed, wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, waxy, glossy, green becoming bright pale yellow, occasionally with faint bronze blush ; dots numerous, inconspicuous, mostly submerged, white or green; calyx-tube large, long, cone-shaped; stamens median; core axile, closed or open; cells often unsym- metrical ; core-lines meeting or clasping ; carpels smooth, broadly obovate, emarginate; seeds light reddish-brown, smooth, wide, plump, obtuse to acute; flesh white, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; fair to good; November to February. BOIKEN. Boiken was one of the marvels of the American horticultural press at the close of the nineteenth century. The apples are most attractive in color—bright yellow with a beautiful blush—but the variety was heralded in this country chiefly because of the vigor, health, productiveness, hardiness and, more than all else, the early bearing habit of the trees. The leaves are distinctive because of their great size, rich green color, and im- munity to apple-scab. Unfortunately, the fruit 1s so austere as to be hardly fit to eat out of hand; even cooking does not sufficiently take away the sourness. The apples are in demand at evaporators, the cured product be- ing remarkable for its light color. The variety is now falling into disrepute. It is grown chiefly in cold regions, and where an early- bearing sort is wanted. Boiken came to America from Germany, where it has long been cultivated. Tree vigorous, spreading, dense; branches short, stout, crooked. Leaves large. Fruit medium to large, uniform in shape but uneven in size, oblate, broad at the base, conical, often ribbed, symmetrical; stem long; cavity obtuse, very broad, furrowed, sometimes compressed, partly colored with thin brownish-russet; calyx large, closed or open, acute lobes; basin oblique, wide, abrupt, deep, furrowed and wrinkled; skin tough, smooth, waxy, pale yellow, often with sharply contrasting bril- liant red blush; dots numerous, small, often red-areolar, with white or russet center, often submerged ; prevailing effect yellow with red blush; calyx-tube large, funnel- form, often extending to the core; stamens median; core large, open, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical ; core-lines clasping ; carpels concave, very broad, ellipti- eal, emarginate, tufted; seeds plump, obtuse to acute, dark; flesh white, firm, crisp, tender, fine-grained, very juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid, not high in quality; good; November to February or March, BONUM. Magnum Bonum. Bonum is a standard variety in the South, valued for its productive trees and the high quality of its apples, qualities which it attains only when grown under favorable conditions. The variety is of little value north of the Potomac and Ohio. It originated in Davidson County, North Carolina, about 1840. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading or round-topped, open. Fruit medium to large, oblate, regular; stem long, slender, green; cavity larze, deep, regular, often with a little green-russet; calyx large, closed; basin shallow, wrinkled; skin smooth, yellow, mostly cov- BOROVINKA ered with crimson and dark red, striped; dots distinct, large, light with some having a dark center; calyx-tube funnel-form ; stamens marginal; core small; cells closed ; core-lines meeting; carpels ovate; seeds numerous, large, plump; flesh white, often stained next to the skin firm, fine, tender, juicy, aromatic, mild subacid; very good; September to November. BOROVINKA. Barovitsky. Mushroom. This apple is very similar to the far better known Oldenburg and serves the same pur- poses. It was imported from Russia about 1875. Tree small size but vigorous, upright-spreading, open. Fruit medium to large, uniform in shape but not in size, round, flattened at the ends, regular or faintly ribbed; stem medium in length, thick; cavity acute, shallow, broad, furrowed, sometimes with faint radiat- ing rays of russet; calyx large, closed, with broad lobes; basin deep, wide, abrupt, furrowed, occasionally with mammiform protuberances; skin thin, very tender, smooth, pale yellow, often covered with broken stripes and irregular splashes of bright red, overspread with thin bloom; dots numerous, conspicuous, small, light colored; calyx-tube large, wide, urn-shape widening in the lower part of the cylinder; stamens median; core small, axile$ cells closed; core-lines clasping; carpels round, concave, mucronate; seeds large, wide, plump, obtuse, dark brown; flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic; good; mid-August to mid-September. BORSDORF. Borsdorfer. Borsdorf is con- sidered a first-class dessert apple in Europe, but in America falls far short of this rank. The tree, however, is very hardy and pro- ductive, and because of these characters the variety may well be planted in northern regions. It was introduced into America from Germany, probably about 1830. It is a very old sort, and some believe it to be the apple mentioned by Cordus in 1561. Tree moderately vigorous, round, dense; branches long, slender, with numerous small laterals. Leaves broad. Fruit medium to small, oblate, somewhat ribbed, sides unequal, uniform in size and shape; stem long, slender, often inclined obliquely; cavity shallow to deep, wide, obtuse, often furrowed and russeted; calyx large, partly open; basin shallow, wide and obtuse, ridged and wrinkled; skin yellow, partly washed with dull light scarlet and orten marl-* with streaks of russet and inconspicuous capillary-netted russet lines; dots scat- tering, large and irregular, gray or russet; calyx-tube Short, wide, cone-shape, with a fleshy projection of the pistil into its base; stamens marginal; core small, axile, closed; core-lines meeting; carpels broad, narrowing sharply towards the apex, truncate at base, emarginate ; seeds numerous, small, plump, acute, compactly filling the cells; flesh yellow, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, subacid, aromatic; fair to good; November to February. BOSKOOP. Belle de Boscoop. Well grown, Boskoop is a handsome fall apple with considerable merit as a market fruit for culi- nary purposes. The variety is capricious as to soils, however, and probably is worth plant- ing only in regions where its great hardiness makes it valuable. It is said to have originated from seed planted at Boskoop, Holland, in 1856. The first account of it in America was published in the Montreal Horticultural Report in 1881. Tree large, vigorous, open, wide-spreading ard drooping ; branches long, stout, crooked, lateral branches numer- ous and small. Leaves large, broad. Fruit large, oblate, or round-oblate, obscurely ribbed, sometimes with oblique axis, uniform in size and shape; stem short and thick, sometimes long; cavity large, acute, furrowed, often irregular, deep, russeted; calyx large, segments long or very long, acuminate, closed or open, separated at the base; basin abrupt, narrow, shallow to deep, BUCKINGHAM 21 furrowed; skin dull green or yellow, blushed and mot- tled with red striped with deeper red, roughened with Tusset flecks, often irregularly overspread with russet ; dots small, gray, mingled with others which are large, irregular and russet; calyx-tube large, cone-shape; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells often unsym- metrical, closed or open; core-lines clasping; carpels round or obcordate, tufted; seeds when well developed long, irregular, obtuse, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, crisp, brisk subacid; good to very good; September to April. BOTTLE GREENING. Bottle Greening holds a place in the list of desirable apples because it can be grown particularly well in northern regions on sandy and gravelly soils, the trees, on such sites, bearing annually and abundantly. The apples are fit for dessert and are excellent for cookery, but, because of tenderness of skin and flesh, are not of much value for the market; they scald badly in cold-storage. Bottle Greening originated as a chance seedling on the dividing-line between New York and Vermont, where it came into fruit nearly a hundred years ago. The original tree was hollow, and workmen found it a convenient place for the “bottle,” hence the name. Its culture is restricted to cold regions. Tree medium in size, vigorous, round and open; branches long, stout, crooked, with yellowish bark. Leaves broad. Fruit medium to large, round-oblate to ovate, sometimes conic, regular, obscurely ribbed, sym- metrical, sides sometimes unequal; stem short; cavity acuminate, deep, broad, sometimes lipped, indistinctly furrowed or compressed; calyx large, closed or open; basin abrupt, narrow to wide, often furrowed, sometimes wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, green or yellow, thinly washed or blushed with dull crimson, not striped ; dots few, usually submerged, pale and inconspicuous, a few scattering ones are russet; prevailing color green ; calyx-tube large, conical; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells often closed towards apex and open at base; core-lines clasping; carpels broad, round to ob- cordate; seeds medium, acute; flesh white, firm, tender, very juicy, aromatic, pleasant subacid; good to very good ; October to March. 13. Buckingham. (14) BUCKINGHAM. Fig. 13. Fall Queen. Kentucky Queen. Ne Plus Ultra Queen. Red Horse. Winter Queen. Buckingham is a south- ern apple, attaining in the South, especially on the Atlantic seaboard, almost perfection in form and color, and having, besides, a rich, pleasant flavor. In the North, the apples do not develop high color nor good quality, and the trees are unproductive and irregular in bearing. The origin of Buckingham is un- known, but it has been grown in Virginia and aoe Carolina for at least a century and a alf. 22 BULLOCK Tree a moderate grower. Fruit large, oblate to round- oblate, irregular, broadly and obscurely ribbed, sides sometimes unequal; stem stout, short; cavity large, acute to acuminate, wide, deep, with heavy outspreading russet ; calyx large, closed or open; basin large, abrupt, wide, deep, obscurely furrowed, wrinkled; skin thick, tough, pale yellow or pale green washed and mottled with red, striped and blushed with bright carmine; dots numerous, small, light or russet, mingled with others which are large, gray and areolar; calyx-tube conical ; stamens median; core small, abaxile to axile; cells sym- metrical and open or closed; core-lines clasping ; carpels concave, elliptical to round, emarginate, smooth; seeds dark, large, plump, wide, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender, crisp, juicy, with distinct aroma, mild subacid; fair to good; November to April. BULLOCK. Bullock’s Pippin. Golden Rus- set. Bullock was one of the favorite dessert apples of a century ago, and continued in favor until Downing’s time. He speaks of it as “one of the most delicious and tender of apples.” The fruits are small, and, with their modest russet skins, are not striking enough to attract much attention now, but its rich, spicy, refreshing flavor makes it too good an apple to be wholly lost. It sueceeds best in sandy or gravelly soils. Bullock originated in Burlington County, New Jersey, more than a century ago. Its culture is restricted to the seaboard of the Middle Atlantic states. Tree not large but vigorous, upright or round-topped. Fruit small or medium, round-conic to oyate, regular in outline, uniform; stem long, slender; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, funnel-shape or compressed; calyx small, closed; basin small, often oblique, shallow, narrow, wrinkled; skin pale yellow, more or less overspread and splashed with thin russet ; dots numerous, small, obscure, russet; core large, axile, open; core-lines nearly meet- ing; carpels round; seeds large, plump; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, very tender, juicy with an agreeable rich, aromatic, mild subacid flavor; very good to best; October to January. CANADA BALDWIN. Canada Baldwin, an inapt mame, is a very late Fameuse, and deserves a place on apple lists in northern re- gions to extend the season of Fameuse. It is not so attractive in appearance nor so well- flavored as the better-known Fameuse. The variety originated on the farm of Alexis Dery, St. Hilaire, Quebec, about 1850. Tree upright, becoming open and spreading; branches long, stout. Leaves broad. Fruit medium, round-conic, sometimes oblate, obscurely ribbed, symmetrical, regular ; stem pubescent, long, slender, bracted, or more often short and thick; cavity large, acute, deep, broad, smooth or covered with thin russet, often furrowed or com- pressed, pubescent near base of stem; calyx closed or open, pubescent, with long, acuminate, reflexed lobes ; basin shallow, obtuse, often furrowed or compressed, irregularly wrinkled, often with mammiform protub- erances; skin thick, tough, smooth, pale yellow, mottled and blushed with bright red, splashed and striped with carmine, conspicuously marked with areolar dots and covered with a thin bloom; dots large, numerous, areolar with russet or gray center; calyx-tube funnel-shape ; stamens marginal to median; core closed or partly open ; core-lines clasping; carpels smooth, ovate, emarginate, mucronate ; seeds large, plump, acute, numerous, narrow, long, smooth or tufted; flesh white, tinged with red, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, pleasant ; good or very good; November to January. CANADA RED: See Red Canada. CANADA REINETTE. Canada Pippin. White Pippin. This variety, supposed to have originated in Canada, is not well thought of on this side of the Atlantic, being excelled by CARSON many similar sorts, but is highly esteemed in Europe. In America, the apples lack in quality and the trees are unproductive. The origin of the variety is not definitely known; it was first described in France in 1786. Tree vigorous, spreading and drooping; branches long, stout, crooked. Leaves broad. Fruit variable in size, frequently very large, oblate or roundish, inclined to conic, often irregularly, broadly angular, sometimes with furrows extending from base to apex, not uniform in shape; stem short; cavity acute, broad, wavy, sometimes russeted; calyx large, closed or partly open; basin abrupt, deep, wide, furrowed and wrinkled; skin yellow, sometimes with a blush, not striped, marked with dots, flecks or irregular patches of russet; calyx-tube wide, cone-shape; stamens median or basal; core medium, abaxile to axile, open or partly so; core-lines meeting ; carpels round, inclined to obovate, tufted; seeds few, large, long, tufted, dark; flesh yellow, firm, tender, coarse, breaking, juicy, subacid; very good; early winter until March or April. CANNON. Cannon Pearmain. Cannon is an old southern apple, valued as a long-lived sort, which first appeared in pomological litera- ture in 1851 with the statement that it origi- nated in Virginia or North Carolina. It is still grown in the South Atlantic states. Tree healthy, vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium to large, ovate varying to roundish, regular, symmetrical, uniform; skin greenish-yellow, mottled and washed with bright red faintly striped with carmine; dots yellow, often areolar with russet point; core medium, axile, closed; core-lines clasping; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, juicy, aromatic, subacid; good; January to April. CARPENTIN. Carnation. Gray Reinette. The fruit of Carpentin is handsome, pleasantly flavored, red-russet, not larger than the well- known Lady, and most suitable for dessert. The origin of the variety is unknown, but it was first described in America by Downing in 1872. It is little grown and deserves wider recognition in home orchards. Tree vigorous, with long slender shoots. Fruit small, uniform in size and shape, round-conic to oblate, regular and symmetrical, occasionally with sides unequal; stem very long, slender; cavity large, acuminate, deep, broad, symmetrical, often with concentric broken russet lines ; calyx small, closed; lobes short, broad, obtuse; basin abrupt, shallow, narrow, smooth or sometimes furrowed, symmetrical, marked with concentric broken lines of russet ; sk thick, tough, dull yellow or with bright blush, partly smooth but more or less netted with cin- namon-russet ; dots scattering, gray; calyx-tube small, short, narrow to wide, conical; stamens basal; core axile, medium, often closed; core-lines meeting, clasp- ing; carpels elliptic to round or broadly ovate, emargi- nate; seeds dark, wide, short, obtuse to broadly acute; flesh white, sometimes with red tinge next the skin, very firm, fine, crisp, tender, very juicy, subacid, brisk, strongly aromatic, high in flavor; very good; December to April. CARSON. Nurserymen and fruit-growers. in Indiana speak very highly of Carson as an extra early variety, and believe that it has commercial possibilities. The variety is said to be a seedling of Summer Rose; it origi- nated with a Mr. Carson near Indianapolis, Indiana, about 1906, and-was introduced by C. M. Hobbs & Son, Bridgeport, Indiana, in 1915. The following description is compiled from nursery catalogs: Tree upright, straight-limbed, very vigorous, bearing early, annually and heavily, without tendency to blight. Fruit medium to large, from one-third to one-half larger than Yellow Transparent, round-oval, yellow, overlaid CHAMPLAIN with streaks and blotches of bright pinkish-carmine ; flesh white, crisp, juicy, tart, aromatic; quality good for either dessert or culinary purposes; one week before Yellow Transparent. CHAMPLAIN. JdHaverstraw Pippin. Large Golden Pippin. Nyack. Sour Bough. Summer Pippin. Tart Bough. Champlain has many qualities that commend it for the home or- chard. The apples are attractive in color, good in quality, and ripen throughout a long period. The trees are vigorous, hardy, healthy, long-lived, and productive. The origin of the variety is unknown but it has been on record since 1853, when an account of it was published in the New England Farmer. Its culture is almost wholly confined to New England and the Middle Atlantic states. It is more often known as Nyack or as Summer Pippin than as Champlain. Tree medium to large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open, with long stout branches. Fruit medium to large, un-uniform in size or shape, round-conic to ovate or oblong, irregularly ribbed, sides unequal; stem medium to long; cavity acuminate, shallow, narrow, sometimes furrowed and usually russeted; calyx small, closed or open; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, smooth; skin tender, pale yellow, often with a light crimson blush; dots numerous, small, russet or submerged; calyx-tube conical, usually short but sometimes elongated; stamens median; core large, axile to abaxile; cells open; core- lines clasping; carpels smooth, elongated-ovate; seeds dark brown, narrow, short, plump, sharp-pointed, acumi- nate; flesh yellow, fine, very tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid; good to very good; late August to October. CHARLAMOFF. Arabka. Pointed Pipka. Charlamoff is a Russian variety of the Olden- burg type, suitable for the cold climate of the northern parts of the Great Plains and Canada. It ripens a little earlier than Oldenburg, but is not so good in quality, and has the fault of remaining in good condition for only a short time. To offset these faults of the fruit, the trees come in bearing young and yield large crops biennially. It was introduced from Europe about 1880. Tree rather small, compact, very hardy, spreading, pro- ductive, bearing biennially. Fruit of medium size, sometimes large, oblong-conical; skin pale yellow, splashed and streaked with purplish-red; dots few, distinct ; cavity deep, of medium width; stem medium long, stout; basin shallow, wrinkled; calyx open; flesh white, coarse, juicy, mildly subacid, pleasant; quality good; August or just before Oldenburg. CHENANGO. Fig. 14. Chenango Straw- berry. In its season, Chenango is the apple of apples in taste, smell, and appearance. The fruits begin to mature in September and con- tinue to ripen for several weeks, lasting, in storage at !east, until November. Chenango is too delicate to send to market, but no apple can give more pleasure to those who grow fruit for quality. The trees are early and regular bearers, hardy, healthy, long-lived, fruitful, and usually annual in bearing. Un- fortunately, the history of this delicious apple is not known, but it probably originated in Madison or Chenango County, New York. It was first described in 1854. Its merits quickly brought it into culture in the apple regions of the whole country, and it now grows in the orchard of nearly every amateur apple-grower. COLLINS 23 Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, with short, stout, curved branches. Fruit medium to large, elongated-ovate or oblong-conic, ribbed; stem short, thick; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, often furrowed and compressed; calyx large, partly open or closed; lobes often separated at the base, long, broad, a 14. Chenango (x%) obtuse; basin small, shallow, narrow, obtuse, furrowed, sometimes wrinkled; skin tough, smooth, glossy, yellowish- white, overspread and mottled with pinkish-red, con- spicuously striped and splashed with carmine; dots few, inconspicuous, light-colored, often submerged; calyx-tube long, funnel-shape; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical, wide, open or closed; core- lines clasping; carpels broadly ovate, smooth; seeds small, wide, plump, obtuse; flesh white, firm, tender, juicy, mild subacid, very aromatic; good to very good; latter part of August and through September. CLAYTON. The tree-characters of Clay- ton are satisfactory, but the fruits are but mediocre in size, color, and quality, their chief merit being good keeping and shipping quali- ties. It is grown chiefly in the Middle West, more particularly in the Ozark region of south- western Missouri. Clayton was first described by Warder in 1867. The origin is given as Indiana. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open; branches long, stout. Leaves large. Fruit large, round-oblate to round- conic; stem medium, often obliquely set under a promi- nent, fleshy lip; cavity acute to obtuse, deep, broad, often furrowed, usually with conspicuous outspreading russet; calyx small, open or closed; basin abrupt, medium in width and depth, symmetrical, often wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow, blushed and mottled with dull red, with splashes and stripes of carmine, often marked with gray scarf-skin near the cavity; dots medium, pale or russet, scattering; calyx- tube long, narrow, funnel-shape; stamens marginal ; core abaxile; cells usually unsymmetrical, open; core- lines clasping; carpels concave, elliptical, emarginate ; seeds numerous, dark, small, plump, obtuse ; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, mild subacid; good; January to May or June. COLLAMER. This variety is a sport of the well-known Twenty Ounce, from which it differs in bearing fruits more solidly covered with red, more regular in shape, and less ribbed. The brighter color of Collamer makes it a more valuable commercial apple than Twenty Ounce. The variety originated at Hilton, New York, in the orchard of J. B. Collamer, about 1895. For a technical account of fruit and tree, the reader is referred to Twenty Ounce. COLLINS. Champion. _ Champion, Red. Collins Red. Collins is receiving attention in 24 COLTON regions where Ben Davis thrives. The fruit is somewhat like that of Baldwin in shape and color, with a cavity like that of Rome Beauty. The trees have a high reputation for vigor and productiveness. In the North, the fruit is much inferior in appearance and quality to Baldwin, and it is not equal to Rome Beauty or even Ben Davis in these respects in the South. Collins originated about 1865 near Fayetteville, Arkansas. Tree large, tall, very vigorous, upright and dense, eventually becoming open; branches long, thick, crooked. Leaves large, long. Fruit large, globular or oblate inclined to conic, symmetrical ; stem medium to short; cavity acute, sometimes acuminate, broad, symmetrical or obscurely furrowed, smooth or with radiating russet rays; calyx small, open or sometimes closed; lobes separated at the base, short, obtuse ; basin round, deep, abrupt, symmetrical or furrowed; skin thick, tough, waxy, with faint bloom, bright dark red, indistinctly striped with purplish-carmine and oceasionally showing contrasting clear yellow ground color; dots inconspicuous, russet or pale gray; sometimes a suture line extends from cavity to basin; calyx-tube small, long, narrow funnel-shape to short-conic; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core- lines clasp the funnel cylinder; carpels concave, ellipti- cal to obcordate, tufted and deeply emarginate; seeds dark, large, narrow, long, flat, acute; flesh white, very firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic; fair to good; January to June. COLTON. ZLarly Colton. The tree of Col- ton is thrifty, hardy, and productive, and comes into bearing young, but the fruit is not good enough in quality to make the variety valuable, although it is much grown in parts of the Middle West. Colton originated in Franklin County, Massachusetts, about 1840 on the farm of a Mr. Colton. Tree large, vigorous, upright when young but eventu- ally spreading, with long, stout, crooked branches. Fruit medium in size, round, narrowing toward both ends, ribbed; stem medium in length, stout; cavity small, acute, shallow, narrow; calyx closed, with long, recurved lobes; basin small, shallow, obtuse, wrinkled ; skin pale yellow, sometimes with a shade of red, dots numerous, large, green; calyx-tube elongated, funnel- form; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly round ;° flesh white, coarse, crisp, juicy, mild subacid; fair to good; last of July to early September. COLVERT. Colvert is grown in some lo- calities to compete with Twenty Ounce, to which, however, it is usually inferior in size, color, and quality of fruit. The trees are quite as good as those of Twenty Ounce, being hardy, healthy, and productive. The origin is uncertain, but it is an American sort and was first described by Warder in 1867. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open ; branches long, curved, crooked. Leaves broad. Fruit large, uniform in size but variable in shape, oblate to oblate- conic, obscurely ribbed, irregular and with sides unequal ; stem short, thick; cavity acute, deep, medium in width, usually heavily russeted, sometimes compressed and frequently lipped; calyx closed or open; lobes short, narrow, acuminate; basin abrupt, medium in depth, narrow, furrowed; skin thick, tough, dull greenish- yellow, sometimes partly washed with red and striped and splashed with carmine; dots inconspicuous, usually submerged, a few scattering ones are large and russet; prevailing color greenish-yellow; calyx-tube broadly conical ; stamens median; core axile, small; cells closed or partly open; carpels broad-cordate, emarginate, tufted; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute, frequently abortive; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid; good; October to January. COOPER MARKET CONSTANTINE. Fig. 15. Grand Duke Constantine. Constantine is very similar to the better-known Alexander, from which it differs in that the fruit ripens a week later, keeps longer, hangs later, cracks less, and is a little better in quality. The trees are not so large as those of Alexander and may be planted more closely. The origin of Constantine is uncertain. It was first described in Europe in 1873, in America in 1880 in the Jowa Horticul- tural Society Report. 15. Constantine. (X14) Tree small, at first vigorous but becoming a slow grower, spreading, open, with short, stout, curved branches. Fruit very large, round-conic to oblate-conic, regular or ribbed, symmetrical; stem medium to long, slender to thick; cavity large, acuminate, very deep, broad, symmetrical, russeted and with outspreading rays of greenish-russet; calyx open; lobes medium in width and length, acute; basin narrow, abrupt, smooth or wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, waxy, greenish- yellow, mottled, marbled and blushed with bright red over nearly the whole surface, with wide broken stripes of carmine radiating from the cavity, overspread with thin bloom; dots white or pale russet; prevailing effect bright red; calyx-tube long, wide, funnel-shape; stamens median; core of medium size, abaxile; cells open or closed; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly ovate or cordate, emarginate; seeds medium in size, wide, short, thick, plump, obtuse, dark brown; flesh white, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; fair to good; late September to November. COOPER MARKET. Cooper's Red. For nearly a century Cooper Market was a stand- ard commercial apple in northern regions. Its chief merits are capacity to keep, attractive color and form in the fruit, and vigor, hardi- ness, healthfulness, and productiveness in the trees. The variety is now passing from culti- vation because the apples are small and their quality is poor. The variety is thought to have originated in Pennsylvania. It was first described in 1804. Tree vigorous, upright, lateral branches long, slender and drooping. Fruit medium or large, round-ovate to round-conie, flattened at the base and often narrowing sharply towards the apex, symmetrical; stem long, slender; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, sometimes furrowed, often russeted; calyx small, closed, pubescent ; basin small, often oblique, shallow, narrow, obtuse, fur- rowed, wrinkled; skin tough, smooth, glossy, greenish- yellow, mottled and blushed with red, conspicuously splashed and striped with bright carmine and covered with light bloom; dots white or with a russet point, numerous and small towards the cavity, scattering, large and irregular towards the basin; calyx-tube small, short, cone-shape; stamens median; core distant, truncate, abaxile, medium; cells closed or open, often unsym- metrical ; core-lines clasping; carpels round, emarginate, tufted; seeds numerous, dark, short, plump, acute; flesh CORTLAND yellow, very firm, coarse, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; fair to good; January to June. CORTLAND. The fruits of Cortland are so similar to those of McIntosh that the two varieties are certain to be confused, but each is distinct and the differences are all in favor of Cortland so that the apple is better than that of McIntosh, impossible as it may seem. The fruits of Cortland ripen a little later than those of MelIntosh, keep longer, are larger, and brighter in color. The shape, taste, and flesh- characters of the two are almost identical. The trees are much the same. Cortland is an im- proved McIntosh and as such is sought for in New York and New England where McIntosh is chiefly grown. The variety is a cross be- tween Ben Davis and McIntosh made at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station in 1898. The variety was distributed in 1915 and now promises to be a close competitor or to take the place of McIntosh where the latter is grown. COX ORANGE. Cox’s Orange Pippin. Beautiful to sight and delicious in taste, Cox Orange is one of the choicest of apples. Un- fortunately, though the fruits attain the same perfection here as in Europe, the trees in America are unthrifty and unfruitful on stand- ard stocks, and must be given special care on a dwarfing stock. The variety is said to have originated in 1830 from seed of Ribston, at Colnbrook Lawn, Bucks, England. Introduced in America as early as 1850, it is as yet found but sparingly on the Atlantic seaboard. upright, thickly Tree medium or above, vigorous, Leaves small branched, dense, with slender branches. and narrow. Fruit medium or large, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate, sometimes conic, regular or faintly ribbed, symmetrical, axis sometimes oblique; stem obliquely inclined, short, thick, sometimes long ; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, often russeted; calyx small, closed or open; basin shallow and obtuse to deep and abrupt, narrow, smooth or furrowed; skin thin, tough, smooth, washed with orange-red deepening to bright red and mottled and splashed with carmine over a deep yellow background; dots conspicuous, large, areolar with pale gray or russet center; calyx-tube cone-shaped; stamens median; core of medium size, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical, open or closed; core- lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels thin, obovate to obcordate, emarginate, smooth; seeds reddish-brown, large, wide, obtuse, often abortive; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, very juicy, rich, sprightly subacid, aromatic ; very good to best; late September to January. CRANBERRY PIPPIN. The large size, bright color, uniform shape, good keeping qualities, and pleasant flavor of the fruit, with hardiness of tree and resistance to scab, make Cranberry Pippin an excellent apple for some localities. Unfortunately the trees do not bear young in some situations, and are capri- cious in bearing at all times, so that its local adaptabilities should always be determined before planting. Cranberry Pippin originated near Hudson, New York, sometime previous to 1845, when Downing first set forth its merits. Its culture is confined to New York, New England, and the adjoining parts of Canada. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading ; branches stout. Leaves dark green, large. Fruit large, round-oblate, symmetrical; stem short; cavity broad, wavy; calyx DELICIOUS 25 closed or open; basin deep, russeted; skin smooth, shining, light yellow, blushed, striped and splashed with scarlet; dots many, large, often red-areolar with russet center; flesh yellow, juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; October to February, DEACON JONES. The fruits of Deacon Jones are of large size and when well colored are handsome, the yellow ground-color being overlaid with an attractive red, relieved with numerous prominent dots. The apples hang exceptionally well to the tree, there is almost no waste from windfalls and culls, and they are uniform in size and shape. The quality is much better than that of Ben Davis, but hardly as good as that of Baldwin. A tough skin and firm texture make the apples good shippers. The tree in nursery and in orchard is most thrifty, comes into bearing young, is very pro- ductive, and is an annual bearer. The variety originated in Pennsylvania some time previous to 1890. It is now grown only in New York. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading; branchlets willowy, long, slender, drooping. Fruit large to very large, uniform in size, round-conic to oblong-conic, ribbed, axis sometimes oblique; stem short; cavity obtuse, shallow to deep, smooth, often prominently lipped; ealyx small, closed or partly open, often leafy; lobes sometimes separated at the base; basin shallow to deep, usually narrow, distinctly furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth or rough, waxen yellow, mottled and blushed with red and with irregular dashes of earmine, in highly colored specimens deep red, with a bloom which gives the fruit a dull appearance; dots conspicuous, small and large, white, many areolar with russet point, numerous toward the eye; calyx-tube variable in size, urn-shape; stamens median; core abaxile; cells symmetrical, wide open, very large; core-lines meeting ; seeds numerous, small, dark brown, plump, obtuse, irregular; carpels much tufted, emargi- nate, mucronate, elongated and broadly ovate; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; fair to good; November to March, DEADERICK. Ozark Pippin. Deaderick is a large apple with a pleasing commingling of yellow and green, making it rather more handsome than Rhode Island Greening, which it much resembles. The apples are inferior to those of Rhode Island Greening in quality, and do not keep so well. In Tennessee and other parts of the South, it is looked on with favor as an early winter apple. The variety originated in Washington County, Tennessee, about 1890, on the farm of Benjamin Ford. Tree vigorous, spreading, upright. Leaves narrow; often the base of the petioles is conspicuously streaked with red. Fruit large, round, often conical, sometimes broadly ribbed, regular, uniform; stem long, slender; cavity large, acute, deep, broad, smooth and sym- metrical, sometimes furrowed, occasionally lipped; calyx small, open or closed; lobes narrow, acute; basin small, shallow, obtuse, abrupt, smooth, wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow usually partly covered with a thin pinkish-red blush upon which are red, areolar dots with russet or whitish centers; commonly the dots are white and often submerged; prevailing color green or yellow; calyx-tube long, funnel-form; stamens median; core abaxile, small; cells symmetrical, open; core-lines clasping the base of the cylinder; carpels thin, smooth, broadly round, narrowing toward the base, emarginate ; seeds numerous, large, wide, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid; good; October to January, DELICIOUS. Fig. 16. Stark Delicious. A few years ago, Delicious created a sensation in fruit-growing circles. Probably no new apple of recent times has been more widely 26 DETROIT RED talked about, more generally planted, or better received by consumers and growers alike. Introduced in 1895, in the short time that has intervened, its culture has spread throughout the apple districts of the United States. In the orchards of the West and Northwest, it has been extensively planted and, according to all re- ports, 1s proving a commercial success. All who have tasted the apple agree that its rich, distinctive flavor is its chief asset, although it has size and beauty as well. Contrary to the usual behavior of apples, the fruit of this variety seems to increase in size and color as the trees grow older. The variety was found in 1881 by Jesse Hiatt, Peru, Iowa. Stark Broth- ers, Louisiana, Missouri, introduced it in 1895. 16. Delicious. («%) spreading, hardy, productive; branches smooth, stout. Leaves large, thick, dark green. Fruit large, uniform, roundish-conic to oblong-conic, ribbed; stem long, medium thick; cavity deep, broad, often furrowed, flaring, greenish; calyx medium, nearly closed, with long, narrow, acute lobes; basin moderately deep, wide, abrupt, very strongly furrowed and corru- gated; skin very thick, tough, smooth; color light yellow, nearly to almost entirely overspread with dark, attractive red, splashed and mottled with carmine; dots numerous, small, yellow; core medium in size, axile, closed with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube long, wide funnel-shaped; seeds of medium size; flesh yellowish, firm, a little coarse, tender, juicy, aromatic, pleasant subacid; good to very good; December to last of February. DETROIT RED. Detroit Black. Several apples have been grown under the name De- troit Red, but since none is of much value, and all are passing from cultivation, it is not worth while to attempt to straighten out the nomenclatorial tangle. The description below makes the identification of the true Detroit Red an easy task. This old and unique variety is suppose to have been grown and dissemi- nated by French settlers near Detroit nearly two centuries ago. Tree large, vigorous, Tree large, upright-spreading or roundish. Fruit large, oblate-conic to round-oblate, often strongly ribbed, ir- regular; stem short, slender; cavity very large, acute, deep, broad to very broad, frequently compressed, usually thinly russeted; calyx variable, large, closed or open; lobes short, broad, obtuse; basin medium in width and depth, obtuse, irregularly furrowed and wrinkled and often with mammiform protuberances; skin thick, tough, dark crimscn, striped and splashed with carmine becom- ing almost black, sometimes having a portion of the greenish-yellow ground color exposed; dots numerous, DR. MATTHEWS conspicuous, very small, pale or russet ; calyx-tube short, wide, broadly conical; stamens median; core round, flat, tufted; seeds large, plump, obtuse, light brown; flesh white, streaked or stained with red, coarse, tender, juicy, mild subacid, very aromatic; good to very good; last of September to December. DICKINSON. Dickinson is a seedling of Yellow Bellflower; the fruits of the offspring resemble those of the parent in shape and size, but are red instead of yellow. Though produc- tive, the trees are otherwise of poor habit, and the quality of the fruit is second rate. The va- riety was grown from seed at West Chester, Pennsylvania, by Sarah Dickinson, about 1875, and has been rather widely disseminated throughout the United States. Tree small, round-spreading, dense; branches short, stout, crooked. Leaves broad. Fruit medium to large, somewhat variable in size, oblong-conic, sometimes com- pressed or broadly angular, sides sometimes unequal ; stem medium to long; cavity broad, deep, acuminate, symmetrical or sometimes compressed, smooth; calyx closed or sometimes open; basin shallow to deep and abrupt, often oblique, somewhat furrowed and wrinkled ; skin smooth, light yellow or green, blushed and mottled with bright red, striped with darker red, sprinkled with inconspicuous, small, green and white dots; prevailing effect red; calyx-tube funnel-form; stamens median to basal; core large, abaxile; cells open; core-lines clasp- ing; carpels round-oblong ; seeds numerous, large, plump, obtuse ; flesh juicy, fine-grained, aromatic, subacid, firm, tender; fair to good; November to April. DOCTOR. The fruit of this variety is well- colored, satisfactory in size and shape, and of about the same quality as that of the Baldwin. The tree is but moderately vigorous, and not above the average in other characters, thus bringing the variety down to mediocrity. Doctor originated in Germantown, Pennsyl- vania, about 1800. Tree vigorous, open and spreading. Leaves broad. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, oblate, symmetrical, angular; stem short; cavity acute, deep, wavy, sometimes lipped; calyx large, open; lobes long, acute; basin variable, obtuse to abrupt, often wide, deep, ridged and wrinkled; skin smooth, waxen yellow, with a bright red blush, indistinctly marked with nar- row carmine splashes; dots green or gray; prevailing effect red and yellow; calyx-tube large, short, urn-shape to truncate funnel-form; stamens basal; core small, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical, open or sometimes closed ; core-lines meeting or somewhat clasping ; carpels smooth, broadly elliptical, quite concave; seeds medium in size, wide, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; good to very good; December to April. DR. MATTHEWS. Fruit-growers in In- diana speak very highly of Dr. Matthews, a comparatively new apple in that state. The variety has the seal of approval of the Indiana Experiment Station and of the Indiana Horti- cultural Society. The two characters which seem to distinguish the fruit are high quality and length of season, the variety ripening in August or September and keeping until April. The origin of Dr. Matthews is in doubt, but it has been grown since 1899 in the orchards of the Indiana Experiment Station, where it was received from an unknown source in a ship- ment of nursery stock. The variety is de- scribed in circular 74 of the Indiana Experi- ment Station as follows: “Size medium, uniform; shape roundish oblate, regular, sides slightly unequal, uniform; color dull yellowish DOMINE green, blushed and washed with bronze red, prevailing effect yellowish green; skin thin, tough, smooth, dull, waxen; dots pronounced, numerous, large to small, more numerous at basin, submerged, areolar; cavity acumi- nate, deep, medium widch, sometimes slightly russeted, often compressed; stem medium length, slender, pubes- cent, green; basin medium to deep, medium width, abrupt, smooth, tendency to be compressed; calyx open to partly closed, large; lobes long, leafy, acute, narrow ; calyx-tube conical, short, wide; stamens basal; core medium, lines clasping, axile; cells symmetrical, closed ; carpels elliptical, mucronate; seeds medium sized, long, plump, acute, dark brown; flesh firm, fine, crisp, tender, cream white, juicy, very mild, subacid, sprightly, aromatic, very good to best; use dessert; season, har- vested last of August, storage to February. Tree large, upright spreading, dense, very vigorous, healthy.’ DOMINE. English Red Streak. Domine is one of the choicely good apples rapidly pass- ing from cultivation, but still to be found in many old orchards. The apple is commonplace in color and size, but the quality is good, its juiciness and sprightliness making it one of the most refreshing of fruits, while, at the same time, it is rich in flavor. The tree, un- fortunately, is not very productive, and its branches break easily when heavy crops do set. The origin of Domine is uncertain, but it has been grown in America at least since 1820, its culture being confined for the most part to the Middle Atlantic states. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, with long, spreading branches. Leaves long, drooping and characteristically twisted. Fruit medium, sometimes large, oblate, some- times oblong and distinctly flattened at the base, sides often unequal, ribbed; stem medium to long, slender; cavity obtuse, wide, deep, often furrowed, usually with outspreading brown-russet rays; calyx closed or open; lobes long, acute; basin pubescent, shallow to deep, wide or compressed, abrupt, usually furrowed; skin thick, tough, smooth, bright, yellow or green mottled and splashed with deep pinkish-red, striped with bright earmine and overlaid with thin bloom; dots pale, nu- merous toward the basin, toward the cavity scattering, large, irregular and with russet center; calyx-tube funnel-shape with a wide limb and short truncate cylin- der; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells sym- metrical, closed or partly open; core-lines meeting or clasping ; carpels broadly elliptical, emarginate; seeds numerous, large, plump, narrow, long, acute, dark; flesh yellow, firm, breaking, coarse, tender, juicy, mild subacid with a peculiar aromatic flavor; good to very good; November to March. DUCHESS OF OLDENBURG: See Old- enburg. DUDLEY. Dudley’s Winter. North Star. By virtue of hardiness and _ productiveness, Dudley deserves a place in orchards in north- ern localities. The fruit is of the type of Oldenburg. The variety is not desirable except where hardiness is a determinant. Dudley is a seedling of Oldenburg, grown by J. W. Dudley, Castle Hill, Maine, having been first described in 1891. Tree small, vigorous, spreading and drooping, dense; branches short, stout. Fruit large, uniform, round-conic or round-oblate, symmetrical; stem long, thick; cavity acute, deep, broad, sometimes russeted, obscurely fur- rowed ; calyx large, open or partly closed; basin abrupt, deep, broad, obscurely furrowed, wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, pale yellow covered with a bright red blush, striped and splashed with carmine and covered with light bloom; dots scattering, light, small; pre- vailing color red striped over yellow; calyx-tube long wide, funnel-shape; stamens median; core axile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly elliptical, tufted; seeds large, wide, long, flat, EARLY HARVEST 27 obtuse, dull dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, fine- grained, tender, very juicy, aromatic, brisk subacid becoming mild; very good; September and October. DUTCH MIGNONNE. This once valued general-purpose apple has served its day and is passing from cultivation, disappearing chiefly because the apples are unattractive and not quite good enough in quality. The trees are vigorous and in alternate years productive. The history of this old-time worthy goes back to 1771—it was probably grown long before that date—when it was imported from Holland to England; thence to America about 1800. Tree vigorous, wide-spreading, dense; branches short, stout, curved. Leaves broad, Fruit large, uniform in size, round-oblate, sometimes conic, often elliptical and broadly ribbed; stem often characteristically long and slender and obliquely inserted; cavity acute, deep, broad, often with outspreading russet rays and faint lines and flecks of dull gray scarf-skin, furrowed or sometimes compressed, occasionally lipped; calyx small, closed or open; basin shallow, wide, often furrowed and wrinkled ; skin yellow with thin orange blush, in highly-colored specimens deepening to orange-red, mottled and spar- ingly splashed or striped with carmine; dots numerous, white or russet, often areolar; prevailing effect dull orange-yellow ; calyx-tube large, long, conical; stamens marginal; core axile, small, closed; core-lines clasping ; earpels broadly roundish, flat, emarginate; seeds few, often long, irregular, flat, obtuse or acute; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, sprightly, good ior dessert; excellent for cooking; often extending to ay. DYER. Golden Spice. Pomme Royale. White Spice. The creamy white, half transparent flesh—tender, crisp, aromatic, sprightly, and rich—make the fruit of Dyer the quintessence of the apple-orchard. The color—greenish yellow with a delicate blush of red—makes it a handsome fruit as well. Unfortunately this fine apple cannot be enjoyed often nor in quantity, nor by many, as the trees bear only biennially, and are not fruitful, vigorous, healthy, or hardy. The name, Dyer, was given the fruit about sixty years ago, but the variety was cultivated during the Revolutionary War, and is supposed by some to be the old French sort, Pomme Royale. Its culture is confined to the East and Middle West. Tree vigorous in the nursery, dwarf in the orchard; eomes in bearing young, but is short-lived; productive biennially. Fruit medium or sometimes large, round- oblate, regular or obscurely ribbed; stem long, slender ; cavity small, acute, deep, sometimes lipped; calyx small, closed; lobes long, recurved; basin small, saailow to deep, furrowed; skin smooth, pale yellow, more or less flecked and marbled with a brownish blush on one cheek ; dots dark or russet; core of medium size; cells open or closed; core-lines clasping; seeds numerous, plump, short, small, pale; flesh yellow, fine, very crisp, tender, aromatic, sprightly, mild subacid, highly flavored; very good to best; September and October. EARLY HARVEST. Fig. 17. July Pip- pin. Tart Bough. Yellow Harvest. Yellow Juneating. As the earliest summer apple, and because the fruit is excellent for either dessert or cooking, Early Harvest should hold a wel- come place in every home collection. Much of the fruit is too small to be marketable, and the apples bruise badly in handling, so that the variety is suitable only for nearby markets. The trees are above the average in vigor, pro- ductiveness, hardiness, and healthfulness. Early 28 EARLY JOE Harvest was described as long ago as 1806, and is probably of American origin. 17. Early Harvest. (<%) moderately vigorous, upright- spreading or roundish, open. Fruit medium, sometimes large, uniform in size and shape, oblate to nearly, round, regular or slightly angular; sides unequal; stem medium in length, thick; cavity acuminate, shallow, narrow to broad, russeted, with outspreading, broken russet rays; calyx small, closed; lobes long, narrow; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, clear pale waxen yellow, with deeper yellow on exposed cheek, sometimes slightly blushed; dots numer- ous, large and small, submerged or russet ; calyx-tube short, funnel-shape; stamens median; core medium, abaxile; cells closed or slightly open; core-lines clasp- ing; carpels obovate; seeds small to large, narrow, long, plump, acute; flesh white, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, at first briskly subacid but becoming mild; good to very good; late July and August. EARLY JOE. The rarest and richest es- sence of the apple is to be found in the fruits of Early Joe; their crisp, tender, Juicy, aro- matic, richly-flavored flesh is universally liked. Unfortunately the tree is among the “unmanageables,” being slow of growth, attain- ing only medium size, seldom fruitful, and producing many undersized and otherwise un- marketable apples. Early Joe grew from a seed planted in 1800 by Heman Chapin, East Bloomfield, New York. Tree vigorous, flat, Tree medium size, spreading, dwarfish with short, stout, crooked branches. Fruit small, uniform in size and shape, oblate-conic to conic, ribbed, symmetrical ; stem long, slender; cavity acute, shallow, broad, sym- metrical, sometimes thinly russeted; calyx closed or slightly open; basin small, shallow, medium in width, abrupt, smooth or wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, pale yellow, irregularly and obscurely striped and splashed with dull, dark red, in highly colored speci- mens deeply blushed on the exposed cheek; dots russet, white; calyx-tube wide, broadly conical; stamens me- dian; core small, axile; cells open or closed; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly obcordate, concave; seeds small, wide, short, obtuse; flesh yellow, fine, crisp, very tender, very juicy, mild subacid; very good to best; August to September. EARLY RIPE. Early Ripe has little to commend it other than thriftmess and pro- ductiveness of tree. The apples, while of quite sufficient size, are not uniform in size or shape, and are not good enough in quality to rank with a half score of other August apples. It was first described by Warder in 1867, and probably originated in Pennsylvania, in which state it is chiefly to be found. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense; top roundish, with long stout branches. Fruit medium to ENGLISH RUSSET large, uniform in size but not in shape, round-oblate, sometimes conic, irregular, broadly ribbed; stem often bracted,; medium in length or short, thick; cavity acute, shallow, broad, sometimes russeted; calyx small, closed; basin obtuse, very shallow, wide, somewhat wrinkled ; skin light yellowish-green; dots numerous, small, pale gray or russet; calyx-tube narrow, funnel-form; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly roundish, emargi- nate; seeds plump, obtuse; flesh white, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, becoming mild subacid; fair to good; August. EARLY STRAWBERRY. Red Juneating. Early Strawberry is a favorite August apple. It merits the esteem bestowed on it by virtue of fruits with crisp, tender, sprightly, aromatic flesh; and hardy, healthy, early-bearing, fruit- ful trees. The apples are too delicate to ship, and a high percentage of them are undersized and malformed, so that the variety is not a good general market sort. Early Strawberry was first known in what is now the City of New York, where it probably originated about 1800 or a little later. It is now widely dis- tributed in eastern America. Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous, upright- spreading, hardy, healthy, coming in bearing young, moderately productive biennially, Fruit medium, uni- form in shape and size, round-conic or round, regular or somewhat ribbed, sides often unequal; stem long and slender, often clubbed; cavity acute, deep, broad, sym- metrical, sometimes with faint radiating rays of russet ; calyx small, closed or open; lobes long, narrow; basin small, shallow, narrow, ob.use, furrowed; skin thick, tough, smooth, waxy, yellow, covered with rich dark red, mottled and irregularly striped and splashed with deeper red; dots minute, grayish; calyx-tube short, wide, conical with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base; stamens median; core large, axile or abaxile; cells open, sometimes partly closed; core-lines meeting; carpels elliptical, concave, emarginate; seeds wide, plump, obtuse, dark brown; flesh yellow often with streaks of red, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic, sprightly ; very good; August. ENGLISH RUSSET. Winter Russet. English Russet is preéminent among apples because its fruits keep latest of all—often from one season until the next. There is little else to extol, since the fruits are not good :n qual- ity, attractive in color, nor even up to medium size. The tree falls below the mark in the several essentials of a good apple-tree. The day of English Russet passed with the advent of cold storage. The variety is often confused with Golden Russet, from which it may be easily distinguished if their descriptions be closely compared. Despite its name, this is an American apple from southeastern New York, first described in 1845. Tree large, upright. Fruit small, uniform in size and shape, round, inclined to conic, regular and sym- metrical, sometimes faintly ribbed; stem slender, me- dium in length, often streaked on one side with brownish-red, usually not exserted; cavity acute to acuminate, narrow, deep, symmetrical or compressed, occasionally lipped; calyx small, usually open; _seg- ments Jong, acute and reflexed; basin abrupt, deep, narrow, symmetrical; skin tough, varies from pale green to yellow more or less covered with russet, the base often entirely russeted; dots inconspicuous, round or irregular, dark russet; calyx-tube narrow, cone-shape ; stamens basal; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open, sometimes closed; core-lines meeting; carpels flat, round to broad-ovate, tufted; seeds numerous, plump, narrow, acute to acuminate, light brown, sometimes tufted; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, tender, fine-grained, aromatic, pleasant, mild, subacid; good; January to May. ENSEE ENSEE. About 1900, Ensee, introduced by U. T. Cox, Rockwood, Ohio, created something of a sensation in the horticultural press and in horticultural societies. It seemed especially worthy of trial because of the good keeping qualities of the fruit, and the early bearing and productiveness of the trees. After twenty years of probation, however, it is now almost wholly discarded except in Ohio, but two or three nurserymen in the country offer it, and there is but little demand for the trees. On the grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, the apples are similar to those of Rome, differing chiefly in being a little darker in color. The tree-characters of Rome seem to be somewhat better than those of Ensee, which fact, no doubt, accounts for the falling off in the demand for the newer variety. 18. Esopus Spitzenburg. (<1) ESOPUS SPITZENBURG. Fig.18. Hso- pus. Esopus Spitzenburg is one of the leading American apples. The fruits are unexcelled in quality, and are most pleasing in appearance. The flavor is subacid, rich, spicy, and aromatic. The color is a commingling of light and dark red laid on a rich yellow background with a dark red blush on the cheek to the sun, the whole surface being sprinkled with yellow and russet dots contrasting well with the red. The apples range from medium to large in size; are beautifully formed in an _ oblong-conic mould; and are sufficiently uniform in size and shape to make this an ideal apple for fancy packages. The apples are about the best to eat out of hand, and very good for all culinary purposes as well; they withstand well all the usages of marketing and keep in cold storage until June. They are found in nearly every large market on the continent in season, often under the sobriquet “Spitz.” Esopus Spitzen- burg, however, falls considerably below the mark of perfection through lack of vigor and health in the tree, and because of decided local prejudices to soil and climate which make it suitable only to fa-7ored localities. Unfortu- nately, also, blossom, foliage, and fruit are inviting prey to apple-scab. The variety origi- nated in Esopus, New York, some years previous to 1800, and has long been grown from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Tree open and spreading, upright, the lateral branches slender and drooping. Leaves narrow. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, broad and flat at the base, varying from oblong to conic, obscurely FALL ORANGE 29 ribbed; stem medium; cavity acuminate, deep, wide, red or yellow or with outspreading rays of thin yellowish- russet ; calyx small, closed or open; basin often oblique, abrupt, narrow, shallow, sometimes compressed, fur- rowed and wrinkled; skin tough, waxy, roughened by the russet dots, deep rich yellow covered with bright red, inconspicuously striped with darker red, marked with pale yellow and russet dots numerous toward the basin, larger and much elongated toward the cavity ; ealyx-tube elongated, cone-shape; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical and open but sometimes closed; core-lines clasping; carpels large, round-ovate, mucronate, tufted; seeds large, long, wide, acute, dark shaded with light brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, aromatic, sprightly subacid ; very good to best; November to February. FALLAWATER. Tulpahocken. The fruits of Fallawater are unique, easily recog- nized by their large size, globular form, and, in well-colored specimens, the unbroken pink- ish-red color on a yellow background. The flesh is coarse, without distinctive flavor. The season is more or less variable. The tree char- acters are usually very satisfactory, though productiveness is sometimes a fault, causing branches to break. Fallawater is at least a century old, having originated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania; it was taken by pioneers from its native state to the Middle West, where it is still widely cultivated. Tree large, vigorous, upright. Fruit large to very large, globular, sometimes oblate, symmetrical, some- times slightly irregular and faintly ribbed, uniform in size and shape; stem very short; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, somewhat furrowed; calyx large, closed or open; lobes variable; basin shallow to deep, abrupt, sometimes furrowed, wrinkled; skin tough, smooth, waxy, often dull grass-green with dull blush, highly colored specimens yellow and blushed with bright deep red, often streaked with thin grayish scarf-skin; dots conspicuous, white, areolar with russet point; calyx-tube wide, short, cone-shape; stamens basal; core abaxile to axile, large; cells unsymmetrical, open or closed; core- lines meeting or clasping ; carpels tufted, long, narrowly ovate, mucronate; seeds few, long, narrow, acuminate, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid to mildly sweet; fair to good; November to March or April. FALL JENNETING. The fruit of this old variety was at one time highly esteemed, but there are now many better sorts of its season. The tree is so remarkable for its vigor, size, health, and longevity that the variety should be a good parent to breed from. Con- necticut is given as the habitat of the original tree, which first fruited more than a century ago. Tree large, vigorous, spreading or roundish, Fruit large, round-oblate inclined to conic, ribbed at the base, sides unequal; stem short, thick; cavity acumi- nate, deep, wide, symmetrical, with outspreading rays of russet; calyx large, closed or open; lobes long, narrow, acute, reflexed; basin small, shallow, narrow, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow with faint brownish-red or bronze blush; dots numerous, inconspicuous, sometimes russet but more often white and submerged; prevailing effect yellow; calyx-tube long, narrow funnel-shape; stamens median ; core small, axile to abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed ; core-lines clasping; carpels round to broadly ovate; seeds light brown, small, narrow, plump, acute; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid ; good; late September to December. FALL ORANGE. New York Bellflower. The fruits of Fall Orange are scarcely good enough for dessert and are so readily bruised in handling that they are not suitable for 30 FALL PIPPIN market. Several rivals in season surpass it. The origin of the variety is given as Holden, Massachusetts, and the date as previous to 1848. Its culture seems to be confined to New England and New York. Tree vigorous, hardy, healthy, long-lived, productive biennially. Fruit large, uniform in size but not in shape, round-conic, irregular; stem short, slender; cavity acute, deep, regular or compressed, often russeted and with outspreading russet rays; calyx large, open or closed; basin uneven, one side projecting higher than the other, deep, wide, abrupt, furrowed; skin pale yellow sometimes with brownish blush; dots numerous, large and small, russet or red, areolar; calyx-tube large, long, conical with fleshy point projecting into the base, the lower part of the funnel cylinder sometimes en- larged; stamens median; core small, axile; cells sym- metrical; core-lines meeting when the tube is short, clasping when it is long; carpels elliptical to cordate ; seeds not numerous, dark brown, plump, obtuse; flesh white, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic; very good; late September to early winter. 19. Fall Pippin. (<4) FALL PIPPIN. Fig. 19. Autumn Pippin. Pound Pippin. Summer Pippin. York Pippin. Though one of the oldest American apples, it is doubtful whether Fall Pippin is properly ap- preciated. The name is inapt, as in the North the fruit keeps well into mid-winter, and is of first rate quality to the very last. The color is a beautiful golden yellow, and the flesh is tender, rich, crisp, aromatic, and of delectable quality either for dessert or for culinary uses. The trees are hardy, healthy, long-lived, and very large; few trees carry a more majestic port at maturity. Unfortunately, tree and fruit are most inviting prey to the apple-scab fungus; this accounts for the neglect ito which the variety fell a generation ago, but, with means of controlling the scab, its culture should be renewed. The habitat of the variety is New England, where it has been grown for at least a century and a half. Tree large, very vigorous, spreading, with long branches which become drooping. Fruit large or very large, uniform in size and shape, round to round-oblate, in- clined to conic, sometimes oblong and truncate, often obscurely ribbed; stem long, thick; cavity acute, wide, symmetrical or compressed, russeted; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, long, narrow, acuminate; basin wide, abrupt, wavy, wrinkled; skin thin, smooth, clear yellow, sometimes faintly blushed; dots numerous, small, pale and submerged or russet; calyx-tube large, wide, long, conical; stamens median; core medium size, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or partly open; core- lines meeting or clasping; carpels round, emarginate, tufted; seeds dark brown, acute, plump; flesh yellow, firm, fine, tender, very juicy, agreeably subacid, aromatic ; very good; iate September to January. FAMILY FALL WINE. Musk Spice. Ohio Wine. Sweet Wine. Wie. At one time noted for its excellent fruits, Fall Wine has practically passed into oblivion. Except for the high quality of its product, the variety is but mediocre. Fall Wine is reported to have originated in Albany, New York, in 1832. of medium size, vigorous, healthy, long-lived, productive biennially. Fruit large, round-oblate, ribbed, sides often unequal; stem long; cavity obtuse, wide, deep, sometimes lipped; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes long, narrow, reflexed; basin deep, wide, abrupt, furrowed; skin yellow washed with red which on the exposed cheek deepens to a bright blush, indis- tinctly ped with carmine; dots yellowish-brown or russet ; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-form; stamens median; core medium, axile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly roundish, tufted; seeds wide, acute; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, aromatic, very mild subacid; fair to good; September to January. FAMEUSE. Fig. 20. Snow. Few apples are more beautiful and more refreshing than those of Fameuse. If the tender skin of light and shaded red be cut through, flesh of snowy whiteness rimmed and stained with crimson is exposed, beautiful to sight and delectable to smell and taste. Fameuse, commonly and aptly called Snow, belongs to Canada and the high altitudes and northern latitudes of the United States, where, alone, the apples reach perfection, and the trees attain vigor, health, and longevity. The variety has several serious faults; thus, the apples are small and keep only until Christmas; fruit and tree are inviting prey to apple-scab; and the trees are very fastidious as to soils. Fameuse is of Canadian origin, with a history of at least 200 years. It is the parent of a score or more of worthy offspring. Tree 20. Fameuse. (X14) upright-spreading, dense, with long, stout branches. Fruit medium size, round-conic, some- times oblate, regular, uniform, symmetrical; stem medium to short, sometimes long, slender; cavity acute, deep, wide, often gently furrowed, sometimes russeted but generally smooth and red or green; calyx small, closed; basin medium in width and depth, abrupt, obscurely furrowed or wrinkled, often having mammi- form protuberances; skin thin, tender, smooth, bright red deepening to dark red in highly-colored specimens, striped toward the apex; dots few, scattering, light; ealyx-tube narrow, funnel-form; stamens median; core small, axile; cells closed; core-lines clasping; carpels symmetrical, round or elliptical, emarginate, mucronate ; seeds dark, long, narrow, acute; flesh white, streaked or stained with red, very tender, juicy, subacid becom- ing mild subacid, aromatic; very good; October to midwinter. _ FAMILY. Family has little to recommend it excepting its long period of ripening—a valuable attribute in a fruit for home use. It Tree vigorous, FANNY originated some time before the Civil War in Georgia, where alone it is of value as a sum- mer apple. Farther north, it is a fall or even an early winter fruit. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, with short, stout branches. Fruit small, round-oblate to round-conic, faintly ribbed, symmetrical, sides often unequal, uni- form in shape and size; stem long, slender; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, symmetrical, sometimes lipped; calyx open; lobes long and reflexed; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, narrowly furrowed; skin thin, tough, smooth, mottled and washed with red over a pale yellow ground, shading to deep dark red in the sun, marked with many narrow and broken stripes of dull purplish-carmine, sprinkled with conspicuous pale yellow or russet dots and overspread with white bloom ; calyx-tube long, wide, funnel-form, often extending to the core; stamens median to basal; core abaxile, large ; cells symmetrical and wide open; core-lines clasping ; carpels concave, broad-elliptical ; seeds numerous, large, acute to obtuse, plump; flesh yellow, sometimes tinged with red near the skin, firm, crisp, fine-grained, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid becoming mild, pleasant in flavor; good; October to January. FANNY. The fruits of Fanny are beauti- ful and most excellent in quality, and the trees are very satisfactory; but the apples are so deficient in size and ripen over so long a period that the variety is of value only for the home orchard. Fanny originated at Lancaster, Penn- sylvania, with Dr. John K. Eshelman, previous to 1869, when Downing called attention to its merits. Tree vigorous, flat, spreading, open, with long, stout branches. Fruit medium size, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate, oblong or ovate, regular or slightly ribbed; stem short, slender; cavity acute, medium in width and depth, sometimes russeted ; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes short, narrow, acute; basin shallow, wide, abrupt, furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth, yellow overlaid with bright red indistinctly striped with carmine; dots small, yellow; calyx-tube wide, funnel-form with pistil point projecting into the base; stamens median; core below medium, abaxile; cells open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly ovate, emarginate; seeds large, wide, flat, plump, acute; flesh yellow, firm, fine, very tender, juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; September to November or later. FLORY. Flory Bellflower. Flora Belle. Flory is an apple of the type of Yellow Bell- flower, to which it is inferior in nearly all characters. It originated in Montgomery County, Ohio, previous to 1872, when it was first described by Downing. It is now grown only in the Middle West, usually under the name Flora Belle. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit medium to large, ovate to round-conic, often ribbed, symmetrical ; stem slender; cavity acuminate, symmetrical, sometimes lipped; basin medium in width, deep, abrupt, somewhat furrowed ; calyx closed or open; lobes narrow and acute ; skin tough, clear yellow, becoming deeper yellow, rough- ened with capillary-netted russet lines and russet dots; calyx-tube conical, sometimes meeting the core; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells symmetrical, partly open to wide open; core-lines meeting; carpels long, ovate; seeds numerous, often irregular in form, small to large, wide, obtuse, dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, hard, coarse, juicy, agreeably subacid; good in quality; October. ' FLUSHING SPITZENBURG. _ Black Spitzenburg. Flushing. This old variety, still grown but passing into deserved oblivion, has had its career prolonged by an inapt name which has caused it to be confounded with Esopus Spitzenburg. The apples are poor in GIDEON 31 quality, and the trees are seldom fruitful. Nothing is known of the early history of Flushing Spitzenburg, but it has been culti- vated since 1800, when it was first described. Tree large, vigorous, round-headed or spreading. Fruit medium to large, round-conic or sometimes oblate-conic, obscurely ribbed, symmetrical; stem short; cavity acumi- nate, deep, narrow, smooth and red or greenish; calyx small, closed or open; lobes broad, obtuse; basin narrow and shallow, obtuse, sometimes furrowed and wrinkled; skin tough, yellow, overspread with orange-red, becom- ing bright deep red on the exposed side, coated with light bloom; dots conspicuous, white; calyx-tube long, funnel-form, extending to the core; stamens median; core distant, abaxile with a wide hollow cylinder at the center, nearly axile; cells symmetrical, partly open or closed; core-lines clasping; carpels round, wide, mu- cronate, emarginate, somewhat tufted; seeds dark, large, wide, plump, acute, sometimes tufted; flesh yellow, sometimes streaked with red, firm, coarse, crisp, juicy, mild subacid; good in quality; October to February. GANS. See Black Ben Davis. GARDEN ROYAL. Garden Royal is a very good home variety for late summer and early autumn, but the apples are too small and the season is too short for commercial value. The fruits are regular in form and handsomely colored a deep yellow striped with orange-red and dark crimson—a most prepos- sessing apple. The flesh is very tender and aromatic and has a pleasant acid flavor. The variety originated at Sudbury, Massachusetts, over a century ago. Its cultivation is confined to New England and New York. Tree of medium size, vigorous, round-headed, hardy, healthy, long-lived, comes into bearing young and is reliable in biennial bearing. Fruit small, round ot oblate-conic, regular or obscurely ribbed; stem short, straight, slender; cavity acute, deep and broad, fur- rowed, often russeted ; calyx small, open or partly closed ; lobes separated, short, acute; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, wrinkled; skin thin, greenish-yellow, sometimes entirely overspread with red, irregularly striped and splashed with carmine; dots numerous, conspicuous, often ir- regular, russet or yellow; calyx-tube funnel-shape ; stamens median; core small, axile; cells closed or slightly open; core-lines clasping; carpels small, ellip- tical, emarginate; flesh yellow, fine, tender, juicy, agreeable, mild subacid, aromatic; very good; late August and September. GIDEON. Gideon White. The clear waxen yellow color, heightened by a_ bright pinkish blush, makes the fruits of Gideon beautiful; but the quality is not good, and the flesh passes rapidly from maturity to decay. The greatest assets of the variety are hardi- ness, vigor, and fruitfulness. It is of value only where less hardy varieties cannot be grown. Gideon was grown by Peter Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota, about 1880 from a seed of a crab-apple which was thought to have been fecundated by pollen of Blue Pearmain. Tree medium to large, vigorous, upright becoming spreading and open. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size, round-conie or ovate, sometimes oblong, angular; stem long, slender; cavity acute, deep, broad, sometimes russeted; calyx small, closed; lobes narrow, acute, refiexed ; basin small, sometimes oblique, shallow, narrow, obtuse, wrinkled, usually with narrow ridges; skin thin, glossy, waxen yellow, with pink blush on _ exposed cheek; dots light, submerged, inconspicuous, except where the skin is blushed; calyx-tube short, narrow, often funnel-shape with very short, truncate cylinder ; stamens marginal; core axile or abaxile; cells closed or open; core-lines meeting the limb or clasping the eylinder; carpels round, broadly ovate, or elliptical. 32 GIDEON SWEET emarginate, tufted; seeds large, irregular, long, acute, tufted, light brown; flesh yellow, soft, coarse, crisp, juicy, subacid; fair to good; October. GIDEON SWEET. Gideon Sweet is a variety of the Blue Pearmain group so closely resembling Bethel that the two are sure to be generally confounded. The essential differ- ences are that the flesh of Bethel is whiter and more often tinged with red, not so sweet nor so high in quality, and the skin is redder. In both varieties the stem is characteristically curved. The variety originated with Peter Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota, about 1880. Its hardiness fits it for northern latitudes, where, alone, it is worth cultivating. Tree vigorous, wide-spreading, dense; branches short, stout, crooked. Fruit large, round to conic, often oblate, broadly and obscurely ribbed, sides sometimes unequal; stem long, curved; cavity broad, acuminate, deep, indistinctly furrowed, often with green or red- russet rays; calyx small, closed or open; lobes long, acuminate; basin shallow, broad, obtuse, furrowed, wrinkled; skin tough, rough towards the apex, deep yellow or green mottled and blushed with orange-red sometimes irregularly splashed and striped with carmine and overspread with thin bloom; dots conspicuous, yellow or russet, scattering; calyx-tube large, broad, conical ; stamens median to basal; core irregular, abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical, open or closed; core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels roundish, tufted; seeds medium to large, light brown, narrow, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, coarse, juicy, aromatic, sweet; good to very good ; November to April. GILPIN. Carthouse. Red Romanite. Ro- manite. Gilpin has a place in the South, where it is chiefly grown, by virtue of its long- keeping fruits. The apples hang on the tree until heavy frosts, and suffer little by moderate freezes, often remaining in good condition under leaves or rubbish throughout the winter. The tree-characters are all good. The apples are too small and hardly high enough in quality to make the variety generally desir- able. The birthplace of the variety is Vir- ginia, and its history dates back at least to the Revolution, though the earliest account of it is given by Coxe in 1817. Tree vigorous, round, open, spreading with short and drooping laterals. Fruit small, uniform in size and shape, round to _ ovate-truncate, sometimes nearly cylindrical, often obscurely ribbed, symmetrical or sides unequal, sometimes oblique; stem short; cavity acumi- nate, usually deep, broad, obscurely furrowed or com- pressed, sometimes lipped, often russeted; calyx large, open, rarely closed; lobes leafy, reflexed, long, acumi- nate; basin oblique, deep, wide, abrupt and prominently furrowed but sometimes shallow and narrow or com- pressed, wrinkled; skin tough, smooth, glossy, greenish- yellow becoming deep yellow, with brownish-red cheek often deepening to dark red; calyx-tube wide, short, truncate-funnel-shape; stamens basal; core axile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines meeting or clasp- ing; carpels round to ovate, narrowing towards apex, mucronate, emarginate; seeds numerous, dark brown, large, plump, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, very firm, coarse, at first hard but becoming crisp and tender, juicy, subacid; good; February to June. GLADSTONE. Relationship to Oldenburg and Gravenstein is immediately apparent in the fruit of Gladstone, the apples resembling the latter more than the former. The variety, however, is hardly equal to either in quality of fruit or in tree-characters. It is of com- paratively recent introduction in America, but has been grown for half a century in England. GOLDEN DELICIOUS Tree small, vigorous, spreading or drooping, with short, stout branches. Fruit medium to large, uniform, round-oblate, sometimes conic, obscurely ribbed, sides usually unequal; stem medium in length, slender; cavity acuminate, wide, deep, sometimes with out- spreading russet; calyx large, closed or open; basin small, medium in depth and width, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, smooth, pale yellow, thinly overspread with red, irregularly mottled, splashed and distinctly striped with carmine; dots numerous, in- conspicuous, light colored, submerged; calyx-tube short, cone-shape; stamens median; core large, usually axile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines clasping ; carpels broadly roundish, emarginate ; seeds dark brown, very wide, flat, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; fair in quality; September and October. GLORIA MUNDI. American Mammoth. Pound. Gloria Mundi is of interest because its fruits are the largest of cultivated apples, fit, however, only for culinary uses. All that is known of its history is that it was culti- vated in the states of the Northeast very gen- erally before 1804, since which time it has been widely distributed in the United States and Canada. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, hardy, long-lived, but not very productive. Fruit large, uniform, round with truncate ends, conical, ribbed, sides usually unequal ; stem short, thick; cavity large, acuminate, deep, broad, furrowed and compressed, sometimes russeted; calyx large, open or partly closed; lobes separated at base, short, narrow; basin large, deep, wide, abrupt, some- times with faint bronze blush; dots small, often areolar with russet center, or light colored and submerged; prevailing effect yellow; calyx-tube very large, long, wide, broadly conical extending to core ; stamens median ; core large, usually abaxile; cells symmetrical, open; core-lines usually clasping; carpels broadly roundish to elliptical, tufted; seeds dark brown, small, narrow, short, plump, obtuse, sometimes tufted; flesh yellow, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; fair or good in quality; October to January. GOLDEN DELICIOUS. There are no yellow dessert apples of first rate in America, fruit or tree of all failmg in one character or another. Golden Delicious is now being introduced for this place—as a cosmopolitan yellow dessert apple—with the expectation that it will rank with the best red apples. Judged by its fruit-characters, the expecta- tions of the introducers may be realized, for no other yellow apple is handsomer and of better quality, nor possesses better shipping and keeping characters. It is too soon to speak with confidence of the trees, but it seems cer- tain, from their behavior in many widely separated regions, that they are hardy, vigor- ous, healthy, and productive, with no marked faults that have appeared as yet. The variety was given the Wilder Silver Medal by the American Pomological Society in 1920. Golden Delicious originated as a chance seedling in West Virginia in the orchard of A. H. Mullins about thirty years ago, and was introduced by Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri, in 1916. Trees hardy, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit large, 1% inches broad, 1% inches long, oblong-conic, uniform in size and shape, symmetrical, distinctly ribbed; stem 1% inches long, slender, curved; cavity acuminate, broad, very deep, smooth, gently furrowed ; calyx large, closed; basin narrow, abrupt, furrowed ; skin golden yellow, thin, smooth; dots numerous, small, conspicuous, russet and submerged at the apex; core large, open, abaxile; core-lines distinct, clasping; calyx- tube long, wide, funnel-shaped; carpels round-oval, tufted; seeds large, plump, acute; flesh firm, crisp, GOLDEN PIPPIN tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich, aromatic; quality very good to best for dessert and cooking; autumn to May. GOLDEN PIPPIN. Butter Pippin. Pound Royal. This name is applied to several quite distinct apples, of which the one here de- scribed is much the most important. A com- parison of the descriptions will show that this variety is very similar to Fall Pippin, and that it is suitable for the same uses, adapted to the same regions, and has the same faults. The es- sential differences between the two are that in this sort the apple is a little coarser in size, tex- ture of flesh, and flavor, but keeps longer, ships better, and has an even more vigorous and hardy tree. The origin of Golden Pippin is unknown, but it dates back a century at least. Its culture is confined to New York. Tree large, spreading, “hardy, vigorous, healthy, long- lived and reliable in bearing. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round to round-oblate, sometimes conic, often with a broad, flat base and broadly ribbed toward the apex; stem long, thick, sometimes swollen; cavity acute, medium in depth, broad, usually symmetrical, sometimes lipped, russeted and often with heavy, out- spreading russet rays; calyx large, closed; basin deep, wide, abrupt, furrowed, sometimes irregularly com- pressed; skin tender, green or yellow when mature, sometimes with bronze blush and russet flecks; dots large and conspicuous, green, submerged or with russet point; calyx-tube wide, conical; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells open; core-lines meeting or clasp- ing; carpels round or elliptical, sometimes obovate, heavily tufted; seeds few, often not perfectly developed, medium size, irregular, dark brown, plump, acute; flesh yellow, coarse, tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; good to very good; September to January. GOLDEN RUSSET. The fruits of Golden Russet are not large, but they are smooth, uniform, suffer little from pests, and are most excellent for dessert, culinary uses, evaporat- ing, and, of all varieties, best for cider. Be- sides, they keep and ship very well. The trees are hardy, vigorous, and usually fruitful. Among russet apples, Golden Russet ranks sec- ond only to Roxbury. There is much con- fusion in names of the russet apples, but a careful reading of the descriptions will keep one straight. Golden Russet is at least a century old in America, but when and from where it came is not known. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense ; branches long, stout, with long, slender laterals which become drooping. Fru?t medium to large, round-oblate to conic, sometimes elliptical, sometimes obscurely angular, smooth, uniform in shape and size; stem short to very short, stout; cavity wide, acuminate, often deep green with numerous paler green or grayish dots; calyx large, closed or open; lobes long, acute, often reflexed, some- times separated at the base; basin oblique, round, abrupt, shallow, sometimes plaited or ribbed; skin thick, tender, sometimes with patches and flecks of Tusset, more often covered with green- or yellow-russet, becoming golden russet with bronze cheek; dots gray or Tusset, inconspicuous on the smooth skin; ealyx-tube short, wide, conical; stamens basal; core medium, abaxile, or having a wide, hollow cylinder for the axis; cells often unsymmetrical, open; core-lines meeting; carpels broadly-ovate, elongated, sometimes tufted, slightly emarginate if at all; seeds light brown with a red tone, small, plump, obtuse, sometimes tufted ; flesh yellow, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, subacid, aromatic; very good; December to April. GOLDEN SWEET. Fig. 21. Golden Sweeting. Orange Sweet. Yellow Sweeting. GRAVENSTEIN 33 Golden Sweet is a standard early variety for home use. The fruits are surpassed by those of few other sweet apples in richness and sweetness of flavor; while of only medium size, they are very attractive in appearance, being uniform in size and shape and having a handsome clear yellow color. The variety is at least a century old, probably from Con- necticut, but now grown in all apple regions. 21. Golden Sweet. (X™%4) Tree large, vigorous, spreading or drooping, dense. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round, round- oblate or ovate, regular or faintly ribbed; stem very long, thick; cavity acute, of medium depth and width, symmetrical, usually partly russeted, often with out- spreading russet rays; calyx small, closed; lobes narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth, sym- metrical, furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth, waxy, pale yellow; calyx-tube medium in width, cone-shape ; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells often un- symmetrical, open; core-lines clasping the funnel cylin- der; carpels ovate; seeds small, narrow, angular, acute, brown ; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, tender, juicy, very Sweet, aromatic; good to very good; mid-August to late September. GRANDMOTHER. Bogdanoff. Red Rein- ette. Grandmother was imported from Russia about 1880 and widely distributed for trial in the northern states. It has the usual merits and faults of Russian apples, and is not above the average in any of its characters. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, flat, open, with long stout branches. Fruit large, ovate to round-conic, flat at base, angular, sides unequal, fairly uniform; stem short, thick; cavity acute, narrow, deep, shallow or scarcely depressed, much russeted and often with out- spreading russet ; calyx large, closed; lobes broad, acute ; basin deep, wide, abrupt, usually furrowed and wrinkled ; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, with faint blush; dots numerous, inconspicuous, light and submerged, or areolar with dark center; calyx-tube medium in length, wide, broadly conical; stamens basal; core small or abortive, axile or abaxile; cells symmetrical, usually closed; core- lines meeting; carpels variable, irregular, broadly ovate or obovate, emarginate, tufted; seeds large, dark brown, plump, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, very juicy, subacid to brisk subacid, aromatic; fair to good; November to January. GRAVENSTEIN. Fig. 22. In America, all lovers of fruits value Gravenstein for its crisp, tender, sprightly, juicy, richly-flavored, aromatic apples. It is a valuable commercial fruit, where it succeeds, by reason of early bearing, productiveness, and good shipping qualities. The trees are vigorous but quite subject to sun-scald and apple-canker, and do not hold their load well. Unfortunately, it is fastidious as to both soil and climate, and is 34 GREEN NEWTOWN grown in highest perfection in but few locali- ties. Nova Scotia, where it becomes a winter apple, seer:s best suited to its needs. Graven- stein is an old German apple which has been in America probably a hundred years or more; it was described as early as 1824. 22. Gravenstein. (X%) Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open. Fruit large, uniform in size but not in shape, oblate or round, somewhat irregular, broad at the base, angular, narrow to broad, irregularly russeted; calyx large, open or closed; lobes large, long, very broad, acute; basin irregular, wide, obtuse to abrupt, wrinkled; skin thin, tender, rough, greenish-yellow or orange-yellow overlaid with broken stripes of light and dark red; dots few, small, light; prevailing effect yellow striped; calyx-tube large, conical; stamens median; core medium in size, strongly abaxile; cells open; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels broad-ovate, emarginate; seeds large, long, plump, acute, brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic; very good to best; late September till early November. GREEN NEWTOWN. Fig. 23. Albe- marle. Albemarle Pippin. Green Newtown Pippin. Mountain Pippin. Newtown Pippin. Yellow Newtown. Unfortunately, this apple can be grown in perfection only in certain re- gions, as: Hood River, Oregon; the Albemarle region, Virginia; and along the Hudson River, New York. By virtue of high quality, long- keeping and beauty of fruit, together with good 23. Green Newtown. (X14) tree-characters, Green Newtown has high standing in regions where it thrives. Experi- ments at the Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, show that it is a most excellent apple to use in breeding. Green Newtown is preéminently an American apple. The original tree came into bearing early in the eighteenth century, and the variety was soon widely grown. In 1759 samples were sent to Benjamin Franklin in England, where they attracted much attention; John Bartram, the Quaker botanist, soon after sent grafts to England; GREENVILLE and Thomas Jefferson was growing the variety at Monticello in 1778. Some pomologists maintain that there is a Yellow Newtown, a distinct variety from Green Newtown; but the differences in color are due to differences in soil or climate—two varieties do not exist. Tree moderately vigorous, of medium size, spread- ing or roundish, dense. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size but variable in form and coloring, usually round- oblate and more or less angular, with an oblique axis, sometimes elliptical; stem medium or short; cavity deep, acuminate, broad or compressed, often with rays of russet; calyx small, closed or nearly so; lobes small, acute; basin medium in width and depth, furrowed and often wrinkled; skin tough, smooth or roughened with brownish-russet dots, grass-green at fruit harvest but yellow later, often showing brownish-pink especially near the base; dots submerged, numerous toward the eye, white scarf-skin over the base; calyx-tube long, funnel-shape; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly roundish or round-obcordate, emarginate, tufted ; seeds tufted, dark, narrow, acuminate; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, tender, fine-grained, juicy, sprightly, with a fine aromatic subacid flavor; best; February to May. GREEN SWEET. Green Sweeting. Honey Sweeting. The fruits of this excellent variety remain crisp and juicy until spring: from apple harvest to apple blossoming, it is a delicious sweet apple either for dessert or culinary uses. The fruits run small, with the result that there is usually much loss from culls, as there is also from dropping. The tree is unique in its upright, compact growth, and in bearing fruit close to the branches on short laterals and spurs. The variety probably originated more than a century ago in New England, where it is still chiefly grown. ~* Tree large, vigorous, compact, erect or round-topped ; branches stout, young branches dark green. Fruit medium, sometimes large, ovate to round-conic, some- times obscurely ribbed, regular and uniform in size; stem long, slender; cavity furrowed, deep, acuminate, broad, smooth or open; lobes leafy, long, acute; basin variable, medium in width and depth, abrupt, wrinkled and more or less obscurely furrowed; skin green, be- coming yellow, with a thin brownish-red blush; dots green or with fine russet point, often submerged and white; prevailing color green; calyx-tube wide, cone- shape; stamens median; core large, abaxile, open; core- lines clasping or meeting; carpels round-ovate; seeds numerous, small, narrow, acute; flesh greenish-white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, very sweet; good; December to April or May. GREENVILLE. Winter Maiden Blush. Greenville is a seedling of the well-known Maiden Blush, which it much resembles, differ- ing chiefly in bearing winter instead of fall apples. The tree is a heavy and an annual bearer, a light crop usually alternating with a heavy one. It is a good winter apple, but quite destitute of any characters that would make it stand forth preéminently. The variety originated on the farm of Jason Downing, Darke County, Ohio, in 1874, and its culture is confined to its native state. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit medium to large, round-oblate to round-oblong, symmetrical but sometimes irregular or obscurely ribbed, uniform in shape; stem short; cavity acute, deep, wide, sym- metrical, sometimes furrowed, sometimes lipped, often russeted; calyx closed or open; lobes often long, acuminate; basin shallow, usually furrowed and wrin- kled; skin tough, waxen, pale yellow with a red blush; calyx-tube narrow, funnel-form; stamens median; core medium, abaxile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines BARTLETT GRIMES GOLDEN clasping; carpels broadly roundish; seeds large, light brown, narrow, acute; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, fine, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, sometimes astringent; good; November to February, sometimes extending into April, 24. Grimes Golden (X%) GRIMES GOLDEN. Fig. 24. Grmes. Grimes Golden Pippin. In spite of several faults, Grimes Golden is a universal favorite wherever it can be grown. The outstanding merits of the fruits are: beautiful rich golden color, well-moulded form, firm but crisp and tender flesh, pleasantly acidulous flavor, and most pleasant aroma. Unfortunately, except in the Virginias and adjoining states, the variety has many faults. Thus, the apples do not de- velop size, color, or quality elsewhere than in a few regions, and, wherever grown, they scald badly in storage. The trees, too, are but mod- erately vigorous, and under most conditions must be classed with the “unmanageables.” Grimes Golden originated in West Virginia more than a century ago; its culture is con- fined to the regions named, and Indiana, IIli- nois, and Missouri. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, drooping, dense; branches short, stout, curved, crooked. Fruit medium to large, round-oblong, often flattened at the ends, some- times conic, regular, sometimes obscurely ribbed; sometimes oblique, symmetrical, uniform, sides often unequal; stem short; cavity broad, deep, acute, often russeted; calyx large, closed; lobes long, reflexed, often separated at base; basin abrupt, deep, wide, fur- rowed; skin tough, deep yellow with scattering pale yellow or russet dots; calyx-tube yellow, very broad at the top, conical, deep; stamens basal; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines meeting; cells roundish, emarginate, concave; seeds numerous, tufted, plump, acute; flesh yellow, very firm, tender, crisp, coarse, juicy, subacid, rich, aromatic, sprightly; very good to best; November to January or February. GROSH. Grosh’s Mammoth. Large Rambo, Ohio Beauty. Summer Rambo. Western Beauty. The number of synonyms is usually a measure of merit—not so in the case of Grosh. While the apples are handsome when well-colored, they are not high in quality; and the trees, though good in most characters, have the fatal fault of not being able to carry the crop, much of which drops prematurely. The variety is at its best in Ohio, where it is reputed to have originated about 1840; it was described first in 1853. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open, with long, stout, curved branches. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate to conical, regular or elliptical ; stem short, thick; cavity acuminate, deep, wide, often compressed, smooth and green or russeted, symmetrical HAWLEY 35 or gently furrowed, sometimes lipped; calyx large, usually open disclosing the yellow calyx-tube; lobes separated at the base, long, often leafy, acute; basin often oblique, large, medium in depth and width, abrupt, somewhat furrowed; skin thick, tough, waxy, greenish- yellow becoming bright yellow, washed and mottled with bright red and striped and splashed with carmine; ex- cept in highly colored specimens, yellow predominates ; dots numerous, large, gray or russet, often areolar or white and submerged; calyx-tube large, wide at the top, conical; stamens basal to median; core small, axile or abaxile with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines clasping ; carpels ovate, emarginate, often tufted; seeds numerous, dark brown, often abortive, wide, obtuse; flesh slightly tinged with yellow, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic; good to very good; September to January. HAAS. Fig.25. Fall Queen. Haas. Horse, Hoss. Yellow Horse. Because of early bearing, thriftiness, hardiness, and productiveness in tree, Haas has been widely planted in different parts of America, and is still in favor in Texas and other parts of the South. It might be a universal favorite, were it not for the poor quality of the fruit, which has a flavor dis- agreeable to many. Haas originated over half a century ago on the farm of Gabriel Cerre, St. Louis, Missouri. 25. Haas. (X¥%) Tree large, very vigorous, tall and upright becoming spreading, with long, slender branches. Fruit medium to large, oblate-conic, ribbed, sides usually unequal ; stem short, thick, often partly red; cavity acute, deep, broad, usually symmetrical, covered with thin greenish- russet; calyx small, closed; lobes separated at base, short, narrow, acuminate; basin narrow, deep, abrupt, smooth or furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, yellow, mottled, washed and covered with bright red or brownish-red, striped and splashed with carmine ; dots large, inconspicuous, numerous, pale or russet; prevailing effect red striped with carmine; calyx-tube variable, long and wide, conical; stamens median; core medium, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open or closed.; core-lines clasping; carpels round to elliptical; seeds dark brown, large, plump, acute; flesh white, often stained with red, firm, fine, a little tough, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic, a little astringent; poor in quality ; October to early winter. HAWLEY. Douse. Few apples surpass Hawley in appearance and quality of fruit. The fruits are large, of the Fall Pippin type, made in a similar mould, and have a color of the same pleasing commingling of green and gold. But it is in quality that they become quite preéminent, being characterized by ten- derness, crispness, juiciness and fineness of flesh, and richness of flavor. Hawley can be as readily characterized by its faults as by its merits: the apples cannot be kept long, are frequently water-cored or rotten at the core; the trees are unproductive; and fruit and foliage are susceptible to the scab-fungus. 36 HIBERNAL Hawley originated from seeds planted by Mathew Hawley, New Canaan, New York, about 1750. It is to be found in all apple re- gions where there are fruit-growers of New York ancestry. Tree large, vigorous, hardy, long-lived, susceptible to fungi, comes in bearing late, moderately productive. Fruit large or very large, uniform in size and shape, globular, oblate or conic, sometimes elliptical, ribbed ; stem medium in length, slender; cavity acute, deep, wide and with outspreading russet rays; calyx large, partly closed; lobes often separated at the base, re- flexed, wide, acute; basin deep, medium to wide, very abrupt, often furrowed; skin smooth, waxy, thin, pale green deepening to yellow, sometimes showing a faint brown blush, with scattering russet dots and flecks especially toward the cavity; calyx-tube large, wide, cone-shape, yellow or brown; core medium; cells closed ; core-lines meeting; carpels flat, tufted, round, emargi- nate; seeds few, obtuse, medium in size, often abortive ; flesh yellow, soft, tender, fine-grained, juicy, rich, mild subacjd ; very good; September to November or later. HIBERNAL. Romna. Hibernal ranks among the best of the Russian apples—one of the most valuable in rigorous climates in the United States and Canada. The fruit is but mediocre for dessert or cooking, but the tree commends the variety most highly. The tree is not only one of the hardiest of its type, but also one of the most vigorous, healthy, and productive, making an excellent orchard plant either to produce its own fruit or upon which to graft less hardy or less vigorous varieties. The variety was imported from Russia between 1870 and 1880. Tree vigorous, spreading, drooping ; stout, curved, crooked and drooping. Fruit large, not uniform in shape or size, usually oblate-conic, often with sides unequal; stem short and stout, pubescent; cavity large, acute, deep, wide, furrowed, occasionally lipped, russeted; calyx large, open or partly closed; lobes often separated at the base, broad, acute; basin large, often oblique, narrow, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth or roughened with flecks of russet; color pale yellow, with thin bloom, blushed and striped with Wright carmine; dots small, numerous, pale yellow or gray, conspicuous; calyx-tube long, wide, funnel-shape; stamens median; core small, branches short, axile; cells closed; core-lines meeting; carpels round- oyate, emarginate, tufted; seeds small, short, plump, obtuse, dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, juicy, brisk subacid; astringent; fair to good; September to January. HILAIRE. St. Hilaire. Hilaire is a seed- ling of Fameuse, from which it differs in bear- ing fruits a little larger, which keep longer and have a more acidulous flavor. Like Fameuse, Hilaire is of Canadian origin, having come from St. Hilaire, Quebec, about 1875, where it originated on the farm of Alexis Dery. Its culture is largely confined to the French settlements in Canada. Tree large, vigorous. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size, oblate or round-oblate, irregular; stem medium, slender; cavity acuminate, deep and broad, not russeted, symmetrical ; calyx medium, usually closed; lobes broad, obtuse; basin shallow, wide, abrupt, wrinkled, sym- metrical; skin thin, tender, smooth, pale yellow over- spread with red, covered with faint bloom, stripes obscure ; dots very numerous, small, red, sometimes gray or russet; prevailing effect brilliant red deepening to dark red; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-shape; stamens median; core axile, small; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels round, emarginate; seeds dark, numerous, large, wide, obtuse to acute; flesh white tinged with red, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; good to very good; November to January. HOLLAND WINTER HOADLEY. Hoadley is an apple of the Oldenburg group, differmg from Oldenburg chiefly in ripening its crop a month later. The apples are not as high in quality as those of Oldenburg. The variety originated in Wis- consin about 1890, and its culture is chiefly confined to its native state. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit large, some- times very large, round-oblate or conic, angular, sides unequal; stem short, thick; cavity acute, deep, broad, symmetrical, thinly and irregularly russeted; calyx large, closed or partly open; lobes long, broad, acute to obtuse; basin deep, narrow, wide, abrupt, furrowed ; skin thick, tough, yellow overspread with bright red, mottled and irregularly striped and _ splashed with carmine; dots inconspicuous, submerged, pale; calyx- tube variable, short, wide, funnel-shape; core of medium size, abaxile; cells open; core-lines meeting; carpels broadly cordate or elliptical, tufted; seeds wide, long, plump, obtuse, dark colored; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, very juicy, brisk subacid; good; late September to November. HOLLAND PIPPIN. French Pippin. Summer Pippin. Holland Pippin is often con- fused with Holland Winter and Fall Pippin. The following differences distinguish it from these two: Holland Pippin is a fall apple, while Holland Winter is in season in winter. Holland Pippin is a culinary fruit, while Fall Pippin is a choice dessert apple. Of the two, Holland Pippin is the earlier, going out of season soon after Fall Pippin begins to ripen. Holland Pippin is the greener fruit of the two, Fall Pippin being fit to use only when it is a golden yellow in color. The stalk of Holland Pippin is short and set in a wide cavity, while that of Fall Pippin is long and set in a narrow cavity. The trees of both varieties are much the same in habit and both are exceptionally satisfactory. The origin of Holland Pippin is unknown, but it has been grown in America over a century, its culture extending from the Atlantic westward to Michigan and Indiana. Tree large, vigorous, spreading or round-topped. Fruit large or very large, uniform in size and shape, round or oblate-conic, obscurely ribbed; stem short, usually slen- der; cavity acute, medium in width, shallow, usually covered with thick outspreading russet; calyx pubescent, small, closed or partly open; lobes long, acute; basin shallow to deep, narrow, abrupt to obtuse, ridged and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow with brownish-red blush which is conspicuously marked with large irregular, areolar dots; dots numerous, large and small, often submerged; calyx-tube wide, broadly conical; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells un- symmetrical, open; core-lines meeting or clasping ; carpels broad, narrowing toward base and apex, emargi- nate, tufted; seeds narrow, acute; flesh white, coarse- grained, crisp, tender, very juicy, brisk subacid; good to very good; September to October. HOLLAND WINTER. Several apples pass under the name Holland Winter. The one which is supposed to have received the name first, and which is here described, is very similar to Rhode Island Greening. The fruits of Holland Winter are not equal to those of Rhode Island Greening in quality for either dessert or culinary use, but keep better and do not scald so badly in storage. The trees are vigorous, healthy, fruitful and usually bear annually. The variety is supposed to have come from the Holland district of Lincoln- shire, England, and is at least two hundred HUBBARDSTON years old. When it came to America is not known, but it has been long grown in eastern America. Tree vigorous, spreading, open; branches long, stout. Fruit medium to large, round-conic, symmetrical, regular or sometimes ribbed; stem short and thick; cavity acute, large, furrowed, occasionally with thin, outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed or open; basin shallow, occasionally deep and abrupt, furrowed, wrinkled; skin tough, waxy, smooth, pale green often with a faint, dull blush; dots numerous, large, conspicuous, sub- merged, white, mingled with a few fine russet points; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-shape; stamens median ; core of medium size, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open or partly closed; core-lines clasping; carpels round to elliptical, broad, tufted; seeds short, plump, obtuse; flesh white, firm, crisp, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, with mild pleasing aroma; good; December to May. 26. Hubbardston. (<%) HUBBARDSTON. Fig. 26. American Blush. Hubbardston Nonsuch. Nonsuch. Hub- bardston, under favorable conditions, is a most excellent apple. The fruits are of large size, handsome color, good enough for dessert, smooth, uniform, and are produced abundantly on a vigorous tree. Unfortunately, several faults condemn the variety for general culture. The apples, very good for dessert, are not at all suitable for culinary uses. The variety is so variable on different soils and in different climates in both tree- and fruit-characters as to be unsatisfactory. Thus, very often, the trees do not hold the crop well, the apples are under- sized, poorly colored, drop badly; the crop does not keep its allotted time, and the trees suffer from winter injury. The variety takes its name from Hubbardston, Massachusetts, where it originated at least a century ago, and whence it has been widely disseminated throughout northern United States. Tree vigorous, large, erect, spreading, dense. Leaves small, narrow, incurved. Fruit medium to large, round- ovate to round-conic, characteristically rounded toward the cavity, symmetrical, often obscurely ribbed; stem short ; cavity deep, acute, symmetrical, sometimes fur- rowed, russeted; calyx small, open or closed; basin narrow, shallow to deep, furrowed, often marked with concentric flecks of russet in and about the basin; skin smooth or more often roughened with dots, flecks and fine veins of russet, covered with faint bloom; color yellow, blushed and mottled with red which varies from dull brown to bright red, more or less marked with carmine; dots pale or russet, often large and irregular, conspicuous on the red portions of the fruit; calyx-tube medium in length, broad, cone-shape; stamens median ; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels broad, round, emarginate, tufted; seeds numerous, small, short, plump, acute, light brown; flesh yellow, firm, breaking, HURLBUT 37 fine-grained, tender, crisp, juicy, aromatic, rich, at first sprightly but becoming mild subacid; very good to best; October to January. HUNT RUSSET.° Golden Russet. New England Russet. Russet Pearmain. Hunt Rus- set, a favorite of a century and a half ago but now no longer planted, is found in many old orchards in New England and New York. The fruits are attractive, of excellent quality, and keep remarkably well. The variety takes its name from a Mr. Hunt upon whose farm, near Concord, Massachusetts, it originated. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit medium or small, uniform, oblate to conical, often elliptical, uniform in shape; stem short, slender; cavity large, acute, deep, broad, sometimes furrowed and compressed; calyx partly open or closed; lobes medium in length, broad; basin deep to shallow, narrow to wide, abrupt, furrowed; skin thin, tender, golden-russet or with red-russet cheek ; dots numerous, gray or russet; calyx-tube long, funnel- shape; stamens basal; core small, axile; cells sym- metrical, closed; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder ; earpels round to elliptical, emarginate; seeds dark, medium in size, plump, usually obtuse; flesh yellow, fine, tender, juicy, subacid, sprightly becoming mild; very good to best; January to April or later. HUNTSMAN. Huntsman’s Favorite. Huntsman produces an excellent apple in ap- pearance and quality, which sells as a fancy fruit in Missouri, Kansas, and nearby regions. The handsome color and delectable quality of the fruit, however, are offset by several serious faults, as: susceptibility to the scab and bitter- rot fungi; sun-burning of the fruit; and lateness in coming into bearing. These faults have kept the variety from becoming an apple of commercial importance. Huntsman originated on the farm of John Huntsman, Fayette, Mis- sourl, sometime previous to 1872, when it was first described by Downing. Tree vigorous, upright, open; branches long, straight, slender ; internodes very short. Fruit large, round-oblate, conical, somewhat irregular, obscurely angular; stem short, thick; cavity acute, deep, broad, sometimes russeted, frequently furrowed, sometimes compressed ; calyx small, closed; lobes short, narrow, acute; basin very abrupt, deep, narrow, usually deeply furrowed ; skin thick, tender, yellow, often with an orange-red blush which sometimes deepens to distinct red; dots small, inconspicuous, pale, submerged, numerous; calyx- tube usually extends to the core, cylindrical; stamens marginal ; core small, abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical, open; core-lines clasping; carpels elliptical, deeply emarginate, sometimes tufted; seeds irregular in shape, dark brown, wide and long, plump, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, mild subacid with a dis- tinct pleasantly aromatic flavor; good to very good; December to April. HURLBUT. Aurlbut Stripe. Hurlbut is one of the many mediocre apples having just sufficient merit to keep them in the limbo of the nurserymen’s catalogs. It will be seen from the description that fruit and tree of Hurlbut are good but in no case superior. The variety originated at Winchester, Con- necticut, nearly a century ago on the farm of General Leonard Hurlbut. Its cultivation has not spread far from the place of its nativity. It was first described by Cole in 1849. Tree large, vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate to oblate- conic, angular, symmetrical; stem short, slender; cavity acute, shallow, medium in width, symmetrical or com- pressed, usually closed; lobes long, narrow, acute; 38 INGRAM basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, smooth or wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, greenish-yellow overspread with brownish-red or dull red, splashed and striped with carmine; dots scattering, inconspicuous, usually sub- merged, sometimes russet; calyx-tube very short, wide, truncate conical with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base; stamens marginal; core of medium size, abaxile; cells wide open to closed; core-lines meeting ; carpels round; seeds numerous, large, wide, long, plump, acute; flesh white or yellowish, firm, fine, tender, crisp, very juicy, aromatic, mild subacid; good to very good; October to January. INGRAM. Ingram Seedling. Ingram is re- markable for two qualities—late-blooming, and late-keeping fruits. It is a seedling of Ralls, which it much resembles except for larger and more brightly colored apples. The fruit is but mediocre, and the variety has small value ex- cept when a tree is wanted which blooms late or an apple which keeps long. This variety has attracted much attention in the Southwest, especially in the Ozarks, but promises little in other regions. Ingram originated in the or- chard of Martin Ingram, Springfield, Missouri, about 1850. Tree vigorous, upright, dense, with long, stout branches. Fruit medium, sometimes large, round-conic to round-oblate, symmetrical; stem short, varying from thick and swollen to slender; cavity acuminate, from medium in depth and width to deep and broad, some- times partly russeted, obscurely furrowed; calyx large, open; basin regular, deep, narrow, abrupt; skin thick and tough, smooth, pale yellow, washed, mottled and striped with two shades of red and clouded with white scarf-skin over the base; dots numerous, white areolar with russet center, conspicuous; calyx-tube conical ; stamens basal; core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core-lines meeting; carpels round, tufted ; seeds wide, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, and hard but becoming crisp and tender, juicy, very mild subacid, aromatic; good to very good; February to June. IOWA BLUSH. This variety is briefly described by nurserymen of Iowa and Ne- braska, who speak of it in superlative terms. It seems not to be known elsewhere. The author has been unable to learn its history, other than that it has been grown in the states named for at least twelve years. The tree is described as very vigorous and productive, but only second-hardy, not thriving in the Da- kotas and northern Minnesota. The fruit is medium in size, round-conical, pale yellow with a red cheek. The flesh is yellowish, subacid or tart, rich and good. The season is November to February. JACOBS SWEET. Jacobs Winter Sweet. Jacobs Sweet has many of the qualities which have made its more widely-known rival, Sweet Bough, a universal favorite. The apples of the two, in color, form, and texture are much alike. The fruits of this variety are very tender, crack easily, and are susceptible to the scab-fungus. Add to these faults, unreliability in keeping and great variability in season, and it may be seen why Sweet Bough is generally thought to be the better apple. The variety is best known in New England, where it originated at Medford, Massachusetts, about 1860. Tree medium to large, vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium to large, round, inclined to conic, sometimes oblate, symmetrical; stem short; cavity wide, deep, acute, sometimes furrowed or compressed, seldom rus- seted; calyx closed or partly open; basin often abrupt, round, medium in width and depth; skin tough, waxen, JERSEY SWEET glossy, yellow with a bright blush; dots obscure white or russet; calyx-tube cone-shape; stamens median ; core large, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open or partly closed; core-lines clasping; carpels large, round to broad-obovate ; seeds numerous, acute; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, very tender, crisp, juicy, aromatic, very sweet; good; October to April. JEFFERIS. Jefferis is one of the best fall apples—fruits tender, pleasantly acidulous, rich, delicious. The trees, too, are satisfactory in all respects. But the apples ripen unevenly, are not attractive in color, and lack both size and uniformity, qualities which condemn tha variety for any but the home orchard, where it is most deserving of a place. Jefferis origi- nated with Isaac Jefferis, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and is first recorded in 1848. It is grown in all of the eastern states. Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, open. Fruit small, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate, conic, regular or obscurely ribbed; stem of medium length, thick; cavity acute, medium in depth, broad, sym- metrical ; calyx small, closed or open; lobes short, broad, acute; basin shallow to deep, wide, abrupt, smooth, symmetrical ; skin thin, tough, pale yellow, blushed and mottled with dull red overlaid with narrow splashes and stripes of carmine; dots small, scattering, inconspicuous, submerged or russet ; calyx-tube narrow, conical ; stamens marginal; core small, axile; cells open; core-lines clasp- ing; carpels elliptical, emarginate, sometimes tufted ; seeds numerous, large, wide, long, flat, very irregular, obtuse; flesh yellowish-white, firm, fine, crisp, tender, very juicy, mild, subacid; very good; September to January. JERSEY SWEET, Fig.27. American. In spite of faults, there is much in the fruit of Jersey Sweet to commend it for home use and local markets. Its faults are: susceptibility to the scab-fungus, early decay, and failure to 27. Jersey Sweet. (X14) color well in most environments. To offset the faults, the quality is of the best, making a good sweet apple for either dessert or cooking. The tree-characters are excellent. The origin of the variety is unknown, but it has been listed in pomologies since 1845. Tree large, vigorous, upright or round-topped, open; branches long, stout, filled with spurs. Fruit medium size, round-ovate, conic or oblate-conic, sides unequal ; stem long, slender; cavity acute, deep, medium in width, occasionally lipped, russeted; calyx small, closed; lobes long, narrow, acute; basin small, shallow, narrow, abrupt, ribbed and wrinkled; skin fine, tender, yellow washed and mottled with brownish-red and overlaid with narrow stripes of carmine; dots inconspicuous, greenish, submerged ; calyx-tube narrow, conical, often with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base; stamens median; core large, axile; cells symmetrical, usually closed; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels elongated- ovate, tufted; seeds large, acute; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet ; good to very good ; September to December. JEWETT RED JEWETT RED. Fig. 28. Nodhead. Jewett Red is an early winter apple of the Blue Pearmain type, more or less grown and highly esteemed in parts of New England. The apples are handsomely colored—dark red 28. Jewett Red. (x%) covered by a heavy, blue bloom; and the quality is excellent, the flavor being a pleasing mingling of sweet and sour. The trees are precocious in bearing, but grow slowly, and are seldom productive. The variety originated at Hollis, New Hampshire, early in the nine- teenth century. Tree small, spreading, open; branches short and stout with few laterals and numerous spurs. Fruit of medium size, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate, sides unequal, obscurely ribbed, often irregular; stem short; cavity variable, acute, shallow. wide, furrowed ob- scurely, green or russeted, sometimes lipped; calyx small, open or partly closed; lobes broad, short, obtuse: basin shallow, wide, obtuse, obscurely furrowed and wrinkled ; skin thin, tough, smooth, dark red over yellow background, often deepening to purplish-red and obscurely marked with broken stripes and splashes of carmine; dots numerous, conspicuous, pale yellow with character- istie scarf-skin overspreading the base; prevailing effect deep red; calyx-tube narrow, funnel-form; stamens median; core axile; cells closed or open; core-lines elasping; carpels oval, elongated, emarginate; seeds numerous, clear reddish-brown, small; flesh yellow, fine, tender, juicy, pleasantly aromatic, mild subacid; good to very good; October to February. JONATHAN. Fig. 29. Jonathan has a world-wide reputation, and the apples by gen- eral consent are placed among the very best in both appearance and quality. Though only medium in size, the fruits are large enough for 29. Jonathan. (X%) a dessert apple. The brilliant red skin, indis- tinctly striped with carmine and underlaid with pale yellow, contrasting with the nearly white flesh; and the shapely, round-conic, smoothly and regularly turned form, make it one of the most attractive apples. The flesh is firm, crisp, tender, juicy, not especially rich in flavor, but peculiarly sprightly and refreshing, having a distinct and most pleasing aroma. The season KESWICK 39 is from November to January, longer in cold storage, with the greatest demand at Christ- mas. Unfortunately, when the apples are kept long in either common or cold storage, dark spots develop in the skin which greatly mar their appearance. The trees are usually hardy, vigorous and productive, and very accommo- dating as to soils and climates, requiring, how- ever, a fertile soil, and developing fullest per- fection in cool climates. The variety is an inviting prey to insects and fungi, and the trees must be carefully sprayed. Jonathan is grown best in parts of the Middle West and the Pacific Coast states. The variety origi- nated on the farm of Philip Rick, Ulster County, New York, about 1800, and the name commemorates Jonathan Hasbrouck, who had the honor of first calling attention to this excellent apple. Tree medium in size, vigorous, round or spreading, drooping, dense. Leaves small, narrow. Fruit small, rarely large, round-conic to round-ovate, often truncate, regular, uniform in shape and size; stem medium to long, slender; cavity acute, deep to very deep, abrupt, narrow; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow striped with carmine, covered with red which deepens on the sunny side, often showing contrasting bits of pale yellow about the cavity; dots minute, inconspicuous; calyx-tube small, funnel-shape; stamens basal; core small, axile; cells symmetrical but often not uniformly developed, usually closed; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; earpels concave, round to round-cordate, emarginate, smooth; seeds large, long, acute, dark, numerous; flesh yellow, sometimes with a tinge of red, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, very aromatic, sprightly subacid; very good to best; November to January. JULY. August. Fourth of July. July, in fruit, is almost a facsimile of the well-known Tetofsky,, which surpasses it in tree-characters, in which the two are quite distinct. It is an old Russian variety introduced into America sometime previous to the Civil War as an apple suitable for cold regions. Tree vigorous, upright, roundish, dense. Fruit medium, uniform in shape but not in size, round-conical, irregu- larly ribbed, sides often unequal; stem long, slender, often bracted; cavity acuminate, deep, medium, furrowed, thinly russeted; calyx large, usually closed; lobes nar- row, acuminate; basin shallow to medium, narrow, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, pale yellow washed and mottled with red, striped and splashed with carmine and overspread with bloom ; dots small, numerous, submerged, inconspicuous, light, areolar; calyx-tube variable in length, funnel-shape ; stamens median; core medium, axile; cells closed; carpels round-ovate or elongated- ovate; seeds dark dull brown, wide, short, plump, obtuse; flesh yellow, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; fair to good; July to September, KESWICK. Keswick Codlin. This is an English apple of small value in America. The variety may be recommended more for its tree- than its fruit-characters. It was brought to America and widely disseminated early in the nineteenth century. core-lines clasping ; Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit large, round-conie or oblong-conic, broad at the base, ribbed, sides frequently unequal; stem short, slender to thick; cavity variably acute, shallow, narrow, russeted; calyx closed; lobes long, medium in width, acuminate; basin shallow, narrow, furrowed or angular, often with fleshy protuberances alternating with the calyx-lobes; skin thin, tough, smooth, waxy, yellow, sometimes with a faint blush and often with a suture line extending out from the cavity; dots submerged, inconspicuous or rus- 40 KING set; calyx-tube wide, bluntly cone-shape; stamens median; core variable, large, abaxile; cells wide open; core-lines meeting; carpels variable, round-ovate; seeds light brown, small, short, plump, acute; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; fair to good; August and September. KING: See Tompkins King. KING DAVID. Fig. 30. This apple is a cross between Jonathan and Arkansas Black, resembling both parents in one or more characters. The trees are equal to either in hardiness, productiveness, vigor, and health. The apples are about the size of those of Jona- than and even better colored, as beautiful as any in the orchard; for added to the deep, solid, red color are rotundity in shape and uni- formity in size; these three qualities give the fruits an almost perfect appearance. The ap- ples hang long on the tree, all the while deep- ening in color, but for late keeping should be picked as soon as overspread with red and before the seeds are well ripened. The flesh is firm, fine, crisp, tender, spicy, and juicy. The chief fault of the fruit is a tendency to 30. King David. (x%4) decay at the core, especially when over-ripe. King David was found growing in a fence-row in Washington County, Arkansas, in 1893, and was introduced by Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri, in 1902. Tree vigorous, healthy, hardy, productive; branches long, moderately stout. Fruit of medium size, round-oblate to oblate-conic, slightly ribbed; stem medium in length, slender; cavity moderately deep and broad, usually rus- seted; calyx small, closed; basin medium in depth, somewhat abrupt, furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth ; color pale greenish-yellow, almost entirely overspread with a very attractive deep, dark red, changing to scarlet; core rather large, open, abaxile, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-shaped; flesh distinctly yellow, firm, crisp, moderately tender, juicy, brisk subacid, spicy and aromatic; quality good to very good; November to February. KINNAIRD. Kinnaird’s Choice. Kin- naird’s Favorite. Kinnaird is an attractive, dark-red apple similar to Winesap in size, quality, color, and season. The variety origi- nated at Franklin, Williamson County, Ten- nessee, and is now grown only in its native and neighboring states. Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading, irregular ; branchlets slender. Fruit medium to large, oblate to conic, flat at the base, obscurely ribbed, sides sometimes unequal; stem not exserted, short, thick; cavity very wide, deep, acute, sometimes russeted; calyx small, closed or partly open; basin wide, deep, abrupt, gently furrowed, often oblique; skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow, mottled and blushed with red, in the sun deep LADY SWEET red; dots numerous, small, white, elongated towards the cavity ; prevailing effect dark red; calyx-tube conical, short to cylindrical and deep, sometimes extending to the core; stamens marginal; core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core-lines clasping; carpels ob- cordate, emarginate, concave, tufted; seeds short, wide, plump ; flesh yellow, crisp, fine or a little coarse, agree- ably subacid, aromatic; good to very good; season, November to March. y LADY. Fig. 31. Api. Christmas Apple. This variety is known wherever apples are grown, usually, except in America, under the name Api with some modifying term. Its pop- ularity is due to its beau- tiful miniature fruits which are of highest quality, most suitable for dessert and for dec- orative purposes. The apples keep well until April or May, but are in greatest demand during the holiday season. The trees are not very satisfactory, being small, very dense in growth, unproductive, and come in bearing late. The fruit is borne in clusters on short spurs and hangs well to the tree. The variety is very susceptible to the apple-scab fungus. Lady has been in cultivation in France, under the name Api, for over three hundred years, and was one of the first European apples to be brought to America. 31. Lady. (X%) Tree vigorous, dwarf, dense, erect; branches erect, slender. Leaves narrow. Fruit very small, uniform in size and shape, oblate to round-conic, obscurely ribbed, symmetrical; stem slender; cavity large and _ wide, obtuse, shallow, gently furrowed, sometimes thinly rus- seted; calyx small, closed; lobes small, acute; basin wide, shallow, obtuse, narrowly ridged and wrinkled ; skin thick, tough, smooth, glossy with a deep red blush which is often irregularly and sharply outlined against the pale yellow ground-color; dots white or with russet points, inconspicuous; calyx-tube conical with short, truncate cylinder; stamens marginal; core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core-lines clasping; carpels smooth, round or elliptical, emarginate, mucronate; seeds plump, wide, obtuse, completely filling the cells; flesh white, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, aromatic, mild subacid; good to very good; December to May. LADY SWEET. Pommeroy. Lady Sweet has few rivals among sweet apples in its season. The fruits are superior in size, color, flavor, and keeping qualities. The trees come in bearing young and bear regularly and heavily, though they are not remarkably vigorous, are short-lived, and often suffer from winter injury. Fruit and foliage are quite susceptible to apple-scab. The season is from late autumn to late spring. Lady Sweet originated near Newburg, New York, and was brought to no- tice by Downing in 1845. It is a general favorite in the North Atlantic states and the Middle West. Tree upright-spreading, vigorous. Leaves narrow, small, ovate. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round-conie, often approaching oblong-conic, irregularly elliptical, often ribbed, symmetrical; stem short; cavity acute, deep, narrow, sometimes wide, gently furrowed, often russeted, sometimes lipped; calyx small, closed, pubescent; basin small, narrow, shallow, abrupt, fur- rowed; skin thin, smooth, yellow overspread with bright red splashed with carmine, mottled and striped with white scarf-skin about the cavity ; dots conspicuous, pale LATE STRAWBERRY areolar with russet point or submerged, numerous toward the basin; calyx-tube conical; stamens basal; core small, axile to abaxile; cells not uniformly developed, closed; core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels broad, round to round-ovate, mucronate, sometimes emarginate, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet, with a distinct and pleasant aroma; very good to best ; November to April or May. LATE STRAWBERRY. Fig. 32. Au- tumn Strawberry. Fall Strawberry. The true Late Strawberry is one of the best dessert apples of its season. It is, however, an apple only for the home orchard. Its reputation has suffered because of confusion in nomencla- ture, several distinct sorts being grown as Late Strawberry. The variety is debarred from commercial plantation because of the small 32. Late Strawberry. (14) size of the fruit and the long period of ma- turity, which makes several pickings necessary. The beauty and high quality of this apple should make it a favorite in orchards planted for choicely good fruit. The variety origi- nated at Aurora, Cayuga County, New York, and was first described in 1848. Tree medium to large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, healthy, long-lived, yielding regularly and heavily. Fruit small, uniform in size and shape, round or oblong- eonic, sometimes strongly ribbed, irregular; stem long, slender, often curved; cavity acuminate, deep, broad, furrowed, sometimes with thin radiating streaks of light russet mingled with carmine; calyx large, open; lobes often separated at base, short, acute, erect or reflexed; basin deep, wide, abrupt, furrowed and wrin- kled; skin pale yellow often almost entirely overspread with bright red, dotted and streaked with purplish-car- mine; dots inconspicuous, light colored; prevailing effect bright striped red; calyx-tube wide, conical; stamens basal; core small, axile to abaxile; cells closed or open; core-lines meeting; carpels obovate; seeds large, flat, obtuse; flesh yellow, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, subacid; very good; September to December. LAWVER. Black Spy. Delaware Winter. Lawver retains a place in pomology because of the attractive appearance and long-keeping quality of the fruit. The apples are a hand- some red, very uniform in shape and size, and keep in common storage until May or June. They are, however, but mediocre in quality— scarcely desirable for either dessert or culinary purposes. The trees come in bearing early, and, as a rule, yield large crops biennially. The variety is at its best in southern latitudes; in the North the apples run small in size and poor in color and quality. Fruit and foliage are subject to apple-scab. The origin of Lawver is uncertain, but it is said to have come from Parkville, Missouri, soon after the LIMBERTWIG 41 Civil War, and to have been reintroduced from Delaware under the name Delaware Winter. Tree vigorous, round-spreading, dense; branches long, stout, curved. Fruit medium to large, round or oblate, regular and symmetrical; stem variable, often long and slender; cavity acute or acuminate, deep, large and broad, often compressed or furrowed, more or less rus- seted and often with outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed or open, often leafy; lobes sometimes separated at the base; basin wide, flat and obtuse, some- times deep and abrupt, gently furrowed, sometimes wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, occasionally showing the yellow ground-color but usually covered with bright red which deepens about the base and is often mottled and streaked with dull gray scarf-skin, toward the apex lighter red; dots white or russet, small and numerous about the basin, large and scattering toward the cavity ; ealyx-tube long, narrow at top, funnel-form; stamens median; core abaxile, medium in size; cells symmetrical, open or closed; core-lines clasping; carpels concave, round to obcordate, tufted; seeds dark, large, wide, obtuse, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, breaking, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, aromatic; fair to good; January to May or June. LEHIGH GREENING. Lehigh Greening is of the Pippin rather than of the Greening type, though the two groups are very similar. Were there not several other better sorts of its kind, the variety would be rated as an excellent green winter-apple. Its origin is not known, but it has been grown in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, since 1840 at least. Tree vigorous, wide-spreading, open; branches stout, crooked. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate to round-conic, sides sometimes un- equal; stem medium to long, slender; cavity acute, medium in depth, narrow, sometimes lipped, russeted and often with outspreading russet rays; calyx open; lobes narrow, acuminate, often separated at the base; basin large, abrupt, shallow, wide, gently furrowed ; skin dark green becoming waxen yellow, occasionally with a thin blush of bright red; dots numerous, sub- merged or pale areolar with russet point; calyx-tube long and wide, broadly funnel-shape; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, wide open; core- lines clasping ; carpels pointed-ovate to broadly cordate, tufted; seeds numerous, medium in size, dark brown, elongated, plump, acute; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid, aromatic; good or very good; January to May. LIMBERTWIG. James River. Limber- twig is a rather common appellation for varie- ties of apples having willowy twigs. Possibly a dozen varieties have been so called in different parts of America, but the name belongs prop- erly to a variety producing a medium-sized, deep-red, late-keeping apple rather popular in southern latitudes. The tree is vigorous and productive, its slender branches usually bend- ing in season with a heavy crop. The fruit keeps from April until May. The origin of Limbertwig is not known; the earliest notice is that of Kenrick in 1882. Tree thrifty, productive, fruit hanging well to the tree; laterals slender becoming drooping with heavy erops. Fruit medium, uniform in size and shape, round to oblate-conic, symmetrical and regular; stem medium in length and thickness, usually not exserted; cavity acuminate, deep, broad, sometimes russeted, smooth or gently furrowed; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes short, broad, sometimes recurved; basin small, narrow, shallow and obtuse or deep and abrupt, often furrowed; skin roughened with numerous conspicuous russet dots, yellow covered with red, deepening in the sun to dark red, obscurely striped with dull carmine, sometimes marked with broken russet veins; prevailing effect dark red; calyx-tube cone-shape; stamens median ; core sessile, abaxile, small; cells not uniformly de- veloped, symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines clasping ; 42 LONGFIELD earpels concave, elliptical, deeply emarginate, much tufted ; seeds numerous, elongated, small, plump, obtuse, much tufted, clinging to the carpels; flesh yellow, firm, fine, juicy, aromatic, subacid; good; January to April. LONGFIELD. English Pippin. Good Peasant. Longfield is the best dessert fruit of a hundred or more sorts imported from Russia, though it falls below the average of the apples of its nativity in several other characters. The apples do not take high rank in the market as they can be kept but for a short time after harvesting, and their delicate color and tender flesh bruise with the least roughness of touch. Besides being excellent in quality, the apples are handsome in appearance and very good in cookery. The trees are extremely hardy, and, though small in size, exceedingly pro- ductive. It is a very good apple for home use in all regions where hardiness is an important factor. The variety was introduced from Russia by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1870, and is now widely grown in the United States and Canada. Tree medium in size, round or spreading, dense, low, with short, stout, crooked branches and drooping laterals filled with small spurs. Fruit medium, uniform in size and shape, round-conic, ribbed; stem short, slender; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, symmetrical, usually russeted ; calyx small, leafy, closed or partly open; lobes long, narrow, acute; basin small, shallow, narrow, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, glossy, pale waxen-yellow with a lively blush but not striped; dots few, small, inconspicuous, white, submerged ; prevailing effect bright yellow blushed with lively red; calyx-tube narrow and elongated, often ex- tending to the core; stamens basal; core medium, axile ; cells symmetrical, not uniformly developed, closed or partly open; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; earpels round, emarginate; seeds large, dark brown, long, acute; flesh white, fine, crisp, very tender, juicy, subacid, sprightly, aromatic; good to very good; Sep- tember to October. LOUISE. Princess _Lowise. _Woolverton. Louise is a seedling of Fameuse, from which it differs in having fruits a little larger and much less red in color, the red overlaying a very yellow background with a lively blush, the whole apple being overspread with soft bloom. The tree is much the same as that of its par- ent. Though at best very handsome, with a distinctive flavor and aroma, in general the fruits fall short of those of Fameuse and the better-known McIntosh of the same group. Louise originated with L. Woolverton, Grimsby, Ontario, about 1875, and is little known outside of Canada. Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, with long, slender branches and willowy laterals. Fruit medium in size, uniform in size and shape, round or round-oblate, often elliptical or obscurely angular, sides often unequal; stem red, long, slender; cavity obtuse, sometimes acuminate, shallow, broad, furrowed ; ealyx closed or slightly open; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, lightly furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, pale yellow, with lively red blush, striped obscurely if at all, overspread with thin bloom; dots inconspicuous, pale, submerged; calyx-tube short, wide, conical ; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells symmetrical, partly open; core-lines meeting ; carpels elongated-ovate ; seeds long, acute; flesh white, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic, with some of the perfume of McIntosh; good to very good; October to February or later. LOWELL. Greasy Pippin. Tallow. Tallow Pippin. Though now superseded by better McAFEE sorts of its season, Lowell was a most impor- tant variety in the apple orchards of a gen- eration ago. It is preeminently an apple for the home orchard, since it furnishes fruit for dessert or cooking from late summer to early winter. The flesh, while coarse, is pleasantly flavored, and the large, bright-yellow apples, with a most perceptible coating of wax, giving rise to the expressive names Greasy Pippin and Tallow Pippin, are very attractive in appearance. Where and when it originated is not known, but it has been under culti- vation for at least a century and is gen- erally distributed throughout the East and North. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open. large, uniform in size but variable in shape, oblong, conic, unsymmetrical, irregular; stem long, thick, deflected to one side; cavity acute, shallow, broad, often russeted; calyx large, closed or partly open; basin shallow, medium in width, abrupt, often furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth or with occasional russet dots and flecks, waxy, rich yellow ; dots numerous, inconspicuous, brown, russet or sub- merged ; calyx-tube long, wide, conical ; stamens median ; core large, axile to abaxile; cells closed; core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels obovate, emarginate; seeds dark brown, medium in size, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, very juicy, sprightly subacid ; good to very good; August to October. LOWLAND RASPBERRY. = Liveland. Lowland Raspberry, more often known as Liveland, is an early Russian apple very popu- lar in the apple regions of the Great Plains. The fruit is beautiful and of very good quality for an early apple, surpassing all other Russian apples in both appearance and quality, but the skin is so tender that the fruit is suitable only for home use and local market. The variety was introduced from Russia about 1880. It is described in the catalogs as follows: Fruit round- Tree vigorous, not large, upright, very hardy, produc- tive. Fruit medium to large; color waxen white, striped, shaded and marbled with light carmine; flesh white, often stained with red, fine, very tender, pleasant, mild subacid, almost sweet; August or with Yellow Trans- parent. McAFEE. McAfee Red. McAfee’s None- such. Striped Sweet Pippin. Winter Pippin. This is an old sort, once very popular in the South and parts of the Middle West, now but little planted. The apples are well flay- ored and attractive but rather too mild and characterless in flavor. There are no remark- able tree-characters. McAfee originated near Harrodsburg, Kentucky. Elliott called atten- tion to it in 1854. Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium to large, round-oblate, regular; stem short to long; cavity large, wide, acute, deep, gently furrowed, often with thin outspreading russet ; calyx small, closed ; basin shallow, narrow, sometimes broad, wrinkled and gently furrowed; skin thin, smooth, yellow faintly washed with red and splashed and striped with carmine, often marked at the base with thin, gray, mottled scarf- skin and sometimes with fine, irregularly broken russet lines; dots minute, indented, gray or white with some large and areolar; prevailing effect striped-red; calyx- tube funnel-form ; stamens median to basal; core abaxile, round; cells symmetrical, open; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels concave, tufted, broadly obo- vate; seeds numerous, large, long, wide, obtuse, dark ; flesh yellow, coarse, breaking, tender, juicy, mild subacid ; good to very good; October to February. McINTOSH McINTOSH. Fig. 33. McIntosh Red. If one were compelled to choose the apple of apples as the season’s varieties pass by, choos- ing in respect to the qualities which, united, gratify the greatest number of senses, few would hesitate in naming McIntosh sovereign of all. The fruits of McIntosh are uniquely beautiful, outwardly and inwardly, the flavor is hardly surpassed, and the whole apple is most agreeably perfumed. The bright deep- red color is made more attractive by a heavy 83. McIntosh. (4) and characteristic bloom. Well grown, each apple seems to have been turned out of the same mould—a sphere modified by a little oblateness. When the apples are cut, flesh of snowy whiteness rimmed and stained with red is exposed—firm, fine, crisp, tender, and juicy, with a rich, delicious, and very dis- tinctive flavor. The trees are vigorous, hardy, and healthy. Three serious faults detract from its value as a commercial fruit: apple-scab fungus seriously disfigures fruit and foliage; the crop ripens unevenly; and the apples sel- dom hang until sufficiently mature. The va- riety originated in Dundas County, Ontario, on the McIntosh homestead, from which its distribution was begun about 1870. Tree vigorous, round or spreading, with numerous small, slender laterals. Fruit large, uniform in shape and size, round-oblate, regular; stem short, stout, slender, usually not exserted, often with irregular protuberances; cavity large, acuminate, wide, broadly furrowed, often partly Tusseted; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes short, narrow, acute; basin pubescent, small, narrow, abrupt, smooth or obscurely furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth, readily separating from the flesh, pale-yellow washed and deeply blushed with bright red and striped with carmine, highly-colored specimens dark red with the carmine stripes obscure, overspread with bloom; dots white or yellow, small; calyx-tube short, conical, with broad limb; stamens median; core abaxile; cells wide open; core-lines meeting, carpels elliptical, smooth, con- cave; seeds brown, large, acute; flesh white, sometimes veined with red, firm, fine, crisp, tender, very juicy, perfumed, sprightly subacid; very good to best; Oc- tober to December or later. McMAHON. McMahon White. McMahon in quality is similar to Alexander, of which it is possibly a seedling, but does not equal it in any characters which contribute to making a com- mercial variety. The apple is not good enough in quality for home-growing. The variety originated about 1860 in Richland County, Wis- consin, and its culture is confined to its native and nearby states. MAIDEN BLUSH 43 Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading. Fruit large or very large, round-conic, faintly ribbed; stem medium in length, thick; cavity remarkably acuminate, very deep, broad, compressed, russeted and with outspreading rays; calyx small, open; lobes separated at base, short , basin deep, narrow, abrupt, compressed, furrowed and wrinkled; skin pale yellow or nearly white with ir- regular stripes and patches of white scarf-skin extending from the cavity over the base, often having the cheek overspread with a thin blush, faintly splashed and striped with carmine; dots few, inconspicuous, green or russet ; calyx-tube long, wide, broadly conical or cylindri- eal; stamens median; core small, abaxile to axile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines meeting; carpels round or elliptical, emarginate; seeds dark brown, plump, obtuse; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; fair to good; October to February. MAGOG. Magog Red Streak. Magog has been on probation for nearly a half century— not good enough to recommend and too good to condemn. If worth growing at all, it is only in northern latitudes where hardiness is necessary. The variety originated at Newport, Vermont, about 1870, and its culture is con- fined to New England, Canada, and the Great Plains, being most popular in the last-named region. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit large, uniform in size but variable in shape, round-oblong, sometimes conie or ovate, regular or faintly ribbed, sides often unequal; stem short, thick; cavity acute, medium in depth, narrow, usually smooth, occasionally lipped, often irregularly russeted; calyx small, closed; lobes narrow, acute; basin medium in width and depth, some- times abrupt, coarsely wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, waxy, pale yellow, lightly washed and mottled with thin brownish-red, sparingly striped and splashed with deeper red; dots numerous, light, submerged, areolar, brown and russet; prevailing effect yellow; calyx-tube long, conical, with long cylinder; stamens marginal; core large, abaxile; cells open; core-lines elasping the funnel cylinder; carpels broad-obcordate, sometimes tufted; seeds light brown, small, wide, short, plump, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, tender, very juicy, sprightly, pleasant subacid, aromatic; good; season, October to January or later. MAIDEN BLUSH. Fig. 34. Lady Blush. Red Cheek. This old favorite, known by fruit- growers in America everywhere for over a century, attained and holds its popularity chiefly by virtue of its distinctive and very 34. Maiden Blush. (14) handsome crimson-cheeked, lemon-yellow ap- ples. The fruits are unique in form as well as color, each an oblate sphere. The apples are not high enough in quality to relish out of hand, but are very good for cooking, evapo- rating, and for the markets. The crop does not mature uniformly, is very susceptible to the scab-fungus, and does not keep well in either 44 MALINDA ordinary or cold storage. The trees are above the mark in most characters. The variety was named by Coxe as very popular in Phila- delphia as long ago as 1817. It is probably as widely disseminated in America as any other apple. Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading, open. Fruit medium, sometimes large, uniform in size and shape, oblate, sometimes conic, regular, symmetrical; stem short, slender; cavity large, acute, medium to wide, shallow, usually symmetrical, sometimes russeted; calyx closed; lobes separated at base, broad, acute; basin shallow, medium to wide, obtuse, regular, smooth or furrowed, symmetrical; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale waxen yellow with crimson blush; dots numerous, white, submerged or areolar; calyx-tube small, narrow, conical, stamens median; core of medium size, axile or some- what abaxile, broad-elliptical; cells closed or slightly open; core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels broad- ovate; seeds brown, wide, long, plump, acute; flesh white or with yellow tinge, fine, crisp, tender, very juicy, subacid; good; September to November or De- cember. MALINDA. This is one of the ironclad varieties recommended in the northern states of the Great Plaims for its hardiness. When an especially hardy tree is wanted, Malinda is top-worked on Hibernal, the tree on its own roots being a rather poor grower. The fruit ranks very fair in quality. The variety originated in Orange County, Vermont, and was taken to Minnesota as early as 1860. Tree very hardy, a slender, straggling grower in the nursery and lacking vigor on its own roots in the orchard. Fruit medium to large, sharply conical, angular and ribbed; stem short; cavity acute, regular, with stellate, russet dots; calyx closed; basin abrupt, narrow, deep, wrinkled; skin smooth, rich yellow with dull blush; dots numerous, minute, distinet, white; calyx-tube conical; stamens median; core closed with core-lines meeting; flesh yellowish-white, very juicy, mild subacid with a sweet after-taste; quality fair; late winter. MANN. Fig. 35. By virtue of several good qualities, Mann gained a high reputation a quarter of a century ago. The trees are vig- orous, hardy, healthy, and productive, and the fruit keeps and ships well. But the apples, 35. Mann. (X%) of the Rhode Island Greening type, are but mediocre in quality. With the advent of better care of orchards and of better shipping and transportation facilities, the need for a general purpose apple of this type began to wane, and Mann was doomed to lose the com- mercial importance it had acquired. The va- riety originated in the orchard of Judge Mooney, Granby, New York, about 1870, and MILAM later was introduced into Niagara County by a Dr. Mann, who gave it his name. It is most commonly grown in New York. Tree medium to large, vigorous, at first upright and dense but after bearing spreading. Fruit medium to large, round-oblate, symmetrical, usually regular, some- times faintly ribbed, uniform in size and shape; stem short, usually not exserted; cavity acuminate, narrow, deep, usually russeted and often with outspreading broken russet, furrowed; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes acute; basin abrupt, narrow, usually sym- metrical, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, green, often with a brownish-red blush tinged with olive-green but late in the season yellow; dots numerous, large, conspicuous, areolar, white with russet center; calyx-tube wide, cone-shape; stamens median ; core small, usually axile; cells symmetrical, usually closed, some- times open; core-lines meeting; carpels smooti, broad, narrowing towards the base and apex; seeds numerous, wide, obtuse, dark; flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, at first hard but becoming tender and crisp, subacid; fair to good; March to April. MELON. Norton's Melon. Watermelon. The apples are rotund, red-cheeked, smooth- skinned, of medium size, very uniform, and, all in all, most attractive when well grown. The flesh is tender, crisp, fine-grained, very juicy, and has a sprightly but rich and aro- matic flavor. Unfortunately, the variety thrives only on choice apple soils, and the product is too often undersized, poorly col- ored, and unattractive. The tree, in locations suited to it, is vigorous, hardy, and productive, though susceptible to apple-scab. Melon originated in East Bloomfield, New York, in a seedling orchard planted by Heman Chapin about 1800. The variety is most popular in New York and New England. Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading. Leaves large, broad. Fruit variable in size, medium to large, round-conic, sometimes oblate-conic, often more or less elliptical and obscurely ribbed, symmetrical ; stem short, slender; cavity acute, deep, narrow to wide, often russeted and sometimes with outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes narrow, acuminate; basin small, shallow to deep, narrow, abrupt, often furrowed and wrinkled; skin smooth, pale yellow overspread with bright red, striped and splashed with carmine; dots small, pale yellow or russet; calyx- tube small, cone-shaped, with fleshy pistil point project- ing into the base; stamens median; core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core-lines clasping; carpels elliptical, sometimes tufted; seeds large, plump, wide, often angular, very dark brown, sometimes tufted; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, crisp, very tender, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, pleasant subacid; very good; October to March. MILAM. Blair. Thomas. Milam is a late winter apple very similar to Ralls, differing chiefly in its more highly colored fruits. It is grown only in the South and Middle West, in some sections of which it is a favorite for home use. Its origin is not known, but it has been grown since the middle of the nineteenth century. Formerly, the variety was propa- gated chiefly from sprouts, which spring up very freely. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, with long, slender, curved branches. Fruit small to medium, round- conic to short-ovate, regular, not ribbed; stem pubescent, medium to long, slender; cavity acute, deep, wide, smooth and green or partly covered with thin russet; calyx pubescent, closed; basin medium in size, abrupt, shallow, narrow to medium in width, gently furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth, yellow, marbled and striped with dull red, deepening to crimson in the sun; dots numerous, conspicuous, gray, often areolar, with russet MILDEN point ; calyx-tube conical, with short, truncate cylinder; stamens basal; core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; carpels elongated, obovate, mucronate, tufted; seeds plump, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; good; November to January. MILDEN. Milding. By reason of hand- some fruits of good quality, Milden has won a place in New England which it seems likely to retain both for home and commercial plantings. The apples are bright red on a pale-yellow background, of large size, and shapely in form. They are good, at least, in quality, and to many the subacid flavor is very agreeable. The trees are vigorous from start to maturity and come in bearing young, after which they yield a large crop biennially. Milden originated at Alton, New Hampshire, about 1865. Tree large, vigorous, upright, dense. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, oblate, sometimes conic, regular, often faintly ribbed, sides sometimes unequal ; stem short, pubescent; cavity acute, deep, wide, sym- metrical or furrowed, often russeted and with outspread- ing russet rays; calyx large, pubescent; lobes long, acuminate, closed or partly open; basin obtuse, shallow, wide, often compressed or furrowed; skin waxy, thin, tough, mottled with bright red and striped and splashed with carmine over a pale yellow background; dots in- conspicuous, few, gray or russet; calyx-tube large, cone- shape, meeting the core; stamens median; core distant, medium in size, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open; core- lines clasping; carpels round to ovate, acuminate, emarginate, tufted; seeds variable in .size and shape, narrow, obtuse, often abortive; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, breaking, coarse, very juicy, subacid; good; November to February. MILWAUKEE. Milwaukee is a seedling of Oldenburg which it resembles in tree and fruit. It is not so good an apple as its parent, and deserves a place in pomology only be- cause the crop matures late—from one to three months later than Oldenburg. It originated from seed sown by George Jeffrey, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, late in the last century. The variety is planted only where apples must brave the cold of northern winters, and even in such regions it is still on probation. Tree vigorous, open, upright-spreading with laterals inclined to droop; branches long, slender, crooked. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, oblate, regular or obscurely ribbed, sides often unequal; stem pubescent, short; cavity large, acute, deep, broad,. furrowed, rus- seted and with outspreading brown-russet rays; calyx pubescent, large, leafy, partly open, sometimes closed ; lobes wide, long, acute; basin lange, often oblique, deep, wide, abrupt, furrowed, wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, pale yellow blushed with red, con- spicuously mottled and striped with carmine; dots numerous, small, white, often submerged, occasionally Tusset ; calyx-tube urn-shaped, with short cylinder and wide limb; stamens median; core distant, abaxile, small; cells unsymmetrical, closed or open; core-lines clasping; carpels elliptical to round-obcordate, mu- cronate; seeds few, often abortive, short, wide, flat, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid; fair to good; season, November to March. MINKLER. Brandywine. Two characters make Minkler more or less popular in the Corn Belt of the Middle West; the trees are vigorous and they bear large crops. The apples are attractive in appearance and keep very well in common storage but scald badly in cold storage; the quality is distinctly in- ferior. The variety is probably an old one MONMOUTH 45 renamed by S. G. Minkler of Illinois, about 1865. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, becoming drooping ; branches strong, forming a broad angle with the trunk and having a characteristically irregular, zigzag manner of growth. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, round to oblate-conic, regular; stem medium in length, slender; cavity acute, deep, green or brown, faintly russeted; calyx small, closed or open; lobes broad, acute; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, smooth or wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, pale yellow, overspread with light red, obscurely striped and splashed with dull carmine; dots small, yellow, gray or russet, conspicuous; calyx-tube short, wide, funnel-form with broad limb and narrow cylinder; stamens median; core large, axile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels round, usually deeply emarginate, tufted; seeds dark brown, large, long, plump or sometimes flat, acute, sometimes tufted; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; good; No- vember to April, MISSOURI PIPPIN. Missouri Orange. Missouri Keeper. Missouri Pippin is one of the standard commercial apples in Missouri and neighboring states. The qualities which give it standing are: attractive appearance and long keeping quality in the fruit, and earliness, reliability, and heavy bearing in the trees. The apples are, however, but second-rate in quality and the trees are usually short-lived. The variety fails in the North and East. Missouri Pippin is said to have originated on the farm of Brinkley Hornsby, Kingsville Missouri, from seed planted about 1840. ’ Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, with long, slender, curved branches, characteristic on account of its numer- ous, slender twigs. Fruit medium in size, round-conic ; stem medium in length, slender; cavity acute, wide, deep, faintly russeted; calyx closed or nearly so; lobes long, narrow; basin medium to deep, wide, abrupt, wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, glossy, thinly coated with bloom; color pale yellow overspread with bright red, striped with dark red, highly colored speci- mens almost solid red; dots conspicuous, russet, or large, pale gray; calyx-tube funnel-form with wide limb, sometimes broadly conical; stamens median; core small, axile, or nearly so; cells symmetrical, open; core-lines clasping; carpels smooth, round-elliptical, sometimes emarginate; seeds small, obtuse, dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, brisk subacid; fair to good in quality; October to January. MONMOUTH. Monmouth Pippin. Red Cheek. Red Cheek Pippin. Monmouth is an apple of the Rhode Island Greening type, but its fruits are easily distinguished by a brighter cheek and a distinct flavor. The apples are handsomer than those of Rhode Island Green- ing, keep as well in common storage, and do not scald so badly in cold storage; but they are not so well flavored, and the crop runs more to low-grade fruit. The trees are hardy, long-lived, and productive; bear young, almost annually; and fall short only in vigor. This apple is a native of New Jersey and was first described in 1848. It is grown sparingly in all apple regions east of the Mississippi. Tree of medium size, vigorous, spreading, open; branches short, stout, crooked. Fruit large, oblate to round, somewhat conic, flattened at the base, irregular, obscurely ribbed, sides often unequal ; stem short, thick ; cavity large, acute, deep, broad, furrowed or compressed, smooth or russeted; calyx large, leafy, pubescent, open or partly closed; lobes reflexed and separated at the base; basin large, wide and deep, abrupt, often dis- tinctly furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth toward the base, the upper half often roughened with 46 MOTHER tusset dots or with capillary russet lines which become concentric toward the calyx, green marbled with yellow or pale yellow blushed with lively red; dots variable, numerous, green and areolar, with brown-russet points, often elongated about the cavity; calyx-tube large, wide, conical, with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base; stamens median; core small, abaxile with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells symmetrical and closed; core- lines meeting or clasping; carpels round-obcordate, mu- cronate, tufted; seeds few, long, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, becoming mild, aromatic; good to very good; November to February. MOTHER. Fig.36. Mother is one of the prized apples of old orchards, valued alike for its handsome appearance and its tender, rich, well-flavored flesh. It calls to mind the better- 36. Mother. (<1) known Esopus Spitzenburg, but it is not quite so good an apple either for dessert or for cookery, falling short in flavor and keeping qualities. The trees are seldom satisfactory and should be top-worked on a more vigorous stock to obtain vigor and thrift. Mother was described first in 1848 from Worcester County, Massachusetts. It is very generally grown in all apple regions. Tree small, slow grower, upright-spreading, open. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round, round- conie or oblong-ovate, obscurely and broadly ribbed; stem long, slender; cavity acute, shallow, broad, often Tusseted, sometimes furrowed, compressed or lipped; calyx small, closed or nearly so; lobes narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled ; skin thin, smooth, golden yellow covered with bright deep red, marbled and striped with carmine; dots in- conspicuous, yellow, submerged; calyx-tube long, funnel- form with wide limb and narrow cylinder; stamens marginal; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open or partly so; core-lines clasping; carpels broad-ovate to round, emarginate, mucronate; seeds dark, plump, acute; flesh yellow, fine tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; very good to best; September to January. MUNSON SWEET. Meachem Sweet. Orange Sweet. Munson is a sweet apple prom- inent in New York and New England a genera- tion ago but now disappearing. It is supposed to have originated in Massachusetts early in the eighteenth century and was first described in 1849. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, dense. Fruit large, round-oblate, often elliptical, ribbed; stem short, thick ; cavity large, acuminate, narrow, unsymmetrical, rus- seted; calyx closed; lobes narrow, acute; basin shallow or very shallow, narrow, obtuse, furrowed, often un- symmetrical; skin thick, tough, separating readily from the flesh, smooth, greenish-yellow often blushed; calyx- NORTHERN SPY tube funnel-shape with long cylinder; stamens marginal ; calyx closed or open; core-lines clasping the cylinder; earpels round to elliptical, emarginate, tufted; seeds short, flat, obtuse, dark brown; flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, sweet; good to very good; September to December. NEWTOWN SPITZENBURG. English Spitzenberg. Vandevere. Possibly this apple is as well known under the na-ne “Vandevere” as that here given it. This is not, however, the true Vandevere, and neither must it be con- founded with Esopus Spitzenburg. Once in hand, the apples are most excellent—crisp and tender of flesh, and having a delectable, rich, aromatic flavor. But the trees are so unreli- able in growth and bearing and so fastidious as to soils that the variety has no commercial value. It originated in Newtown, Long Island, and was first described in 1817. Tree medium to large, vigorous, spreading, dense, with long, stout, curved branches. Fruit of medium size, round-oblong or somewhat oblate, regular and uniform in shape and size; stem very short to long, slender, pubescent; cavity acute, deep, broad, indistinctly fur- rowed, sometimes russeted; calyx small, closed, some- times partly open; lobes broad, obtuse; basin small, wide, shallow to deep, furrowed; skin smooth, tough, deep yellow blushed and mottled with dull red, striped with carmine, streaked with gray scarf-skin and over- spread with light bloom; dots characteristic, conspicu- ous, very numerous, yellow, often with russet center, small, very numerous and crowded about the basin but less numerous, larger and irregular toward the cavity; calyx-tube cone-shape with short, truncate cylinder; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical and partly open; core-lines meeting or clasping ; carpels smooth, elliptical ; seeds numerous, large, narrow, plump, acute; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich, aromatic ; very good in quality ; Noyember to March, NICKAJACK. Chatham Pippin. Missouri Pippin. Missouri Red. Pound. Red Pippin. Red Warrior. Winter Horse. This variety has long been held in high esteem in the South. The fruits keep remarkably well, but the qual- ity is but second-rate; and, as generally grown, the apples are dull in color and unattractive. A long season is necessary for the full devel- opment of its fruit; therefore the variety can- not be grown in the North. The trees are vigorous and productive. The variety is sup- posed to have originated near a stream of the same name in Macon County, North Carolina, and was first described in 1853. Tree large, very vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, round-conic to round-oblate or rarely round-oblong, sides unequal, axis often oblique; stem short and thick; cavity acumi- nate, deep, broad, obscurely furrowed and partly coy- ered with thin greenish-russet; calyx rather large, closed or open; lobes short, broad, acute; basin often oblique, shallow, medium in width, obtuse to abrupt, obscurely furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, glossy, fellow, mottled and shaded with orange- red or red, irregularly splashed and streaked over the base with scarf-skin and overspread with thin bloom; dots numerous, irregular in shape, very conspicuous, pale or russet; prevailing effect grayish-red; calyx-tube large, wide, short and urn-shaped or long funnel-form ; stamens median; core large, axile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping ; carpels concave, broadly-ovate to round, tufted; seeds light to dark brown, short and wide, plump, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, very firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid becoming nearly sweet, aromatic; good; December to May. NORTHERN SPY. Fig. 37. Spy. De- lectable quality, great beauty in color and NORTHERN SPY form, and the fair size of the fruit, with hardi- ness, healthfulness, reliability in bearing, vigor and productiveness in the tree, make the Northern Spy one of the leading American ap- ples. The fruits play an important part in commerce, having a well established reputa- tion in all American fruit markets; they stand usage in shipping, storing, and marketing very well, after which they sell at highest prices. The trees bloom remarkably late and thereby often escape spring frosts; they are long-lived, 37. Northern Spy. (X14) nearly perfect in form; and grow to maturity with rapidity from the nursery. The last three characters make them favorites upon which to graft less vigorous sorts. Northern Spy is not without faults, however. Those of the fruit are; the skin is thin and tender, making careful handling necessary; and when poorly grown, the flavor deteriorates. Other faults are: the trees are most capricious as to soils; come in bearing only after several years of care; and are an inviting prey to apple-scab, both fruit and foliage suffering. The Northern Spy tree is of largest size and must be given plenty of room in the orchard; it prefers a warm, fertile, well-drained, gravelly or sandy loam in a cool and somewhat moist climate. This excellent apple was grown from seeds planted by Heman Chapin about 1800 in East Bloomfield, New York. Long considered one of the best apples in New York and New England, its culture has spread westward to the Pacific. Tree large, vigorous, upright, dense, becoming round- topped, with willowy, slender, drooping laterals ; branches long, stout, curved. Fruit large, round-conical, some- times oblong, flattened at the base, symmetrical, ribbed ; stem thick; cavity large, acute, very wide and deep, broadly furrowed, usually with greenish-russet radiating upwards to the brim; calyx small, closed; lobes short, broad, obtuse; basin small, narrow, deep, abrupt, fur- rowed; skin thin, tender, smooth, glossy, the pale yellow ground-color nearly concealed with bright red, mottled and splashed with carmine and overspread with thin bloom; dots small, scattering, white, gray or russet; prevailing effect striped-red; calyx-tube large, long, narrow funnel-form with very narrow cylinder; stamens basal; core large, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open, often not uniformly developed; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels concave, broadly round, emarginate, tufted; seeds small, wide, plump, obtuse, dark, tufted ; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, subacid; very good to best; No- vember to April. OAKLAND 47 NORTHWESTERN GREENING. Fig. 38. Possessed of a constitution which enables it to endure as much cold as any other apple excepting, possibly, a few Russian sorts, North- western Greening has found a niche in the apple flora of the cold Northwest that it fills very well. The tree grows with rapidity and vigor, and while it does not bear early, eventu- ally becomes a reliable and productive pro- ducer. The apples are mediocre in quality, and the flesh within the core-lines is often corky and discolored. Northwestern Greening 38. Northwestern Greening. (1%) originated in Waupaca County, Wisconsin, and was first described in 1895. It plays an im- portant part in the fruit-growing of Wisconsin and Minnesota. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, with long, stout, crooked branches. Fruit large or very large, variable in size and form, round, oblong or oblate, often conic, more or less irregular, sometimes elliptical, some- times ribbed; stem short; cavity small, acute, narrow, deep, often compressed or lipped, with outspreading russet; calyx variable, small, closed or open; basin small, narrow, abrupt, deep, furrowed and wrinkled ; skin smooth, waxy, pale yellow, sometimes faintly blushed ; dots small or large and irregular, usually white and submerged, sometimes gray with russet point; pre- vailing effect yellow; calyx-tube wide, conical or urn- shaped; stamens median; core large, axile; cells sym- metrical, closed or open; core-lines meeting; carpels broadly round, mucronate; seeds small, often abortive; flesh yellow, crisp, firm, juicy, mild subacid; fair to good; November to April. OAKLAND. Oakland County Seek-no- further. In Michigan, Oakland is prized in many orchards, but it seems not to be grown elsewhere. The apples, while not remarkable, are attractive and so pleasantly flavored that they elicit praise from all who taste them. The trees, though slow in growth, eventually make large specimens which bear abundantly but, as a rule, only biennially. The name commemorates the county in Michigan in which the variety is supposed to have orig- inated. Oakland was first described in 1883. Tree slow of growth, open, spreading, with long and stout branches. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size, round, usually somewhat oblate, sometimes conic, sym- metrical, irregular, often obscurely angular or ribbed; stem slender; cavity acuminate, wide, deep, angular, sometimes lipped, often russeted and with some out- spreading russet; calyx pubescent, small, closed; basin shallow, abrupt, compressed or furrowed; skin thin, tough, smooth, yellow blushed and mottled with dark red, striped with carmine and overspread with thin 48 OHIO NONPAREIL bloom; dots light, sometimes mingled with flecks of russet; prevailing color dark red dulled by the bloom ; calyx-tube small, narrow, funnel-form; stamens median ; core small, abaxile with hollow cylinder at the axis; cells symmetrical, open or closed; core-lines clasping ; carpels smooth, distinctly concave, elliptical, obtusely emarginate, mucronate; seeds numerous, variable, small, obtuse; flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, sweet, crisp; good; November to March. OHIO NONPAREIL. Nonpareil. Red Bellflower. This sort, once very popular in the Middle West, is now to be found only in old orchards. The tree is seldom satisfactory. It originated near Massillon, Ohio, and was first described in 1848. Tree medium in size, spreading. Fruit medium to large, round-oblate, often obscurely ribbed; stem short and thick; cavity large, acute, deep, symmetrical, rus- seted, the russet sometimes spreading over the base; calyx closed or slightly open; lobes narrow, acute ; basin small, medium in depth, wide, abrupt, symmetri- cal; skin yellow overspread with bright red, mottled and irregularly striped and splashed with carmine; dots numerous, small, areolar with russet center ; calyx-tube short. conical; stamens basal; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines meeting ; carpels round, flat, tufted; seeds medium in size, long, plump, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, agreeably subacid, aromatic ; good to very good; October and November. OKABENA. The fruits of Okabena are not attractive enough in appearance, nor good enough in quality for the great apple regions of the country, but the hardiness of the tree makes it a desirable variety for the northern part of the Great Plains. Okabena originated in 1871 near Worthington, Minnesota, from a seed of Oldenburg supposed to have been fer- tilized by Wealthy. The variety was intro- duced by the Jewell Nursery Company in 1892. Tree of the Russian type, rather small, compact, very hardy, bearing almost annually, productive. Fruit of medium size, not uniform in size, round-oblate or some- times slightly conical, symmetrical; stem long, slender ; cavity acuminate, deep, broad, russeted, symmetrical ; calyx closed, medium to large; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, almost smooth, symmetrical; skin rather thick, tender, light greenish-yellow overlaid with scattering stripes of light red; dots numerous, pale, submerged ; core closed, with clasping core-lines, axile; calyx-tube narrow, funnel-shaped ; stamens marginal; carpels round, emarginate; flesh tinged with yellow, sometimes with a trace of red, firm, tender, juicy, subacid; quality rather poor, suitable only for culinary purposes; season August and September. 39. Oldenburg. (X%%4) OLDENBURG. Fig.39. Duchess. Duchess of Oldenburg. Oldenburg, still one of the best general purpose apples of its season, was the ONTARIO first of the Russian apples, and inspired in- terest in a group of varieties which has made fruit-growing possible in the colder parts of America. The apples are handsome and well flavored, being especially suitable for culinary uses. The trees, while neither large nor long- lived and while quite susceptible to disease, come in bearing early, are hardy and pro- ductive, and are especially fitted for planting as fillers among permanent trees. The variety is preéminently an apple of commerce and thrives north and south, east and west, on many soils, but always requires good care. Oldenburg was imported from England to America in 1835. Tree medium in size, upright-spreading. Fruit me- dium to large, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate or oblate, regular, symmetrical; stem short, slender ; cavity acute, deep, broad, usually partly covered with green-russet ; calyx large, usually closed; lobes broad, acute; basin deep, wide, abrupt, smooth or with small mammiform protuberances; skin thick, tender, smooth, pale yellow, covered with irregular splashes and stripes of bright red, mottled and shaded with crimson; dots scattering, small, light colored; prevailing effect red- striped; calyx-tube long, wide, funnel-shape with broad truncate cylinder; stamens median; core large, axile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines clasping ; carpels broad-ovate, emarginate ; seeds large, wide, obtuse, plump, dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic; good to very good for culinary purposes; August and September. OLIVER. Olivers Red. Senator. Oliver has not generally received the attention which both fruit- and tree-characters justify. The apples are handsome in color, smooth of skin, shapely, and while not large are uniform in size. The quality is good, the flavor being pleasantly acidulous, eventually approaching sweet. The trees are hardy, vigorous, come in bearing young, bear abundantly, almost an- nually, and hold the crop well. The season coincides with that of Baldwin, being, if any- thing, a little longer. Oliver is supposed to have originated in northwestern Arkansas, and its cultivation is confined to that and neigh- boring states where long seasons insure full development. It was first described in 1893. Tree medium in size, very vigorous, round-spreading ; branches long, stocky. Leaves long and broad, thick, dark green. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round or oblate, symmetrical, regular, elliptical or ob- scurely angular, sides sometimes unequal; stem short to long; cavity medium to large, acute, deep, broad to narrow, regular, smooth, green or partly covered with greenish-russet, sometimes with outspreading russet rays ; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, short, broad, obtuse, erect or reflexed; basin large, saucer- shape, wide and abrupt, sometimes shallow and obtuse, wrinkled; skin thin, tough, waxy, smooth or roughened with large russet dots, yellow, mottled and striped with red or nearly covered with bright deep red and splashed with carmine; dots conspicuous, numerous, gray or Tusset, large, often elongated or irregular about the eavity ; calyx-tube obtusely cone-shaped; carpels round or elongated narrowing toward the base and apex, emarginate, mucronate, smooth; seeds irregular, large, numerous, completely filling the cells, long, wide, obtuse, dark brown; flesh yellow, fine and crisp, tender, breaking, juicy, sprightly subacid; good or very good; December to April. ONTARIO. Fig. 40. In most of its char- acters, Ontario is an intermediate between its parents, Northern Spy and Wagener. The apple has the oblate shape and the prominent ribbing of Wagener, but the deep cavity and OPALESCENT the color of Northern Spy. Usually the fruits are larger than those of either parent, but in- ferior in both color and flavor. Its season coincides with that of Northern Spy. At one time much heralded, Ontario has been widely 40. Ontario. (<%) distributed, but is nowhere largely grown un- less it be in Ontario, where it was produced, in the town of Paris, by Charles Arnold. It was first described in 1874. Tree medium to large, vigorous, upright-spreading. Leaves long and large. Fruit large to very large, uni- form in size and shape, oblate or round-conic, distinctly ribbed or angular, symmetrical; stem medium in length and thickness; cavity large, acute, deep, wide, often thinly russeted and with outspreading rays of russet; calyx small, closed or slightly open; lobes narrow, acute; basin small, deep, narrow, abrupt, often fur- rowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow washed with brownish-red, splashed with carmine, in highly colored specimens bright red striped with carmine, often coated with white bloom and mottled and streaked with scarf-skin; dots numerous, small, white, gray or russet; calyx-tube narrow, funnel-form; stamens median ; core small, abaxile with a large hollow cylinder at the axis; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core- lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels smooth, round, narrowing toward the apex, often truncate at the base, emarginate ; seeds wide, obtuse, dark; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid, aromatic; good to very good; November to March. 41. Opalescent. (X%) OPALESCENT. Fig. 41. The outstanding character of Opalescent is beauty of product. The fruits are large, shapely, uniform in size, and nearly covered or sometimes quite cov- ered with brilliant red on a yellow background —a veritable feast to the eye. The quality, while not the best, is good. The trees are PARAGON 49 hardy, vigorous, productive, hold their load well, and are remarkably free from insect and fungous pests. Opalescent is a comparatively new variety introduced about 1899 from Xenia, Ohio. It is so similar in tree and fruit to the well-known Twenty Ounce that one may well suspect it to be a sport or a seedling of the older sort. All characters mark it as a variety full of promise for ‘regions in which Twenty Ounce thrives. Tree vigorous, round-topped, open. Fruit large to very large, round-conic, symmetrical or with sides unequal, obscurely ribbed; stem short, slender; cavity large, acuminate, very deep, sometimes russeted, sym- metrical or compressed; calyx small, partly open; lobes small, obtuse, reflexed; basin small, often oblique with the brim prominent on one side, narrow, deep, abrupt, sometimes furrowed; skin thick, tough, glossy, pale yellow overspread with dark deep red with scarcely perceptible streaks of carmine; dots numerous, small, red, yellow or russet, often submerged, frequently mingled with irregular lines and flecks of russet; pre- vailing effect brilliant red; calyx-tube small, cone-shape ; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells sometimes unsymmetrical, closed; core-lines meeting; carpels smooth, round or broadly obcordate ; seeds acute, medium in size, form and color; flesh yellow, firm, tender, coarse, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; good to very good; November to February or March. ORTLEY. Golden Pippin. Greasy Pippin. Green Bellflower. Yellow Pippin. Ortley is probably a seedling of Yellow Bellflower, sur- passed in most respects by the better-known variety. The essential differences between the two are: the fruits of Ortley are paler in color and have less acidity than those of Yellow Bellflower, and the trees are less productive. Ortley is an old variety first described by Coxe in 1817. It is a favorite in the South, parts of the Middle West, and on the Pacific slope. Tree vigorous, medium in size or large, with long slender shoots, when mature spreading. Fruit large, un-uniform in size and shape, oblong-conie and flattened at the base or round-conic, regular or obscurely ribbed ; stem long, slender; cavity large, acute, deep, narrow, partly russeted, furrowed; calyx small, closed or open; lobes long, acute, usually converging and reflexed; basin small, shallow, narrow, abrupt and wrinkled or furrowed ; skin thin, tough, smooth, waxy, yellow, rarely with a faint blush; dots inconspicuous, white and submerged ; calyx-tube funnel-form, sometimes constricted at the base of the limb and enlarging below, often elongated and extending to the core; stamens median; core large, widely abaxile; cells symmetrical and wide open, some- times closed; core-lines clasping the funnel-like cylinder ; carpels round-oyate, elongated, emarginate, mucronate ; seeds numerous, small and pointed, round, plump, light brown ; flesh yellow, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly ; very good; October to January. PALOUSE. Palouse is supposed to be a seedling of Tompkins King, which it closely resembles in tree and fruit. The apples of parent and offspring are much alike in color, texture, flavor, and aroma, but those of Palouse are more oblong and do not keep so long. The variety is a comparatively new candidate for pomological honors and comes from Whitman County, Washington. Palouse is being planted only in the Pacific Northwest. PARAGON. Fig. 42. Paragon is probably a seedling of Winesap, which it greatly re- sembles in tree and fruit. It is not easily distinguished, either, from Arkansas, which is also thought to be an offspring of Winesap. 50 PARRY WHITE The variety thrives only in regions where Winesap grows well, and is for most purposes inferior to the older sort. Paragon originated on the farm of Major Rankin Toole, Fayette- ville, Tennessee, from a seed planted about 1830. 42. Paragon. (X14) Tree vigorous, round-spreading, inclined to droop, dense, with short, stout, twisted branches. Leaves broad. Fruit medium or large, uniform in size and shape, round or sometimes oblate, slightly conic, rounding toward stem and calyx, sides often unequal; stem medium in length’ and thickness; cavity obtuse, shallow to wide and deep, symmetrical, often furrowed or compressed, occasionally lipped, russet and with outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed; basin shallow, obtuse, often furrowed and wrinkled; skin tough, smooth, yellow, covered with dull red and indistinctly striped with darker red; dots gray or white, small, sometimes con- spicuous; prevailing effect dark red; calyx-tube small, conical; stamens median; core small; cells partly open ; core-lines clasping; carpels concave, round varying to cordate, emarginate; seeds large, long, acute, dark, often abortive; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; good to very good; January to May. PARRY WHITE. Imperial White. Su- perior White. White Apple. The fruit of Parry White is unique in the coloring of both skin and flesh, the former being pale yellow or waxen and the latter pure white. The crop ripens early, following Yellow Transparent closely. The variety does not come up to the mark now set for apples, and will probably never be largely grown. It is supposed to have originated in Pennsylvania about the close of the Civil War, and its culture is confined to that state, New Jersey, and Delaware. It was first described by Downing in 1872. Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, somewhat drooping, dense. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, globular, oblate or ovate, regular; stem short, slender; cavity acuminate, medium in depth and width, smooth, symmetrical; calyx small, closed; lobes narrow, acute; basin very shallow, narrow to broad, obtuse, smooth or wrinkled, symmetrical; skin thick, tough, pale waxen-yellow, occasionally blushed ; dots small, pale, numerous, depressed; calyx-tube short, narrow, funnel-shape; stamens marginal; core small, abaxile; cells open; core-lines meeting or clasping ; earpels round, emarginate; seeds acute, light brown; flesh white, firm, fine, tender, juicy, subacid; good; late August through October. PATTEN. Patten Greening. Patten is a seedling of Oldenburg, which it resembles in shape and flavor of fruit and in tree-characters. The color of the fruit, however, is green. The variety is much grown in cold regions where the apple-list is short. Patten originated from seed of Oldenburg planted by C. G. Patten, Charles City, Iowa, about 1885. PENNOCK Tree vigorous, spreading, dense, flat, with long, stout, curved, drooping branches. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, oblate or round-oblate, some- times conic, usually regular, symmetrical; stem short, thick; cavity acuminate, deep, broad or compressed, russeted and with outspreading russet rays; calyx large or very large, closed or open; basin deep, medium in width, abrupt, usually smooth and symmetrical; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale greenish-yellow, sometimes blushed and occasionally faintly striped; dots small, numerous, pale and submerged; calyx-tube conical ; stamens median; core small, axile or abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines clasping ; carpels round, irregular; seeds dark brown, plump, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; good; October to January. PECK PLEASANT. Peck. This old fa- vorite is still one of the standards of its season to gauge choicely good apples. The tender- fleshed, perfumed fruits, pleasantly flavored, beautiful and unique in color—waxen yellow with an orange or pinkish blush—please all the senses through which apples are appreciated. The trees, unfortunately, have many faults, being subject to root-rot and canker and sel- dom bearing large crops or a high percentage of first-class fruit. Peck Pleasant is distinetly a fruit for family use, and the many spreading, lichen-covered ancients of this old sort to be found in the dooryards and farm orchards of New York and New England are testimonials to the esteem in which lovers of fruit hold it. The variety originated in Rhode Island early in the nineteenth century. Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading or round, dense. Fruit medium to large, variable in size, oblate or round, sometimes conic, often ribbed or ir- regularly elliptical, sometimes with furrow on one side; stem short, thick or fleshy ; cavity obtuse, wide, shallow, often lipped or compressed, sometimes russeted; calyx pubescent, large; lobes long, open or closed, sometimes separated at the base, obtuse; basin broad, obtuse, symmetrical, furrowed or wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, waxen yellow with orange-red blush; dots numerous, white and submerged or with russet point ; core small, abaxile to axile; cells usually closed or slit; core-lines clasp the funnel cylinder; carpels tender, broadly round, often truncate, emarginate, mucronate ; seeds numerous, dark, long, narrow, acute, sometimes tufted; flesh yellow, firm, tender, crisp, fine-grained, juicy, pleasant subacid, aromatic; very good to best; October to January. PEERLESS. Peerless has been tested in nearly all of the apple-growing sections of the United States, and, in nearly all, discarded. However, the capacity of the trees to endure cold and blight and their great productiveness make it desirable in some regions. It seems to be more popular in Canada and the Middle West than elsewhere. Peerless originated with J. G. Miller, Rice County, Minnesota, in 1867. Tree vigorous, healthy, productive, hardy. Fruit medium to large, yellowish-green with stripes and splashes of carmine; flesh yellowish-white, fine-grained, subacid, agreeable but not rich; quality fair to good; October to March. PENNOCK. Big Romanite. Pennock’s Red Winter. Phenix. Red Pennock. Romanite. This old sort was at one time a familiar in- habitant of Pennsylvania and New York and was widely distributed, though not largely planted, in other apple regions. Its outstand- ing characters are: for the fruit, large size, dull red color, oblique axis, yellow flesh, and dis- tinct flavor; for the trees, hardiness, longevity, PETER and vigor. The variety fails because of the poor quality of the fruit and its susceptibility to a physiological trouble known as “Baldwin spot.” Pennock appears to have originated on the farm of Joseph Pennock, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, about 1800. The earliest ac- count of it is that of Coxe in 1817. Tree large, vigorous, regular, symmetrical, upright- spreading. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round to oblate or oblong, often conic, sometimes obscurely ribbed or elliptical, axis oblique; stem short, thick, not exserted ; cavity medium in size, acute, narrow to broad, deep, symmetrical, green or russeted, sometimes with outspreading russet rays; calyx large, closed or partly open; lobes long, acute, connivent or varying to flat and convergent, pubescent; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, sometimes obtuse, often furrowed or wrinkled ; skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow, washed and mottled with red, indistinctly striped with carmine and mottled and streaked with thin scarf-skin; dots numerous, con- spicuous, large, gray or yellow, often areolar with russet point; calyx-tube large, wide, conical; stamens basal ; core small, axile; cells uniformly developed, closed ; core-lines meeting; carpels ovate to round-obcordate, emarginate, sometimes tufted; seeds large, narrow, long, plump, acute, rarely tufted; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid to mild subacid; fair to good; December to April or May. PETER. Peter is a seedling of Wealthy, which outwardly in fruit it closely resembles. The two apples differ in quality, in season, in color of flesh, and in the seeds, those of Peter being larger. Peter serves the same purposes and is adapted to the same conditions as its well-known parent. The variety was grown by Peter Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota, and was first distributed in 1886. Tree large, upright-spreading, with stout, drooping branches. Fruit medium or large, uniform in size and shape, oblate or round-oblate, conic, regular; stem long, sometimes short, slender; cavity acuminate, deep, broad, compressed, russeted or smooth; calyx small, closed ; lobes broad, acu‘e; basin deep, narrow, abrupt, gently furrowed, sometimes compressed; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow washed and mottled with red, conspicuously striped and splashed with deep carmine; dots scattering, brown, or white and submerged ; prevail- ing effect red or striped-red; calyx-tube small, funnel- shape; stamens median; core usually axile; cells sym- metrical, closed or partly open; core-lines clasping ; carpels round, emarginate; seeds large, wide, long, flat, acute; flesh yellow, sometimes stained with red, firm, medium-grained, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, mild subacid, aromatic flavor; good to very good; September and October or later. PEWAUKEE. Pewaukee is unusual in its fruits, which are distinguished by bluish bloom, characteristically rounded basal end, and a short stem inserted under a large lip. The apples can scarcely be said to be attractive in color—green striped with dull red; nor in eee —oblong and not uniform; nor, least of all, the flesh, which is coarse in texture and res in flavor. The trees, however, have health, vigor, longevity, early bearing, great produc- tiveness, and remarkable hardiness to com- mend them. Pewaukee is a cross between Northern Spy and Oldenburg made by George F. Peffer, Pewaukee, Wisconsin, who brought the variety to the attention of fruit-growers about 1870. It is grown only where hardiness is a prime requisite. Tree vigorous, large, upright-spreading or round, open, with stout, curved branches. Fruit large, uniform in size but not in shape, round-oblace, sometimes round- PORTER 51 ovate, characteristically rounded toward the cavity, ribbed, more or less irregularly elliptical; stem short, often fleshy, inserted under a lip; cavity large, some- times scarcely developed, narrow, very shallow, often furrowed and sometimes thinly russeted; calyx large, open or closed; basin medium in depth and width, usually abrupt, wrinkled; skin smooth, thin, tough, yellow washed and mottled with orange-red or red, striped and splashed with carmine, covered with bloom ; dots conspicuous, pale gray or white, some large, ob- securely defined and areolar; calyx-tube funnel-form ; stamens median; core large, axile to abaxile; cells irregularly developed, usually closed or slit; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels obcordate, tufted ; seeds numerous, large, long, marrow, acute, plump, tufted, light brown; flesh white, firm, coarse, tender, very juicy, subacid, aromatic; fair to good; November to April. PLUMB CIDER. The hardiness and pro- ductiveness of this variety commend it to the fruit-growers of Wisconsin—it is little known elsewhere. The variety was taken from Ohio to Wisconsin in 1844, but what its history otherwise may be does not appear. Tree vigorous, very hardy, healthy, productive, long- lived. Fruit large, round-ovate, sometimes conic; stem stout, short; cavity shallow, narrow ; calyx small, closed ; basin narrow, shallow, plaited; skin yellow shaded with pale red and striped with brighter red; dots few, fine, gray; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-form; stamens marginal, touching the segments, a marked characteristic ; core large; cells open; core-lines clasping; carpels cordate; seeds pale brown, short, plump, pointed; flesh greenish, firm, fine, breaking, juicy, brisk subacid ; good; October to January. POMME GRISE. French Russet. Gray Apple. Grise. The fruit of Pomme Grise is handsome and delectable, distinguished by small size, golden russet color, and crisp, ten- der, fine-grained, sprightly, aromatic flesh. The trees are hardy, healthy, and annually produce fruit in great abundance. Trees and fruit reach full development only in northern latitudes. The variety had its origin and finds greatest favor among the French in the valley of the St. Lawrence. It has been cultivated more than a century in Canada. Tree vigorous, dense, round or spreading. Fruit small, uniform in size and shape, oblate, sometimes conic, ribbed, symmetrical; stem slender, pubescent, often bracted and streaked with reddish-brown; cavity large, obtuse, deep, wide, often compressed or gently furrowed ; calyx small, closed; lobes long, narrow, acuminate, pubescent; basin variable, pubescent, saucer-shaped, nar- row, shallow, obtuse, furrowed; skin thick, tough, yellow covered with russet, the cheek often smooth and yellowish-brown, mottled and striped with red; dots gray or white, scattering and inconspicuous; calyx-tube cone-shaped; stamens basal; core abaxile; cells sym- metrical, closed or partly so; core-lines clasping ; carpels round, narrowing toward the apex, emarginate, mu- cronate, smooth or tufted; seeds plump, irregular, obtuse, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, fine-grained, juicy, rich, subacid, aromatic; very good to best; November to April. PORTER. Summer Pearmain. A genera- tion ago Porter took rank as one of the best of all yellow fall apples. If the fruits be judged by quality, the variety would still rank as one of the best of its season, but the apples are too tender in flesh to ship, the season of ripening is long and variable, and the crop drops badly. Porter must remain, then, an apple for the connoisseur, who will delight in its crisp, tender, juicy, perfumed flesh, richly flavored and sufficiently acidulous to make it one of the most refreshing of all apples. Por- 52 POUND SWEET ter originated about 1800 with Rev. Samuel Porter, Sherburne, Massachusetts. The va- riety is planted more or less wherever apples are grown in the United States. Tree large, vigorous, round or spreading. Fruit usually large, oblong-conic, truncate at base and with apex oblique and ribbed; stem short, thick, sometimes knobbed, curved; cavity acute, deep, narrow, sym- metrical or compresesd, sometimes lipped, usually faintly russeted; calyx large, closed or open; lobes usually separated at base, short, narrow, acute; basin deep, shallow, narrow, abrupt, broadly furrowed and wrinkled ; skin thin, smooth, glossy, yellow with faint blush, usually obscurely striped with darker red, marked with scattering red dots; dots small, submerged, green with white center, sometimes russet; calyx-tube short, wide, broadly conical; stamens median; core large, axile or abaxile; cells partly open or wide open; core-lines meeting ; carpels broadly ovate, mucronate; seeds me- dium to large, plump, rounded, acute; flesh yellow, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, agreeably aromatic, sprightly ; good to very good; September to November. POUND SWEET: See Pumpkin Sweet. PRIMATE. Fig. 48. Harvest. July Apple. Sour Harvest. Sour Bough. Primate is another choicely good fall apple, preceding Porter in season, and so different in most characters as PUMPKIN SWEET sort, formerly a great favorite in New England, is hardly surpassed in tree-characters, but the apples are so coarse as to be fit only for cooking, and are none too good for culinary purposes. The variety has been grown in New England for a century. It seems to have been described first in 18382. Tree large, vigorous, round or spreading, open; branches long, stout, curved. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, oblate or conic, sometimes irregular, faintly ribbed, often compressed; stem short, slender ; cavity acute; basin small, shallow, medium in width, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, pale yellow, sometimes with bronze blush on cheek, covered with russet patches or netted veins of russet; dots large and small, scattering, russet, irregular; calyx-tube short, wide, broadly conical; stamens median; core medium, abaxile; cells usually open, symmetrical but not uni- formly developed; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly ovate, emarginate, sometimes tufted; seeds light brown, large, wide, flat, acute; flesh greenish-white, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, sweet; good; September and October. PUMPKIN SWEET. Fig. 44. Pound Sweet. Rhode Island Sweet. Vermont Sweet. Pumpkin Sweet is the standard sweet apple of its season. The fruits are esteemed for baking, 43. Primate. (X14) to be hardly a rival. By many it is considered the best variety of its season, by reason of high quality of fruit and trees that grow vig- orously and bear reliably and abundantly. The variety fails in commercial plantations because the crop ripens over a period of sev- eral weeks. Unfortunately, the trees are in- viting prey to the canker-fungi, because of which they are often short-lived. The variety is a welcome addition in every home orchard to precede Porter. Primate grew as a seedling on the farm of Calvin D. Bingham, Camillus, New York, about 1840. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium, sometimes large, round-conic or oblate-conic, often distinctly ribbed; stem short, thick; cavity acute, deep, broad, furrowed; calyx closed; lobes long, narrow ; basin shallow, medium in width, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, light green or yellow, blushed but not striped; dots scattering, numer- ous, small, submerged or russet; calyx-tube large, long, broadly conical; stamens median; core large, axile or abaxile with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells sym- metrical, open; core-lines clasping; carpels cordate ; seeds large, wide, plump, acute; flesh white, fine, crisp, very tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic, sprightly; very good to best; August and September. PUMPKIN RUSSET. Pumpkin Sweet. Pumpkin Sweeting. Sweet Russet. This old 44 Pumpkin Sweet. (x) canning, and stewing, but are too coarse and not delicately enough flavored for dessert. The crop holds up well both under handling and in storage. In the markets, especially in New York, the variety is generally known as Pound Sweet. The trees are very satisfactory from every point of view excepting hardiness, as they suffer both from winter-injury and from sun-seald. This variety has been much confused with other sweet apples, but can be distinguished from similar sorts by its large fruits, of greenish-yellow color, sometimes bronzed on the cheek, but never marked with red nor with russet except about the cavity. It originated in the orchard of S. Lyman, Manchester, Connecticut, early in the nine- teenth century. It is rather widely distributed in the United States. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open, with long, stout branches. Fruit large or very large, uniform in size and shape, globular or round-conic, sometimes irregularly elliptical or prominently ribbed; stem very short, stout, often inserted under a lip or having a fleshy protuberance; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, often furrowed or lipped, sometimes russeted; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, short, broad, acute; basin small, deep, narrow, abrupt, often furrowed or wrinkled’; skin thin, tough, smooth, yellow marbled with greenish-yellow, with stripes of white scarf-skin RALLS radiating from the cavity, sometimes with a brownish- red blush but never red; dots conspicuous, white, often areolar with russet center; calyx-tube wide, conical ; stamens median; core large, axile; cells symmetrical, closed or open, not uniformly developed; core-lines clasping; carpels thin, broadly round, but slightly emarginate if at all, often tufted; seeds small, wide, plump, acute, light brown, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, crisp and juicy, sweet with a peculiar flavor; good; October to January. RALLS. Genet. Geneton. Genneting. Janet. Ralls Genet. Winter Genneting. Ralls is a south- ern apple, but its good characters have enabled it to gain a foothold in parts of the North and West as well. The apples are not large, nor are they attractive in shape or color; but they are excellent in quality, and this has given the variety high place in the South, par- ticularly in regions where the poorly flavored Ben Davis and York Imperial are the chief commercial apples. The young trees annually bear large crops of apples of fair size, but the old trees are biennial in bearing, and the apples, though borne in great abundance, are small. The variety is noted as one of the latest to bloom, so that it often escapes un- favorable weather at blooming time. The origin of Ralls is not known, but it first came to the notice of fruit-growers about 1800 on the farm of Caleb Ralls, Amherst County, Virginia. Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, inclined to droop, dense. Fruit medium in size, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate or round-conic, sym- metrical; stem long and slender; cavity obtuse, deep, sometimes compressed or furrowed, often russeted; calyx small, open; basin often oblique, wide, shallow, abrupt, wrinkled ; skin smooth, yellow blushed and mottled with red, indistinctly striped with carmine, overspread with light bloom which with broken stripes of thin scarf-skin gives the fruit a dull appearance; dots numerous, small, white or russet; calyx-tube broad cone-shape; stamens marginal; core axile or abaxile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels flat, broadly round, emarginate, tufted; seeds narrow, plump, acute, dark; flesh white, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic, pleasant; very good; No- vember to April. RAMBO. Fall Romanite. Gray Romanite. Large Rambo. Striped Rambo. Externally, the fruit of Rambo is almost a counterpart of that of the better-known Domine. The flavor and the season of the two apples, however, is quite distinct. Rambo is a mildly and richly flavored late autumn apple, while Domine 1s much more sprightly in flavor and is a long- keeping winter apple. The trees of Rambo are doubtfully hardy, with wood so brittle as often to break under heavy loads. The variety has never taken a prominent place among com- mercial apples, and is surpassed for home use by several of its orchard associates. Its origin is unknown, but Coxe, in 1817, noted that it was much grown in Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey—whence it spread westward to parts of the Mississippi Valley, in many localities of which it is still a favorite fruit. Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, open, the old bark peculiarly rough. Fruit medium in size, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate or round- oblong, symmetrical, usually regular but sometimes faintly ribbed; stem short, slender ; cavity regular, wide, deep, acute, usually with outspreading russet; calyx small, usually closed; lobes narrow, acute; basin wide, RED ASTRACHAN 53 deep, abrupt, often furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth or roughened with russet dots, pale yellow, mottled with red, striped with carmine and overspread with gray bloom; dots conspicuous, large, white, gray or russet ; calyx-tube funnel-form, long with wide limb; stamens median; core small, axile; cells closed; core-lines clasping; carpels round to broadly obovate, emarginate, tufted; seeds large, broad, flat, obtuse, tufted, light and dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; good to very good; October to December or January. RAMSDELL SWEET. 4dHurlbut. Rams- dell’s Red. Red Pumpkin Sweet. Ramsdell Sweet was once popular because of the hand- some red color and good quality of the apples, which, however, are not uniform in size or shape. The trees are not fruitful enough to give the variety value for commercial planta- tions. Ramsdell Sweet was brought to notice by Rev. H. S. Ramsdell, Thompson, Connecti- cut, about 1838. Its culture is confined to the East and North. Tree vigorous, upright, open. Fruit medium or large, variable in size, uniform in shape, oblong-conic or round-conic, often elliptical and faintly ribbed; stem short, slender, often red; cavity acuminate, deep, broad, symmetrical, often russeted; calyx small, closed or open; lobes narrow, abrupt, faintly furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, yellow, overspread with dark red, with obscure splashes and stripes of carmine, overspread with bloom; dots many, distinct, conspicuous, large, pale yellow or gray, often sub- merged; prevailing effect red; calyx-tube large, long, cylindrical; stamens median; core small, axile or abaxile; cells symmetrical but not uniformly developed, closed or open; core-lines clasping ; carpels ovate; seeds small, narrow, plump, acute; flesh yellow, firm, fine, tender, juicy, sweet; good to very good; October to February. RED ASTRACHAN. Fig. 45. Red As- trachan is the standard red summer apple for home orchards in the United States and Can- ada, not because it is best in any of its char- 45. Red Astrachan (14) acters, but because it is considerably above the average in all. The apples are beautiful in color and shape when well grown, but are often poorly colored and lacking in uniformity of size and shape. They are fit for cooking long before maturity, and, when fully ripe, are fair for dessert, having a long season of useful- ness. The trees come into bearing young and bear regularly and abundantly, but are short- lived and subject to most of the ills that apple-trees are heir to. The apples cannot be handled or stored, and, therefore, the variety has small place as a market fruit. Red As- 54 RED CANADA trachan is a Russian apple introduced into America in 1835, and has long been grown in all of the apple regions of America. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium to large, not uniform in size or shape, round- oblate, conical, ribbed, sides unequal; stem slender, bracted; cavity acute, deep, broad, often russeted with greenish-russet, usually symmetrical, sometimes lipped; calyx large, open, or closed; lobes long, broad; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, pale yellow often overspread with light and dark red, splashed and irregularly striped with deep crimson or carmine and covered with heavy bloom; dots numerous, white; calyx-tube long, funnel-form; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells closed or open; core- lines clasping ; carpels broadly ovate, tufted; seeds small, wide, plump, obtuse; flesh white often tinged with red, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, aromatic, some- times astringent; good to very good; late July to September. RED CANADA. Fig. 46. Canada Red- streak. Red Winter. Steele’s Red. Were the trees as satisfactory as the fruit, Red Canada would take high rank among the commercial apples of the country. The apples are char- acterized by firm, crisp, fine-grained, juicy, aromatic, richly flavored flesh; they are me- oe 46. Red Canada. (X14) dium to large, shapely, uniform in size and shape, and colored a beautiful fine, deep red, striped with deeper red on a background of yellow, the whole surface being conspicuously marked with large fawn-colored dots. The trees, however, signally fail; they are precari- ously hardy, lack in vigor, subject to most of the troubles that apple flesh is heir to, fastidi- ous as to soils, and seldom sure or annual bearers. Red Canada probably originated in New England a hundred or more years ago, and has been most largely planted in New England, New York, and Michigan. Tree medium to large, vigorous, upright; branches short, stout, curved, crooked. Leaves broad, thin. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, round-conic, flattened at the base, symmetrical and regular, some- times elliptical or obscurely ribbed and with sides a little unequal; stem slender, pubescent; cavity large, acuminate, deep, wide, often russeted and with radiating green or russet rays, symmetrical, sometimes furrowed ; calyx small, closed or partly open, pubescent; basin small, narrow, shallow, abrupt, furrowed and sometimes wrinkled, often oblique; skin tough, smooth toward the cavity, rough about the basin, light yellow overspread with a deep red blush, indistinctly striped with deeper red; dots conspicuous, gray or fawn colored, towards the cavity scattering, large and elongated but towards the apex more numerous and smaller; prevailing effect deep red; calyx-tube elongated-cone-shape; stamens marginal; core sessile, axile, small; cells symmetrical, closed or slit; core-lines clasping; carpels smooth, RHODE ISLAND GREENING round, narrowing toward the apex, mucronate; seeds numerous, large, angular, long, wide, plump, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, fine-grained, tender, juicy, aoe rich, agreeably subacid; good to best; October oO aren, RED JUNE. Fig.47. Carolina June. Caro- lina Red. June. Red June is characterized by its small, deep red, round apples of uniform size and shape. The flesh is white, rimmed and 47. Red June. (X14) stained with red, juicy, sprightly, refreshing, rich, and very good. The variety is grown in full perfection only in the South and parts of the West, though well worth growing as far north as the Baldwin is hardy, furnishing in the South an excellent summer apple and in the North a very good fall fruit. Red June is supposed to have originated in North Carolina, having been first described in 1848, though it is probably much older. Tree vigorous, spreading, with short, stout, curved branches. Fruit small, uniform in size and shape, round- ovate or oblong, regular, sides usually unequal; stem variable, usually long, slender; cavity small, acuminate, shallow, narrow, symmetrical, sometimes compressed ; calyx large, leafy, closed or open; lobes long, narrow, acuminate; basin small, shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth or wavy; skin thin, tender, smooth, glossy, pale yellow, overspread with deep red, very dark red on the ex- posed cheek; dots numerous, very small, light; calyx- tube short, wide, conical; stamens median; core large, axile or somewhat abaxile; cells symmetrical, open or sometimes closed; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly ovate; seeds dark brown, numerous, small, plump, acute; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; good to very good; July to October. RHODE ISLAND GREENING. Fig. 48. Rhode Island. Greening. This is the favor- ite green apple of the continent. It ranks among the first half dozen commercial varieties of the country, and is to be found in as many home orchards as any other apple. Fruit- and tree-characters contribute in equal measure to its popularity. In color, the apples are a mellow shade of yellow with a dull blush or occasionally a pale red cheek—not showy but pleasing. The apples are substantially large, never coarse, in general symmetrically rotund, and very uniform in size and shape. The fruit ranks high among dessert apples, and for culinary purposes is unsurpassed. The flesh is tender, very juicy, and has the mellow, yellow tint of the skin. The flavor is rich but does not cloy, pleasantly acidulous, always refreshing, and as the apples ripen they de- velop a delightful aroma. The trees are of RIBSTON largest size, have wide-spreading, drooping branches, rejoice in health and vigor, load themselves with fruit, and are long-lived. The faults of the fruits are that they bruise rather 48. Rhode Island Greening. (14) easily, are often disfigured by apple-scab, and scald badly in cold storage. The trees fail in not always holding their load well, in suscepti- bility to apple-scab, and in tenderness to cold. The variety is more fastidious to climate than to soil, refusing to flourish either in extreme northern or in southern apple regions. It prefers the fertile intervale lands of New York or Michigan, whether sandy loam or clayey loam, requiring always good drainage. The name commemorates the state of its nativity, but when and where in Rhode Island it first grew is not known. Its cultivation dates back nearly 200 years. Tree large, vigorous, wide-spreading, drooping. Leaves large, broad, foliage dense. Fruit large or very large, uniform in shape and size, round or round- oblate, sometimes conic, regular or a little elliptical, sometimes obscurely ribbed, symmetrical or sides slightly unequal; stem medium in length, green, pubescent; cavity acute, medium in depth and width, symmetrical or rarely lipped, smooth, sometimes russeted and with narrow, outspreading russet rays; calyx large, closed, sometimes partly open, pubescent; lobes long, acute; basin small, shallow, obtuse, regular or furrowed; skin thick, tough, smooth, waxy, green or yellow, sometimes with brownish-red blush which rarely deepens to red; dots greenish-white or russet, especially numerous toward the basin and often submerged; prevailing effect green or yellow; calyx-tube wide, cone-shape with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells uniform, symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines meeting; carpels thin, flat, emarginate, round to round-cordate, sometimes tufted; seeds few, often abortive, large, narrow, long, acute, sometimes tufted; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid; very good in quality ; November to March. RIBSTON. Essex Pippin. Ribston Pippin. Ribston is one of the few exotic apples worth growing in America. The apples are not attractive in appearance, but have a fine rich flaver, a pleasant aroma, and firm, fine, crisp flesh that fit them admirably for dessert. The trees are hardy, vigorous, and long-lived, come in bearing young, and are annually fruit- ful, though not sufficiently productive nor do they hold the crop well enough to make a mar- ket variety. Ribston originated in Yorkshire, England, over two centuries ago, and has been grown in America for at least a century, thriv- ROMAN STEM 55 ing best in New York, New England, and Canada. ce Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, with stout, stocky branches. Fruit medium or large, uniform in size and shape, round, broad and flattened at the base, narrowing toward the basin, occasionally round-oblong, often broadly and obscurely ribbed; stem pubescent, short, occasionally slender, more often thick, sometimes irregularly swollen or inserted under a lip; cavity large, acute, deep, wide, sometimes furrowed or compressed, russeted and with outspreading russet rays; calyx vari- able, small, closed or partly open; lobes separated at the base, erect, tips usually reflexed; basin small, shal- low, narrow, abrupt, or occasionally obtuse, often furrowed and wrinkled; skin smooth or roughened with russet, yellow overspread with dull red which in highly- colored specimens deepens to bright red, with obscure carmine stripes and splashes; dots scattering, con- Spicuous toward the base, more numerous and smaller toward the basin, pale, often areolar with russet center; ealyx-tube wide, cone-shape; stamens basal; core small, axile or with a narrow, hollow cylinder at the axis; cells regular, closed; core-lines clasping; carpels elliptical, emarginate, tufted; seeds variable, some abortive, light and dark brown, large, wide, long, obtuse, sometimes slightly tufted; flesh yellow, firm, very crisp, juicy, pleasantly aromatic, rich, sprightly subacid; very good; September to December. RICHARD GRAFT. Red Spitzenberg. Strawberry. Wine. Richard Graft is a product of the Hudson Valley, New York, and at pres- ent is grown only there. It is a fall apple, superior because choicely good in quality, but suitable for a home product only, as the crop ripens in a succession of several weeks. The trees are satisfactory except in bearing bien- nially. The variety was introduced in 1860 by E. G. Studley, Claverack, New York. Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, open. Fruit of medium size, round-oblate; stem of medium length, slender; cavity small, closed; basin of medium size ; skin yellow, covered with stripes and splashes of deep red; flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, aromatic, subacid; very good; September. ROLFE. Macomber. Rolfe is a somewhat popular variety in cold regions because of superior hardiness, though it is above the average in both fruit- and tree-characters. The variety originated in the town of Guilford, Maine, about 1820, and is said to be a seedling of Blue Pearmain. Tree large, vigorous, spreading and drooping, dense; laterals slender, willowy. Fruit sometimes large, uniform in shape and size, round or round-oblate, regular or angular, symmetrical; stem short to medium, slender; cavity acute, deep, wide, sometimes furrowed or com- pressed; calyx small, medium, closed; lobes short, wide, acute; basin large, regular, shallow, narrow, abrupt, wrinkled; skin thin, tough, glossy, pale yellow, some- times blushed or in well-colored specimens shaded and striped with red; dots numerous, inconspicuous, small ; prevailing effect yellow; calyx-tube narrow, short, funnel-shape; stamens median; core variable, medium to large, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical, wide open; core-lines clasping; carpels markedly concave, broadly ovate, emarginate, tufted; seeds large, long and narrow, plump, acute, light brown; flesh yellow, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; good; late Septem- ber to January. ROMAN STEM. French Pippin. This apple, described as early as 1817, is still more or less grown in the South, in the Mississippi Valley, and in the Pacific states. In the try- ing climate of the Great Plains, it is hardier than almost any other excepting Russian apples. The fruits are suitable for home use 56 ROME BEAUTY only, lacking in size and in keeping qualities. The original tree was found near Burlington, New Jersey, where it still stood in 1817. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, irregular, very hardy and very productive; fruit small to medium, round, uniform; stem with a fleshy protuberance from the neighboring part, resembling a Roman nose, whence the name Roman Stem; skin rough, yellow, clouded and spotted; flesh tender, mild, juicy, with an agreeable flavor; good; early winter. ROME BEAUTY. Fig. 49. Rome. Rome Beauty is a desirable commercial apple in all apple regions except northern ones, where in its early years at least, it is precariously hardy. The best characters are those of the tree. The trees, while of but medium size, are vigorous, come in bearing early, load with fruit annually, and in high winds the apples persist on the long stems and flexible branches better than those of almost any other variety. The trees are susceptible to blight and the scab-fungus— unfortunate faults. The apples are large, smooth, handsome, uniform in size and shape, thick-skinned, and, therefore, ship and keep well, but are of only mediocre quality. Gen- 49. Rome Beauty. (X%%) erally speaking, Rome Beauty does best in southern latitudes or in the mild western climates, yet it is grown to perfection in some parts of New York and Michigan. It requires rich soils, failing in which, the fruits are under- sized and poorly colored. Rome Beauty origi- nated with H. N. Gillet, Lawrence County, Ohio, who brought it to the attention of fruit- growers in 1848. Tree vigorous, small, at first upright but later spread- ing and drooping, with slender, lateral branches. Leaves long. Fruit medium to very large, uniform in size and shape, round, round-conic, or oblong, regular or faintly ribbed, usually symmetrical but sometimes with sides unequal; stem characteristically long, slender, often oblique; cavity large, characteristically obtuse and smooth, shallow, wide, sometimes compressed or lipped, often gently furrowed, green or red, never rus- seted; calyx small, closed or open; lobes converging above but separated toward the base; basin small, shal- low, narrow, abrupt, usually furrowed or wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow mottled with bright red which in highly-colored specimens deepens to solid red on the exposed cheek, striped with bright carmine; dots numerous, white or brown, small; calyx-tube cone- shape, often with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base; stamens marginal; core medium to large, abaxile; cells sometimes unsymmetrical, open; core-lines meeting ; carpels round, narrowing toward base and apex, some- ST. LAWRENCE times obtusely emarginate, mucronate; seeds numerous, plump, acute, tufted, light and dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained to coarse, crisp, juicy, aromatic, mild subacid; good; November to May. ROXBURY RUSSET. Fig. 50. Boston Russet. Rox. Roxbury. Russet. Roxbury is the best known russet apple in America. The apples are notable keepers and before the days of cold storage were to be found under the 50. Roxbury Russet. (1%) name “Russet,” or “Rox,” in all apple markets. With the coming of cold storage, the demand for the long-keeping, dull-colored russet apples has fallen off, and the popularity of Roxbury is now on the wane. The rough, tough-skinned, yellowish-brown, russeted fruits are known by all. The flesh, too, is distinct with its yellow- . green color, its tenderness, and its pleasing sprightly flavor. The fruit is remarkable for the amount of sugar contained, making this about the best sort for cider. The variety does best in rich intervale soils, and is most popular in New England and westward into Michigan. Roxbury is supposed to have originated in Roxbury, Massachusetts, nearly 300 years ago, and is, therefore, one of the oldest American varieties. Tree medium to large, vigorous, round-spreading. Fruit large, variable in size and shape, oblate or oblate- conic, often broadly and obscurely angular and some- times remarkably elliptical, sides unequal; stem short, thick or swollen, pubescent, often red on one side; cavity acute, deep, wide, sometimes lipped; calyx large, pubescent, closed or partly open; lobes long, sometimes short, obtuse; basin variable, narrow, obtuse, furrowed and often wrinkled; skin tough, covered with yellowish- brown russet, colored specimens developing a bronze blush which rarely deepens to red; dots russet or gray; calyx-tube large, wide, with fleshy pistil point project- ing into the base, conical; stamens basal; core axile; cells symmetrical, closed, rarely partly open; core-lines meeting; carpels flat, elongated and narrowing toward the apex, sometimes emarginate, mucronate, tufted; seeds few, often abortive, long, plump, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender, breaking, juicy, sprightly subacid; good to very good; December to May. ST. LAWRENCE. Montreal. St. Law- rence is an apple of the Fameuse type; the fruits greatly resemble those of Fameuse, but seldom equal them except in size, being usually much larger. It thrives in New England and parts of Canada and is especially prized along the St. Lawrence River. Its origin is not known, but it is probably a seedling of Fa- meuse grown in lower Canada early in the nineteenth century. SALOME Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit large, oblate-conic or round-oblate, faintly ribbed ; stem short, slender; cavity large, acute, deep, regular, greenish-russeted; calyx small, closed; basin small, narrow, deep, abrupt, wrinkled; skin pale yellow washed and marbled with red, striped and splashed with dark carmine and overspread with thin bloom; dots numerous, obscure, fine, russet; calyx-tube narrow, cone-shape ; stamens median; core medium in size, abaxile; cells partly open; core-lines clasping ; carpels obovate, emargi- nate; flesh white, stained with red, tender, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; Septem- ber and October. SALOME. Salome is a very good commer- cial apple in the southern Mississippi Valley. The characters commending the fruits are: ability to stand handling well, long-keeping qualities, and freedom from apple-scab. The outstanding characters of the tree are: hardi- ness, healthfulness, vigor, productiveness, early and nearly annual bearing. The variety needs a long season to develop either fruit or tree. Salome originated about 1853 in Ottawa, IIli- nois. Tree vigorous, large, upright, dense. Fruit medium in size, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate to round- ovate, often elliptical, obscurely ribbed, usually sym- metrical; stem long, slender; cavity large, acute, deep, broad, often compressed or obscurely furrowed, thinly russeted; calyx small, closed; basin often depressed, sometimes deep and inclined to abrupt, usually narrow, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow mottled and blushed with red and obscurely striped with carmine, marked toward the cavity with gray scarf-skin and covered with bloom; dots conspicu- ous, pale gray, often areolar with russet point; calyx- tube small, cone-shape; stamens basal; core large, abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical, usually wide open, sometimes closed; core-lines meeting; carpels thin, smooth, often concave, broadly round, sometimes emargi- nate; seeds numerous, wide, obtuse, light and dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; good to very good; November to March. SANDY GLASS. This Russian variety bears attractive greenish-yellow fruits, which, however, are of inferior quality and come at a season when there are many better apples. The trees are extremely hardy, and the variety, therefore, has value in cold regions. Sandy Glass was imported from Russia about 1880. Tree small, vigorous, flat, spreading, drooping. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate or ovate, regular, sometimes obscurely ribbed; stem short, thick ; cavity small, acuminate, deep, narrow, usually sym- metrical, more or less russeted and often with out- spreading rays of thin russet; calyx small, closed; lobes short, acute; basin shallow, wide, lightly furrowed, wrinkled; skin pale yellow, faintly blushed and over- spread with bloom; dots numerous, small, submerged, with some large and russet; calyx-tube long, wide, conical; stamens median; core axile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines meeting; carpels ovate, deeply emarginate; seeds large, wide, plump, acute, dull dark brown; flesh white or with green tinge, fine, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; fair to good; September to early winter. SCARLET PIPPIN. Crimson Beauty. Crimson Pippin. This is a Canadian apple of the Fameuse type; the fruits are somewhat similar to those of the well-known McIntosh, but differ in being firmer in flesh, more acid and not so good in quality. Scarlet Pippin originated about 1860 near Brockville, Ontario. Its culture is confined to Canada, New Eng- land, and nearby states. SHARP 57 Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit of medium size, round- oblate, regular; stem short, stout ; cavity acute, shallow, wide, sometimes lipped ; calyx closed or open; basin narrow, shallow, wrinkled; core small; flesh white, firm, crisp, tender, melting, juicy, mild subacid with a pleasant flavor; very good; fall and early winter. SCOTT WINTER. Scott’s Red Winter. Scott. This variety at one time played an im- portant part as a commercial apple in New England, but seems now to be passing from cultivation. It came into prominence because of the hardiness, healthfulness, and reliability of the trees, and the long-keeping qualities of the apples. It is being superseded by better kinds, because the apples are small, uneven in shape and size, susceptible to scab, and with coarse flesh and austere flavor. The apple is now grown with profit only in a few parts of New England and Canada. It originated on the Scott farm, Newport, Vermont, about 1864. SEEK-NO-FURTHER. See Westfield. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. medium in size, round-conie or round-oblate, often irregularly elliptical, broadly ribbed; stem short or very short; cavity small, acuminate, deep, narrow, some- times gently furrowed, usually russeted and often with outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed; lobes converging, usually reflexed, narrow, acute; basin small, abrupt, usually deep, narrow, furrowed, often pubescent ; skin smooth, thin. tough, pale yellow covered with red, mottled and striped with darker red ; dots scattering, obscure, pale yellow or russet; calyx-tube long, cone- shape, sometimes extending into the core; stamens median ; core small, axile or abaxile with hollow central cylinder ; cells uniformly developed, symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines meeting; earpels broadly round, elliptical, emarginate, mucronate, smooth or nearly so; seeds numerous, small, narrow, acute, plump, dark, sometimes tufted; flesh yellow, sometimes stained with red, firm, crisp, coarse, tender, very juicy, briskly subacid, eventually becoming mild subacid, aromatic; good; November to April. SHACKLEFORD. — Shackleford’s Best. Shackleford is an apple of the Ben Davis type. The fruits of several rivals in season of the same group surpass it in flavor, in keeping qualities, and in appearance. The trees have the merits of bearing young and regularly, and of being productive, hardy. Shackleford was discovered near Athens, Missouri, some time previous to 1883. Fruit Tree medium in size, vigorous, flat, spreading, droop- ing, open. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round or round-ovate, regular and symmetrical; stem long, slender; cavity small, acuminate, shallow, narrow, sym- metrical, russeted; calyx usually closed; lobes long, broad, acute; basin large, deep, wide, abrupt, wrinkled and furrowed; skin thick, tough, waxy, smooth, yellow washed with red, mottled and striped with carmine; dots inconspicuous, small, numerous, sometimes sub- merged, some imes russet; calyx-tube short, cone-shape, often with a flesiy pistil point projecting into the base ; stamens median; core axile, small; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines meeting; carpels pointed ovate, emarginate; seeds numerous, wide, plump, acute; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; fair to good; November to April. SHARP. Sharp is a little known variety, often confused with Maiden Blush, which it does not equal in tree or fruit. A comparison of the descriptions enables one at once to dis- tinguish between the two. The variety can be traced to Halliday and Son, Baltimore, Mary- land, about 1880. It is more generally grown in Illinois than elsewhere. 58 SHIAWASSEE Tree small, upright, spreading, open; branches short, stout. Fruit of medium size, uniform in shape and size, round-oblate or round-conic, sometimes oblong-conic, regular or very faintly ribbed, symmetrical ; stem short, not exserted; cavity large, acute, deep, wide, sometimes furrowed and often russeted; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes long; basin shallow, deep, wide, abrupt, smooth or sometimes ridged or wrinkled; skin pale yellow with a bright blush; dots minute, pale or brown; calyx-tube funnel-form; stamens median to basal; core medium in size, abaxile; cells open or closed; core-lines clasping; carpels elliptical, emargi- nate; seeds large, long, flat, obtuse, dark; flesh white, firm, fine-grained, tender, crisp, juicy, mild subacid ; very good; late September into October. SHIAWASSEE. Shiawassee Beauty. This is another Fameuse seedling, and one well de- serving general recognition, were it not that McIntosh and Fameuse excel it in tree and fruit. The apples have the merit of keeping well and of adding variety in size, color, and flavor to the winter supply of fruits. The variety originated in the orchard of Beebe Truesdell, Vernon, Michigan; it is little grown except in the state of its nativity. Its merits were first set forth in 1860. Tree of medium size, very hardy, vigorous, upright- spreading, healthy and long-lived. Fruit medium to large, uniform in shape but not in size, oblate-conic, regular or sometimes elliptical ; stem medium in length, slender; cavity acute, deep, broad, symmetrical, some- times compressed, often with outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed; lobes short, narrow; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, somewhat furrowed and wrinkled, often compressed; skin pale yellow, overspread with red, irregularly splashed and striped with carmine; dots small, gray; calyx-tube wide, conical; stamens median ; core small, widely abaxile; cells symmetrical, usually open; core-lines meeting; carpels cordate; flesh white, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, aromatic, sprightly; good to very good; October to January. SHOCKLEY. Sweet Romanite. This is an old southern sort widely grown under sev- eral names. Before cold storage became com- mon, Shockley was a favorite variety because of the long season of the fruits, which ripen in October and keep until the following summer. Its origin is not known, but it is reported as having been long grown in Maryland. Catalogs describe it as follows: Tree erect, vigorous, coming into bearing early and very productive; fruit of medium size, round-conical, uniform in size and shape, yellow, with a bright crimson cheek; flesh firm, subacid or almost sweet, with a dis- tinctive flavor; quality fair to good; October to May or June. SMITH CIDER. Cider. Pennsylvania Cider. This is an old-time favorite in Penn- sylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, usually failing in more northern regions, but now disappearing because of poor fruit-characters. Except in choice apple soils, the fruits do not attain sufficient size, attractive color, or high quality. The apples are not good enough for dessert, but give satisfaction for culinary purposes and, more particularly, for cider. The trees come in bearing young and are usually productive. The variety originated in Bucks County, Penn- sylvania, and seems to have been first de- scribed in 1817. Tree vigorous, tall, upright-spreading, open, with long, stout, straggling branches. Fruit medium to large, round-oblate, sometimes conic or oblong and truncate, Tegular, axis often oblique, sides sometimes unequal ; SOPS OF WINE stem short, slender; cavity large, acute, deep, narrow, often with outspreading russet rays; calyx open or sometimes closed; lobes leafy, long, acute; basin wide, very shallow and obtuse to deep and abrupt, somewhat furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, smooth or roughened with capillary russet lines about the basin, glossy, pale yellow mottled and shaded with red, splashed and striped with carmine; dots white or russet, often areolar, con- spicuous; prevailing effect bright red; calyx-tube short and obtusely cone-shape; stamens median; core large, abaxile or nearly axile; cells symmetrical, open or closed ; core-lines meeting ; carpels thin, smooth, broadly round or narrowing irregularly toward the apex, acumi- nate, emarginate; seeds numerous, wide, plump, obtuse, dark; flesh white, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid becoming mild subacid, aromatic, sprightly; good; November to March. 51. Smokehouse. (1%) SMOKEHOUSE. Fig. 51. English Van- devere. Red Vandevere. When the characters of Smokehouse are set forth, the variety seems almost perfect; yet it is nowhere very popular and it is being less and less planted. It is passing out, probably, because the apples lack high character in either flavor or appearance. The trees are vigorous, hardy, healthy, pro- ductive, come into bearing young, and hold their crop well. The variety originated on the farm of William Gibbons, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and was first brought to notice in 1848. Tree medium to large, vigorous, wide-spreading, dense ; lateral branches willowy, slender. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate or oblate- conic, regular, symmetrical; stem medium to long, slender; cavity acute, deep, narrow, sometimes furrowed, often thinly russeted; calyx large, open; lobes often flat, convergent, separated at the base; basin shallow, wide, sometimes compressed, abrupt, wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, or roughened with capillary russet lines and russet dots; color yellow mottled with dull red, sometimes deepening to a solid red, indistinctly mottled, striped and splashed with carmine; dots con- spicuous, irregular, gray or russet, becoming smaller and more numerous about the basin; prevailing effect greenish-yellow, in highly-colored specimens red; calyx- tube wide, short, obtusely cone-shape; stamens median ; core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines meeting; carpels flat, broadly elliptical to round or cordate, usually smooth; seeds few, very dark, large, narrow; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, delicately aromatic; good; October to March. SNOW: See Fameuse. SOPS OF WINE. Bennington. Early Washington. Strawberry. This is an old Eng- lish dessert, culinary, and cider apple, known in Europe since 1688, when it was described by Ray, and grown in America for nearly two cen- turies. The crimson apples are handsome, well- STARK flavored, and have fine-grained flesh, which is white stained with red. It is grown only on the Atlantic seaboard and even there is rapidly passing from cultivation. Tree large, vigorous, upright, dense. Fruit medium to large, uniform in shape but not in size, round or round-conic, ribbed, sides unequal; stem short, slender ; cavity acute, deep, narrow, sometimes furrowed, with thin radiating russet rays; calyx small, closed or slightly open; lobes short; basin shallow, narrow, furrowed, wrinkled; skin thin, tender, roughened, greenish-yellow overspread with purplish-red, mottled, irregularly splashed and sometimes indistinctly striped with dark carmine, overspread with thin bloom; dots small, few, light russet or yellow; calyx-tube short, wide, cone-shape ; stamens marginal; core of medium size, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical but not uniformly developed, open ; core-lines meeting; carpels broad-ovate, concave, mu- cronate, tufted; seeds large, wide, plump, obtuse; flesh yellow often stained with pink, soft, fine, juicy, aromatic, mild, pleasant subacid; good; August to October. STARK. Stark surpasses most of its or- chard associates in all essential tree-characters —the trees being vigorous, hardy, healthy, pro- ductive, and very accommodating as to soils. The fruits are large, smooth, well-turned in shape, uniform, and keep well, but are dull and unattractive in color and not good enough in quality for a dessert fruit, though well liked for culinary purposes and prime favorites for drying. The flesh is firm and the skin thick and tough, qualities which make the crop de- sirable for distant shipment. Stark is one of the most cosmopolitan of all apples, thriving wherever apples are generally grown on this continent. The variety probably originated in Ohio, having been described first in 1867 as coming from that state. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, with long, strong branches. Fruit large, sometimes very large, uniform in size and shape, round-conic, oblate or round- ovate, sides sometimes unequal; stem short, stout; cavity acuminate, deep, wide, sometimes furrowed, oc- casionally lipped, sometimes russeted and with out- spreading russet; calyx large, closed or partly open; basin shallow, obtuse, wide, wrinkled; skin smooth or roughened with russet dots, pale yellow more or less blushed and mottled with red and indistinctly striped with darker red; prevailing effect dull green and red, in highly-colored specimens bright red; calyx-tube wide, truneate cone-shape with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base; stamens median; core small, axile; cells uniform, symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines meeting; carpels thin, tender, flat, broadly round to obcordate, emarginate, mucronate, tufted; seeds few, long, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, fine, breaking, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid; fair to good; November to April. STARR. The fruits of Starr are attractive green or yellow, early, and well-flavored—high enough in quality for dessert. The crop ripens at a season when competition is keen, and the variety has, therefore, scarcely gone further than its native state, New Jersey, where, ac- cording to Downing, it appeared in 1865. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, stout, curved branches. Fruit large, and shape, oblate or round-oblate, regular or faintly ribbed; stem short, thick, sometimes swollen; cavity acute, shallow, broad, smooth or gently furrowed; calyx closed; lobes long, narrow; basin medium in depth, narrow, abrupt, furrowed; skin thick, tough, smooth, yellowish-green, sometimes with a faint blush; dots numerous, sinall and large, pale or russet; calyx-tube long, conical, large, extending to the core; stamens marginal; core large, abaxile; cells closed; core-lines clasping ; carpels obovate, sometimes tufted; seeds dark with short, uniform in size STREAKED PIPPIN 59 brown, large, wide, plump, acute; flesh yellow, fine, tender, crisp, very juicy; good to very good; August and September. STAYMAN. Fig. 52. Stayman Winesap. Stayman is a seedling of Winesap, which it much resembles in tree and fruit, but sur- passes in several essentials; thus, the fruits are larger and better-flavored; the trees are more productive and adapted to a much wider 52. Stayman. (14) range of soil and climate. The apples fall short in brilliancy of color, a defect which lessens their popularity for the fancy-fruit trade. The culture of Stayman Winesap is limited to regions having a long season, for in northern latitudes the apples fail to attain perfection in size, color, or flavor. In the Hast, south of New York and Michigan, it is one of the most popular and valuable of all apples. The variety was grown from seed of Winesap planted in 1866 by Dr. J. Stayman, Leaven- worth, Kansas. Tree vigorous, spreading, open. Fruit medium to large, round-conic or globular, flattened at the base and rounding toward the basin, sides sometimes unequal ; stem short; cavity large, acuminate, deep, often gently furrowed, sometimes compressed, russeted, sometimes with outspreading, broken, russet rays; calyx small, closed; lobes long, acute; basin small, sometimes oblique, shal- low, narrow and obtuse to deep and abrupt, furrowed, wrinkled; skin smooth, thick, tough, yellow, often cov- ered with dull red and indistinctly striped with carmine ; dots light gray and russet, large; calyx-tube cone-shape, sometimes extending to the core; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core- lines clasping the cylinder; carpels thin, tender, concave, elliptical, emarginate; seeds usually long, obtuse, plump, often abortive; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, tender, crisp, breaking, juicy, aromatic, sprightly, pleasant subacid; good to very good; December to May. STREAKED PIPPIN. Hempstead. Quak- er. Red Pippin. Streaked Pippin is character- ized by the size and color of its fruit. The apples are large, sometimes very large, pre- dominantly yellow, but always distinctly streaked with red. They rank from good to very good in quality either for dessert or for culinary purposes. The trees are satisfactory, excepting that they ripen their crop unevenly and do not hold it to maturity. The variety originated at Westbury, Long Island, and was first noticed in 1869. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, drooping, dense. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round- oblong or round-conic, often faintly ribbed, symmetrical ; 60 STUMP stem short to medium, slender to thick; cavity acumi- nate, narrow, often furrowed, occasionally compressed, sometimes lipped, sometimes russeted; calyx small, closed or open; lobes short, obtuse; basin shallow, nar- row, obtuse to wide and abrupt, often furrowed; skin thin, tough, smooth, covered with thin bloom which gives a dull effect, predominantly yellow, mottled and blushed with orange-red and distinctly striped with carmine; dots numerous and conspicuous, white or with russet point, often areolar; calyx-tube conical; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells open or partly closed ; core-lines clasping ; carpels very concave, broadly round- ish or approaching elliptical, mucronate, tufted; seeds medium to large, plump, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, breaking, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, aro- matic; good to very good; November to February. STUMP. Stump is so similar to the better- known Chenango in tree and fruit, having no qualities superior, that, though an excellent apple, it can never attain high rank in the lists of either home or commercial fruits. It originated on the grounds of John Prue, Chili, New York, and was first described in 1881. Tree vigorous, upright; branches long, stout, curved. Fruit of medium size, uniform in size and shape, round- conic or oblong-conic, regular or faintly ribbed, sides sometimes unequal; stem very short, variable in thick- ness; cavity acute, shallow, broad, unsymmetrical, fre- quently furrowed, sometimes lipped, partly russeted ; calyx small, open or closed; lobes short, narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt; skin smooth, pale yéllow washed and mottled with pinkish-red, becoming deep red in highly-colored specimens, indistinctly striped and splashed with bright carmine; dots numerous, large, areolar with russet and white points; prevailing effect red and yellow; calyx-tube broadly conical with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base; stamens basal ; core large, usually abaxile; cells open; core-lines meet- ing; carpels elongated-ovate tapering toward base and apex; seeds dark brown, small, very wide, short, plump, obtuse; flesh white tinged with yellow, fine, tender, juicy, rich, aromatic, sprightly, pleasant subacid; very good; September and October. SUMMER QUEEN. Sweet Harvest. Queen. Summer Queen is an old variety, at one time rather largely grown in eastern United States, but now seldom planted except in the Pacific states, where it is still offered by several nurserymen. It is of value only for home use and local markets; the fruits ripen over a long season and do not ship or keep well. The variety seems to have been first described in 1806. Tree lacking in vigor, rather small, spreading, pro- ductive, bearing annually. Fruit medium to large, round-conic, somewhat angular; stem medium to long, slender; cavity narrow to wide, regular, deep; calyx large, open, or closed; basin shallow or none, furrowed ; skin yellow, striped, splashed and shaded with mixed red; dots small, yellow; core medium in size with cells open; seeds numerous, acute, brown; flesh whitish- yellow, sometimes with a tinge of pink, firm, aromatic, juicy, subacid; quality good to very good for culinary purposes; August and September. SUMMER RAMBO. Rambour. Summer Rambour. This apple is of the type of the better-known Grosh, differing chiefly in ripen- ing its crop about a month earlier. The variety probably originated in France more than two centuries ago, and has been grown in America since 1800. It is now to be found, on this side oF the Atlantic, only in Ohio and states to the est. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open. Fruit large or very large, uniform in size and shape, oblate or round- oblate, sometimes ovate, faintly ribbed, regular, sides often unequal; stem short, thick; cavity acuminate, SWAAR deep, broad, usually symmetrical, sometimes russeted near the stem; or sometimes open; lobes short, narrow, acute; basin deep, wide, abrupt, smooth, symmetrical; skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow or greenish, in well-colored speci- mens largely washed and mottled with red, conspicuously marked with many broken stripes and splashes of car- mine; dots numerous, usually small and submerged, with some large, brown or russet; prevailing effect striped ; ealyx-tube medium in length, wide, broadly conical ; stamens median; core small, axile; cells closed; core- lines meeting; carpels round-ovate; seeds frequently abortive, or large, wide, plump, acute, dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, breaking, coarse, tender, very juicy, mild subacid, somewhat aromatic; good; September to No- vember. SUTTON. Morris Red. Sutton Beauty. Few apples are more attractive in appearance or better in taste than those of Sutton. In consequence, the variety has been much sought after, but plantations of it have usually proved a failure because of weaknesses in the trees. The trees are very capricious as to soils, bear spasmodically—even individuals show irregu- larities in bearing, often a branch producing while the rest of the tree is barren; and, worse than any other fault, Sutton takes longest of all varieties to come into fruiting. The variety has gone through its probationary period and by common consent is a failure as a commer- cial apple, but the uniform size, symmetrical shape, and delectable quality of the fruit make it a most desirable sort for the home orchard and fancy-fruit market. The name commemo- rates the town of Sutton, Massachusetts, in which the variety originated some time previ- ous to 1849. Sutton is chiefly grown in New York and New England. Tree vigorous, upright, dense, Leaves narrow, dark green. Fruit rarely large, uniform in size and shape, round or oblong, rounding toward cavity and basin, symmetrical, regular or very slightly ribbed ; stem short, sometimes fleshy ; cavity acute, wide, symmetrical, often with greenish-russet; calyx partly open, sometimes closed, pubescent ; lobes long, acuminate ; basin shallow and obtuse to deep and abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled, sometimes compressed; skin thin, tough, often roughened toward the basin by concentric russet lines and fine russet dots, otherwise glossy and smooth, bright red striped with carmine; prevailing effect red; calyx-tube symmetrical, conical; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed; core-lines clasping ; carpels broadly cordate, emarginate, sometimes tufted; seeds light brown, small, plump, acute, some- times tufted; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; No- vember to March. SWAAR. Swaar is distinguished by green- ish-yellow fruits, covered with dots and flecks of russet, which have heavy, aromatic flesh of uncommonly rich flavor. The apples keep well both in ordinary and cold storage. Though the apples are comparatively unattractive, the faults of the variety are chiefly those of the trees, which are neither long-lived nor hardy; suffer much from apple-canker; lack vigor; are shy bearers; and lose a large part of the crop as drops or culls. Swaar was early produced by the Dutch settlers in the Hudson River Valley, and has long been a favorite in that region. sometimes lipped, calyx large, closed with stout branches. Tree of medium size, vigorous, round to spreading, dense; branches inclined to droop. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate, often ribbed, regular, symmetrical; stem medium in length, SWAZIE slender; cavity large, acute, deep, wide, often furrowed, usually russeted and with broken outspreading russet ; calyx small, closed or open; lobes broad, obtuse, usually connivent; basin small, shallow, obtuse, wide, fur- rowed and wrinkled; skin tough, roughened with dots and flecks of russet, yellow, often shaded with a bronze blush; dots numerous, green or russet; prevailing effect yellow; calyx-tube cone-shape; stamens median; core small, axile, with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines clasping ; carpels thin, tender, broadly round, emarginate, mu- cronate, sometimes tufted; seeds numerous, broad, plump, obtuse, light brown; flesh yellow, firm, tender, fine- grained, juicy, mild or very mild subacid, aromatic, rich ; very good to best ; November to April. SWAZIE. Golden Gray. Swazie is very similar in fruit and tree to Pomme Grise. The fruits, however, in most respects are an improvement. Thus, the golden russet color makes them more attractive; they are, too, more aromatic; a little more richly flavored; of slightly larger size; and further distin- guished by being more oblong. Unfortunately the trees are not productive and but fairly vigorous, though very hardy. The variety originated on the Swazie farm, Niagara, Can- ada, and was first described by Downing in 1872. Swazie is a comparatively rare variety except in Ontario and Quebec. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit small, oblate, conical or round; stem short, slender; cavity narrow, acute, deep; calyx closed or partly open; lobes broad, obtuse; basin na'row, medium in depth, furrowed gently, wrinkled; skin pale yellow with some cinnamon-russet; dots nu- merous, white; calyx-tube elongated, cone-shape ; stamens median; core small, abaxile, often with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines meeting; carpels broadly round, truncate at the base, narrowing toward the apex, mucronate; seeds numerous, small, narrow to broad, often angular, usually obtuse; flesh pale yellow, fine-grained, tender, crisp, juicy, highly aromatic, sprightly, mild subacid, pleasant; very good to best; December to March. SWEET BOUGH. Fig. 53. August Sweet. Autumn Bough. Bough. Early Bough. Yellow Bough. Sweet Bough is acknowledged by all to be the best summer sweet apple. The tender flesh and honied sweetness of the fruits 53. Sweet Bough. (X14) as eaten from the hand remain in whatever way the apple may be prepared for the table. The fruits are large and handsome, and the trees are all that could be desired, falling short only in hardiness. The apples are too tender for distant shipment, but they are ideal for SWEET WINESAP 61 home use or local market. Sweet Bough is an old variety of American origin, described first in 1817, and now well distributed through- out the United States. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, round-conic or ovate, sometimes oblong-conic with broad and flat base, regular, sides often unequal; stem short, thick, usually not exserted; cavity acuminate, deep, broad, sometimes furrowed, usually smooth; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes often leafy, sometimes separated at the base, long, narrow, acute; basin small, shallow, narrow, abrupt, smooth or wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, pale yellow, sometimes faintly blushed; dots numerous, small, light-colored and submerged, sometimes russet; calyx- tube long, wide at top, conical; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells closed or open; core-lines clasping ; earpels round or cordate, emarginate, tufted; seeds light brown, small, plump, acute; flesh white, firm, fine, crisp, very tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic; good to very good; August and early September. SWEET WINESAP. Fig. 54. Hendrick. Hendrick Sweet. Sweet Pearmain. Under one or another of its several names, Sweet Winesap is cultivated as widely as any other sweet apple, 54. Sweet Winesap. (x4) excepting Tolman and Pound Sweet. The fruits are a handsome red, large, well-turned, symmetrical, and uniform; excellent for dessert or culinary uses; and sufficiently firm of flesh and tough of skin to stand marketing and storage. The trees are a little lacking in vigor and hardiness, but are usually healthy, long- lived, and productive, though they are some- what tardy in coming in bearing. It is not known where the variety originated, but it seems to have been described first in 1854. Though widely distributed, Sweet Winesap is most commonly grown in New York and Pennsylvania. Tree medium in dense. Fruit medium to large, shape, round-conic, wide and flattened at the base, round-ovate or oblate-conic, regular or elliptical, sym- metrical ; stem short, slender; cavity acuminate, shallow, wide, symmetrical or gently furrowed, sometimes partly Tusseted; calyx open; lobes long, acuminate; basin large, often oblique, round, deep, wide, abrupt, some- times furrowed; skin tough, smooth, pale yellow over- spread with bright red, plainly marked with long, narrow earmine stripes, covered with a thin bloom and often with thin, light gray scarf-skin producing a dull effect ; dots small, scattering, white or russet; prevailing effect red or striped-red; calyx-tube funnel-shape with broad, yellow limb and narrow cylinder; stamens median; core small, axile or sometimes abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines clasping ; carpels flat, round to broadly elliptical, emarginate; seeds small, plump, obtuse; flesh white, firm, fine, crisp, tender, Juicy, sweet; good to very good; November to March. size, vigorous, upright-spreading, uniform in size and 62 TERRY TERRY. Terry Winter. Terry is very gen- erally recommended for the cotton-belt of the South, usually with the advice that it be more largely planted. It is, however, an old sort that seems to be losing in popularity. The qualities that particularly recommend it for the South are that the crop ripens late and keeps well. Terry is said to have originated in Georgia a good many years ago, but when or where does not appear; neither are there full descriptions of the variety. Catalogs de- scribe the fruits as of medium size, pale yellow overspread with rich red and russet; the qual- ity is said to be good; the season is from November until March. TETOFSKY. Tetofsky is the standard early apple in the northern limits of apple cul- ture. It has, too, some value in more southerly regions, the fruits being attractive in color and pleasantly acidulous in flavor. The apples are small, however, and fall short, when all charac- ters are considered, of several other summer apples in the great fruit regions. Tetofsky is a pioneer Russian variety, having been imported in 1835 by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Tree dwarfish, vigorous, very erect, dense, with stout branches, filled with small spurs. Fruit small, uniform in size and shape, oblate or round, sometimes conic, regular; stem medium in length, slender ; cavity obtuse, medium to deep, broad, usually symmetrical, gently furrowed; calyx large, closed; lobes long, broad ; basin shallow, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, waxy, greenish-yellow, more or less striped and splashed with bright red, overspread with faint bloom ; dots inconspicuous, pale, submerged; calyx-tube long, wide, funnel-shape; stamens median; core large, axile or somewhat abaxile; cells open; core-lines clasping ; carpels broadly round, concave; seeds short, plump; flesh white, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, sprightly, aro- matic, subacid; fair to good; late July to early Sep- tember. TITOVKA. Titus Apple. Titus Raga. Titovka is valuable in the upper Mississippi Valley, and has considerable merit in all re- gions where hardiness must be taken into ac- count. The apples, which are large and hand- some, are suitable for culinary use, but scarcely so for dessert. The trees, besides being hardy, are vigorous, healthy, and productive. The variety was imported from Russia in 1870 by the United States Department of Agriculture. Tree dwarfish but vigorous, upright, dense, with stout, twiggy branches. Fruit large, round or oblong, some- times conic, regular, symmetrical; stem short, usually not exserted; cavity acuminate, very deep, sometimes russeted; calyx of medium size, closed; segments small, convergent ; basin shallow, very abrupt, wrinkled; skin smooth, yellow, shaded and striped with bright red and overspread with light bloom; calyx-tube elongated-cone- shape; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells sym- metrical, open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly round or obovate, emarginate; seeds few, small, plump; flesh white, coarse, crisp, juicy, subacid; good to very good; August and September. TITUS PIPPIN. Hang-on. Timothy. Well Apple. Every character of Titus Pippin be- speaks its relationship to Yellow Bellflower, by which it is surpassed in both tree and fruit. The fruits are large, smooth, attractive, pleas- antly flavored, and adapted to either dessert or culinary uses. The trees are vigorous, TOLMAN SWEET hardy, healthy, productive, long-lived, bear young, and hold their load well. Despite these good qualities, the variety, after a long period of probation, is not superseding the better- known Yellow Bellflower. Titus Pippin origi- nated near Hempstead, Long Island, and was first described in 1841. It is still a general favorite on Long Island, but is little known elsewhere. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit large, oblong-conic or round-coniec, often irregularly elliptical or obtusely ribbed, sides unequal, axis oblique ; stem medium in length and thickness; cavity small, acuminate, deep, narrow to broad, furrowed, often rus- seted and with narrow, outspreading russet rays; calyx large, open; lobes leafy, long, acute; basin small, often oblique, shallow to deep, narrow, abrupt, often promi- nently ribbed, sometimes with mammiform protuberances ; skin tender, smooth, waxy, yellow, clouded with green, sometimes with an orange blush, rarely with distinct red lines or dots; dots numerous, small, russet or sub- merged ; prevailing effect yellow; calyx-tube large, wide, deep, cone-shape with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells symmetrical, wide open, sometimes partly closed; core- lines clasping or meeting; carpels elongated-ovate, emarginate, tufted; seeds irregular, often imperfectly developed, large, long, acute; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, with pleasant aroma; good to very good; October to February. TOLMAN SWEET. Fig. 55. Tallman Sweet. Tolman. Tolman Sweet is the leading sweet apple of this continent. It has attained and holds this high place by virtue of good characters of both fruit and tree. The fruit- characters which commend it are attractive appearance, fair size, and good quality. The fruits are everywhere liked for dessert, but are even more highly esteemed for all culinary purposes. The variety is easily distinguished by 55. Tolman Sweet. (X14) a suture line which runs from the cavity to the basin. The trees are preéminent among those of all apples—hardy, healthy, vigorous, productive, long-lived, hold the crop well, and come into bearing early. The many good characters of the trees make Tolman a favorite as a stock upon which to top-work kinds less well endowed. The origin of this best of all sweet apples is unknown. It was brought to the attention of fruit-growers in 1822. Tolman is grown in all the leading apple regions of America. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, drooping, open; branches long, stout, curved and drooping. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, globular or round- conical, often elliptical or obscurely ribbed; stem medium to long, slender; cavity obtuse, broad, deep, TOMPKINS KING often russeted, obscurely furrowed; calyx small, open or closed; lobes long and acuminate; basin small, pften oblique, shallow, abrupt, furrowed, wrinkled, sometimes compressed; skin tough, marked by a suture line ex- tending from the cavity to the basin; color pale yellow, sometimes blushed; dots inconspicuous; capillary russet lines over the surface, becoming heavier and concentric at the basin; calyx-tube urn-shape; stamens basal; core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core-lines clasp- ing; carpels flat, broadly round, emarginate, tufted ; seeds wide, plump, acute, tufted; flesh white, firm, fine, dry, sweet ; good to very good; October to March, TOMPKINS KING. Fig.56. King. Win- ter King. Tompkins King, commonly short- ened to King, has few superiors on the score either of beauty or quality of fruit; accordingly, f ! i \ 56. Tompkins King. («%4) it is one of the most widely planted apples in home orchards, and in either home or foreign market sells for a higher average than most other standard apples. The fruits are a beauti- ful red on a yellow background, handsomely moulded, uniformly large and symmetrical; while the flesh is rather coarse, it is crisp, tender, juicy, aromatic, and richly flavored. In common storage, King keeps until January, and in cold storage two or three months later. While the fruit is paramount, the trees are far from being so; they lack in hardiness, healthi- ness, longevity, and productiveness, so that few varieties are harder to handle. King thrives only in fertile, well-drained soils, and, since at best there are many windfalls, it must be sheltered from strong winds. Codlin-moth takes heavy toll, but there is comparatively little injury from apple-scab, though the trees suffer much from apple-canker, sun-scald, and collar-rot. Many recommend working King on a more vigorous stock. The variety originated in Warren County, New Jersey, whence, about 1804, it was brought to Tompkins County, New York, and given its present name. It is widely distributed throughout the North and East, but is most commonly grown in New York, where it ranks fourth in commercial importance. Tree vigorous, spreading, open; lateral branches slen- der and drooping. Fruit large to very large, uniform in shape and size, round or oblate, sometimes conic, regular or obscurely ribbed; stem short to long, some- times thick and swollen; cavity large, obtuse, deep, narrow, furrowed or wavy, occasionally lipped, often Tusseted, sometimes with fine outspreading russet; calyx large, closed or open; segments long, acuminate; basin TWENTY OUNCE 63 small, narrow, shallow, deep, abrupt, regular or ob- securely ridged and wrinkled; skin smooth or roughened with russet dots, yellow, mottled and washed with orange- red, often shading to deep red, striped and splashed with bright carmine; dots numerous, conspicuous, white or russet; prevailing effect red over yellow; calyx-tube small, cone-shape; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines meeting; carpels ovate or obovate, tufted, mucronate, slightly emarginate if at all; seeds few, large, long, irregular, obtuse, often aburtive, tufted; flesh yellow, coarse, crisp, tender, aromatic, juicy, subacid; very good to best; October to April. TUFTS. Tufts Baldwin. Tufts Seedling. This apple is of the Baldwin type; the fruits are very similar in form, color, and size, but differ somewhat in flavor, being much milder. It is not so good a variety as Baldwin, but is occasionally preferred, especially in New England, where it is chiefly to be found. It originated at Cambridge, Massachusetts, about 1830. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, flat, open. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round or round-oblate, sometimes with a broad protuberance above the cavity on one side, often flattened at apex, broadly ribbed; stem long, slender; cavity acute, medium in depth, broad, often furrowed, usually with outspreading, irregu- lar, greenish-russet rays; calyx small, usually closed; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, wrinkled, ridged; skin thin, tough, smooth, green or yellow nearly covered with bright, deep red, with indistinct stripes of purplish- carmine; dots inconspicuous, gray or russet; calyx-tube medium in length, conical; stamens median; core large, axile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping ; carpels broadly round, often discolored, flat, emarginate ; seeds few, not well developed, dark brown, large, long, somewhat acute, tufted; flesh yellow or greenish, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; fair to good; October to December or January. TWENTY OUNCE. Fig. 57. Cayuga Red Streak. Twenty Ounce Pippin. Twenty Ounce is the standard fall apple for the market in New England and the North Atlantic states, its culture extending as far south as Maryland. It continues to hold its place against all com- petition by virtue of many excellences in 57. Twenty Ounce. (X%4) fruit and tree. Thus, the apples are large, handsomely colored with stripes and splashes of red on a rich yellow background, and while the quality is not good enough for a dessert apple, the fruits are scarcely surpassed for culinary uses. Furthermore, the apples are uniform in size, color, and shape, and stand handling rather better than any other fall 64 TWENTY OUNCE PIPPIN variety. The trees bear early and abundantly, hold their crop well, but fall short in being susceptible to winter-injury and_canker-fungi and in not attaining large size. Twenty Ounce was brought prominently to notice by Downing in 1845, but the origin of the variety remains a mystery. Tree vigorous, upright becoming round-topped, dense, with branches long and stout; laterals willowy, slender, drooping. Fruit very large, round or round-conic, some- times broadly ribbed; stem deep set, short, thick or slender; cavity acuminate, very deep, sometimes lipped, sometimes russeted; calyx usually closed; basin often oblique, shallow but occasionally deep, narrow, abrupt, broadly and deeply furrowed; skin thick, tough, green becoming yellow, washed, mottled and splashed with bright red or deepening to dark or purplish-red, with carmine stripes; dots gray or russet, small, often raised, sometimes submerged; calyx-tube large, long, wide, conical, extending to the core; stamens usually basal ; core large, axile or abaxile; cells symmetrical, usually closed, sometimes wide open; core-lines clasping the cylinder; carpels elongated-ovate, emarginate, tufted ; seeds narrow, obtuse, variable; flesh yellow, coarse, tender, juicy, subacid; good; late September to early winter. TWENTY OUNCE PIPPIN. Cabashea. King. Oxheart. Twenty Ounce Pippin subsists only because it has been much planted for Twenty Ounce, a very different and much better apple. The apple of this description is very large and rather attractive in appearance, but is coarse in flesh and poor in quality. The trees are satisfactory except in productiveness. The origin of the variety is not known, but it is an old sort long cultivated before Downing published the first account of it in 1845. It is grown chiefly in New York and neighboring states. Tree medium to large, vigorous, spreading or somewhat drooping. Fruit large or very large, heavy, oblate or globular with flattened base, often conic, elliptical or obscurely ribbed, sides frequently unequal; stem short, thick; cavity acute, shallow, wide, furrowed, sometimes lipped, green, with elongated white dots, often russeted and with outspreading russet rays; calyx large, closed or partly open; lobes separated at the base, wide, flat or reflexed, pubescent; basin large, shallow, obtuse, irregularly furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, pale yellow, washed, mottled and blushed with red, striped and splashed with carmine; dots numerous, small, narrow, elongated, conspicuous, often submerged or depressed, white, sometimes with russet point; calyx- tube short, funnel-shape with wide limb, or obtuse cone- shape; stamens median; core large, axile; cells usually symmetrical and closed, sometimes open; core-lines clasp- ing the funnel cylinder; carpels broadly round or ovate, emarginate, tufted, brown; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender, crisp or breaking, juicy, sprightly subacid with a peculiar flavor; fair or good in quality; October to February. UTTER. Seever’s Red Streak. Utter’s Red. Utter has value in Wisconsin, where it has been known since 1855, because of its hardi- ness. The description which follows contains but little to indicate that it 1s of general value in apple-culture. Tree upright, healthy, vigorous, productive, with a full-rounded head, very hardy. Fruit large, round-oblate or round, sometimes oblong, often broadly ribbed, regu- lar; stem short, stout; cavity acute, deep, wide, fur- rowed, sometimes russeted; calyx small, closed; lobes small, short, obtuse; basin shallow, medium in width, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, pale yellow usually washed with orange-red and narrowly streaked with bright carmine; dots inconspicuous, nu- merous, white, occasionally with russet point; calyx- tube elongated-funnel-form ; stamens median; core sessile, VICTORIA SWEET of medium size, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open or closed; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly round, but slightly emarginate if at all, smooth or tufted; seeds numerous, large, narrow, obtuse, light reddish-brown ; flesh yellow, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, pleasant flavored; good; October to December or later. VANHOY. WNo-core. The apples of this variety, as grown in the North at least, have little to commend them except that the core is small and the seeds are small and few if any. The description which follows, made from northern grown trees, may not do the apple justice, for, in North Carolina, where it is said to have originated soon after the Civil War, Vanhoy is said to be a good dessert apple and in demand in the markets. Tree vigorous, spreading, flat, open. Fruit medium to large, oblate or round, sometimes conic, axis some- times oblique, sides often unequal; stem medium to long, thick; cavity acute, narrow, deep, often com- pressed or obscurely furrowed, sometimes lipped, some- times thinly russeted; calyx large, closed or partly open; lobes often leafy, long, acute; basin small, obtuse, medium in width and depth, occasionally furrowed ; skin thick, leathery, smooth, yellowish-green overspread with dull red and marked with narrow, obscure splashes of carmine; dots conspicuous, pale yellow or russet ; calyx-tube large, cone-shape; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed; core-lines meeting or, when the tube is cone-shape, clasping ; carpels flat, round-ovate, emarginate, mucronate; seeds few, wide, long, obtuse, sometimes tufted, often all are abortive; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, breaking, juicy, mild subacid; fair quality; January to May. VICTORIA SWEET. Fig. 58. Victoria. Victoria is one of the good red sweet apples. The fruits are easily identified by their dark red color and large, conspicuous dots, which call to mind varieties in the Blue Pearmain 58. Victoria Sweet. (<1) group. In quality, while a little coarse, the apples are good to very good for either culi- nary uses or dessert. Victoria is now grown only in New York, in which state it came to notice about 1840. Tree vigorous, spreading, with short, stocky, crooked branches. Fruit of medium size, uniform in size and shape, round-conic, flattened at the base, faintly and broadly ribbed; stem usually short, thick; cavity deep, broad, symmetrical, often lipped, sometimes red and smooth, yellow-russet often overspreading the cavity and radiating irregularly over the base in broken lines and splashes; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes usually short and not separated at base, acute; basin medium in depth, narrow, abrupt, wrinkled; skin tough, smooth, yellow, blushed and mottled with dull red and marked with numerous, narrow stripes of deeper red; dots or flecks conspicuous, gray or russet, becoming smaller and more numerous toward the cavity; calyx- tube short, conical; stamens median; cote medium in Puate III.—Srckent Pear. VIRGINIA BEAUTY size, abaxile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping the cylinder; carpels round-cordate, concave, tufted; seeds numerous, dark, flat, acute; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, very tender, juicy, sweet; good to very good; October to January. VIRGINIA BEAUTY. Virginia Beauty is offered by several nurserymen from Virginia and North Carolina, the variety being popular in southwest Virginia and the neighboring parts of North Carolina. The fruit-character of especial merit is that of long-keeping, al- though the apples are attractive in appearance and of very good quality. Nurserymen de- scribe the trees as being large, vigorous, healthy, and very productive. The apples are described as large, conical, red, with yellow flesh which is rich and aromatic. The variety is said to have been grown for over fifty years and is still highly prized. The season is from late fall to April. WAGENER. Fig. 59. Wagener is most remarkable for precociousness in _ bearing, which makes it a general favorite for planting as a filler between permanent trees. Its merits and its faults are chiefly those of the tree. To name the merits first: besides coming in 59. Wagener. (X14) bearing early, the trees bear annually and heavily and are hardy. The several faults are that the trees overload, are short-lived, subject to blight, and, vigorous at first, become very weak in growth with advancing age. The apples are attractive in appearance because of their bright red color. The quality is much above the average either for dessert or cookery —some rank it excellent. Wagener came from seed planted in 1791, near Penn Yan, New York. It has been widely planted in all north- ern apple regions. Tree dwarf, at first vigorous but soon dwarfing, round to spreading, open; branches short, stout and filled with spurs. Fruit medium to large, oblate or round-oblate, broadly ribbed or irregularly elliptical, sides often un- equal; stem short to long, slender; cavity variable, acute, deep, broad or sometimes compressed and narrow, often angular or furrowed, thinly russeted; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes small, short, acute, con- nivent, reflexed; basin medium in width and depth, abrupt, furrowed; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, bright red striped with carmine and mottled and streaked with thin scarf-skin over a clear, pale yellow background; dots numerous, white or russet, sometimes mingled with light russet flecks; prevailing color bright red; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-form, often elongated and extending to the core; stamens median; core large, abaxile with hollow cylinder in the axis, or nearly axile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines WASHINGTON STRAWBERRY 65 clasping the cylinder; carpels broadly round or ellipti- eal, but slightly emarginate if at all, smooth, mucronate ; seeds numerous, small, short, wide, obtuse, light brown, often abortive; flesh firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, very juicy, subacid, aromatic, sprightly; very good to best; October to February. WALBRIDGE. Edgar. Red Streak. Ken- tucky Red Streak. Several good characters have enabled Walbridge to gain a foothold in the states of the North Mississippi Valley. Its merits are chiefly in the trees, which are hardy, healthy, vigorous, come into bearing young, and yield full crops biennially. Some of the popularity of Walbridge is due to its very satisfactory growth in the nursery, because of which it is a favorite with nurserymen. The apples, while not remarkable in appearance, are attractive when well grown, but often much of the crop is undersized and malformed. It is a culinary fruit which keeps in ordinary storage until February. The variety originated with Joseph Curtis, Paris, Illinois, in 1818. Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, open. Fruit medium in size, round-conic, flattened at the base, or round to oblate-conic, often one-sided; stem short; cavity acute, deep, narrow, symmetrical, furrowed gently, sometimes partly covered with fine russet; calyx small, usually closed, pubescent; basin small, shallow or scarcely depressed, often oblique, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow washed with red, con- spicuously mottled and striped with carmine and over- spread with thin bloom; dots numerous, often sub- merged, conspicuous, white or a few russet; prevailing effect striped-red; calyx-tube long, narrow, cone-shape with fleshy pistil point projecting into base; stamens median; core small, abaxile, with a wide, hollow cylinder in the axis, sometimes axile; cells symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadl, round, emarginate, mucronate; seeds few, tinged with yellow, firm, fine to coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid, aromatic; fair to good; November to February. WASHINGTON ROYAL. Palmer Green- ing. Under the name here given and also that of Palmer Greening, this variety is held in high regard in parts of New England. It seems to have few outstanding characters of either tree or fruit to recommend it. The apples are of very good flavor, which, however, is too mild for most tastes. Numerous and conspicuous areolar dots with russet centers on a waxy, yellow skin, sometimes blushed, are characteristics of the fruit. The variety originated in Sterling, Massachusetts, and was brought to notice in 1855. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit medium to large, oblate, often ribbed, irregular; stem short; cavity medium to large, acuminate, narrow, often furrowed, usually smooth and green; calyx small, partly open, sometimes closed; lobes erect; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, often furrowed, wrinkled; skin thin, tender, waxy, greenish-yellow, usually with thin dull orange blush which sometimes deepens to red; dots numerous, white or areolar with russet center, characteristic and conspicuous; prevailing effect greenish-yellow; calyx- tube conical; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels concave, broadly round, emarginate ; seeds dark, wide, plump, obtuse; flesh white, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, aromatic; good to very good; November to April. WASHINGTON STRAWBERRY. Ju- mata. At its best, Washington Strawberry is a fine dessert and culinary apple. Unfortu- nately, the fruits are extremely variable in 66 WEALTHY size, color, and quality as grown in different localities—a fatal fault for a market apple and a serious one for a home variety. The tree is vigorous, hardy, healthy, bears early, lives long, is productive, and altogether very satis- factory. The variety originated on the farm of Job Whipple, Union Springs, New York, and its fruit was first exhibited in 1849. Its culture is confined to eastern New York and nearby regions. Tree medium to large, vigorous, spreading, open. Fruit medium to large, globular, conic, base rounding or sometimes flattened, regular, sides often unequal ; stem short, sometimes long, thick; cavity acute, shallow, narrow, occasionally lipped, often furrowed, thinly rus- seted; calyx large, open; lobes separated and broad at the base, narrow above, long, acute; basin small, narrow, abrupt, furrowed, wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, waxy, yellow, washed and mottled with red, conspicuously splashed and striped with carmine and overspread with thin bloom; dots numerous, russet or white, conspicuous, often submerged; prevailing effect striped red; calyx-tube large, wide, cone-shape; stamens basal; core axile, sometimes abaxile; cells not uniformly developed, usually symmetrical, open, sometimes closed ; core-lines meeting; carpels ovate or broadly obcordate, sometimes emarginate, often tufted; seeds dark, long, acute, often many are abortive; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, sprightly ; good to very good; from September to early winter. WEALTHY. Fig. 60. Wealthy is a stand- ard American apple, indispensable in cold re- gions and valuable wherever apples are grown on this continent. Its good qualities are: the fruits are handsome in appearance, color, size, 60. Wealthy. (<1) and shape, in all of which they are uniform; the quality, while not of the best, is good, the flesh being especially crisp, Juicy, and refresh- ing; the fruits stand handling and storage; the trees bear early and abundantly and at first are thrifty and healthy. Faults are: the trees fail in vigor as they reach maturity and are never of large size; the apples run small and uneven on old trees, and there is some loss from dropping. Wealthy is an ideal apple for planting as a filler among permanent trees. The variety is especially well adapted to sandy and gravelly soils. Wealthy originated from seed of the Cherry Crab planted by Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota, about 1860. Tree dwarfish, vigorous, upright-spreading, open and drooping, with short, stout, curved branches. Fruit medium to large, uniform in shape, round-conic, slightly flattened at base, regular, symmetrical; stem short, long on small fruit, slender; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, Tusseted; calyx closed or partly open; lobes broad, WHITE PEARMAIN obtuse; basin narrow, abrupt, smooth, symmetrical ; skin thin, pale yellow, blushed and marked with narrow stripes and splashes of red, deepening to brilliant red; dots numerous, inconspicuous, pale or russet; prevailing effect bright red; calyx-tube conical; stamens median; core small, axile or sometimes abaxile; cells symmetrical, open; core-lines clasping; carpels small, round, nar- rowing toward base and apex, smooth, flat; seeds dark brown, acute; flesh white, sometimes stained with red, fine, crisp, tender, very juicy, agreeable subacid, sprightly, aromatic; good to very good; October to January. WESTFIELD Connecticut Seek-no-fur- ther. Russet Seek-no-further. Westfield Seek- no-further. Westfield or Seek-no-further is an old favorite distinguished by its dessert fruits of a full rich flavor and a pleasing aroma. The apples are not remarkable for size, color, or form, though not unattractive, especially in the creamy yellow color striped with red and spotted with russet. The trees are exception- ally hardy, vigorous, and long-lived, but are productive only on certain soils, the choice being warm, well-drained, fertile, sandy or gravelly loams. The variety is said to have originated at Westfield, Massachusetts, and was under cultivation as early, at least, as the Revolutionary War. The variety is well known in New England, New York, Ohio, and Michigan. Tree medium to large, slender, vigorous, spreading or roundish. Fruit medium, sometimes large, uniform, round-conical, less often oblong-conical, obscurely ribbed, symmetrical ; stem long, slender; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, symmetrical, russeted with green- or yellow-rus- set; calyx small, partly open; lobes short, reflexed, obtuse; basin small, shallow, narrow, obtuse; skin tough, smooth, deep yellow, splashed with dull red, in highly-colored specimens overspread with bright red, striped with carmine; bloom thin; dots characteristically large, pale yellow, gray or russet, often areolar with russet center; calyx-tube wide, cone-shape; stamens basal; core medium, axile; cells symmetrical, open; core-lines meeting ; carpels elliptical or round and some- what truncate at the base, narrowing toward the apex, mucronate; seeds numerous, small, plump, acute; flesh pale yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, breaking, Juicy, mild subacid, rich, peculiarly aromatic, sprightly; very good to best; October to March, WHITE ASTRACHAN. This is a Rus- sian apple similar in tree-characters to the well-known Red Astrachan, but quite differ- ent in fruit. It is offered by several nursery- men in the Pacific states, but seems not to be grown east of the Rocky Mountains. The variety is a favorite in the Yolo district of California and in the valley and foot-hill re- gions in central coast counties. White Astra- chan is an old European sort, known under many names in Europe, which has been more or less grown in the United States for nearly one hundred years. The only descriptions to be found are brief ones in the old fruit-books from which the following is compiled: Tree very hardy, rather compact, vigorous, fairly pro- ductive; somewhat subject to blight. Fruit medium to large, round or round-oblate, waxen-yellow or whitish, with faint streaks of red and sometimes with a pink blush; flesh white, acid, highly prized for culinary purposes; August and September. WHITE PEARMAIN. White Winter Pearmain. White Pearmain, possibly better known as White Winter Pearmain, was one of the highly prized possessions of the pioneers WHITE PIPPIN of Ohio and Indiana, having been brought to these states as grafts in the days of saddle-bag transportation. It is thought to be an old sort renamed, but what it is no one knows. The apples are very good to best in quality, a little too mild for culinary uses, not particu- larly attractive in appearance, neither shape nor color appealing to the eye. Its cultivation is largely confined to the states mentioned, though it has been somewhat planted in the Far West. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size, round-oblate, round or oblong-conic, ribbed, symmetrical; stem medium to long; cavity small, acute, deep, narrow, furrowed, sometimes rus- seted; calyx large, usually closed; lobes long, acute; basin small, oblique, shallow, obtuse, often distinctly furrowed, wrinkled, pubescent; skin tough, smooth, waxen, pale yellow, with a shade of brownish-red; dots numerous, pale or russet, often submerged, usually large and much elongated about the cavity; calyx-tube long, conical; core medium to large; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping; carpels flat, broad or round- cordate, emarginate, mucronate, tufted; seeds light brown, large, wide, plump, obtuse, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, mild _subacid, sprightly, pleasantly aromatic; good to best; December to March. WHITE PIPPIN. Canada Pippin. Be- cause of similarity in color and in having an oblique axis, fruits of this variety are often confounded with those of Green Newtown Pippin, but here the similarities end; for, in flesh and flavor, the last-named apple is much superior, while in tree-character White Pippin is usually the better. The fruits of White Pippin are larger, and the blush is not so well marked, nor do they keep so long. The apples are yellow with a sprightly, subacid, very good flavor, keeping until February in ordinary storage. The trees are thrifty, bear young, are hardy and healthy, and yield large crops almost annually. The variety is gradually passing out of cultivation, though it would seem to be too good to be wholly lost. Its origin is not known, but since the fruits were described from old trees in 1848, it must be more than a century old. It is most commonly grown in New York and New England. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, round or round-oblate, irregular or angular, sometimes symmetri- cal; stem short; cavity large, acute, deep, narrow, often wavy, sometimes lipped, partly russeted and often with a strip of russet extending out on one side; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes long, narrow, acuminate ; basin small, shallow, narrow, abrupt, usually furrowed and wrinkled; skin pale yellow, sometimes blushed, mottled and striped with thin brownish-red; dots small, characteristically white and submerged, or green with fine russet point, scattering, large, irregular and russeted toward the cavity; prevailing effect yellow; calyx-tube long, narrow, elongated conical; stamens median; core small, abaxile with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells not uniformly developed but usually symmetrical, closed or open; core-lines clasping; carpels round to ovate or elongated and narrow, sometimes emarginate, tufted; seeds small, plump, narrow, elongated, acuminate, brown to dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid; good or very good; November to April. WILLIAMS. Lady’s Apple. Queen. Wil- liams Early. Williams Red. Beautiful bright red color and rich, agreeable flavor characterize the fruits of Williams. As with so many of WINDSOR 67 the tender-fleshed dessert apples, the fruits do not stand shipping well and cannot be kept long. Ordinarily, the apples are large, but with a heavy crop many of them may be small and uneven in size, and they ripen so unevenly that more than one picking is re- quired. The trees are only moderately vig- orous, but are healthful and fruitful. Wil- liams originated in Roxbury, Massachusetts, about 1750, and for a century and a half has been a favorite in New England and the Mid- dle Atlantic states. Tree small, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium or large, uniform in size and shape, oblong-conic or round-conic, broadly ribbed, sides often unequal; stem medium to long, thick; cavity obtuse, shallow, broad, furrowed, sometimes russeted; calyx usually closed ; lobes long; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, furrowed ; skin thick, tender, smooth, pale yellow overlaid with bright, deep red, striped with dark red; dots numerous, inconspicuous, gray or russet; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-shape, sometimes extending to the core; stamens marginal; core large, axile; cells closed; core-lines clasping; carpels ovate; seeds narrow, long, plump, acute, dark brown; flesh white sometimes tinged with red, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, becoming dry when overripe, pleasant mild subacid, aromatic; good; August and September. WILLOW TWIG. Willow Leaf. Willow. Once seen, the tree of this variety can always be recognized by its slender drooping twigs. The tree is further characterized by strong, vigorous, healthy growth, early bearing, and productiveness. Despite the fact that the variety is of value only in the South, the tree is comparatively hardy. The crop requires a long and warm season for full development. The apples are large, symmetrical, shapely, with dull red as the prevailing color—not at all striking in appearance. Nor would the quality of the apples attract attention, the flesh being coarse and the flavor but fairly good. The character by virtue of which Willow Twig has gained eminence in the Central Mississippi Valley, where it is chiefly grown, is length of season, as few apples keep longer. The origin of the variety is not known, but probably it is an old sort brought to new life in Ohio about 1848. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading with terminals drooping. Fruit large, round-conic, sometimes round- oblate, regular or faintly ribbed, symmetrical; stem short ; cavity acute, deep, wide, often irregular or com- pressed, sometimes lipped, smooth, green or red, with pale dots sometimes thinly russeted; calyx small, closed; basin wide, irregular or compressed, deep, often abrupt, sometimes ridged, wrinkled; skin smooth, pale yellow or dull green, mottled and blushed with red and irregularly striped and splashed with deeper red; dots numerous, large, russet-gray or yellow; prevailing color dull red; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-shape; stamens marginal; core axile; cells not uniformly developed, symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines clasping ; carpels thin, flat, broadly round, narrowing toward the base; seeds large, flat, wide, plump, blunt; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, aromatic; fair to good; January to May. WINDSOR. Fig. 61. Windsor Chief. Windsor has recently come to the notice of northern apple-growers because it is endowed with a constitution which enables it to stand rigorous climates. The trees come into bearing early, bear regularly and heavily, and hold their crop well. The apples are somewhat 68 WINESAP conspicuous by reason of the large areolar dots centered with russet, which, mingled with flecks of russet, plentifully besprinkle the rather dull red skin. The flesh is somewhat 61. Windsor. (X%) coarse, but is juicy, aromatic, and rather well flavored, though possibly a little too neutral to be called very good. The variety. was first described in 1889. Fruit above medium, round-conic varying to oblate, broad, flat at the base, often one-sided and faintly ribbed ; stem medium to long, slender; cavity large, obtuse to acute, wide, deep or sometimes shallow, russeted and with coarse, outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes small, connivent, acute, pubescent ; basin abrupt, shallow to deep, wide, furrowed, wrinkled ; skin thick, smooth, waxy, pale yellow or greenish, blushed with thin, dull red or in highly-colored speci- mens predominantly deep red, obscurely striped with dull carmine; dots characteristically large, dull, pale, often areolar with russet center, sometimes mingled with flecks of russet; calyx-tube funnel-form; stamens median or below; core small, axile; cells closed; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels broad, narrowing toward base and apex, tufted; seeds variable, narrow to wide, obtuse or approaching acute, tufted, light brown; flesh white, tinged with green or yellow, firm, fine- grained, juicy, aromatic, mild subacid becoming nearly sweet ; good to very good; October to March. WINESAP. Fig. 62. Holland’s Red Win- ter. Royal Red. Texan Red. Wine Sop. Winesap is one of the most widely distributed and best known American apples. Though it has its local attachments, it may be found pad 62. Winesap. (1%) thriving on both the Atlantic and Pacific sea- boards and in most of the apple regions that lie between. No doubt its adaptability to various soils and climates is the chief asset of the variety, but it has excellent qualities of fruit and tree besides. The prevailing color of the apple is bright deep red, striped and WINTER BANANA blotched with dark purple, the ground color being golden yellow, which, with the smooth glossy texture and soft bloom, make this a very handsome fruit. The rotund shape, usually somewhat truncate, and always uni- form and regular, adds to the attractiveness of the apples. The coarse yellow flesh, with veins tinged with red, is distinctive, as is, also, the sprightly, subacid flavor. The apples keep and ship well, though they often scald in cold storage. The trees are vigorous, come in bearing early, and on light, rich, deep, well- drained soils are remarkably productive and regular bearers; they are precariously hardy and will grow only where the season is long. As a commercial fruit, Winesap finds its best environment in parts of Virginia and in the northern states of the Pacific Coast. The origin of the variety is unknown, but it dates well back into the Colonial period. Tree of medium size, vigorous, round-spreading, strag- gling and open. Leaves small, narrow. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, usually conical, sometimes round, truncate at base, regular or obscurely ribbed, symmetrical; stem short, slender; cavity small, acute, narrow, deep, symmetrical or furrowed, often lipped, often russeted or with outspreading russet rays; calyx large, closed; lobes long, narrow, acuminate; basin small, often oblique, shallow, narrow, distinctly fur- rowed, wrinkled; skin tough, smooth, glossy, bright red indistinctly striped and blotched with dark red over a yellow ground-color, overspread with faint bloom; dots small, scattering, white; prevailing effect deep red; calyx-tube variable, conical; stamens marginal; core small, abaxile with a hollow cylinder in the axis, nar- rowing toward the apex; cells uniformly developed, sym- metrical, open or nearly closed; core-lines clasping ; earpels broadly round, concave, slightly emarginate if at all, mucronate; seeds wide, plump, obtuse; flesh yellow, veins sometimes red, firm, coarse, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid; good to very good; October to March. WINTER BANANA. Banana. Possibly no apple of recent introduction deserves a more conspicuous place in the plantings of the amateur than Winter Banana. The fruits are large, shapely, not so uniform in size and shape as might be desired, with a most hand- somely colored skin—clear pale waxen yellow with a delicate blush which sometimes deepens into a bright red. The flavor is that rich ad- mixture of sweet and sour which characterizes most of our best fruits, while the aroma has a suggestion of musk exclusively the property of this apple. The trees are hardy, fairly vig- orous, bear young, almost annually, and are usually fruitful. The season is that of Rhode Island Greening. The fruits are so easily bruised that they seldom reach the market in good condition, and the variety is thus con- demned for commercial plantings. Winter Banana is said to have originated in Cass County, Indiana, but the writer has recently seen fruit brought from Holland, name un- known, which leads him to believe this to be an Old World apple that has somehow found its way to the New World. Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading and inclined to droop, open. Fruit large to very large, un-uniform in size and shape, round-conic, oblong-conic, or some- times oblate, flat at the base, often irregularly elliptical and ribbed, axis sometimes oblique, sides often unequal ; stem short to long; cavity large, acute, shallow, broad, gently furrowed, sometimes lipped, smooth or partly WINTERSTEIN russeted ; calyx small, partly open or sometimes closed ; lobes convergent or connivent, short, obtuse; basin small, often oblique, shallow, narrow or sometimes wide, obtuse, furrowed and wrinkled; skin smooth, thick, tough, waxy, pale yellow, often with a blush which in well- colored specimens deepens to dark red; often a suture line extends from the basin to the cavity ; dots numerous, white and submerged or with fine russet point; pre- vailing effect yellow; calyx-tube wide above, short, cone- shape; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells not uniformly developed, usually symmetrical and _ open, sometimes closed; core-lines clasping ; carpels elongated- ovate, narrow, emarginate, tufted; seeds often abortive, small to large and more or less irregular, obtuse, dull, dark brown, sometimes tufted; flesh pale yellow, firm, course, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; good to very good; October to March. WINTERSTEIN. Winterstein is a seed- ling of Gravenstein, which it resembles in fruit and tree, but the fruit keeps much long- er—as long as that of Baldwin. The variety is favorably spoken of in the Pacific states, but seems to be little grown east of the Rocky Mountains. Winterstein originated with Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, about 1898. Tree upright, vigorous, hardy, fairly productive, bear- ing every year in the West. Fruit medium to large, not uniform, oblate or round-oblate, slightly ribbed, sides unequal; stem long, slender; cavity obtuse, narrow, smooth, compressed; calyx open, medium size; basin medium, narrow, obtuse, furrowed; skin greenish-yellow overlaid with dull red stripes and splashes of deeper red ; dots medium in size, scattered and russet; core medium size, closed, axile; core-lines meeting; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; flesh yellowish-white, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, sprightly; good for culinary purposes ; November to April. WINTER SWEET PARADISE. Win- ter Paradise. Honey Sweet. Paradise Winter. Seldom found in orchards, this old variety is still offered by nurserymen. It is doubtful whether it has characters sufficiently good to make its cultivation worth while. It origi- nated with a Mr. Garber, Columbia, Pennsyl- vania, nearly a century ago. The tree is de- scribed as vigorous, upright, very productive, but not an early bearer. The fruit is large, round, oblate, dull green with a reddish-brown blush. The flesh is fine-grained, Juicy, and sweet. The season is early winter and mid- winter. WISMER. Wismer’s Dessert. This apple, of Canadian origin, seems to be little grown in Canada or the East, but is listed by several western nurserymen. According to all reports, it might well be tried out in eastern apple- growing regions, its merits being hardiness of tree, productiveness, and handsome appearance and good flavor of the fruit. In color of fruit, it is said to resemble Esopus Spitzenburg. The variety originated with J. H. Wismer, Port Elgin, Ontario, in 1897. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, productive. Fruit medium to large, oblong-conic, some- times oblique, strongly ribbed; stem long, slender; cavity acute, deep, slightly russeted, sometimes furrowed ; calyx small, closed; basin rather deep, wide, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, waxen, pale yellow overspread with stripes and splashes of carmine; dots large, numerous, conspicuous, russet ; core very large, open, abaxile; core-line clasping; calyx- tube long, wide, conical; seeds medium, wide, obtuse ; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, rather dry, mild subacid, aro- matic; good; November to April. YELLOW BELLFLOWER 69 WOLF RIVER. Fig. 63. Wolf River is of note chiefly for its very large apples. The fruits resemble those of the better-known and more desirable Alexander in color, shape, and quality; but average larger and are rounder and less conical. The tree is very hardy and 63. Wolf River. (X%) thrifty, but is only moderately productive. In the West, many prefer tree and fruit to the Alexander—not so in the East. The variety originated on the farm of W. A. Springer, Wolf Eve Wisconsin, and was first described in 1875. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open, drooping. Fruit very large, uniform in size and shape, broad and _ flat at the base, conic or round, often irregular; stem short, thick, mot exserted; cavity acuminate, deep, wide, heavily russeted ; calyx large, open or closed; basin deep, narrow, abrupt, usually smooth, broadly furrowed; skin thick, pale yellow, mottled and blushed with bright, deep red and marked with conspicuous splashes and broad stripes of bright carmine; dots numerous, large, areolar, depressed, pale or russet; calyx-tube conical; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly cordate, emarginate, tufted; seeds dark brown, wide, short, plump, obtuse; flesh white tinged with yellow, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic ; fair to good; September to De- cember. YATES. It is almost impossible properly to place this variety. Some writers maintain that it is identical with the old Nickajack, which, in the South, has many synonyms, Southern catalogs which describe Yates agree only that the variety is a favorite in Georgia; that it probably formerly came from there; and that the apples are of small size, dark red with white dots, firm, juicy, and aromatic. The trees are described as vigorous, healthy, and heavy bearers. From the fact that it is listed by nearly all southern nurserymen, it would seem that Yates is still popular in many parts of the South. YELLOW BELLFLOWER. Fig. 64. Beilflower. Lady Washington. Lincoln Pippin. Yellow Bellflower is distinguished by its unique fruits. The apples are oblong-conic with very prominent ridges at the apex, and with a smooth, delicate, pale, lemon-yellow, waxen skin usually beautifully blushed on the cheek to the sun. The fruits are not suitable for dessert, the flavor being a little too austere, 70 YELLOW NEWTOWN but are unsurpassed for culinary purposes. Unfortunately, the apples are variable in size and shape, and the tender skin is easily in- jured, so that the variety is not profitable in commercial orchards. Fruit and foliage are 64. Yellow Bellflower. (1%) very susceptible to injury by the apple-scab fungus. The apples do not stand storage well, and deteriorate quickly when brought from low temperatures. The trees are vigorous, healthy, hardy, long-lived, and productive in warm, well-drained, fertile soils. The variety has strong local attachments, and, though widely distributed, is now being planted in but few localities. The most suitable regions for its culture are the coast valleys of California. In 1817, Coxe reported that the original tree wad still standing near Crosswicks, New Jersey. Tree medium to large, vigorous, upright-spreading, laterals drooping. Fruit large or very large, round- oblong, oblong-conic, or ovate, irregularly elliptical, ribbed, often with prominent ridges at the apex, sides usually unequal; stem long, slender; cavity large, acute, deep, wide, furrowed, sometimes compressed, sometimes lipped, usually with outspreading broken rays of brownish-red in the sun which in highly-colored speci- mens deepens to a blush; calyx below medium to above, closed or partly so; lobes narrow, acuminate, pubescent ; basin small, oblique, abrupt, narrow, shallow to rather deep, distinctly ridged and wrinkled; skin smooth, bright, pale lemon-yellow varying to whitish in the shade and often with a shade of brownish-red in the sun which in highly-colored specimens deepens to a pinkish-red blush; dots white or ‘russet, numerous and small toward the basin, large, irregular and scattering toward the cavity; prevailing effect bright yellow; calyx-tube elongated funnel-shape, sometimes extending to the core; stamens median; core large, long, remark- ably abaxile; cells unsymmetrical, wide open or partly closed; core-lines clasping; carpels long, narrow, round- obovate, concave, much tufted; seeds large, long, obtuse ; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, fine-grained, tender, juicy, aromatic; very good; October to March. YELLOW NEWTOWN: See Green New- town. YELLOW TRANSPARENT. Fig. 65. Yellow Transparent is more readily character- ized by its faults than by its virtues. Earliness is the chief asset of the variety, though, if not over-ripe, the apples are very good culinary fruits, and at the proper stage of maturity are acceptable for dessert. The apples are above medium size, and have a clear, clean yellow color. The chief faults are: the fruits on old YORK IMPERIAL trees run small and uneven in size and shape; the tender flesh shows bruises readily; and the fruits can never be kept long nor shipped far. The trees are small and lack health and productiveness, but come in bearing very early 65. Yellow Transparent. (X14) and are extremely hardy. The variety was imported from Russia in 1870, and is now grown north and south from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Tree of medium size, spreading, dense, with filled with short spurs. vigorous, upright becoming short, stout, crooked branches Fruit sometimes large, uniform in shape and size, round-oval, round-conic or oblate- conic, ribbed, sides unequal; stem medium to long, thick; cavity acute, medium to deep, narrow, sometimes lipped, sometimes russeted; calyx closed; lobes medium in length, broad; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, fur- rowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, waxy, pale yellow changing to yellowish-white ; dots numerous, light colored, often submerged; calyx-tube conical; stamens marginal; core medium in size; cells partly open to wide open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly ovate; seeds wide, flat, obtuse; flesh white, firm, fine- grained, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, with a pleasant but not high flavor; good; July and August. YORK IMPERIAL. Fig. 66. Johnson’s Fine Winter. York Imperial is a popular southern apple, more generally cultivated in the Virginias and neighboring states, possibly, 66. York Imperial. (*%4) than any other variety. The apple is easily recognized by its bright red color, indistinctly striped with carmine, and by the shape of the fruit, both ends being distinctly truncate and the axis very oblique, so that the apples are YORK IMPERIAL lopsided—an objectionable defect when the fruits, fit only for culinary purposes, are to be pared with a machine. The flesh is coarse and the flavor not inviting to most tastes. The apples keep and ship exceedingly well. These qualities give the variety its chief value, though the trees are very satisfactory in soils and climates to which they are adapted. York Imperial can be grown well only on heavy fertile soils, such, usually, as have a substantial foundation of clay. In the North, the apples are deficient in size, color, and quality. The variety takes its name from York, Pennsylvania, where it originated soon after the Revolutionary War. YORK IMPERIAL 71 Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit uni- form in size and shape, medium to large, round-oblate, usually with an oblique axis; stem short; cavity large, acuminate, deep, broad, often gently furrowed, smooth and green or partly russeted; calyx small, closed or partly open; basin large, abrupt, deep, wide, often furrowed; skin tough, bright, smooth, yellow blushed with light red and striped with carmine; dots pale or Tusset, conspicuous, numerous toward the eye, scattering, very large and elongated toward the cavity where they are often mingled with narrow, broken streaks of gray searf-skin; calyx-tube elongatéd-cone-shape; stamens median; core small, axile; cells usually symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly round, emarginate, sometimes tufted; seeds few, dark, wide, flat, obtuse, compactly filling the cells; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, coarse, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, becoming mild subacid, aromatic; good; No- vember to April. CHAPTER IV VARIETIES OF Books and magazines dealing with fruits list fifty or sixty crab-apples, but not more than fifteen or eighteen are mentioned in nursery catalogs. In the cold Northwest, the culture of hardy fruits is being encouraged, and the crab-apple, therefore, is receiving much atten- tion, new varieties being introduced almost annually. The number is certain to increase greatly in the near future. Unfortunately, these new varieties seem not to have been described, so that a few cannot be portrayed at all in this text, while others have but brief discussions compiled from the catalogs of nurserymen. Nearly all of the varieties ad- mitted to this list, however, are growing at Geneva, New York, and full descriptions have been made from these plants. BRIER. Brier’s Sweet Crab. Van Wyck. Brier is a cross between the Bailey apple and Siberian crab. The variety has no remarkable qualities, and is grown only in Wisconsin, in which state it originated, at Baraboo, soon after the Civil War. Tree vigorous, hardy, comes into bearing young and is productive. Fruit large, round-conic, ribbed; stem long, slender ; cavity narrow, deep, russeted ; calyx small, closed or slightly open; basin deep, narrow, abrupt, wrinkled; skin pale yellow washed with lively red, striped with carmine, dotted and flecked with yellow and covered with thin bloom; calyx-tube conical ; stamens median; core medium in size; cells closed; flesh yellow, rich, fine-grained, juicy, pleasant, sweet, aromatic; good; September and October. CHERRY. This crab is remarkable for the large size, productiveness, and regularity in bearing of the trees, which may be further dis- tinguished by their long, slender, curved branches. The fruits are small, red, and rather too coarse to be wholly acceptable. Cherry is an old variety of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open, with long, slender, curved branches. Fruit small, oblate-round, ribbed; stem long to very long, slender, bracted; cavity broad, shallow, obtuse, russeted; calyx medium to large, usually closed, eventually deciduous ; basin wide, shallow, obtuse, wrinkled; skin pale yellow covered with bright red, often striped with carmine and overspread with thin bloom; dots distinct, numerous, large, white or russet ; calyx-tube funnel-form; stamens marginal; core large, axile; cells closed; carpels broadly round or elliptical, emarginate, mucronate; flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, crisp, mild subacid, astringent; fair; August to October. CORAL. Coral takes its name from the brilliant color of the fruit—yellow, blushed with bright scarlet. The flavor is a little too mild, almost insipid. The fruit is noted for long keeping, its season being from October 72 CRAB-APPLES to February. It originated in the vicinity of Marengo, Illinois, and was first described in 1869. Tree vigorous, spreading, comes in bearing young, annually productive. Fruit 144 inches in diameter, round or oblong, regular; stem medium to long, slender, bracted; cavity acute, medium in width and depth, regular, usually russeted; calyx small, closed; lobes reflexed; basin very shallow, broad, obtuse, or none; skin smooth, yellow, blushed with scarlet; dots nu- merous, small, gray or russet; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-form; stamens median; core small, axile with narrow cylinder in the axis; cells closed; core-lines clasp the funnel cylinder; carpels round-ovate; seeds compactly fill the cells, small, obtuse, plump, dark; flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, crisp, sprightly, mild subacid to nearly sweet; fair to good; October to February. CURRANT. Currant is little more than a curiosity, its small fruits being borne in currant-like clusters. It is said to be one of the hardiest of the crabs, and, since the trees are vigorous, come in bearing young, and are remarkably productive, the variety might well be used in breeding. The flesh lacks the juiciness of a good crab, and the flavor does not commend it. Downing first described the variety in 1857. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading or round, open, with long, slender, curved branches. Fruit small, oblate, regular, uniform; stem medium to long, slender; cavity obtuse, deep, broad, symmetrical, frequently russeted ; calyx sometimes deciduous, closed; lobes narrow, acute ; basin deep, wide, abrupt, obscurely furrowed; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, yellow, striped with bril- liant red, overspread with bloom; dots numerous, small, pale; calyx-tube broadly cone-shape, short; stamens marginal; core medium to large, axile; cells closed; core-lines clasping; carpels round to elliptical, emargi- nate; seeds light brown, medium to large, wide, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, fine, tender, dry, subacid; poor; October and November. DARTMOUTH. The fruits of Dartmouth are large and brilliantly colored, very prepos- sessing in appearance, and of fine flavor, but ripen too early for either market or home use. The trees are none too vigorous and bear only in alternate years. The variety originated in need Hampshire and was first described in Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open, with long, stout, crooked branches. Fruit medium to large, oblate or round-oblate, ribbed; stem long and slender, often bracted; cavity acute, broad, deep, russeted; calyx small; lobes long, reflexed; basin broad, shallow; skin pale yellow, overlaid with bright red deepening to a dark red on the exposed side, dotted with yellow and covered with heavy bloom; calyx-tube elongated-cone- shape; stamens marginal; core large, abaxile; cells open; core-lines clasping; flesh yellow, tinged with red next the skin, fine-grained, juicy, mild subacid; good; August. EXCELSIOR EXCELSIOR. Fig. 67. Excelsior is one of the few good dessert crabs, if, indeed, it should be called a crab, for its maternal parent was Wealthy and the other the Cherry crab. The fruits are large and handsome, especially in coloring—yellow shaded and splashed with 67. Excelsior. (X14) bright red, the latter giving the apples their prevailing color. Besides being a good dessert fruit, it is excellent for culinary purposes. The trees are exceptionally vigorous, — hardy, healthy, and come in bearing young, but are productive only in alternate seasons. The crop ripens earlier than that of any other crab. The variety originated with Peter Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota, and was first described in 1880. Tree large, spreading, dense, with long, stout branches. Fruit very large, round-ovate to round-oblate, sym- metrical; stem long and slender, sometimes bracted ; cavity small, acute, narrow, shallow, often russeted ; calyx large, closed; lobes reflexed; basin shallow, broad, obtuse, furrowed; skin smooth, yellow, shaded and splashed with red; dots numerous, russet; calyx-tube wide, cone-shape; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells unsymmetrical, wide open; core-lines clasping ; carpels elongated-ovate, sometimes tufted; seeds long, narrow, acute, tufted; flesh white, firm, coarse, crisp, juicy, subacid, with Siberian crab flavor; good to very good; early September. FLORENCE. Florence is remarkable for the beauty and high quality of its fruit and the fruitfulness of its trees—desirable in every way for an early crab for either home or market plantations. Possibly, the fruits fail somewhat in being somewhat austere and astringent, but still they are rated by all as good in quality. This is another of Peter Gideon’s crabs and was first described in 1886. Tree vigorous, upright, drooping. Fruit medium in size, uniform in size and shape, oblate, faintly ribbed ; stem very long, slender; cavity acute, deep, symmetrical, russeted; calyx variable, small, closed; basin very shallow, wide, obtuse, furrowed; skin thin, tough, smooth, yellowish-white overspread with brilliant red, sometimes with white bands radiating from the cavity, overspread with faint bloom; dots minute, white; calyx- tube long, wide, urn-shape or funnel-form; stamens marginal; core large; cells closed; core-lines clasping ; carpels broadly obovate, emarginate; seeds small, wide, flat, obtuse; flesh yellow, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, very brisk subacid, astringent; good; late August and early September. GENERAL GRANT. This crab has been under cultivation since about 1890, and, while nowhere generally grown, it is still offered by several nurserymen in the East. On the LARGE RED SIBERIAN 73 grounds of the New York Agricultural Ex- periment Station, it is not nearly so desirable as several other crab-apples, having two rather serious faults: the fruits rot badly at the core, and the color is too dull to be attractive. The origin is not known. Tree vigorous, of rapid growth, rather small, compact, with a slender trunk and slender branches. Fruit small to medium, oblate, slightly ribbed, uniform in size and shape; stem very long; cavity acute, deep, russeted; calyx closed, pubescent, large; basin shallow, obtuse, deeply furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth, greasy; color greenish-yellow, almost entirely covered with a deep, dull scarlet, striped and splashed with red; dots small to large, scattering, greenish-russet ; core abaxile, small, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube very long, conical; seeds medium sized, flat on one side, obtuse; flesh firm, coarse, tender, mouerately juicy, subacid; quality rather poor; September. GIBB. Gibb is another cross between the common apple and the crab-apple, with char- acters that make it somewhat doubtful with which of its parents, Yellow Siberian and Fall Greening, it should be placed. The fruits are large, yellow, blushed with dull red, with remarkably yellow flesh, which is juicy, pleas- antly acidulous, and very good. The trees are slow growing but eventually attain large growth, and are very hardy and fruitful. Gibb originated with George P. Peffer, Pewaukee, aa The variety was first described in ; Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, slow in growth, very hardy and very productive. Fruit large, round-oblate ; stem short, thick; cavity wide, deep, regular; calyx of medium size, open; basin very wide, shallow, wrinkled; skin thin, yellow, blushed with dull red; dots white, minute; flesh remarkably yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant acid, astringent, sprightly; fair to good; early. HYSLOP. Hyslop has long been one of the standard American crab-apples, and is. widely distributed and extensively cultivated. The apples are a brilliant, dark red with heavy blue bloom, and are thickly borne in large clusters. The flesh is yellow with a tinge of red next the skin, firm, fine-grained, juicy, but eventually becoming dry and mealy. The trees are vigorous, hardy, and fruitful. The origin of the variety is unknown; Warder first set forth its good qualities in 1869. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, round-ovate or obovate, sometimes oblong, regular or obscurely ribbed, symmetrical; stem short to very long, slender; cavity acuminate, small, shallow, narrow, sometimes furrowed, often russeted; calyx closed; lobes long, narrow, acumi- nate, reflexed; basin shallow, wide, distinctly fur- rowed and wrinkled; skin pale yellow overspread with dark red shading to deep carmine and covered with thick bloom; dots small, numerous, pale; calyx-tube short, narrow, cone-shape to urn-shape; stamens median; core medium size, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core- lines meeting; carpels elongated-ovate, emarginate; seeds small, narrow, short, plump, obtuse, brown; flesh yellow, sometimes with tinge of red next the skin, very firm, fine, at first juicy but becoming dry and mealy, subacid, astringent; very good; late September and October. LARGE RED SIBERIAN. This old sort, an improvement on Red Siberian, is, in its turn, being superseded by varieties having larger and handsomer fruits. Large Red Si- berian differs from Red Siberian in being 74 MARTHA larger in tree and fruit, with coarser foliage and longer and more slender twigs. Large Yellow Siberian and Yellow Siberian differ from these two varieties chiefly in having yellow fruit. All four varieties are from the Old World, but when and by whom introduced does not appear. Tree very hardy, healthy, moderately long-lived, pro- ductive biennially and sometimes annually. Fruit of medium size, uniform in size and shape, round to round- ovate, regular; stem medium to long, slender; cavity acuminate, shallow, broad, often furrowed, usually rus- seted; calyx closed; lobes long, narrow, acuminate ; basin shallow or none, obtuse, wrinkled, having mammi- form protuberances; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow, overlaid with bright red and marked with ob- scure, narrow stripes of dark red; dots small, light, inconspicuous; calyx-tube short, wide, urn-shape; stamens median; core medium size, axile; cells closed; core-lines meeting; carpels ovate, emarginate; seeds glossy, dark brown, small, short, wide, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, subacid, astringent; good; September and October. MARTHA. Fig. 68. The large fruits, handsomely colored with bright red on a yellow background, perfectly turned in oblate spheres, and the uniformity in size and shape, make Martha one of the most prepossess- ing of all crabs. The yellowish flesh, though a little coarse, is so crisp, juicy, and well-fla- vored that one is tempted to say that this is the very best erab for _ culinary purposes. The trees, while of but medium size and vigor, are hardy, come into bearing young, bear annually, and are usually fruitful. Furthermore, the season, late fall, makes this one of the most desirable crabs for home or market. This is another of Peter Gideon’s crab-apples first described in 1839. 68. Martha. (x14) Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading, open, droop- ing. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round or oblate, regular or faintly ribbed, usually symmetrical, sides sometimes unequal; stem long, slender; cavity acute, broad, sometimes furrowed, often thinly russeted ; calyx small, closed or partly open, occasionally de- ciduous; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, smooth; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow almost covered with bright, light red overspread with bloom; sometimes faint narrow stripes extend from the cavity to calyx; dots numerous light colored, small; calyx-tube short, narrow, very small, conical; stamens median to marginal; core of medium size, axile; cells closed; carpels round or obovate, tufted; seeds narrow, acute; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid; good to very good; September to November. MINNESOTA. In the northern part of the Great Plains, where the hardy crab-apple is a favorite fruit, Minnesota finds favor; else- where it is hardly known. The variety is an old one, having originated in Minnesota some time previous to 1872. Tree rather small, compact, spreading, moderately vigorous, moderately productive, very large, round; skin pale yellow, blushed or mottled on the sunny side and overspread with thin, white bloom; flesh white, firm, crisp, juicy, fine-grained, mild subacid or _ nearly sweet, slightly astringent; quality good; September and October. PICTA STRIATA MONTREAL BEAUTY. This crab is listed by nurserymen in both Canada and the United States, but is now seldom found in orchards except in the vicinity of Montreal and in parts of Quebec. The variety origi- nated in Quebee some time previous to 1833. Tree hardy, strong, vigorous, large, upright, compact, bearing heavily but does not come in bearing early. Fruit large, oblong-conic, or round-oblong, truncate; skin yellowish-white, tender, juicy, subacid with little astringency; good; late September and October. ORANGE. This is an old eastern crab- apple, at one time a favorite, but now seldom grown east of the Mississippi. Nurserymen on the Great Plains list it and speak well of it. Its origin is not known, but it seems to have been first described by Downing in 1869. Tree round-topped, spreading, dwarfish, rather slow in growth, hardy, long-lived, productive, bearing annually. Fruit of medium size, round or slightly oblate; stem very long, slender; cavity open, deep, acute, with a trace of russet; calyx closed; basin very shallow, wrinkled ; skin orange-yellow, often netted with russet; dots white, obscure; core open; flesh light salmon-yellow, rather dry, mild subacid with a sweet after-taste ; quality good ; September to November. PAUL IMPERIAL. Paul Imperial is an English crab imported in 1888 by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York. The fruits are less attractive in appearance than those of several American crab-apples, falling short both in size and color, and are not so good in quality. The trees are only medium in size, but come in bearing young, and are very pro- ductive. This variety is said to be a cross between Red Astrachan and Siberian crab. Tree vigorous, spreading, open, with short, stout, crooked branches having numerous small spurs. Fruit small, uniform in size but not in shape, usually oblate, often irregularly elliptical, strongly ribbed, sides un- equal; stem long, slender; cavity obtuse, deep, broad, furrowed, not russeted; calyx large, closed, prominent, persistent; lobes long, broad; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, furrowed and wrinkled and sometimes mammil- late; skin thin, tender, smooth, yellow, often covered with dark red, overspread with bloom; dots numerous, indistinct, light; calyx-tube small, short, wide, urn- shape; stamens marginal; core large, axile; cells closed or open; core-lines meeting; carpels round, narrowing toward apex, tufted; seeds small, wide, acute, light brown; flesh yellow sometimes stained with red, firm, coarse, crisp, tough, juicy, brisk subacid; good; Sep- tember and October. PICTA STRIATA. This crab, too small for a good commercial fruit, has a place in the crab-apple flora because of its late season. The apples are handsome but a little too mild in flavor to be generally acceptable. The variety was introduced by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York, about 1888. Tree large, upright-spreading with drooping laterals. Fruit of medium size, uniform in size but not in shape, oblate or round-oblate, irregularly ribbed; stem long, slender; cavity obtuse, deep, broad, compressed, smooth ; calyx usually small, closed; lobes separated at base, long, acute; basin shallow, obtuse, smooth; skin thin, tender, smooth, glossy, pale yellow covered with crim- son, blushed and striped with carmine; dots indistinct, gray; calyx-tube short, narrow, conical; stamens mar- ginal; core medium to large, axile; cells open or closed ; core-lines clasping; carpels round to elliptical, concave, deeply emarginate, sometimes tufted; seeds dark brown, wide, short, obtuse; fiesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, astringent, sprightly subacid; good; October to early winter. RED SIBERIAN RED SIBERIAN. This variety is not to be confused with Large Red Siberian, the fruits and trees of which are larger and the foliage coarser. Tree and fruit are ornamental, but the fruits are too small to find favor for any purpose. The variety is rapidly passing from cultivation. Red Siberian originated in France, but when and where does not appear; nor is it known when it was brought to America, although it must have been one of the first to be imported, since it was described as early as 1803. Tree rather small, vigorous, erect, very hardy, pro- ductive, with rather long, slender twigs. Fruit small, borne in clusters, % inch in diameter, round-oblate to oblong, irregularly elliptical; stem long and _ slender; cavity acute, medium in width and depth; calyx small to medium, often deciduous; basin but slightly de- pressed; skin smooth, pale yellow striped and blushed with lively red and overspread with blue bloom; flesh subacid, astringent, good for culinary uses; September and October. SEPTEMBER. This variety, also, comes from Peter Gideon, but is not as desirable as several other of his crab-apples, though the fruits are handsome and of good quality for either dessert or culinary uses. The trees, though vigorous, have short, stout, crooked, twisted branches—serious defects which make the variety much more difficult to manage than several of its orchard associates. The variety is said to be a seedling from the Cherry crab. Tree vigorous, spreading, open, with short, stout, crooked and twisted branches. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size but not in shape, round-oblate to oblong, sometimes conic, frequently ribbed, sides usually un- equal; stem long, slender; cavity obtuse, shallow, broad, occasionally furrowed, sometimes russeted; calyx large, closed or partly open; basin mammillate, shallow, deep, obtuse ; skin thin, tender, smooth, pale yellow, striped with red, in well-colored specimens nearly covered with dark red, overspread with bloom; dots small, scattering, gray or brown; calyx-tube short, broadly funnel-form, pistil point persistent; stamens median; core medium size, axile or abaxile; cells closed or wide open; core- lines clasping; carpels round, elongated; seeds variable in shape, of medium size, wide, short, acute, light dull brown; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacid, with an eee crab-apple flavor; good to very good; Sep- ember. TRANSCEND- ENT. Fig. 69. For many years Transcend- ent was the most pop- ular crab-apple in America, its beautiful color and high quality commending it. The trees, too, are vigorous, hardy, and very pro- ductive. It is, however, a little too early in sea- son for either home or 69. Transcendent. (X%) YELLOW SIBERIAN 75 market, and, with the advent of later and even handsomer and better flavored varieties, its popularity began to wane. It seems first to have been mentioned in 1844, but it was grown long before this. How long, or where it orig- inated, no one knows. Tree large, very spreading, drooping, dense, with stout, curved and drooping branches. Fruit large, round or round-oblong, flattened at the ends, somewhat ribbed; stem medium to long, stout, bracted; cavity narrow, shallow, obtuse; calyx large, closed; lobes long, leafy, reflexed ; basin shallow, wrinkled; skin thin, yellow with bright red cheek, overspread with bloom, highly-colored specimens covered with bright red; calyx-tube conical; stamens marginal; core medium size; cells closed; flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, fine, somewhat astringent, subacid; very good; late August to the middle of September. VAN WYCK. Van Wyck Sweet. Although this sweet crab-apple originated in Duchess County, New York, it is now seldom found in eastern United States, but is advertised by several western nurserymen. Its only value 1s that it is one of a few sweet crab-apples. It seems to have been first described by Downing in 1872. Fruit large for a Siberian crab-apple, whitish shaded with bright red, covered with bloom; flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich; core small, closed; quality good; August and September. WHITNEY. Whitney No. 20. Whitney has in full measure all the good qualities of the best crab-apples in both fruit and tree excepting one—the season. It ripens in late August, too early to meet the demand of housewives who postpone caring for this fruit until cooler weather. For those who want a crab-apple for dessert early in the season, Whitney is about as good as any. The variety was grown from seed by A. E. Whitney, Frank- lin Grove, Illinois, and was first described in 1869. It is more popular in the West than in the East. Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, with stout, long, curved branches. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round-conic or ovate; stem slender; cavity nar- row, deep, obtuse; calyx medium to large, closed or open; basin broad, shallow, wrinkled; skin light yellow shaded and striped with red; flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; late August and early September. YELLOW SIBERIAN. Golden Beauty. Yellow Siberian is almost identical with Red Siberian, except in color and size of fruit. The fruits are larger than those of Red Siberian and of clear golden-yellow color. The trees come into bearing young and are reliable croppers, yielding very heavy crops annually or almost annually. The trees are very hardy but some- times suffer from blight. The season is Sep- tember. CHAPTER V VARIETIES OF PEARS As compared with other hardy fruits, the pear reaches high perfection in few places in the United States, and nowhere succeeds quite so well as in parts of France, Belgium, and Eng- land. It is not surprising, then, to learn that, while the Europeans have listed about 5000 varieties of pears, current American fruit pub- lications have never mentioned more than 1000. In 1872, the Downings described 997 varieties of pears, but many of the descriptions were from European fruit-books of varieties probably never grown on this side of the Atlantic, since the catalogs of that date offer only about 300 varieties. It is surprising, how- ever, to find that probably not more than 100 varieties of pears are now discussed in current pomological literature, and that nurserymen’s catalogs for 1920 list only 60 odd varieties, and this in spite of the fact that the pear industry in the country is now many times greater than in 1872, when _fruit-books contained 1000 names of pears. Feeling that only fruits under cultivation in America should be included in this manual, the author describes only the varieties now being sold by nurserymen and sorts likely to be found in old orchards. All of the descriptions, without exception, are made from trees growing at Geneva, New York. ANDRE DESPORTES. This old French sort is still listed by a few American nursery- men. The pears are handsome and very good in quality, but they quickly soften at the center and neither keep nor ship well. While usually of medium size, or sometimes large, the pears often run small. The variety is well worth planting in a collection, but has no value in a commercial plantation, and there are many better sorts for home orchards. The parent tree of this variety sprang from the seed-beds of M. André Leroy, the well-known authority on pomology, at Angers, France. Tree characteristically upright and vigorous, hardy ; branches slender, smooth, marked with small lenticels. Leaves 234 inches long, 15g inches wide, ovate, stiff, leathery ; apex taper-pointed; margin glandular, slightly erenate; petiole 144 inches long. Flowers showy, 1% inches across, occasionally tinged pink, in dense clusters, averaging 9 flowers to a cluster. Fruit ripe in August; medium in size, 2% inches long, 2%4 inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, symmetrical, uniform; stem 1 inch long, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, shallow, dotted with russet, often lipped; calyx small, open; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, gently furrowed, symmetrical ; skin thin, tender, smooth; color dull greenish-yellow, dotted and marbled with reddish-brown, blushed on the sunny side; dots numerous, small, light colored, obscure ; flesh tinged with yellow, fine, tender and melting, 76 buttery, juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality very good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds small, wide, plump, acute. _ANGOULEME: See Duchesse d’Angou- léme. ANJOU: See Beurré d’Anjou. ANSAULT. The fruits of Ansault rival those of Seckel in quality. In particular, the flesh is notable, being described by the term “buttery” rather better than that of any other pear. The rich sweet flavor and distinct but delicate perfume contribute to making the fruits of highest quality. Unfortunately, the pears are small, and the green coat, nearly covered with russet dots and markings, is dull, though enlivened somewhat at full maturity by a rich yellow. The tree is vigorous, pro- ductive, bears annually, and is not more sub- ject to blight than that of the average variety. While not at all suitable for commercial or- chards, Ansault should find a place in every collection of pears for home use. This pear was raised from seed in the nurseries of M. André Leroy, Angers, France. The parent tree bore fruit first in 1863. Tree large, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive ; branches thick, dull brownish-red, with numerous, raised lenticels. Leaves numerous, 2% inches long, 144 inches wide, ovate or broadly oval, leathery; apex abruptly pointed; margin finely serrate, with small, reddish, sharp-pointed glands; petiole 114 inches long, slender, glabrous. Flowers 14% inches across, in dense clusters, 7 to 9 flowers in a cluster. Fruit ripens in late Sep- tember and early October; medium in size, 24% inches wide, uniform, obtuse-obovate-pyriform, slightly irregu- lar; stem 5 inch long, short, thick; cavity obtuse, russeted, furrowed, slightly ribbed; calyx partly open, large; lobes acute; basin abrupt, furrowed and wrin- kled; skin roughened with russet markings and dots; color dull greenish-yellow changing to pale yellow, con- siderably russeted about the basin and cavity with russet dots, with scattered flecks and patches of russet ; dots numerous, small, russet; flesh tinged with yellow, granular at the center, melting and tender, buttery, very juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality good to very good; core closed, axile, the core-lines clasping; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-shaped; seeds short, plump, obtuse. BARTLETT. Fig. 70. Williams’ Bon Chrétien. Williams. Bartlett leads all other pears in number of trees in America. Its fruits are more common and more popular than those of any other pear. The pre- éminently meritorious character of Bartlett is its great adaptability to different climates, soils and situations. Thus, it is grown with profit in every pear-growing region in America and in all in greater quantities than any other sort. Another character which commends this BARTLETT variety is fruitfulness—barring frosts or freezes the trees bear full crops year after year. The trees are vigorous, attain large size, bear young, live long, and are easily managed in the orchard. The pears are large, handsome, of good but not of the best quality, and keep and ship remarkably well. Bartlett is not without serious faults, however: the trees are not above the average in resistance to blight; they are not as hardy as those of some other varieties; and more than those of any other standard variety the blossoms require cross- fertilization. The fruits are satisfactory in all characters excepting quality. They lack the rich, perfumed flavor of Seckel on one hand, or the piquant, vinous taste of Winter Nelis Mim Mas! re ped 6 SE OOS AES 70. Bartlett. (<4) on the other. But they are above the average in quality, and since no other variety is so easily grown, nor so reliable in the markets, Bartlett promises long to hold its supremacy for home and commercial plantations. It is the most desired of all pears by the canning trade. This pear was found as a wilding by a Mr. Stair, a schoolmaster at Aldermaston, Berkshire, England. It was first introduced to this country in 1797 or 1799 under the name of Williams’ Bon Chrétien, by which name it is known both in England and France. In 1817 Enoch Bartlett, Dorchester, Massachusetts, al- lowed the pear to go out under his own name. Henceforth it became known in America ex- clusively as Bartlett. Tree medium in size, with age becoming tall and pyriform, upright; branches stocky, smooth, reddish- brown with few lenticels. Leaves 2%4 inches long, 1% inches wide, oval, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin tipped with small dark red glands, finely serrate ; petiole 1%, inches long. Flowers showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters averaging 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in September; large, 3% inches long, 23 inches wide, oblong-obtuse-pyriform, tapering slightly BELLE LUCRATIVE 77 toward the apex, symmetrical, uniform; stem 1% inches long, often curved, thick; cavity small, usually lipped, with thin, light russet overspreading streaks of russet, acute, shallow; calyx partly open; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acute; basin very shallow, narrow, obtuse, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, often dull, the surface somewhat uneven; color clear yellow when fully mature, with a faint blush on the exposed cheek, more or less dotted with russet and often thinly russeted around the basin; dots many, small, conspicuous, greenish-russet ; flesh fine-grained, although slightly granular at the center, melting, buttery, very juicy, vinous, aromatic; quality very good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube long, wide, funnel-shaped; seeds medium in size and length, wide, plump, acute. BELLE LUCRATIVE. Fig. 71. Berga- mote Lucrative. Lucrative. Seigneur d’Es- péren. This pear has been a standard autumn sort for nearly a century, maintaining a place for high quality with the pears of its season second only to Seckel. Flesh and flavor are 71. Belle Lucrative. nearly perfect, but externally much more might be desired. The fruits are not as large as is desirable, and are variable in shape and color. The trees bear enormously and almost annually on either standard or dwarfing stocks; they are vigorous with a distinct upright-spreading habit of growth; hardier than the average variety of this fruit; and are more resistant to blight. The fruits are too small for a com- mercial product, but their delectable flavor and luscious flesh make them as desirable as any other pear for home use; besides which the trees grow so well, and are so easily managed that the variety becomes one of the very best for the home orchard. Belle Lucrative is of Flemish origin. Tree medium in size, vigorous, dense-topped, rapid-growing, hardy, productive; trunk and branches medium in thickness; branches smooth, grayish-brown mingled with red, covered with scarf-skin, with numerous, elongated lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 114 inches wide, stiff; apex abruptly pointed; margin finely serrate, tipped with very small, sharp glands; petiole 2 inches long. Flowers with an _un- pleasant odor, showy, 1% inches across, average 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late September and October ; medium in size, 2%@ inches long, 2% inches wide, turbinate, with sides unequal; stem 1% inches long; cavity very shallow and narrow or lacking, the flesh drawn up about the base of the stem; calyx open, large; lobes long, narrow, acuminate; basin shallow, obtuse, smooth; skin thin, tender, smooth; color dull greenish- yellow, thickly sprinkled with small, russet dots, often upright-spreading, 78 BEURRE D’ANJOU overspread with russet around the basin; dots numer- ous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow, firm, fine-grained, crisp, buttery, juicy, sweet; quality very good; core closed, abaxile; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel- shape ; seeds narrow, plump, acute. BEURRE D’ ANJOU. Fig. 72. Anjou. Nec plus Meuris. Beurré d’Anjou is a standard mar- ket pear for late fall and early winter, its season lasting until well ito January. As an early winter pear, it has no superior and few equals in appearance and quality: of fruit. The pear is of a distinct typ uniform, the sides slightly unequal, smooth of skin, yellow, marked 72. Beurré d’Anjou. and dotted with russet, with « faint blush, and borne on a very short, thick stem. The yellowish-white flesh is firm but tender, slightly granular, very juicy, sweet and spicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Uniformity of shape and the smooth skin are marked and constant char- acters. The fruits of this pear are not always up to their best, but they are never poor in quality. The trees are vigorous, hardy, grow rapidly and come in bearing early, but have the serious fault of being uncertain croppers. Of all winter pears, none is more valuable for commercial or home orchards than Beurré d’Anjou. It is an old French pear, the origin of which is obscure. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, hardy, an uncertain bearer; trunk smooth; branches slightly zigzag, with few small lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 144 inches wide, elongated-oval, thin, leathery; apex taper-pointed ; margin nearly entire or erenate; petiole 2 inches long. Flowers 13g inches across, showy, in dense clusters, from 8 to 12 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe November- December ; large, 3% inches long, 3 inches wide, uniform in size, oblong-obovate-pyriform, with surface irregular in outline but with smooth skin, sides slightly unequal, uniform in general shape; stem % inch long, short, very thick and woody; cavity obtuse, shallow, slightly rus- seted and furrowed, usually lipped; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, long, narrow, acuminate; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth, symmetrical and regu- lar; skin thin, tender, smooth, dull; color greenish becoming quite yellow, clouded ‘with russet around the basin and occasionally with very fine russet lines and markings; dots many, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh white, firm but granular, tender, buttery, very juicy, BEURRE BOSC sweet and spicy, with a rich aromatic flavor; quality very good; core large, closed; core-lines clasping ; calyx- tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acuminate, tufted at the’ tips. BEURRE D’ARENBERG. The fruits of this variety are distinguished by their refresh- ing, vinous taste and long-keeping qualities. Very often, however, they do not ripen in eastern America, and when not properly rip- ened the pears are highly acidulous and so astringent as to be almost intolerable to the taste. The frequency with which these poor fruits are borne, always on heavy, cold clays and in cold climates, coupled with rather small, short-lived trees, condemn the variety for most pear regions in the East. In the far West, the crop ripens better and the pears are excellent winter fruits. The variety is an old Belgian one, the origin of which is in dispute. Tree medium in size and vigor, upright, very hardy and very productive; trunk and branches medium in thickness and smoothness. Leaves 3 inches long, 13% inches wide; apex taper-pointed ; margin glandless, finely serrate; petiole 1% inches long. Fruit ripe December- January ; large, obovate-pyriform, ribbed; stem 1 inch long, thick, fleshy at the base, obliquely inserted; cavity lacking, drawn up in an oblique lip about the stem; calyx small, closed, lobes short, sometimes lacking ; basin deep, smooth; skin roughish, thick, uneven; color greenish-yellow becoming yellow at maturity, with patches and tracings of russet especially around the calyx end; dots numerous, cinnamon-russet; flesh white, very juicy, melting, vinous or acidulous; quality very good; core large; seeds large, roundish, plump. AR PEU PANTS oUNaNEN GALES dor Beurré Bone: BEURRE BOSC. Fig. 73. Bosc. The fruits of Beurré Bose are nearly flawless in every character. They at once receive appro- bation from all who see them by virtue of their uniquely beautiful color and shape, in BEURRE CLAIRGEAU these characters being wholly unlike any other pear. The shape is pyriform with a very long tapering neck, perfectly symmetrical and un- equalled in trimness of contour. The color is a dark rich yellow overspread with cinnamon russet with here and there a spot of the yellow ground color visible. The quality is “very good” or “best,” Seckel alone surpassing it as a dessert fruit. The flesh is tender and melting or almost buttery, very juicy, with a rich piquant flavor and a pleasing aroma. The characters of the tree fall far short of those of the fruits; they make a poor growth in the nursery; must be humored in soil and climate; and make but a moderate growth as young plants. Established trees, however, surpass most of their neighbors in size and luxuriance of foliage. While slow in coming in bearing, after fruiting begins the trees bear regularly and abundantly. Unfortunately, the trees are tender to cold and somewhat susceptible to blight. Beurré Bose has long been a favorite, and its culture may be recommended for the home, for local and general markets and for exportation. This pear is a native of Belgium, having been raised from seed in 1807 by Dr. Van Mons, the renowned pomologist of Lou- vain. Tree medium in size, not very vigorous, upright- spreading, hardy, productive, not an early bearer; trunk medium to stocky; branches nearly smooth, brownish, with large lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, ovate, thick, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin finely crenate; petiole 1% inches long. Flowers open early, 144 inches across, showy, in dense clusters, from 10 to 20 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late October and November; large, 33g inches long, 234 inches wide, uniform in size, acute-obovate-pyriform, with a very long, tapering neck, uniform in shape and very sym- metrical; stem 1% inches long, somewhat curved; cavity very obtuse or lacking, occasionally very shallow and narrow, wrinkled, russeted, with a fleshy ring folded up around the stem, slightly lipped; calyx open, small ; lobes short, broad, obtuse; basin very shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth, symmetrical; skin slightly granular, tender, roughened by russet, dull; color dark yellow, overspread with thick, dark, attractive russet, laid on in streaks and patches, with a cheek of solid russet; dots small, light russet, obscure; flesh yellowish-white, slightly granular, tender and melting, buttery, very juicy, with a rich, delicious, aromatic flavor; quality very good to best; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds wide, short, plump, obtuse. BEURRE CLAIRGEAU. Fig. 74. Clair- geau. Beurré Clairgeau is one of the mainstays in American pear-growing. It maintains its place among standard varieties because of excellent tree-characters, the fruits, while hand- some, being of but mediocre quality. The tree is second only to that of Buffum in vigor, health and productiveness. It does equally well on quince or pear stock. On either stock, the trees bear young and usually annually. The fruits are large, smooth, symmetrical and uniform in shape, with a handsome ground color of rich yellow at maturity and a bright crimson cheek. But here praises end, for the “deceptive cheek of the Beurré Clairgeau” is proverbial in pear-growing, the handsome coat covering rather coarse, granular flesh which is sometimes good but more often commonplace. The core is very large, and the flesh surround- BEURRE DIEL 79 ing it often softens prematurely. The fruit is more suitable for cookery than dessert. The pears are heavy and often drop before matu- rity; hence the trees should not be set in wind- swept situations. Despite these demerits of \ i 74. Beurré Clairgeau. (X™%) the fruits, the variety is well worth planting in commercial orchards for late markets. The original tree of Beurré Clairgeau appears to have grown by chance as early as 1828 or 1830 by Pierre Clairgeau, Nantes, France. Tree below medium in size, vigorous, unusually upright, dense, slow-growing, hardy, productive, a regu- lar bearer; trunk slender, shaggy; branches smooth, slightly zigzag, ash-gray almost completely overspread- ing reddish-brown, with many lenticels. Leaves very numerous, 3 inches long, 2 inches wide, broadly oval, leathery ; apex abruptly pointed ; margin glandless, finely serrate; petiole 2 inches long, glabrous. Flowers 144 inches across, showy, in rather dense clusters, averaging 7 buds to a cluster. Fruit in season late October and November; large, 35g inches long, 25g inches wide, uniform in size, roundish-acute-pyriform, with a long, tapering neck, symmetrical, uniform in shape; stem 1% inch long, short, very thick and fleshy; cavity obtuse, very shallow and narrow, with practically no depression, fleshy around the base of the stem, russeted, lipped; calyx open, large; lobes separated at the base, long, broad, acute or acuminate; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, furrowed, often compressed; skin thick and granular, tough, smooth, glossy; color yellow at maturity, with bright pinkish-red blush, becoming nearly crimson in highly colored specimens; dots many, small, russet, con- spicuous; flesh white, quite granular, firm at first but becoming tender and melting at maturity, buttery, very juicy, sweet, aromatic, with a rich, vinous flavor; quality very good to best; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. BEURRE DIEL. Fig. 75. Diel. The cat- alogs and text-books supply Beurré Diel with several virtues which Nature denies it. As grown in the eastern United States, the pears are dull and unattractive even at maturity when the pale lemon color is brightest. If the tree is happily situated as to soil and care, the quality of its product is excellent, its fruits 80 BEURRE GIFFARD being delicious and ranking among the very best, but when illy suited to soil, climate or care, the flesh is coarse, the flavor insipid and astringent, bringing the quality down to second or third rate. The pears keep and ship well. The tree is hardy, uncommonly vigorous and fruitful, but very subject to blight; it is char- 75. Beurré Diel. (<1) acterized by its long twisting branches which need to be pruned back heavily. The variety is still being planted, but there are better autumn pears. This pear was derived from a chance seedling found in 1805 by M. Meuris, Brussels, Belgium. Tree medium in size and vigor, spreading, open-topped, slow-growing, hardy, productive; trunk slender, smooth ; branches slender, twisting, reddish-brown, with few lenticels. Leaves 234 inches long, 1% inches wide, oval, thick, leathery; apex abruptly pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole 14% inches long. Flowers open early, 1% inches across, showy, in dense clusters, 7 or 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in November; large, 3 inches long, 2% inches wide, uniform in size, obovate-obtuse- pyriform, often irregular and usually with sides unequal ; stem 1% inches long, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, shallow, very narrow, russeted, furrowed and uneven, often lipped; calyx partly open, large; lobes separated at the base, broad, acute; basin shallow, obtuse, fur- rowed and uneven; skin very thick and granular, some- what roughened by russet markings and dots; color dull greenish-yellow changing to lemon-yellow, with a faint pinkish-red blush and markings and flecks of russet ; dots many, russet, very conspicuous; flesh yellowish- white, firm, becoming tender and melting, quite granu- lar around the core, very juicy, sweet, aromatic, and rich; quality very good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, usually plump but quite often abortive, acute. BEURRE GIFFARD. Giffard. This is one of the few summer pears with a distinctly vinous flavor, which, with the crisp but melting flesh makes it a most refreshing summer fruit. The pears are large, somewhat like those of Beurré Clairgeau in shape and color, and ripen at a time—just before Clapp Favorite—when good pears are in demand. The fruits keep well and are remarkable for their small cores. The trees are quite up to the average in all characters, and surpass most of their orchard associates in hardiness and fruitfulness. This BEURRE HARDY early summer pear was found as_a chance seedling in 1825 by Nicolas Giffard, Foussieéres, France. Tree of medium size, vigorous, very spreading, open- topped, hardy, productive; branches reddish-brown, with long, narrow, large lenticels. Leaves 234 inches long, 1% inches wide, stiff; apex taper-pointed; margin almost entire, sometimes pubescent; petiole 244 inches long, slender, reddish green; stipules very long and slender. Flowers showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters, average 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late August ; averages 234 inches long, 3 inches wide, obovate- acute-pyriform ; stem % inch long; cavity lacking, the flesh closing up symmetrically around the stem except when drawn up in a lip; calyx open, small; lobes sepa- rated at the base, narrow, acuminate; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, almost smooth, symmetrical; skin thin, tender, smooth; color dull greenish-yellow, with a slightly dotted, dull pinkish-red blush, but often without blush ; dots numerous, small, greenish and russet, very conspicuous ; flesh tinged with yellow, granular at the center, melting, very juicy, sweet, highly aromatic; quality very good; core small, closed, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube narrow, funnel-shape ; seeds plump, acute. 4 BEURRE HARDY. Fig. 76. Hardy. Beurré Hardy is one of the good autumn pears. The fruits are usually large, handsome, and the flesh and flavor are exceptionally fine. Thus, the flesh, while a little granular at the core, is melting and juicy—in this case, as truly luscious as in any other pear. Un- fortunately, the fruits do not keep well, hayv- ing a tendency to soften at the core. When poorly grown the pears are quite astringent, and there is always a smack of astringency. The trees, while not large, are vigorous, hardy, pro- ductive and healthy except in being a lit- tle susceptible to blight. This is a fa- vorite pear with nurs- erymen to bud or graft on the quince, 76. Beurré Hardy. (x) since it makes a perfect union with any of the stocks in common use. Beurré Hardy does especially well in eastern United States. This is a French pear raised about 1820 by M. Bon- net in his seed-beds at Boulogne-sur-Mer. -Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright, dense-topped, rapid-growing, hardy, productive; branches smooth, dull brown overspread with gray, with very numerous, large, elongated lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 2 inches wide, stiff; apex abruptly pointed; margin tipped with small glands, finely serrate; petiole 1% inches long. Flowers 1% inches across, well distributed, average 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit in season late September and early October; large, 3 inches long, 2% inches wide, uniform, obtuse-pyriform, with a long neck, sym- metrical; stem % inch long, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, shallow and narrow, russeted, often uneven and gently furrowed, lipped; calyx large, open; lobes broad, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, gently furrowed; skin granular, tender, russet; color dull greenish-yellow, overspread with thin, brownish-russet, without blush; dots numerous, russet, small, very con- spicuous; flesh granular, melting, buttery, very juicy, sweet, richly aromatic and somewhat vinous; quality BEURRE DE JONGHE very good to best; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. La . . BEURRE DE JONGHE. A prime requi- site in any pear of best quality is that there be no disagreeable aftertaste in the flesh. The fruits of almost none of the winter pears meet this requirement, but those of this variety are wholly free from this astringency and are, moreover, sweet, rich, and delectable. The pears ripen in January and may be kept for a month or six weeks at a season when there are few other sweet, rich pears, the fruits of nearly all other pears at this season being vinous and piquant. The trees are hardy and productive, but are slow in coming in bearing, rather small, not at all self-assertive, and must be coddled somewhat. They do better on quince than on pear stocks. The variety is desirable only for the amateur. M. J. de ‘Jonghe found this pear in 1852 at Uccle, Bel- gium. Tree medium in size and vigor, spreading, slow- growing, hardy, very productive; trunk slender, shaggy ; branches reddish-brown. Leaves 2% inches long, 14% inches wide, thick; apex abruptly pointed; margin glandular, finely serrate; petiole 114 inches long, reddish- green. Flowers 1% inches across, 7 or 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripens December-January; medium in size, 3 inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-obtuse- pyriform, very regular; stem short, thick, inserted obliquely ; cavity very shallow or none, the flesh often drawn up in a lip on one side of the stem; calyx small, open; basin shallow; skin thin; color dull greenish- yellow becoming yellower at maturity, thickly over- spread with a pale, brownish-russet, often with traces of a russet-red blush; dots numerous, small, dull russet ; flesh nearly white, fine-grained, melting, buttery, pleas- antly flavored, aromatic, sweet; quality very good. 4 BEURRE SUPERFIN. Fig. 77. Superfin. Tender in skin and delicate in flesh, the product of this variety is not for the markets, but that of few other sorts, however, so ad- mirably supplies those who want choicely good fruits. The pears are not attractive in appearance, but are hardly surpassed in flavor in their season. The flesh is notable for juiciness, rich, vi- nous flavor, and pleas- ant perfume. The trees are large, healthy, very productive, and are easily suited as to soils. The trees do not bear early, but are regular in bearing after this life event begins. In Europe, the variety is successfully grown as a dwarf, and the pear-growers of a generation ago in America recommend this va- riety as one of the good sorts to work on the quince. The variety is a valuable one for home orchards. Beurré Superfin was raised from a bed of pear seeds made at Angers, France, by M. Goubault in 1837. 77. Beurré Superfin. (X%) BRANDYWINE 81 Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, hardy, very productive; trunk unusually stocky, rough- ish; branches thick, rough and shaggy, zigzag, dull brownish-red, sprinkled with numerous, elongated lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 1% inches wide, stiff; apex abruptly pointed; margin tipped with small glands, coarsely serrate; petiole 1% inches long. Fruit matures in October; large, 3% inches long, 2% inches wide, roundish-oblate, with a short, thick, rounded neck, symmetrical ; stem 14 inches long, very thick, curved; cavity very shallow and narrow or lacking, the flesh tapering into the stem or wrinkled jn a fleshy fold about the base of the stem, often lipped; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, broad; basin narrow, obtuse, gently furrowed, symmetrical; skin very granular, ten- der, smooth; color dull yellow, netted and streaked with light russet, often with a slight brownish-russet cheek ; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow, granular, melting, buttery, very juicy, sweet, rich, with brisk vinous flavor, aromatic; quality very good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines ; ealyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. BLOODGOOD. Bloodgood has long been a standard summer pear in America, surpassing any European associates of its season, in both fruit- and tree-characters. The fruits are meritorious for flesh of fine texture, which is melting, juicy, and has a rich, sweet, perfumed flavor. The quality is variable, being very good one season and poor another. The re- ports of poor flavor arise from the fact that the quality is always poor if the fruit is not picked as soon as fully grown and ripened indoors. The season in New York is August. The trees are resistant to blight, healthy, hardy, bear young and regularly, are long- lived, and attain large size. The variety has little value in commercial plantations, but is prized for home use. Bloodgood seems to have been brought to notice about 1835 by James Bloodgood, Flushing, Long Island. Tree upright, dense, slow-growing, productive ; branches zigzag, reddish-brown, marked with few small lenticels. Leaves 244 inches long, 13g inches wide, oval, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole 114 inches long, slender, tinged red. Flowers early, 144 inches across, in dense clusters, 7 or 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in late August; medium in size, 2 inches long, 2% inches wide, roundish-pyriform to acute-pyriform, symmetrical, uniform, with equal sides; stem % inch long, thick; cavity russeted, lipped, drawn up in fleshy folds about the stem; calyx open, small; lobes separated at the base, short, broad, obtuse; basin narrow, obtuse, smooth, symmetrical; skin thick, tough, roughish; color bright yellow, with patches and nettings of russet, producing a mottled russet effect ; dots many, small, russet; flesh tinged yellow, granular, melting, buttery, rich, very juicy, sweet, highly flavored, aromatic; quality very good; core small, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, narrow, conical ; seeds small, short, plump, acute. BOSC: See Beurré Bosc. BRANDYWINE. Fig. 78. Were it not that Tyson is better in tree and fruit, Brandy- wine, which ripens its crop with that of Tyson, could be put down as the best pear of its season. Tyson is the better variety, however, and Brandywine has a place in the American pear flora only because the pears have a dis- tinct flavor which gives them the charm of individuality. The flesh is neither sweet nor perfumed as is that of most pears at this season, but has the piquant smack of some of the winter pears which makes the fruits par- 82 BUFFUM ticularly refreshing. The tree is vigorous, with a handsome pyramidal top. The variety is worth planting for the sake of diversity in home orchards. The original tree, a chance 78. Brandywine. (*%) seedling, was found on the farm of Eli Harvey, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, on the banks of the Brandywine River. Tree large, vigorous, very upright, dense-topped, pro- ductive; branches long, olive-gray, sprinkled with round- ish lenticels. Leaves small, long-ovate; apex taper- pointed; margin serrate; ‘petiole 1% inches long. Flowers % inch across, in dense clusters, average 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripens in late August and early September; 2% inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-pyriform; stem 1% inches long, fleshy, curved, obliquely attached; cavity lacking, the flesh drawn up in a wrinkled fold about the base of the stem; calyx large, open; lobes short, entire; basin small, shallow, usually smooth ; skin roughish; color yellow, blushed with red on the sunny side, marked with tracings of russet especially near the cavity; dots numerous, large, conspicuous, russet; flesh whitish, or faintly tinged with yellow, granular, melting, juicy, ‘aromatic, vinous; qual- ity good to very good; core small; seeds few, small, dark brown. BUFFUM. Buffum has meritorious charac- ters of the tree which should keep it in the list of standard varieties. The trees are re- markably vigorous, nearly free from blight, very productive, although they have a ten- dency to bear biennially. The quality of the fruits is variable. At times the flesh is rich, aromatic, melting and very good; again, it may be insipid or even illy flavored, devoid of perfume, coarse in texture and poor. The fruits are never large and often run small. To attain good quality, the pears must be picked early and ripened in a moderately cool fruit- room. The culture of Buffum is on the wane, chiefly for the reason that its fruits ripen with those of Seckel and fail in competition, the Seckels being nearly as large and much better in quality. The original tree of Buffum grew in the garden of David Buffum, Warren, Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, very upright, immune to blight, very productive; zigzag, reddish-brown, with numerous small Leaves 3% inches long, 2 inches wide, oval, dense, hardy, almost branches shaggy, lenticels. thin, CLAPP FAVORITE leathery; apex abruptly pointed; margin glandular, finely serrate; petiole 24% inches long. Flowers 14% inches across, showy, in dense clusters, 6 to 8 flowers in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late September and October ; 2% inches long, more than 2 inches wide, uniform in size and shape, oblong-obovate-pyriform, with unequal sides; stem % inch long, very thick; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted, gently furrowed, often slightly lipped; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, obtuse; basin shallow, obtuse, gently furrowed ; skin thick, tough and granular, smooth except for the russet markings, dull; color deep brownish-yellow, with a bright reddish blush on the exposed cheek toward the basin; dots many, small, brownish or russet, conspicu- ous; flesh white, tinged with yellow, firm, granular, stringy toward the center, juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality good; core large, closed; core-lines clasping ; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, plump, acute. CLAIRGEAU: See Beurré Clairgeau. CHRON D AN Pits Cos apd 79. Clapp Favorite. (X¥%) CLAPP FAVORITE. Fig. 79. Clapp Fa- vorite is the standard late summer pear to precede Bartlett, which it much resembles in size, shape, color and flavor. The season is usually a week or sometimes ten days before that of Bartlett. The chief fault of the fruits is that they soon soften at the center after ripening, to obviate which they should be picked at least ten days before they would ripen on the tree. This softening at the core debars the fruit from distant markets, and makes it suitable only for local trade. The fruits are usually a little larger than those of Bartlett. The trees of Clapp Favorite are nearly perfect except that they go down quickly when blight is epidemic. Two good characters of the trees redeem the variety from failure because of blight. After those of Flemish Beauty and Tyson, the trees of this variety show greater hardihood to cold than those of any other standard sort; and of all pears in America, Kieffer not excepted, the trees of Clapp Favorite are most fruitful. Other merits of the tree are large size, vigor, longevity, and earliness and regularity in bear- COLONEL WILDER ing. The variety shows a predilection for heavy soils, and the trees may be set on the heaviest clays. Clapp Favorite is desirable wherever pears are grown in America and is one of the half-dozen leading sorts of the country. This variety originated with Thad- deus Clapp, Dorchester, Massachusetts, but the date of its origin is uncertain. It was mentioned as a promising new fruit in 1860. Tree large, upright-spreading, round-topped, produc- tive; trunk stocky, rough; branches characteristically shaggy, zigzag, reddish-brown, marked by few small, roundish, raised lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, oval, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin glandular, finely serrate; petiole 2 inches long. Flowers very showy, 154 inches across, large, well distributed, averaging 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late August and early September; large, 4 inches long, 3% inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, symmetrical ; stem 144 inches long, thick, curved, fleshy; cavity shal- low, narrow, lipped, with a fleshy ring around the stem; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acuminate, erect and very stiff; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, glossy; color pale lemon-yellow, mottled and dotted with bright red, deepening in highly colored specimens to a crimson blush, with faint traces of russet; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow, very granular and gritty at the center, tender and melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, rich, vinous, aromatic; quality very good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-shaped; seeds medium in size and width, plump. COLONEL WILDER. Colonel Wilder originated in California and was once a favorite there, but is now little planted. At one time it was prominent in eastern orchards because of its late season and large, handsome, well- flavored fruits. The variety came in competi- tion with Beurré d’Anjou, however, the season and fruits of the two being very similar, but the trees of Colonel Wilder were so greatly outmatched by those of Beurré d’Anjou that the new variety is less and less planted in the East. Perhaps it is worth preserving in pear collections for the sake of variety. This pear was raised by Bernard S. Fox of San José, California, about 1870. Tree medium in size, spreading and drooping, open- topped, an uncertain bearer; trunk shaggy; branches stocky, very rough, reddish-brown, marked with many lenticels. Leaves 214 inches long, 114 inches wide, narrow, short, oval, leathery; apex abruptly pointed; margin glandless, finely serrate; petiole 2%4 inches long, slender, pale green or yellowish, sometimes with a tinge of pink. Blossoms open very late; flowers 144 inches across, in dense clusters, 7 or 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit in season late December to February; large, 3 inches long, 2% inches wide, uniform in size, ribbed, oblong-obovate-pyriform, with unequal sides; stem % inch long, thick, curved; cavity small, obtuse, shallow, narrow, furrowed, occasionally lipped; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, usually smooth, symmetrical ; skin thick, tough, rough, dull; color light yellow, often with a faint orange-red blush on the exposed cheek, with nettings and markings of russet; dots numerous, small, grayish and russet-colored, conspicuous; flesh yellowish-white, granular around the core, melting, buttery, very juicy, sweet, aromatic, with a musky flavor; quality good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds wide, plump, acute. COLUMBIA. Once a favorite in eastern United States, Columbia is planted now only in collections. When pear-growing was being DANA HOVEY 83 attempted in the southern states, before the advent of Kieffer, Garber, and Le Conte, Co- lumbia was the most dependable sort for the South. The pears are not attractive in ap- pearance, nor remarkably good in quality, but the trees are vigorous, healthy and very fruit- ful, although they come in bearing late. This variety must not be confused with the Co- lumbia now listed in many catalogs, the proper name of which is Barseck. The original seed- ling grew on the farm of a Mr. Casser, West- chester County, New York. In 1835 stock was propagated from the original tree, which was then fifteen inches in diameter. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive ; trunk stocky, rough; branches thick, rough and shaggy, dull brownish-red, marked with round lenticels. Leaves 314 inches long, 14% inches wide, long-oval, thin; apex abruptly pointed; margin finely serrate, usually tipped with very small glands; petiole 244 inches long. Blossoms late; flowers 134 inches across, very showy, in dense clusters, 9 to 12 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe from late November to January; large, 3 inches long, 2% inches wide, uniform in size, oblong-obovate-pyriform, broad at the middle, unequal sides, uniform in general shape; stem 1 inch long, curved, thick; cavity obtuse, very shallow and narrow, smooth ; calyx partly open, large; lobes narrow, acumi- nate; basin shallow, obtuse, slightly wrinkled; skin thick, granular, tough, rough, dull; color yellowish- green, frequently with a dotted, dull red blush on the exposed cheek; dots many, of various colors, conspicu- ous; flesh yellowish-white, firm, granular, rather tough, very juicy, sweet, aromatic and rich; quality good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube wide, conical; seeds narrow, very long, often flattened and abortive, acuminate. COMICE: See Doyenné du Comice. DANA HOVEY. Dana Hovey is a deli- cious little dessert pear, so juicy, sweet, and rich that it is a veritable sweetmeat. It is one of the best pears to succeed Seckel; the fruits come in season about the middle of No- vember and keep from six weeks to two months. The flavor is that of Winter Nelis with a smack of Seckel. The pears are more brightly colored than those of Seckel, and are larger so that the fruits are more attractive. The trees are hardy, vigorous, and thrive on various soils, but are only moderately pro- ductive and are somewhat susceptible to blight. Dana Hovey is one of few winter pears with fruits of high quality, for which reason it is very desirable for home use and ought to have value in commercial plantations. Francis Dana, Roxbury, Massachusetts, introduced this pear about 1854 under the name Dana’s Hovey in honor of C. M. Hovey, author of The Fruits of America. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, rapid-growing, productive; trunk stocky; branches reddish-brown, marked by few small lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 2%% inches wide, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin glandless or with few reddish glands, finely serrate; petiole short, stocky, 1% inches long, glabrous. Flowers 1% inches across, in dense clusters, average 8 buds in 2 cluster. Fruit matures in late October and November ; medium in size, 2% inches long, 24% inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, symmetrical, uniform; stem % inch long, slender; cavity abrupt, shallow, very small, narrow, slightly lipped; calyx partly open, small; lobes short, narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth, symmetrical; skin thin, tender, smooth; color golden-yellow, covered with thin russet; dots numerous, 84 DEARBORN small, greenish-russet ; flesh tinged with yellow, granular at the center, tender and melting, juicy, sweet, highly perfumed, juicy, aromatic; quality of the best; core large, closed, abaxile; calyx-tube short, plump, obtuse. DEARBORN. Dearborn’s Seedling. Once a favorite, Dearborn is now nearly lost to culti- vation. It is too good a variety to be lost, however. The fruits ripen early and are of good quality, though hardly as richly flavored as those of Elizabeth which ripen at the same time. Unfortunately the pears run small, but they are attractive in shape and color. In season, the crop succeeds that of Bloodgood, and precedes that of Bartlett. The trees are almost flawless, and are as well adapted to home orchards where fruits cannot receive the care of skilled hands, as any other pear. Be- sides being almost free from blight, the trees are hardy, vigorous, and very productive. The variety has many valuable qualities for a sum- mer pear in home orchards. This pear was found in 1818 at Roxbury, Massachusetts, near the home of General H. A. S. Dearborn. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, tall, rapid-growing, very productive; branches thick, zigzag, reddish-brown, marked by many reddish-brown lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 144 inches wide, thin; apex obtusely pointed; margin with very fine dark tips, finely and shallowly serrate; petiole tinged red, 1% inches long, glabrous. Flowers showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters, 9 or 10 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late August ; small, 2 inches long, 2% inches wide, uniform, roundish-pyriform, with a slight neck, symmetrical, uniform; stem 1 inch long, slender; cavity obtuse, shal- low, narrow, thinly russeted, often lipped; calyx open, large; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acuminate ; basin very shallow, obtuse, gently furrowed and wrin- kled, symmetrical ; skin thick, very tough, smooth, dull ; color clear pale yellow, with russet specks; dots numer- ous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh white, slightly granular at the center, tender and melting, very juicy, sweet but spicy, aromatic; quality good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. DIEL: See Beurré Diel. DORSET. Late Seckel. Dorset has been on probation for twenty-five years, but its status is not yet decided. The fruits resemble those of Seckel in shape and color, but are larger and come in season later. These ex- ternal resemblances to Seckel have given it the name “Late Seckel,’’ which, however, is a misnomer, as a taste of the two fruits at once makes plain. Dorset is not nearly as richly flavored as Seckel. The tree-characters are very good. Since there are few good late pears to follow Seckel, there may be a place for Dorset. The variety was raised from seed by Lemuel Clapp, Dorchester, Massachusetts, and was introduced in 1895. Tree small, spreading, slow-growing, very productive, a regular bearer; trunk slender, shaggy; branches slender, smooth, reddish-brown, marked with many large lenticels Leaves 3 inches long, 14% inches wide, oval, leathery ; apex taper-pointed; margin crenate; petiole 1% inches long, slender. Blossoms open very early; flowers often 1%, inches across, s»owy, in dense clusters, from 8 to 12 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in December; below medium in size, 2% inches long, 2546 inches wide, uniform in size and shape, obovate- obtuse-pyriform, with unequal sides; stem % _ inch long, curved; cavity almost lacking, obtuse, shallow, narrow, furrowed, compressed, often lipped; calyx open ; lobes separated at the base, long, acute; basin narrow, DOYENNE D’ALENGON obtuse, gently furrowed; skin thick, smooth, dull greenish-yellow, marked with a dull bronze-red blush on the exposed cheek; dots many, small, grayish and Tusset, conspicuous; flesh yellowish-white, firm, granular at the center, tender, very juicy, very sweet and aromatic; quality good; core closed, with clasping core- lines ; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute, broad at the base. DOUGLAS. In regions where blight and heat make pear-growing precarious, and pears with oriental blood, as Kieffer, Garber and Le Conte, must be grown, Douglas, which be- longs with the pears just named, might well be tried. It is better in flavor than any other variety of its class. The trees come in bearing remarkably early, and are as productive as those of Kieffer, though hardly as large or vigorous. The trees are inclined to overbear, in which case the fruits run small. The va- riety has little to recommend it, but those who grow Kieffer might put it on probation with the hope of growing a fruit passably fair for dessert. Douglas is a seedling of Kieffer crossed, it is believed, with Duchesse d’An- gouléme by O. H. Ayer, Lawrence, Kansas, about 1897. Tree medium in size and vigor, upright, very produc- tive; trunk slender, smooth; branches slender, dull brownish-red. Leaves 3% inches long, 14% inches wide, thick; apex taper-pointed; margin glandless, finely and shallowly serrate; petiole 15g inches long. Flowers 1%4 inches across, white or occasionally with a faint tinge of pink, 11 or 12 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in October; large, 344 inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-pyriform, tapering at both ends like the Kieffer ; stem 15g inches long, slender; cavity deep, narrow, compressed, often lipped; calyx small, partly open; basin furrowed; skin thick, tough; color pale yellow, heavily dotted and sometimes flecked with russet; dots numerous, small, light russet or greenish; flesh tinged with yellow, firm but tender, granular, very juicy, sweet yet with an invigorating flavor; quality good; core closed, axile; calyx-tube short, wide; seeds long, plump, acute. DOYENNE D’ALENCON. This old French pear is worth planting because of its very late fruits and long season. The pears come in season under ordinary conditions in December and keep until March. The fruits are not remarkable for either taste or appear- ance, but are good for a winter product when there is little competition with other varieties. In some seasons the pears fail to ripen, and the variety should be planted only on warm soils and in situations where the season is warm and long. This variety is much grown in Europe on the quince. A pear of this name and season was found at Orléans in 1628, in the orchard of Le Lectier, the renowned French pomologist. Tree upright, dense-topped, productive; trunk thick, shaggy; branches stocky, reddish-brown. Leaves 2% inches long, 1144 inches wide, thin; apex taper-pointed ; margin with few glands, coarsely serrate; petiole 25% inches long, glabrous, with tinge of red, slender. Flowers early, 144 inches across, in dense clusters, average 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe December-February ; 2% inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, sym- metrical, uniform; stem % inch long, thick, curved; eavity obtuse, shallow, symmetrical, often slightly lipped, small; calyx open, large; lobes not separated at the base, broad; basin narrow, abrupt, smooth, symmetrical ; skin very thick, tough, rough; color dull greenish-yellow with a faint orange blush on the exposed cheek, marked with many brown and russet dots and netted with russet ; DOYENNE BOUSSOCK dots numerous, small, brownish-russet ; flesh tinged with yellow, granular at the center, tender and melting, juicy, aromatic, with a lively vinous flavor; quality good; core large, closed, axile, with clasping core-lines; calyx- tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. DOYENNE BOUSSOCK. Fig. 80. Bous- sock. If the fruits were better in quality and kept longer, this variety would take rank among the best commercial sorts, for the pears are handsome and the trees are nearly flawless. The briskly acid flavor is not pleasing to many, and the fruits become soft at the center soon 80. Doyenné Boussock. (14) after ripening. The pears are above medium in size and are sometimes large or very large. The seeds are often abortive. The trees are very large and vigorous, as hardy to cold as those of any other pear, little susceptible to blight, and remarkable for their prominent buds and large, thick, glossy green leaves, which turn deep red in the autumn. On some soils the trees do not hold their crop well, and it is always best to plant them where there is protection against heavy winds. The trees are prodigious bearers, and bear regularly—charac- ters which make the variety desirable for local markets. This pear is supposed to have been raised by the Belgian, Van Mons, at the be- ginning of the nineteenth century. Tree very large, vigorous, upright-spreading, tall, hardy, productive; trunk thick, shaggy; branches stocky, shaggy, grayish-brown. Leaves 3% inches long, 1% inches wide, leathery; apex abruptly pointed; margin very finely serrate; petiole 1% inches long, slender. Flowers early, showy, 15@ inches across, in dense clusters, average 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in early September; large, 3 inches long, 2% inches wide, uni- form, obtuse-obovate-pyriform, symmetrical ; stem 1 inch long, very thick; cavity obtuse, shallow, broad, often russeted, furrowed, lipped; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, broad, acute; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, gently furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth except for the russet nettings; color pale yellow, occasionally with a mottled pinkish-red blush, more or less netted with russet; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh white, tender and melting, buttery, very juicy, briskly acid; quality good; core large, closed, axile, with meeting core-lines; calyx-tube very short, wide, broadly conical; seeds black, narrow, long, flattened, often abortive. DOYENNE DU COMICE 85 DOYENNE DU COMICE. Fig. 81. Comice. This pear has been esteemed long and justly for the beauty and high quality of its fruits, and, if its tree-characters were better, the variety would take high place in commercial orcharding as well as for the home orchard to which it is now almost wholly con- fined. The fruits are very large, smooth, ex- cept for russet markings, clear handsome yel- low, sometimes brightened by a delicate blush, with yellow, fine-grained flesh, which is tender, melting, very juicy, sweet, piquant, perfumed. 81. Doyenné du Comice. (X%%) The quality is so good that the fruits of this variety are called by many the best of all pears. The list of faults for the trees is as long as the list of merits for the fruits. The trees make a poor growth in the nursery; must be humored in soil, climate, and care; they are subject to blight; while usually pro- ductive, they are not always so; lastly, they are a little below the average in hardihood to cold. The variety thrives on the Pacific slope where it is a valuable commercial pear. The parent tree of Doyenné du Comice was taken from the first seed-bed made in the fruit-gar- den of the Comice Horticole, Angers, France. Tree vigorous, characteristically upright, dense, usually productive; branches smooth, marked with large lenticels. Leaves 31%4 inches long, 1% inches wide, oval, leathery ; margin finely serrate; petiole 2 inches long. Blossoms open late; flowers 114 inches across, in dense clusters, about 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late October and November; large, 3 inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, with unequal sides; stem 14% inches long, very thick, curved; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted and wrinkled, often with a fleshy ring around the base of the stem; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, long, narrow, acuminate; basin wide, obtuse, furrowed; skin tough and granular, smooth except for the russet markings, dull; color clear yellow, often with a faint russet-red blush on the exposed cheek, the surface heavily covered with large patches and nettings of russet; dots many, small, dark brown; flesh yellow, fine-grained near the outside but granular toward the core, melting, tender, buttery, very juicy, sweet and vinous, aromatic; quality very good to best; core closed, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube short, wide, conical ; seeds large, wide, long, rather plump, acute, often abortive. 86 DROUARD DROUARD: See Président Drouard. DUCHESSE D’ANGOULEME. Fig. 82. Angouléme. The fruits of Duchesse d’An- gouléme excite admiration and wonder by their enormous size. They may always be known by their size, squat pyriform shape, and uneven knobby surface. Well grown, the flesh is buttery and melting with a rich and delicious flavor; but poorly grown, and on unfavorable 82. Duchesse d’Angouléme. («%) soils, the flesh is granular, coarse-grained, but half-melting, and nearly devoid of the richness that characterizes the fruits in happier situa- tions. The trees are vigorous, hardy and healthy, bear abundantly under favorable con- ditions, and succeed either as standards or dwarfs. Possibly this sort is best grown as a dwarf, and in America at-least is more often worked on the dwarfing quince than on the pear. This variety is the favorite dwarf pear for garden and home orchard, and commercial orchards of dwarfed trees are not uncommon. On either stock, the tree makes a beautiful and symmetrical pyramid, and comes in bear- ing early and bears regularly. This variety is more popular in New York than in any other part of America, and while less planted than formerly, is still regarded as a standard late autumn variety. The original tree of Duchesse d’Angouléme was a wilding growing in a garden near Angers, France. It was introduced about 1812. Tree vigorous, upright, becoming spreading, dense- topped, slow-growing, productive; branches _ stocky, shaggy, zigzag, dull reddish-brown, marked with small lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 15 inches wide, oval, thick, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin marked with minute dark brown glands, crenate, or nearly entire; petiole 1% inches long. Flowers 13g inches across, 7 or 8 buds in each cluster. Fruit ripe October- November ; large, often very large, 3% inches long, 2% inches wide, uniform jin size, oblong-obovate-pyriform DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU with irregular and uneven surface and with sides often unequal; stem 1% inches long, very thick, curved; cavity acute, deep, furrowed, irregular, often lipped; calyx partly open, small; lobes short, narrow, acute; basin medium to deep, abrupt, furrowed and uneven, often corrugated; skin thick, granular, roughened with russet; color dull yellow, streaked, spotted and netted with dull russet; dots numerous, russet, conspicuous ; flesh white, firm, melting, tender, granular, juicy, sweet, rich and delicious; quality good to very good; core closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds small, narrow, flat, acute, often abortive. DUCHESSE D’ORLEANS. Saint-Nico- las. While in no way remarkable, this variety is too valuable to be discarded. The pears are bright yellow with a brilliant cheek, the whole fruit being more or less mottled with golden russet; smooth of skin; symmetrical in shape; and the fruits are more uniform in size than those of most varieties. While the flesh is a little dry and not as rich in flavor as that of most other varieties of its season, it is so crisp and refreshingly piquant in con- trast to the sweeter, buttery pears with which it ripens, that the variety finds favor with all who like pears. The variety fails in its tree- characters. The trees are late in coming in bearing; not very vigorous; somewhat tender to cold; and do not resist blight well. The variety is well worth planting in the home orchard. This pear is a chance seedling found by M. Maurier near Angers, France. Tree medium in size and vigor, spreading, rapid- growing, moderately productive; branches medium in thickness and smoothness, reddish-brown, with few in- distinct lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 14% inches wide ; apex taper-pointed; margin tipped with small brownish glands, coarsely serrate; petiole 2 inches long, glabrous, reddish-green. Flowers showy, 13g inches across, in dense clusters, average 7 buds in a cluster, the petals widely separated at the base. Fruit matures in late September and October; medium in size, 2% inches long, 21%, inches wide, obovate-acute-pyriform, symmetrical ; stem 1 inch long, thick; cavity lacking, the flesh drawn up in a symmetrical fold about the stem; calyx small, open; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acute; basin very shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth or slightly wrinkled ; skin thin, tender, smooth; color yellow overlaid with a pinkish-red blush, faintly mottled with golden russet ; dots numerous, whitish or russet, conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow, firm, granular, crisp, juicy, subacid ; quality good; core small, closed, axile, with meeting core-lines ; calyx-tube short, conical; seeds long, plump, acute. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU. Duhamel. The unattractive little fruits of this pear would have small value were it not for the fact that they are delicious in quality, and come into edible condition about the latest of all pears. The fruits are similar to those of Winter Nelis, differing in shape somewhat, but are even bet- ter in quality and keep longer. They are dis- tinguished by a musky taste and perfume, which is especially agreeable to those who like rich, sweet, perfumed pears. The trees are better than most of their orchard associates, and far superior to the unmanageable Winter Nelis with which this variety must compete. After a probationary period of a half century in America, Duhamel du Monceau has not. found favor with commercial orchardists, but pear fanciers value it for its delectable late- keeping fruits. Duhamel du Monceau was obtained from seed by André Leroy, Angers, France. EARLY HARVEST Tree vigorous, upright, dense, slow-growing, hardy; branches thick, zigzag, dull brownish-red, marked with numerous, large lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, long, folded lengthwise with the margins curled under, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin entire or very coarsely crenate; petiole 2 inches long, slender. Blossoms open late, 1 inch across, well dis- tributed, averaging 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe October-November; 3% inches long, 2% inches wide, roundish-pyriform or at times oblong-pyriform, sym- metrical, with equal sides; stem 1 inch long, curved, thick; cavity lacking, the stem being attached to the smooth, flat surface; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, short, obtuse or acute; basin shallow, obtuse, gently furrowed, small; skin thin, tender, roughened by the russet skin, dull; color greenish-yellow nearly overspread with solid, russet or at times only splashed, spotted and sprinkled with russet; dots many, small, russet, obscure, slightly raised; flesh yellowish-white, granular around the core, melting, buttery, very juicy, vinous; quality very good; core variable in size, closed, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube short, wide, conical ; seeds elongated-oval, wide, plump, acute. EARLY HARVEST. Chambers. The fruits of Early Harvest are so poor in quality, and rot at the core so soon after ripening, that the variety is hardly worth growing. To offset these defects, the pears are large and handsome for early fruits, and the trees are healthy, regular, and heavy bearers. The pear is char- acterized by a thick, fleshy stem and a large, closed core. Nurserymen report that the tree is difficult to propagate, and fruit-growers find that it is slow in coming in bearing; the growth is usually straggling and difficult to manage in nursery or orchard. The variety is more popular in the Middle West than in any other part of the country. This variety appears to have been brought to Middletown, Kentucky, from Maryland by Captain William Chambers about 1800. Tree large, very vigorous, upright-spreading, dense- topped, very hardy, productive, long-lived; trunk very stocky, shaggy; branches thick, shaggy, zigzag, dull red- dish-brown mingled with green and heavily marked with numerous large, elongated lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 2% inches wide} apex very abruptly pointed; mar- gin glandless, varying from finely serrate to entire ; petiole 156 inches long, slender. Flowers open early, showy, 14% inches across, well distributed, average 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripens in August; large, obovate-obtuse- pyriform, symmetrical; stem very thick, fleshy at its juncture with the cavity; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, often wrinkled and drawn up in fleshy folds about the base of the stem, calyx small, open; lobes short, obtuse ; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, wrinkled; skin thin, smooth; color pale yellow, more or less overspread on the cheek with a pinkish blush, occasionally mingled with stripes of carmine; dots numerous, small, greenish- russet, obscure; flesh yellowish, firm, granular, crisp, somewhat tough, variable in juiciness; quality poor; core large, closed, axile, with clasping core-lines; calyx- tube very long, narrow ; seeds wide, short, plump, obtuse. EASTER BEURRE. Doyenné d’Hiver. The fruit-books of Europe have so much to say in praise of Easter Beurré that the variety has been tried time and again in America, but nearly always with unfavorable results. It grows well only in warm climates and on light, warm soils, and refuses to ripen its crop on any others. There are occasional places in eastern America where Easter Beurré can be well grown, but for most part it is at home only on the Pacific slope. The fruits are of first rate excellence when at their best, and add much to the winter supply of pears. They are excellent shippers and keep well in common ELIZABETH 87 or cold storage, so that where the variety suc- ceeds it is valuable for home, distant and for- eign markets. The trees are in every way satisfactory except that they bloom earlier than other sorts, and are susceptible to the scab-fungus in both fruit and foliage; they are hardy, vigorous, and productive. Easter Beurré originated at a monastery in Louvain, Belgium, about 1823. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, slow- growing, hardy, variable in yield; trunk and branches medium in thickness and smoothness; branches reddish- brown sprinkled with inconspicuous lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 14% inches wide, thin; apex abruptly pointed; margin finely serrate, the teeth very short, tipped with red; petiole 2 inches long, slender. Flowers 1% inches across, occasionally tinged with pink in the bud, average 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit in season late December to February; 3 inches long, 23g inches wide, obovate-pyriform, with a short, thick neck; stem %4 inch long, thick, woody; cavity acute, very deep, narrow, furrowed, uneven, compressed; calyx open; lobes narrow, acute; basin deep, narrow, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, roughened by the dots, the surface uneven; color yellow, marked with many russet dots and with a few patches and veinings of russet and often with a dull brownish-red blush; dots numerous, small, very conspicuous, russet; flesh tinged with yellow, quite granular especially near the center and toward the calyx, tender and melting, juicy, buttery, sweet, with a rich, pleasant flavor which is neither vinous nor sprightly, very aromatic; quality very good; core large, closed, axile, with meeting core-lines; calyx- tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. ELIZABETH. Manning’s Elizabeth. Eliz- abeth is among the best summer pears for eastern America, either for home consumption or for the markets. The characters which com- mend it are: handsome, well-flavored fruits; and vigorous, hardy, productive trees, which are as resistant to blight as those of any other European pear, and which come in bearing early and bear annually. Faults are: the fruits are small; they are a little coarse in texture of flesh, which is a little too gritty; and the flavor, while good for an early pear, is not sweet and rich. The trees are nearly flawless, failing, if at all, in not attaining sufficient size. The crop is often borne in clusters—a defect by reason of which the fruits are often small. But even with these faults, this is one of the best of summer pears. Elizabeth is a Belgian pear which originated with Van Mons early in the nineteenth century. Tree small, upright, dense-topped, hardy, very pro- ductive ; trunk slender; branches brownish-green, marked by conspicuous, oval lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, stiff; apex variable; margin almost entire; petiole 2 inches long, slender, reddish-green ; stipules very small and slender when present. Flowers early, showy, 15g inches across, in dense clusters, average 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late August; inferior in size, 23g inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-obtuse- pyriform, symmetrical, uniform; stem 1 inch long, thick, curved; cavity acuminate, shallow, narrow, symmetrical, often lipped; calyx large, almost closed; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acuminate; basin shallow, obtuse, gently furrowed and wrinkled; skin tough, char- acteristically rough, glossy; color bright yellow with a beautiful, lively, pinkish-red cheek, mottled, mingled with brownish, minute specks; dots numerous, very small, conspicuous, russet or brown; flesh tinged with yellow, slightly granular under the skin, strongly granu- lar at the center, tender and melting, very juicy, sweet, vinous, aromatic; quality very good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical ; seeds wide, plump, acute. 88 FLEMISH BEAUTY FLEMISH BEAUTY. Fig. 83. At one time Flemish Beauty was a leading commercial variety in the pear regions of eastern America, but it has been supplanted by other varieties because the toll of blighted trees is too great, and the fruits are too often disfigured by the scab- fungus. Perhaps the latter is the greater fault, as Im some seasons no applications of spray (X%) 83. Flemish Beauty. give the pears a clean cheek, and they are blackened, scabbed, cracked and malformed with fungus. Not infrequently the scab- infected foliage drops before the crop matures. To offset these defects, the trees are unusually fruitful, and as hardy as those of any other variety. The fruits are nearly perfect if scab- free, and properly matured. The pears must be picked as soon as they attain full size and be permitted to ripen under cover. So treated, a bright-cheeked Flemish Beauty is as hand- some as any pear, and is almost unapproach- able in quality, the flavor being nicely bal- anced between sweetness and sourness, very rich, and has a distinct muskiness that all like. Blight and scab condemn tree and fruit for commercial orchards, but a lover of pears should combat these troubles for the sake of the choice fruits. The parent tree of this variety was a wilding found in a wood near Alost, Belgium, about the beginning of the nineteenth century. Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading, often with drooping branches, rapid-growing, hardy, productive ; trunk smooth; branches thick, shaggy, bright reddish- brown, with large lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 1% inches wide, oval, thick, leathery; apex taper-pointed ; margin finely serrate; petiole 2 inches long, usually slender. Flowers 1% inches across, in dense clusters, usually 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe late September and early October; large, nearly 2% inches long, 2% inches wide, uniform in size and shape, obovate-obtuse- pyriform, symmetrical, with nearly equal sides; stem 1% inches long, thick; cavity acute, shallow yet much deeper than in the average pear, narrow, slightly russeted, a little furrowed; calyx open; lobes partly separated at the base, short, obtuse; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, symmetrical; skin thick, tough, roughish, dull ; color clear yellow, overspread on the exposed cheek with a dotted and marbled, reddish blush; dots numerous, russet, FOX small, conspicuous; flesh yellowish-white, firm, becoming melting and tender, granular, juicy, sweet, aromatic, with a slight musky flavor; quality very good; core closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds rather long, plump, acute. FONDANTE DE NOEL. Belle de Noél. The fruit of this rare European pear is dis- tinguished by its trim top shape and russeted coat, which is usually enlivened with a dull, ruddy color on the sunny side. The flesh, while gritty near the core, is tender, juicy, buttery, very rich, sweet and aromatic. It is just the pear for those who prefer sweetness to vinousness, and who object to even a trace of astringency. The trees, while only medium in size, are vigorous, hardy, healthy and pro- ductive. The fruits are in season and at their best for Christmas. This pear was raised from seed by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Belgium. The tree fruited first in 1842. Tree medium in size and vigor, upright, hardy, pro- ductive; trunk thick, smooth; branches brownish-green. Leaves 34 inches long, 14% inches wide; apex taper- pointed; margin glandless, finely serrate; petiole 2% inehes long. Flowers showy, 1% inches across, white often tinged pink on the edges of petals, average 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures December-January; above medium in size, 2% inches long, 2%4 inches wide, roundish-turbinate, irregular; stem % inch long, thick, woody, obliquely set; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, furrowed, often lipped; calyx small, nearly closed; basin narrow, obtuse, furrowed; skin roughened by russet dots and patches; color dull greenish-yellow, with many dots, flecks and patches of russet, often with a faint trace of brownish-red on the sunny side; dots numerous, small, russet, rather conspicuous; flesh white, gritty only near the core, tender, buttery, juicy, sweet, highly aromatic; quality good to very good; core large, with meeting core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide; seeds large, long, plump, acute. FORELLE. Trout Pear. The fruits of Forelle satisfy the eye for bright colors, and are distinguished by trout-like specklings from which comes “Forelle,’ the German name for trout. Looks belie taste, however, for while the flesh is delicate and buttery, it is not highly flavored and disappoints those who re- gard high quality a prime requisite in a pear. The trees are very satisfactory in warm soils and exposure, but fail in heavy clays and cold climates. The variety is worth growing for its beautiful and distinctive fruits. The variety originated in northern Saxony at the beginning of the eighteenth century. in size, vigorous, upright, very hardy branches few, dark brownish-red, sprinkled with numerous lenticels. Leaves small, flat, round-ovate. Flowers open early. Fruit ripens Novem- ber-December ; medium in size, 3 inches long, 2 inches wide, oblong-obovate-pyriform, with a neck variable in Tree medium and very productive ; length; stem 1 inch long, slender; cavity shallow, oblique, narrow, often lipped; calyx small, open; lobes broad; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt; skin smooth; color yellow, more or less overlaid with pinkish-red, deepening to rich crimson next to the sun, profusely covered with grayish-russet dots which are margined or rayed with crimson; dots numerous, large and small, russet or grayish; flesh white, fine-grained, granular at the center, melting, buttery, juicy, aromatic, with a rich, vinous flavor; quality good; core medium in size; seeds nearly black, of medium size. FOX. Fox seems to have failed in the pear-growing regions of America, in spite of its having some excellent characters in both FREDERICK CLAPP fruit and tree. The fruits are not quite at- tractive enough to sell on the markets or to grace the table of the amateur, their rough, russet skins detracting greatly from their ap- pearance. When the skin is removed, how- ever, a better late fall pear cannot be found. The flesh is white, fine in texture, very juicy, melting, and has a brisk, vinous flavor and a pleasant aromatic smell and taste that at once place the quality very high. The trees are but mediocre in the prime characters of a good orchard plant. The variety is condemned for any purpose other than the collector’s planta- tion. Fox is one of many seedlings originated by B. S. Fox, San José, California, about 1870. Tree upright-spreading, round-topped, moderately pro- ductive; trunk slender; branches stocky, smooth, greenish-brown. Leaves 2% inches long, 144 inches wide, thick; apex abruptly pointed; margin nearly entire to finely serrate. Flowers open early. Fruit ripe October-November; large, 3% inches long, 24% inches wide, oblong-obovate-pyriform; stem 14 inches long, very thick, curved, obliquely set; cavity very shallow or lacking, the flesh folded up around the base of the stem; calyx closed or slightly open, variable in size; lobes much separated at the base, short, broad, acute; basin shallow, narrow, very small, furrowed and com- pressed; skin thick, granular, tough, roughened by the russet dots; color russet-yellow, often with a russet-red blush on the side next to the sun, overspread with russet ; dots numerous, conspicuous, russet; flesh white, granular near the core, melting, very juicy, sweet, mingled with a brisk vinous flavor, richly aromatic; quality very good; core large, closed; calyx-tube short, wide; seeds wide, plump, acute. FREDERICK CLAPP. Frederick Clapp has a place on the pear list, because it is one of the few good varieties with acidulous fruits. The refreshing, piquant flavor; the tender, melting, juicy flesh; and the bright lemon- yellow color without a trace of red give suffi- cient charm and character to the fruits to make the variety desirable in every collection of good pears. The trees are vigorous and healthy and form open, wide-spreading heads that commend them for orchard management. They grow with rapidity and vigor, come in bearing early, and are unusually fruitful. The variety is seldom planted in commercial or- chards, but it has a welcome place in every home orchard fortunate enough to have it. This pear was raised about 1870, by Lemuel Clapp, Dorchester, Massachusetts. Tree large, vigorous, upright becoming very spreading, with open top, hardy; trunk thick, shaggy; branches stocky, shaggy, zigzag, dull reddish-brown, marked with many small lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, ovate, stiff; apex taper-pointed; margin tipped with very fine, sharp-pointed, reddish-brown glands, finely serrate ; petiole 11%4 inches long, slender, glabrous. Flowers cup-shaped, often with a disagreeable odor, 1 inch wide, averaging 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in October ; medium in size, more than 2 inches long, 23% inches wide, variable in size; roundish or obovate, ir- regular in shape, stem % inch long, thick; cavity variable, often with a fleshy fold drawn up around the base of the stem; calyx open; lobes short, broad, obtuse; basin deep, wide, abrupt, usually smooth, symmetrical ; skin thin, tender, smooth; color lemon-yellow, often marked with flecks and mottlings of russet; dots nu- merous, small, russet, obscure; flesh with a tinge of yellow, fine, tender, melting, characteristically juicy, sweet, with a rich sprightliness; quality very good; core closed, axile, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube very short, wide, broadly conical; carpels obovate; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. GLOU MORCEAU 89 GANSEL SECKEL. There are no good reasons why this pear should be grown, it having received much more attention than it deserves during the half century it has been in America. It suffices to say that the fruits and trees are in no way equal to those of Seckel. While the pears are larger than those of Seckel, the yield is not as great, as the trees do not bear as regularly, nor as abund- antly; the crop ripens a little later. The fruits are not as well flavored, nor as attractively colored. The variety is still offered by many nurserymen, most of whom, however, condemn it with faint praise. Gansel Seckel was raised from seed a century ago by a Mr. Williams, Worcester, England. Tree upright-spreading, variable in yield; branches slender, zigzag, sprinkled with numerous lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 1% inches wide; apex taper-pointed ; margin tipped with few reddish glands, coarsely serrate ; petiole 144 inches long. Flowers open early, 1%4 inches across. Fruit ripens in late October and November; smail to medium, irregular, oblate-pyriform; stem % inch long, stout; cavity variable in width, shallow, irregular; calyx small, closed; lobes erect, acute; basin variable in width, deep; skin roughened with russet, uneven; color pale yellow, largely overspread with thin cinnamon-russet, sometimes faintly blushed on the ex- posed cheek; dots distinct, cinnamon-russet; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, melting, buttery, juicy, highly aromatic, with a rich perfume, sweet; quality very good. GARBER. Garber’s Hybrid. A few trivial differences separate Garber from Kieffer. The pears ripen a week or two earlier than those of Kieffer, are a little rounder, flatter at the ends, and some say are a little better in quality— certainly they are no worse to eat out of hand. The tree is hardy to heat and cold, and is much planted in the Mississippi Valley, North and South. The variety might be spar- ingly planted as an ornamental. Garber is one of many seedlings of the Chinese Sand pear, raised by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Penn- sylvania. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive with age; branches smooth, zigzag, reddish-brown. Leaves 3% inches long, 2% inches wide, thick; apex taper-pointed; margin with very minute and reddish tips, finely serrate; petiole 24% inches long, thick. Fruit ripe September-October; large, usually roundish-oblong and tapering toward both ends; stem 1 inch long, stout, obliquely set; cavity small, narrow, often deep and furrowed; calyx variable in size, partly open; lobes slender; basin broad, abrupt, deep, furrowed; color pale yellow, often with a brownish-red blush on the exposed cheek ; dots small, numerous, russet ; flesh white, granular, crisp but tender, juicy, neither sweet nor sour but with a peculiar pleasant flavor; quality in- ferior. GIFFORD: See Beurré Gifford. GLOU MORCEAU. This old winter pear is nearly lost to cultivation, but is worth growing because of the high quality of the fruit, and because the pears come in season in early winter when there are few others. The fruits are not attractively colored, but are rich and sugary without the least trace of acid, though when poorly grown are often astrin- gent. The quality is better in fruits from dwarf trees, and is better, also, when grown on heavy soils than on light ones. The fruits keep and ship remarkably well. The trees are 90 GUYOT neither very large nor vigorous, but are usually productive. The variety is in disrepute in many localities because the crop does not always ripen well. M. Hardenpont, a pioneer pear- breeder, raised this pear from seed about 1750 at Mons, Belgium. Tree vigorous, spreading, dense-topped, rapid-growing, productive; trunk stocky; branches thick, reddish- brown, marked with numerous, large lenticels. Leaves 2%, inches long, 1% inches wide, thick, leathery; apex taper-pointed ; margin occasionally with very few, small glands, coarsely or finely serrate; petiole 2 inches long, thick, glabrous, greenish. Flowers late, showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters, 8 to 11 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures November-December; large, 3% inches long, 234 inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, irregular, sides unequal, somewhat ribbed; stem % inch long, thick and woody, curved; cavity deep, narrow, russeted, deeply furrowed, compressed, lipped; calyx open; lobes long, narrow, acute; basin deep, smooth, broadly furrowed; skin tender, very gritty, dull, rough- ened by russet; color pale greenish-yellow, with patches and mottlings of light russet; dots numerous, small, con- spicuous, light russet; flesh tinged with yellow, fine- grained except near the core and under the skin, tender, buttery, sweet, with a rich, pleasant, aromatic flavor, mingled with astringency near the skin; quality good to very good; core closed, axile, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube short, broad, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. GUYOT. Doctor Jules Guyot. The fruits of Guyot bear strong resemblance to those of Bartlett, but differ in being larger, rather more handsomely colored, ripen a little earlier, have coarser flesh, and are very differently flavored. The product can seldom compete with that of Bartlett, or even with that of Clapp Favor- ite with which it ripens, because its season is exceedingly transitory. Unless picked quite green and ripened indoors, the pears rot at the center, and even when ripened under the best conditions quickly become mealy and insipid. Taken at the proper moment, the pears are better flavored than those of Bart- lett; they are richer and have a more delicate taste and perfume than the musky fruits of Bartlett. The trees are quite as satisfactory as those of Bartlett, unless, possibly, they fall short somewhat in productiveness. The va- riety is well worth planting in collections for its early, handsome, well-flavored fruits. Guyot was raised in the nurseries of the Baltet Broth- ers, Troyes, France, about 1870. Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright, hardy, pro- ductive, a regular bearer; trunk and branches brownish, marked by roundish, small, indistinct lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 134 inches wide; apex taper-pointed ; margin glandular, variable in serration; petiole 2 inches long, thick, reddish-green. Flowers open late, showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters, from 5 to 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripens in early September; very large, 3% inches long, 25% inches wide, oblong-obtuse-pyri- form, irregular, with unequal sides; stem 1% inches long, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, slightly russeted, drawn up on one side of the stem in a prominent lip; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, short, broad, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, furrowed; skin very thin, tender, roughish; color yellow, more or less mottled and with traces of russet, with a pinkish-red blush on the exposed cheek; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh yellowish- white, granular, tender, moderately juicy, sweet mingled with sprightliness; quality good; core closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, long, plump, acute. HARDY. See Beurré Hardy. HOWELL HOWELL. Fig. 84. Howell’s Seedling. Howell is everywhere condemned with faint praise. After having said that the trees are not above the average in vigor, healthfulness, hardiness, and fruitfulness, it remains only to 84. Howell. («%) be said that their spreading tops make them desirable orchard inhabitants and handsome dooryard ornamentals. The fruits cannot be praised for attractive appearance or good quality, but they are meritorious in that they are more often uniform in appearance, quality, and freedom from the ravages of the scab fungus than those of almost any other pear. These qualities make Howell an estimable variety for the home orchard where intensive care cannot be given. The trees bear early, annually, and abundantly. Howell seems to be better suited to the middle western states than to the eastern states. About 1830, Thomas Howell, New Haven, Connecticut, planted pear seeds in his garden; one of the trees resulting from these seeds was named Howell. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped; trunk thick; branches stocky, reddish-brown, with few small lenticels. Leaves 2 inches long, 14 inches wide, oval, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate, hairy, tipped with very minute glands; petiole 1144 inches long. Flowers open early, 13g inches across, in dense clusters, from 7 to 15 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late September-October; medium in size, 23% inches long, 24% inches wide, uniform in size and shape, round-obovate, symmetrical; stem 1 inch long, thick, straight ; cavity obtuse, very shallow and narrow, often with almost no:cavity, smooth, symmetrical; calyx open, small; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, obtuse; basin obtuse, but«slightly furrowed, nearly symmetrical ; skin smooth, dull; color pale lemon-yellow marked on the side exposed to the sun with a trace of blush and with patches and tracings of russet; dots many, small, Tusset, very conspicuous; flesh yellowish-white, firm but tender, granular, melting, very juicy, sweet, with a rich, somewhat brisk, almost vinous flavor, aromatic; quality very good; core rather large, closed, with clasping core- lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds long, plump, acute, frequently abortive. IDAHO IDAHO. There is much difference of opin- ion as to the value of Idaho. Without ques- tion, the variety is of considerable worth in parts of the Pacific Northwest, especially in regions where hardihood is a prime requi- site. In the East, the pears are only medium in size, but they are attractive in color and of excellent taste. The core is small, and the seeds are often abortive and sometimes want- ing. The flesh is tender, buttery and almost free from granulation, with a rich, sweet, vinous flavor which make the rating for this fruit “good to very good.” In many regions, the pears are large, rough and gross—some- times a facsimile of Duchesse d’Angouléme. The trees are rather dwarf and are fruitful to a fault, so that the pears often run small; they are hardier than those of almost any other pear and bear annually. To offset these good characters, the trees have the fault of blighting, so that the variety is of value only in regions where blight is not an annual scourge of this fruit. Idaho was raised from seed of an unknown variety about the year 1867 by a Mrs. Mulkey, Lewiston, Idaho. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very produc- tive; branches slender, smooth, reddish-brown, sprinkled with many small lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 14% inches wide, leathery; apex abruptly pointed; margin glandular, finely serrate; petiole 2 inches long. Flowers showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters, nearly in racemes, average 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures late September-October ; medium in size, 2 inches long, 24% inches wide, roundish, slightly pyriform, symmetrical ; stem 1 inch long, thick, slightly curved; caviiy acute, narrow, furrowed, slightly lipped; calyx closed; lobes broad, acute; basin shallow, obtuse, somewhat furrowed ; skin thick and granular, tough, roughish; color dull lemon-yellow, tinged with green, dotted and streaked with russet, splashed with russet patches; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh dull white, tinged with yellow, firm, tender, buttery, juicy, sweet, rich, almost vinous; quality good to very good; core closed, with elasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds wide, acute. JARGONELLE. At one time the best sec- ond early pear, Jargonelle is now little grown in America, native varieties having crowded it out. The crop ripens two or three weeks before that of Bartlett. The fruits are as attractive as any of their season, and are unique in shape and in having a long curved stem. The quality leaves much to be desired. The flesh is coarse, rather gritty, and the flavor lacks the rich sugary taste on the one hand, or the refreshing piquancy on the other hand, of good pears. The fruits rot at the core, and the season is short. The crop should be picked early and ripened in the house. The trees are large, vigorous and sometimes very productive, but are coarse, untidy bearers, and are often uncertain in bearing. Jargonelle is one of the oldest of all varieties, according to some, dating back to before the time of Christ. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, rapid- growing, hardy, very productive, long-lived; trunk shaggy; branches reddish-brown, with large lenticels. Leaves 3%4 inches long, 2 inches wide, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin tipped with few small, black glands, finely serrate; petiole 3 inches long, slender, tinged with red, glabrous. Flowers late, showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters, from 8 to 14 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late August; above medium in KIEFFER 91 size, 336 inches long, 2%. inches wide, oblong-ovate- pyriform, with an acute neck; stem characteristically long and curved, 1% inches long; cavity lacking, the flesh holding up around the base of the stem, russeted, lipped; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, long, broad, acute; basin very shallow and narrow, obtuse, gently furrowed, compressed; skin smooth; color yellow, with a bright reddish-pink blush laid thinly over the exposed cheek in streaks and splashes, when poorly grown without blush; dots numerous, greenish-russet, very small, obscure; flesh yellowish-white, granular under the skin, gritty at the center, melting, very juicy, subacid, aromatic, vinous; quality very good; core large, open, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube long, narrow, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. JOSEPHINE DE MALINES. Fig. 85. Malines. This is one of the few good winter pears. Its fruit-characters are so distinctive and meritorious that the variety should be grown in every home orchard. The fruits have a marked peculiarity; cut through the shaded yellow-russet skin, flesh with a faint, rosy tint is displayed. But it is the quality of the fruits that commends the variety most. The flesh is buttery, juicy, sweet, and perfumed— pleasing in every char- acter that gratifies the palate. The season is exceedingly variable, being given variously by pomologists from December to March and January to May. In the orchard, the trees are satisfactory, but nurserymen find them difficult to grow; this, no doubt, is the chief reason for the neg- lect of this excellent pear. The trees thrive in almost any soil or situation suitable to pears, and are fruitful, hardy, and resistant to blight. The variety deserves wider recognition than it now receives. This pear originated about 1830 in the seed-beds of Major Espéren, the well-known pomologist of Mechlin, Belgium. EERO DS PMN TE = 4 SPS AND ISS 85. Josephine de Malines. (X%) Tree large, vigorous, spreading, tall, dense-topped, rapid-growing, hardy, very productive; trunk stocky; branches thick, shaggy, reddish-brown, marked with few lenticels. Leaves 2%4 inches long, 1% inches wide, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole 1% inches long. Flowers early, 1% inches across, white, occasionally tinged with pink, well dis- tributed, average 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe December-February ; medium in size, turbinate, inclined to truncate; stem long, very thick; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, slightly furrowed; calyx large, open; lobes short, broad, obtuse; basin narrow, obtuse, smooth ; skin thick, tough, dull; color pale greenish-yellow, netted and patched more or less with russet; dots nu- merous, small, brown or russet, conspicuous; flesh pinkish-white, firm, granular, melting, buttery, very juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic; quality good; core large, closed, axile, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide; carpels pyriform; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acuminate. KIEFFER. Fig. 86. Although the most pretentious cheat in the orchard, Kieffer is grown more commonly than any other pear in North America excepting Bartlett. Its great popularity can be accounted for only by ac- cepting Barnum’s dictum that “Americans love 92 KIEFFER to be fooled.” There are several reasons why Kieffer is widely planted. No pear has been advertised so widely and so unqualifiedly, grow- ers of trees often supplying virtues to the va- riety which Nature denies it. Nurserymen like it because of all pears the trees of Kieffer are most easily grown; and in the orchard they are uniformly the most vigorous, fruitful, endure heat best, are least susceptible to blight, and withstand best the ravages of San José scale. On the other hand, the trees are tender to cold, in some soils refuse to set fruit, are often self- sterile, and sometimes with the best of care bear only pears of small size. Worthless for dessert, much can be said for the fruits of Kieffer for culinary preparation. Cooking re- moves the disagreeable natural taste of the raw pear, and leaves a good product. Canned, the pears retain their shape, color, and flavor well; therefore, and because of white and inviting flesh, Kieffers are preferred by commercial canners. Now that the first flush of popularity is past, it would seem a wise precaution on the part of pear-growers to grow this fruit chiefly for the cannery, supplying the demands for dessert pears with worthier varieties. Peter Kieffer, who lived near Philadelphia, grew Chinese Sand pears as ornamentals. In his garden there were also trees of Bartlett. Among chance seedlings, Kieffer observed one of pecu- liar growth which he saved. Probably it was a hybrid between the pears named. This bore fruit for the first time in 1863 and was the original Kieffer tree. Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, dense-topped, hardy, very productive; branches slender, nearly smooth, reddish-brown, marked with few small lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 1% inches wide, oval, thick, leathery ; apex taper-pointed; margin often finely serrate; petiole 1% inches long. Flowers open early, 15g inches across, fairly well distributed, varying from 3 to 11 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in late October and November ; above medium to large, 2% inches long, 2%4 inches wide, oval, narrowing at both ends, symmetrical, uniform ; KOONCE stem 1 inch long, thick; cavity very small, smooth; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, nearly smooth ; skin thick, tough, smooth; color yellow, occasionally blushed with dull pinkish-red on the exposed cheek; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous ; flesh yellowish- white, very granular and coarse, crisp, juicy; not sweet, often astringent; quality poor; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube short, wide, conical ; seeds wide, plump, acute. KINGSESSING. A summing up of the characters of Kingsessing makes it appear a most desirable sort. Nevertheless, its culture does not make headway. Growers rate it as a “good pear,” but will not grow it, for the reason that it has no outstanding characters for any region, season or purpose. The pears are a little under size for a good commercial fruit, and while the sweet, perfumed flavor is pleasant it lacks individuality. The variety is grown chiefly along the Atlantic Coast from Long Island to Maryland. This is a natural seedling which sprang up in the family burial ground of Isaac Leech, Kingsessing, Pennsyl- vania, about 1833. Tree very large and _ vigorous, dense-topped, rapid-growing, hardy ; branches very stocky, grayish-brown, sprinkled with numerous large lenticels. Leaves 2%4 inches long, 1% inches wide; apex abruptly pointed; margin glandular, finely serrate; petiole 1% inches long. Fruit ripens in September and October; medium in size, 2% inches long, 24% inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform ; stem 44 inch long, thick, usually curved, fleshy at the point of insertion in the flesh; cavity obtuse, shallow, slightly furrowed, occasionally lipped; calyx partly open; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acute; basin shal- low, gently furrowed, usually symmetrical ; skin granular, tender, roughish; color dull yellow, sprinkled and netted with russet, a thin brownish-red blush spreading over the exposed cheek; dots numerous, grayish or russet, small, conspicuous; flesh white, granular, tender and melting, sweet, aromatic; quality good; core closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds wide, long, plump, acute. upright-spreading, trunk very thick; KOONCE. Koonce is a popular early va- riety grown rather commonly in nearly every pear region in the United States. The trees make a good showing in the nursery and are hardy and productive in the orchard, although of but medium size and rather straggling at maturity. The pears are better in quality than those of Early Harvest or Lawson, with which it often competes, but are hardly as attrac- tive in appearance, as they are small and often irregular in shape. The color is unusually bright, especially on the red cheek. The pears decay quickly after maturity and are suitable only for home and local markets. This pear originated in southern Illinois, but by whom or at what time does not appear. The variety has been grown for more than thirty years. Tree upright-spreading, scraggfy, open-topped, hardy, productive; trunk shaggy; branches zigzag, dark brownish-red, with few lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, stiff; apex taper-pointed; margin glandular, finely serrate; petiole 1% inches long. Flowers showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters, average 5 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripens in August; medium in size, 2%4 inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, with unequal sides; stem 1% inches long, thick; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, com- pressed, lipped or often drawn up in a wrinkled fold about the base of the stem; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acuminate; basin obtuse, gently furrowed; skin thick, tough, roughish; color pale LAMY greenish-yellow with a dull reddish-brown blush spread- ing over the exposed cheek; dots numerous, very small, greenish-russet, conspicuous; flesh whitish, granular es- pecially at the center, medium tender, juicy, aromatic, sweet but vinous; quality good; core small, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds small, narrow, short, plump, acute. LAMY. This is an old European pear which had its probationary period in America many years ago, and which never got out of the limbo of nurserymen’s catalogs and collections. On the grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, however, the pears are so handsome and so delectable in quality that the variety seems quite worth growing. It is a good sort for the home orchard, but the tree is not large enough nor robust enough for a commercial plantation. A few nursery- men still list it. This variety was raised from seed about 1828 by M. Bouvier, Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree inferior in size, spreading, open-topped, hardy, productive; trunk slender, shaggy; branches slender, shaggy, dull brown, sprinkled with numerous lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate, tipped with few minute glands ; petiole 1% inches long, pinkish. Flowers late, very showy, 13%4 inches across, in dense clusters, average 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in late October and early November; 2% inches long, 2 inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, often irregular and with unequal sides; stem 1% inches long, thick; cavity almost lacking, very shallow, narrow, russeted, often lipped; calyx open; lobes broad, acute; basin deep, obtuse, gently furrowed, compressed; skin thin, smooth except for the russet dots, dull; color pale yellow, with a dark red blush on the cheek; dots numerous, large, brownish-russet, very conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow, granular at the center, tender and melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, with a faint, vinous flavor, pleas- antly aromatic; quality good to very good; core large, closed, with clasping corz-lines; calyx-tube short, very wide, conical; seeds large, wide, plump, acute. LAWRENCE. Fig. 87. There is a great diversity of opinion as to the value of Law- rence for a market pear, but no one denies it SS ce. (XX) 2 place as one of the very best early winter pears for the home orchard. The tree is hardy, moderately vigorous and fruitful, an early, annual, and uniform bearer, and has the repu- 87. Lawren LAWSON 93 tation of being one of the longest lived of all pear-trees. The fruits are of but medium size, but are trim in contour and distinctive in shape because of the rounded, truncate stem end; and in color are a bright clean lemon- yellow, marked with patches of russet and faintly blushed on the side to the sun. No yellow pear is more attractive. The fruits come im season in early winter and have the excel- lent character of keeping well under ordinary care for a full month or longer. The melting flesh abounds with a rich, sugary, perfumed juice, by virtue of which it is justly esteemed as the best flavored pear of its season. Law- rence is a chance seedling, a native of Flush- ing, Long Island, and was introduced in 1843. Tree vigorous, spreading, with drooping branches, very hardy, productive; trunk shaggy; branches smooth, zigzag, reddish-brown, with numerous large lenticels. Leaves 24% inches long, 1% inches wide, oval, leathery ; margin finely serrate; petiole 1% inches long, slender; stipules rudimentary. Flowers open early, 1% inches across, in rather dense clusters, from 8 to 12 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe November-December; 256 inches long, 2% inches wide, uniform in size and_ shape, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, often with sides unequal; stem 1 inch long, thick, curved; cavity small, obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted, furrowed and irregular, often lipped; calyx large, partly open; lobes separated at the base, long, broad, acute; basin wide, obtuse, furrowed and sometimes corrugated; skin thick and granular, tough, roughish; color lemon-yellow, marked with occasional patches of russet and with a faint russet-red blush on the exposed cheek; dots numerous, small, russet, incon- spicuous; flesh yellowish-white, firm, granular, tender and melting when fully mature, juicy, rich, sweet; quality very good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, long, plump, acute. LAWSON. Comet. Of all early pears, the fruits of Lawson best satisfy the eye for bright colors. They are as brightly colored as the brilliant Vermont Beauty or as Mount Vernon. Another outstanding character is the small core, which, though the pears ripen early and quick- ly, seldom soften unduly. The pears are often nearly or quite seedless. Unfortunately, the fruits are often irregular in shape, and in quality are mediocre. The tree is fairly healthy, vigor- ous, hardy, and free from blight, and is charac- terized by its tall, upright growth. Although grown for more than a hundred years in the East, the variety has never made headway here, but seems to be attracting much attention on the Pacific slope. This pear originated on the farm of a Mr. Lawson, Ulster County, New York, about 1800. Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright, dense-topped, not always hardy, very productive; branches slender, zigzag, reddish-brown, marked with numerous raised, large lenticels. Leaves 314 inches long, 154 inches wide; apex abruptly pointed; margin glandless, serrate; petiole 2 inches long. Flowers early, showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters, 6 or 8 buds in a cluster, Fruit ripens in August; large, 234 inches long, 3% inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, with unequal sides; stem % inch long, thick, curved, woody; cavity very small and narrow, often witii a lip drawn up around one side of the stem; calyx partly open; lobes narrow, often reflexed; basin narrow, obtuse, gently furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth; color pale yellow overspread on the exposed cheek with a bright, pinkish-red blush; dots numerous, small, greenish or Tusset, obscure; flesh whitish or often salmon-color, firm, tough, medium juicy, lacking sweetness; quality poor; core unusually small, closed, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube short, wide; seeds short, wide, plump, obtuse, few in number. 94 LE CONTE LE CONTE. Fig. 88. Le Conte is a hybrid between the Chinese Sand pear and a Euro- pean sort, therefore of the same parentage as Kieffer which it greatly resembles in both tree and fruit. The fruits are rather poorer in quality than those of Kieffer, if that be pos- sible for an edible fruit, and the tree is in no way superior to that of its better-known rival, but seems to succeed better in warm climates and light soils. There is, therefore, a place for Le Conte in the South, if a pear is wanted for culinary purposes only. The fruits some- 88. Le Conte. (x%%) times rot badly at the core, and should usu- ally be harvested as soon as they attain full size. The trees are more susceptible to blight than those of Kieffer. In the South, the trees are often if not usually propagated from cut- tings. Le Conte is supposed to have originated near Philadephia about 1850. Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright, slow-growing, very productive, a regular bearer; branches strongly zigzag, brownish-red mingled with green and_ nearly covered with scarf-skin. Leaves 314 inches long, 1% inches wide, ovate or oval, leathery; apex taper-pointed ; margin finely serrate; petiole pale green, glabrous. Flowers open very early, 144 inches across, in dense clusters, 7 to 10 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe late October-November; large, 3146 inches long, 2% inches wide, round-oval, tapering at both ends, ribbed, symmetrical; stem 1% inches long, very thick, often curved; cavity obtuse, very shallow and narrow, smooth, slightly furrowed and wrinkled, often compressed; calyx partly open; lobes usually dehiscent, separated at the base, short, narrow, acute; basin usually very deep, abrupt, gently furrowed; skin thick, tough, smooth or sometimes roughened, dull; color pale yellow, occasion- ally marked with russet; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh white, firm, rather granular and stringy, tender, juicy, sweet, with a strong and dis- agreeable flavor; quality poor; core very large, closed, axile, with meeting core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, broadly conical; seeds large, average 2 in each carpel, wide, long, very plump, acute. LE LECTIER. In size and beauty of fruit, Le Lectier surpasses most of its associates, and the quality is first rate in soils and climates to which the variety is suited. Unfortunately the tree is capricious to both soils and climates and is seldom at home on this side of the At- lantic. The season is December and January, when good pears are scarce, and it would seem LINCOLN that the fine, large fruits of this pear would be most acceptable for either home or market if it could be made to thrive. In Europe, it grows best on warm rich soils. Auguste Lesueur, Orléans, France, obtained this late winter pear about 1882 as a cross between Bartlett and Fortunée. Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright, dense-topped, sometimes unsymmetrical, very productive; trunk and branches medium in thickness and smoothness. Leaves 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, thick; apex taper- pointed; margin glandular, finely serrate; petiole 2%4 inches long, slender. Flowers showy, 1% inches across, 8 or 10 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripens December- January; large, elongated-obovate-pyriform, often with a narrow neck; stem slender, rather short, enlarged at both ends, inserted obliquely; cavity irregular, often lipped; . calyx variable in size, partly open; basin variable in size, abrupt, irregular; skin glossy, thin, with uneven surface; color greenish-yellow becoming yellower at full maturity, mottled and faintly blushed on the exposed cheek with yellowish-bronze; dots in- conspicuous, small; flesh white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasantly aromatic; quality very good. LEON LECLERC. This variety is popu- lar in Europe, but its reputation there is not sustained here, although it fills a particular niche in the pear season, the crop coming in season between late fall and early winter at a time when there are few other good varieties. Were it not for a serious fault, the variety might take high rank in America. After Flemish Beauty, no other variety suffers as much in fruit and foliage from scab. Well grown in a congenial environment, the pears are often as large as those of Duchesse d’An- gouléme, with which they compare closely in shape. On well-grown specimens, also, the color is rich and beautiful. The flavor is sprightly and refreshing, which, with good flesh- characters, give the variety high rank for qual- ity. There are no remarkable characters in the trees to recommend them. The variety is suitable only for collections. This pear origi- nated with Léon Leclere, Laval, France, about 1825. Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, slow-growing, productive; trunk shaggy; branches roughish, reddish-brown, with numerous large lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 142 inches wide, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin glandless, entire; petiole 1% inches long, glabrous, reddish-green. Flowers showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters, nearly a raceme, 7 or 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripens in late September and October; large, 2% inches long, 33g inches wide, oblong-pyriform, tapering to a very long, narrow neck; stem 1 inch long, thick, curved; cavity very small, compressed, usually lipped; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, broad, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, symmetrical; skin thick, tough, rough- ened by russet specks; color dull yellow, covered with dots and tracings of russet and occasionally with a faint russet-red blush; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh granular under the skin, nearly melt- ing, juicy, subacid or with a peculiar sprightliness ; quality good; core large, closed, with clasping core- lines; calyx-tube short, narrow, conical; seeds large, wide, long, acute. LINCOLN. Nearly a hundred years old without having received favorable mention from pear-growers, Lincoln has been brought from the hmbo of lost fruits in recent years to take high rank in’ the list of pears for the Mississippi Valley. The variety is spoken of in such superlative terms for that region that PuateE TV.—MonrMorency CHERRY. a LINCOLN CORELESS it would seem that men give it attributes which Nature denies it. The fruits are but mediocre in appearance and quality, falling below a dozen other varieties of its season whether judged by the eye or the palate. At their best, they are comparable to those of Bartlett, which the western admirers of the variety say it re- sembles. Lincoln seems to possess a constitu- tion to withstand cold, heat, and blight to which most pears are subject. The variety is valuable only in the Middle West. This pear owes its origin to a seedling grown in the spring of 1835 by Mrs. Maria Fleming, Corwin, Il- linois. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, rapid-growing, hardy, very productive; trunk stocky, smooth; branches medium in tkickness and smoothness, zigzag, greenish-brown, marked especially on the younger wood with very numerous, large, roundish, conspicuous lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 1144 inches wide, stiff; apex variable; margin glandless, finely serrate; petiole 25g inches long, glabrous, tinged with red; stipules very long and slender, pinkish. Flowers 14 inches across, well distributed, average 5 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in late August and September ; about 2% inches in length and width, roundish, with an obtuse neck, tapering very slightly; stem 1% inches long, slender; cavity almost lacking, a slight, narrow depression, occasionally slightly lipped; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, long, acuminate; basin shallow, obtuse, smooth, symmetrical; skin thick, tender, rough; color dull greenish-yellow sprinkled with few russet lines and nettings; dots numerous, small, Tusset, conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow, firm, coarse and granular especially near the core, tender, very juicy, sweet, aromatic, pleasing but not richly flavored; quality good; core unusually large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical ; seeds large, very wide, long, plump, acuminate. LINCOLN CORELESS. The product of Lincoln Coreless is worthless for dessert, and but a coarse makeshift for culinary purposes. The variety receives attention only because the pear is a monstrosity and a curiosity. The fruits are enormous in size, outweighing all other pears unless it be those of the Pound. They are unique in having a very small core and few or sometimes no seeds. They are fur- ther characterized by very late maturity, ripen- ing later than any other pear and keeping until April. While usually rather dull greenish- yellow in color, the cheek is often enlivened by a bright blush which makes the fruits attractive despite their grossness. The catalogs describe the trees as “blight proof,” but they blight. Lincoln Coreless originated in Lincoln County, Tennessee, about 1830. Tree medium to small, vigorous, upright, very dense, pyramidal, hardy, an uncertain bearer; trunk shaggy; branches smooth, zigzag, reddish-brown, marked with small lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 154 inches wide, elongated-oval, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole 14% inches long, reddish; stipules very long. Flowers 1% inches across, very large and showy, average six buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in February; very large, 5144 inches long, 3 inches wide, uniform in size, obovate-acute-pyriform, somewhat ribbed, with unequal sides; stem 1% inches long, thick, curved ; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted, furrowed, often lipped; calyx open, large; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acute; basin very shallow, narrow, obtuse, fur- rowed; skin very thick, tough, coarse and granular, smooth, dull; color greenish-yellow, with a handsome pinkish-red blush on the cheek exposed to the sun; dots many, brownish-russet, very conspicuous; flesh yellowish-white, very firm, granular at the core, crisp, tough, medium juicy, rather bitter and astringent; LUCY DUKE 95 quality poor; core closed, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube long, wide, conical; seeds few, narrow, often abortive, acute. LOUISE BONNE DE JERSEY. Louise. Now known in America as Louise, this variety is described here under the name used in English and American pomologies to distin- guish it from at least eight other varieties having Louise as the whole or a part of the name. The variety has many excellent quali- ties of fruit and tree, which, however, are not sufficiently above the average to give it high place in the list of pears for the market. The fruits are medium to large, handsome, of ex- cellent quality and keep and ship well. The trees are precariously hardy and somewhat sub- ject to blight, but very vigorous, productive, and long-lived. In Europe, the fruits are bet- ter and the trees more productive when worked on the quince, and in America the variety is considered one of the best for dwarfing. This pear is a standard one for home collections, and finds favor in many commercial orchards. The parent tree of this pear was raised from seed about 1780 by M. de Longueval, Avranches, Normandy. Tree large, vigorous, upright, very tall, dense-topped, hardy, productive, long-lived; trunk stocky; branches slightly zigzag, reddish-brown, with numerous raised lenticels. Leaves 314 inches long, 134 inches wide, much curled under at the margin, oval, leathery; apex slightly taper-pointed; margin glandless, finely serrate ; petiole 144 inches long, slender. Flowers with a dis- agreeable odor, 1% inches across, white or sometimes faintly tinged with pink along the edge of the petals, averaging 6 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in Oc- tober; medium to large, often 2% inches long, 2%4 inches wide, oblong-pyriform, somewhat irregular, stem 1 inch long, slender, usually curved; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, furrowed and wrinkled, often lipped, the flesh folded up around the stem; calyx open, large ; lobes broad, acute; basin obtuse, furrowed and uneven; skin granular, smooth; color pale yellow, marked on the exposed cheek with a dull pinkish-red blush and with streaks of russet; dots numerous, small, grayish or russet, conspicuous; flesh yellowish-white, tender and melting, very juicy; sweet, aromatic, rich; quality very good; core closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. LUCRATIVE: See Belle Lucrative. LUCY DUKE. Why Lucy Duke is neglect- ed is hard to see. The pear has a rich, juicy, spicy, melting flesh that makes it one of the best. In form, the fruits resemble those of Bartlett, which is probably one of the parents; they are but medium in size, but are of a beautiful golden russet color, which makes them as handsome as the handsomest. The skin is thick and the pears stand shipping well. The variety can be recommended for home and local markets, but the trees are unproduc- tive and too irregular in bearing for commer- cial orchards. The tree is hardy, but only moderately vigorous, and resembles Winter Nelis, supposed to be the other parent, in habit of growth. The variety is relatively free from blight. Lucy Duke was grown about 1880 by Mrs. Lucy Duke of Beaufort County, North Carolina, from seed of a Bartlett pear. Tree medium to large, variable in vigor, upright be- coming slightly spreading, dense-topped, hardy, very 96 MADELEINE productive; trunk shaggy ; branches thick, zigzag, marked by numerous, elongated lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, thin; margin occasionally glandular, finely serrate or entire; petiole 114 inches long, slender. Flowers open late, 15g inches across. Fruit ripens in late October and November; medium in size, oblong- pyriform, symmetrical; stem short, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted, often wrinkled and occasionally lipped; calyx large, open, rounded and with a deeply set center; basin obtuse, smooth, sym- metrical; skin very tough, roughened with thick russet ; color greenish-yellow, overspread with dark russet, chang- ing to golden russet on the cheek exposed to the sun; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; flesh yellowish- white, fine, melting, rich, juicy, sweet; quality very good; core large, closed, axile; calyx-tube short, wide, broadly conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. MADELEINE. Madeleine has long been a dependable summer variety, the crop of which ripens just before that of Bloodgood. Many consider it the best very early summer pear. The fruits are attractive in appearance, and very good in quality; but their season is short, their skins are tender, and the flesh quickly softens at the core. While the trees are productive, they are not resistant to blight, do not hold their crop well, are tender to cold, and are short-lived. The variety is worth planting only for the sake of succession in crop, and in large collections of pears. Made- leine was cultivated by Le Lectier in his gar- den at Orléans in 1628; no other author had made previous mention of it. Tree large, vigorous, upright, open-topped, hardy, pro- ductive; trunk shaggy; branches zigzag, light greenish- brown. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, thin; apex taper-pointed, margin glandless, finely serrate; petiole 134 inches long, glabrous, reddish-green. Flowers showy, 136 inches across, in dense clusters, average 11 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripens in early August; 2% inches long, 2 inches wide, roundish-obtuse-pyriform ; stem 11% inches long, thick, curved; cavity very shallow and narrow or lacking, the flesh folded in a lip on one side of the stem; calyx partly open; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acuminate; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, gently furrowed, symmetrical ; skin thin, smooth, very tender; color dull green, occasionally with faint dotted brownish blush; dots numerous, greenish, obscure; flesh slightly tinged yellow, granular at the center, tender and melting, very juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good to very good; core closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds wide, short, plump, acuminate. MALINES: See Joséphine de Malines. MARGARET. The fruits of Margaret are early and attractive in color and shape, but they run small in size, and in neither flesh nor flavor can they compete with the product of several other varieties of the same season. The trees are hardly more desirable than the fruits, since they are tender to cold, blight badly, and are short-lived, seldom attaining full size or large size. Despite these defects of fruit and tree, the variety is a one-time favorite still rather commonly planted. Better summer pears can be found for almost every part of the country. In the middle of the nineteenth century, Christopher Wiegel, Cleve- land, Ohio, planted seeds from one of which came this variety. Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading, drooping, open-topped, productive; trunk shaggy; branches me- dium in thickness and smoothness, brown mingled with MARIE LOUISE much red, marked by numerous lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, thin; margin tipped with few pinkish glands, finely serrate; petiole 1% inches long, green; stipules of medium size. Flowers showy, 1% inches long, large, in dense clusters, 6 or 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in late August and early September; medium in size, 3% inches long, 3 inches wide, oblong-obovate-pyriform, irregular; stem 1% inches long, thick, curved; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, russeted, furrowed and compressed, often with a pronounced lip; calyx open, large; lobes separated at the base, broad, acute, reflexed; basin deep, abrupt, furrowed, often compressed; skin thin, tender, smooth; color dull greenish-yellow, often with a deep but dull reddish-brown blush and occasional patches of russet ; dots numerous, small, green or russet, obscure; flesh fine under the skin but granular and gritty near the center; tender, buttery, very juicy, faintly vinous, slightly aromatic; quality good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube long, wide, funnel- shaped; seeds large, wide, plump, obtuse or acute. MARIE LOUISE. Fig. 89. The fruits of Marie Louise are among the perfections of Nature, and were the tree more certain in bearing and less fastidious as to environment, the variety would rank as one of the best of all pears. The flesh is tender and melting, very juicy, and the flavor is a most delectable commingling of re- freshing piquancy and scented sweetness. In shape, the pears re- semble a short Beurré Bosc, having the same trim contour, but the color is very different —rich yellow, netted and sprinkled with russet, and sunflecked with red on the sunny side. The fruits are somewhat susceptible to the scab fungus, and even the most careful spraying fails to give them a fair cheek some seasons. The trees are hardy but only moderately vigorous, somewhat susceptible to blight, rather uncertain in bearing, and vary much from season to season in abundance and qual- ity of product. Not at all suited for a com- mercial plantation, Marie Louise is one of the choicest sorts for a home collection. The Abbé Duquesne, Mons, Belgium, raised this pear from seed in 1809. (X%) Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, slow-growing; hardy, productive; trunk slender; branches dark reddish-brown, marked with many large, very conspicuous lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 1%4 inches wide, narrow, short, oval or somewhat elongated, leathery ; apex obtusely or slightly taper-pointed; mar- gin glandless, entire; petiole 2 inches long, greenish, glabrous, slender. Flowers very showy, 134 inches across, in dense clusters, 7 to 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late September and early October ; above medium in size, 3% inches long, 2544 inches wide, variable in size, oblong-pyriform, irregular; stem 11 inches long, thick, curved; cavity small and one-sided, russeted, often lipped; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acuminate; basin obtuse, furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth, dull; color rich yellow, netted and sprinkled with russet on the exposed cheek; dots nu- merous, small, russet, obscure; flesh yellowish-white, MOUNT VERNON granular, tender, buttery, very juicy, aromatic, with a rich, vinous flavor; quality very good; core closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, narrow, conical; seeds wide, acute. MOUNT VERNON. Fig. 90. As a dis- tinct type, and because the pears ripen at a season when there are few other varieties of this fruit, Mount Vernon has a prominent place in the list of worthy American pears. The top shape and reddish-russet color make this a unique pear in appearance, and the greenish-yel- low, granular, spicy, piquant flesh consti- tute very distinct characters in the qual- ity of the fruits. Lack of uniformity in shape and small size are the chief defects. The va- riety becomes further valuable because it ripens in early win- ter, and under good conditions may be — kept until midwinter. 90. Mount Vernon. The tree is vigorous (Xx) but has a small, dense head with numerous, short, stocky branches, many of which droop, the aspect given the top by these peculiarities being quite distinct. The variety is worthy when a winter pear is wanted whether for home or market. Mount Vernon originated from a chance seedling in the garden of Samuel Walker, Roxbury, Massachusetts, about 1847. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, with many drooping branches, dense-topped, hardy, productive, long-lived; trunk stocky, medium to rough; branches thick, some- what shaggy, reddish-brown, marked by few large lenticels. Leaves 24% inches long, 1% inches wide, oval, medium to thick, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin erenate, tipped with rudimentary glands; petiole 1%4 inches long. Flowers 13 inches across, in dense clusters, 7 to 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late October and November; medium in size, 2% inches long, 24% inches wide, uniform in size, oblong-pyriform, with unequal sides; stem 1 inch long, thick, usually curved ; cavity obtuse, shallow and narrow, russeted, furrowed, often heavily lipped; calyx open; lobes short, narrow, acuminate; basin narrow, obtuse, smooth, symmetrical ; skin granular, roughened by russet, dull; color light Tusset overspreading a greenish-yellow ground, with a brownish-red blush on the exposed cheek, dotted and netted with russet; dots numerous, small, russet, ob- secure; flesh with a faint tinge of yellow, granular, tender and melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality good to very good; core large, closed, with clasping core- lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds variable in size, wide, long, plump, acute, many abortive. OLIVIER DE SERRES. This variety is rated in Europe as a valuable late winter pear, and the pomological writers of the last century give it all of the virtues on this side of the Atlantic ascribed to it by Europeans. A closer study of the variety in America shows that it does not possess these merits. The quality of the pear as grown here is below that of several other sorts of its season; the flesh is coarse and gritty and the flavor mediocre. The tree- characters are good, but are not sufficiently ONTARIO 97 good to offset the faults of the fruits. Olivier de Serres was raised from seed about the mid- dle of the nineteenth century by M. Boisbunel, Rouen, France. Tree medium in size, vigorous, dense-topped, upright- spreading, productive; trunk and branches medium in thickness and smoothness, marked with numerous lenti- cels. Leaves 234 inches long, 144 inches wide; apex taper-pointed; margin glandular, finely serrate; petiole 2 inches long, slender. Flowers with an unpleasant odor, showy, 1%. inches across. Fruit ripens January- March, medium in size, 2% inches long, 2% inches wide, roundish-obtuse-pyriform, truncate at both ends, irregular in outline; stem variable in length, averaging % inch long, thick, enlarged at the top, curved; cavity broad, slightly furrowed; calyx large, open; basin variable in depth, furrowed; skin tender; color greenish- yellow, partly overspread with cinnamon-russet and sometimes with a slight dull blush on the exposed cheek ; flesh whitish, variable in texture, juicy, varying from sweet to a brisk vinous flavor; quality poor unless grown under the most favorable conditions. ONONDAGA. Swan's Orange. Some seventy or eighty years ago this pear was widely introduced under the names Onondaga and Swan’s Orange, and for a generation was much grown in eastern pear regions. It has now practically passed from cultivation in commercial orchards, but is still to be found in collections and home plantings. The fruits are large, handsome, and of very good quality, resembling those of Bartlett in flavor and with even better flesh-characters. The trees are vig- orous, hardy, and fruitful, but so susceptible to blight that the variety can never have com- mercial value in American orchards. Whether or not it is worth planting in home orchards depends on the planter’s willingness to suffer loss from blight. The variety originated with a Mr. Curtiss, Farmington, Connecticut, about 1790. Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, very productive; branches zigzag, reddish-brown, marked with many large lenticels. Leaves 314g inches long, 1% inches wide, narrow, oval inclining to lanceolate, stiff, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin coarsely but shallowly serrate, tipped with many reddish glands; petiole 1% inches long, light green mingled with red. Blossoms 1% inches across, in dense clusters, 7 to 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in early October; above medium to large, 2% inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, symmetrical, with unequal sides; stem 5g inch long, thick, curved; cavity a slight depression, with fleshy enlargement at one side of the stem; calyx closed; lobes narrow, acute; basin narrow, obtuse, furrowed, uneven; skin granular, tender, smooth, dull; color rich, pale yellow, with a few lines of russet and with many russet spots; dots numerous, small, Tusset, conspicuous; flesh yellowish, granular both near the skin and at the center, melting, buttery, very juicy, aromatic, with a sweet, rich, vinous flavor; quality very good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx- tube long, conical; seeds narrow, long, acute. ONTARIO. Ontario was introduced nearly seventy years ago with the expectation that the crop would follow that of Bartlett and be in as great demand. While the variety has not come up to expectations, it is too good to discard. The fruits are of the type of Bartlett, but are smaller and usually lack the blush. The trees are very satisfactory. The variety fails chiefly in the small size of the fruits. Ontario was raised from seed in the suse of W. & T. Smith, Geneva, New ork. 98 PASSE COLMAR Tree large, vigorous, upright, open-topped, hardy, productive; trunk stocky ; branches thick, roughish, dull reddish-brown, marked by small lenticels. Leaves 2 inches long, 1% inches wide, oval, thin, leather vat apex abruptly pointed; margin glandular toward the apex, very finely serrate; petiole 14% inches long. Flow- ers 11% inches across, in a scattering raceme, from 8 to 10 buds in a cluster. Fruit in season from the middle to the last of September; medium in size, 242 inches long, 1% inches wide, uniform in size and shape, oblong-pyriform, with sides usually unequal; stem %4 inch long, thick; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, often russeted and lipped; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acute; basin shallow to medium, obtuse, gently furrowed, sometimes compressed; skin smooth, dull; color pale yellow with small patches and streaks of light colored russet ; dots numerous, very small, russet, obscure; flesh whitish, with a yellow tinge at the core, granular, firm but tender, juicy,- sweet, slightly aromatic ; quality good; core closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. PASSE COLMAR. This is one of the standard winter pears in England. The fruits are exceedingly sugary and mildly spiced with cinnamon, a flavor so unique, especially when compared with the piquant flavor most com- mon in winter pears, that the variety is worth growing where it succeeds for the sake of di- versity. On unsuitable soils and under indiffer- ent care, the pears are unattractive and poor in quality. The variety does not thrive on heavy cold clay but requires a light, warm soil. The trees are very vigorous on heavy soils, with the result that the fruits are many but small and poor; checking vigor by dwarfing on quince or planting on poor soil suits the variety. The trees are hardy and as free as the average pear from blight. The variety is a good winter sort for home or market. This variety was raised in 1758 at Mons, Belgium, by the Abbé Hardenpont. Tree vigorous, upright, tall, rapid-growing, produc- tive; trunk slender; branches reddish-brown, marked by large, conspicuous glands. Leaves 3 inches long, 144 inches wide, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin tipped with few small glands, finely serrate to nearly entire; petiole 2 inches long, glabrous, pinkish-green. Flowers late, showy, 1% inches across, unusually large, in dense clusters, average 6 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe December-January; 2% inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, somewhat irregular; stem 1 inch long, very thick; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted, furrowed; calyx partly open; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, gently furrowed; skin thick, granular, tender, roughish; color greenish-yellow, with reddish-brown and russet patches and nettings ; dots numerous, small, rus- set, obscure; flesh tinged with yellow, granular, ten- der, buttery, very juicy, sweet, vinous, aromatic; quality very good; core large, closed, with clasp- ing core-lines; calyx-tnbe short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, plump, acute. P. BARRY. Fig. 91. The fruits of P. Barry do not ripen until March or April and keep until late May. A serious de- fect is that they some- times refuse to ripen but shrivel and decay. The pears are excel- SSS egestas eG 91. P. Barry. (X%) PITMASTON lent in flavor, have good flesh-characters, and when properly ripened are excelled in quality by no other winter pear. The variety should have a place in the collection of every pear fancier to extend the season for this fruit, and commercial pear-growers might find it a profit- able sort for local market. Unfortunately, the trees are small, fastidious, as to environment and somewhat uncertain in bearing. Bernard §. Fox, San José, California, raised many pears from seeds of Belle Lucrative; among these seedlings was one which fruited first in 1873 and was named in honor of Patrick Barry. Tree variable in size, lacking in vigor, spreading, open-topped, unusually hardy; trunk slender; branches stocky, zigzag, reddish-brown, marked with large lenti- cels. Leaves 1% inches long, 1% inches wide, leathery ; apex abruptly pointed; margin finely serrate, tipped with few glands; petiole 14%, inches long. Flowers open late, 144 inches across, well distributed, averaging 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in late November and December ; averaging 234 inches long, 2%4 inches wide, oblong-obtuse-pyriform, irregular, with unequal sides; stem 1 inch long, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, narrow, furrowed, compressed, often lipped; calyx small, open; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, obtuse; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth and regular; color rich yellow, almost entirely overspread with russet; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh yellowish- white, fine, melting, sweet, juicy, with a rich, vinous aromatic flavor; quality good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. Ay. 3 ELEC NAAM ETD OU HE) ; 92. Pitmaston. (<4) PITMASTON. Fig. 92. Pitmaston Duchess. Although this fine old English pear has more than ordinary merit, it seems to be little grown in America. In appearance, the pears are un- surpassed. On warm soils or in warm seasons, the flavor is choicely good, but in cold soils and seasons, the flavor is often austere, or even acid and astringent. The season prolongs that of POUND Bartlett, and as the fruits are flavored very dif- ferently, being more piquant and refreshing, and are ordinarily larger and handsomer, Pitmaston ought to make a good market sort where the variety thrives. The subacid flavor makes this one of the very best pears for culinary purposes. The fruits keep and ship well. The trees have fewer faults than those of most of the standard varieties. They are hardy, vigorous, fairly immune to blight, and while but moderately productive, bear annually, and the large size of the fruits make them high yielders. The variety should be put on pro- bation by those who grow for the markets, and is well worthy a place in all home orchards. Pitmaston was raised by John Williams, Pit- maston, England, in 1841. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, dense-topped; trunk stocky, shaggy; branches thick, slightly zigzag, reddish- brown, marked with numerous, large lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 114 inches wide, leathery ; apex abruptly pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole 1% inches long. Flowers showy, 1% inches across, well distributed, average 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in October; large, 314 inches long, 24% inches wide, oblong-obovate- pyriform, symmetrical; stem 1 inch long, thick, often curved; cavity very shallow and very narrow or lacking, the flesh drawn up in a wrinkled fold around the base of the stem, often lipped; calyx closed, large; lobes long, broad, acute; basin shallow, obtuse, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, granular, smooth, tender, dull; color pale lemon-yellow, dotted and patched with light Tusset, especially around the stem, without blush; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow, firm, somewhat granular, melting, buttery, very juicy, piquant and vinous; quality good to very good; eore large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds narrow, long, flat, acute, very often abortive. POUND. Pound is grown in collections for its monstrous fruits. The pears not infre- quently weigh three pounds, and one is noted weighing four pounds, nine ounces. The pears are coarse in form, texture and flavor—but one degree better in flavor than the potato-like fruits of Kieffer and even more sappy. The pears keep well, and are fairly good for culinary purposes. The trees are unusually satisfactory, because of which the variety should make a good parent from which to breed. This is a very old pear of uncertain origin, possibly dat- ing back to Pliny, who wrote about eighty years after the beginning of the Christian era. Tree upright, dense-topped, hardy, very productive; trunk stocky, shaggy; branches thick, shaggy, zigzag, dull reddish-brown, marked with many large lenticels. Leaves 314 inches long, 134 inches wide, ovate, thin, stiff; apex taper-pointed; margin glandular, finely ser- rate; petiole 1% inches long, slender. Flowers open early, 13%, inches across, large, well distributed, average 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in February; large, 4 inches long, 2% imches wide, obovate-acute-pyri- form, with unequal sides; stem long, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted, furrowed, drawn up in a fleshy ring about the stem; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, obtuse; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, slightly furrowed, symmetrical; skin thick, tough, dull, roughened by the dots and by russet markings; color golden-yellow, often marked on the exposed cheek with a bronze or pinkish blush; dots numerous, frusset, very conspicuous; flesh yellowish, firm, granular, very tough, subacid, inferior in flavor; quality very poor; core large, closed, axile, with meet- ing core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; carpels pear-shaped; seeds very large, brownish-black, wide, long, acuminate. REEDER 99 PRESIDENT DROUARD. Fig. 93. Drou- ard. Président Drouard is a comparatively new pear in America, and in its probationary period the fruits are making a favorable im- pression. The pears ripen in late autumn and are of the type of those of Beurré d’Anjou, a > TS 93. Président Drouard. (X14) little yellower in color, and, all in all, more attractive in appearance. The quality is none too good for dessert. The trees are hardy and vigorous but blight rather badly. The variety is worth trying for the markets. Président Drouard is a chance seedling found in the suburbs of Pont-de-Ce, France, by M. Olivier, about 1886. Tree of medium size, spreading, open-topped, hardy ; branches reddish-brown, marked with small lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 1%, inches wide, oval, thick, leathery ; apex taper-pointed; margin glandless or with but few glands, entire or coarsely serrate; petiole glabrous, greenish, thick, 15g inches long, tinged red. Flowers 13g inches across, in dense clusters, 6 to 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit in season from late November to December; large, averaging 3% inches long, 3 inches wide, oblong-obovate-pyriform, with unequal sides; stem 1 inch long, very thick and woody; cavity obtuse, deep, irregular, furrowed, usually lipped; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, long, narrow, acuminate ; basin deep, abrupt, usually smooth but sometimes gently furrowed; skin thick, tough, rough, dull; color clear lemon-yellow, with nettings and streaks of russet; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; flesh tinged with yellow; very granular at the core, tender and melting, buttery, juicy, aromatic, sweet; quality good; core large, closed, axile, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute, occasionally abortive. REEDER. Reeder is another of the pears too good to discard, and not quite good enough to give an ardent recommendation. In quality the fruits rank but little below those of Seckel; are about the same size as grown under aver- age conditions; but are even duller and less attractive in color than the modest fruits of Seckel. The variety has a place in the home and markets as a pear to follow Seckel, as the crop comes in season just after that of Seckel passes out. The trees make but a short, slender 100 RIEHL BEST growth until well established in the orchard, after which they become of medium size but very vigorous. The branches droop as do those of Winter Nelis, although not so marked- ly. The variety is nearly blight-proof. Reeder is a seedling raised about 1855 by Dr. Henry Reeder, Varick, New York, from seed of Winter Nelis. Tree spreading, becoming drooping with age, open- topped, productive; trunk and branches medium in thickness and smoothness; branches zigzag, reddish- brown, sprinkled with numerous lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, leathery; apex taper- pointed; margin crenate to nearly entire, petiole 2 inches long, tinged with red; stipules few, very small, teddish-green. Flowers 1% inches across, in dense clus- ters, average 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe October- November; small, averaging 1% inches long, 1% inches wide, globular-obtuse-pyriform, ribbed and irregular ; stem 1% inches long, slender, curved; cavity a very small depression in which is inserted the base of the stem, symmetrical; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, long, narrow, reflexed, acuminate; basin shallow and narrow, smooth; skin thick, smooth, tender ; color dull greenish-yellow, mottled and streaked with russet, blushed faintly on the exposed cheek with brownish-red; dots few, small, obscure, greenish or tusset ; flesh white, granular toward the center but fine- grained near the skin, tender, somewhat stringy, very juicy, aromatic; quality good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel- shaped; seeds unusually large, wide, long, plump, acute. RIEHL BEST. Riehl Best is as nearly blight-proof as any other European pear. It might well be tried in localities where stand- ard sorts cannot be raised because of blight, and is worth growing in breeding work as a parent to obtain blight-resistant varieties. The pears are unattractive in appearance, but are excellent in quality. The flesh is juicy, tender, vinous, free from grittiness and seldom rots at the core. The trees are hardy to heat and cold and bear annually. This pear was dis- covered by Edwin H. Riehl, Godfrey, Ilinois. It is probable that Riehl Best is an old Euro- pean pear renamed. Tree large, vigorous, upright, dense-topped, rapid- growing, productive; trunk stocky; branches thick, light Teddish-brown, marked with numerous large lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, thick; apex abruptly pointed; margin glandless, variable in serra- tions; petiole 2 inches long. Flowers 1% inches across, in dense clusters, average 6 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripens in October; medium in size, 24% inches long, 2 inches wide, obovate-conic-pyriform, irregular, with unequal sides; stem 1% inches long; cavity very shallow and narrow or lacking, the flesh drawn up in a lip on one side of the stem; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, broad, obtuse; basin obtuse, furrowed ; skin thick, roughened with russet; color dull yellow, overlaid with patches of russet, with distinct russet dots and with a faint trace of red on the cheek next the sun; dots numerous, russet, conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow, granular under the skin, tender, moderately juicy, vinous; quality good; core large, closed, axile, with meeting core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical ; carpels ovate; seeds medium in size, width, and plump- ness, obtuse. ROOSEVELT. This variety is still on probation in America, with the chances strongly against it proving worthy of general cultiva- tion. The fruits are too small, too poorly colored, and too poor in quality to compete with those of a score of other sorts of the same season. The core is remarkably small, and the seeds are few and small, but these are insufficient merits to count against the SECKEL several defects named. The tree is robust and generally satisfactory. In Europe the variety was heralded as a most remarkable sort—one “destined to bring about a revolution in pear- growing.” It may be worth further trial in this country. This pear was introduced in 1905 by the noted French pomologist Charles Baltet, Troyes, France. Tree medium to large, vigorous, very upright, dense- topped, rapid-growing ; trunk slender, smooth; branches slender, smooth, glossy, reddish-brown, marked with numerous, small, raised lenticels; branchlets character- istically thick, with blunt ends. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, stiff; apex taper-pointed; margin usually glandless, finely serrate to almost entire; petiole 2 inches long, slender, curved. Flowers with a dis- agreeable odor, early, showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters, average 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripens in late September and October; medium in size, about 2746 inches in length and width, roundish-obtuse- pyriform, symmetrical; stem 1 inch long, thick; cavity very shallow or lacking, faintly lipped; calyx very open, large; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acute; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, smooth, symmetrical; skin thick, tough, smooth, dull; color pale lemon-yellow, mottled somewhat and netted with russet, with the faintest trace of a blush; dots numerous, small, light russet, obscure ; flesh very light salmon, fine-grained except at the center which is slightly granular, tender and melting, very juicy, mildly sweet, without much character; quality medium; core small, closed, axile, with clasping core- lines; calyx-tube long, very wide, conical; carpels cordate; seeds wide, acute. RUTTER. Rutter is a most excellent late autumn variety. The pears are good or very good in quality, attractive, keep well, ship well, and sell well to those who know the va- riety. The trees have a combination of good characters that commend them most highly. Thus, they are comparatively immune _ to blight; enormously productive, though they have a tendency to bear every other year; bear early, grow rapidly, live long, and are hardy. The fruits hang exceptionally well to the trees, so that the variety is a valuable one for exposed situations. The variety can be recommended for both home and market plan- tations. This variety was raised by John Rutter, West Chester, Pennsylvania, from seed of Léon Leclere about sixty years ago. Tree large, vigorous, upright, dense-topped, rapid- growing, productive; trunk stocky; branches thick, reddish-brown, sprinkled with very conspicuous lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 15g inches wide, thick, leathery ; apex taper-pointed; margin nearly glandless, almost entire; petiole 2 inches long, glabrous, reddish-green. Flowers very showy, 1% inches across, almost in racemes, 6 or 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in late October and early November; large, 3% inches long, 3 inches wide, roundish-obtuse-pyriform, with a very thick, blunt neck, with unequal sides; stem % inch long, thick, woody ; cavity acuminate, unusually large, deep, russeted, occasionally furrowed and wrinkled, slightly lipped; calyx small, open; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acute; basin deep, obtuse, smooth, symmetrical ; skin thick, gritty, roughish, dull; color yellow _over- spread with light-colored russet, mottled and flecked with russet; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous ; flesh whitish, granular at the center, tender and melting, juicy, aromatic, sweet but refreshing; quality good to very good; core small, closed, abaxile, with meeting core-lines ; calyx-tube long, conical; seeds small, almost roundish, plump, obtuse. SECKEL. Fig. 94. Among the several hun- dred pears that are or have been grown on this side of the Atlantic, Seckel stands almost alone in vigor of tree, productiveness, and immunity SECKEL to blight, and is equalled by no other variety in high quality of fruit. If the fruits were larger, Seckel would challenge the world as a pear for the markets as it now does as a pear for the home orchard. After Bartlett and the 94. Seckel. (1%) disreputable Kieffer, it is now more grown than any other variety in America. The fruits are small, not highly colored, but attractive because clean and trim in contour. The flesh is melting, juicy, perfumed and most ex- quisitely and delicately flavored, with the curious character of having much of its spicy, aromatic flavor in the skin which should never be discarded in eating. The reddish-brown color of the fruit is another distinguishing character of Seckel. Another distinctive char- acter is that the fruits do not lose much if any by ripening on the tree. Besides being nearly iron-clad in resistance to blight and very pro- ductive, the trees are as hardy as those of any other pear, and are remarkable for their large, compact, broadly pyramidal tops. The tree is further distinguished by its short- jointed, stout, olive-colored wood, and _ its habit of bearing fruits in clusters on the ends of the branches. Its blossoms are markedly self-fertile. There are several faults of fruit and tree: thus, the fruits are small and do not keep after maturity; fruit and foliage are susceptible to scab; the pears are too small for commercial canning; and the trees are late in coming in bearing. Notwithstanding these several faults, Seckel is usually a profitable commercial variety, as a well-grown crop al- most always commands a fancy price. For the home orchard, it has no rival in any part of North America where European varieties are grown. Seckel is supposed to have origi- nated as a chance seedling soon after the Revolutionary War near Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. Tree very large, very vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, hardy, very productive, long-lived; trunk stocky; branches thick, reddish-brown, covered with small lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, oval, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole 144 inches long; stipules very long SHELDON 101 when present. Flowers 1% inches across, in dense clusters, 7 or 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in October; small, 2 inches long, 1% inches wide, uniform in size and shape, obovate, symmetrical; stem % inch long, short, thick, often curved; cavity obtuse, with a shallow, nar- row depression, symmetrical; calyx small, partly open; lobes separated at the base, short, variable in width, acute; basin shallow, narrow, strongly obtuse, sym- metrical; skin smooth, dull; color yellowish-brown, lightly marked with pale russet and often with a russet- red cheek ; dots numerous, very small, russet or grayish ; flesh white, with a faint tinge of yellow, slightly granular, melting, buttery, very juicy, sweet, with an exceedingly rich, aromatic, spicy flavor; quality very good to best; core small, closed, with clasping core- lines ; calyx-tube short, conical; seeds small, short, not very plump, obtuse. SHELDON. Fig. 95. The fruits of Shel- don satisfy both the eye and the palate; no rival in season surpasses them in either ap- pearance or quality. While not large, they are of sufficient size to meet the demands of a good dessert fruit. The shape is a perfect turbinate, truncated at the base, and is usually symmetrical and uniform. In color, the pears are very distinctive, the whole fruit being more or less russeted, with a handsome ruddy cheek. The flesh is melting and juicy, and deserves more than almost any other pear the adjective luscious; it is sweet, vinous, and highly per- fumed with a pleasant musky aroma. ‘The 95. Sheldon. (X14) fruits keep and ship well, and are esteemed both for dessert and culinary purposes. The trees, while large, vigorous, and hardy, are not productive, blight as badly as any pear in the orchard, are reluctant in coming in bearing, and seldom hold their crop well, so that in exposed positions the wind takes great toll. These faults of the tree keep Sheldon from being a commercial variety of high rank, but the fine fruits make it worth growing in the home orchard or for the markets where the faults of the trees are not too marked. This pear is a native of the town of Huron, Wayne County, New York. The original tree stood on the premises of Major Sheldon, having sprung from seed planted about 1815. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, rapid-growing, hardy, productive ; trunk stocky; branches thick, reddish- brown, marked with large lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, oval, leathery; apex taper- 102 SOUVENIR DU CONGRES pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole 144 inches long. Flowers 14 inches across, in dense clusters, 13 or 14 buds in a cluster. Fruit matures in October; large, 2% inches long, 24% inches wide, uniform in size and shape, turbinate, symmetrical; stem %4 inch long, thick, nearly straight; cavity obtuse, deep, furrowed, occasionally lipped; calyx large, open; lobes very broad, obtuse; basin wide, obtuse, symmetrical; skin thick, granular, tender, roughish; color dull greenish-yellow with a faint brownish-red blush overspread with russet nettings and streaks; dots numerous, small, russet ; flesh whitish, some- what granular, tender and melting, very juicy, sweet and vinous, with a rich and pleasantly aromatic flavor; quality very good to best; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical ; seeds acute. SOUVENIR DU CONGRES. fig. 96. Congress, Souvenir. Very similar to Clapp Favorite and Bartlett, and not as good as either in fruit, Souvenir du Congrés hardly merits a place in American pomology. Yet VLAN EE, ng. Sos) 96. Souvenir du Congrés. (<4) since the crop ripens between those of the two sorts with which it has been compared, and because the fruits are larger and often hand- somer, the variety may be worthy a place in collections. The fruits are said to be larger and of better quality when the tree is double- worked on the quince. The tree is remarkable for vigor, hardihood to cold, and healthfulness; and bears so abundantly that the crop must be thinned to prevent breaking of branches. Souvenir du Congrés owes its origin to Fran- cois Morel, Lyons, France. M. Morel sowed seeds in 1852, and one of the resultant trees ) bore fruit in 1863, and was named Souvenir du Congres. Tree medium in size and vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive ; branches zigzag, dull reddish-brown, marked by small, raised lenticels. Leaves 1% inches long, 1% inches wide, roundish-oval, leath- ery; apex abruptly pointed; margin tipped with very few glands, finely serrate; petiole 14 inches long, glabrous, tinged with red. Flowers with a disagreeable odor, 1% inches across, pinkish-white as the buds unfold, becoming whitish, in dense clusters, 6 to 8 Duds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in September; large, 3 6 inches long, 2114@ inches wide, quite uniform in size and _ shape, oblong-acute-pyriform, symmetrical, with SUDDUTH unequal sides; stem 1 inch long, short, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, almost lacking, shallow, narrow, russeted, furrowed, often with the stem inserted beneath a pro- nounced irregular lip; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acute; basin wide, obtuse and flaring, furrowed, symmetrical, smooth except for the thick russet covering; color yellow, with a reddish blush on the exposed cheek, covered with nettings of russet and yellow patches; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicu- ous; flesh white, tinged with yellow, firm, granular, tender, very juicy, sweet, musky; quality good; core closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds long, wide, plump, acute. SOUVENIR D’ESPEREN. Downing in 1869 noted this old French pear as one of the best for either amateur or commercial grower, and at that time it was rather widely planted. Now, growers seldom set it. The trees are vigorous, hardy, healthy, and productive, and the fruits are attractive in appearance and good in quality, but neither tree nor fruit rise much above mediocrity, and the variety has no outstanding character to give it individu- ality. The crop comes in season in December, after which the pears quickly decay. The va- riety is worth planting only for the sake of greater diversity. Major Espéren, Mechlin Belgium, raised this pear from seed about the middle of the nineteenth century. Tree medium in size, upright-spreading, dense-topped, slow-growing, productive; trunk and branches medium in thickness and smoothness; branches reddish-brown, marked with very conspicuous but scattering lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 15g inches wide; apex abruptly pointed; margin uneven, finely serrate; petiole 25% inches long, tinged red. Flowers open late, showy, 1% inches across, average 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe the last of November and December; above medium to large, 3% inches long, 25 inches wide, oblong-obovate- pyriform, the surface uneven; stem 1%4 inches long, slender ; cavity very obtuse and shallow or lacking, the flesh drawn up about the base of the stem in a lip; calyx partly open, small; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, wrinkled; skin thick, roughened with russet; color greenish-yellow well mottled and patched with russet, sprinkled with many russet dots and often with russet overspreading nearly the entire surface; dots numerous, Tusset, small; flesh yellowish, very granular near the center, firm, crisp but tender, juicy, with a pleasant, aromatic, vinous flavor; quality good to very good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds small, short, plump, acute, light brown. SUDDUTH. Sudduth has little to recom- mend it for eastern pear regions, but it is a standard sort in parts of the Mississippi Valley. The characters which give it a place in the pear flora of the region just named are: re- markable freedom from blight; hardiness to cold and heat; capacity to withstand drought; early bearing; and great productiveness. The fruits are neither attractive In appearance nor high in quality—hardly fit for dessert, being but a grade or two better than the disreputable Kieffer. Like those of the Kieffer, however, they do very well for all culinary purposes. The pears do not keep well, as they soften at the center soon after becoming edible. The trees are nearly as hardy as those of the wild crab-apple. The variety is desirable only where hardiness and freedom from blight are prime requisites. Sudduth was introduced about 1895, although the parent tree was at that time fully seventy years old. It originated from SUMMER DOYENNE seed planted by Thomas Constant in 1820, in Sangamon County, Illinois. , Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy, productive; trunk stocky, shaggy; branches thick, smooth, dull reddish-brown, sprinkled with nu- merous large, raised lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, thin, velvety; apex taper-pointed; margin glandless, finely serrate ; petiole 2 inches long, slender, tinged red, glabrous. Flowers late, 14% inches across, in dense clusters, average 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late September-October; medium or below in size, 214 inches long, 2% inches wide, roundish-oblate, slightly conical toward the apex; stem % inch long, slender; cavity acute, deep, narrow, smooth, sometimes lipped; apex large, open; lobes separated at the base, long, acute; basin very shallow, narrow, obtuse, occa- sionally wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, dull; color light green, without blush; dots very small, russet or greenish, very obscure; flesh greenish-white, firm, crisp, rather dry, subacid; quality medium to poor; core large, closed, axile, with meeting core-lines; calyx wide, eels carpels ovate; seeds variable in size, wide, flat, obtuse. zm SUMMER DOYENNE. The extremely early and highly flavored fruits, which are borne in prodigious quantities, make this a very desirable pear for the home garden. The fruits have no value for the markets as they are small, do not keep well, and are unattrac- tive. The tree is of medium size, comes in bearing early, is hardy, and is as free as most of its orchard associates from blight. Both fruit and foliage suffer badly from pear-scab, and no amount of spraying can give the fruits a fair cheek in season when this fungus is epidemic. Van Mons, the great Belgian pear- breeder, is supposed to have originated this variety; Diel mentioned it among his best pears in 1812. Tree variable in size, upright, vigorous, productive ; trunk slender; branches slender, zigzag, brownish, marked with numerous conspicuous lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, thin, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole 134 inches long, tinged with pink. Flowers showy, 1%4 inches across, in dense clusters, 7 or 9 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in early August; small, 144 inches long, 15g inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, symmetrical; stem 1% inches long, slender; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, slightly furrowed, often lipped; calyx small, closed; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acuminate; basin shallow, obtuse, furrowed; skin thin, smooth, tender, waxen, yellow, blushed with bright red, deepen- ing on the exposed cheek to crimson; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; flesh tinged with yellow, fine- grained, tender and melting, juicy, variable in flavor and quality, pleasantly sprightly under favorable con- ditions ; quality variable, good under the best conditions ; core closed, axile, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, narrow, urn-shaped; carpels roundish-ovate; seeds small, narrow, flat, acute. SUPERFIN: See Beurré Superfin. TYSON. Fig. 97. Tyson competes with Clapp Favorite as the precursor of the pear season which is really opened by Bartlett. In every character of fruit and tree excepting size and color of fruit, Tyson excels Clapp Favorite. The flesh is melting and juicy with a spicy scented sweetness that gives the fruits the charm of individuality. The pears keep longer and ship better than those of Clapp Favorite, their season in New York being from the mid- dle of August to the middle of September. Unfortunately, the pears are but medium in size, and are often poorly colored. The tree URBANISTE 103 is the most nearly perfect of that of any pear grown in America—the Kieffer, praiseworthy only in its tree, not excepted. It is certainly as hardy as that of any other variety if not hardier, and resists better than that of any other sort the black scourge of blight. Add to 97. Tyson. (X14) these notable characters, large size, great vigor and fruitfulness, and it is seen that the trees are nearly flawless. Tyson is the best pear of its season for the home orchard, and has much merit for commercial orchards. Were the fruit larger, it would rival Bartlett for the markets. Tyson is a seedling found about 1794 on the land of Jonathan Tyson, Jenkintown, Pennsyl- vania. Tree very large, vigorous, upright-spreading, tall, dense-topped, hardy, productive; trunk very _ stocky, rough; branches thick, dull reddish-brown, with few lenticels. Leaves 234 inches long, 14% inches wide, thin; apex abruptly pointed; margin finely and _ shallowly serrate; petiole 15g inches long. Flowers medium in season of bloom. Fruit matures in late August; medium in size although somewhat variable, 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, roundish-acute-pyriform, with unequal sides; stem 134 inches long, curved; cavity very shal- low, obtuse, roughened, usually drawing up as a lip about the base of the stem; calyx open; small; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, flaring, slightly furrowed, compressed ; skin tough, smooth, slightly russeted, dull; color deep yellow, usually without blush; dots numerous, very small, obscure; flesh tinged with yellow, granular around the basin, otherwise rather fine-grained, tender and melting, very juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality very good; core small, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx- tube short, wide, conical; seeds medium in size and width, plump, acute. URBANISTE. Urbaniste is desirable for home use because of its highly flavored fruits —so sweet, rich, perfumed, and luscious as to be a natural sweetmeat. The fruits are of but medium size and are not handsome. The flesh is as tender, sweet, juicy, and as delicately per- fumed as that of Seckel or White Doyenné, with a distinct flavor and scent which give the fruits the added charm of individuality. The crop ripens in October, in a season when there are many other pears, but the fruits stand com- parison with those of any other variety and are welcome additions to the fruit-basket. The trees have several defects, chief of which is 104 VERMONT BEAUTY tardiness in coming in bearing, to remedy which grafting on the quince is recommended. They are also somewhat susceptible to blight, and are not as hardy as might be wished. Of all pears, the tree of this is one of the hand- somest—clean and tidy, slender and graceful, yet robust and productive. Fruit and tree make this a valuable variety for home plant- ings. Urbaniste originated as a wilding in the gardens of the religious order of Urbanistes at Mechlin, Belgium, toward the close of the eighteenth century. Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, slow- growing, productive with age; trunk slender, shaggy; branches stocky, shaggy, zigzag, reddish-brown, sprinkled with numerous lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, % inch wide, thin, leathery; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole 14 inches long, slender. Fruit ripe in late October and early November ; medium in size, 24% inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate-obtuse- pyriform, with unequal sides; stem 5 inch long, short, thick; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, faintly russeted, furrowed, slightly lipped; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, narrow, obtuse; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, slightly furrowed; skin thick, tough, roughened by the russet nettings, dull; color pale yellow, often with a faint russet-red blush on the exposed cheek and marked with nettings and patches of russet; dots nu- merous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow, granular especially around the core, tender and melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, pleasantly aromatic 5 quality very good; core closed, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds medium in size and width, long, plump, acute. VERMONT BEAUTY. The fruits of Ver- mont Beauty elicit praise from all who see or taste them. The bright-cheeked pears are as alluring to the eye as those of any other va- riety, and they are almost as delectable as the fruits of Seckel which they resemble in shape, but are larger and handsomer. The crop ripens a little later and keeps longer than that of Seckel, and for these reasons, and because of the alluring appearance, should sell better. The pears are used to grace the table for des- sert, but the sprightly flavor makes them well suited for all culinary purposes. The trees are preéminent among their kind by virtue of large size, rapidity of growth, productivity, and hardiness, the region from which the variety came as a seedling bespeaking greater hardi- hood to cold than that possessed by the aver- age variety. They rejoice in vigor and health as do those of almost no other variety, and while hardly as productive as those of Seckel, yet because of larger fruits fill the basket nearly as quickly. Vermont Beauty is one of the best of the pears of its season, and deserves a place in the orchards of the country for home and market. The variety is supposed to have originated in the nursery of Benjamin Mac- omber, Grand Isle, Vermont, more than forty years ago. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, hardy, productive; trunk stocky, shaggy; branches medium in thickness and smoothness, zigzag, reddish-brown, with numerous large, very conspicuous lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, leathery; apex abruptly or taper-pointed; margin glandless, finely _ serrate ; petiole 2 inches long, glabrous, slender, pinkish-green. Flowers characteristically small, average 1 inch across, in dense clusters, about 6 buds in a cluster, the petals unusually small. Fruit ripe in late October-November ; medium in size, 2% inches long, 2 inches wide, obovate- WHITE DOYENNE acute-pyriform, symmetrical ; stem % inch long, curved; cavity small or lacking, the flesh folded around the base of the stem, occasionally lipped; calyx small, open; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth, symmetrical ; skin thick, tough, smooth, or with slight russet markings; color clear pale lemon-yellow, with a broad and _ brilliantly blushed cheek of pinkish-red, fading at the sides into pinkish-red dots; dots numerous, very small, light russet, conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow, granular at the center but fine-grained near the skin, tender and melting, very juicy, with a rich vinous flavor; quality very good, core closed, axile, with meeting core-lines; calyx- fube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, plump, acute. VICAR OF WINKFIELD. Vicar. The pears of this variety are so variable in quality, often being wretchedly poor, that this sort is now seldom planted in America. The variety is not liked, also, because the trees blight badly. The fruits are large and handsome, keep well, and are excellent for all culinary purposes. They have a strong musky smell, and are more or less astringent, the quality depending largely on the soil, being best when the trees stand in a deep, warm loam. The pears are long-pyriform, usually one-sided, and are further characterized by the peculiarity that the calyx is not in line with the axis as in other pears, but is on one side, generally opposite to that in which the stalk is inserted. The trees, barring susceptibility to blight, are about all that could be desired—large, vigor- ous, handsome, and thriving both as standards and dwarfs. In 1760 this pear was found as a wilding by a French curate at Villiers-en- Brenne. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense- topped, hardy, very productive, long-lived; trunk and branches stocky; branches zigzag, greenish-brown, with lenticels variable in number and size. Leaves 3 inches long, 24% inches wide, thick, leathery; apex abruptly pointed; margin tipped with minute scattering glands, finely serrate; petiole variable in length, pinkish-green. Fruit ripe December-January; large, 334 inches long, 25g inches wide, oblong-pyriform, with a long, taper- ing neck, with unequal sides; stem 1% inches long, slender, curved; cavity lacking with stem obliquely set and often with a fleshy fold around the base in the form of a lip; calyx large, open; lobes long, obtusely pointed; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth, sym- metrical; skin thick, tough, smooth, dull; color pale yellow, often with a faint brownish-red blush over the exposed cheek, marked with light russet around the calyx, and occasionally with russet flecks scattered over the surface; dots numerous, small, conspicuous, brown- ish-russet ; flesh white, granular only near the center, tender and melting, juicy, astringent or with a spright- ly muskiness; good only for cooking; core small, closed, axile, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube long, nar- row, funnel-shaped ; carpels long-oval ; seeds large, long, often abortive. WHITE DOYENNE. Fig. 98. Virgalieu. This ancient and world-renowned pear, its fruits as delectable as any that come from the pear orchard, is now rarely planted in America. It is being discarded because the small and comparatively unattractive fruits fail to satisfy commercial demands. In the middle of the last century, when there was almost a mania for the best European pears, when fruits were judged by the palate rather than the eye as now, White Doyenné was one of the most commonly planted varieties. A more serious fault than small and unattractive pears is that the fruits and foliage are inviting prey to the WILDER EARLY scab fungus which often cracks and scabs the pears and defoliates the trees. Except in sus- ceptibility to scab, the trees are nearly flawless when grown in the soil which they prefer—a rich clay which should be heavy rather than light. On such soil, tree and fruit attain per- fection. Grown in a light soil, and when scab is unchecked, the fruits are small, green, 98. White Doyenné. cracked, and cankered—intolerable to sight and taste. Unfortunately, also, the trees are ravaged by blight when that disease is epi- demic. The faults named have made the variety an outcast, but it should still receive attention for the superb quality of its fruits where scab and blight can be controlled. This pear is one of the oldest of all varieties. So confused is its identity that it is impossible to state whether the variety originated in France or was brought to that country from Italy. Tree large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, hardy, very productive; trunk stocky, somewhat smooth; branches thick, dark gray, with many large lenticels. Leaves 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, flattened, leathery ; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole 144 inches long, slender. Flowers early, 14% inches across, in dense clusters, 7 or 8 buds in a cluster. Fruit ma- tures in early October; medium in size, 2% inches long, 24% inches wide, uniform, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, symmetrical ; stem % inch long, thick, slightly curved ; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted, usually sym- metrical; calyx small, open or closed; lobes short, narrow, obtuse; basin shallow, obtuse, nearly smooth, symmetrical; skin thick, tough, smooth, dull; color elear pale yellow with a small amount of bright red blush on the exposed cheek; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh yellowish-white, granular, firm at first but becoming melting when fully ripe, juicy, sweet, with a rich, aromatic flavor; quality very good; core closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds wide, plump, obtuse. WILDER EARLY. Early Wilder. Wild- er. This is one of the good, early pears for the markets, more highly prized in the Mississippi Valley than in the eastern states._ The pears are very attractive in size, shape, and in the bright lemon-yellow color with a flaming cheek to the sun. The whole pear is characteristically marked with small russet dots set in a pinkish circle. Of all summer pears, the fruits of this one seems least in- clined to rot at the center, and usually keep WINTER NELIS 105 longer and ship better, although the skin is tender and bruises easily. The flesh is buttery, moderately juicy, sweet and rich, with a faint, pleasant perfume. The fruits are small, but are edible almost to the very center, the core being very small. The tree is large, vigorous, prodigiously productive, as healthy as any, and is a remarkably handsome ornamental. De- spite this catalog of virtues, Wilder Early is not largely planted, there being small demand for summer pears. Wilder Early is a chance seedling found by Charles A. Green, Rochester, New York, about 1884, in Chautauqua County, New York. Tree large, vigorous, upright, dense-topped, rapid- growing, hardy, very productive; trunk and branches medium in thickness and smoothness; branches zigzag, reddish-brown, with numerous lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 1% inches wide, leathery; apex taper- pointed; margin very finely serrate; petiole 2 inches long, glabrous. Flowers 1%4¢ inches across, white or tinged with pink, in dense clusters, average 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late August; large, 23g inches long, 2% inches wide, oblong-pyriform, symmetrical ; stem % inch long, very thick; cavity acute, narrow, Tusseted and with rays of russet extending over the sides, slightly compressed, rarely lipped; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, long, narrow, acumi- nate; basin very shallow, narrow, obtuse, wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, dull; color pale lemon-yellow with a blush on the exposed cheek, often deepening to dark pink; dots characteristically distinct, very numer- ous, small, russet or russet-red; flesh white, stringy, tender and melting, buttery, moderately juicy, sweet, faintly aromatic; quality good; core small, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube long, narrow, conical ; seeds long, narrow, acute. WINTER BARTLETT. Winter Bartlett is heralded from the Pacific Coast as a winter variety bearing fruits similar to those of Bart- lett. As the fruits grow in New York, there is a suggestion of Bartlett in the shape, color and flavor, but in size they fall far short. As the variety grows in the East, the name is a misnomer, several other sorts being more like Bartlett than this one. The season is Decem- ber and January, a time when there are a half- dozen other good pears, and since this one has no outstanding characters, it is doubtful if it will outlive a brief period of probation in eastern orchards. The westerners say that the tree is very resistant to blight. This pear originated at Eugene, Oregon, some time prior to 1880. Tree large, vigorous, upright, scraggly, open-topped, hardy, productive; branches stocky, smooth, light-brown, with few lenticels. Leaves 3% inches long, 1% inches wide, stiff; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole 21%4 inches long. Flowers 1% inches across, in dense clusters, average 5 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in December and January; large, 3 inches long, 2% inches wide, oblong-obovate-pyriform ; stem 1 inch long, thick, curved; cavity narrow, shallow, smooth, oblique ; calyx small, nearly closed; lobes short; basin small, shallow, irregular; skin uneven in surface; color at- tractive yellow, splashed with russet and often blushed on the exposed cheek with bright red; dots numerous, small, brownish-russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine- grained, tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant-flavored; quality good to very good; core small, nearly closed, with meeting core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide; seeds large, long, plump, obtuse. WINTER NELIS. Fig. 99. Winter Nelis is the standard winter pear in the United States. Both fruits and trees possess several 106 WINTER NELIS serious faults, but these are outmatched by virtues which make the variety preéminent in its season. The fruits are small, and are often so poorly colored as to be unattractive, but well grown they are sufficiently large for des- 99. Winter Nelis. (<4) sert fruits, and with their russeted coat and a ruddy cheek are handsome. The flesh is tender, melting, juicy, luscious, with a rich, sweet, aromatic flavor. The fruits keep, ship, and sell well. The season is from Christmas to March, but the pears can be kept until late spring in cold storage. No variety is more difficult to grow well in the nursery, and in the orchard the trees are among the unmanage- ables. They are small or of but medium size with straggling, wayward tops with habits of growth so self-assertive that no art nor skill of the pruner can bring the branches under control. Notwithstanding the poorly-shaped tops, the trees are often enormously productive. They bear almost annually; come in bearing young; are fairly hardy; and are adapted to almost any soil or situation, provided that the soil is fertile; and are as nearly immune to blight as those of any other European pear. The trees are characterized by two marked pe- culiarities; the old wood is thickly set with small short spurs; and they are about the latest of all their kind in leafing out in the spring. There is no better winter pear for either the commercial pear-grower or the amateur. Winter Nelis was raised from seed by Jean Charles Nelis, Mechlin, Belgium, early in the nineteenth century. Tree medium in size and vigor, spreading, hardy, very productive; trunk stocky; branches thick, zigzag, droop- ing, reddish-brown, marked with small lenticels. Leaves 3 inches long, 14% inches wide, elongated oval, leathery ; apex taper-pointed; margin crenate; petiole 14% inches long, slender. Flowers open late, 134 inches across, 6 or 7 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe November to January; medium in size, 2%, inches long, 2%4 inches wide, uniform in size and shape, obtuse-obovate-pyriform, symmetrical ; stem 1% inches long, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted, gently furrowed, oc- easionally lipped; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, short, broad, acute; basin shallow, obtuse, lightly furrowed, symmetrical; skin thick, tender, rough- ened with russet, dull; color yellow, with many russet streaks and patches, the exposed cheek blushed with light red; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous ; WORDEN SECKEL flesh yellowish-white, granular at the center and under- neath the skin, tender and melting, buttery, very juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality very good; core large, closed, axile, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute. WORDEN SECKEL. Fig. 100. Worden. Possibly no pear has been more widely adver- tised during the last quarter century than Worden Seckel. Nurserymen and pear-growers alike describe it as a better variety than Seckel, and say that it ought to take the place of that sort of which it is a seedling. But it falls short of Seckel in not being quite as de- pendable in different soils and climates; the trees are not as vigorous, and not as resistant to blight; and the fruits are not as high in quality. On the other hand, the pears are larger and handsomer. Well grown, the fruits of Worden Seckel are voluptuously handsome in form and color. They are smooth, glossy, trim of con- tour, usually uniform, with a beautifully 100. Woden Sl (x) blushed cheek on a handsome yellow back- ground. When the crop is thinned so that the fruits attain large size, no pear is hand- somer or will bring a higher price on the fruit- stands. The crop comes in with Seckel, but keeps longer. The tree is very hardy and bears young. Commercial growers should give this variety a thorough test, and amateurs everywhere will find it worth planting. Wor- den Seckel was raised by Sylvester Worden, Minetto, New York, about 1881. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, rapid-growing, very productive; trunk thick; branches reddish-brown, marked with numerous lenticels. Leaves 21% inches long, 1% inches wide, thick, leathery; apex taper-pointed ; margin tipped with few minute glands, serrate; petiole 1% inches long, glabrous, slender, tinged with red. Flowers showy, 1% inches across, in dense clusters, 8 or 10 buds in a cluster. Fruit ripe in late September- October; medium in size, 2% inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-acute-pyriform, symmetrical; stem %4 inch long, thick; cavity very shallow and obtuse or lacking, the flesh folded up around the base of the stem and often lipped; calyx open, large; lobes narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth or gently furrowed, symmetrical; skin thin, tender, smooth, glossy; color pale golden-yellow, well blushed on the exposed cheek with solid bright red; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; flesh yellowish, fine-grained near the skin, granular at the center, tender and melting, buttery, very juicy, spicy and aromatic; quality very good; core closed, axile, with meeting core-lines ; calyx-tube conical ; carpels ovate; seeds wide, plump, obtuse. CHAPTER VI VARIETIES OF QUINCES The quince, the “golden apple” of the an- cients, once dedicated to deities, and looked upon as the emblem of love and happiness, for centuries the favorite pome, is now neglected and the least esteemed of commonly cultivated tree-fruits. Never represented by a great num- ber of named varieties, probably not more than a half-hundred in any country at any one time, the quince is now discarded from many nursery- men’s catalogs and appears under two, three, or, at most, a half-dozen names in others. Nineteen varieties are listed in this text, but it is doubtful whether more than ten could be purchased true to name from American nurserymen or be found in the quince planta- tions of the country. For the most part, the descriptions are compiled. ANGERS. This variety is seldom or never grown in America for its fruit, but nurserymen import it from France as a stock upon which to dwarf pears. The trees are more vigorous and the leaves larger than those of other quinces. Angers is propagated from cuttings of young wood set in the autumn or from mound-layers. According to French pomolo- gists, the fruit is of value for culinary purposes; the flesh is a little harder than that of other varieties, but becomes tender on cooking. The crop ripens late and is reported to keep longer than that of any other variety. BENTLY. About 1890, a Mr. Bently, Elba, New York, brought cuttings of a quince from Connecticut, which, upon coming in fruit, bore especially fine quinces. Nelson Bogue, Batavia, New York, thereupon introduced it as a new variety under the name Bently. At the New York Agricultural Experiment Station trees from Mr. Bogue bore fruit identical with Orange. A few nurserymen still list Bently as distinct. CHAMPION. Fig. 101. Champion is one of the three or four standard varieties of American quinces, having to recommend it the following notable characters: The fruits are very large and handsome, with flesh almost as tender as that of an apple, delicate in taste and odor, which are imparted to any other fruit with which the quinces are cooked. The trees are large and vigorous, bear young, and are very productive. The fruit ripens late and keeps long. In the North, the quinces do not ripen in short seasons, and the color is often too green for best appearance. Champion is of American origin, its history dating back to about 1870. 101. Champion. («™%) Tree vigorous, productive, early in bearing. Fruit large or very large, obtuse-pyriform, smooth or faintly ribbed; stem set obliquely in a slight depression ; basin deep, narrow with deep narrow furrows; color greenish- yellow ; pubescence very heavy; core large, open; flesh pale yellow, juicy, but firm, not spongy like that of Orange, slightly astringent, aromatic, mild subacid; quality good. CHINESE QUINCE. For a description of this quince, offered by some nurserymen as an edible fruit, see Chenomeles bagenaria, page 12. _ D’ALGER. This French sort has been listed in American catalogs since 1890, though it is but sparingly grown. In the quince-growing region about Geneva, New York, it has no especial value. Tree small, rather unproductive. Fruit large, or medium size, subject to a “spot disease,’ round at the base but drawn out into an acute pyriform neck ; faintly ribbed; basin broad, furrowed; stem inserted without depression; color lemon-yellow ; much pubescence; flesh light yellow, free from granules, rich, aromatic when see very tender and deep red in color; quality good 0 best. 107 108 DE BOURGEAT DE BOURGEAT. Borgeat. Little is known of this quince except that for a quarter of a century it has been listed in the catalogs of several nurserymen. It seems to have been introduced from France about 1885 by J. W. Adams & Co., Springfield, Massachusetts. The following brief description of the variety is recorded at the New York Agricultural Ex- periment Station: Tree large, vigorous, healthy. Leaves large. Fruit late, medium in size, round with a short neck, ribbed, regular in outline; stem set obliquely in a very shallow, russeted cavity; basin very broad, abrupt, furrowed, deep; calyx small, open; color greenish-yellow; flesh yellow, juicy, mild subacid; quality good. DE MAHON. This variety occasionally appeared in American catalogs toward the close of the last century. It seems not to be listed now. In 1907, the fruit was described at Geneva, New York, as having the following characters: Fruit early or midseason, medium in size, nearly round with a short, thick neck; surface covered with heavy pubescence; bright yellow in color or sometimes greenish-yellow ; flesh coarse, rather dry, mild in flavor, aromatic; quality below the average. ELEPHANT. In Luther Burbank’s catalog for 1919 this variety of what is called the Cathay quince is described as follows: “This enormous new type of fruit is produced in the greatest abundance even on quite young trees and will create a sensation in every market and every home, good specimens being a foot and a half around each way. Smooth bright orange, flesh yellow, turning to a deep pink when cooked. Unlike all others of its class it is superior in quality.” FONTENAY. Paris. Fontenay is another quince grown as stock for the pear. The tree is less vigorous than that of Angers and also dwarfs the pears grafted on it. It may be read- ily distinguished from Angers by its more glabrous shoots, lighter wood, and freedom from the short thorns with which Angers is armed. The trees are further characterized by their very upright growth. The variety is sel- dom grown for its fruit, which is poorer in qual- ity than that of Angers. The fruits resemble those of the Pear quince in shape and flesh- characters. The variety very readily roots from cuttings. FULLER. Fuller is probably the best of the early quinces. It is also characterized by the beauty of its fruits, which are rich golden- yellow. Unfortunately, the trees are a little more subject to blight than other varieties, and, since early quinces are not much in de- mand, are now seldom to be found in com- mercial plantations. Fuller was discovered about 1868 by A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood, New Jersey, and disseminated by him. The fol- lowing description is made from trees propa- gated from the original plant: Tree of medium size, lacking in vigor, productive, subject to blight. Fruit very early, medium to large, apple-shaped but with a neck which gives some speci- mens the pear shape; surface ridged; heavily covered with pubescence; calyx set in a deep, wide basin; stem MEECH set in a shallow cavity; flesh light yellow, juicy, tender, free from granules, very aromatic, mildly subacid; quality good to very good. JAPANESE QUINCE. This is the well- known flowering quince cultivated in all tem- perate climes for its brilliant flowers, which appear early in the spring. The fruits, how- ever, are used for culinary purposes; the jellies and conserves made from them are most ex- cellent. It belongs to a different species from the true quince, and the reader is referred to Chenomeles lagenaria, page 12, for a fuller description. JOHNSON. The Johnson quince was more or less grown a quarter century ago in Penn- sylvania, where it was thought to surpass the Orange, to which it is very similar but su- perior in vigor of tree. Also, the plants were said to be less susceptible to quince-blight than the Orange. The variety is still listed by a few nurserymen, but is probably not much grown. It originated with Jacob Johnson, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, about 1875. The following description of the fruit was made in 1908 from specimens sent by the son of the originator to the New York Agricultural Ex- periment Station: Fruit ripens with Orange and keeps well; large, round- oblate, with a short, blunt neck, compressed at the stem, faintly ribbed; cavity broad, very shallow; basin large, angular, furrowed, deep; color pale yellow with small green dots; pubescence heavy, the quince becoming smooth at maturity; flesh yellow, juicy, mild, aromatic, fine-grained. MEECH. Fig. 102. Meech’s Prolific. Many pomologists believe Meech to be a strain of the better-known Champion. A review of the history and characters of the two varieties 102. Meech. (X14) shows that Meech is the older of the two quinces; ripens its crop two weeks earlier; is much less subject to blight; the trees are hardier, more vigorous, and more productive; MISSOURI MAMMOTH and, all in all, the true Meech is a better variety than the true Champion. It would be difficult indeed to make sure now of getting the variety true to name. Meech seems to have been in cultivation in Vineland, New Jersey, about the middle of the nineteenth century. It was not introduced until some years later, when, coming into the hands of Rev. W. W. Meech, it was disseminated in 1883. Tree very vigorous, hardy, productive and compara- tively free from blight; comes in bearing early. Leaves large, broad in proportion to their length and luxuriantly green. Flowers very large and attractive. Fruit mid- season, very large, pear-shaped or obscurely pyriform, smooth or occasionally slightly ribbed; stem set obliquely in a slight depression; basin rather narrow, smooth or somewhat furrowed; color bright golden-yellow; very pubescent but becoming smooth at maturity; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, fine-grained, highly aromatic, tart; quality good. MISSOURI MAMMOTH. About 1875, Missouri Mammoth received the commenda- tion of the Missouri Valley Horticultural So- ciety, and was rather largely planted in Mis- souri and neighboring states. Its cultivation seems never to have spread throughout the East, but occasionally a plant of the variety is to be found in New York, in which state it ripens with the Orange, but is not so de- sirable as that variety. In Missouri, the tree was thought to be healthier, more vigorous, and more productive, and to come in bearing earlier than the Orange. The variety seems to have originated in Massachusetts, nearly a century ago, thence it was carried to Ohio, thence to Missouri, where it was introduced soon after the Civil War. Fruit ripens with the Orange or a little earlier, very large, round or oblong-ovate, ribbed but with the sur- face smooth; calyx set in a shallow, wrinkled basin; stem short, inserted in a small, moderately deep cavity ; core small; color bright lemon-yellow ; flesh pale yellow, juicy, slightly astringent, very aromatic; texture fine; quality very good. 103. Orange. (X%) ORANGE. Fig. 103. Apple. Orange is a group rather than a varietal name. Nursery- men and quince-growers are prone to call every orange- or apple-shaped quince “Orange” SMYRNA 109 or “Apple.” The type seems to come nearly true from seed, which fact accounts for the several strains. These Orange quinces belong to the North, where they ripen late in the season in cool weather. In the South, they ripen too early, and are inferior in size, quality, and color to several other varieties. The name has long been used, but when or where it was first used is not known. Orange is the leading commercial quince in the United States. Tree very vigorous, hardy, productive, and as free as any from blight. Fruit early midseason, nearly round with a very short, thick neck, faintly ribbed; cavity broad, very shallow with indications of a small, unde- veloped neck, russeted; basin broad, abrupt, deep, furrowed; calyx medium in size; very pubescent; color golden-yellow or sometimes greenish-yellow; flesh pale yellow, tender, fine, juicy, mild subacid, becoming a beautiful dark red when thoroughly cooked; core medium in size, wide open; quality very good. PEAR QUINCE. Pear, like Orange, is the name of a group rather than of a variety. The fruits of the several strains are medium in size rather than large, pyriform, usually colored a duller and richer yellow than the Orange strains, not so well flavored, and ripen later in the season. The Pear quinces are better adapted to southern than northern localities. PINEAPPLE. Pineapple is a compara- tively new variety originated by Luther Bur- bank and sent out by him in 1899. The origi- nator says that the variety is the result of an effort to secure a quince which upon cooking would become tender as does the flesh of the apple. The flavor, Burbank says, is suggestive of the pineapple, hence the name. In appear- ance the quince resembles the Orange, but is smoother and more globular, lighter in color, and a little larger. The tree is described as a strong grower and as productive as that of the Orange. REA. Rea’s Mammoth. Rea is a strain of the Orange characterized by very large quinces and a strong-growing, productive tree, with foliage a little darker than that of the true Orange. The fruit ripens a little later and keeps well after maturity. The history of the variety goes back to Coxsackie, New York, whence it seems to have been disseminated by Joseph Rea. The trees are tender to cold in the North and, therefore, in disfavor in the quince-growing regions of New York and New England; they are also lacking in vigor, need high culture, and the crop should be thinned. SMYRNA. This is a new variety intro- duced from Smyrna in 1897 by G. C. Roeding, Fresno, California. It seems to have found a prominent place in California, but as yet is hardly tested in the East. The plant is a handsome ornamental. The variety is well worth trying. Tree a rapid and very vigorous grower with many large leaves. Fruit large, round-oblong; surface lightly furrowed, lemon-yellow; season about that of Orange, the fruit keeping well; flesh tender, very aromatic, mild subacid; quality good to very good. 110 VAN DEMAN 104. Van Deman. (X%%) VAN DEMAN. Fig. 104. Van Deman is a comparatively new candidate for pomological honors from Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, WEST MAMMOTH California. Its value remains to be deter- mined, although it has already found favor in some regions. The variety is described as follows, from trees on the grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York: Tree vigorous, hardy, prolific, coming in bearing early. Fruit ripens just before Orange; very large, pear-shaped, with a short, obtuse neck, making the shape obtuse- pyriform ; surface smooth; basin of medium width and depth; stem set obliquely in a shallow calyx, sometimes surrounded by a short, neck-like protuberance; calyx open, with leaf-like lobes; color pale orange; without much pubescence; flesh pale yellow, rather coarse, slightly astringent, aromatic, pleasant, subacid, juicy, becomes deep red when cooked; quality very good; core large, wide open. WEST MAMMOTH. West Mammoth seems to be a strain of Orange, which it much resembles. It originated with a Mr. West, a pioneer nurseryman of Stockton, California, some time previous to 1880, and is still listed by California nurserymen. PART II DRUPE-FRUITS CHAPTER VII BOTANY OF THE DRUPE-FRUITS A drupe is a fruit consisting of a fleshy or leathery, valveless exocarp (the pulp of the peach, plum, cherry and similar fruits) and a hard, bony endocarp (the stone of the fruits named) enclosing a single seed. The drupe- fruits, sometimes called the stone-fruits, are the almond, apricot, cherry, peach, and plum, represented by many species. All belong to the genus Prunus, a member of Rosacex, to which family, as we have seen, belong also pomes, brambles, and strawberries. To be able to distinguish the species and their many horticultural varieties, the student must know the gross structure and the habits of growth of the great botanical group constituting the drupe-fruits. Size and habit of tree. Species of the stone-fruits have very charac- teristic trees, a glance usually enabling one to tell one species from another. So, also, many of the varieties of different species are readily told in the orchard by the size and habit of the plant. Size, it must be remembered, responds to environment—food, moisture, light, isola- tion, pests, and the like—but, making proper allowance, size of tree, or of its parts, is a reliable character by which to determine either species or varieties of the drupe-fruits. There are no true dwarfs in any of the cultivated drupes in America. As with the pomes, the terms large, small, and medium are used to designate size. Habit of growth is nearly as important as size, and as it is affected but little by environment, becomes a most important means of distinguishing groups. For example, the tree of a species or variety may be up- right, spreading, drooping, or round-topped; the top may be open or dense; the branches may form a vase or pyramid; the trunk may be short and stout or long and slender, straight or crooked, smooth or gnarled; the trees may grow rapidly or slowly; and may be long-lived or short-lived. These habits of growth not only help to distinguish varieties, but very largely determine whether the plant is suffi- ciently manageable to make a good orchard plant. Hardiness. The degree of hardiness is most important in classifying drupe-fruits. In the case of the sweet cherry, peach, and plum, varieties tol- erate widely varying degrees of cold; in the case of the sour cherry, great differences in heat. In one of the classificatory schemes for the peach, that of Onderdonk and Price, hardi- ness is the chief determinant of groups. The range in hardiness of varieties falls within that of the wild species, as it is seemingly impossible to develop a variety hardier than the species from which it comes. Varieties of drupe-fruits are designated as hardy, half-hardy, and tender. In North America, artificial protection is sel- dom given to tender drupe-frvits, as is often done in Europe, although peaches, apricots, and nectarines are occasionally grown under glass. Fruit-bearing. Productiveness, age of bearing, regularity in bearing, and certainty of bearing all count in classifying any of the drupe-fruits, though of much less importance for this purpose than in pome-fruits, since the drupe-fruits usually bear early and are productive and regular in bearing; otherwise they are not chosen for cultivation. The care given trees greatly in- fluences all of these characters, and in using them allowance must be made for culture, as also for soil, climate, light, pests, and other environmental conditions. Length of life must be noted in describing species and varieties, as a characteristic difference. Resistance to disease. Susceptibility and immunity to disease and insects are valuable taxonomic characters. There are great differences among varieties of peaches in resistance to the yellows, little- peach, and leaf-curl; in plums, to brown-rot and black-knot; in cherries, to leaf-spot and gummosis; and in all drupe fruits to San José scale, borers, and plant-lice. Resistance to pests, obviously, is of great economic impor- tance, and the reactions of varieties to pests, so far as they can be determined, should al- ways be stated in a description of a fruit, whether or not they may be used in classifica- tion. Both insects and fungi may vary in destructiveness from year to year and, no doubt, the host-plant may acquire new rela- tionships to either insect or fungous pests. Bark. The thickness, smoothness, and manner of exfoliation of the bark have great value in determining species of drupe-fruits, but are of little use in distinguishing varieties. Any one of the ten or twelve species of cultivated plums can be recognized by the characters of the bark. Color of bark, both the outer and the 113 114 BRANCHES AND BRANCHLETS inner, helps materially to identify all species of drupe- fruits, and is a means of recognizing many varieties. Bark is usually lighter in color in warm than in cold climates; in dry than in wet regions. On young trees, the bark is smoother and brighter than on ‘old, as it is also in healthy, vigorous specimens. Branches and branchlets. The branches and branchlets of both species and varieties are very characteristic. The length, thickness, rigidity, branching angle, and direction are all very characteristic and change but little with variations in soil and climate. The branchlets may be short or slender; long- jointed or short-jointed; straight or zigzagging ; variously colored; those of some species or varieties are pubescent at one stage or an- other, while those of others are glabrous at all stages of growth. It is of much importance with the drupes whether they are armed or unarmed with thorns or spurs, nearly all species being armed. In particular, the character of the spurs is important in identifying some of the native plums. The length of the internodes and the shape of the nodes are important char- acters. Although exceedingly variable, the presence and amount of pubescence, and the size, color and number of lenticels on young wood are important in distinguishing botanical and horticultural groups. The color of the wood is also of taxonomic importance. The presence or absence of excrescences is always to be noted, since some plums may be so identified. Leaf- and fruit-buds. Both leaf-buds and fruit-buds are of much value in separating species, and may often be used in distinguishing varieties. Thus, fruit- buds are borne in pairs with a leaf-bud separat- ing the members of the pair on peach wood; flower-buds are borne in triplets in Japanese plums; and in other species may be borne singly, in pairs, or in rosettes. Size, shape, color, position, and angle must all be taken into account. The outer and inner scales and the margins of the scales vary greatly, and so offer stable differences in different species. Vernation, or the disposition of the leaf-blade in the bud, is a fine mark of distinction in separating cherries from other drupe-fruits; and, while all cherries are supposed to be conduplicate (folded on the midrib so that the two halves are face to face), yet there are important differences as to the manner of conduplication in both species and varieties. Leaves of plums are usually convolute (rolled up in the bud), but in a few species they are conduplicate, an indication of the close re- lationship of cherries and plums. Leaves. After the fruits, leaves are the most useful organs as determinants of both species and varieties. Leaves vary but little and only under easily recognized conditions; as, in LEAF-GLANDS young plants, on water-sprouts, and in ex- tremes of soil, light, moisture, and temperature. Only leaves found on normal wood should be studied. Leaf-size is the most variable character of leaves, yet it serves to distinguish varieties in every species of drupe-fruits; size should be designated by figures. Leaf-form is the most stable leaf-character, hence especially valuable in classification. The bases and apices of leaves usually afford valuable distinguishing marks of the drupe-fruits. The time of ap- pearance and the time of dropping are impor- tant in distinguishing any of the drupes. The margins of leaves in all species in this group of fruits are very characteristic, and often serve to identify varieties as well. In studying mar- gins, both serrations and glands are most con- stant in the middle of the sides of leaves, those at the base and apex often being crowded or wanting. In the drupe-fruits the margins may be serrate, crenate, toothed, doubly or singly divided, glandular or glandless, never entire. Margins of leaves of the drupe-fruits are some- times more or less hairy. The color of leaves is very constant in species and varieties, when studied in individuals or takenin mass. Nearly all species and many varieties are given a dis- tinct aspect by their summer dress, which is chiefly dependent on the color of the leaves, that of both upper and lower surfaces being constant. Pubescence, texture, thickness, and the reticulation of leaves must be taken into account in determining species, but are of small value in naming varieties, although all are variable in accordance with age of leaf, and the soil and climate in which the plant grows. The petiole may be used to good ad- vantage in determining species and varieties. Thus, in consequence of the great length and slenderness of the petiole in sweet cherries, the leaves droop, while because of the short, stout leaves of sour cherries, the leaves are usually erect. The color of the petiole of the leaf in some stone-fruits is correlated with that of the fruit. Pubescence must be noted. Stipules offer little evidence of value in any of the drupe-fruits except in the cherry, with which fruit they have considerable value in separating even closely related varieties. Stipules appearing with the first leaves of the cherry are small and drop before the fruit ripens; stipules appearing with later leaves are large, borne in pairs, and remain until fruiting is past; the season of dropping depends much on the variety. Stipules of cherries are usually deeply toothed and bear glands of varying color and shape which are characteristic. Many of the distinguishing marks mentioned under leaves apply to stipules. Leaf-glands. Much use is made of the glands on leaf- stalks in classifying peaches. Their presence or absence, size, color, position, shape, and number must be noted, and whether stalked or sessile. Two kinds may be found; globose, those which are small globes; and reniform, those which are kidney-shaped. In studying PLatE V.—NAPOLEON CHERRY. FLOWERS glands, examination must be made several times during the season, the most characteristic ones being found toward the end of the sum- mer. Varieties of the peach with glandless leaves are reputed to be most susceptible to mildew; and, on the other hand, are said to be most resistant to leaf-curl. A century ago, European pomologists made several classifica- tory schemes for the peach founded on the glands; these are now discarded, the glands proving too variable. Glands on the leaf-stalks of other drupes than peach and apricot are of small value in classification, but should usually be noted. Flowers. The flowers of all drupes are very character- istic and help to delineate species and varieties. They differ in time of appearing; in length of season; in size and color; in length of pedicel; and both the floral and reproductive organs give distinctions to botanical and horticultural groups. In some species, as in the plums, the reproductive organs differ greatly in ability to perform their functions, many varieties being more or less self-sterile. The season of flowering is a fine mark of distinction with all drupe-fruits. A well-marked correlation be- tween the color of the inside of the calyx-cup and the color of the flesh of the fruit is one of the distinguishing marks of the peach; yellow-fleshed peaches develop from the blos- soms in which the inside of the calyx-cup is orange; white-fleshed peaches from those in which the calyx-cup is green on the inside. The fragrance of flowers in different species and varieties varies greatly and the character is constant. Many varieties of drupes may be recognized by the distribution of the flowers on the tree, since some bear their flowers on the ends of branches, while others produce them on spurs and branchlets well down on the branchlets. There are many flowers in the flower-clusters of some drupes; in others, few. In some varieties, the flowers are loosely ar- ranged; in others, compactly. Fruits. The best characters by which to make identi- fications of drupes are in the ripened fruits. Thus, depending upon size; upon whether smooth- or hairy-skinned, free- or clingstone, yellow-, white- or red-fleshed; as to whether FRUITS 115 the color is red, yellow or green; as to what the shape; most of the drupes may be easily identified. Following these major characters, many minor ones, as those having to do with quality and season, play an important part. The color of the juice is a certain dividing- line in cherries. Bloom, skin, cavity, apex, stem, and suture are among the minor charac- ters. The terms used in describing size in pomes are also used with drupes. The shapes of drupes are simpler than those of pomes, and the descriptive terms are so easily understood as to need no discussion here. The stem is much used in identifying all drupe-fruits. Its presence or absence is a definite distinguishing mark with some species, while length is an almost certain mark of identification of some cherries and plums. Thickness is of small importance, but color is often distinctive. The stems of some drupes are characteristically en- larged at the end, and in some they are more or less curved. The ease with which the stem parts from fruit or tree is sometimes charac- teristic. The cavity is described by the terms used in describing the cavity in pomes, but the apex, occupying the place of the basin in a pome-fruit, has special terms of description. It may be raised or sunken, rounded or tipped; the tip may be blunt, sharp, mucronate, or mammiform; the remains of the calyx may drop or be more or less persistent. The stones aid in determining species and sometimes assist in recognizing varieties. They differ in size, shape, grooves, ridges, in the pitting, and in the characteristics of base and apex. In plums and peaches, the stones of the freestones are more deeply furrowed and the sides are smoother than those of clingstones. Apricots may be divided into two groups; those with bitter kernels and those with sweet kernels. Still another division of apricots may be made from a difference in the dorsal suture; in some apricots this suture is pervious, in others, im- pervious. What has been said of the flesh, flavor, and quality of pome-fruits applies also to drupe-fruits. Not that these characters are similar in the two groups, but the same method of characterization and much the same lan- guage are employed for the two. The accompanying description blank for the peach sets forth most of the characters students and fruit-growers will use in describing drupe- Tults. DESCRIPTION BLANK FOR THE PEACH AMG unin cis sicien ie.c(e coc.e wala 'aie els a(e'e'e o ONCHATO s\s)eleiare/slalnraininialejelointe Row..... oe NOrn sce cje, DAtCcisiecinicivie! LOeleisie TREE FLOWERS Marked characteristicS.......sseeeececcccccecscees Date of bloom ..... BOOATOD BORO COUCOOOOOOOUOOD Large, medium, small Early, medium, late Vigorous, medium, weak Inches across ....... jereraieis\ale(e/aisje/sialejula(ejstei=loln/eie Upright, spreading, drooping Dense, open Vase-formed, round-topped Hardy, half-hardy, tender Very productive, productive Medium productive, unproductive Regular bearer, uncertain bearer SUSCEPTIBILITY to Insects Diseases TRUNK Stocky, medium, slender Smooth, medium, shaggy BRANCHES Stocky, medium, slender Smooth, medium Shaggy, zigzag Red, brown, gray Green, glossy, dull Lenticels Numerous, medium, few Large, medium, small BRANCHLETS Thick, medium Slender, willowy Long, medium, short Internodes Long, mecium, short Bark Red, brown, gray Green, glossy, dull Rough, smooth, zigzag Pubescent, glabrous Lenticels Numerous, medium, few Large, medium, small Raised or not LEAVES erig thismtereyetelayenlsietel slotete Large, medium, small Oval, ovate, obovate Acuminate, lanceolate, spatulate Abruptly pointed, acutely pointed Thick, medium, thin Light, medium, dark green Smooth, rugose See eee ewww eee eee eee eeneee Width... cceccccccccece Margin Glandular, crenate Finely serrate, coarsely serrate Petiole Long, medium, short Thick, medium, slender Glands A Average number Opposite, alternate Large, medium, small Globose, reniform, mixed Red, green MDM Goopaoadmoscsnosn © eon Oe cccccccccece SGipilesaerarelstaterevelatstaletesetais) clojors ecwecle sielerain\eielale(eelaiere FLOWER-BUDS Hardy, half-hardy, tender Large, medium, small Long, medium, short Obtuse, conic, pointed, plump Appressed, free Pubescent REMARES Large, medium, small Pink, salmon FRUIT Marked characteristics .....sceccscccccccccceseres Early, midseason, late DATE (OF RIPBDNING © civic cle sinie's wiclnieje/nlslniclsieiatslalsie KEEPING QUALITY .... SHIPPING QUALITY ... SUSCEPTIBILITY to Insects Diseases mfetele Deng flvsese tes inverareratste Greatest diameter.....sseeees Large, medium, small Regular, irregular Oval, ovate, roundish Oblate, cordate, oblong Truncate, conical Compressed long or opposite sutures Halves equal or unequal CAVITY Deep, medium, shallow Wide, medium, narrow Regular, irregular Flaring, abrupt SUTURE Shallow, medium, deep Distinct, indistinct A mere line, lacking APEX Prolonged tip, short tip Roundish, flattened, depressed COLOR Red, yellow, green Crimson, white Mottled, blushed, striped PUBESCENCE long, medium, short Thick, medium, thin SKIN Thick, medium, thin Tough, medium, tender Adherent, semi-free, free FLESH Red, white, green, yellow Juicy, medium, rather dry Coarse, fine-grained, stringy Tough, medium, tender Firm, melting Ripens evenly, unevenly Sweet, subacid Sour, sprightly, aromatic Quality Best, very good, good Fair, poor, very poor STONE Free, semi-cling, cling Length Greatest diameter. .sessceseee Large, medium, small Ovate, roundish, flattened Obovate, oval, plump Conspicuously winged, grooved Pointed, blunt, oblique Smooth, corrugated, pitted USE Dessert, kitchen Market, home DESIRABILITY THE GENUS PRUNUS THE GENUS PRUNUS Here belong almonds, apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, and plums, constituting a genus that contains a greater number of dis- tinct, natural esculents than any other similar botanical group. There are in the genus some forty odd species of edible fruits, which, through long cultivation, have been broken up into many orchard-varieties. The distin- guishing characters of Prunus are: Trees or shrubs with astringent properties. Leaves conduplicate or convolute in the bud, alternate, simple, serrate, petiolate, deciduous or persistent; stipules free from the petiole, lanceolate, glandular, deciduous. Flow- ers solitary, in corymbs or racemes, appearing from separate buds before, with, or after the leaves; calyx five-lobed; tube obconic or tubular, deciduous; stamens 15 to 20, inserted with the petals in three rows; pistils with one carpel or rarely with two or more carpels; ovary inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube, one-celled. Fruit a drupe, with a glaucous or pubescent outer cov- ering, a pulpy, dry or leathery flesh covering, a bony, smooth or rugose pit or stone which is one- or rarely two-seeded. Nearly every botanist who has worked with Prunus has grouped the stone-fruits according to a plan of his own, and there are, therefore, many schemes of classification, and conse- quently much confusion in the nomenclature of this genus. Happily, these differences made by botanists need not confuse pomologists, for each of the stone-fruits constitutes a distinct pomological group. No fruit-grower could mistake in tree or fruit the peach, plum, cherry, apricot, or almond. For the purpose of this manual, one of the oldest, but still most com- monly used classifications is accepted, in which all of the drupe-fruits are placed in one genus. The lines of cleavage between the several groups of common culture are easily distin- guished, there being four distinct subgenera. 1. Amygdalus. Peach and Nectarine. Leaves condu- plicate in vernation. Flowers solitary, sessile or nearly so, appearing before the leaves. Fruit pubescent in the peach, smooth in the nectarine; the flesh thick and succulent (dry and leathery in the almond which belongs to this group); the stone compressed, thick-walled, rugose and deeply pitted. 2. Armeniaca. Apricot. Leaves conduplicate in vernation. Flowers solitary, with short pedicels, appear- ing before the leaves. Fruit pubescent, with succulent flesh and a thick-walled conspicuously winged smooth or pitted stone; peduncle separating from the mature fruit. 3. Prunophora. Plum. Leaves conduplicate or con- volute in yernation. Flowers with pedicels, borne in cymes, appearing before the leaves. Fruit smooth, suc- culent, often covered with a glaucous bloom; stone com- pressed, smooth or slightly rugose, grooved on the dorsal and acute-margined on the ventral suture; peduncle slender, usually remaining with the fruit. 4. Cerasus. Cherry. Leaves conduplicate in verna- tion. Flowers with pedicels, borne in fascicles or corymbs, appearing before or with the leaves. Fruits globular, not sulcate, glabrous, not glaucous, smooth, or rarely slightly hairy; flesh succulent; stones turgid, nearly globular, smooth or slightly rugose, ridged on the ventral suture. THE PEACH AND NECTARINE 1. Prunus Persica, Stokes. dark reddish-brown, in old trees rough and _ scaly; branches spreading, slender; twigs slender, glabrous, glossy green changing to shades of red, with numerous, conspicuous lenticels. Leaves alternate, simple, 4-7 Tree low, diffuse; bark THE PEACH AND NECTARINE 117 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, oblong-lanceolate; upper surface pale, with little or no pubescence; apex long- tapering, base acute or abrupt; margins serrate or crenate, tipped with glands or glandless; petioles 4-1 inch long, grooved, glandless or with 1-8 globose or reniform glands. Flowers from wood of the previous season; flower-buds plump, conical, free or appressed, appearing before the leaves; flowers of two sizes, the smaller size ranging under 1 inch in diameter, the larger, 1% inches; the floral color pure white, pink, or red; pedicels very short, glabrous, green. Fruit sub-globular ; suture usually distinct; cavity well marked, abrupt; apex with a mamelon or mucronate tip; color varying from greenish-white to orange-yellow, usually with a red cheek, sometimes covered with red; very pubescent except in the nectarine; skin adherent or free from the pulp; flesh greenish-white or yellowish, often stained with red at the pit, occasionally red, sweet or acidulous, aromatic; stone free or clinging, elliptic or ovoid, compressed, pointed; outer surfaces wrinkled and pitted, inner surfaces polished; ventral and dorsal sutures grooved or furrowed, sometimes winged ; the seed almond- like, aromatic, bitter. The name of this fruit has brought about a misunderstanding as to its origin. The word “peach” and most of its equivalents in the countries of Europe are derived from “Persia.” This has given rise to the supposition that the fruit originated in Persia; in fact, it is so stated by all the ancient Roman authors who mention the peach. The peach, however, comes from eastern Asia, where it is now found wild, and where Chinese records show that it was cultivated long before there were records of it in Persia or in southern Europe; it was grown in China 2000 years before its introduction into Europe. Some have believed that the peach is but a modified almond, but in the light of recent botanical and historical evidence this theory finds little support. The species is usually divided by botanists, who name several botanical varieties. Two of these are edible fruits, the nectarine and the Peento peach. But these two botanical varieties, originating again and again in the case of the nectarine as a bud or seed muta- tion, and in the case of the Peento peach prob- ably having originated as a mutation, are not more distinct from the parent species than the red-fleshed, the Snowball peach, the Yellow Transvaals from South Africa, the nippled peach, the cleft peach, the beaked peach, the winter peaches of China, or the pot-grown dwarfs from China; in fact, the nectarine and the flat peach are no more different from pubescent and globular peaches than the cling- stone is from the freestone, the yellow-fleshed from the white-fleshed variety, or the large- flowered from the small-flowered sorts. All may as well be considered pomological groups; all are becoming interminably confused by hybridization. Few other fruits are found under such varied conditions and over such extended areas as the peach. Once a wild inhabitant of China, it is now cultivated in every part of that vast Empire where agriculture is an industry; the trees are so abundant and so at home in the orchards and forests of Turkestan and Persia as to have given rise to the belief that they have always grown there. Peaches thrive in all parts of southern Europe, and are grown in pots and on walls in northern European lati+ 118 THE PEACH AND NECTARINE tudes. Coming to America soon after Co- lumbus discovered the New World, the peach found such congenial surroundings that it spread rapidly and widely, leading botanists three centuries later to call it a native. In the fruit areas of the United States, after two centuries of cultivation, the peach is so plenti- ful that it is to be found fresh, canned, or evaporated in every home in the land, and the species is represented in American orchards by over 1000 varieties which have originated in this country. European settlers took the peach across the Equator in their migrations, and have made it a favorite fruit in the gardens and orchards of the South Temperate Zone. It is common in the colonies of South Africa; Darwin in his famous voyage to South America found a part of Argentina “thickly clothed with peach and orange trees”; it grows wild on the tem- perate and subtropic coasts in Chile, Peru, and Bolivia, where it is also an important orchard plant. In temperate Oceanica, New Zealand, and Australia, the peach plays an important part in horticulture. In its world-wide wanderings, the peach in tree and fruit has taken on most interesting combinations of characters not found in the original. Round, flat, beaked; free or cling- stone peaches; with smooth or downy skin; having red, yellow or white flesh; sweet, sour or bitter ;—all combinations of these characters are known to American growers of this fruit, but there are varieties of less well-known char- acters. Thus, the peach in China bears fruits weighing a pound apiece and having extraordi- nary keeping and shipping qualities; a Chinese peach of the Honey type has a tree with a maximum height of only seven or eight feet; still another Chinese variety has extraordi- narily long leaves; another variety from China is a white-stoned sort; a well-known peach in the French West Indies has fruits that peel easily and withstand a continued temperature in the ripening season of 76 to 90 degrees; in Kashgar, a peach is reported that will keep for several months; in Chinese Turkestan there is a nectarine said to keep for several weeks after fully ripe; even more remarkable is the Feichen peach from China which ripens in late September, and can be kept wrapped in paper until February; as remarkable as any is the Transvaal Yellow of South Africa which grows among granite boulders, as a hedge around homesteads, or beside water furrows and dams with the roots in water; the fragrant peach and the firm peach from China are not yet known in America; nor is the Chinese dwarf peach, grown in pots indoors, which fruits at the height of fifteen inches and bears peaches on the main trunk, though the stem is scarcely larger than a lead pencil. The facts just stated imply two important things to peach-growers. First, the peach is an exceedingly variable fruit which is capable of being moulded to fit many conditions of en- vironment; and which, under cultivation in unlike regions, soils, and climates, may still be greatly improved by crossing and selecting. THE APRICOT Second, the peach has seemingly, in centuries of cultivation by the Orientals, taken on suffi- cient immutability to make it one of the most stable of species. The many races and thou- sands of varieties are all best put in one species. Many varieties come true to seed; peaches from seed seldom revert to worthless forms, as so many seedling fruits habitually do. American pomologists loosely divide peaches into four groups or races. First, the Persian race brought to America by the early settlers, best represented by the Crawfords. Second, the North China race made up of varieties char- acterized by fruits of large size, great beauty, tender skin and flesh, and vigorous trees which bear abundantly and regularly; Chinese cling and Chinese free, early varieties of this race, are still as good representatives of it as any. Third, the South China race represented by varieties which bear small, oval, yellow fleshed fruits with a peculiar honey-sweet flavor; from the flavor, this race is sometimes called the Honey peach. It is adapted only to subtropical parts of America. Fourth, the Peento race, rep- resented by trees which are inclined to be ever- green and by fruits which are sub-globose or much flattened endwise, skin white and mot- tled with carmine, flesh white or yellow, and the flavor sweet with a peculiar almond taste; the stone in the flattened peaches is also flat- tened endwise and is either free or cling. The Peentos grow only in subtropical regions. It is now useless to try to keep these several races distinct. All have been and are being freely hybridized, producing offspring which connect the groups. Nectarines. The nectarine is a hairless peach. The trees differ in no respect from those of the peach, and, apart from the absence of pubescence, the only distinguishing marks between the fruits are smaller size, firmer flesh, greater aroma, and a distinct and richer flavor in nectarines. The varieties of the two fruits correspond in characters. In both the peach and the nectarine there are clingstone and freestone sorts; both have varieties with red, yellow, or white flesh; the flowers of both may be large or small; nectarine leaves in one variety or another show all the variations in glands and serrations known to the peach; the stone and kernels are indistinguishable in the two fruits; peaches and nectarines are adapted to the same soils and climatic condi- tions, and, wherever the peach is grown, the nectarine is found. The history of the nec- tarine goes back over 2000 years, merging into. that of the peach. THE APRICOT Three species of Prunus are known as apri- cots: Armeniaca, the common apricot; Mume, the Japanese apricot; and dasycarpa, the black apricot. The apricot-plum, Simoni, is more closely allied to the plums and is classified with plums. THE APRICOT 1. Prunus Armeniaca, Linn. Common Apricot. Tree small, with a round, spreading top and in color of bark resembling the peach. Leaves round-ovate, thin; margins finely serrate; teeth obtuse; upper surface smooth, bright green; lower surface smooth or nearly 80; petioles 44-1 inch long, with one to several glands. Flowers light pink, 1 inch across, borne singly, nearly sessile, opening before the leaves. Fruits earlier than those of the peach or plum; variable in size and shape, smaller than those of the peach, usually compressed ; pubescence fine and short or nearly lacking; yellow with more or less red; flesh yellow, sometimes tinged with red, firm, dry, sweet and rich; stone clinging or free, obovate, flat, smooth, ridged or sulcate on one suture. This apricot is an intermediate between the peach and the plum. The three fruits may be readily intergrafted, and the apricot and plum have been hybridized, the hybrid being called the plumcot, while a supposed hybrid between the peach and apricot is called the peach-apricot. Evolution in the fruit seems ‘to progress from the plum, a smooth fruit, to the woolly apricot and then to the still more velvety peach. The flowers of the apricot are more like those of the plum, being usually white or whitish; and the stone, like that of the plum, is smooth or nearly so. The dorsal suture of the stone in some apricots is soft and pervious, a character not found in peaches or plums. The blossoms appear earlier than those of either peach or plum, and the fruits ripen earlier. The apricot is like the peach in shape and color of the fruits, but has a richer, yellower flesh, somewhat too lacking in juice for most palates. The trees have the round-headed, spreading tops of the peach, and bark like that of the peach. The leaves are broad, almost circular, more or less cordate, smooth and shining, easily distinguished from those of the peach or plum. The kernels of some apricots are sweet, of others bitter. The apricot is popular in America only in California, and in a few favored spots in the Rocky Mountains and westward. Farther east, the crop is destroyed by spring frosts too fre- quently to make apricot-growing a safe ven- ture. Moreover, the curculio takes too great toll unless combated by rather expensive treat- ments. Also, the fruit and its requirements are little known in the East. California has a monopoly of commercial apricot-growing for the world, at least nowhere else does the industry attain so great importance. The fruits are preéminently well adapted to canning and evaporating, and California seems to have captured the trade in apricots so conserved, an industry which requires more than three million trees. Apricots are grown in a small way, however, wherever peaches thrive. The common apricot grows spontaneously over a wide area in western and central Asia and as far eastward as Pekin, China. Alex- ander the Great is said to have brought the apricot from Asia to Greece, from which coun- try it was carried to Italy, being first men- tioned as a Roman fruit by Pliny in the time of Christ. From Italy, its culture spread slowly northward in Europe, reaching England about the middle of the fourteenth century. There seems to be no mention of the apricot in North America earlier than 1720, when it THE APRICOT 119 was said to be growing abundantly in Virginia. In 1792, Vancouver saw apricots growing in the mission orchards of California. Commer- cial plantations were not made in this state until the early part of the last half of the last century. There are many varieties. The Russian apricot is a strain of the com- mon apricot, although it is thought by some to be a distinct species to which the name sibirica has been given. This race differs from the type apricots in having a narrower and darker colored fruit, and in bearing smaller and poorer fruits. They are supposed to be hardier than the common apricots, but on the grounds of the New York Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Geneva, New York, they have not proved hardier. The blossoms come out quite as early as do those of other apricots and are as often caught by frost. The Rus- sian sorts are unique in manner of fruit- bearing—the small, round, handsome fruits hang in clusters or ropes on the fruit-bearing branches. This race was introduced in the Middle West by the Russian Mennonites soon after the middle of the last century. 2. Prunus Mume, Sieb. & Zuce. Tree small, round, spreading, in sembling the common apricot, green and green branchlets. Leaves smaller and duller than those of the common apricot, duller in color, narrower and long-pointed; lower surface pubescent on the veins; petiole short, 4% inch, pubescent, glandular ; margin finely serrate; teeth obtuse. Flowers large, handsome, fragrant, sessile. Fruits small, round, yellow or greenish; flesh firm, dry; poor in quality; stone clinging tightly to the flesh, small, ovate, pitted. Japanese Apricot. shape and size re- but with bark grayish The Japanese apricot is grown as an orna- mental rather than for its fruit. Two or three varieties are cultivated in the United States for their small yellow fruits, which are so poor in quality, however, that they have little value except as they add variety. This species is more tender to cold than the other two, and the blossoms open so early that there is not much certainty of success in its culture north of citrus-fruit regions, though occasional crops are produced as far north as Geneva, New York. The Japanese grow many varie- ties, gathering the fruits while green for pickling in a salt solution. But even in Japan, these apricots are grown for their flowers, the fruits being of secondary importance. 3. Prunus dasycarpa, Ehrh. Black Apricot. Tree a little larger and more upright than that of the com- mon apricot or of the peach. Leaves long-ovate, thin, dull green; margins finely serrate; petiole usually gland- less. Flowers large, showy; pedicel long. Fruit small, round, smooth, plum-like; stem adhering, dark purple or nearly black; flesh soft, subacid; juicy, poor; stone small, ovate, fuzzy, clinging to the flesh; kernel sweet. The black apricot is wild and cultivated in Manchuria, Kashmir, Afghanistan, and Be- luchistan. The tree has long been cultivated in Europe and the United States, but the fruit is small, unattractive in color, and poor in quality. The species is grown only in horti- cultural collections. In tree and fruit, the black apricot shows close relationship to the plum, its fruits being easily mistaken for dark- colored, round plums. The tree is rather 120 THE PLUM hardier than that of the peach. There are no named varieties. THE PLUM Cultivated varieties of thirteen species of plums are found in American orchards. The names and relationships of these species are shown in the following conspectus. CONSPECTUS OF SPECIES OF PLUMS A. Flowers in clusters of 1 or 2. Old World plums. B. Leaves drooping. C. Shoots and pedicels pubescent. D. Flowers mostly in twos. (Three in P. salicina.) E. Fruit large, more than I inch in diameter, variable in shape ....--.+.+ 1. P. domestica. E.E. Fruits small, less than 1 inch in diameter, Oval (OF OVOIGS 0 .5- cere 2. P. insititia. C.C. Shoots glabrous or soon becoming so, pedicels glabrous. D. Flowers single; leaves hairy along the midrib on the under side......... eeeeee 3. P. cerasifera. D.D. Flowers in threes; leayes glabrous. 4. P. salicina. B.B. Leaves upright, peach-like, glabrous, veins very conspicuous, under side barbate at axils of veins; separated from other plums by the large, flattened, brick-red fruits... 5.02... 5. P. Simoni. A.A. Flowers in clusters of 3 or more. American plums. B. Plants trees. (P. angustifolia rarely a tree.) C. Leaves broad, mostly ovate or obovate. D. Leaves long-ovate or long-obovate. E. Flowers white. F. Leaf-serrations glandless, acute; petiole usually glandless; stone turgid, large, pointed at the Phils saa oooAnoonpoodonoDeS 6. P. americana, F.F. Leaf-serrations, glandular, wavy-crenate ; peti- oles glandular; stone turgid, small, prolonged Pinney Gabo 55 anda0don0oD 7. P. hortulana. E.E. Flowers fading to pink. Leaf-serrations coarse, rounded, glandular only when young; petioles bi-glandular; stone flat, large. 8. P. nigra. D.D. Leaves round-ovate, obtusely, sometimes doubly serrate; stone turgid, pointed at both ends. 9. P. subcordata. C.C. Leaves narrow, Lanceolate-ovate, folded upward. D. Fruits small, % inch in diameter, cherry-like; petiole bi-glandular; stone small, ovoid, turgid, cherry-like; rarely a tree; tender. 10. P. angustifolia, D.D. Fruits large, 1 inch in diameter, plum-like; petioles with from 1 to 6 glands; stone com- pressed and pointed at both ends; usually a tree; hardy........ «eeeeeell. P. Munsoniana. B.B. Plants shrubs. C. Fruits dark purple; stones pointed at both ends. 12. P. maritima. C.C. Fruits red, orange or yellow but never purple; stone oval, flattened........ 13. P. orthosepala. Domestica Plums 1. Prunus domestica, Linn. Tree vigorous, open- headed, round-topped; trunk attaining 1 foot or more in diameter; bark thick, ashy-gray with a tinge of red, nearly smooth or roughened with transverse lines. Leaves large, obovate, elliptical, thick and firm in texture; upper surface dull green, rugose, glabrous or nearly so, the lower one paler with little or much tomentum, much reticulated; margins coarsely and irregularly crenate or serrate, often doubly so; teeth usually glandular; petioles % inch in length, stout, pubescent, tinged with red; glands usually 2, often lacking, sometimes several, globose, greenish-yellow. Flowers appearing after or with the leaves, showy, 1 inch or more across, white; borne on lateral spurs or sometimes from lateral buds on one-year-old wood, 1 or 2 from a bud in a more or less fascicled umbel; pedicels % inch or more in length, stout, green. Fruit globular or sulcate, often necked, blue, red or yellow; stem % inch or more long, stout, pubescent ; cavity shallow and narrow; apex variable, usually rounded; suture prominent, a line or indistinct; dots small, numerous, inconspicuous; flesh DOMESTICA PLUMS yellowish, firm, sweet or acid and of many flavors; stone free or clinging, oval, flattened, blunt, pointed or necked, roughened or pitted; walls thick; one suture ridged, the other grooved. This is the plum in which fruit-growers are chiefly interested. The Domestica plums not only are the best known of the cultivated plums, having been cultivated longest and being most widely distributed, but also far surpass all other species, both in the quality of the product and in the characters which make a tree a desirable orchard plant. Al- though records are vague, it is probable that the Domestica plums came from the region about the Caucasus Mountains and the Cas- pian Sea. What seems to be the wild form of this species has been found by several botanists in this great region. Here the Huns, Turks, Mongols, and Tartars, flowing back and forth in tides of war-like migration, main- tained in times of peace a crude agriculture long before the Greeks and Romans tilled the soil. The plum was one of their fruits and the dried prune a staple product. Here, still, to the east, west, and north toward central Asia, plums are among the common fruits, and prunes are common articles of trade. Even in the fertile oases of the great central Asian desert, plums are cultivated, but whether domesticated here or brought from elsewhere is unknown. At about the time of Christ, or somewhat before, communication had been opened between the Romans and the countries about the Caspian Sea, and a few centuries later hordes of Asiatics came westward and for several centuries continued to pour into eastern Europe. What more probable than that they should have carried dried prunes as an article of food in the invasions, and eventu- ally, as they made settlements here and there, have introduced the trees in Europe? It is certain, at any rate, that several of the groups of cultivated plums trace back to the Balkan countries of Europe and the region eastward. The Domestica plums are valuable food- producing trees in America, but have not at- tained the relative importance among fruits that they hold in Europe. From the earliest records of fruit-growing in the New World, the plum has been grown less than the apple, pear, peach, or cherry, while in Europe it is a question if it does not rank first or second among the tree-fruits. The comparatively re- stricted area which the Domestica plums now occupy in America is due to the fact that they do not possess in so high degree as the fruits named the power of adaptation to the trans- Atlantic environment. Without question, the feature of environment most uncongenial to plums in America is the climate. The plum thrives best in an equable climate like that of eastern and southern Europe and of western America, and cannot endure such extremes of heat and cold, wet and dry, as are found in parts of eastern America and in the Mississippi Valley. This fruit lacks ability to withstand adverse conditions of any kind, whether of climate, culture, insects, or fungi. Thus, in America, this plum suffers severely, not only INSITITIA PLUMS from climate but from several parasites, as curculio, black-knot, leaf-blight, plum-pockets and other pests. In North America, therefore, the Domestica plums are confined to favored localities on the Atlantic seaboard, the Great Lakes regions, and the Pacific coast. In the first-named area they are to be found thriving to a limited degree in Nova Scotia and parts of Quebec, somewhat in central New England, and particularly well in the fruit-growing sections of New York, especially in the parts of this state where the climate is made equable by large bodies of water. South of New York, excepting in a few localities in Pennsylvania, but few plums of this species are grown. The Domestica plums are grown with indifferent success in southern Ontario and in Michigan, and now and then an orchard is found to the south almost to the Gulf. In the great Valley of the Mississippi and in the States of the Plains, this plum is hardly known. Westward in the irrigated valleys of the Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin, the climate is favorable and the European plums are nearly as well-known as in any other portion of the continent ex- cepting the Pacific coast. It is in the last-named region that the for- eign plum reaches its highest development in the New World. The trees in California, Oregon, and Washington are very thrifty, and the plums are of large size, handsome appear- ance, and high quality. Both tree and fruit in this favored region are free from most of the insect and fungous troubles with which eastern plum-growers must contend. Curculio and black-knot, scourges of eastern orchards, are not troublesome on the western coast. In this region the Domesticas, practically the only plums cultivated, succeed on either irri- gated or naturally watered lands. It is probable that some of these plums were introduced into America by the first colonists, but if so, the early records do not show that the fruit was much grown in this country until toward the end of the eighteenth century. Certainly, during the first two centuries of colonization in the New World there were no such plantations of the plum as there were of the apple, pear, and cherry. Among the first importations of plums were those made by the French in Canada, more particularly in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and in favored situations such as the L’Islet County and the Island of Montreal on the St. Lawrence River. In Massachusetts some plums were planted by the Pilgrims, according to Francis Higginson, writing in 1629. The plum was early introduced in sev- eral of the southern colonies; so say Beverly, writing in 1722 of Virginia, and Lawson in his history of North Carolina, written in 1714. Insititia Plums 2. Prunus insititia, Linn. Damson Plums. Tree dwarfish; trunk reaching 8 inches in diameter and bearing its head 3-5 feet from the ground; bark gray with a tinge of red, smooth, with transverse cracks. Leaves small, obovate; apex obtuse or abruptly pointed ; INSITITIA PLUMS 121 base cuneate or narrowed and rounded; margins finely and closely, sometimes doubly serrate or crenate, usually glandular; texture thin and firm; upper surface rugose, dark green, slightly hairy ; lower surface paler and soft, pubescent; petioles % inch long, slender, pubescent, tinged with red; glands few or glandless. Flowers ex- panding with or after the leaves, 1 inch or less in size; borne in lateral, umbel-like clusters, 1, 2 or rarely 3 from a bud, on slender pedicels, which are pubescent and 1% inch in length; calyx-tube campanulate, glabrous or nearly so, green or tinged with red. Fruit globular or oval, often necked, less than 1 inch in diameter, variously colored but usually bluish-black or amber- yellow, with a heavy bloom; skin thin, tough; stem slender, % inch long, more or less pubescent; cavity shallow, narrow; apex roundish or flattened; suture indistinct or a line; flesh firm, yellow, juicy, sweet or acid; stone clinging or free, turgid, ovoid, smooth, ridged on one edge and grooved on the other. The trees of the Damson plums are readily distinguished from the Domestica sorts in having a dwarfer and more compact habit; much smaller and more ovate leaves, with more closely serrate margins; branches more finely divided, more slender, with shorter joints, and bearing spines or spinescent spurs; having a more abundant and a more clustered inflorescence, with smaller flowers; a glabrous instead of a pubescent pistil and calyx-tube; reflexed calyx-lobes, whereas in Domestica they are often erect; and flowers appearing nearly a week later. The fruit-characters of the Damson plums are even more distinctive. The fruits are smaller, being less than an inch in diameter; more nearly round or oval; more uniform in shape, never strongly compressed as in Domestica; with a less distinct suture; and more often with a pronounced neck. The color is usually the Damson purple or the Mirabelle yellow, with no intermediate colors as in Domestica, and with few or but slight variations as compared with the other species. The plums are sweet or sour, and have a very much smaller range in flavor in the case of the Insititias. The stones are smaller, more oval, and much more swollen. In variability the Insititia plums are quite the reverse of the Domesticas, almost wholly lacking this quality. These plums have been cultivated over two thousand years, yet there is seemingly little difference between the sorts described by the Greeks and Romans at the beginning of the Christian Era and those we are now growing. So, too, one often finds half-wild chance seedlings with fruit indistin- guishable from varieties under the highest cultivation. This pronounced immutability of the species is one of its chief characteristics. The hardiness, thriftiness, and productiveness of all the varieties of this species commend them to those who cannot give the care re- quired for the less easily grown Domesticas. In America, as in Europe, these plums are to be found in almost every orchard, and in many communities half-wild, thriving with little or no care. The fact that they are easily propa- gated, growing readily from suckers, and com- ing true to seed, is an added reason for their general distribution. The Insititia plums do not seem to hybridize freely with other species —at least there are no recorded offspring of such hybrids, though some believe the Reine 122 CHERRY PLUMS Claudes to be a hybrid group between this species and the Domesticas, and there is much evidence in the fruit to show that the French Damson is part Domestica. The tree-characters of the Insititia plums, especially as regards vigor, hardiness, productiveness, and freedom from disease are such as seemingly to make hybrids with them very desirable. That this species can be hybridized with Domestica, at least, is certain from work done at the Geneva, New York, Station, where a number of crosses between them have been made. Four groups of plums, the Damsons, Bullaces, Mirabelles, and St. Juliens, comprising nearly a hundred varieties, may be referred to this species. The Cherry or Myrobalan Plums 3. Prunus cerasifera, Ehrh. Tree 25 feet in height; branches upright, slender, twiggy, unarmed or sometimes thorny; branchlets soon glabrous, becoming yellow or chestnut-brown. Leaves small, short-ovate; apex acute; base cuneate or rounded, thin, membranaceous; texture firm, light green, glabrous on both surfaces at maturity, though hairy along the rib on the lower surface, margins finely and closely serrate; petiole 4% or % inch long, slender, glandless, glabrous. Flowers large, %4 inch in diameter, expanding with the leaves. Fruit small, % inch in diameter, cherry-like, red or yellow; skin thin and tender ; flesh soft, juicy, sweet, pleasantly flavored ; stone oval, short-pointed at both ends, turgid, ridged on one suture and grooved on the other. The Cherry plum first came to notice in pomological literature as the Myrobalan plum, a name used as early as the last half of the sixteenth century, but why applied to this plum is not known. Myrobalan had long be- fore been used, and is still used, as the name of several plum-like fruits of the East Indies, not of the genus Prunus, which are used in tanning, dyeing, ink-making, and embalming. There are few cultivated Cerasiferas, but the species is generally distributed wherever plums are grown, because of the use to which it has been put as stocks for other species. For this purpose it is held in high esteem the world over. It is now used more than any other stock, and may commonly be found fruiting here and there from plants set for or used as stocks. In fact, practically all the cultivated varieties have arisen as survivals of plants meant for stocks. It is almost certain that Cerasifera, or Myrobalan stock, as it is uni- versally known by horticulturists, dwarfs the cion, and that it is not equally well suited to all varieties; but it does not “sprout” as badly as some other stocks, is adapted to many soils, and the young trees grow well and are readily budded, giving at the start a strong and vigorous orchard tree. Japanese Plums 4. Prunus salicina, Lindl. Japanese Plum. Tree 20-30 feet in height; trunk 6-12 inches in diameter, straight; bark thick, rough, numerous corky elevations especialiy on the branches, reddish or cinnamon-brown, peach-like. Leaves borne abundantly, small or but medium size, oblong-obovate; point acuminate or abrupt, prominent ; base rounded, firm, thin; margins finely and closely serrated, sometimes in two series; teeth usually glandular; upper surface bright green, glabrous; lower surface dull, whitish, glabrous or slightly pubescent on the veins; veins pronounced; petioles 4% inch in length, stoutish, tinged with red; glands few or_ several, usually globose, greenish. Flowers expanding before, JAPANESE PLUMS with or sometimes after the leaves, first of the plum blossoms: to appear, very abundant, % inch in diameter ; 3 springing from each flower-bud, often in dense clusters on lateral spurs and lateral buds on one-year-old wood. Fruit varying from very early to late; large, 1-2 inches in diameter, globular, heart-shaped or conical; cavity deep; apex pointed; suture prominent; color bright red or yellow, never blue or purple, lustrous, with little or no bloom; dots small, numerous, conspicuous ; skin thin, tough, astringent; stem % inch in length; flesh Ted or yellow, firm, fibrous, juicy; stone clinging tenaciously or free, small, rough or lightly pitted, oval to ovate, one edge grooved, the other ridged. The Japanese plums are now cultivated in all parts of the world where plums are grown; yet, outside of Japan and China, they have been grown for their fruit less than half a century. Despite the fact that these plums have been grown in Asia for several centuries, the wild form is not known. It is, however, almost certainly a native of China, though it is likely that the habitat of the species cannot be accurately determined until western and southwestern China have been explored by botanists, these regions as yet being almost unknown to foreign scientists. This fruit is a most valuable addition to pomology, no less than ninety-two varieties now being under cultivation in America. At first it was thought desirable only for the southern states, but it proves to be nearly as hardy as the Domestica plums in the north- ern states, and is now widely distributed north and south. The plums of this species possess several striking features that commend them to fruit-growers. Undoubtedly the most valuable attribute of the Japanese plums is their wide range of adaptability, adapted as they are to a much wider range of country and of conditions than the Domesticas. But even where both types of plums succeed, the newer plum introduces several very desirable fea- tures, quite aside from additional variety which the many distinct sorts furnish. Thus, as a species, the Japanese are more vigorous and productive than the Domestica plums, earlier in coming in bearing, and freer from diseases, especially black-knot and leaf-blight. They are also less subject to curculio than most of the native and European species; the fruits keep longer than those of the better- known Europeans, and ship as well. As com- pared with native varieties, the plums from Japan are larger, handscmer, and better fla- vored, and keep and ship better. Some dis- advantages are that they blossom so early as to be often caught by spring frosts; they are rather subject to brown-rot; for most part they are tenacious cling-stones; the species, all in all, is less hardy to cold than the Domestica plums; lastly, they are inferior in quality to the varieties from Europe. The last fault is so serious that, though the average for the Jap- anese plums is high, making them unquestion- ably more desirable inhabitants of the orchard than any of the native species, they cannot compete with the Domesticas where the two types can be equally well grown. The botanical differences between these Asiatic plums and those from Europe and America are most interesting. In general as- SIMON’S PLUM pect, the trees of the Japanese plums in sum- mer or winter are much more like those of the American species than those from Europe or West Asia; so, too, the fruits are more alike in appearance and in quality, and the peach-like foliage of the Japanese might easily be mistaken for that of our native varieties of Hortulana or Munsoniana. In the manner in which the buds are borne and in vernation, the resemblance of the oriental species to the Americanas, Hortulanas, and Munsonianas is again most striking. In Asiatic and American species the buds are borne in twos and threes, while in the European species they are more often single or double. As might be expected from their nearness of kin, the Japanese plums hybridize readily with the American species and especially with the Hortulanas and Mun- sonianas, species which they most resemble. Simon’s Plum 5. Prunus Simonii, Carriere. Tree small upright, dense, hardy, unproductive. Leaves folded upward, oblong-lanceolate to obovate, peach-like, narrow, long, of medium thickness; upper surface dark green, smooth, shining; lower surface pale green, not pubescent, with prominent midrib; margin slightly crenate; petiole short, thick, faintly tinged red, with 4 large globose glands on the stalk. Flowers numerous on one-year wood although found on spurs on the older wood; appearing very early, small, pinkish-white; borne singly or in pairs, often defective in pollen. Fruit early; 1% by 2 inches in size, oblate, compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring, regular, russeted; suture swollen near the apex which is flattened or strongly depressed; dark red or purplish-red, overspread with waxy bloom; dots numerous, dark colored, with russet center, inconspicu- ous; stem thick, characteristically short; skin tough, bitter, adhering to the pulp; flesh rich yellow, juicy, tough, firm, very mild subacid with a peculiar aromatic flavor; of fair quality; stone clinging, about % inch in diameter, round, turgid, truncate at the base, tapering abruptly to a short point at the apex, with characteristic rough surfaces; ventral suture narrow, acute or with distinct wing; dorsal suture very blunt or acute, not grooved. All that is known of the history and habitat of this species is that it came from China in 1867, having been sent to the Paris Museum of Natural History by Eugene Simon, a French consul in China. The spontaneous form has not been found. The general aspect of the tree is more that of the peach than of the plum, and the drupes are as much like apricots or nectarines as plums; but, when all characters are considered, the fruit can better be classed with the plums than with any of the other stone-fruits named. Simonii is widely grown in America for its fruits, but it cannot be said that it has become popular, only one variety of the species being now under cultivation. The plums lack palatability, and the trees are subject to too many pests. Prunus Simoni has been successfully hybridized with P. salicina, and, as secondary crosses, its blood has been mingled with that of some of the native species as well. Most of its hybrid offspring have more value than the parent, for nearly all of them are free from its disagreeable taste. The Americana Plums 6. Prunus americana, Marsh. Red Plum, Yellow Plum, Horse Plum, Hog Plum, Sloe. Tree attaining a height of 30 feet; trunk short; bark % inch thick, AMERICANA PLUMS 123 dark grayish-brown, outer surface rough, shaggy with large scales giving a characteristic aspect; branches spreading, crooked, long, rigid, but often pendulous at the extremities, more or less thorny, with lateral, spinescent branchlets; branchlets light green, usually glabrous, sometimes much or little tomentose, at first brownish, later tinged with red; lenticels numerous, large and distinct. Leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate at the apex and rounded at the base, firm in texture, becoming coriaceous; margins sharply serrate, often doubly serrate, the coarse and double serrations char- acteristic; glabrous or slightly pubescent, coarsely veined; midrib grooved on the upper side; petioles slender, % inch in length, usually glandless. Flowers expanding after ethee leaves, large, 1 inch in diameter, borne in lateral umbels, two- to five-flowered, mostly on one-year-old wood; pedicels % inch long, slender, glabrous. Fruit variable in ripening period; globose, conical, oval, or oblique-truncate, 1 inch in diameter, red or yellowish, dull, with or without bloom; dots pale, numerous, conspicuous; cavity shallow or lacking ; suture a line; skin thick, tough, astringent; flesh golden-yellow, juicy, fibrous, sweet, acid; stone clinging or free, turgid or flattened, the apex pointed, ridged on Be ventral and grooved on the dorsal suture ; surfaces smooth. This is the predominating native plum. It is the most widely distributed of all the native species, is most abundant in individual speci- mens, and has yielded the largest number of horticultural varieties. Because of its prominence and comparatively high degree of permanency of characters, it may well be con- sidered the type from which has sprung not only its botanical varieties but several others of the American species. Its variability, also, is shown in its many diverse horticultural varieties; and of its adaptability, it may be said that it flourishes in nearly all soils and exposures, and is found wild or cultivated from Maine to Florida, and northward from Mexico along the eastern slope of the Rocky Moun- tains, well into Canada. The plums of this species in the Mississippi Valley are distinguished from the eastern and typical form by fruits having a length greater than the diameter, by different aspect of tree, and by flatter seeds, which are usually con- spicuously longer than they are broad. All the cultivated varieties come from the western form. The plant of P. americana in the dry plain regions of Kansas and Nebraska becomes shrubby in character, while on the alluvial bottom lands along the streams in this region it retains the character of a tree. In the southern limit of its range, the leaves are more or less pubescent on the lower surface. As the species occurs throughout western New Mex- ico, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Montana, and Manitoba, it differs enough from the eastern types to be considered a sub-species, having a wholly different aspect of tree, silvery and somewhat scurfy twigs, smaller, thinner, and lighter-colored leaves, and smaller fruits with more roundish stones. The domestication of Americana plums is due to the fact that the plums of Europe will not thrive in the Mississippi Valley, the prairie states, nor, for the most part, in the South. The European species are tender both to cold and heat in these regions, and they are at- tacked by those scourges of plum-culture, black-knot, leaf-blight, and curculio. If, then, the people in the West and South were to 124 AMERICANA PLUMS have plums at hand when wanted, the wild species had to be brought under cultivation. Where the two will grow side by side, it is doubtful whether any one would choose to grow the Americanas in preference to the Euro- peans even for the sake of variety. The fruit is reddish or yellowish, or a blend- ing of the two, with the red varieties predomi- nating. Often the color is more nearly orange than red or yellow—in fact, pure yellow fruits cannot be found. Wild or cultivated, the fruits of the Americana plums vary greatly in season, size, shape, and flavor. In the orchard, the period of maturity covers a range of sev- eral weeks, beginning in August and ending in October; in the wild, trees in the same thicket may vary as much as three weeks in ripening their fruit. The size of the cultivated sorts ranges from that of a Damson to that of some of the Gages; the shape is round-oval, or quite oval, sometimes oblique and sometimes trun- cate at one or both ends, and often more or less compressed. The wild fruits have a pleas- ant flavor, and this is much improved under cultivation, so that when fully ripe the flesh of some sorts is sweet and luscious, hardly sur- passed, if the skin be rejected, by the best Domesticas. The skin is usually thick, coriace- ous, acerb or astringent; this with the tena- ciously clinging stones is the chief defect of these fruits. In some varieties skin and stones are far less objectionable than in others. The trees are not very manageable in the orchard. They make a very slow growth and are hard to control, producing at maturity many leaning trunks that are often crooked, as are also the branches, which, with the unkempt heads, give an impression of waywardness and wildness. Nearly all of the varieties over-bear, and, unless thinned, the fruits are so small as to be hardly worth harvesting ; not infrequently trees die from over-bearing. A few varieties are unfruitful, but usually because of defective pollination. Nearly all sucker badly on their own roots, and, except in cold regions, should be grown on other stocks. In general, there are fewer pests to combat with these than with the European plums, yet they are far from being exempt and require quite as much spraying as do other plums. The Americana plums are all hardy, and some of the varieties can be grown as far north as general agriculture is practiced. This, with the Nigras, will probably always be the chief group for dry, cold regions between the great Lakes and the Rocky Mountains. It may also be relied upon in the colder parts of New York and New England. The flower- buds as well as the trees are hardy, having been known to withstand a temperature of forty degrees below zero. Since the blossoms open comparatively late, there is less damage from spring frosts in this than in most other species, even of the natives. Prunus americana mollis, Torrey and Gray. Woolly- leaved Plum. This is a western and southwestern form of P. americana, the sub-species being distinguished from the species by the amount and character of the pubescence on the leaves and_ shoots. The leaves, HORTULANA PLUMS petioles and shoots of this plum are _ soft-pubescent, almost tomentose, the tomentum being pale in color and usually very dense; the calyx-lobes are pubescent on both sides and the pedicels are appressed and densely pubescent. It is impossible to give the range of the group, as the woolly-leaved plum of the West gradually passes into the smooth-leaved species of the East, and the two forms are not in- frequently mixed in the South and Southwest. It can only be said that the sub-species is to be found in the greatest abundance in the region extending from southern Iowa through Missouri. Only two varieties of this plum, Wolf and Van Buren, are in general cultiva- tion. In neither fruit- nor tree-characters do these differ greatly from the Americana plums. The Hortulana Plums 7. Prunus hortulana, Bailey. Tree 30 feet or more in height; trunk and branches rough and shaggy; bark gray-brown, thick and containing deposits of red cells when the bark is sectioned; branches very spreading and open, twiggy, slender, thorny; branchlets light green at first, becoming reddish-brown, glabrous and glossy ; lenticels few, large, very coarse, raised. Leaves 1% inches wide, 3 to 5 inches long, long-oval with a tapering, pointed, acuminate apex, peach-like, thin, becoming leathery; margins serrate, sometimes in a double series, glandular; upper surface smooth, glossy, glabrous; lower surface light green, glabrous except on ribs and veins which are very pubescent, with characteristic orange color; midrib grooved above, rounded below, very prominent; petioles slender, 1 inch in length, tinged with red; glands 2-8, small, globose. Flowers expanding after the leaves, blooming later than any other cultivated plum, %4 inch across; odor dis- agreeable; clusters borne from lateral buds on _ one- year-old wood only, characterizing the species, the fruit-spurs making a very long growth; 2-6 flowers from a bud; pedicels % inch long, very slender, glabrous. Fruit very late, globose, oval, 1 inch in diameter; color red or yellow; dots numerous, small, conspicuous ; suture very shallow or only a line; skin thick, tough, astringent; flesh golden-yellow, juicy, coarse, fibrous, firm, mildly sweet, astringent at the pit, aromatic; stone clinging to the flesh, turgid, long-oval, small, prolonged at the ends, the surfaces rough and reticulated. This species gives to American pomology a very distinct and valuable group of plums which are adapted to a wide range of condi- tions, especially of climate. The Hortulanas are particularly well-suited to the Mississippi Valley and southern states, and fruit well as far north and east as New York. The product of Wayland, Kanawha, and Golden Beauty, best known of the score of plums belonging to this species, is especially suitable for preserves, spicing, and jelly, being unsurpassed for these purposes by any other plums excepting Dam- sons. They are quite too acid, and the flesh clings too tenaciously to the stone for dessert plums or even for ordinary culinary purposes. These plums, having firm flesh and tough skins, ship and keep well, and, since they are the latest of the native plums in ripening, extend the season for this fruit very materially. The Hortulana plums hybridize freely with other native species, and their hybrids are such as to commend this species very highly to plum- breeders for hybridization. Prunus hortulana Mineri, Bailey. The sub-species differs from the species in having shorter, stiffer, less graceful branches; leaves smaller, thicker, rougher and of a bluish-green cast; the blossoms of the two are much the same, but those of the sub-species open a few NIGRA PLUMS days earlier; the fruits of the sub-species are larger than those of the species, lighter red, have more bloom, are less firm in texture, ripen earlier, yet later than those of any other species, and are quite different in flavor, having more nearly the taste of the fruit of P. americana; the stones, as well as the fruits, are very different, being in the sub-species larger, broader, flatter, smoother and less pointed. The chief representatives of the Miner-like plums under cultivation are Miner, Forest Rose, Prairie Flower and Clinton. In the orchard, the Miner-like plums behave much like the Americana plums. In some re- spects the fruits are an improvement upon those of the Americana varieties. Thus, the skin is usually less tough and brighter in color; and the flavor is a little better. These plums seem to be. nearly or quite as hardy as the Americanas, and are adapted to quite as wide a range of soils. The trees of the Miner-like plums are more amenable to domestication than those of P. americana, having as orchard plants straighter trunks, more symmetrical and less unkempt tops, and making larger trees. The fruits ripen so late as to make the varieties of this group especially valuable in prolonging the season for plums in regions where native varieties are grown exclusively. The Nigra Plums 8. Prunus nigra, Ait. Canada Plum. Tree small, seldom exceeding 20 feet in height; bark thin, ™%4 inch thick, dark red or light gray-brown, rough, but not shaggy, with thick scales; branches upright, stout, rigid, armed with stout, spiny spurs; branchlets more or less zigzag, glabrous or tomentose, green, later becoming reddish-brown. Leaves large, broad-oval, obo- vate, with a long-acuminate apex and cuneate or sub- cordate base; margins doubly crenate-serrate, with teeth tipped with glands which disappear as the leaves mature; thin and firm in texture; upper surface light green, glabrous, the under surface pale, pubescent when young; petioles %4; inch long, stout, with two large, dark red glands near the blade. Flowers expanding before or with the leaves, large, sometimes 144 inches across; borne in three- or four-flowered lateral umbels on slender, glabrous, red pedicels % inch or more in length. Fruit early; round-oblong, 1 inch in diameter, red, orange or yellowish in color, with little or no bloom; skin thick, tough and astringent; flesh yellow, firm, often acid or astringent; stone clinging, large, oval, compressed, thick-walled, with a sharp ridge on the ventral and a slight groove on the dorsal suture. The Nigra is the most northern of the American plums, being an inhabitant of a region bounded on the north by a line passing from southern Newfoundland westward to the Strait of Mackinac, thence southward to Lan- sing, Michigan. The species is common in New England, northern New York, where it is sometimes cultivated about houses, and westward at least as far as the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. In the great region out- lined above, it is distributed in more or less scattered localities, being found usually in the valleys of rivers and streams, though often on high lands and in open woods. The Nigra plums are important horticul- turally because they can be grown in colder regions than the Americanas. They not only endure more cold than the last-named group, but their tough wood enables them to stand better the weight of snows and the stress of winds. FEarliness in ripening, also, prolongs the season for this type of fruit; and, in re- gions where the season is short, the Nigras SUBCORDATA PLUMS 125 may be grown with more certainty than other groups. About forty varieties of this species are under cultivation. The Subcordata Plums 9. Prunus subcordata, Benth. Western Plum, Tree small, rarely attaining a height of 25 feet, sometimes a shrub 10 or 12 feet high, often a bush but 3 or 4 feet in height; bark gray-brown and deeply fissured; branches stout and spreading; branchlets glabrous’ or pubescent, bright red becoming darker red and finally a dark brown or gray; lenticels minute, white. Leaves round-ovate, sub-cordate, truncate, or cuneate at the base; margins sharply or obtusely serrate, some- times doubly serrate; young leaves pubescent, at ma- turity nearly glabrous, coriaceous, with very conspicuous midribs and veins. Flowers white, fading to rose, 1 inch across; appearing before the leaves; usually borne in threes on short, pubescent pedicels. Fruit ripens in late summer or early autumn; round-oblong, 1 inch in length, borne on a short, stout stem; fiesh subacid, clinging to the flat or turgid stone which varies greatly in size, pointed at both ends, crested on the ventral edge and grooved on the other. The Subcordata plums are inhabitants of the region east of the Coast Range from south- ern Oregon to central California. The species is so rarely found on the seacoast as to have es- caped the attention of the early botanists and remained unknown until the middle of the nineteenth century. This plum is one of the standard food products of the aborigines in the region in which it grows; and is sometimes dried at the harvesting places and carried considerable distances to the Indian villages. The trappers, the first men to enter the habitat of this plum, followed by the gold-seekers and ranchers, all knew and esteemed the fruit. The early settlers regarded it as the most use- ful of all the wild fruits of the Coast, and attempts were made at an early date to do- mesticate it. In its typical form, P. subcordata is a shrub, but under favorable conditions attains the di- mension and shape of a small tree. In its roundish, roughish leaves it so closely re- sembles the Old World type of plums that it becomes the nearest approach to them to be found among American species. But in the globular, red or purple sub-acid fruit, it be- trays its affinity to the American plums, as it does also in the flat, turgid, smooth stones to which the flesh tenaciously clings. The fruit is sometimes so poor in quality as to be in- edible; but, on the other hand, is sometimes quite equal to some of the cultivated plums, especially in its botanical variety, Kellogii. Prunus subcordata Kellogii, Lem. Sisson Plum, Gray- branch Plum. Prunus subcordata Kellogii is distin- guished from the species in being a somewhat taller and more slender plant. The branches and bark are of a characteristic ash-gray, so distinct in color from P. subcordata that this is often called the ‘Gray- branch” plum. The leaves are orbicular or elliptical, not cordate, cuneate at the base and nearly glabrous. The fruit is bright yellow instead of red, and is larger than that of the species, being an inch or more in diameter with a more nearly free stone. This plum inhabits the region of Mount Shasta, where it has been known since the time of the early gold diggers; it attracts more attention as a food, and promises more for the cultivator than the species. Locally, it is known as the Sisson plum, after a Mr. Sisson living near Mount Shasta who brought it to notice. At present, this plum seems to be the branch of promise for the improvement of the wild plums of the western coast. 126 ANGUSTIFOLIA PLUMS The Angustifolia Plums 10. Prunus angustifolia, Marsh. Mountain Cherry. Plant seldom a true tree, usually, however, forming a distinct trunk with a twiggy, bushy top; bark thin, dark reddish-brown, slightly furrowed or roughened, scaly; branches slender, zigzag with long, thin thorns or spine-like branchlets; branchlets slender, zigzag, glabrous, glossy, bright red. Leaves folded upward, oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, thin, mem- branaceous; margins closely and finely serrate; teeth tipped with glands; upper surface glabrous, lustrous, bright green; lower surface glabrous or pubescent in the axils of the veins, dull, 34 inch wide and 1-2 inches long; petioles % inch long, slender, glabrous or tomentose, bright red with two red glands near or on the base of the leaf. Flowers appearing with or before the leaves, small, less than 4% inch across, very nu- merous; umbels sub-sessile, 2- to 4-flowered, from lateral spurs or buds; pedicels glabrous, slender, % inch in length. Fruit ripening early; ovoid, % inch in diameter, bright red, sometimes yellow, glossy, with little or no bloom; dots numerous, very conspicuous; skin thin; flesh tender, juicy, yellow, subacid; stone small, clinging, ovoid, turgid, roughened, cherry-like, edges rounded, the dorsal one grooved. This plum is found in the wild state from southern Delaware to Florida and westward to the Panhandle of Texas and southern Okla- homa. It usually grows in rich soils, but is found as well in worn-out fields and pastures, most often in thickets of small trees or thorny shrubs or scraggly bushes, producing under the latter conditions small fruits so lke cherries as to give it the name in some localities of “Mountain Cherry” (Maryland), and in others of “Wild Cherry” (Louisiana). Since the species has been long known, and is so near at hand to fruit-growers, without more of its offspring coming under cultivation, it is not likely that it may be counted upon to furnish much for the orchard. Neither trees nor fruits are promising for the cultivator. Prunus angustifolia Watsoni, Waugh. Sand Plum. Shrub 4-10 feet high; branches slender, short-jointed, zigzag, reddish-brown; branchlets at first bright red and lustrous, later becoming brownish-red or sometimes ashy-gray. Leaves small, ovate; apex acute; base rounded or cuneate; margins finely crenulate; upper surface glabrous, shining; lower surface paler, glabrous ; petioles reddish, 4% inch in length, bi-glandular at the apex. Flowers in fascicles of 2-4, borne with or before the leaves and in great abundance. Fruit %4 inch in diameter, globose, sometimes oblong, orange-red, bloom- less; skin thin, tender; flesh yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant flavor; stone turgid, compressed at the apex, thick-walled, round on the ventral and sometimes on the dorsal suture. This is the sand plum of the plains, an inhabitant of southern and southeastern Ne- braska, central and western Kansas, and pos- sibly passing into western Oklahoma. It is usually found along the banks of streams and rivers, where it often forms shrubby thickets. The wild plums are held in high esteem for dessert and culinary purposes, and are oc- casionally transplanted to the garden or or- chard. From such transplantings a half dozen varieties have arisen. The productiveness, hardiness to heat and cold, and the size and quality of the fruits should attract plum- growers in the region of its habitat and ex- perimenters elsewhere as well. The Sand plum differs from Angustifolia in its dwarfer habit; shorter-jointed, zigzag, ashy-gray branches; smaller but thicker leaves; large, thicker- MUNSONIANA PLUMS skinned, and better-flavored fruit, which ripens later; and in a smaller and somewhat differ- ently marked stone. Prunus angustifolia varians, Wight and Hedrick. Plant a small tree, attaining a height of 25 feet; trunk small but well-defined; branches spreading, bushy, armed with spinescent branchlets; young wood slender, zigzag, glabrous, glossy, reddish but approaching a chestnut-brown. Leaves oval-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, 1 inch wide, narrowed at the base, acute at the apex; margins very minutely glandular-serrate; upper surface glabrous and lustrous; lower surface paler, glabrous; petioles slender, reddish, about % inch long, pubescent along the upper side, eglandular or with 1 or 2 glands at the apex. Flowers appearing before the leaves in the South and with the leaves in the North; % inch broad; pedicels % inch long, glabrous. Fruit globose, red or yellow, with light bloom; stone about % inch long, % inch broad, turgid, ovoid to elliptic-oblong, obscurely pointed at the apex or sometimes slightly obtuse, truncate or obliquely truncate at the base, grooved on the dorsal edge; ventral edge with a narrow, thickened and slishtly grooved wing, the surfaces ir- regularly roughened. In the wild, P. angustifolia varians forms dense thickets, the larger specimens attaining a height of ten or twelve feet. When budded and grown in the orchard, the plant is a small tree with well defined trunk and spreading branches, sometimes armed with — slender spinescent branchlets. The sub-species is dis- tinguished from the species by more robust habit; the young twigs less reddish; by pedi- celed flowers; and by the stone in most cases being more pointed at the apex. It occurs locally from southern Oklahoma through east- ern Texas southward possibly to the Colorado River, and probably westward ‘to the Pan- handle region. The fruit of the sub-species appears to be superior to that of the species. Hybrids between this form and P. Munsoniana occur freely both in the wild state and under cultivation. The varieties Eagle and El Paso have probably originated in this way. Nearly all of the plums belonging to this species, some twenty in all, are tender to cold, and none succeeds in the North. African, Cluck, Jennie Lucas, and Yellow Transparent may be named as representative varieties. Munsoniana Plums 11. Prunus Munsoniana, Wight and Hedrick. Tree medium to large, from 20-30 feet in height; bark grayish-brown, shaggy, furrowed; branches spreading, slender, zigzag, little or not at all thorny; branchlets slender, zigzag, reddish, lustrous, glabrous. Leaves 1% inch wide, 4 inches long, oblong-lanceolate; apex acute or tapering, rounded at the base, texture thin; margins closely and finely serrate; teeth with small, dark red glands; upper surface bright green, glabrous, lustrous ; lower surface dull green, pubescence sparse along the midrib and veins or sometimes tufted in the axils; petioles slender, about % inch long, reddish, usually with two glands at the base of the leaf-blade. Flowers appearing before or with the leaves; season of blooming late; about % inch across; odor disagreeable; 2 or 4 flowers in a cluster; pedicels % inch long, slender, glabrous. Fruit early; globose, 1 inch in diameter, bright currant-red, rarely yellow; bloom thin; dots conspicuous; cavity shallow, narrow; suture a line; apex rounded; flesh light yellow, juicy, soft, fibrous, sweet; aromatic; stone clinging, prolonged at the apex, obliquely truncate at the base, roughened, grooved on the dorsal edge, thick-margined and grooved on the ventral one. Horticulturally, this is the most important group of native plums for the South; it con- MARITIMA PLUMS tains a greater number of cultivated varieties than any other native species excepting P. americana, no less than sixty sorts, some of which are deservedly the best known of the native plums for either home or market use. For dessert or the kitchen the fruits are par- ticularly valuable, having a sprightly vinous flavor which makes them pleasant to eat out of hand or when cooked. Their bright colors, semi-transparent skins, and well-turned forms make them very attractive in appearance. Un- fortunately, nearly all of the varieties of this species are clingstones. This group hybridizes more freely than any other of the plums, and there are a great number of promising hybrids. Of all plums, these are most in need of cross- pollination, some of the varieties being nearly, or, as in the case of Wild Goose, wholly self- sterile. While these plums are especially valuable in the southern states, some of them are desirable in the North as well, where all will grow at least as far north as central New York. The leading varieties under cultivation are Arkansas, Pottawattamie, Robinson, New- man, Wild Goose, and Downing. Maritima Plums 12. Prunus maritima, Marsh. Beach Plum. Shrub 4-10 feet high; main branches decumbent and _ strag- gling or upright and stout; bark dark brown or reddish, more or less spiny, often warty; branchlets pubescent at first, dark reddish-brown, slender; lenticels few, small, dark. Leaves obovate, short-acute, rounded at the base; margins closely and evenly serrate, thin and somewhat leathery; petioles less than % inch long, stout, tomentose or glabrous; glands two, sometimes more, at the base of the leaves. Flowers small, appear- ing before the leaves; borne in 3-flowered umbels closely set along the rigid branches. Fruit maturing in late summer; 4 inch in diameter, globose, flattened at the ends; cavity shallow, borne on a slender pedicel % inch in length, dark purple with a heavy bloom, sometimes red, less frequently yellow; skin thick, tough and acrid; flesh crisp, juicy, sweet; stone free from the flesh, small, turgid, pointed at both ends, cherry-like, acutely ridged on one and grooved on the other edge. This species, in its typical form, is an in- habitant of the sea beaches and sand dunes from New Brunswick to the Carolinas, or pos- sibly farther south, growing inland usually as far as ocean soil formations extend. As it leaves the seaboard, marked variations make their appearance, chief of which are smaller, more oval, smoother, and thinner leaves and smaller fruit. In the region where it is found wild, the Maritima plum is a rather common article of trade. The fruit is used for both dessert and culinary purposes, chiefly for the latter. This plum has a number of qualities that commend it to the fruit-grower. Since in the wild it grows on sandy soils, it is not likely under cultivation to make great demands on either the moisture or the fertility of soils. The plant is very hardy, very productive, seldom fails to bear, and seems to be free or nearly so from some of the pests of cultivated varieties. Two objections to the wild fruits are that when the fruit is harvested the juice often exudes from the wound made by the parting from the stem; and the secretions of some dark-colored substance form a hard core in THE SOUR CHERRY 127 the pulp, which gives a bitter taste to the fruit. The last defect is common in the wild plums, and is probably due to the sting of an insect. Orthosepala Plums 13. Prunus orthosepala, Koehne. Shrub 4 or 5 feet high; branches dense and twiggy; stems armed with slender spines; bark separating in large loose scales ; branchlets stout, reddish-brown. Leaves oblong-ovate, thin, acuminate, long-pointed, 24%-3 inches long, 34 inch wide, unequally rounded at the base; margins closely serrate with incurved, calloused teeth; upper surface glabrous, light green; lower surface paler and pilose; petioles slender, grooved, puberulous, 4% inch long; glands 2, large, at the apex of the petiole. Flowers appearing after the leaves; borne in 3- or 4-flowered fascicles on stout pedicels 4% inch long. Fruit globose, 1 inch in diameter, deep red with a heavy bloom; skin thick; flesh yellow, juicy; stone flattened, oval, slightly rugose, deeply grooved on the dorsal and ridged on the ventral edge. Prunus orthosepala is a true plum, closely related to P. hortulana, from which it can be distinguished by the smaller number of glands of the petioles, by the eglandular calyx-lobes, the dark colored fruit and smoother stone. A cultivated plum, taken from the wild, locally known as the Laire, in Rooks and neighoring counties in Kansas, is the only variety of P. orthosepala. CHERRIES Botanists enumerate about 120 wild cherries, of which but five are cultivated for their fruits, and but two have given pomological varieties of value in the fruit industry of the world. The sour cherry, P. Cerasus, is the most impor- tant species in America. The Sour Cherry 1. Prunus Cerasus, Linn. Tree reaching a height of 20 to 30 feet, diffuse, open-headed, round-topped; bark reddish-brown overlaid with ashy-gray, smooth; branches spreading, slender; branchlets willowy, glabrous, reddish- brown overspread with ashy-gray. Leaves resinous at opening, very numerous, 3-4 inches long and 14-2 inches wide, obovate, thick and firm in texiure; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface paler, pubescent ; apex acute; base abrupt; margins finely serrate, often doubly so; teeth tipped with small, dark glands ; petioles from %-2 inches long, slender, grooved; glands 1-4. Flowers appearing with or after the leaves, showy, 1 inch across, white; borne in scaly clusters on one-year- old wood; pedicels %-1% inches in length, slender. Fruit round-oblate or cordate, sides compressed; suture indistinct; cavity well marked; apex depressed; color light to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet; stem slender, %4-2 inches in length; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice or pale yellow with colorless juice, tender, melting, sprightly, acidulous, sometimes astrin- gent; stone free or clinging, round, smooth, less than 1% inch in diameter; ventral suture usually ridged. The sour cherry is grown and esteemed in temperate climates the world over. The species is found truly wild in southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe. It is a fre- quent escape from cultivation, multiplying from seed distributed by birds or human agencies, or growing from suckers which spring so freely from the roots as to make the species unfit for a stock in orchard work. The number of cultivated varieties of P. Cerasus is about 300. Sour cherries cultivated for their fruits constitute two distinct groups, each of which 128 THE SOUR CHERRY is again divided into many varieties, while a third group is grown for the manufacture of a liqueur. The two groups vary more or less in both tree and fruit, but have a constant difference only in a single, very easily distin- guished character—the juice in the fruits of one is red, in the other it is colorless. Cherries with colorless juice are the Ama- relles, from the Latin amarus, bitter, a name probably first used by the Germans but now in general use wherever cherries are grown. These Amarelles are pale red fruits, more or less flattened at the ends. Despite the deriva- tion of the name Amarelle, they have less bitterness than the other group of varieties of the sour cherry. They are also less acid than the darker colored cherries, and are theretore more suitable for eating out of hand, the dark- colored cherries being almost exclusively culi- nary fruits. The common representatives of this group are Early Richmond, Montmorency, and the various cherries to which the word Amarelle is affixed, as the King Amarelle and the Spiite Amarelle. ; The second group, varieties with reddish juice and usually with very dark fruits, which are more spherical or cordate in shape than the Amarelles, comprises the Morellos of sev- eral languages or the Griottes of the French. The first of these terms has reference to the color, the word Morello coming from the Italian, meaning blackish; while Griotte, from the French, probably is derived through agriotte from aigre, meaning sharp, in reference to the acidity of the fruits. Weichsel is the Ger- man group name for these cherries, rather less commonly used than the other two terms. The trees of the Morello-like varieties are usually smaller, bushier, and more compact than those of the Amarelles. The branches, as a rule, are more horizontal, often drooping, are less regularly arranged and more slender. The leaves, in typical varieties, are of a darker green, smaller, thinner, and pendent; while those of the Amarelles are either horizontal or inclined to be upright; the leaves are also toothed less deeply and more regularly. The typical varieties of this group are English Morello, Ostheim, Olivet, Brusseler Braune, Vladimir, and Riga. A third division of the species is the Marasca cherry from which is made maraschino, a dis- tilled liqueur much used in Europe as a drink, and in Europe and America in the manufacture of maraschino cherries. The Marasca cherry is a native of the province of Dalmatia, Aus- tria, where the trees grow wild, and are now sparingly cultivated. Botanists include this cherry in the species under discussion, P. Cerasus marasca. Marasca cherries differ from the other cultivated forms chiefly mm the greater vigor of the trees, relatively finer serrations of the leaves, longer stipules, and a more com- pact inflorescence. The fruits are much smaller than in the common sour cherries, are deep red or almost black in color, and have intensely red flesh and juice. The cherries are very acid, with a bitter taste that gives flavor to the maraschino made from them. THE SWEET CHERRY The Sweet Cherry 2. Prunus avium, Linn. Tree reaching a height of 30-40 feet, upright-spreading, open-topped, usually with a central leader; branches stocky, smooth, dull ash-gray ; branchlets thick, long, grayish-brown, smooth, with small lenticels. Leaves resinous at opening, more or less drooping, 4-6 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, oblong- ovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface dull green, pubescent; apex acute; base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole 1% inches long, slender, dull red, with 1-3 small, globose, reddish glands on the stalk. Flowers with or after the leaves; white, 1%4 inches across; in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicels 1 inch long, slender, glabrous. Fruit early; 1 inch in diameter, cordate; cavity deep, wide, abrupt; suture a line; apex round or pointed; yellow, red or purplish-black; dots numerous, small, russet; stem 1% inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellow, red, or dark purple with colorless or colored juice, sweet; stone semi-clinging, % inch long, elliptical, flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces. Through its cultivated varieties, P. avium is everywhere known in temperate climates as the sweet cherry. Wild forms are variously called Mazzard, Bird, Wild, Crab, and Gean cher- ries. It is not so hardy a species as P. Cerasus and is, therefore, less generally grown, but still is a favorite orchard, dooryard, and roadside plant in all mid-temperate regions. It refuses to grow, however, in the warmest and coldest parts of the temperate zones. Wherever the species thrives as an orchard plant, it is to be found growing spontaneously along fences and roadsides and in open woods, from seeds distributed by birds. The fruits of these wild sweet cherries are usually small, and the flesh is thin and dry, often unpalatable; but, on the other hand, trees are sometimes found as escapes from cultivation which rival in their products the orchard-grown cherries. The number of cultivated varieties of P. avium is about 600. The habitat of the species is in southern and central Europe and Asia Minor, where it is to be found in moderately dry soils and seldom in the shade, preferring always warm, sunny sites, such as gravelly or stony hillsides; these predilections cling to the species in its culti- vated varieties. P. avium differs from P. Cerasus in an important horticultural character as the two species grow spontaneously; the former suckers from the root little or not at all, and hence is a suitable plant for a stock in orchard work; while the latter suckers so much as to make it unfit for use as a stock. The sweet cherry is variously divided by botanists and pomologists; but whatever dis- tinct forms of the species may exist in the wild state, they are now interminably confused by hybridization under cultivation. It is im- possible to group pomological varieties into botanical varieties, as many botanists have attempted to do. The species can be roughly divided into two pomological groups, the dis- Hing wshing character being the texture of the esh. Sweet cherries with soft tender flesh form one group, known by pomologists under the French group-name Guigne or the English Gean. These are ulso the Heart cherries of common parlance. These soft-fruited cherries may again be divided into dark-colored varie- THE DUKE CHERRIES ties with reddish juice and light-colored sorts with colorless juice. Typical light-colored Geans are Coe, Ida, Elton, and Waterloo; dark-colored ones are Black Tartarian, Early Purple, and Eagle. The second group is dis- tinguished by the firm, breaking flesh of the fruits, the Bigarreaus of several languages, the name originally having reference to the di- verse colors of the fruits. (French bigarrer means to streak.) This group is further di- visible in accordance with color of fruit and juice into black Bigarreaus and light Bigar- reaus. Chief of the black cherries falling into this division are Windsor, Schmidt, and Mezel; of the light ones, which are much more nu- merous, Yellow Spanish and Napoleon are representative sorts. The Duke Cherries The Duke cherries, long placed by most pomologists and botanists in a botanical va- riety of P. aviwm, are unquestionably hybrids between the sweet cherry and the sour cherry. A study of the characters of the varieties of Duke cherries shows all gradations between P. Cerasus and P. avium, though, in the main, they resemble the latter more than the former, differing from the sweet cherries most notice- ably in having acid flesh. Sterility is a com- mon attribute of hybridism. In this respect, the Dukes behave like hybrids; most of the seeds being sterile, and in none are the seeds so fertile as in varieties known to be pure-bred as to species. So, too, shrunken pollen-grains indicate hybridity. A study of the pollen of Duke cherries shows many grains, the greater proportion, to be abnormal, a condition not found in the pollen of varieties true to species. Crosses between sweet and sour cherries at the New York Experiment Station have given many Dukes. May Duke, Reine Hortense, and Late Duke are the leading hybrid varieties. There are dark-colored Duke cherries with reddish juice and light-colored sorts with un- colored juice, just as in the two parent species. May Duke is a typical variety with colored juice, while Reine Hortense is probably the best-known cherry among these hybrids with uncolored juice. There are about 65 cherries listed as “Dukes.” The name Duke comes from the variety May Duke, which is a cor- ruption of Médoc, a district in France, whence this variety came. The cherries of this group are known as Dukes only in England and the United States; in France, the name Royale is similarly used. The Mahaleb Cherries 3. Prunus Mahaleb, Linn, St. Lucie Cherry. Per- fumed Cherry. Tree small, slender, vigorous, open- topped; branches roughened, ash-gray over reddish- brown; branchlets numerous, slender and firm-wooded, dull gray, glabrous, with many large, raised lenticels. Leaves numerous, 1 inch in length, 114 inches wide, obovate, thick, leathery; upper surface glossy, smooth ; lower surface light green; pubescent along the midrib; apex and base abrupt; margin finely crenate, with reddish-brown glands; petiole % inch long, slender, greenish, with 1-3 small, globose, greenish glands. Flowers appearing after the leaves, small, % inch across, white, fragrant; 6-8 scattered on a stem 1 inch SAND CHERRY 129 in length; terminal pedicels %4 inch long and basal pedicels % inch long. Fruit very small, round-ovate; suture a line; apex pointed, with stigma adherent; color black; flesh reddish-black, very astringent, sour, not edible; stone free, very small, ovate, with pointed apex; ventral suture prominent. P. Mahaleb is a wild inhabitant of all south- ern Europe as far north as central France, southern Germany, Austria-Hungary; and east- ward through Asia Minor and Caucasia to and within the borders of Turkestan. Wild or cultivated, the Mahaleb is a shallow-rooted plant, a fact that must be taken into consid- eration in its use as a stock. P. Mahaleb is a common escape from cultivation in eastern North America, especially about the nursery centers of central New York. The Mahaleb is of no importance to fruit-growers for its fruit, but as a consort with nearly all of the sweet and sour cherries now being propagated in North America, it becomes of prime im- portance and so receives consideration here. Mahaleb stocks are usually grown as seedlings, but may also be propagated from root-cuttings. The Tomentose Cherry 4. Prunus tomentosa, Thunb. A dwarfish bush-like plant, vigorous, dense-topped, hardy ; trunk and branches stocky; branches smooth, grayish-brown; branchlets many, thickly overspread with short pubescence, with short internodes. Leaves numerous, 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate, velvety; upper surface dull, dark green, rugose; lower surface thickly pubescent, with a prominent midrib and veins; apex abruptly pointed; margin serrate; petiole 34 inch across; borne singly or in pairs; pedicels short, thick, glabrous. Fruit % inch in diameter, round; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex depressed, with adherent stigma; color currant-red; dots numerous, small, gray, obscure; stem thick, % inch in length, pubescent; skin thick, tender, covered with light pubescence; flesh light red, with light red juice, stringy, sprightly, sour; stone clinging, pointed, with smooth surfaces. The habitat of P. tomentosa is central Asia, though it is now to be found growing spon- taneously in East Tibet and eastern China. This shrub-like cherry is very generally culti- vated in central, eastern, and northern China and in Japan for its fruit and as an ornamental. It has been introduced in many widely sepa- rated places in North America, and appears to be promising for cold regions. The plant is twiggy, close-jointed, usually with many stems springing from the ground which bear branches quite to the base. Frequently these low- growing branches bend to the ground and take root, forming new plants. The bushes are thickly clothed with leaves densely tomentose on the underside—in this respect and in shape very unlike the foliage of common cultivated cherries. The fruit ripens in midseason, set- ting profusely from the many blossoms. The cherries are a half-inch in diameter, bright currant-red, covered with inconspicuous hairs, are pleasantly acid, very juicy, and a great addition to cultivated cherries. P. tomentosa seems a most promising plant for domestica- tion and of particular merit for small gardens. Sand Cherry 5. Prunus pumila, Linn. Plant a shrub 5-8 feet in height, decumbent; trunk slender, smooth except for the raised lenticels; branches slender, smooth, twiggy, 130 SAND CHERRY dark, dull reddish-black with a tinge of gray; branch- lets slender, twiggy, dull grayish-brown, glabrous, with small, raised lenticels. Leaves hanging late in the season, small, 1% inches long, 1 inch wide, flat, pointed, narrowly oblanceolate, thin; lower surface thinly pubescent on the midrib and veins; midrib small, straight; veins very minute; margin serrate, with teeth tipped with very small glands; petiole short, 1% inches in length, glandless. Flowers small, in 2- to 5-flowered umbels, white, appearing with the leaves; pedicels slen- der, % inch in length. Fruit round, pendulous, purple- black, without bloom, % inch in diameter; flesh thin, sour and astringent ; season late; stone turgid, round. The sand cherry, or dwarf cherry, of eastern America, is found on sandy and rocky inland shores from Maine to the District of Columbia and northwestward to the Lake of the Woods in Canada. It grows in light sands—a fact which suggests its use in arid soils and espe- cially on poor soils in cold climates. As yet there seem to be no named varieties of this cherry, since its nearly related species, P. Besseyt, ofters greater opportunities to the fruit-grower. Both plants and fruits are so variable, the size, color, and quality of the crop on some plants being quite attractive, that it is certain that an opportunity is being overlooked to domesticate a worthy native plant. The species ought to have value, too, as a stock on which to work other cherries for sandy soils, dwarf trees, and exacting climates. Western Sand Cherry 6. Prunus Besseyt, Bailey. Rocky Mountain Cherry. Plant a small spreading shrub, 1-4 feet in height ; trunk slender,. smooth; branches slender, smooth, very dark brownish-black, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, short, dull grayish-brown, smooth, glabrous, with small, raised lenticels. Leaves hanging late, numerous, small, 2% inches long, 1 inch wide, thick, stiff; apex with a short taper-point, broadly lanceolate ; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface light green; midrib distinct, glabrous ; margin serrate, with teeth tipped with indistinct glands; petiole thick, 3g inch in length, glandless or with from one to two small, globose glands; stipules very prominent, almost leaf-like. Flowers appearing with the leaves in sessile umbels, small, less than 1% inch across, white. Fruit % inch in diameter, globose, oblong-pointed, yellow, mottled or purple-black; variable in flavor but always more or less astringent; stone large, globose, flattened. This species is found on the prairies from Manitoba and Minnesota to southern Kansas WESTERN SAND CHERRY and westward into Montana. In its natural range, it undoubtedly runs into that of P. pumila to the east, and some botanists believe that the two species grade into each other; but the two are as distinct as are many other of the more or less indefinite species of this genus. Although P. Besseyi has received at- tention from horticulturists for less than a quarter-century, it has aroused much interest, best indicated by the fact that now a con- siderable number of varieties of the species are under cultivation; and there are more than a score of hybrids disseminated in which it is one of the parents. The flesh is tender and juicy, and, while it is generally astringent, plants bearing aromatic and very palatable cherries are often found growing wild, and some of the domesticated plants bear very well-flavored fruits. The sand cherry is re- markably productive, and has remarkable ca- pacity to withstand the vicissitudes of the exacting climate in which it grows. Fruits from different plants vary in size, color, and flavor—a fact which suggests that, under cul- tivation, amelioration will proceed rapidly. The plants of this species root freely from layers or root-cuttings, and are, therefore, easily propagated and multiplied. But it is in its hybrids that this cherry has proved most valuable in horticulture. There are now hybrids under cultivation between this species and the sand plum (P. angustifolia Watson), the Hortulana plum (P. hortulana), the Simoni plum (P. Simoni), the Japanese plum (P. salicina), the American plum (P. americana), the cherry plum (P. cerasifera), the sweet cherry (P. avium), the peach (P. Persica), the apricots (P. Armeniaca and P. Mume), and the common plum (P. domestica). This species seems to be the “go-between” of the many varied types of the genus Prunus. The sand cherry makes a good stock for peaches, apricots, Japanese and native plums; and, while it does not so readily consort with the true cherries, yet it can be used as a stoek for them. On the other hand, larger fruits of the sand cherry can be grown when it is budded on stocks of the American plum, P. americana. CHAPTER VIII VARIETIES OF APRICOTS In America, the apricot is distinctly a Cali- fornian fruit; more than four million trees have been planted in that state. Indeed, it may be said that California has a monopoly of the apricot industry, furnishing America with fresh fruits and the whole world with the cured and canned product. Elsewhere in the United States, the apricot is grown for the occasional crop the trees may produce, but chiefly as an ornamental, for few other trees are handsomer than an apricot-tree with its dark-green, luxuriant, heart-shaped leaves and large white blossoms. Apricot-culture is confined to Cali- fornia on this continent for the reason that the blossoms appear so early—first of all tree- fruits—that elsewhere they are usually caught by spring frosts, so that the industry is pre- carious, indeed, except in favored California. The Russian apricots are not so often injured by frosts at blooming-time, but the fruits are hardly worth having after they are in hand. There is a great field for the development of late-blooming apricots for America. But thirty-three varieties of this fruit are de- scribed, and these less satisfactorily to the author than the varieties of any other fruits, since opportunities to study this fruit have been comparatively few. ALBERGE. This is an old French sort so vigorous in growth that the tree is commonly used as a stock for other French apricots. For this purpose it is grown from seed, and since it comes nearly true to seed, there are many strains of the variety. The trees of all types are noted as prolific producers, and for their large size. The product of Alberge is very popular in Europe for drying and preserving. One of the strains is remarkable in France for its sweet kernels, which are said to be nearly as good as those of the best sweet almonds. Tree large, vigorous, productive, hardy. Flowers mid- season, 1% inches in diameter, white. Fruit 14% inches in diameter, round-oblate; suture very shallow; yellow or pale orange which is marked in the sun with many red spots; skin adherent, thick and rough; pubescence short, thin, fine; stem inserted in a deep, narrow cavity ; flesh orange colored, firm, vinous, brisk subacid, per- fumed; good in quality; stone large, flat, clinging to the flesh; kernel bitter. ALEXANDER. Alexander is a Russian apricot recommended for the Middle West. It is not worth growing where better sorts thrive. Alexander is often confused with Nicholas. The history of the variety is un- known, but it has been grown in the United States for at least a generation. Tree vigorous, upright, hardy, healthy, very produc- tive, new growth markedly red; leaves large; petiole 1 inch in length, bearing several globose glands. Flowers large, white, very early. Fruit ripening in New York about August 1st; small, oblong, flattened; suture marked but not prominent; color light orange-yellow with a light flush; flesh orange-yellow, firm, coarse, juicy, sweet ; poor in quality; stone large, free. BARRY. This variety is listed by Wickson as desirable for the central coast valleys of California. As grown in some parts of Cali- fornia, Barry is identical with Royal. The fruit is described as follows by Lloyd Austin, a student in the University of California: Fruit midseason; large, round, sides but little com- pressed; cavity medium deep; suture shallow; color pale orange, sometimes with a red cheek; flesh orange; quality good; stone large, round-oval, free; kernel bitter. BERGETTI. This apricot is said by Wick- son of California to be “an undetermined variety introduced by Mr. Bergetti and widely distributed under his name in the San Joa- quin.” BLACK. This is the only variety of Prunus dasycarpa. It has little horticultural value, though it might be grown for the sake of va- riety in regions too cold for the apricots of commerce, since this sort is as hardy as an apple. It reproduces from seed. For a full description, see the discussion of the species on page 119. BLENHEIM. Fig. 105. Shipley. Blenheim is one of the popular apricots in California for canning, standing in popularity next to Royal, which it closely resembles. It is grown in 105. Blenheim. (X14) every part of the state where the apricot is grown. This is an old sort raised by a Miss Shipley, Blenheim, England. Shipley is no doubt the proper name, but the variety is so well established as Blenheim in the great apri- cot regions of California that it is not advisable to attempt a correction. Loose and Knobel are selected strains growing in Santa Clara Valley, California. Tree vigorous, a regular and productive bearer, hardy. Flowers early, large, white. Fruit midseason; 2 inches in diameter, round-oblong or round-oblate, sides com- 131 132 BONGOUME pressed; suture well marked, deep at cavity; apex rounded; color golden-orange with a deep red blush; pubescence short, fine, obscure; stem very short; skin thin, tender, free; flesh deep yellow or orange, juicy, mild, sweet but not rich; stone of medium size, flat, ovate, free or clinging somewhat; pervious channel ; kernel bitter. BONGOUME. This is one of the few Jap- anese apricots grown in America for its fruits, but because of small size and poor flavor the fruits are hardly worth having. Its only merit is to add variety. It is more tender to cold than the peach or other apricots. The variety is recommended for the Gulf states. Tree small, vigorous, productive, tender to cold. Fruit early; small or medium in size, round-oblong with a distinct point at the apex; cavity irregular, narrow, deep; suture distinct, halves unequal; skin greenish- yellow with a blush, finely pubescent or nearly smooth ; flesh light yellow, melting, juicy, strongly subacid, sour at the pit and skin; fair in quality; stone large, cling- ing, thick, round-ovate, with point at the apex. BREDA. The name has been used to desig- nate several apricots during the last two cen- turies. The one here described is the variety now listed by English nurserymen, distin- guished as an early sort of excellent quality. It is to be found in eastern American orchards, but seems not to be known on the Pacific slope. The origin of Breda does not appear in any available pomology. Tree very vigorous, with strong-growing shoots, pro- ductive. Flowers early, large, white. Fruit early; 1% inches in diameter; round-oblate, compressed, halves equal; cavity deep, flaring; suture shallow, becoming deep at cavity; apex small, flattened; color light orange-yellow with a handsome blush deepening about the cavity; pubescence obscure; many red dots; skin thick, tough, free; flesh rich orange, juicy, coarse, Stringy, sweet; good; stone free, small, round-ovate, winged, smooth; kernel sweet. BUDD. Budd has the doubtful recom- mendation of producing the best fruits of all the Russian apricots. The crop ripens very early, and the fruits have a sweet peach-like flavor that recommends them to those who are looking for variety. Budd is grown only in the Middle West, where it was introduced a generation ago by J. L. Budd, the noted authority on Russian fruits. The variety is not gaining in popularity. Tree vigorous, upright, hardy, productive. Leaves glandular. Fruit very early; small, oval, flattened ; suture deep; halves unequal; skin golden-yellow, tinged with red on exposed sides; flesh bright orange, coarse, stringy, juicy, firm, sweet, peach-like in flavor; good; stone cling or half-cling, rather large. EARLY GOLDEN. Wickson reports on this variety in California as follows: “Origin unknown; small, roundish oval, with suture well marked and extending half way round; skin smooth, pale orange; flesh yellow, moderately juicy and sweet, with very good flavor; separates from the stone. This variety is reported favorably from some counties, but generally otherwise, and is not largely grown. Ripens before Royal.” EARLY MOORPARK. Fig. 106. Early Moorpark is one of the standard early apricots East and West, and is very popular with the apricot-growers in southern California. The fruits resemble those of Moorpark, best known of all apricots, in shape, color, and quality, but HEMSKIRKE are smaller and appear three weeks earlier; they are choicely good in quality but are a little too small for the market. The crop ripens soon after the middle of July at Geneva, 106. Early Moorpark. (X¥%) New York. The trees are very productive, but are tender to cold, and the crop ripens un- evenly in some situations. This is a good variety to try in the East because of extreme earliness. Early Moorpark is an old English variety. Tree vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive, with strong, luxuriant shoots. Fruit very early; small, round-oval, with a well-marked or deep suture extending from base to apex; skin lemon-yellow flushed and dotted with bright reddish-orange; very juicy, sweet and rich; of best quality; stone free from the flesh, round-oblong, rough; kernel bitter. GIBB. Gibb is another of the compara- tively worthless Russian sorts, but may be of value in the Middle West. The fruit is some- what larger than that of other Russians, ripens about the latest of the Russians, and is fair in quality. But few nurserymen offer the variety, and it is likely soon to be a fruit of the past. Gibb has been grown for a genera- tion, but when, where, and by whom originated does not appear, although it was evidently named after the great Canadian authority on Russian fruits. Tree large, vigorous, upright, hardy, productive. Leaves very large with a long gland-bearing stem. Fruit ripening August Ist at Geneva, New York; small, round; apex acute; suture well-marked but not deep; skin light yellow, with a trace of color in the cheek to the sun; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid; rather poor; stone medium to large, free, oval. 107. Hemskirke. (x) HEMSKIRKE. Fig. 107. This variety is a strain of Moorpark, which it surpasses in hardi- ness of tree. The tree resembles that of Moor- park in wood and foliage, but is a more regular Puate VI.—ELBEerTA PEACH. JAPAN bearer; unfortunately it does not hold the crop well. The fruit, also, resembles that of Moor- park, but ripens evenly on both sides, as Moor- park often does not. The variety is widely grown in California under the name Hemskirke. It is an old English sort. Tree large, spreading, very hardy and healthy, regular and productive bearer. Flowers large, nearly pure white. Fruits midseason; large, nearly 2 inches in diameter, round or round-oblate, sides compressed, bulged on one side of suture near the apex; suture distinct; apex mucronate; color orange with brown spots, blushed toward the sun; skin thick, adhering; flesh golden- orange, tender, juicy, rich; very good in quality; stone oval, small, free; with a pervious channel; kernel bitter. JAPAN. Under this name the Japanese apricot, Prunus Mume, is offered by several southern nurserymen. One of these catalog descriptions runs as follows: “This is the earliest, largest, and best apricot in cultivation, and the only apricot that is a success here in central Louisiana; fruit clear bright yellow, fine flavor; tree a straggling grower and an abundant bearer. It was imported by ex-Governor Hubbard, of Texas, while minister at Japan.” KAISHA. This interesting sort with red flesh was introduced from Syria in 1842 into England, where it has been grown more or less since. Toward the close of the century it was imported to America, and is to be found sparingly in eastern plantations. Apricot- growers in California have either not tried Kaisha, or else discarded *it as unworthy— probably the latter. The tree is somewhat unsatisfactory, being tender to cold, blooming early, and bearing lightly and unevenly. As grown at Geneva, New York, the fruit is de- scribed as follows: Fruit early; small, round-dblong ; cavity small; suture distinct; skin rich yellow with a few red dots; flesh deep red, stringy, juicy, sweet; poor in quality; stone large, free, rough, obovate, base terminating in a fiat, broad point. LARGE EARLY. Fig. 108. This is an especially valuable variety because of the earliness, large size, attractive appearance, and ae ey : 108. Large Early. (X%4) high quality of its fruits. The variety is a favorite in nearly all apricot-growing regions. A fault is that the tree is sometimes an un- certain bearer. Large Early is an old French variety. Tree vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive but some- times uncertain in bearing. Leaf large, broader than MONTGAMET 133 long; margin coarsely serrate; petiole % inch long, with 1 to several globose glands. Flowers white, often with 6 petals. Fruit very early; nearly 2 inches in diameter, oblong-oval, compressed, often oblique; suture well marked; apex terminating in a sharp point; color light orange, darker orange next to the sun with some red; fine obscure pubescence; flesh orange, firm, juicy, sweet, rich; very good to best; stone free, oval, flat with sharp point; kernel bitter. LARGE EARLY MONTGAMET. This is probably a European sort renamed. It is offered for sale by California nurserymen, and is to be found occasionally in eastern America. As grown at Geneva, New York, the fruit is described as follows: Fruit early; large, 2 inches or more in diameter, round-oval, sides compressed, irregular, ribbed, truncate ; cavity large and deep; suture distinct, dividing a promi- nent swollen ridge; color rich yellow or orange, mottled or blushed with red; flesh deep yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, rich; quality very good; stone large, free, nearly as broad as long, thick, rough, very dark in color; kernel sweet. LATE ENGLEHARDT. This apricot, grown only in California, is described by Wickson as follows: “Chance seedling originated at La Crescenta. Propa- gated and introduced by W. B. Thorne of Tropico. Large as Moorpark, ripening evenly and twenty-eight days later than Royal. Claimed to be a very late bloomer, and thus escaping frosts which caught all other varieties at similar elevations. Planted chiefly in Los Angeles County.” 109. Luizet. (1%) LUIZET. Fig. 109. Luizet is an old French sort little grown in America, but offered by several American nurserymen. Wickson says It is approved in the upper San Joaquin Valley, California. The fruit is a fine, early apricot at Geneva, New York, as the following description shows: Fruit early; very large, round-ovate, sides a little compressed toward the apex; suture prominent, dividing a swollen ridge; halves of the fruit unequal; cavity broad, deep; color a deep rich yellow with a crimson blush and dots of crimson; flesh deep yellow, firm, juicy, aromatic, sweet, rich; very good in quality; stone large, sunt free, rough, variable in thickness; kernel itter. MONTGAMET. Alberge de Montgamet. This is an old French sort which seems not to be known in eastern America. Wickson says it is grown in the Vacaville district of Cali- fornia. Hogg, the English pomologist, de- scribes it as follows: “Fruit of small size, oval, somewhat compressed on the sides, and marked with a shallow suture; skin pale yellow, with a slight tinge of red on the side next to the sun; flesh yellowish, firm, adhering to the stone, 134 MOORPARK juicy and agreeably acid, but when well ripened it is highly perfumed; stone impervious, roundish ; kernel bitter.” MOORPARK. Fig. 110. Moorpark is probably the most widely and the most fre- quently grown of all apricots. Some English horticulturists say that Peach and Moorpark are identical, but the majority believe that there are two distinct varieties under these names. The merits of the variety are chiefly to be found in the fruits, which are of largest 110. Moorpark. (X44) size, handsome appearance, and best quality; they have long been the standard of excellence in both appearance and quality. The trees have several faults: they are a little tender to cold; are uncertain and irregular bearers; and the crop ripens unevenly. This is a favor- ite variety in some of the California apricot regions, but is not popular in southern Cali- fornia. Moorpark is an old English variety, but is said to have been introduced from France to England at an early date. Tree very large, with long, strong shoots, tender to cold, sometimes very productive, but often shy and uncertain and not always healihy. Fruit large, more than 2 inches in diameter, round with truncate base and compressed sides; cavity small; suture shallow, dividing the fruit into unequai halves; color pale orange, deeper orange and a distinct blush on side next to sun, with brown and red dots; flesh deep orange, firm, juicy, sweet, rich; best in quali.y; stoie free, large, rough, thick; kernel slightly bitter. NEWCASTLE. Several valuable apricots have originated in California which meet local conditions rather better than foreign sorts. One of the best of these is Newcastle, which sprang up in Newcastle, Placer County, in 1881. Its especial value is in the earliness of its fruits, which are three to four weeks earlier than Royal, although the trees have the merits of being productive and regular bearers. New- castle grows as follows in New York: Tree of medium vigor; upright in growth, produc- tive. Fruit very early; round-oblate, smaller than Royal; cavity deep, narrow; suture shallow or a line, deep at the cavity; color lemon yellow, darker on the side to the sun with a blush of red; pubescence fine, obscure; skin thick, tough; flesh deep yellow, juicy, firm, tender, sweet, rich; quality very good but not as good as Royal; stone free, large, flat, ovate, pitted. OULLINS EARLY. Oullins Early was introduced from Oullins, France, but Le Roy, one of the best French pomologists, says it is identical with Moorpark. Hogg, the English ROYAL pomologist, says it is an early form of the Peach apricot, a variety very similar to Moor- park. Wickson, a Californian authority, agrees with Hogg, and says it “ripens in Amador county four weeks earlier than Peach.” On the grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, three distinct peaches have grown under this name. With this confusion, the author hesitates to describe the variety. PEACH. This is one of the oldest and best- known apricots, having been grown in France for at least three centuries. As might be ex- pected with so old a variety, and a name so likely to be used, there is much confusion in the apricots passing under this name. The one here described is the apricot accepted for this name by Hogg, who says it 1s very similar to Moorpark but not identical. This is prob- ably the apricot grown under this name in California, where the fruit has been a favorite in the Sacramento Valley for canning and drying, but is being discarded because the crop ripens too rapidly, and the conserved product is inferior in appearance. The following is Hogg’s description: “Fruit large, oval, and flattened, marked with a deep suture at the base, which gradually diminishes towards the apex; skin pale yellow on the shaded side, and with a slight tinge of red next the sun; flesh reddish yellow, very delicate, juicy, and sugary, with a rich and some- what musky flavor; stone large, flat, rugged, and pervious along the back; kernel bitter.’ ROUTIER PEACH. Apricot-growers of California speak very highly of this variety, which seems to be especially valuable in Sacra- mento and San Joaquin valleys. A notable characteristic is that the tree blooms a week later than that of Peach, which was probably its parent. The variety originated near Sacra- mento, California, with Joseph Routier nearly a generation ago. The fruit is described by Wickson as follows: “Large, yellow in the shade; deep orange, mottled and splashed with red in the sun; flesh juicy and rich, high flavor and a good market variety.’’ The tree is reported as being especially satisfactory in the regions in which the variety is grown. 111. Royal. (x4) ROYAL. Fig. 111. Royal is now the lead- ing apricot in the great apricot-growing re- gions of California. In quality of fruit, it is somewhat inferior to Moorpark, but the trees do not have the several serious faults of SHENSE Moorpark. Besides furnishing an excellent product for shipping as a fresh fruit, Royal supplies canners and dryers with a favorite product. In addition to the variety, there seem to be two quite distinct strains of Royal in California. The Derby Royal is like the type variety, but is two weeks earlier. White Royal is lighter in color and flesh; this strain is not liked by canners. Royal and Blenheim are almost indistinguishable, though the latter is larger. The variety is an old European sort. Tree large, vigorous, regular in bearing large crops which ripen uniformly. Fruit midseason; large, oval, sides compressed; suture shallow but distinct; color pale yellow or orange with orange cheek tinged with red with a few red dots; flesh rich, dull, yellow, firm, juicy, vinous; very good in quality; stone large, free, round-oblong, thick, rough; kernel bitter. SHENSE. Fig. 112. Acme. A letter on file at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, from Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa, noted as an authority on Russian fruits, says that Shense is by far the hardiest Russian apricot; that the tree is vigorous, handsome, productive, and the fruit large and of good quality in Iowa and Ne- braska. In the last-named state, the variety is grown under the name Acme. Shense origi- nated from a stone brought from China about 1883. The fruit appears as follows in New York: Fruit early; large, 2 inches in diameter, round, compressed ; suture distinct; color pale yellow, the half exposed to the sun overspread with intense red deepening to purple; flesh deep yellow, juicy, mild subacid, pleasant; good in quality; stone large, free, ovate. SMYRNA. Smyrna is grown on the grounds of the Experiment Station, Davis, California. The following description of the fruit is sent by Lloyd Austin, a student specialist in apri- cots: Fruit midseason; large, round-oval, slightly conical, sides compressed; cavity shallow; suture medium to deep; color yellow or pale orange; flavor distinctive and very pleasing; stone free, medium in size, oval, plump; kernel sweet. SPARK MAMMOTH. In the sixth edi- tion of California Fruits, Wickson says of this variety : WIGGIN 135 “Popular in Ventura County. Largest size, even larger than Moorpark; pale yellow, very tender, juicy and sweet; abandoned for shy bearing.” ST. AMBROISE. Fig. 113. The tree of St. Ambroise is accredited as being most pro- ductive and very good in other characters as well, but the fruits are a little coarse, lacking in 113. St. Ambroise. (x4) richness of flavor, and not well adapted for either canning or drying, although they ship well in the fresh state. The variety is grown more or less in the interior valleys of Cali- fornia, but is not liked near the coast. St. Ambroise is an old European variety. Tree vigorous, hardy, healthy, very productive. Fruit early; large, more than 2 inches in diameter, oblong- elliptical, sides compressed, suture side swollen, ribbed at base; suture distinct; color deep, rich yellow, blushed next the sun; a few reddish dots; flesh rich yellow, firm, a little stringy, melting, juicy, perfumed; very good in quality; stone free, very large, rough, elliptical, flat, winged. TILTON. Wickson, pomological authority of California, says of this variety: “Chance seeding first noticed about 1885 on place of J. E. Tilton, near Hanford, Kings County, and distin- guished by regular bearing. Propagated and introduced by J. W. Bairstow, of Hanford. Fruit large ; freestone ; symmetrical, prolific. Widely planted recently and very promising, though condemned for shy bearing in some places. Colors in advance of ripening and is often picked too green for best quality in drying.” TOYAHVALE. This is a Russian apricot recently introduced by the Texas Nursery Company, Sherman, Texas. It was grown from seed planted by C. W. Giffin, Toyahvale, Texas, in 1899. The introducer describes the variety as follows: “Blooms very late, hence sure; very prolific. Medium size, yellow, fine flavor. The original tree stands 2 feet in diameter of trunk, 50 feet spread of limbs, bearing enormously.” WIGGIN. Wickson, writing of this variety in California, says it is favored in the Winter’s district as the best of early apricots. He char- acterizes the fruits as of “good size, fine color, solid red cheek, ten days earlier than Royal.” The trees, Wickson says, are “good bearers.” The origin of the variety is not given. CHAPTER IX VARIETIES OF CHERRIES Although the cherry seems to have been domesticated as early as any other of the tree-fruits, the cultivated cherry is now more like its wild progenitor than any other in- habitant of the orchard. The cherry, of all hardy fruits, excepting, perhaps, the Insititia plums, is also most fixed in its characters: as a consequence, the differences between tree and fruit in the varieties are less marked, and the varieties come more nearly true to seed. In spite of these facts, there are a great number of varieties:—the author described 1145 in The Cherries of New York. The sorts included in this chapter are varieties now under cultiva- tion, for most part those on sale by nursery- men in 1920. All the full descriptions have been made from trees growing on the grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York. ABBESSE D’OIGNIES. Fig. 114. P. Avium XP. Cerasus. Abbesse d’Oignies has so many good characters that it is well worth trying commercially wherever good cherries are grown in the United States. It seems so far to have been tried only in the Middle West, where Professor Budd introduced it in Iowa from Russia in 1883. Here in the unfavor- able soil and climatic conditions of the Mis- sissippi Valley, Abbesse d’Oignies grows as well as any cherry of its class. The trees are large, vigorous, hardy, fruitful, and free from fungous diseases. The cherries are large, dark red, of most excellent quality, combining the flavor of the Dukes with a firmer and ten- derer flesh. The high quality, handsome ap- pearance, and _ good shipping qualities of the fruit, combined with the excellent characters of the trees, ought to make Abbesse d’Oignies a very good commer- cial variety. This cherry originated in Belgium about the middle of the nineteenth century. 114. Abbesse d’Oig- nies. (X 1) Tree characteristically large and vigorous, upright- spreading, round-topped but with drooping branches, hardy, productive. Leaves 244 inches wide, 5% inches long, obovate, thick; margin with small black glands, coarsely and doubly serrate; petiole 1% inches long, thick, lightly tinged with red, grooved, with one or two small, globose, reddish-orange glands. Flowers mid- season, white, 1%4 inches across; borne in dense clusters at the end of spurs or spur-like branches, varying from one to three. Fruit late; % inch long, 1 inch thick, round-oblate, slightly compressed; cavity wide, regular; suture a line; apex rounded, slightly depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, light russet, conspicuous ; stem slender; colorless juice, stringy, tender and soft, sprightly subacid; of very good quality; stone free, round, turgid, slightly pointed, with smooth surface; ridged along the suture. ABUNDANCE. P. avium. Abundance is a seedling of the well-known Napoleon, or Royal Ann, as it is called in the Pacific states. The seedling closely resembles the parent in fruit and tree. The variety is grown only in California and Oregon, and in these states growers maintain that the fruit is larger than that of Napoleon and the tree a stronger grower and more productive. The season is about the same. On the grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, it is difficult to tell the fruit of the seedling from that of the parent. The de- scription of Napoleon will answer for that of Abundance. The variety originated with Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, and was first mentioned in his catalog for 1911-12. BALDWIN. P. Cerasus. On the grounds of the New York Experiment Station, Baldwin trees which came direct from the originator turned out to be Olivet. The published de- scriptions are so scant and fragmentary that it cannot be made out whether the variety is distinct or is Olivet renamed. The variety has been widely disseminated in the Middle West, but has not shown much merit either for home or for commercial orchards in the rather lengthy probational period it has had in the East. Baldwin is supposed to have grown on the farm of S. J. Baldwin, Seneca, Kansas, from a sprout of a stock on which Early Rich- mond had been budded, and first fruited in 1891. The description is a compilation. Tree vigorous, round-topped; leaves large, broad ; flowers white, changing to pink. Fruit ripens early; usually borne in pairs; large, round; stem of medium length, rather thick; color very dark red, yet almost transparent; flavor slightly acid, yet considered one of the sweetest and richest of the Morello class. BELLE DE CHOISY. P. avium xP. Cerasus. Choisy. The fruits of Choisy are handsome and delicious—about the best of all dessert cherries, delicately combining the rich- ness of the sweet and the sprightliness of the 136 BESSARABIAN sour cherry. Unfortunately, while the trees bear early and regularly, they are seldom fruit- ful; to offset this fault, however, they are vigorous, hardy, and healthy. The cherries keep and stand the wear and tear of marketing as well as those of any other Duke. All char- acters of Choisy commend it for the home orchard and for a local market. In particular, it may be recommended for cold climates where a true sweet cherry is not quite hardy, as this hybrid is nearly as hardy as the other parent, a sour cherry. Choisy was cultivated in France as early as 1628. It was first de- scribed in America in 1832. Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open, hardy, but moderately productive. Leaves numerous, very broad, obovate, rather abruptly pointed; margin deeply and regularly serrate to rather dentate. Flowers early, white, large, numerous, borne in large clusters. Fruit mid- season; usually attached in pairs, large, round-oval, flattened toward the base; cavity shallow, wide; suture shallow, indistinct; apex depressed; color bright red mottled with yellow and amber; stem thick at the base, 144-2 inches long, generally forking at about % inch from the base; skin thin, firm, semi-transparent, showing the netted texture of the pulp beneath; flesh pale amber, with abundant colorless juice, tender, melting, sweet; very good in quality; stone small, round, pointed at the apex; surfaces nearly smooth. BESSARABIAN. P. Cerasus. Bessarabian has a place in home orchards in the colder parts of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Plains. It is very hardy and is said to thrive even under neglect, standing as much abuse as a forest tree. As compared with standard commercial cherries of the East, the fruit is distinctly inferior in size and quality, hardly fit to eat out of hand, and is sour and astringent even when cooked. The trees are hardy and healthy, but dwarfish and not pro- ductive because of the smallness of the cher- ries. It is an early cherry, but the fruit hangs long. The variety is said to root well from cuttings. If this is true, it might be worth trying as a stock. Bessarabian is a variant of English Morello, brought to America from Russia about 1883 by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa. Tree of medium size, upright, becoming somewhat spreading, compact, healthy, unproductive, very hardy; branches drooping, long, slender. Leaves abundant, medium to small, oval, coarsely serrate, dark green, broad, flat; glands few, on the stalk at the base of the leaf. Fruit early, remaining on the tree a long time in good condition; medium in size, round-oblate to cordate, irregular, bright red becoming dark red; stem long, varying from 1% to 2 inches in length, slender, curved; skin tender; flesh light to dark red, with abundant colored juice, variable in firmness, sprightly subacid, becoming milder when fully ripe; fair in quality; stone round-oval, semi-clinging. BING. Fig. 115. P. avium. Bing is one of the best of the several very good cherries from the Pacific Northwest. The fruits are almost unequalled in size, attractiveness, and quality. Other characters commending the variety are that the crop hangs well on the trees and ripens at one time, so that the harvest consists of but one picking. Unfortunately, in the East the trees are not so vigorous, healthy, or produc- tive as they should be in a commercial variety of first rank. The variety, though compara- BLACK EAGLE 137 tively new, is no longer on probation. It de- serves a place in the collection of every ama- teur, by virtue of its excellent fruit; and, where it is happy in soil and climate, is bound to become one of the leading commercial cher- ries. Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon, grew Bing from the seed of Republican in 1875. 115. Bing. (<1) Tree large, vigorous, erect, becoming mplet bee: open, productive. Leaves abundant, large, obovate; margin slightly serrate, glandular; petiole long, pubes- cent, thick, tinged with red, with 1-3 large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. Fruit midseason or later; 1 inch in diameter, broadly cordate, somewhat com- pressed, slightly angular; cavity deep, of medium width, abrupt, regular; suture a dark line; apex rounded or slightly depressed; color very dark red, almost black ; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem 1% inches long ; skin tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh purplish-red with dark purple juice, rather coarse, firm, very meaty, brittle, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-free, large, oval, blunt, with smooth surfaces. BLACK EAGLE. P. avium. In many re- spects, Black Eagle is one of the best varieties of its species. The trees are usually fruitful; ripen their crop at a good time in the cherry season, just after Black Tartarian; and are as hardy, healthy, and vigorous as those of any sweet cherry. But it is high quality of fruit that gives Black Eagle such merit that it ought not to be forgotten; makes it worthy a place in every home orchard, and commends it highly to commercial growers of cherries who want a finely finished product for either local or general market. The fruit-stems of this variety are characteristically long. Black Eagle was grown about 1806 by Thomas An- drew Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, Eng- land, from seed of Yellow Spanish fertilized with pollen of May Duke. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, unpro- ductive at first but improving with age. Leaves numer- ous, 5 inches long, 2% inches wide, elliptical, thin; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, with dark glands; 138 BLACK HEART with a on the across ; petiole nearly 2 inches long, tinged with red, few hairs, with 2-4 reniform, brownish glands stalk. Flowers midseason; white, 1144 inches borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes. Fruit midseason; 1 inch in diameter, oblate, somewhat cordate, compressed; cavity regular, flaring; suture a faint groove; apex pointed or slightly depressed ; color dark red almost black; dots small, russet, medium in number, obscure; stem slender, 2 inches long; skin thin, tender; flesh dark red, with wine-colored juice, meaty, tender, crisp, pleasantly flavored, mild, sweet ; very good to best in quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, small, ovate, slightly flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces. BLACK HEART. P. avium. Although one of the oldest cherries under cultivation, Black Heart is still largely grown the world over. Prince, in 1832, said that it was more widely known than any other cherry in the country. While this statement would not hold for Black Heart now, it is still, because of the fruitfulness of the tree and the high qual- ity and beauty of the fruit, a variety of much merit. Black Heart fails in commercial fruit- growing since the fruit does not meet mar- ket demands because of two defects: it does not ship well; and, when brown-rot is rife, it quickly succumbs to this fungus. This cherry was mentioned by John Rea in 1676, but with- out doubt it originated many years previous to that date. Tree large, very vigorous, tall, wide-spreading, pro- ductive. Leaves very large, oblong, waved, acuminate, nearly flat; petiole of medium length, lightly tinged with red, with greenish glands. Flowers very early, medium in size. Fruit early, season long; large, obtuse- cordate, somewhat compressed; cavity broad; suture deep; surface somewhat irregular; color dark purple becoming black; stem 1%4 inches long, slender; skin slightly shrivelled; flesh dark red, firm to very firm becoming tender at full maturity, with abundant, colored juice, sweet; good in quality; stone large, round-ovate ; dorsal suture deep. BLACK TARTARIAN. Fig. 116. P. avium. Tarta- rian. Black Tartarian is a fa- vorite dooryard and roadside sweet cherry, and ranks sec- ond or third among com- mercial cherries for the whole region east of the Mississippi. The _ pre- éminently meritorious char- acters which give it so high a place in cherry culture are: the elasticity of its constitution, whereby _ it adapts itself to widely dif- ferent soils and climates; the fruitfulness, healthful- ness, and robustness of the trees, which also bear regu- larly, live to an old age, and 116. Black grow to a prodigious size; Tartarian. comparative freedom from (<1) the worst of cherry diseases, brown-rot; lastly, the cher- ries, though not large, are tempting to the eye, and are a delight to the palate, the handsome purplish-red flesh being firm and crisp, yet juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor which gives the quality the rank of “very good to best.” Un- BRUSSELER BRAUNE fortunately, this cherry is a little too soft to handle well in harvesting and marketing, or to hold its shape as a canned product; the small size is also against it for the canner’s trade. The several defects noted prevent Black Tartarian from taking first rank in commercial orchards, but for the home plantation it is one of the best. Black Tartarian was introduced into England in 1794 from Circassia. It owes its introduction into this country to William Prince, Flushing, Long Island, probably in the early part of the nineteenth century. Tree characteristically large, vigorous, upright, vasi- form, productive. Leaves numerous, 5% inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate to elliptical, thin; margin varies from serrate to crenate; petiole 2 inches long, thick, tinged with red, with a few hairs, with 1-3 reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. Flowers white, 1% inches across, borne in clusters in twos and threes. Fruit early; 1 inch in diameter, cordate, compressed ; cavity intermediate in depth and width, flaring; suture indistinct; apex pointed and slightly depressed; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem slender, 14% inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating readily from the pulp; flesh purplish-red, with dark-colored juice, firm, meaty, crisp, pleasant flavored, mild, sweet; of very good quality ; stone free, ovate, slightly flattened and oblique, with smooth surfaces. BOURGUEIL. P. Cerasus. Bourgueil is of the Montmorency type, hardly differing enough in fruit from Large Montmorency to be distinguished from it; and yet, since the tree seems to be more productive, Bourgueil is possibly worth adding to the cherry flora of the country. The variety is still on proba- tion, but if trees true to name can be obtained, it is worth planting where growers want a cherry of the Montmorency type. The United States Department of Agriculture received this variety from France in 1905, and, in turn, for- warded it to several experiment stations, at which it has been fruiting for the past few seasons. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, vasiform, productive. Leaves numerous, 4 inches long, 2 inches wide, ovate, thick; margin doubly crenate; petiole 1 inch long, thick, with a dull tinge of red, pubescent, with 1-3 globose, yellow or brownish glands on the base of the blade. Flowers late, white, 144 inches across; borne in clusters, usually in threes. Fruit midseason; %4 inch long, 1 inch wide, oblate, somewhat compressed ; cavity deep, wide, medium flaring, regular; suture indistinct ; apex roundish to flattened; color bright red; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem stout, 1% inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, free; flesh yellowish-white, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly, sour; of good quality; stone free, large, round-ovate, pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red, with a prominent ventral suture. BRUSSELER BRAUNE. Fig. 117. P. Cerasus. Brusseler Braune has little value for commercial plantings. The trees are uncertain in bearing; the cherries are small, sour, and astringent; and the crop ripens very unevenly. It is of the English Morello type, but is far inferior to this well-known sort. Brusseler Braune has been much advertised for cold climates, but there are many better cherries that stand cold quite as well, and are better in both tree- and fruit-characters. The variety has two marked peculiarities: the leaves on BUNTE AMARELLE the two-year-old wood are very small, and the fruit-stems bear a small leaflet at their base. These leaflets on the fruit-stem would have to be removed in mar- keting the crop—another , serious defect. No doubt Brusseler Braune originated more than a hundred years ago in Holland. Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading but with droop- ing branchlets, dense, round- topped, unproductive. Leaves 3% inches long, 1% inches wide, obo- vate, thick, grooved along the midrib; margin finely and doubly serrate; petiole 1 inch long, with 1-4 small, globose, yellowish- green glands. Flowers late, 1 inch across, white; borne in scat- tering clusters in threes and fours. Fruit very late; 1 inch in diam- eter, variable in size, round-cor- date, compressed; cavity of medi- um depth, marrow, abrupt; suture very shallow, indistinct; apex rounded, with a small depression at the center; color light red changing to dark red as the sea- son advances; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous ; stem 2%4 inches long, with small leaflets at the base, strongly ad- herent to the fruit; skin thin, ten- 117. Brusseler der, separates readily from the Braune. pulp; flesh dark red, with dark- (X1) colored juice, tender and melting, somewhat astringent, sour; of fair quality; stone nearly free when fully mature, round-oval, plump, blunt-pointed; surfaces smooth. BUNTE AMARELLE. PP. Cerasus. So far, Bunte Amarelle has found a place only in the trying climate of Iowa and neighboring states. The fruit is not attractive enough in appearance nor good enough in quality; nor is the tree certain and fruitful enough in bear- ing to compete with other Amarelles. The saving grace of Bunte Amarelle is extreme hardiness of tree; this with vigor and health, makes it desirable in the cold prairie regions of the Great Plains, where cherry-growing is more or less precarious. The variety probably originated in Germany in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Tree vigorous, hardy; foliage large, coarse. Fruit matures the second week in June; medium to large, roundish, flattened at the base; cavity variable in depth; suture shallow, indistinct ; apex deprecsed; color yellow overspread with light red; stem green, straight, slender, 14-2 inches long; flesh slightly colored, juicy, firm but tender, pleasantly subacid; very good in qual- ity; stone variable in size, broad. BURBANK. P. avium. Burbank Early. This is a comparatively new cherry from Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California. The variety has been generally tested in California, and all agree that it has some commercial value. As yet, Burbank is on probation in the East. The large leaves protect the fruit from birds, and keep it from cracking in late spring rains. Burbank was introduced by its originator in 1911. The variety is described as having vigorous trees, which are certain in bearing, erect in habit and bear CENTENNIAL 139 very large leaves. The fruit is said to be very early, large, yellow with red cheek in the sun; flesh yellow, firm, very sweet; quality good to best; pit very small and clinging somewhat. CARNATION. Fig. 118. P. Cerasus. Car- nation is one of the Amarelles, similar to Montmorency except in color of fruit, in which character it is more pleasing than the better-known sort. The stone separates from the pulp very readily, leav- ing the flesh unusually bright and clean. Because of their sprightly refreshing flavor, the cherries are pleasing to the palate, as well as attractive to the eye. Unfortunately the trees are but moderately vigorous and fruitful, and these qual- ities count so heavily against it as a commercial cherry that Carnation can- not be more than a fruit for amateurs unless under exceptional conditions. Car- nation is another of the choicely good, old cherries, 118. Cara being first mentioned in fone, CZ) England by John Rea in 1676. Tree medium in size, spreading, becoming drooping, not very productive. Leaves very numerous, 4 inches long, 2 inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; apex acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole 2 inches long, slender, dull red on the upper surface, with two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. Flowers white, 144 inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes. Fruit matures in midseason; % inch long, 1 inch thick, round-oblate, compressed; cavity deep, abrupt; suture indistinct ; apex flattened; color medium to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem 14% inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, separat- ing readily from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly ; quality very good; stone free, round, blunt, with smooth surfaces. CENTENNIAL. P. avium. In California, Centennial is passing from the period of pro- bation to one of general acceptance as a stand- ard variety. It has not been well tested in the East, but trees growing in a commercial orchard at Geneva, New York, show the va- riety to be a close competitor with its parent, Napoleon. In some respects the fruits surpass those of Napoleon. The cherries are larger, sweeter, better-flavored, and have smaller pits, The trees fall short, however, of those of its well-known parent, in being less fruitful. The two varieties under comparison may be fur- ther distinguished by the more oblate fruits of Centennial, by a more mottled color, and by the pits, which are longer and more pointed in the newer variety. The variety is recom- mended for home orchards and experimentally for commercial plantations. Centennial was grown by Henry Chapman, Napa, California; it came in fruit in 1876. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive. Leaves numerous, large, flattened, long-oval, 140 CHAPMAN thick; margin coarsely serrate, with small and incon- spicuous glands; petiole 1% inches long, pubescent, tinged with red, 2-4 large, reniform, greenish-red, flat- tened glands, usually on the stalk. Flowers 1% inches across, usually arranged in twos and threes. Fruit midseason, length of season short; very large, short- cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide; suture distinct, broad, shallow; apex roundish or slightly depressed ; color amber-yellow, speckled and overlaid with crim- son; dots white, inconspicuous; stem thick, 114 inches long, adherent to the pulp; skin thin, tender, cracks badly, adherent to the pulp; flesh white, with colorless juice, meaty, crackling. sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging, ovate, plump, oblique, with smooth surfaces. CHAPMAN. P. avium. Chapman is a sweet cherry, one of the “Hearts” of common parlance, its fruits distinguished and worth producing only because they are extra early, although when fully ripe they are of very good quality. The cherries run small, so that the variety requires good care and a choice cherry soil for a finely finished product. Tree and fruit are preéminently free from fungus diseases, but the robin and other birds take greater toll than from almost any other cherry, beginning their harvest long before the fruit is fit for human fare. Chapman might well be planted in a small way for a local market, but it has no place in large numbers in the East; it is more at home in California. Chap- man came from a seed of Black Tartarian sown by W. H. Chapman, Napa, California, about 1890. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, pro- ductive. Leaves numerous, 5% inches long, 2% inches wide, long-obovate, thin, slightly rugose; margin ser- rate, glandular; petiole nearly 2 inches long, slender, tinged with red, pubescent along the upper side and with a shallow groove, with from 2-4 large, reniform, reddish glands. Flowers early, 1 inch across. Fruit very early, season averaging 11 days; about % inch in diameter, round-cordate, compressed; coler purplish- black; stem thin, tender, separates from the pulp; flesh reddish, with dark juice, meaty, tender, mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging, oval, com- pressed, oblique, with smooth surfaces. CLEVELAND. P. avium. Cleveland is a Bigarreau which falls so far short of its near kin as not to be worth planting except as an early cherry of its type, earliness being its one saving asset. The cherries closely resemble those of Rockport in size, color, shape, and flavor; they are in no way better, and are even more subject to brown-rot. The crop ripens with that of Black Tartarian, a sort with which it can never compete in orchard or market. Possibly Cleveland has too much merit to be wholly neglected, yet it is not worth planting, unless it be in a locality in which it does ex- ceptionally well and in which an early cherry of its kind is wanted. Cleveland is said by its introducer, Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleve- land, Ohio, who brought it out in 1842, to be a seedling from Yellow Spanish. Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open, very productive. Leaves numerous, 5 inches long, 2% inches wide, long-elliptical, thin; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole often 2 inches long, red, slender, hairy, grooved, glandless or with 1-4 reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. Flowers white, 114 inches across; borne in scattered clusters, usually in twos. Fruit early; about %4 inch in diame- ter, cordate, compressed, with an irregular surface; DIKEMAN cavity wide, flaring, irregular; suture shallow, indistinct ; apex obtusely-pointed; color light red overspreading yellow; dots numerous, small, yellowish, obscure; stem slender, 14 inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh light yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sweet; good in quality; stone clinging, large, 2 inch long, oval, flattened at the base, plump, with smooth surfaces. COE. Fig. 119. P. avium. Coe’s Trans- parent. Coe, long known as Coe’s Transparent, is the first of the light-colored cherries to ripen, and is an excellent fruit in quality and appearance. One defect is variability in color of fruit, the variant usually being very light- colored; and an- other, that the cherries run small. The tree-characters are in the main very good. The variety can be dis- tinguished by the large, spreading tree; by hardiness, vigor, healthful- ness, and fruitful- ness. Coe is worthy of a place in every home plantation and in orchards for local markets. Cur- tis Coe, Middle- town, Connecticut, grew this variety early in the nine- teenth century from a pit of Ox Heart. 119. Coe. (1) Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open, very productive. Leaves numerous, 414 inches long, 2% inches wide; margin coarsely serrate, with small, black glands; petiole 1% inches long, thick, tinged with red, grooved, hairy, with 2-3 large, reniform, greenish-yellow or reddish glands on the stalk, Flowers midseason, 1% inches across, white; borne in dense clusters, thickly distributed over the tree in twos and threes. Fruit early; 1 inch in diameter, round-cordate, slightly com- pressed; cavity regular, abrupt; suture indistinct; apex blunt-pointed or slightly depressed; color pale amber faintly mottled with red; dots small, light yellow, in- conspicuous; stem slender, 144 inches long, adherent to the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; good to very good in qual- ity; stone semi-free or free, somewhat flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces. DIKEMAN. P. avium. Dikeman has some merit as a very late sweet cherry, but here its usefulness ends. The cherries are too small and the pits too large for the variety to have great worth. The tree is somewhat remarkable for its spreading habit and stout branches. Two very similar cherries, with a variation in the spelling, pass under this name. Late in the eighteenth century there appeared a cherry on the Dyckman farm near New York City. Some thought it to be identical with Black Tartarian; others said it was distinct and called it Dyckman. It was never more than of local DOUBLE GLASS note. About 1890, the late S. D. Willard, Geneva, New York, introduced the Dikeman cherry from the farm of George B. Dikeman, Oceana County, Michigan. Tree large, vigorous, broadly-spreading, open-topped, productive. Leaves numerous, 4% inches long, 2% inches wide, folded upward, long-elliptical, thin; mar- gin coarsely and doubly serrate; petiole about 14% inches long, tinged with red, with a few hairs, with 1-4 reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. Flowers mid- season, white, 1% inches across; borne in scattering clusters, in ones, twos or threes. Fruit late; % inch in diameter, cordate; cavity wide, flaring; suture shal- low, indistinct; apex slightly pointed, with a small depression at the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous ; stem slender, 1% inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, adherent to the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark-colored juice, very meaty, crisp, mild, aromatic, sweet; of good quality; stone clinging, longer than wide, ovate, flat- tened, with smooth surfaces, marked with a reddish tinge. DOUBLE GLASS. P. avium x P. Cerasus. Great Cornelian. Glass. Double Glass is a Duke, a hybrid more nearly resembling the sweet than the sour cherry. The trees grow re- markably well in nursery and orchard, and their behavior so pleased growers when the variety was brought to notice that it became for a time quite the vogue. But the trees turned out to be unproductive and the cher- ries so mediocre that the variety rapidly passed through its heyday of popularity. The fruits are curiously marked, the suture being so deep as to make them appear double—hence the name. The variety has no value where sweet sorts are hardy, but might find a niche some- where in regions where the more tender sweet cherry cannot be grown. This variety dates back in Germany to 1792. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading becoming di- vergent with age, usually hardy, rather unproductive ; leaves healthy, small to medium, ovate, with serrated margins. Fruit midseason; usually large, round-oblate, with a very deep suture; color light red becoming much darker at maturity; stem long, thick; skin thin, tough, translucent; flesh yellowish, with abundant uncolored juice, firm, tender, sprightly; good in quality; stone medium in size, round. DOUBLE NATTE. P. Cerasus. Riga. Double Natte is a cherry of the Morello group hardly equal to English Morello except when earliness is a requisite, for this sort is one of the earliest of the Morellos. From the eulogistic reports of its behavior in the Middle West, it would seem that Double Natte is better adapted to the Mississippi Valley than elsewhere in this country. The variety was first mentioned by Knoop, the Dutch _po- mologist, in 1771. Some years ago J. L. Budd imported from Russia a cherry under the name Riga No. 18. This cherry has been grown under the name Riga, but the descriptions of Riga are identical with those of Double Natte. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, somewhat vasiform, productive. Leaves numerous, 31 inches long, 1% inches wide, short-obovate, thick, stiff; margin coarsely serrate, glandular ; petiole thick, dull red, 1 inch long, glandless or with 1 or 2 small glands at the base of the blade. Flowers midseason, white, 1% inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes. Fruit early; % inch in diameter, cordate to conical, compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture deep, distinct, often extending entirely around the fruit; DYEHOUSE 141 apex depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, brown, obscure; skin tough, separating readily from the pulp; fles. dark red, with reddish juice, tender and melting, sprightly, sour; good to very good in quality ; stone nearly free, longer than wide, nearly round, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces. DOWNER. PP. aviwm. Downers Red Heart. Downer’s Late. Downer is one of the Hearts, much prized for its late, delicately and richly flavored fruits. Several defects keep it from being a variety of any consider- able worth: the trees thrive only in the choicest soils; are often unhealthy and lacking in vigor; and the yield is small because the fruits are small. So, while the variety is desirable in a home orchard, as the crop ripens after almost all other dessert cherries have gone, Downer has small place in a commercial plantation. It should be said in its favor, as a commercial fruit, that the crop stands harvesting and shipping very well. Downer takes the name of Samuel Downer, Dorches- ter, Massachusetts, who grew it some time before 1832. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, productive. Leaves numerous, 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate, rather stiff; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole 1 inch long, thick, dark red, glandless or with 1-3 large, globose or reniform glands on the stalk. Flowers midseason, white, 1%4 inches across; borne in thin clusters in ones and twos. Fruit the latest; 34 inch in diameter, round-cordate, compressed ; cavity shallow. flaring; suture obscure; apex pointed; color light to dark red frequently showing an amber background on the shaded side; dots numerous, small, russet; stem 1% inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, stringy, tender, with soft flesh, mild and pleasant, sweet when fully ripe; good to very good in quality; stone large, free, ovate, flattened, with smooth surfaces. DYEHOUSE. P. Cerasus. Dyehouse is conspicuous among cherries for its early and beautiful fruit. Early Richmond is the stand- ard early cherry, yet Dyehouse ripens its crop a week earlier, and the fruits are just as attrac- tive in appearance and equally well-flavored. It is near of kin to Early Richmond, but the two may be distinguished by the difference in time of ripening and by the brighter, clearer color, greater opaqueness, more highly colored juice and slightly smaller size of the fruits of Dyehouse. Possibly this cherry would supersede the better-known Early Richmond were it not for the defect in size, and for the further faults of being less productive and more sensitive to environment, as it fails to thrive in localities where the older sort is quite at home. A Mr. Dyehouse, Lincoln County, Kentucky, raised the first tree of Dyehouse from a pit about 1860. Tree small, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branch- lets, dense, round-topped, productive. Leaves numerous, 8 inches long, 1% inches wide; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole %4 inch long, with 1-3 small, globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade. Flowers midseason, 1 inch across, white; borne in dense clusters, usually at the ends of spur-like branches in twos, threes or fours. Fruits early; 4% inch in diameter, oblate, compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt, regular; suture indistinct ; apex flattened, with a small depression at the center; color dark red; dots numerous, small, obscure; stem 1 inch long, adhering well; skin thin, tough; flesh light 142 EARLY MORELLO yellowish-white, with pinkish juice, tender, sprightly, tart; quality very good; stone free, ovate, flattened, with smooth surfaces. EARLY MORELLO. P. Cerasus. About all that can be said in praise of Early Morello is that the trees are hardy, healthy, vigorous, fruitful, and regular in bearing. The cherries show the variety to be of the Amarelle group, but are such as to make it far inferior to Montmorency and other well-known Amarelles. The name is misleading, as the variety has little in common, in fruit or tree, with the true Morellos. Early Morello was introduced by Professor J. L. Budd from Orel, Russia, as Orel No. 23. The tree has proved very pro- ductive and hardy throughout the West. The cherries resemble those of Early Richmond, though smaller, a trifle darker, less acid, and appearing a week later. A dark-fleshed variety from Erfurt, Prussia, was sent out from Rose- dale, Kansas, where it is known as Early Morello. Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, very productive. Leaves 2% inches long, 14% inches wide, thick, stiff, dark green, rather glossy, smooth; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole glandless or with 1-3 small, globose, brown or yellowish glands. Flowers late, 1 inch across. Fruit midseason; about % inch in diameter, oblate, com- pressed; color dark red; stem 1 inch long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh light yellow, with pinkish juice, tender and melt- ing, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone free, ovate, flattened, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces, somewhat tinged with red. EARLY PURPLE GUIGNE. Fig. 120. P. avium. Early Pur- ple. Purple Guwagne. Early Purple Guigne is a valuable cherry on account of the earli- ness, attractiveness, and high quality of its fruits. The trees bear well and regularly after having become estab- lished in the orchard, but are poor growers in the nursery. More than most cherries, this one responds to good care and a choice cherry soil, a warm, free-work- ing loam being best. A serious defect of the tree is that the fruit- spurs are easily broken during picking, and the crop of the next season thereby cut short. The cherries do not attain ther ac purple color Je until full maturity is ise om reached. No home col- lection should be with- out this variety, and it can often be profitably grown for the local market. Early Purple Guigne is the Early Purple of Ray in 1688. The variety was brought to America over a hundred years ago. EARLY RICHMOND Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive. Leaves numerous, 4 inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate, thin; margin finely serrate, with small dark-colored glands on the stalk. Flowers early, white, 1% inches across; borne in scattering clusters, usually in twos. Fruit very early; 1 inch in diameter, cordate, slightly compressed; cavity regular; suture a faint line; apex pointed; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, grayish, obscure; stem tinged with red, slender, 2 inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark reddish-purple, with dark-colored juice, tender, melting, mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone free, large, broadly oval, compressed near the apex, with smooth surfaces. EARLY RICHMOND. Fig. 121. P. Cer- asus. Virgima May. Early May. Kentish. French. Early Richmond has long been the leading sour cherry of its season. It is not a remarkable variety in its fruit-characters, for the cherries are but medium in size, mediocre in quality, Fj and not handsomer than ) those of other Amarelles with which it belongs. The fruits are very good for cul- inary purposes, and, when well ripened, may be eaten out of hand with relish by those who like the refresh- ing acidity of a sour cherry. They make a very good i canned product, and before cherries were largely canned for the markets were much used in making dried cher- ries,—a delicious sweetmeat which kept for several months. The cherries are 121. Early remarkable for the tenacity Richmond. with which the stone clings (<1) to the stem. The tree thrives in varied soils and climates from the St. Lawrence to the Carolinas and from the Atlantic to the Pacific—everywhere vig- orous, healthy, and fruitful. For the many purposes for which the fruit may be used, and because of the characters of the tree, Early Richmond is indispensable in every home and commercial orchard. This variety was early brought to America, where it be- came known as Early Richmond, as the first trees were grown at Richmond, Virginia. It was also grown as Virginia May, while in the West it has been called Early May. The French cherry, introduced into the lower St. Lawrence region, is very similar to Early Richmond. This strain, propagated from seed or sprouts, seems to be hardier than Early Richmond. Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, round-topped. Leaves numerous, 3% inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate, thick; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole glandless or with 1 or 2 globose, greenish-yellow glands. Flowers midseason, 1% inches across, white; borne in scattering clusters, usually in twos and threes. Fruit early; %4 inch in diameter, round-oblate, compressed; cavity abrupt, regu- lar; suture indistinct; apex flattened; color dark red; dots numerous, small, russet; stem slender, 1 inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with light pink juice, stringy, tender and melting, sprightly; good to very good in quality; stone free, small, round-ovate, pointed, with smooth surfaces. ELKHORN ELKHORN. P. avium. Elkhorn has served its day, and is now being rapidly superseded by other cherries of the Bigarreau group to which it belongs. It was valued by the old pomologists because of its large fruits, which have firm flesh, ripen late, are rich in flavor, and hang well on the tree long after maturity. But Elkhorn fails in bearing cher- ries quite variable in size, and in being but moderately productive. The bark of the trunk and main branches is so heavily overspread with gray as to make the color a distinguishing mark. The fruit is distinct in appearance by reason of the irregular surface of the skin. Elkhorn is an old English variety first men- tioned in America by William Prince in 1832. Tree large, very vigorous, upright, open-topped, mod- erately productive. Leaves numerous, 334 inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate, thin; margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole with 1-3 raised glands on the stalk. Fruit late midseason; %4 inch in diameter, cordate to conical, compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture indistinct ; apex rounded or pointed, with a slight de- pression at the center; color purplish-black; dots nu- merous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem 13¢ inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, adhering somewhat to the pulp; flesh characteristically dark purplish-red, with very dark-colored juice, meaty, firm, crisp, sweet; of good quality; stone semi-free, ovate, flattened, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. ELTON. Fig. 122. P. avium. Elton is dis- tinguished by the form, color, flesh, and flavor of its fruit. The cherries are oblong-heart- shaped, too much drawn out for best appear- ance, and often too oblique; the color is eg dark red, mottled with amber, very bright, clear, and glossy; the flesh, a little too soft to ship well, is delicate and most pleasing to the palate; the flavor is peculiarly rich and luscious, hardly — sur- passed by that of any other cherry. The trees may be as readily rec- ognized as the fruit, by the unusually dark red color of the petioles of the leaves. The branches are stout and bear the crop thickly placed, close to the wood, and in prodigious quanti- ties. Unfortunately the variety has a fault which makes it almost unfit for a commercial plantation. Brown-rot, the scourge of the sweet cherry, attacks this va- riety more aggressively than almost any other sort and for this reason, while its merits can hardly be too highly spoken of, Elton must remain a variety for the home orchard. The tree is a little tender to cold. This is another cherry from Thomas 122. Elton. (<1) ENGLISH MORELLO 143 Andrew Knight, the great English pomologist, who fruited it first about 1806. It was brought to America in 1823. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive. Leaves numerous, 544 inches long, 2% inches wide, long-obovate, thin; margin doubly serrate, with small dark glands; petiole 2 inches long, heavily tinged with red, with 2-4 reniform or globose, reddish- brown glands. Flowers midseason, 1% inches across, white; borne in twos and threes. Fruit early; about 1 inch long, %4 inch wide, cordate, conical, somewhat compressed and oblique; cavity abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex distinctly pointed; color dark red with an amber tinge, faintly mottled; dots numerous, small, light yellow, obscure; stem slender, 134 inches long; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh white with a tinge of yellow, with colorless juice, slightly stringy, tender, very mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free, long-ovate, flattened, with smooth surfaces. EMPRESS EUGENIE. Fig. 123. P. avium X P. Cerasus. Eugenie. This old French cherry, for many years largely advertised and widely sold in America, does not thrive in the New World. The two 5 faults that condemn it 3 here are that the cher- ries ripen very uneven- ly, making several pick- ings necessary, and the trees are so small that, though loaded with fruit, the total yield is not large. Lesser faults are that the cherries are not uniform in shape, and are borne thickly in closed clusters, so that when brown-rot is rife this variety suffers greatly. The short stem, too, prevents easy pick- ing. In a home planta- Se. tion, where the uneven- ness in ripening can be utilized to prolong the season, and where dwarfness may not be undesirable, | Empress Eugenie may well find a place. This cherry appeared in 1845 as a chance seedling near Paris, France. 123. Empress Eugenie. (1) Tree small, not very vigorous, round-topped, very productive. inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate, thick; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole %4 inch long, glandless or with 1 or 2 small, globose, greenish-yellow or reddish glands at the base of the blade. Flowers midseason, 1% inches across, white; borne in very dense clusters in threes and fours. Fruit midseason ; %4 inch in diameter, round-conic to oblate- conic, compressed; cavity narrow; suture very shallow, indistinct ; apex flattened or depressed ; color dark red; dots humerous, small, dark russet, obscure; stem 1% inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale red, with pink juice, tender, meaty, sprightly, pleasantly flavored, tart; of good qual- ity; stone semi-clinging, small, ovate, flattened, oblique, with smooth surfaces. ENGLISH MORELLO. Fig. 124. P. Cerasus. Morris. Large Morello. Northern Griotte. Colorado Morello. English Morello upright, becoming Leaves numerous, 344 144 FLORENCE is the standard late sour cherry in. North America, occupying at the close of the season the place held by Montmorency in midseason. The fruits are not for the table, and can hardly be eaten out of hand until some of the astringency and acidity is destroyed by thorough ripening. In any way cherries are prepared by cooking, however, they are of the best, as culinary processes give the fruits a rich, dark wine color, very attractive in appearance, and a most pleasant, sprightly, aromatic flavor. The cher- ries are handsome in ap- pearance, bear harvesting and shipping well, are re- sistant to brown-rot, and hang long on the trees after ripening. One may always know the trees once seen; they are small and round- headed, with branches that distinctly droop. To be suf- ficiently productive, an Eng- lish Morello orchard must Morello. be closely set; for, although (x) the trees are vigorous and productive for their size, they are too dwarf to yield heavily. The trees are hardy but not always healthy, and are not adapted to so great a diversity of soils as might be wished. The variety probably originated in Holland or Germany, whence it was intro- duced into England and later into America. Wragg is thought by some to be identical with this cherry, and if not, it differs but little; Northern Griotte, introduced by Budd from Russia, is English Morello; Morris, or Col- orado Morello, put out by John Morris, Gol- den, Colorado, is also English Morello. = 124. English Tree small, upright-spreading, with drooping branch- lets, dense-topped. Leaves numerous, 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate; margin faintly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole % inch long, with small, globose or reniform, greenish-yellow glands. Flowers late, 1 inch across, white; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes. Fruit very late; about % inch in diameter, round-cordate, compressed; cavity shallow, narrow, flaring, regular; suture a shallow groove; apex rounded, with a small depression at the center; color dark red becoming almost black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, conspicuous; stem slender, 1 inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark-colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of good quality; stone free, small, ovate, flattened and pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. FLORENCE. Fig. 125. P. aviwm. Kne- vett’s Late Bigarreau. Florence Heart. Flor- ence is a Bigarreau so similar to Yellow Spanish as to be hardly worth planting, since it is surpassed by its better-known rival. The fruit hangs on the tree in edible condition an almost phenomenal length of time, which fact has given rise to much divergence of opinion as to its season, some pomologists rating it as early, others as midseason, and still others as late. The trees are not so healthful, vigorous, or fruitful as those of HOMER Yellow Spanish, with which it must compete, nor are the cherries quite so fine in appearance or quality. This variety was found in Flor- ence, Italy, early in the nineteenth century by John Houblon, who took it to England, whence it was brought to America. Tree vigorous, upright, open - topped, productive. Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging 4 inches long, 2 inches wide, obo- vate, thin; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandu- lar ; petiole 1% inches long, thick, pubescent, dull red, with 2-4 large, reniform, red glands. Flowers midseason, 1% inches across, white; borne in dense clusters in twos and threes. Fruit early ; 1 inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide; suture very shallow; apex pointed; color reddish over an amber background, marked with indistinct, white spots and streaks ; dots numerous, small, white, in- conspicuous ; stem 11% inches long, adherent to the fruit ; skin thin, separating from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, crisp, sprightly, sweet ; of very good quality ; stone clinging, cordate, flat- tened, blunt, with rough sur- faces, GEORGE GLASS. P. Cerasus. George Glass has been widely heralded as a desirable variety in the Middle West, but in the East, where it has passed through a rather lengthy probationary period, practically all who have tried it declare it worthless. It is of the Amarelle group, and cannot compete with the many good varieties of its kinship, as Early Richmond or the several Montmorencies. Its season is between Early Richmond and Mont- morency. As compared with the last-named variety, the fruits of George Glass are smaller, sourer, less attractive in appearance, and the trees are far less fruitful, but possibly more hardy; this character commends it for the colder parts of the Mississippi Valley. The variety is supposed to have been introduced into Iowa by immigrants from northeastern Germany. It has been confused with Brusseler Braune and Bessarabian, and by some is thought to be identical with the latter. Tree large and vigorous, upright-spreading, rather open, hardy, appears unproductive. Leaves numerous, 4 inches long, 2 inches wide, obovate, thick, stiff, dark green; petiole % inch long, with 1 or 2 small, globose, reddish- orange glands. Flowers midseason, 1 inch across; borne in dense clusters. Fruit midseason; % inch long, 1 inch wide, oblate, compressed; cavity deep; color light red changing to dark red; stem 1 inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin separating from the pulp; flesh yellowish- white, with abundant colorless juice, stringy, tender and melting, rather mild for a sour cherry; good to very good in quality; stone free, round or slightly oblate, plump, blunt, with smooth surfaces. HOMER. P. Cerasus. Homer is a cherry of the Amarelle type from New England, which has little or no value in the East, but seems 125. Florence. (X1) IDA to be very valuable in the northern states of the Great Plains because of hardiness. Nur- serymen say that Homer is the hardiest of all European cherries in Minnesota and the Da- kotas, and about the only cherry of its type that can be grown in those states. The variety was first described at the Iowa Experiment Station in 1903. Tree rather small, somewhat spreading and drooping, very hardy, healthy and productive. Fruit early, ripen- ing about with Early Richmond ; medium to large; round oblate; stem short, stout; cavity shallow and of medium width; skin red becoming very dark red with maturity, thin, rather tough; flesh tender, uncolored, juicy, mild subacid; quality fair to good; pit round, semi-clinging, of medium size. IDA. Fig. 126. P. aviwm. The fruit of Ida is large, light red, resembling that of Napoleon in shape and that of Rockport in color, but differing from both in having soft flesh, which places it among the Hearts rather than the Bigarreaus. Because of beauty of fruit, earliness, and good tree-characters, Ida promises to become a rather general favor- ite in home orchards, though it falls short in flavor and flesh- characters in the fruits. It can never take a high place among commercial kinds, because the cherries are too soft to handle well, show bruises plainly, are somewhat susceptible to brown-rot, and come when better cherries are plentiful. The trees are vigor- ous and hardy, and bear full crops regu- larly and in various environments. The variety is readily rec- ognized by the up- _ right habit of growth and by the large lenticels on the trunk and branches. Ida has been very well tried as a commercial variety, but in the ups and downs of the industry has not held its own with other sorts. KE. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown, Pennsylvania, grew this variety about 1870. Tree large, vigorous, upright, open-topped, vasiform, very productive. Leaves 5% inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate, thin; margin doubly crenate, with small, black glands; petiole 2% inches long, thick, usually with 2 large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. Flowers midseason, white, 144 inches across; borne in clusters, usually in twos. Fruit early; % inch in diameter, cordate, slightly compressed; cavity deep, flaring, regular; suture a distinct line; apex variable in shape; color amber overspread with light red, mot- tled; dots numerous, large, yellowish, somewhat con- spicuous; stem 1144 inches long; skin thin, separating readily from the pulp; flesh white, with colorless juice, tender and melting, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free or semi-free, round, flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces. 126. Ida. (X1) KNIGHT EARLY BLACK 145 KING AMARELLE. P. Cerasus. King’s Cherry. King Amarelle is an old European cherry which has taken on new life in America. It is of the Early Richmond type, differing in bearing fruit a little earlier, lighter in color, and with a longer stem. The fault which all but condemns the variety as a commercial cherry is the small size of the fruit, the cherries running smaller than those of Early Richmond. The tree is like that of Early Richmond—quite as vigorous and productive, of the same size and shape, and a little more hardy. The variety is recognized from afar in blossoming- time by the peculiar distribution of the flower- clusters, which are numerous and dense, but always separated by several inches of bare wood. King Amarelle can never displace Early Richmond, but might be tried where a hardier cherry is wanted. This variety, of old and un- certain origin, sprang up in France more than a century ago. Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive. Leaves 3% inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate, glossy, thick; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole 1 inch long, slender, with 1-3 small, globose, greenish- yellow glands. Flowers midseason, white, 144 inches across; borne in dense clusters, usually in threes. Fruit early; %4 inch in diameter, round-oblate, compressed ; cavity regular, abrupt; suture indistinct ; apex roundish or flattened; color bright red; dots numerous, small, light russet, conspicuous; stem 1 inch long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly ; fair to good in quality; stone free, ovate, flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. KIRTLAND. P.aium. Kirtland’s Mary. Mary. Kirtland stands among the best of the Bigarreaus in quality of fruit; in fact, the cherries are hardly surpassed in richness and delicacy of flavor. They are also handsome, resembling those of Napoleon, but are a little darker in color. The flesh is firm and meaty and stands handling well. With these excel- lent qualities of fruit, Kirtland would long ago have been one of the standard commercial cherries, were its tree-characters better. Wherever tried, the trees lack vigor, and can be grown only on choice cherry soils and under the best of care. With these faults the variety can be recommended only for home orchards and for local markets where there is demand for a very early Bigarreau, since this variety ripens before most other cherries of its kind. Kirtland was grown in 1842 by J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree small, rather weak, upright-spreading, open- topped, productive. Leaves 5 inches long, 2 inches wide, obovate, thin; margin doubly serrate with small, dark glands; petiole 1%, inches long, slender, with 2 or 3 reniform, reddish glands. Flowers midseason, white, 1% inches across; borne in dense clusters. Fruit mid- season; % inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity wide, flaring; suture a more or less distinct line; apex rounded or pointed, with a small depression at the center; color amber overspread with bright red; dots numerous, small, gray, conspicuous; stem 1% inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin tough; flesh white, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, with a pleasant and refreshing flavor; very good to best in quality; stons free, small, round-ovate, with smooth surfaces. KNIGHT EARLY BLACK. Fig. 127. P. avium. Possibly Knight Early Black is to be 146 LAMBERT found in dooryards and home gardens in eastern United States as often as any other sweet cherry with the exception of Black Tartarian. The characters which give it popu- larity are chiefly those of its fruits, which are excellent in quality and handsome in ap- pearance. The cherries are of a glossy, dark purple color, and are uniform in color, shape, and size. Unfortunate- ly the fruits run small, leading to low yields. Knight, in size, color, and flavor of fruit is much like Black Tar- tarian, but the cherries are smaller and ripen earlier. The trees are about all that could be desired in a sweet cherry; these are char- acteristically marked by smooth bark dotted with large lenticels. This old variety has too many merits, especially for home grounds, to be wholly forgotten. Knight came from T. A. Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, Eng- 127. Knight Early land, about 1810. Black. (<1) Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive. Leaves numerous, 5% inches long, 24% inches wide, long-oval, thin; margin doubly serrate; petiole 2 inches long with 2 or 3 large, reniform, red- dish glands. Flowers midseason, white, 1% inches across; borne in dense clusters, usually in twos. Fruit early; % inch in diameter, conical; cavity wide, rather abrupt; suture indistinct; apex flattened, with a small depression at the cen- ter; color dark reddish- black, obscurely mot- tled; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure ; stem slender, 14% in- ches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark- colored juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free, small, round- ovate, with smooth sur- faces. LAMBERT. Fig. 128. P. avium. In appearance, the fruits of Lambert are like those of Black Heart, hav- ing much the same shape and _ color, but larger, more rotund, smoother, and brighter. The flesh and flavor leave little to be desired; the flesh 128. Lambert. (1) LARGE MONTMORENCY is purplish-red marbled with lighter red, firm, meaty, and juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor that at the first taste one marks “very good.” The tree is strong, vigorous, healthy, and usually fruitful and regular in bearing. The fruit sets in great loose clusters, often a dozen or more cherries to the fruit-spur. The leaves are re- markably large, of dark green color, the foliage betokening the vigor of the variety. Lambert is well worthy of thorough testing for either home or market wherever the sweet cherry can be grown. It originated as a seedling under a Napoleon tree, about 1848, in the orchard of J. H. Lambert, Milwaukee, Oregon. Tree medium to large in size and vigor, upright- spreading, very productive. Leaves 414 inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate, thin; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole 114 inches long, glandless, or with 1-3 small, globose, reddish glands. Flowers midseason, 1% inches across, white; borne usually in twos. Fruit midseason; 1 inch in diameter, round-cordate, com- pressed; cavity deep, flaring; suture shallow, often a mere line; apex rounded, depressed at the center; color very dark red changing to reddish-black ; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem tinged with red, slender, 1% inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh dark red, with scant dark red juice, meaty, firm, pleasantly flavored, sweet; of very good quality; stone clinging, large, wide, ovate, flattened, blunt, oblique, with smooth surfaces. LARGE MONT- MORENCY. Fig. 129. P. Cerasus. Flemish. Short Stem Mont- morency. Montmoren- cy. Large Montmoren- cy is. easily distin- guished by several marked characters from the common Montmor- ency, known to ll, with which it is most often confused. Its fruits are more often borne singly, are larger, have a shorter, thicker stem, are more oblate, and ripen a little earlier. The trees are more up- right, with stouter branches, and are far less fruitful. The flesh- characters of the two kinds are much the same; the flavor in both is particularly refreshing to those who like the acidity of the sour cherry. Large Mont- morency has been tried and found wanting in productiveness, so that it can rarely be recom- mended as a commercial variety, but it is much too good a fruit to be wholly lost, and should be grown by connoisseurs who want a large, finely flavored sour cherry. Large Mont- morency came to America from England about the same time as Montmorency and Early Richmond, early in the nineteenth century. 129. Large Mont- morency. (1) Tree large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive. Leaves numerous, 314 inches long, 134 inches wide, thick, stiff; margin serrate, glandular; petiole 1 inch long, glandless or with 1-3 globose, yellow glands. Flowers midseason, white, 1 inch across; borne in scattering clusters, usually in threes. Fruit midseason; % inch in diameter, oblate, compressed; cavity wide, flaring; LATE DUKE suture shallow; apex flattened or depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, somewhat conspicuous; stem thick, 1 inch long, adhering to the fruit; skin thick, separating from the pulp; flesh white, showing distinctly the fibers in the pulp, with abundant colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly, pleasantly flavored, tart; of very good quality; stone free, round, plump, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. LATE DUKE. Fig. 130. P. avium x P. Cerasus. Late Duke is a variant of the well- known May Duke, ripening from two weeks to a month later. The size, color, flavor, and season of the fruit all commend it, as do the vigor, health, and fruit- fulness of the trees. The cherries are not quite so sweet as those of May Duke, a little more marbled in color of skin, and ripen through a longer sea- son. The trees are readily distinguished from those of the earlier Duke, being more open and spread- ing, scanter of foliage, with more slender branches and fruit more thickly clustered along the branchlets. Ruipen- ing its crop in a season when hybrid varieties are gone or rapidly going, Late Duke is a valuable acquisition in the home orchard and 130. Late Duke. for nearby markets to (<1) which _tender-fleshed varieties can be sent. Planted on a northern slope, against a north- ern wall, or where it is in any way shaded, or in a cool soil, the delicious cherries from this variety can be had until August. The tree is hardy and its blossoming-time is late, so the variety is well adapted to northern latitudes. Late Duke has been cultivated in Europe for more than a century, and has been in America nearly that length of time. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, produc- tive. Leaves numerous, 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate, thick; margin doubly crenate, with small, dark glands; petiole 1 inch long, glandless or with 1 or 2 small, reniform, greenish glands. Flowers late, white, 1 inch across; borne in numerous, dense clusters, in twos, threes and fours. Fruit very late; 1 inch in diameter, blunt-cordate, compressed; cavity wide; suture shallow; color dark red; stem slender, 11% to 2 inches long, deeply inserted ; flesh amber-colored, with abundant juice, tender, rich, sprightly subacid; stone semi-clinging, me- dium to large, round-ovate, compressed. LATE KENTISH. P. Cerasus. Kentish Red. Pie Cherry. Kentish. This old cherry served well the needs of Americans in colonial times, when all cherries were grown from pits or suckers. Although but a little improvement on the wild cherry, the trees were so hardy, vigorous, healthy, and productive, that any one who had a bit of spare land could have cherries. This, therefore, became preéminently the “pie cherry” of New England and the LUTOVKA 147 North Atlantic states. The trees are long- lived, and even so late as a generation ago Downing says that this variety is “better known among us than any other acid cherry, especially abundant on the Hudson and near New York.” The variety is never planted now, having long since been superseded by better sorts, but it is still to be found as old trees or self-sown near where a tree of the variety formerly stood. Late Kentish is a seedling sort belonging to America, having been planted along fences and roadsides in the earliest times. The following description is a compilation: Tree small, bears annually, very productive, hardy. Fruit matures about 2 weeks after Early Richmond; medium or below in size, round, flattened; stem 1-2% inches in length, stout, straight; color deep, lively red; flesh light colored, with abundant colorless juice, very tender, sour, remaining quite acid even when fully ripe; stone does not adhere to the stalk. LOUIS PHILIPPE. Fig. 131. P. avium x P. Cerasus. If the descriptions of this va- riety and Olivet be compared, it will be found that the two cher- ries are nearly identical They differ only in sea- son of ripening and in minor tree-char- acters, this cherry having in the tree more the aspect of a Morello than has Olivet. The value of the two varieties to cherry-growers is the same and is indicated in the discussion of Oli- vet. Elliott, the American pomolo- gist, imported Louis Philippe from France in 1846; but the cherry does not seem to have been known at that time in Europe, and it is_ possible that 131. Louis Philippe Elliott gave it its (<1) name. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped. Leaves numerous, 4% inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate, thick, leathery; margin finely serrate, with reddish- brown glands; petiole 1 inch long, with 1 or 2 large, globose, yellowish-red glands. Flowers 1% inches across, white, well distributed, mostly in threes. Fruit mid- season or later; 1 inch in diameter, round-ovate; cavity abrupt; suture very shallow to a mere line; apex flat- tened, depressed; color very dark red; dots numerous, unusually small, obscure; stem 1%-1% inches long, adhering to the fruit; flesh light red, with much wine- colored juice, fine-grained, tender and melting, sour at first, becoming pleasantly tart at full maturity; good in quality; stone separates readily from the flesh, small, round-ovate, plump. LUTOVKA. P. Cerasus. Galopin. For a time Lutovka and Galopin were listed as two distinct varieties. Unquestionably they are the same, despite a seeming difference in 148 LYONS origin. Lutovka was introduced into this country by J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa, in 1883, and, according to the introducer, was well known in Poland and Silesia as a roadside tree. As was the case with many of Budd’s importations, this variety did not stand the test of culture. It is a shy bearer and is now seldom recommended. Tree large, upright-spreading; leaves large, ovate, leathery, produced from short spurs along the main branches. Fruit midseason; medium in size, round- oblate; suture often a line, sometimes lacking; stem short, stout, set in a large, deep cavity; skin dark, clear red, thin, tough, translucent; flesh colorless, meaty, juicy, slightly acid; quality good; stone large, round, free. LYONS. P. avium. Early Lyons. Early Jaboulay. Although commonly classed as a hard-fleshed Bigarreau, Lyons is really an in- termediate between the firm-fleshed cherries and the soft-fleshed Hearts. The tree is a typical Bigarreau. The Heart-like cherries are extra early, large, handsome, and well flavored. The tree-characters are about all that could be desired. The blossoms of this variety are conspicuously large and showy, with pistils unusual in being longer than the stamens. Lyons is recommended for both home and commercial orchards. Lewis B. Eaton, Ruffalo, New York, in importing cherry-trees from France in 1842, found among them one without a label, which turned out to be Lyons, an old French sort. Tree vigorous, a rapid grower, upright-spreading. Leaves numerous, 5144 inches long, 2% inches wide, long-elliptical, thin, margin coarsely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole often 2 inches long, thick, glandless or with 1-6 large, reniform, reddish glands. Flowers midseason, large, often 1% inches across, white; borne in dense clusters, in twos and threes. Fruit early; 1 inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity flaring ; suture shallow, or a mere line, often extending around the fruit; apex rounded or pointed; color very dark red; dots numerous, small, russet; stem thick, 114 inches long; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh teddish, with dark-colored juice, meaty, sprightly, sweet ; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging, large, ovate, plump, with smooth surfaces. MAGNIFIQUE. P. avium P. Cerasus. Belle Magnifique. A generation ago, when American fruit-growing was in the hands of connoisseurs, Magnifique was more popular than now. It has failed as a commercial cherry because the crop ripens very unevenly, for there are sometimes green and fully ripe cher- ries on the tree at the same time. The cherries are very good in quality, although too acid to make a first-rate dessert fruit. The trees are vigorous and usually fruitful. Magnifique has been grown so long that its place in the orchard would seem to have been fixed; yet it might be made more than a cherry for the home, if commercial growers would plant it in a shaded place and a cool soil, and thereby retard ripening until other cherries are gone. This valuable cherry was brought to notice in 1795 by a nurseryman near Paris, France. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, produc- tive. Leaves numerous, 34% inches wide, obovate, thick ; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole 1 inch long, glandless or with 1 or 2 small, reniform, greenish glands. Flowers late, white, 1 inch across, wide open; borne in dense clusters on short spurs, MERCER usually in threes or fours. Fruit very late; 1 inch in diameter, cordate; cavity deep; suture very shallow; color pale red changing to bright red; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; stem 1% inches long; skin thick, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh white, with abundant colorless juice, fine-grained, meaty but tender, pleasantly tart, sprightly; very good in quality; stone free, small, oval, plump, slightly pointed with smooth surfaces. MAY DUKE. Fig. 132. P. avium P. Cerasus. Duke Cherry. May Cherry. May Duke is one of the oldest, and, the world over, one of the most popular cherries. There are several reasons why it has attaimed and holds its popu- larity. The fruit is finely flavored, especially when prepared for the table, and even before ripe; it is also delicious to eat out of hand, if the cherries are dead ripe; and it may be left to haag for a month or six weeks, becoming daily sweeter and more aromatic. Despite tender flesh, the fruits ship well, although grown only for local markets, since the long period of ripening makes necessary — several pickings—a fatal defect for a canning cherry or one for the general trade. The trees are as fruitful as any; are hardy, vigorous, and healthy; and few cherries thrive in greater variations of soil and climate. This fact accounts for the world-wide distribution of the variety in temperate regions. The fruit is well distributed in dense clusters on trees characteristically upright and vasiform, which bear a heavy canopy of dark-green luxuriant foliage. May Duke fills a particular place in the orchard as a fruit for the local market, and hundreds of newcomers have not been able to supplant it. May Duke is supposed to have originated in a district in France known as Médoc, and the name to have been derived from the place. In 1832, William Prince men- tioned May Duke as being among the first of the cherries introduced to America from Eu- rope. 132. May Duke. (1) Tree large, upright, vasiform, open-topped, very pro- ductive. Leaves numerous, 3% inches long, 2 inches wide, obovate; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole 1 inch long, slender, glandless or with 1 or 2 small, globose, brownish glands. Flowers mid- season, white, 114 inches across; borne in dense clusters, in twos and threes. Fruit early; %4 inch in diameter, cordate to conical, compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture indistinct ; apex rounded with a small depression at the center; color light changing to dark red at full maturity; dots numerous, russet, obscure ; stem slender, 1% inches long, adhering strongly to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red with pinkish juice, tender and melting, sprightly sub- acid, pleasantly flavored; of very good quality; stone nearly free, small, round, with smooth surfaces. MERCER. P. aviwm. This comparatively new Bigarreau is on probation in many parts of the country, but the variety is all but worth- MEZEL less as it grows on the grounds of the New York Experiment Station. The trees are not fruitful, the cherries are small, the flavor is none too good, and the fruit is not resistant to brown-rot,—four fatal defects for a com- mercial cherry. This variety is reported to have sprung from a pit of a Mazzard tree, and was introduced about 1890 by Black and Son, Hightstown, New Jersey. Tree vigorous, healthy, unproductive. Leaves numer- ous, 4% inches long, 2% inches wide, long-oval, leathery ; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole 1% inches long, thick, with 2-5 very large, reniform, red glands. Flowers early; 144 inches across, in scat- tering clusters in twos and threes. Fruit midseason ; small, cordate, compressed; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture an indistinct line; apex depressed; color black; dots small, numerous, obscure; stem slender, 1% inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, ten- der; flesh red, with dark-colored juice, tender, meaty, crisp, aromatic, mild, sweet; fair to good in quality; stone free, ovate, flattened, blunt-pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. MEZEL. P. avium. Bigarreau de Mezel. Great Bigarreau. Mezel seems to have made a stir in pomological circles in the nineteenth century by reason of the great size and beauti- ful appearance of the cherries. Although on the recommended list of the American Po- mological Society, frequently spoken of in the pomological works of the day, and offered by some nurserymen, not many trees of this va- riety are now growing in the country. From the literature, it may be gleaned that the fruits pleased the eye more than the palate; and that the trees, while vigorous and healthy, were not productive. At any rate, after a de- eade or two of much advertising and what would seem to have been a very thorough trial, Mezel failed to receive approbation from cherry-growers, and has now almost passed from cultivation. This variety was found at Mezel, France, sometime prior to 1846, and was soon after imported to the United States. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, variable in productiveness. Leaves numerous, 5 inches long, often 2% inches wide, long-oval, thin; margin glandular, coarsely serrate; petiole 1% inches long, slender, with 1-4 reniform glands. Flowers midseason; 114 inches across, well distributed in scattering clusters in twos and threes. Fruit midseason; large, 1 inch in diameter, cordate, compressed, the surface markedly irregular and broken into ridges; cavity very deep, wide, irregular, abrupt; suture variable, shallow to very deep and wide and at times double; apex blunt-pointed; color purplish- black ; dots numerous, very small, russet, obscure; stem 2 inches long, adheres to the fruit; skin tender but not inclined to crack, adheres to the pulp; flesh purplish- red, with abundant dark red juice, tender, meaty, mild, very pleasant, sweet ; very good to best in quality; stone clinging, large, strongly ovate, with rough surfaces. MONTMORENCY. Fig. 133. P. Cerasus. Long Stem Montmorency. Montmorency Or- dinaire. Montmorency is the most popular sour cherry grown in America. Several char- acters give it first place. It is surpassed by no other sour cherry in vigor, health, and pro- ductiveness of tree. Year in and year out, Montmorency trees are fruitful. No other sour cherry is adapted to a greater diversity of soils than Montmorency, which fact, with its capacity to stand heat and cold, makes the variety suitable to wide variations in environ- NAPOLEON 149 ment. The fruit has the advantage of being presentable in appearance and fit for culinary purposes several days before it is fully ripe, and this adds to the value of the variety for market. Brown-rot takes less toll from this cherry than from others of its kind, probably because its fruits have relatively firm flesh and thick skins. The fruit stands handling well in harvesting, in shipping, and on the markets. The preserved product, whether canned at home or commercially, is attractive in appear- ance and very good. Montmorency is not a dessert cherry, but by those who lke sour cherries the fruits when fully matured may be eaten out of hand with relish. The variety falls short in the size of the tree, which is seldom more than me- dium; but the head is - spreading and much- Ze branched, and the fruit is borne in clusters thickly scattered throughout the whole head, so that the total yield from a tree is greater than would be thought. For all pur- poses to which sour 133. Montmorency. cherries are put, Mont- Cat) morency may be rec- ommended as the best in its season. The variety originated in Montmorency Valley, France, several centuries ago, at least before the seventeenth century. It has been culti- vated in America under various names for at least a century. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, with the lower branches inclined to droop, round-topped, produc- tive. Leaves 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate, leathery; margin doubly crenate, glandular; petiole 1 inch long, glandless or with 1-3 small, globose, brownish glands. Flowers midseason; white, 114 inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes. Fruit midseason; % inch in diameter, round-oblate, slightly compressed ; cavity abrupt; suture very shallow; apex rounded ; color light to rather dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem thick, usually with a faint tinge of red, 1 inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with a reddish tinge, with abundant light pink juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of very good quality ; stone free, small, round-ovate, flattened, pointed, with smeoth surfaces which are tinged with red. MORELLO: See English Morello. NAPOLEON. Fig. 134. P. avium. Royal Ann. Napoleon is the leading firm-fleshed sweet cherry. It takes its place by virtue of the large size, handsome appearance, and high quality of the fruit, and the phenomenal pro- ductiveness of the trees. The rich, sweet flavor with abundant juice and firm, crackling flesh, makes this a most delicious and refreshing cherry for dessert, and, with the great size and attractive color, give it preference over all other sweet cherries for canning and other culinary purposes. The cherries carry well 150 NAPOLEON and keep long, and are, therefore, well thought of by fruit dealers. Besides being very pro- ductive, the trees come in bearing early, and are as vigorous, hardy, and healthy as those of any other sweet cherry. They may usually be known by their upright growth and large, sturdy limbs. Napoleon, however, is not with- out its faults. The cherries crack badly in wet weather, and the a variety can be grown with cer- tainty only in the dry climate of the Pacific coast, where it reaches truly wonderful _ perfec- tion. In the East, Napoleon is more susceptible to brown-rot than sev- eral of its rivals. The tree is fastidi- ous as to soils, thriving only in choice cherry land and in a congenial cherry climate. De- spite these serious faults, Napoleon takes first place the country over among sweet cher- ries for both home and commercial plantings. Napo- leon is of unknown origin. Early in the eighteenth century it was grown by Germans, French, Dutch, and English—proof that it is a very old variety. It has been grown in America for at least a century. : Napoleon has a great number of synonyms 1n several languages, showing the countries in which the variety has been grown and the esteem in which it has been held. Not content with the score or more of European names, cherry- growers in America have added two more. In many parts of the country it is commonly called Ox Heart. On the Pacific slope it 1s everywhere known as Royal Ann. The Ameri- can Pomological Society placed Napoleon on its fruit-list in 1862. There are several ac- counts as to when the cherry was given the name Napoleon. Probably the best authenti- cated is that in which it is held that Parmen- tier, a Belgian, gave the cherry the name of the famous emperor in 1820. When the variety was taken to England, where at that time Napoleon was not in good repute, the name of his conqueror, Wellington, was substituted, but was little used. 134. Napoleon. (X1) Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive, shaggy. Leaves numerous, 5% inches long, 2% inches wide; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole 144 inches long, thick, with 2-3 large, reniform, reddish-orange glands. Flowers midseason, white, 1% inches across; borne in scattering clusters in ones or in twos. Fruit midseason; over 1 OLIVET inch in diameter, long-cordate, compressed ; cavity deep, wide, flaring ; suture a distinct line; apex much pointed ; color, varying shades of bright red over a yellowish background, mottled; dots obscure; stem slender, more than 1 inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, adherent; flesh white, with a faint yellow tinge, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone semi-clinging, small, ovate, flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces. NOUVELLE ROYALE. P. avwum P. Cerasus. This cherry is one of the best of the Dukes. In particular, it is commended by its product, as the trees do not make so good a showing as the fruit. The cherries are dis- tinguished by their large size, dark red color, glossy surface, good quality, lateness in ma- turing, and sweetness. The shape, also, offers a distinguishing character, the fruits being more oblate than those of any other Duke. The long, stout stem is still another charac- teristic. Unfortunately, the tree is unproduc- tive. Nouvelle Royale is not widely known in America, and may well be given a trial by those who want a late Duke. This variety is supposed from its fruit- and tree-characters to be a hybrid between Early Richmond and May Duke, but where and when it came to light is not known. Downing, in 1869, men- tions the Nouvelle Royale as having recently been introduced into this country. Tree large, vigorous, upright, compact, moderately productive. Leaves numerous, 3% inches long, 2 inches wide, obovate; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandu- lar; petiole 1% inches long, slender, glandless or with 1-4 globose, greenish-yellow or reddish glands. Flowers midseason ; white, 1 inch across; borne in dense clusters in threes and fours. Fruit midseason; 1 inch in diam- eter, oblate, strongly compressed; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex flattened or slightly de- pressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem 134 inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow or with a tinge of red, with light pink juice, slightly stringy, tender and melting, pleasantly flavored, mildly tart; of very good quality; stone free, round- oval, plump, blunt, oblique, with smooth surfaces often Voges with red and small ridges radiating from the ase. OLIVET. Fig. 135. P. avium X P. Cer- asus. Some writers call Olivet a Duke, while others place it with the Morellos. The — fruit shows many charac- teristics of the Morel- los, but the tree ap- pears to be a Duke, so that it is probably a hybrid between trees of the two groups. The fruit is large, globular, deep red, glossy, with a rich, vinous, sub-acid flavor; eaten out of hand it would be rated as a very good Morello or a sub-acid and some- what mediocre Duke, hardly good enough for dessert and not so good for culinary purposes as some of the sourer cherries. It is one of the earliest of the Mo- 135. Olivet. (<1) OSTHEIM rello-like cherries, and this advantage may give it a place in the cherry flora of the coun- try. The trees are large and vigorous, and their much-branched, round tops would seem to give the maximum amount of bearing sur- face, but, unfortunately, the cherries do not set abundantly. Several distinct sorts pass under the name of Olivet in this country. Olivet was found at Olivet, Loire, France. Nurserymen introduced the variety into this country at some time previous to 1877. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, unproductive. Leaves numerous, 34% inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate, thin; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole 144 inches long, greenish, glandless or with 1 or 2 globose, brownish glands. Flowers mid- season; white, 1 inch across; borne in dense clusters, usually in threes. Fruit midseason; 1 inch in diameter, round, slightly oblate, compressed; cavity abrupt, regu- lar; suture a line; apex rounded, with a small depression at the center; color bright red ; dots russet, obscure ; stem thick, 1%4 inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh light red, with abundant light wine-colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, astringent, tart; of fairly good quality; stone free, small, round, slightly flattened, somewhat pointed at the apex, with smooth surfaces. OSTHEIM. P. Cerasus. Ostheim finds favor in the prairie states, but is all but worth- less in the eastern states. It is one of the Morellos, and falls far short of the best of its group, the cherries being small and of but mediocre quality. The trees are typical Morellos, round-headed, with slender, drooping branches and branchlets and very dark green foliage. The fruit is borne toward the ends of short branchlets, which are not well dis- tributed over the main branches, leaving much bare wood. The fruit hangs long after ma- turity, and since the ripening season is late, the variety may be worth growing because of its lateness; as it may, also, in cold climates because of great hardiness. The trees on their own roots throw up many suckers which are often used in propagation. The variety has the reputation of coming true to name from seeds. Ostheim was found in the region of the Sierra Morena, Spain, and taken to Germany after the Wars of the Succession, 1701-1713. It takes its name from the German town where it was widely grown. Ostheim was brought to the United States early in the nineteenth cen- tury. Tree below medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense, very productive. Leaves very numerous, 314 inches long, 1% inches wide, obovate to oval; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole slender, % inch long, short, with 1-3 small, globose, greenish-yellow glands. Flowers midseason; 1 inch across, white; borne in scattering clusters, in twos and threes. Fruit very late; % inch in diameter, round, slightly oblate, compressed; cavity very shallow and narrow, flaring; suture indistinct; apex rounded with a small depression at the center; color very dark red approaching black ; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, 1%4 inches long, slightly adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with much very dark-colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart, losing its astringency when fully ripe; of fair quality; stone free, % inch in diameter, round-oblate, somewhat _ pointed, with smooth surfaces slightly stained with red. OX HEART. P. avium. Ox Heart is a class name for the large, firm-fruited cher- REINE HORTENSE 151 ries which are cordate in shape. In America, the name is most often given to the light- colored cherries, such as Yellow Spanish and Napoleon. At one time, however, the name was applied to a distinct variety known throughout England, Germany, and America, being first mentioned by Miller, an English- man, in 1734. Coxe, in 1817, was the first American writer to list the variety, but it never became popular in the New World. In the 1909 catalog of the American Pomological Society, there appears an Ox Heart of Ameri- can origin and of recent introduction, known in the West as Major Francis. There is also in several nursery catalogs a ‘‘white-fleshed Ox Heart.” The following is a description of the true Ox Heart: Tree medium in vigor, round-topped, spherical, pro- ductive; branches somewhat curved. Leaves obovate, obtusely pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole short, rather slender, flexible, with 2 reniform glands. Flowers midseason, small. Fruit midseason; medium to large, cordate, pointed, sides unevenly compressed; color lively red changing to intense purple or nearly black; stem of medium length and thickness, inserted in a broad, deep cavity; skin tough; flesh dark red, with abundant colored juice, half-tender but firmer than most Hearts, sweet though slightly bitter before complete maturity ; quality good; stone medium in size, broadly cordate, adhering to the flesh along the ventral suture. REINE HORTENSE. Fig. 136. P. avium