7
This Edition is limited to five hundred copies, of which this is No. ..J? /.<?.....
CYCLOPEDIA OF
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
VOLUME IV RAAB-ZYL
CYCLOPEDIA OF
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
EDITED BY
JOHN DENISON CHAMPLIN, JR.
CRITICAL EDITOR
CHARLES C. PERKINS
Corresponding Member of thf French Institute
WITH MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME IV
NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
MDCCCLXXXVII
N:D
Copyright, 1885, 1887, by Charles Scribner's Sons
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FULL- PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS
To Face
i. THE PASSING REGIMENT
EDOUARD DETAILLE Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Bonssod, Valadon f-r Co., Paris 18
2. THE ROLL-CALL OF LAST VICTIMS
CHARLES LOUiS MULLER Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boiissod, Valadon & Co., Paris . 60
1- ROMANS OF THE DECADENCE
THOMAS COUTURE Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boussod, Valadon Sr Co., Paris . 6?
4. THE SHADOW OF DEATH
^ILL/AM HOLMAN HUNT Photogravure from the original by Messrs. BoussoJ, Valadon Sr Co., Paris . 172
j. IN THE TEPIDARIUM ^«
LAURENZ ALMA-TADEMA Photogravure from the original by Messrs. "Nichols & Hatuiy, New York . 259
6 TH1SBE
EDWIN LONG Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boiissod, Valadon & Co., Paris . 266
7. TRUTH
JULES JOSEPH LEFEB^RE Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boiissod, Valadon & Co., Paris . 304
8. TAMERLANE'S DOOR— PALACE OF SAMARCAND
(1873, TRETJAKOFF COLLECTION, MOSCOW.)
BASIL 1SERESCHAG1N Etching by H. P. Share . . .... 350
9. THE VESTAL TUCCIA
HECTOR LEROUX
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Nichols Sr Handy, New York
10. THE WAVE
GUSTA^E COURBET Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Bonssod, l/aladon Sr Co., Paris . 414
n. THE WHITE GIRL nfttf
JAMES ABBOTT McNEILL WHISTLER Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Nichols Sr Handy, New York 427
12. THE YEOMAN OF THE GUARD
S/R JOHN EVERETT M/LLAIS, BART. Etching by Paul Adolphe Rajon
***The publishers are indebted for permission to reproduce the faint ings in this list to Messrs. Thomas Agnew Sr Sons, London (for Holman Hunt's THE SHADOW OF DEATH); to H. Lefcvre (for Alma-Tadema' s IN THE TEPIDARIUM); to A. Lucas, Esq., London (for Long's THISBE); to the Corcoran Gallery, Washington (for Leroux's THE VESTAL TUCCIA); to Thomas D. Whistler, Esq., Baltimore ( for Whistler's THE WHITE GIRL); to the French Government for copies made in the Luxembourg gallery.
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS.
PAGE
1. RAINBOW Rubens Louvre, Paris. 4
2. RAPHAEL LEAVING TOBIAS . . .Rembrandt Louvre, Paris. 12
3. READING THE WILL Sir David Wilkie New Munich Gallery. 14
4. REBEKAH AND ELIEZEK Murillo Madrid Museum . 14
5. REBEKAH AND ELIEZER Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris. 15
6. REBEKAH AND ELIEZEK Paolo Veronese (?) Louvre, Paris. 16
7. RENT DAY Sir Dauid Wilkie John Chapman, England. 26
8. RESURRECTION AnnibdLe Carracci Louvre, Paris . 28
9. RESURRECTION Pietro Perucjino Vatican, Rome. 29
10. RESURRECTION Rqffaelino del Garbo Florence Academy . 29
11. RINALDO AND AflMiDA Domenichiuo Louvre, Paris. 47
12. ROCH, ST., GIVING ALMS. . . . Annibale Carracci Dresden Gallery. 57
13. ROMUALD, ST., VISION OF. . . Andrea Sacchi Vatican, Rome. 65
14. RUBENS AND ISABELLA BRANDT. Rubens Munich Gallery. 85
15. RUBENS AND HELENA POUR- ) _
F Rubens .... Blenheim Palace, England . 86
MENT )
16. RUBENS'S SONS Rubens Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. 86
17. SABINES, RAPE OF THE Luca Giordano. Dresden Gallery. 96
18. SABINES, RAPE OF THE Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris. 97
19. SABINE WOMEN Louis David Louvre, Paris . 98
20. SEVEN SACRAMENTS ........ Nicolas Poussin Bridgewater House, London . 100
21. SALOME Guercino Louvre, Paris . 106
22. SAMSON AND DELILAH Anton van Di/ck Vienna Museum. 108
23. SAMSON AND DELILAH Rembrandt Cassel Gallery . 109
24. SAMUEL APPEARING TO Suji.Saluator Rosa Louvre, Paris. 110
25. SAPPHIRA, DEATH OF Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris. 114
26. SASKIA VAN ULENBURGH Rembrandt Cassel Gallery . 116
27. SATYR AND PEASANT Jacob Jordaens Old Pinakothek, Munich. 118
28. SAVIOUR, THE Titian Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 119
29. SCHOOL OF ATHENS Raphael Vatican, Rome . 144
30. Scio, MASSACRE OF Eugene Delacroix. Louvre, Paris. 158
31. SCIPIO, CONTINENCE OF Primaticcio Louvre, Paris . 159
32. SEBASTIAN, ST , Anton van Dyck Louvre, Paris . 163
33. SEBASTIAN, ST Guido Reni Louvre, Paris . 163
34. SEBASTIAN, ST Antonio Pollajuolo National Gallery, London . 164
vui
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS
MM
35. SHEPHERDS, ADORATION OF. .Anton Raphael Menys. ............ Madrid Museum. 174
36. SHEPHERDS, ADORATION OF . . Nicolas 1'owssin .................. Munich Gallery . 175
37. SIBYLS ................... Raphael ............ Santa Maria della Pace, Rome. 179
38. SIDDONS AS THE TRAGIC MusE.Sir Joshua Reynolds ..... Grosvenor House, London. 180
39. SILENUS, TRIUMPH OF ...... Rubens ................. National Gallery, London. 184
40. SIMPLICITY ................ Sir Joshua Reynolds ........ E. F. Watson, England. 188
41. SNAKE IN THE GRASS ....... Sir Joshua Reynolds ...... National Gallery, London. 195
42. SOCRATES, DEATH OF ...... Louis David ............. . . .Marquise de Vtrac. 198
43. SOLOMON, JUDGMENT OF. ... Nicolas 1'oustsin ........... ....... Louvre, Paris . 202
44. SORTIE OF THE BANNING ] ,
„ n ( Rembrandt .............. ... Amsterdam Museum . 205
COCK COMPANY ..... )
45. SPALATRO ................ Washington Allston ....... H 11. Bishop, New York . 208
46. SPASIMO DI SICILIA ........ Raphael ........................ Madrid Museum . 210
47. STEPHEN, ST., MARTYRDOM OF. Charles Lebrun ..................... Louvre, Paris. 220
48. STRAWBERRY GIRL ......... Sir Joshua Reynolds. ..Sir Richard AVallace, London. 235
49. SUPPER AT EMMAUS ........ Titian ............................ Louvre, Paris . 242
50. SUPPER AT EMMAUS ........ Paolo Veronese ..................... Louvre, Paris . 243
51. SUSANNA ................. Lodovico Garracci ....... National Gallery, London. 244
52. SUSANNA ................. Tintoretto ......................... Louvre, Paris . 245
53. SUSANNA ................. Paolo Veronese .................. Madrid Museum . 24(!
54. SYNDICS OF THE ARQUEBUSI- )
I Bartholomew van der Heist. . . .Amsterdam Museum. 250 ERS .............. )
55. THOMAS, ST., INCREDULITY OF . Cima da Coneyliano .............. Venice Academy. 26C
56. THOMAS, ST., INCREDULITY OF. Guercino ......................... Vatican, Rome. 2C7
57. THOMAS, ST., INCREDULITY OF . Cecchino del Salviati ................ Louvre, Paris . 267
58. TITUS AND VESPASIAN, TRI- )
\ Ginho Romano ..................... Louvre, rans. 28o
UMPH OF .......... )
59. TOBIAS AND THE ANGEL ..... Salvator Rosa ...................... Louvre, Paris. 286
60. TRANSFIGURATION .......... Lodovico Carraci-i ................ Bologna Gallery . 291
61. TRANSFIGURATION .......... Raphael .......................... Vatican, Rome. 292
62. TRIBUTE MONEY ........... Titian .......................... Dresden Gallery. 290
63. TRIBUTE MONEY ........... Valentin .......................... Louvre, Paris. 297
64. TRINITY, ADORATION OF THE . Albrecht Diirei- .................. Vienna Museum. 298
65. TRINITY, DISPUTE OF THE. . .Andrea del Sarto ........... Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 299
66. TWELFTH NIGHT .......... Jacob Jordaens .................. Vienna Museum . 309
67. UGOLINO ................. Sir Joshua Reynold.-* ......... Knole Park, England . 311
68. URSULA, ST., EMBARKATION OF. Claude Lorrain .......... National Gallery, London.
69. URSULA, ST., HISTORY OF. . . Vittore Garpaccio. . . .Venice Academy. 317
70. VENUS AND ADONIS ........ Guercino .............. . .Dresden Gallery.
71. VENUS AND ADONIS ........ Ruben* ................ Hermitage, Si Petersburg.
72. VENUS AND ADONIS ........ Titian ............... .Madrid Museum.
73. VENUS ANADYOMENE. ....... Titian ............... Bridgewater House, London .
74. VENUS, BIRTH OF ......... Sandra Botticelli ...... . . Uffizi, Florence .
75. VENUS AND CUPID ......... Titian ................... Palazzo Borghese, Rome.
76. VENUS, FESTIVAL OF ....... Rubens ......................... Vienna Museum. 342
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS.
PAGE
77. VENUS, TOILET OF Francesco Album Louvre, Paris. 343
78. VENUS, TOILET OF Titian Cobbam Hall, England . 344
79. VENDS OF THE TRIBUNE . . . Titian Uffizi, Florence . 345
80. VENUS AND VULCAN Giulio Romano Louvre, Paris . 346
81. VENUS AND VULCAN Anton van Dyc/e Louvre, Paris. 346
82. VILLAGE BRIDE Jean Ilaptiste Greuze Louvre, Paris. 368
83. VILLAGE FESTIVAL David Teniers, younger .Vienna Museum. 369
84. VILLAGE POLITICIANS Sir David Willcii; Earl of Mansfield, England. 370
85. VIRGIN, BIRTH OF THE Annibale Garracci Louvre, Paris. 375
86. VIRGIN, BIRTH OF THE Murillo Louvre, Paris. 376
87. VIRGIN, CORONATION OF THE. Raphael Vatican, Eonie. 377
88. VIRGIN, CORONATION OF THE. Velasquez Madrid Museum . 378
89. VIRGIN, DEATH OF THE Michelangelo da Caravaggio Louvre, Paris . 379
90. VIRGIN, EDUCATION OF THE. Rubens Antwerp Museum. 380
91. VIRGIN, MARRIAGE OF THE. Raphael Brera, Milan . 381
92. VISITATION Mariotto Albertinelli Uffizi, Florence. 383
93. VISITATION Sebastian del Piombo Louvre, Paris . 383
94. VISITATION .Raphael Madrid Museum. 384
95. VISITATION Rubens Antwerp Cathedral . 384
96. VULCAN, FORGE OF Velasquez Madrid Museum . 399
97. WAR, HORRORS OF Rubens Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 406
98. WATER CARRIER Velasquez Apsley House, London . 410
99. WATERING PLACE Philips Wouwerman Munich Gallery. 411
100. WILLIAM, ST Guercino Bologna Gallery . 434
101. WOLFE, DEATH OF Benjamin West Grosvenor House, London . 443
102. WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY. Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris. 444
103. WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY. Tintoretto Dresden Gallery . 445
104. YOUNG BULL Paul Potter. Hague Museum . 458
105. ZANOBIUS, ST Ridolfo Ghirlandajo Uffizi, Florence . 460
106. ZINGARELLA, LA Correggio Naples Museum . 468
PORTRAITS OF P/t INTERS.
(DKAWN BY JACQUES REICH.)
rxos
1. Bahl, Karl 3 37. Romney, George 65
2. Eamberg, Arthur Georg von 5 38. Roncalli, Cristofano 66
3. Raoux, Jean 6 39. Roos, Johann Heinrich 67
4. Raphael 7 40. Rosa, Salvator 69
5. Rapin, Alexandra 12 41. Rosenstand, Vilhelm Jakob 71
6. Rasmussen, Carl 13 [ 42. Rosenthal, Toby Edward 72
7. Raupp, Karl 13 43. Rossetti, Gabriel Charles Dante . . 73
8. Regnault, Alexandre Georges Henri 18 44. Rosso, H 74
9. Regnault, Jean Baptiste 19 45. Rottenhainmer, Johann 75
10. Reinhart, Johann Christian 21 46. Rottmauii, Karl 76
11. Rembrandt van Rhyn 22 47. Rousseau, Philippe 78
12. Renouf, fimile 25 48. Rousseau, Pierre Eticnne Theodore 78
13. Restout, Jean, younger 28 49. Rubens, Peter Paul 81
14. Rethel, Alfred 31 50. Rugendas, Georg Philipp 87
15. Reynolds, Sir Joshua 33 51. Rump, Christian Gottfred 90
16. Rhomberg, Hanno 35
17. Ribot, Augustin Th6odule 37 ! 52. Sacchi, Andrea 99
18. Richards, William Trost 39 53. Saenredam, Pieter 100
19. Richmond, George 40 54. Saft-Leven, Herman 101
20. Richomme, Jules 40 , 55. Saint-Pierre, Gaston Casimir 103
21. Richter, Adrian Ludwig 41 j 56. Salai, Andrea 104
22. Richter, Gustav Karl Ludwig 42 ' 57. Salentin, Hubert
23. Ridinger, Johann Elias 43 58. Salimbeni, Ventura 104
24. Rieclel, August 43 59. Salviati, Cecchino del 107
25. Riefstahl, Wilhelm 44 60. Sandrart, Joachim von
26. Riepenhausen, Johann 45 ' 61. Santerre, Jean Baptiste .
27. Rigaud, Hyacinthe 46 62. Sargent, John S
28. Riviere, Briton 51 63. Sarto, Andrea del
29. Robert, Louis Leopold 53 64. Sassoferrato, H
30. Robert-Fleury, Tony 55 ' 65. Schadow, Friedrich Wilhelm von .
31. Roberts, David 55 66. Schalcken, Godfried ....
32. Roed, Jorgen 58 67. Schefler, Ary. . . .
33. Roelas, Juan de las 59 68. Schelfhout, Andreas
34. Roll, Alfred Philippe 60 69. Schendel, Petnis van. .
35. Romanelli, Giovanni Francesco ... 62 70. Schiavone, Andrea . .
36. Rombouts, Theodoor 64 71. Schidone, Bartolommeo .
PORTRAITS OF PAINTERS
72. Schinkel, Karl Friedricli
73. Schinner, Johann Wilhelm
74 Schleich, Eduard
75. Schlosser, Karl
76. Schmid, Mathias
77. Schmidt, Willem Hendrik
78. Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius .
79. Scholtz, Julius
80. Schongauer, Martin
81. Schotel, Johannes Christianus . .
82. Schrader, Julius
83. Schraudolph, Claudius, younger . 84 Schraudolph, Johann
85. Schreyer, Adolf
86. Schrodter, Adolf
87. Schut, Cornelis
88. Schwartz, Frans
89. Schwind, Moritz von
90. Scorel, Jan van
91. Seel, Adolf
92. Sell, Christian
93. Selleny, Josef
94. Semini, Andrea
95. Shee, Sir Martin Archer
96. Shirlaw, Walter
97. Sigalon, Xavier
98. Signorelli, Luca
99. Sirani, Giovanni Andrea
100. Skovgaard, Peter Kristian
101. Slingelandt, Pieter Cornelisz van.
102. Smillie, George Henry
103. Smillie, James David
104. Smirke, Robert
105. Snayers, Peeter
106. Snellinck, Jan
107. Snyders, Frans
108. Sodoma, H
109. Sohn, Karl Ferdinand
110. Sohn, Wilhelm
111. Solimena, Francesco
112. Sonne, Jorgen Valentin
113. Sorensen, Carl Frederik
114. Sorgh, Hendrik Maertensz
115. Spada, Lionello
116. Spaendonck, Gerardus van
117. Spagnoletto, Lo
118. Spangenberg, Gustav Adolf . . .
PAG:
. 13? . 133 134 136 136 138 139 141 142 146 146 147 147 148 149 153 155 157 159 166 169 169 170 173 177 181 182 190 190 191 192 193 193 196 196 197 198 200 200 201 203 204 205 207 207 207 209
119. Spitzweg, Karl 212
120. Spranger, Bartholomeus 213
121. Stanfield, William Clarkson 216
122. Steen, Jan 219
123. Steen wyck, Hendrik van, younger. 221 124 Steffeck, Karl 222
125. Steinle, Eduard 224
126. Stella, Jacques 225
127. Stevens, Alfred 227
128. Stevens, Joseph 228
129. Stewart, Julius L 228
130. Stone, Marcus 231
131. Storey, George Adolphus 232
132. Stothard, Thomas 233
133. Strozzi, Bernardo 237
134. Stuart, Gilbert 238
135. Subleyras, Pierre 240
136. Sully, Thomas 242
137. Sylvestre, Joseph Noel 249
138. Tassaert, Nicolas Francis Octave 254
139. Teniers, David, elder 256
140. Teniers, David, younger 257
141. Terburg, Gerard 259
142. Testa, Pietro 261
143. Testelin, Henri 262
144. Thumann, Paul 272
L45. Tiarini, Alessandro 273
146. Tibaldi, Pellegrino 273
147. Tidemand, Adolf 274
148. Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista 275
149. Tiutoretta, La 278
L50. Tintoretto, Jacopo 278
151. Titian 282
152. Tournieres, Robert Levrac 291
153. Trayer, Jean Baptiste Jules 293
154. Trumolliere, Pierre Charles 294
155. Troost, Cornelis 301
.56. Troy, Jean Franjois de 302
.57. Troyon, Constant 303
158. Trumbull, John 304
.59. Tura, Cosimo 306
.60. Turchi, Alessandro 306
161. Turner, Joseph Mallord William . 307
.62. Uden, Lucas van 310
163. Ulft, Jacob van der 312
64. Utrecht, Adriaen van. . .317
ill
PORTRAITS OF PAINTERS
165. Vaenius, Otho
166. Vaga, Perino del
167. Valdes Leal, Juan de
168. Valentin, Le
169. Vargas, Louis de
170. Vasari, Giorgio
171. Vayson, Paul
172. Vedder, Elihu
173. Veit, Philipp
174. Velasquez, Diego Kodriguez de
Silva y
176. Velde, Adriaan van de
176. Velde, Willem van de
177. Venneraan, Charles Ferdinand. . .
178. Verboeckhoven, Eugene Joseph . .
179. Verdier, Francois
180. Vereschagin, Basil
181. Verhaghen, Pierre Joseph
182. Verheyden, Franciscus
183. Verkolje, Jan
184 Verkolje, Nicolaas
185. Vermehren, Johan Fredrik
186. Vernet, Antoine Charles Horace .
187. Vernet, Claude Joseph
188. Vernet, Emile Jean Horace
189. Veronese, Paolo
190. Verrocchio, Andrea del
191. Verschuur, Wouterus
192. Vibert, Jehan Georges
193. Vien, Joseph Marie
194. Vinci, Leonardo da
195. Vollon, Antoine
196. Volterra, Dauiele da
197. Voltz, Friedrich
198. Voltz, Ludwig
199. Vos, Cornelis de
200. Vos, Marten de
201. Vos, Simon de
202. Vouet, Simon
203. Vuillefroy, Dominique Felix de . .
204. Waldmtlller, Ferdinand Georg. . .
205. Walker, Frederick
206. Wappers, Gustaaf
207. Ward, Edward Matthew
208. Ward, James
209. Waterhouse, John William
|
PAOK |
|
|
319 210. |
|
|
320 211. |
|
|
322 212. |
|
|
322 213. |
|
|
325 |
214. |
|
326 |
215. |
|
327 |
216. |
|
329 |
217. |
|
330 |
218. |
|
219. |
|
|
331 |
220. |
|
334 |
221. |
|
335 |
222. |
|
337 |
223. |
|
347 |
224. |
|
348 |
225. |
|
350 |
226. |
|
351 |
227. |
|
351 |
228. |
|
352 |
229. |
|
352 |
230. |
|
354 |
231. |
|
355 |
232. |
|
355 |
233. |
|
356 |
234. |
|
358 |
235. |
|
360 |
236. |
|
361 |
237. |
|
364 |
238. |
|
366 |
|
|
371 391 392 392 |
239. 240. 241. |
|
393 |
|
|
394 |
242. |
|
394 |
243. |
|
395 |
244. |
|
395 |
245. |
|
398 |
246. |
|
247. |
|
|
402 |
248. |
|
403 |
249. |
|
405 |
250. |
|
406 |
251. |
|
407 |
252. |
|
410 |
253. |
Watteau, Antoine 412
Watts, George Frederick 413
Wauters, Emile 414
Weeuix, Jan 417
Weerts, Jean Joseph 417
Weir, John Ferguson 418
Weir, Julian Aldeu 418
Weir, Robert Walter 419
Wells, Henry Tamvorth 420
Wencker, Joseph 421
Werff, Adriaau van der 421
Werner, Anton Alexander von . . . 423
Werner, Fritz 423
Werner, Karl 424
West, Benjamin 425
Weyden, Bogier van der 426
Whistler, James Abbott McNeill . 427
Whittredge, Worthington 428
Wiertz, Antoine Joseph 429
Wilkie, Sir David 432
Willroider, Joseph 436
Wilson, Richard 436
Winterhalter, Franz Xaver 438
Wislicenus, Hermann 439
Wit, Jacob de 439
Wolgemuth, Michael 444
Woods, Henry 447
Worms, Jules 448
Wouwerman, Philips 449
Yeames, William Frederick 455
Yon, Edmond Charles 457
Yvon, Adolphe 458
Zegers, Geeraard 461
Zeitblom, Bartholomaus 462
Zelotti, Giambattista 462
Zichy, Michael von 464
Zick, Januarius 464
Ziem, Felix .465
Zimmermann, Ernst 467
Zimmermann, Reinhard Sebastian 468
Zucchero, Federigo
Zucchero, Taddeo
ZOgel, Heinrich
Zurbarau, Francisco 472
xiii
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES.
1. Rabe, Edmund
2. Raoux, Jean
3. Raphael
4. Ravesteyn, Jan van
5. Recco, Giuseppe
6. Regnault, Jean Baptiste
7. Rembrandt van Rhyn
8. Restout, Jean
9. Rhomberg, Joseph Anton
10. Ricci, Camillo
11. Ricci, Sebastiano
12. Richard, Fleury Fra^ois
13. Richardson, Jonathan
14. Ridinger, Johaun Elias
15. Riedel, August
16. Riepenhausen, Franz and Johann .
17. Rigaud, Hyacinthe
18. Ring, Pieter de
19. Rizi, Francisco
20. Robert, Hubert
21. Robert, Louis Leopold
22. Robert-Fleury, Joseph Nicolas ....
23. Roepel, Koenraad
24. Rombouts, Theodoor
25. Romeyn, Willem
26. Rondani, Francesco Maria
27. Roos, Johann Heinrich
28. Roos, Johann Melchior
29. Roqueplan, Joseph Flienne Canrille
30. Rosa, Salvator
31. Rotteuhammer, Johann
32. Rottmann, Karl
33. Rubens, Peter Paul
34. Rugendas, Georg Philipp
35. Ruisdael, Jacob van
36. Ruisdael, Salomon van
37. Russ, Karl..
|
AGE 1 |
38. |
|
6 |
39. |
|
9 |
40. |
|
15 |
41. |
|
17 |
42. |
|
19 |
|
|
24 |
43. |
|
28 |
44. |
|
36 |
45. |
|
37 |
46. |
|
38 |
47. |
|
38 |
48. |
|
40 |
49. |
|
43 |
50. |
|
44 |
51. |
|
45 |
52. |
|
46 |
53. |
|
49 |
54. |
|
51 |
55. |
|
53 |
56. |
|
54 |
57. |
|
54 |
58. |
|
59 |
59. |
|
64 |
60. |
|
64 |
61. |
|
66 |
62. |
|
67 |
63. |
|
68 |
64. |
|
69 |
65. |
|
70 |
66. |
|
75 |
67. |
|
76 |
68. |
|
84 |
69. |
|
88 |
70. |
|
89 |
71. |
|
89 |
72. |
|
90 |
73. |
Ruthart, Karl 92
Ruysch, Rachel 93
Ryckaert, David 93
Ryckere, Bernaard de 94
Rysbrack, Peeter 94
Sacchi, Andrea 99
Saft-Leven, Herman 101
Sandrart, Joachim von Ill
Santerre, Jean Baptiste 113
Sarto, Andrea del 116
Savery, Roelant 119
Schadow, Felix 120
Schadow, Friedrich Wilhelm von . 121
Schaffuer, Martin 122
Schalckeu, Godfried 123
Schiiufelin, Hans Leonhard 124
Scheffer, Ary 126
Scheits, Mathias 127
Schelver, August Franz 127
Schiavone, Andrea 130
Schirmer, Johann Wilhelm 134
Schloepke, Theodor 136
Schnitzler, J. Michael 139
Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius 140
Schoeff, J 141
Schongauer, Martin 142
Schorn, Karl 146
Schrader, Julius 147
Schreyer, Adolf 148
Schrodter, Adolf ... 149
Schumacher, Karl Georg Christian 152
Scorel, Jan van 160
Seeger, Karl Ludwig 165
Seehas, Christian Ludwig 166
Seghers, Daniel 167
Seibold, Christian 168
ziv
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94
95.
96.
97.
98.
99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104.
105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119.
Siberechts, Jan
Sigalon, Xavier
Sirani, Giovanni Andrea
Slingelandt, Pieter Cornelisz van .
Snellinck, Jan
Snyders, Frans
Snyers, Peeter
Soggi, Niccolo
Spranger, Bartbolomeus
Stalbemt, Adriaen van
Staveren, Joban Adriaensz van . . .
Steen, Jan
Steenwyck, Hendrik van, elder . . Steenwyck, Hendiik van, younger
Stella, Jacques
Stilke, Hermann
Stoop, Dirk
Stork, Abraham
Stothard, Thomas
Streek, Juriaan van
Streek, Hendrik van
Stry, Abraham van
Sturm, Fritz
Stunner, Karl
Subleyras, Pierre
Suhrlandt, Johann Heinrich
Suhrlandt, Eudolf Friedrich Karl
Suvee, Joseph Beuoit
Swanevelt, Herman
Swart, Jan
Swebach, Jacques Frauyois Joseph
Taunay, Nicolas Antoine . . .
Tempesta, Antonio
Teniers, David, elder
Teniers, David, younger . . .
Terburg, Gerard
Testa, Pietro
Testeliu, Henri
Thiele, Johaun Alexander . .
Thielen, Jan Philip van
Thulden, Theodorus van. . .
Thys, Peeter
Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista.
Tilborch, Egidius
Tilens, Jan
Tischbeiu, August Anton . ,
|
I V.I 177 181 190 191 196 197 197 199 213 216 219 220 220 221 225 229 231 232 233 235 235 237 240 240 241 241 241 247 248 248 248 255 256 257 259 260 261 262 264 265 272 273 275 276 276 o«r> |
120. Tischbein, Johann Heitirich |
1 V .1 281 284 286 287 287 289 291 294 302 310 312 318 319 319 320 321 323 331 333 334 335 336 347 348 348 349 349 350 |
|
121. Titian |
||
|
122. Tobar, Alouso Miguel de |
||
|
123. Tocque, Louis |
||
|
124. Tol, Dominican van . |
||
|
125. Toorenvliet, Jacob |
||
|
126. Touruieres, Robert Levrac |
||
|
127. Tromolliere, Pierre Charles |
||
|
128. Troy, Jeau Francois de |
||
|
129. Uden, Lucas van |
||
|
130. Ulft, Jacob van der |
||
|
131. Utrecht, Adriaeu van |
||
|
132. Vaccaro, Andrea |
||
|
133. Vadder, Lodewyck de 134 Vaillant, Wallerant |
||
|
135 Valckenborch Marteu van |
||
|
136. Valentin, Le |
||
|
137. Velasco, Luis do |
||
|
138. Velasquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y |
||
|
139 Velde Adriaan van de |
||
|
140 Velde Esaias van de . ... |
||
|
141 Velde Willeiu van dc |
||
|
142. Verboeckhoven, Eugene Joseph . . 143 Verboeckhoven Louis |
||
|
145 Verdier Francois |
||
|
146 Verelst Pieter |
||
|
148 Verhietrt Tobias |
351 353 353 |
|
|
149 Verlat Charles |
||
|
151. Vernet, Antoine Charles Horace . 152 Vornct Claude Joseph |
355 356 359 360 361 361 362 365 366 372 373 374 386 |
|
|
154. Verschaeren, Joannes Antouius . . 155 Verschurin^h Heiulrik |
||
|
i ^o Vi^n .Tn<w»nh TMarie . . . . |
||
|
mVinM.- TVvnus Djivicl • • • |
||
|
162. Vinne, Vincent Laureusz van der. 1 fi3 Vivien. Josenh . . |
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES
PAGE
164. Vliet, Hendrik Cornelisz van 387
165. Voelcker, Gottfried Wilhelm 388
166. Vois, Arie de 389
167. Vollmer, Adolf 390
168. Vos, Cornelis de 394
169. Vos, Marten de , 394
170. Vos, Paulus de 395
171. Vos, Simon de 395
172. Vouet, Simon 396
173. Vries, Adriaan de 397
174. Vries, Eoelof de 397
175. Vroom, Hendrik Corneliszen .... 398
176. Vuillefroy, Dominique Fulix de . . 399
177. Wael, Cornelis de 400
178. Wagenbaur, Max Joseph 401
179. Walscapele, Jacob 404
180. Waterloo, Anthonie 411
181. Watteau, Antoine 412
182. Weenix, Jan Baptista 416
183. Weenix, Jan 417
184. Weerts, Jean Joseph 417
185. Wegelin, Adolf 417
186. Weller, Theodor Leopold 420
187. Werff, Adriaan van der 422
188. Werff, Pieter van der 422
189. West, Benjamin '. . . 425
190. Wicar, Jean Baptiste 428
191. Wildens, Jan 431
192. Wilkie, Sir David 432
193. Willaerts, Abraham 432
194. Willaerts, Adam 433
195. Wilson, Eiehard 437
196. Winghe, Jodocus van 438
197. Witte, Emanuel de 440
198. Wouwerman, Philips 450
199. Wyck, Thomas 453
200. Wynants, Jan 454
201. Wytman, Matheus 455
202. Ykens, Peeter 457
203. Zeemau, Reinier 461
204. Ziegler, Jules 465
205. Zurbaran, Francisco 472
xvi
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Acad., Academy.
A.N.A., Associate of the National Academy.
A.R.A., Associate of the Royal Academy.
A.RH.A, Associate of the Royal Hiber- nian Academy.
A.R.S.A., Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy.
C. & C., Crowe and Cavalcaselle.
Cat., Catalogue.
Ch., Church.
Col., Collection.
Gal., Gallery.
H., Height.
ib., ibidem.
id., idem.
Insi, Institute.
L. of Honour, Legion of Honour.
Mus., Museum.
N.A., National Academy or Academician.
Nat. Gal., National Gallery.
Pal., Palace, Palais, Palazzo.
R, Royal.
R.A, Royal Academy or Academician.
R.H.A, Royal Hibernian Academy or Academician.
R.S.A., Royal Scottish Academy or Acad- emician.
S., San, Santa.
SS., Santi, Sante.
S. M., Santa Marin.
St., Saint.
W. & W., Woltmann and Woermann.
* *
Words in italics Indicate the alphabetical placa of articles on tlie subjects
CYCLOPEDIA
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS.
R
AAB, GEORG, born in Vienna in 1821, died there, Dec. 31, 1885. Portrait, figure, and miniature painter, pupil of Vienna Academy ; worked in 1841-46 in
Sir D. W. ; Art Journal (London, 1877), 100.
RABE, EDMUND, born in Berlin, Sept 2, 1815. Genre and animal painter, pupil
Pesth ; visited Munich, and settled in Vi- j of Berlin Academy and of Franz KrQger ; enna, where he has had great success with visited in 1835 Dresden, Prague, Nurem- ideal figures and heads, and for many years berg, and the Baltic Coast, in 1841-42 the was the favourite portrait painter of the Netherlands, Paris, Switzerland, and North- Imperial family and high aristocracy. A ern Italy, and in 185C Palestine. Member collection of his works was exhibited by the of Berlin Academy in 1843. Works : Trans- Austrian Art Union in April, 1886. Works : portation of French Prisoners of War in Deborah (1858) ; The Maiden (1862) ; Mi- 1813 (1838), National Gallery, Berlin ; Re- gnon (1869), Empress of Austria; Lady 'port to Officers Carousing (1840), Schwe- with White Veil, Vienna Museum ; Por- j rin Gallery ; Call to Arms before Town Hall traits of Emperor and Empress (38) of Aus- of Prussian Town in 1813 ; Travellers be- tria, Crown Prince Rudolf, Archdukes and fore Inn ; Cir- — -^
Archduchesses, etc.— Allgem. K. C., x. 13, cus Riders in V Ys^Vip \9vll ft 298, 317 ; Wurzbach, xxiv. 157. French Town. °^ U
RABBIT ON THE WALL, Sir David — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1843), 83 ; D. Kunstbl. Wttkie, Sir William G. Armstrong ; canvas. (1850), 246 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 175 ; Rac- Called in Scotland the Hare among the ' zynski, iii. 113 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., Kale. Six figures : the father making with 287.
his fingers the shadow of a rabbit on the RACHOU, HENRI, born at Toulouse ; wall, which the mother holds her babe to contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Bon- see ; in foreground, a girl with a light- [nai Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Knit- ed candle ; at left, two boys looking on. | ters (1881) ; Fishmonger, Studio Interior Painted in 1815; bought by Mr. Turner (1882); St. Jerome, Breton Cobbler (IS for 200 guineas ; sold in 1842 to Sir W. Portraits (1884, 1885, 188G). G. Armstrong for 700 guineaa Sketch] RADIN, SALEH, Prince, born in Java, in Baring Collection. Engraved by John died at Buitenzorg, near Batavia, April Burnet ; W. Greatbach.— Heaton, Works of 1881. Animal, landscape, and marine paint-
RADL
er, pupil at The Hague of Sclielfhout and J. A. Kruseman ; visited Germany, Italy, and France in 1841-46, and returned to The Hague. Copied most successfully The Young Bull by Potter, in The Hague Mu- seum. Works : Lion Hunt ; Bull Hunt in India, Leipsic Museum ; Storm at Sea. — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1840), 328 ; (1845), 72 ; D. Kunstbl. (1850), 373 ; Immerzeel, iii. 1.
RADL, ANTON, born in Vienna, April 16, 1774, died in Frankfort, March 4, 1852. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Acad- emy, then in Brussels (1790) of Kormer ; settled in Frankfort in 1794. Works : Woods in Sunshine, Entrance to Forest (1807), Four Views in the Taunus (1815, 1817, 1823, 1825), Darmstadt Gallery ; View in Lorsbach Valley, Wood Landscape, Stii- del Gallery, Frankfort ; Views in the Tau- nus, Black Forest, and on the Danube. — N. Necrol. der D. (1852), 141 ; Wurzbach, xxiv. 202.
RAEBUKN, Sir HENRY, born at Stock- bridge, near Edinburgh, March 4, 1756, died near there, July 8, 1823. Apprenticed to a goldsmith in Edinburgh ; tried minia- ture painting and then portrait painting, copying the works of David Martin. A fort- unate marriage enabled him to visit (1778) London and Italy, on his return from which, in 1780, he set up as a portrait painter in Edinburgh. He soon won high rank in his art, was elected in 1812 president of the Society of Artists in Scotland, and in 1813 an A.R.A., and in 1815 R.A. On the visit of George IV. to Edinburgh in 1822 he was knighted, and the next year he was ap- pointed his majesty's limner for Scotland. Nine of his portraits are in the National Gallery, Edinburgh, and four in the Na- tional Portrait Gallery, South Kensington, viz.: F. Homer, Rev. I. Home, Sir I. Sin- clair, H. Mackenzie ; Portrait of Sir Walter Scott (1808), Duke of Buccleuch ; do. of Helen Stirling, Earl of Dunmore. — Cun- ningham ; Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole an- glaise ; F. de Conches, 401 ; Sandby, i. 359 ; Portfolio (1879), 200.
RAFFAELLINO. See Bottalla. RAFFAELLINO DEL GARBO. See
Garbo.
RAFFAELLO or RAFFAELLINO DAL COLLE, born in Colle about 1500, died at Borgo San Sepolcro, Nov. 17, 1566. Roman school ; said to have been a pupil of Raph- ael's, but was rather the disciple of Giulio Romano, whom he assisted in his principal works in Rome and in the Palazzo del Te, Mantua. Among his own works are : Res- urrection, Almighty with Angels, Cathedral, Borgo San Sepolcro ; Assumption, Minori Asservanti, ib.; Assumption, S. Francesco, and Madonna and Saints, S. Michele Arch- angelo, Citta di Castello. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ; Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 163.
RAFF ALT, IGNAZ, born at Weisskirch- en, Styria, in 1800, died at Haimbach, near Vienna, July 7, 1857. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works : Mill at Obersteier ; Foggy Landscape ; Mill in the Woods; Convent Soup (1846); Fish- erman's Hut (1848) ; River Landscape with Castle (1852) ; Golden Wedding at Murau ; Postilions returning Home, Evening Land- scape (1849), Vienna Museum. His son Johaiin Gualbert (born at Murau, Styria, in 1836, died in Rome in 1865) was a tal- ented genre painter, pupil of Vienna Acad- emy and of Pettenkofen. Works : Land- scape with Horse-Pond, Kunsthalle, Ham- burg ; Market in Hungary (1862) ; Gypsy Camp (1863) ; Wall on the Puszta ; Hunga- rian Vehicle (1864); Cattle Fair in Hungary. —Wurzbach, xxiv. 216, 220.
RAFFORT, ETIENNE, born at Chalon- sur-Saone, May 11, 1802. Landscape and history painter, pupil of Castillet. Visited Italy (1829-32), and the East in 1842. Medals: 3d class, 1837; 2d class, 1840; 1st class, 1843. Works : View of Palermo, Partanico, Genoa (1831) ; Seat of Govern- ment in Algiers (1833) ; St. Malo, Moun- tain Road in Burgundy, View of Auxerre (1834) ; View of Naples (1835), Chalon-sur- Saone Museum ; Nantes, Babazoun in Al- giers, Powder Magazine at St. Malo (1835) ;
RAUL
Palermo, Montereau, Dieppe, Havre (1836); Chalon-sur-SaOne, Harbour of St. Halo (1837); Farm-Yard in Burgundy (1838); Grand Canal and S. M. della Salute in Ven- ice (1840); Thun (1841); Entry of Emperor Henry IV. into Venice (1843), Grenoble Museum ; Square and Fountain of Tophane in Constantinople (1846) ; Mosque at Scu- tari ; Wall paintings in Notre Dame at Chardonnay. — Bellier, ii. 336 ; Larousse.
RAHL, KAKL, bora in Vienna, Aug. 13, 1812, died there, July 9, 1865. History and portrait painter, son of the engraver Karl Heinrich Rahl, pupil of Vienna Academy; won the first prize in 1832, visited Germany, Hungary, and France, then studied in Rome (1836-43) after the antique ; returned to Vienna, and in 1845 went to Holstein, and in 1847 to Copenhagen, where he painted several members of the Danish court. After living a few years in Munich, he was called in 1850 to Vienna as temporary professor at the Academy, but resigned after one term and opened a school of painting, where he instructed eighty pupils, among whom were Bitterlich, Eisenmeuger, Griepenkerl, Lotz, and Than. For years disregarded and slight- ed— his grand compositions for the decora- tion of the Vienna Arsenal having also been refused — he at last obtained deserved prom- inence through the patronage of Baron Siua, executed a number of monumental exterior and interior decorations in palaces and public buildings of Vienna, and in 1863 was nominated professor at the Academy. Works, Altarpieces : Madonna (1829); Bap- tism of Christ (1830) ; Marriage of the Vir- gin, St. Joseph of Calasanz (1841), Pia- ristenkirche, Vienna ; Assumption (1848) ; Trinity, St. Catharine, St. Simon, St. Georg, Madonna, Greek Church, Vienna. Mythol- ogy and Allegory : Prometheus rejecting Pandora (1834), Development of the Sci-
ences in Greece (I860), Jason taking the Golden Fleece, Sacrifice of Iphigenia (1861), Rape of Helen (1863), Baron Sina, Vienna; Arion singing to the Nereids (1848); Orestes
| pursued by the Furies (1852) ; Hercules serving Omphale (1860) ; Four Elements (1861) ; Four Cardinal Virtues of Austria's Regents, Vienna Academy ; Boreas eloping with Eireithyia, Munich Art Union ; Arts of Peace (12, 1861), Heiurichshof, Vienna. History : David hiding in Cave of Adullam (1832); Confederation on the Rotli in 1307 ; Hagen declared Siegfried's Murderer (1835), Charles of Anjou finding Manfred's Body (1838), Vienna Museum ; Hagen and Volker before Chriemhilde's Door (1836); Persecu- tion of Christians in Rome (1844), Kunst- halle, Hamburg ; replica (1847), National Gallery, Berlin ; Bishop Kolouitsch bring- ing Christian Prisoners from Turkish Camp (1853) ; Samson and Delilah (1854) ; Man- fred's Entry into Luceria in 1254 ; Moses protecting Reuel's Daughters ; Leopold the Virtuous on the Walls of Ptolemais. Genre and Landscape : Woman saving her Child from Lion (1834) ; Rugantino, Old Catalo- nian, Old Roman (1838); Woman from Pro- cida (1839) ; View near Terraciua (1840) ; Neapolitan Marinaro singing to his Sweet- heart (1841) ; Fortune-Teller (1841), Liech- tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Rural Scene near Rome, Girl at the Well (1842); Lute-Player (1850) ; Italian Woman with Tambourine (1853) ; do. at the Well (1856). Portrait* : The Painters Wiichter (1834), Riepenhau- sen (1846), Cornelius, Genelli, Heinrich Hess, Kaulbach (1848), Aigner (1851), Ko- vacs, Ricard (1854), Willers (1857), the sculptors Braudcnburger (1836), Martin
: Wagner (1838), Hiihnel (1850), and Pilz, the architects Ernst and Hansen (1854), the poets Robert Prutz (1848), Ludwig A. Frankl (1855), the philosopher Ludwig Feu- erbach (1848), all at the Deutches Hoch- stift, Frankfort ; Martin Wagner, New Pi- uakothek, Munich ; Ernst Willers, Old Man, Two Female Heads, Schack Gallery, ib. ; the poets Keruer (1833), Schwab, Lenau,
KAIBOLINI
Hebbel (1855) ; Franz Liszt (1858) ; King Christian of Denmark; King Otto and Queen Amalie of Greece. Frescos : History of War and Strategy, Fame and Honour, Courage and Wisdom, Unity and Power, Arsenal, Vienna ; Myth of Paris (9, 1862), Baron Todesco, ib.; The Maiden from Afar (1864), Villa Wisgrill, Gmunden.— Hottner, Carl Eahl (Vienna, 1863); Dioskuren (1863), Nos. 14-18, 30-35 ; D. Kunst-Zeitg. (1863), viii. Nos. 14-17, 33-35; Forster, v. 508; niustr. Zeitg. (1855), ii. No. 631 ; (1865), ii. 355 ; (1872), i. 139 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 175; Kolnische Zeitg. (1865), No. 203;
Rainbow, Rubens, Louvre.
Kunst-Chronik, i. 43, 102; ii. 55; N. fr. Presse (1865), Nos. 329, 338; Reber, ii. 207; Recensionen (1863), 3; Eiegel, D. Kunststud., 303 ; Schack, Meine Gemiilde- sammlung (1884), 176 ; Land und Meer (1865), xiv. 692 ; Unsere Zeit (1866), ii. 401 ; Wurzbach, xxiv. 230 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i. 109 ; iii. 34 ; iv. 90, 244 ; ix. (Mittheilung- en, ii. 27) ; xii. 25, 90, 122, 217 ; xiii 115, 188, 221, 250, 316, 355.
EAIBOLINI. See Francia.
RAILWAY STATION, William P. Frith, Holloway Institute, Egham, near London ; canvas. Station of Great Western Railway at Paddington, at time of departure of a train. Painted in 1862 ; commissioned by
Mr. Flatou for 8,000 guineas. — Art Journal (1862), 95, 122.
RAINBOW, Rubens, Louvre ; wood, H. 4 ft. x 5 ft. 8 in. A valley with a river crossed by two bridges, with buildings on the banks and mountains in background, spanned by a rainbow ; in foreground, shepherds, sheep, and a dog, and a couple reclining. Collec- tion of Louis XIV. Engraved by Bolswert ; Garreau in Musce francais. — Ch. Blanc, licole flamande ; Cat. Louvre ; Smith, ii. 119 ; Reveil, ix. 586.
RAKE'S PROGRESS, Hogarth, Soane Museum, London ; eight pictures, canvas, H. 2 ft. 1 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. They represent the career of an extravagant and dis- sipated young man, begun in falsehood and profligacy, ending in poverty, despair, and madness. 1. The Rake comes to his Fortune ; 2. The Rake as a Fine Gen- tleman ; 3. The Rake in a Bagnio ; 4. The Rake Ar- rested ; 5. The Rake's Mar- riage ; 6. The Rake at the Gaming-Table; 7. The Rake in Prison ; 8. The Rake in Bedlam. Painted in 1735. Sold in 1745 for 176 guin- eas ; bought by Sir John Soane for £598. — Jameson, Hand-Book to Public Gal., ii. 565.
RALLI, THEODORE JACQUES, born in Constantinople, of Greek parents ; contem- porary. Genre painter, pupil of Gerome, and of Lecomte du Nouy ; mention hon- ourable, 1885. Studio in Paris. Works : Watch by the Body of Ahmed-el-Kalib Pasha (1884); Christian Vestal (1885); Refectory of Greek Convent (1886).
RAMBERG, ARTHUR GEORG VON, Baron, born in Vienna, Sept. 4, 1819, died in Munich, Feb. 5, 1875. History and genre painter and illustrator, pupil of Prague and Dresden Academies and of Julius Hu'bner ; went in 1850 to Munich, in 1860 became
RAMELAAR
professor at the Weimar Art School, and in 1866 at the Munich Academy. His illus- trations to Goethe's Hermann and Doro- thea made him espe- cially popular. Mem- ber of Vienna and Berlin Academies; Order of Michael. Works: Henry the Fowler fighting the Huns;Dachauer Wom- en on Sunday (1855) ; Walk with the Tutor, After the Masked Ball (1858) ; Hide and Seek ; Court of Frederick H. at Palermo (1867), Maximilianeum, Munich ; After Din- ner, Morning Devotion in the Mountains (1855), New Pinakothek, ib.; Meeting on the Lake ; At the Embroidery-Frame ; In- vitation to Boating ; Reading ; Illustrations to Schiller's Poems, Goethe's Hermann and Dorothea, Voss's Luise ; Frescos in Luther- Room at the Wartburg ; Fairy Tale of the Frog King, Weimar Museum ; Girl with Goat on the Alp, Wiesbaden Gallery. — Deutsche Warte, is. 447 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1875), i. 153; Kunst-Chronik, vii. 315; x. 425 ; Reber, iii. 241 ; Land und Meer (1875), i. 474, 510 ; (1877), i. 242 ; (1887), i. 31 ; Unsere Zeit (1875), ii. ; Wurzbach, xxiv. 305 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iv. 64 ; v. 24 ; x. (Mittheilungen, iii. 41).
RAMELAAR See Coninck, David de.
RAMENGHL See Bagnacavallo.
RAMSAY, ALLAN, born in Edinburgh in 1713, died at Dover, Aug. 10, 1784. Son of the author of "The Gentle Shepherd." Went to London about 1733, and after stud- ying in St. Martin's Lane Academy re- turned to Edinburgh, whence he set out for Italy in 1736. Studied portraiture in Rome, and on his return to London attained dis- tinction ; was vice-president of the Society of Artists in 1766, and in 1767 was appoint- ed principal painter to George HI., whose portrait he painted so many times that he was obliged to employ assistants. He died on his return from a fourth visit to Italy.
Walpole praises his portrait* of women, pre- ferring some of them to those of Reynolds. Works : George HI., Queen Charlotte, Lord Chesterfield, Dr. Mead, National Portrait Gallery; David Hume, Artist's Wife, Na- tional Gallery, Edinburgh.— Dutton Cooke, 123 ; Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 86 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise.
RAMSAY, MILNE, born in Philadelphia, Pa.; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Bonnat in Paris, where he has long resided. Exhibits in Paris Salon and National Acad- emy, New York Works : Still-Life, Monk, Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Philadelphia ; Home of a Naturalist (1876) ; Moral Lesson ; Douce Bt'atitude ; Cromwell and his Daugh- ter Elizabeth, Bird Fanciers (1878) ; Nature Morte, Visit to the Cellar (1881).
RANC, JEAN, born at Montpellier about 1674, died at Madrid, July 1 (?), 1735. French school ; history and portrait painter, . son of and first instructed by Antoine Ranc, a skilful portrait painter (still living in 1715), then pupil of Hyacinthe Rigaud ; was invited to the court of Spain in 1724, and became first painter to the king, who sent him to Portugal to paint the royal family. Works : Portrait of Louis XIV., Male Por- trait, Montpellier Museum ; Portraits of Philip V. (4), Queen Isabel Farnese (3), and five others, Madrid Museum ; others in Brunswick Museum. — Bellier, ii. 341 ; Jal, 1041.
RANFTL, JOHANN MATHIAS, born in Vienna, Feb. 21, 1805, died there, Nov. 1, 1854. Genre and animal painter, pupil of Vienna Academy and of Peter Krnfft ; paint- ed portraits in Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1826-27, and visited London in 1838. Works : Scene from Inundation of Pesth (1839), Museum, Vienna; Dog Family, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Mid-day Rest of Mowers; Return of Apprentice (1846); Con- gratulation ; Children gathering Wood (1850) ; Hunting Booty. — D. KunstbL (1854), 409 ; Wurzbach, xxiv. 328.
RANKLEY, ALFRED, born in England in 1819, died in London, Dec. 7, 1872.
KANSONNET-VILLEZ
Genre painter, pupil of the Royal Academy, where he first exhibited, in 1841, Scene from Macbeth. His pictures are generally domestic subjects, carefully painted. Works: The Lonely Hearth (1857) ; Return of the Prodigal (1858) ; The Day is Done (1860) ; The Doctor's Coming (1804); Follow My Leader (1867); Following the Trail, Hearth of his Home (1870); The Benediction (1871) ; Milton's First Meeting with Mary Powell ; George Stephenson at Darlington.
RANSONNET-VILLEZ, EUGEN, Baron, born at Hietzing, near Vienna, June 7, 1838. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Acad- emy ; visited Constantinople, Greece, and Asia Minor in 1860, Palestine, Egypt, Ara- bia in 1862, Ceylon and Hindostau in 1864 -65, India, Siam, China, Japan, and a part of America in 1868. Lives at Vienna and at Nussdorf on the Atter Lake, Upper Aus- tria. "Works : Morning on Banks of the Ganges ; Sail of Austrian Embassy to Bang- kok (1870) ; Hindu Women in Bombay ; First Knitting, Moutuiu Forest in India (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Wurz- bach, xxiv. 349.
RANVIER, VICTOR JOSEPH, born at Lyons ; contemporary. Genre and laud- scape painter, pupil of Janmot and Richard. Medals : 1865 ; 2d class, 1873 ; L. of Hon- our, 1878. Works : Racing for the Wreath (1864), Infancy of Bacchus (1865), Luxem- bourg Museum ; Echo, Exiled Virtues (1873) ; Release of Prometheus (1884), Ly- ons Museum ; Morning (1876) ; Little Tur- tle (1879) ; Bacchus and Ariadne (1880) ; Child with a Swan (1882).— Claretie, Pein- tres, vii. 332, 387.
RANZONI, GUSTAV, born atUnternalb, Lower Austria, May 10, 1826. Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Vienna Acad- emy. Works : View on Karst Mountain (5, 1858, 1866, 1867) ; View on Traun Lake (1864) ; Ruin of Neukosel on the Karst (1865) ; Sunset in Autumn (1867) ; Sheep | on the Puszta, Sunset near Klosterneuburg (1869) ; Before the Storm (1870, 1871), Vi- enna Academy ; Cows Drinking (1870); Vil-
lage Pond (1871) ; Oxen Ploughing ; Cattle Herd Resting. — Wurzbach, xxiv. 353. RAOUX, JEAN, born at Montpellier, June 12, 1677, died in Paris, Feb. 10, 1734. French school; genre painter, pupil of Ranc at Mont- pellier and of Bon Boulogne in Paris ; won the grand prix de Rome in 1704. Member Academy in 1717, in which year he refused the position of painter to the King of Spain, on account of ill health. Made a short visit to England in 1720. Works : Telemachus and Calypso, Louvre ; Dame Boucher as a Vestal (1728), Bordeaux Mu- seum ; do. (1734), Versailles Museum ; La- dy Musician, Douai Museum ; Young Girl surprised by her Grandmother, Marseilles Museum ; Vestal bearing the Sacred Fire, Montpellier Museum ; Rinaldo and Arm id a with Nymphs and Cupids, Nantes Museum ; Madame du Noyer, Orleans Museum ; Ceph- alus and Procris, Berlin Museum ; Judith with Head of Holofernes, Schleissheim Gal- lery ; Floi-a, Historical Society, New York ; Pygmalion in Love with his Statue ; Con- tinence of Scipio ; Alexander Sick. — Bellier, ii. 342 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise ; Wurz- bach, Fr. Mai. des xviii. Jahrh., 16 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre; Lejeune, Guide, i. 208. RAPHAEL or RAFFAELLO, born at Urbino, April 6, 1483, died in Rome, April 6, 1520. Umbrian and Roman school ; fam- ily name Sante, Santi, Sanctius, or Sanzio ; son and pupil of Giovanni Santi, after whose death (1492) he was probably taught by Ti- moteo Vite or Luca Signorelli, until his un- cle, Simon Ciarla, took him to Perugia, at some time between June, 1499, and May,
J. /Lo-o u,x
F*
RAPHAEL
1500, and apprenticed him to Perugino, by whom he was employed with other assist ants in painting the frescos of the Sala del Cambio, then in prog- ress. The master re- turned to Florence (1502), and Raphael followed him two years later, after having painted a Crucifixion (1500), Earl Dudley, London ; a Coronation of the Virgin (1503), Vatican Gallery, Rome ; and assisted Pinturicchio at Siena in deco- rating the so-called Library of the Cathedral with frescos. After remaining at Florence for perhaps a year, during which he painted the Marriage of the Virgin, Brera, Milan, for S. Francesco, Citta di Castello, Raphael returned to Perugia (1505) to commence a fresco of the Trinity, at S. Severo, which was finished by Perugino (1521). In 1505 he was commissioned to paint a Coronation of the Virgin, for the Convent of Monteluce, at Perugia. He commenced it many years later at Rome, and it was finished five years after his death, by Giulio Romano and II Fattore. Returning to Florence in 150G, at the time when Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were engaged upon their cel- ebrated cartoons for the great Hall of the Palazzo Vecchio, Raphael studied both, but especially those of Leonardo, who, together with Fra Bartolommeo, exercised great in- fluence over him during his two years' resi- dence in that city, which, with the exception of a short visit to Urbino and Bologna, lasted until the summer of 1508. In the pictures painted by Raphael at Florence, a growing individuality is distinctly visible. Umbrian in spirit, they show a tenderness of feeling, an element of ideality, a love of nature, unknown to the art of Perugino. Called to Rome in 1508 by Pope Julius H., whose favour he secured through the good offices of his compatriot and relative, the architect Bramante, Raphael began his great
series of frescos in the Stonze of the Vatican by painting the Dixjmte of the Sacrament (1508-11), — the last work in his second or Florentine style. He hail, however, already given token, in the Entombment (1507), Borghese Gallery, Rome, of the dramatic and constructive elements of his genius, which were to find opportunity for a full display in those master works of his third or Roman manner,— the IMiodorua (1512) and the School of Athens (1511). During the twelve years of his life at Rome, in the service of Julius H and Leo X., Raphael ac- complished a prodigious amount of work as painter, architect, sculptor, and archajologist His wonderful genius, his personal charm, his engaging manner, and his obliging dis- position, won him troops of admirers, friends, and scholars, whose flattering praises served but to stimulate him to renewed effort Eager only to perfect his work, and inca- pable of jealousy, ho studied the grandiose style of Michelangelo and the rich colour of Sebastiano del Piombo that he might im- ' prove his own style and colour, and to the 1 day of his death achieved ever-increasing excellence. Leo X. made him inspector of all marbles dug up at Rome, commissioned him to make plans and elevations of her ancient edifices, and on the 1st of August, 1514, appointed him to succeed Bramanto I as head architect at St. Peter'a Some idea ! of his work under both Popes can be formed j from the following general sketch : Between j his arrival in Rome in 1508 and the deatli of Julius H. in 1513, he painted in the Vat- ican the frescos of the Camera della Se- gnatura, the Heliodorus, and a part of the Miracle of Bolsena in the Stanza d'Eliodoro, ' the Isaiah (1512), S. Agostino, the Madonna di Foligno (1511), with other pictures and portraits, such as those of Julius H., Palazzo Pitti, the Fornarina (1509), Palazzo Barbe- rini, etc. Under Leo X. Raphael painted in the Vatican the Altila, the Liberation of St Peter, with the ceiling decorations in the same chamber ; and among easel pictures pro- duced the Madonna del Pesce (15H), Madrid
RAPHAEL
Gallery, the Madonna della Seclia (1516-17), Palazzo Pitti, Florence, with many other pictures mentioned in the accompanying list of his -works; designed the Cartoons (1515-16), S. Kensington Museum, London ; painted a great number of portraits, deco- rated the Loggie of the Vatican with 48 frescos (1516-19), grotesques, and ara- besques, carried out by his pupils ; executed for Agostino Chigi the frescos of Oalatea (1514), and History of Psyche, at the Farne- sina (1517), with the assistance of Giulio Romano and II Fattore ; designed the mo- saics and the statue of Jonah for the Chigi Chapel at S. M. del Popolo, the frescos of
Attila, Deliverance of St. Peter, Noah, Abra- ham, Joseph, Moses and Burning Bush (1511-14), Stanza d'Eliodoro, Vatican ; In- cendio del Borgo (1514), Oath of Leo HI., Stanza dell' Incendio del Borgo, Vatican ; History of Old and New Testament, com- monly called Raphael's Bible (1516-19), Loggie, Vatican ; Isaiah (1512), S. Agostino ; Prophets and Sibyls (1513), S. M. della Pace ; Triumph of Galatea (1514), History of Psyche (1517), Palazzo Farnesina, Rome.
Works in oil: Resurrection (1495-1500), Vatican, Rome ; Alfani Madonna (1500), Casa Fabrizi, Terni ; Solly Madonna (about 1500), Berlin Museum ; Crucifixion (about
the History of Venus and Cupid (1519), and 1 1500), Earl Dudley, London ; Madonna painted the Holy Family of Francis I. (1518), | (1502?), Berlin Museum ; Connestabile Ma- Louvre, Paris, the Madonna di San Sisto j donna (1502-3), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; (1519), Dresden Gallery, and last of all the \ Coronation of Virgin (1503), Vatican ; Mar-
Transfiguration (1519-20), Vatican Gallery, upon which he was at work at the time of his death. If in the work of Raphael's Ro- man period, here enumerated but in part,
riage of the Virgin (1504), Brera, Milan ; Christ in the Garden (about 1504), Stan- stead House, Sussex; St. George and the Dragon (1504), St. Michael (1504-5), St.
that indescribable, spring-like freshness is i John in "Wilderness, Apollo and Marsyas wanting which marks those of his Florentine (1504-5), Louvre ; Madonna del Gran' Duca
period, its absence is compensated by an unrivalled skill in composition, an added power of expression, an increased grandeur
(1504-5), Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Knight's Vision (1504-5), National Gallery, London ; Three Graces (1504-5), Due d'Aumale, Chan-
of style, an improvement in the use of i tilly ; Madonna of St. Anthony of Padua colour, a mastery of portraiture, and a per- (1504-5), ex-King Francis IL of Naples ; ception of ideal beauty which culminates in Cowper Madonna (1505), Panshanger House, the Madonna di San Sisto. Nor must we, England ; Madonna di Terranuova (1505), in speaking of this great painter's life-work, ! Diotalevi Madonna (?), Berlin Museum ; Holy
forget to mention the immense number of exquisite studies and designs in pen and ink,
Family of the Palm (1506), Bridgewater House, London ; Madonna di Casa Tempi
silverpoint, pencil, and chalk, which consti- , (150G), Canigiani Holy Family (1506), Mu- tute by no means the least precious part of nich Gallery; Orleans Madonna (1506?), the world's inheritance from the Prince of Chateau de Chantilly, France ; Madonna in
Painters. Works in fresco : The Trinity (1505), S. Severe, Perugia ; Dispute of Sac- rament, School of Athens, Parnassus, Pru- dence, Fortitude and Temperance, Justinian, Gregory IX., Adam and Eve, Apollo and Marsyas, Judgment of Solomon, Astronomy, Theology, Philosoj}hy, Poetry, and Jurispru- dence (1508-11), Justice, Camera della Se- gnatura, Vatican ; God appearing to Noah, Jacob's Dream, Heliodorus, Mass of Bolsena,
the Meadow (1506), Vienna Museum ; Ma- donna del Cardellino (1506), St. John in Wilderness, Uffizi, Florence ; Madonna di Ansidei (1507), National Gallery, London; Portraits of Agnolo and Maddalena Doni (1506), Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; St. George and the Dragon (1506), Holy Family with Beardless Joseph (1506), Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Portrait of Raphael (1506-7), Portrait of Young Woman, Uffizi, Florence ;
RAPHAEL
Holy Family del Cordero (1507), Madrid Museum ; Entombment (1507), Palazzo Bor- gbese, Borne ; St. Catharine (1507), National Gallery, London ; Belle Jardiniere Madonna (1507-8), Louvre, Paris ; Niccolini Madonna (1508), Panshanger House, England ; Co- lonna Madonna (about 1508), Berlin Mu- seum; Eszterlmzy Madonna (about 1508), Buda-Pesth Gallery; Madonna della Casa d'Alba (1508-9), Hermitage, St. Peters- burg ; Madonna del Baldacchiuo (1508), Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Madonna with Dia- dem (1508-13), Louvre; Fornarina (about 1509), Palazzo Barberini, Rome ; Aldobran- dini Madonna (1510-11), National Gallery, London; Rogers Madonna (1511), Mrs. R. J. Mackintosh, London ; Madonna di Foli- gno (1511), Vatican, Rome; Bridgewater Madonna (1511-12), Bridgewater House, London; Portrait of Julius H. (1511-12), Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Portrait of Bindo Altoviti (1512-13), Eiccio Portrait, Munich Gallery; Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena (1513), Madrid Museum ; Portrait of Tom- maso Inghirami (about 1513), Madonna dell' Impannata (about 151-4), Palazzo Pitti, Flor- ence ; Madonna del Pesce (1514) Madrid Museum ; Portrait of Young Man (1515-20), Louvre ; Raphael's Cartoons (1515-1G), S. Kensington Museum, London ; Madonna della Teuda (1516), Munich Gallery; Por- trait of Baldassare Castiglione (about 151C), Louvre ; Madonna della Sedia (1516-17), Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Madonna dei Cau- delabri (1516-17), Butler-Johnstone Col- lection, London; St. Cecilia (1516-17), Bologna Gallery ; Kpasimo di Sicilia (1510- 18), Madrid Museum ; Holy Family La Per- la (about 1517), Holy Family del Lagarto (about 1517), Madonna della Rosa (1517), Visitation (about 1517), Madrid Museum ; Vision of Ezekiel (about 1517), Palazzo Pitti,. Florence; Holy Family, (1517-18), Holy Family of Francis I. (1518), St. Margaret (1518), St. Michael (1518), Louvre ; Portrait of Leo X. (1517-19), Palazzo Pitti, Florence; Madonna di S. Sisto (1518), Dresden Gallery ; Portrait of Joanna of Aragou (about 1518),
Kaphael and his Fencing Master, Louvre; Violinist (1518), Palazzo Sciarra-Colonna, Rome ; Trawfiguration (1519-20), Vatican.
Other works attributed to Raphael : Ad- oration of the Magi (1503 ?), Berlin Muse- um ; Madonna witli the Pink (about 1507 ?), Count Spada, Lucca ; Madonna (La Viergo au Sein, 1510), Professor Nicoln, Lausanne ; Holy Family of Loreto (1512-13), lost ; Ma- donna del Pozzo (?), Uffizi, Florence ; Donna Gravida, Donna Velata, Palazzo Pitti, ib. ; Holy Family del Divino Amore (about 1513), Naples Museum ; St. Margaret, Vienna Mu- seum ; Madonna di S. Luca, Accadeinia di S. Luca, Rome. — Milntz, Raphael (Paris, 1881); Forster, Raphael ; Springer, Raffael und Michelangelo (Leipsic, 1878); Gruyer. Les Fres- ques de Raphael; Raphael et 1'Anti- /
quite (Paris, 1864); U Vierges de Raphael (Paris, 1869) ; Raphael Peintre de Portraits (Paris, 1881) ; C. & C., j Raphael (London, 1882); Lttbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 211 ; do., Rafaels Leben (Dres- den, 1882); Grimm, Das Leben Raffaels (Berlin, 1886) ; Minghetti, Raffaelo (Bologna, 1885); Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 311; Gutbier, Raf ael-Werk ; J. Dennistoun, Memoirs of Dukes of Urbino (London, 1861) ; Burck- hardt, 648 ; Ch. Clement, Michel Ange, L. da Vinci, Raphael (Paris, 1861), 240 ; Passa- vaut, Raphael d'Urbin et son pi-re Gio. Snnti (French tr., Paris, 1860); Planche, Portraits d' Artistes (Paris, 1853), i. 25; Quatremere de Quincy, Histoire do la vie de Raphael (Paris, 1835) ; C. C. Perkins, Raph- ael and Michelangelo (Boston, 1878) ; East- lake, Five Great Painters (London, 1883) ; Bigot, Raphael et La Farm'sine (Paris, 1884) ; Lermolieff, 95, 309, 330, 339, 348, 359, 471; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859-69); (1870), iii. 79; (1872), vi. 353; (1873), vii. 336, 417; viiL 82; (1875), xii. 114 ; (1877),
KAPHAEL
xv. 238; (1878), xvii. 44; (1879), xx. 173; (1880), xxii. 307, 379, 453, 465, 531 ; (1881), xxiii. 140 ; (1882), xxv. 281, 385 ; xxvi. 465 ; (1883), xxvii. 158 ; xxviii. 474 ; Graph. K, v. 53 ; Kunst-Chronik, xiii. 622 ; xv. 6 ; x. 337 ; xv. 6; xviii. 425, 457, 576, 579; xix. 429, 712 ; xx. 39 ; xxi. 141 ; Mag. of Art (1886), ix. 371 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iii. 273, 298 ; iv. 153, 187 ; viii. 65 ; ix. 381 ; xvi. 253 ; xix. 60, 92 ; xxi. 43, 263.
EAPHAEL, portrait, Raphael, Uffizi, Flor- ence ; wood, H. 18 in. x 12£ in. The pict- ure so often engraved — bust of a young man about twenty-three years old, in black doub- let and cap, from which luxuriant chestnut hair falls in curls upon his bare neck. Painted in Florence in 1506-07. In Urbino until 1588, when it was transferred by Fe- derico Zucchero to the Academy of St. Luke, Kome ; afterward sold to Cardinal Leopoldo de' Medici. Suffered from abrasion and re- painting. Old copies in Palazzo Borghese, Kome, and Palazzo Albani, Urbino. En- graved by F. Muller ; F. Forster.— C. & C., Raphael, i. 281 ; Passavant, ii. 49 ; Miintz, 217.
EAPHAEL'S BIBLE, a series of fifty- two frescos in the Loggie of the Vatican, Eome. The Loggia which leads to the apartments of the Pope consists of thirteen arcades arched in cupolas. Each of the arcades contains four pictures ; forty-eight subjects are from the Old Testament, and four from the life of Christ. The sketches were made by Raphael, the cartoons were prepared by Giulio Romano, and the paint- ing was done by Giulio Romano, II Fattore, Perino del Vaga, Pellegrino da Modena, Vincenzio da San Gimignano, Polidoro da Caravaggio, and others. Painted about 1516-19.
1st Arcade. Creation of the World. Four compositions : 1. God brings Light from Chaos ; 2. God creates the Earth ; 3. God creates the Firmament ; 4. God creates Animals.
2d Arcade. Adam and Eve. Four com- positions : 1. God presents Eve to Adam ;
2. Adam and Eve disobey God ; 3. Adam and Eve driven from Paradise ; 4. Adam and Eve out of Paradise.
3d Arcade. History of Noah. Four com- positions : 1. Noah building Ark ; 2. Del- uge ; 3. Noah leaving Ark ; 4. Sacrifice of Noah.
4th Arcade. History of Abraham. Four compositions : 1. Abraham and Melchisedec ; 2. God reveals himself to Abraham ; 3. Abra- ham visited by the Angels ; 4. Lot and his Family flee from Sodom.
5th Arcade. History of Isaac. Four compositions : 1. God appears to Isaac ; 2. Isaac and Rebecca with Abimelech ; 3. Ja- cob receives the Blessing of Isaac ; 4. Esau demands his Father's Blessing.
6th Arcade. History of Jacob. Four compositions : 1. Dream of Jacob ; 2. Ja- cob at the Fountain ; 3. Jacob reproaching Laban ; 4. Jacob returning to Canaan. Painted by Pellegrino da Modena after de- signs of Raphael.
7th Arcade. History of Joseph. Four compositions : 1. Dreams of Joseph ; 2. Jo- seph sold by his Brethren ; 3. Joseph and Potiphar's Wife ; 4. Joseph explains Dreams of Pharaoh.
8th and 9th Arcades. History of Moses. Eight compositions : 1. Moses saved from the Waters ; 2. Burning Bush ; 3. Passage of the Red Sea ; 4. Moses strikes the Rock ; 5. God gives Moses the First Tables of the Law ; 6. Worship of the Golden Calf ; 7. The Column of Cloud ; 8. Moses presents to Israelites the New Tables of the Law.
10th Arcade. History of Joshua. Four compositions : 1. Passage of the Jordan ; 2. Taking of Jericho ; 3. Joshua causing the Sun to stand still ; 4. Division of Land of Canaan.
llth Arcade. History of David. Four compositions : 1. Oath of David ; 2. David kills Goliath ; 3. Triumph of David ; 4. David and Bathsheba.
12th Arcade. History of Solomon. Four compositions : 1. Oath of Solomon ; 2. Judgment of Solomon ; 3. Building of
10
RAPHAEL
the Temple ; 4 Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.
13th Arcade. History of Jesus Christ. Four compositions : 1. Nativity ; 2. Ado- ration of Magi ; 3. Baptism of Christ ; 4. Last Supper.
Engraved in whole or in part by S. Ba- dalocchio ; O. Borgiani ; F. Villamena ; Nic. Chaperon ; A. Aveline ; Montagnani ; Volpato ; Ottaviani ; in chiaroscuro by Nic- cola Conzoni for Gruner. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 362 ; v. 624 ; Passavant, ii. 166 ; Miintz, 429 ; Springer, 326 ; Perkins, 184 ; Gruyer, Loges de Raphael ; Vaticano descritto, viii. PI. 1-59 ; Liibke, 171 ; Gutbier, PL 36-52.
RAPHAEL'S CARTOONS, Raphael and his assistants, S. Kensington Museum, Lon- don. A series of designs, drawn with chalk on paper and coloured in distemper (1515- 16), to be worked in tapestry for the deco- ration of the Sistine Chapel, Rome ; tapes- tries made at Arras, in Flanders, under direction of Bernhard van Orley and sent to Rome in 1518. The tapestries were carried off at the sack of Rome by the Constable de Bourbon in 1527 ; restored by Constable Anne de Montmorency to Julius IH. in 1553 ; again carried off by the French in 1798 and sold in Genoa to a Jew, who is said to have burned one to get the gold it contained, and sold the others in 1808 to Pius VH. They are now in the Hall of the Arazzi in the Vatican ; much faded. The cartoons remained at Arras nearly a cen- tury, when Charles I. purchased them, by advice of Rubens, for use of his tapestry weavers at Mortlake. Only seven of the original eleven remained, and these had been cut into strips about two feet wide. On the death of Charles L, Cromwell bought them for the nation for £300. They re- mained neglected in a lumber room at Whitehall until the reign of William HI, who had them repaired and hung in a gal- lery erected for them at Hampton Court by Sir Christopher Wren. They are now ex- hibited under glass at South Kensington Mu- seum. Cartoons : 1. Miraculous Draught of
Fishes, H. 10 ft. 6 in.x 13 ft G in.; 2. Paul preaching at Athens, H 11 ft. 4 in. x 14 ft 7 in.; 3. Elymas the Sorcerer struck with Blindness, H 11 ft 4 in. x 14 ft 7 in. ; 4. Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, H. 11 ft. 4 in. x 18 ft.; 5. Healing of the Lame Man, H. 11 ft 4 in. x 18 ft; 6. Death of Ananias, H. 11 ft 4 in. x 17 ft. 6 in.; 7. Christ's Charge to Peter, H 11 ft 4 in. x 17 ft 6 in. The remaining three subjects in tapestry, of which the designs are lost, are : Stoning of St. Stephen, Conversion of St. Paul, and St Paul in Prison at Philippi. The llth, of which all trace is lost, was the Coronation of the Virgin, for the altarpiece. — Passavant, ii. 189, 225 ; Clement (Corkran), 278, 371 ; Blackburn, Pictures at S. Kensington, 7 ; Liibke, 188 ; Gutbier, PL 80-92.
RAPHAEL AND HIS FENCING-MAS- TER, attributed to Raphael, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft 3 in. x 2 ft. 9 in. A powerful, bearded man, standing behind a parapet, with one hand on his sword-hilt, turns to a younger man behind him and points to some object without the picture. Younger man supposed to represent Raphael himself. Picture has been attributed both to Sebas- tian del Piombo and to Poutormo. From Collection of Francis L Engraved by Ar- douin ; N. Larmessin. — Passavant, i. 354 ; Villot, Louvre ; Musce franeais, i. ; Cab. Crozat, i. PL 9.
RAPHAEL AND THE FORNARINA, Sir A. W. Galcott, Sir G. R Philips, Bart ; canvas. Figures life-size, full-length, seated. Exhibited in 1837. Engraved by Lumb Stocks. — Redgrave, Century, ii. 403; Art Journal (1856), ii.
By J. A. D. Ingres, Baroness Nathaniel de Rothschild, Paris. Painted at Rome in 1813; replica (1840), M. Dauban, Paris. Engraved by Pradier ; lithographed by Christophe. Original sketch acquired by Louvre in 1881. — Ch. Blanc, Life, 46.
RAPHAEL OF MESSINA. See Ali- brando, Girolamo.
RAPHAEL D'UN MILLION. See J/o- donna of St Anthony of Padua.
n
RAPHAEL
RAPHAEL'S MISTRESS. See Forna- rina. RAPHAEL DBS PORCEAUX. See
Jacque.
RAPHAEL LEAVING TOBIAS, Rem- brandt, Louvre ; wood, H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 9 in. ; signed, dated 1637. Above, the an- gel Raphael in full flight heavenward, his back to the spectator ; below, at left, Sarah wife of Tobias, and Anna her mother, stand- ing at the entrance to the house, with hands clasped in astonishment ; in front of them a dog, and at the foot of the steps, Tobias and his father Tobit, the latter prostrate.
Raphael Leaving Tobias, Rembrandt, Louvre.
Engraved by Denon ; J. de Frey ; A. and E. Varin ; MalbGte in Musue francais. — Lan- don, Musue, vi. PI. 3.
RAPHON (pronounced Rap-hon), JO- HAN, flourished at Elmbeck, lower Saxony, early part of 16th century, died in 1528. German school. The heads in his pictures are strong and individual, but wanting in feeling. Works : Two Altar Wings (1503), Collection Hausmann, Hanover ; Resurrec- tion, Brunswick Gallery ; Crucifixion (1508),
Halberstadt Cathedral. — Kugler, Kl. Schr., i. 486 ; Nagler, xii. 294 ; W. & W., ii. 435. RAPIN, ALEXANDRE, born at Noroy- le-Bourg (Haute Saone) ; contempor- ary. Landscape paint- er, pupil of Gerome, Frangais, Gleyre, and Lancrenon. Medals : 3d class, 1875; 2d class, 1877; L. of Honour, 1884. Works: Sarrazin Brook at Nans-Lison (1867), Besancon Mu- seum ; Shore of a Pond, Ravine of Puits- Noir (1874) ; The Val-Bois in November (1878) ; Morning in Val-Bois, The River Loue at Scey (1879) ; End of Autumn, Mill at Cressonieres (1880); Winter in the Woods at Cernay, Morning at Froeschwiller (1881); The Black Pits, River in Franche-Comte (1882); A Shower, An Inlet (1883); Novem- ber (1884) ; Banks of the Doubs, Path (1885); Indian Summer, Evening (1886).— Bellier, ii. 343.
RAPISARDI, MICHELE, born at Catan- ia, Sicily ; contemporary. History and genre painter of talent, whose works show care- ful study of the old masters. Professor. Works : Cola Rienzi among the Ruins of Rome (1867) ; Hamlet's Monologue ; The Troubadour ; Lady as Ophelia ; Girl of Ca- tania, Museo Civico, Turin. — Zeitschr. f. b. K., iii. 124.
RASCH, HEINRICH; contemporary. Genre and landscape painter. Works : Bal- tic Landscape with Figures, View on Eng- lish Coast, A Confession (1882), Boating Party, Gatherers on Coast of Lucca, Even- ing in Lagoons of Venice, Morning at Via- reggio (1883).— Allgem. K. C., viii. 376 ; D- lustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 400; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 294 ; xviii. 496 ; Land und Meer (1884), ii. 1044 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xix. 135.
RASMUSSEN, CARL, born at Aeroskjob- ing, Isle of Aero, August 31, 1841. Marine and figure painter, pupil of John Didrik Frisch (1835-67), then of the Copenhagen
RATGEB
Academy, in 1862-66, and of Aagaard ; trav- 1 berg Academy, then (1872) of Wilhelm Diez
_n _ ,1 . "r\—«. ..i i— 1 Qf? tt f*^ . . t i /"i—_ I i Ttif ; _i_ i i .iii.i •»» * i »»
elled in Denmark in 1865-67, visited Green land in 1870, Italy in 1872, England and Paris in 1878. Works : View near Ska gen (1863) ; Coast Views (1864) ; Midnight on Coast of Greenland (1872), Co- penhagen Gallery; Dance of Greenlauders (1872); Father and Son, Winter in Greenland (1874) ; Grandfather with the Little Ones (1875) ; June Day in Godthaabs FJ9rd (1878) ; Vessels in Morning after Storm (1878), Winter Evening near Fjord in Greenland (1883), Copenhagen Gallery. — Sig. Mailer, 285 ; Weilbach, 577.
EATGEB, JEEG, born at Schwiibisch Ginttnd, Bavaria ; flourished early part of 16th century. German school ; history
in Munich, where he settled. Medal, Mu- nich, 1883. Works : Hunting Privilege in Olden Times, Horse Bargain (1879); On By- Ways (1880) ; Travelling in Good and Bad Weather (1880) ; Rest (1881) ; Excursion ; Scene before Taveni (1882); Surrender of , Wai-saw in 1656 (1883); Festive Entry of the Bride, Falcon Chase in 18th Century (1884).— Allgem. K. C., viii. 586 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1880), i. 299 ; Kuust. Chronik, xix. 645 ; Meyer, Couv. Lex., xxi. 745 ; Zeitachr. f. b. K, xvii. 324 ; xix. 135.
RAUPP, KARL, born in Darmstadt, March 2, 1837. Genre and landscape painter, pupil in Frankfort of Stiidel Institute under Jakob Becker, then of Munich Academy under Piloty (1860-
painter, one of the ablest masters of the 66); became professor Suabian school, whose works have generally at the Industrial Art
been erroneously attributed to one Schwed. Works : Altarpiece (1519), Stiftskirche Her- renberg, Wiirternberg ; Cycle in fresco from Creation of World to Last Judgment (1514), Carmelites, Frankfort ; Coloured Drawings of do., Stiidel Gallery, ib. — Kuust-Chrouik, xviii. 482 ; xix. 301.
RATZER, HELLMUTH, born at Neutar- now, Brandenburg, in 1838. Landscape painter, studied first in Berlin, then for twelve years in Diisseldorf under Oswald Achenbach, settled in Carlsruhe, whence he visited Germany, Switzerland, Tyrol, and Italy. Lives now in Diisseldorf. Works : Mountain Brook in the Ramsau ; View on the Dachstein ; The High G<">11 near Berch- tesgaden ; Pine Wood (1876); Views in the Hartz Mountains and on Isle of IlUgcn ; Evening on Isle of Riigen, Carlsruhe Gal- lery ; Coast View on Riigeu (Jubilee Exhi- bition, Berlin, 1886).— Midler, 431.
RAUBER, WILHELM (KARL), born at Marienwerder, West Prussia, July 11, 1849. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of KOnigs-
School at Nuremberg in 18C8, but afterwards returned to Munich. Works : Two Mothers ; Return of Country Postwoman on Christmas Eve ; Mid-day Bell during Harvest (1866) ; Sunday Morning in Hesse; Falling Leaves; Rain in May; Re- turn Home before Storm ; The Prussians arc Coming ! General Military Duty ; At Home ; Secret Farewell ; Peasant Girl Resting un- der a Tree, Darmstadt Museum ; Thunder- storm ; On the Silent Waves ; Hour of Chat- ting; A Storm is Coming! (1882), Dresden Museum; Boating on Chiem Lake (1883); Merry Journey (1884); Avo Maria; Safely Landed, (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886). —Illustr. Zeitg. (1883), i. 491 ; ii. 97 ; La Ilustracion (1883), ii. 275 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 308; N. illustr. Zeitg. (1885), i. 288; Land und Meer (1869), i. 11; (1880), L 169
RAVANA, DEATH OF, Fernand Cormon, bought by the State. The result of the struggle between the ten-headed and twenty- armed giant Ravana and Rama (Viahnu in-
13
RAVAUT
carnate), as related in the Ramayana. The picture represents the finding of the body on the field of battle by the favourite and
Reading the Will, Sir David Wilkie, New Munich Gallery.
the other wives of the King of Lanka (Cey- lon). Salon, 1875 ; bought by Ministry of Fine Arts.
RAVAUT, REN£ HENRI, born in Paris; contemporary. History and portrait painter, pupil of Laurens and Butin. Medal, 3d class, 1880. Works: Awaking (1879) ; Raising of a Child by St. Benedict (1880) ; Deluge (1881) ; The Imprudent, The Caldron (1882) ; St. Colomban (1883) ; St. Julia, (1884) ; Quai at Trouville (1885).
RAVEN, JOHN S., born in Suf- folk, England, Aug. 21, 1829, died at Harlech, Wales, July 14, 1877. Landscape painter, son of Rev. J. Raven, an amateur water-colour painter ; self-taught, first exhibited at the Royal Academy, in 1845, Salmsley Church. Works : Hamp- shire Homestead, Monk's Walk (1872) ; The Lesser Light to rule the Night (1873) ; The Heavens declare the Glory of God (1875). He was accidentally drowned while bathing. — Red- grave.
RAVENSTEIN, PAUL VON, born in
pupil in Carlsruhe, of Gude, studied nature in the Silesian mountains, the German Alps, and Italy. Works : Oak Landscape at Even- ing ; Road near Partenkir- chen ; Antique Baths at Al- bano (1880).— Mttller, 432. RAVENZWAAY, JAN VAN, born at Hilversum, Nov. 29, 1790, died there March 2, 1869. Landscape and animal painter, pupil at Amersfoort of Jordanus Hoorn (1753-1833), then of Pieter Gerardus van Os, who had settled near Hil- versum ; visited Belgium, Switzerland and Germany, and settled at Westerborg, Drenthe. Member of Am- sterdam Academy, 1822. Works ; Pasture with Cattle, Sheep Stable, Cow Stable, Amsterdam Museum. — Immer- zeel, iii. 2 ; Nagler, xii. 339.
RAVESTEYN, JAN VAN, born at The Hague in 1572 (?), died there, buried June 21, 1G57. Dutch school; portrait painter,
Rebekah and Eliezer, Murillo, Madrid Museum.
master of the Hague guild in 1615 ; painted assemblies of magistrates and corporations with great skill, in the manner of Mierevelt. Works: Civic Guard, Officers of do. (1616),
Breslau, Oct. 23, 1854. Landscape painter, Banquet of Town Council (1618), Meeting
14
KAZZI
of Council (1636), Town Hall, Hague ; Series of portraits (24) of Colonels (1611, 1612, 1615, 1616, 1621, 1624), Museum, ib. ; five portraits, Amsterdam Museum ; two do. (one dated, 1616), Brussels Museum; Fe- male portraits (2, 1633, 1634), Louvre, Paiis ; Family Group, Portrait of a Lawyer (1622), Brunswick Gallery ; Old Man in Ar- mour (1605), Dresden Gallery; Scholar and Little Daughter, Male Portrait (1633), Ber- lin Museum ; Male Portrait (1622), two
| READ, THOMAS BUCHANAN, lx>rn in Chester County, Pa., March 12, 1822, died in New York, May 11, 1872. Portrait and genre painter ; began the study of sculpture in Cincinnati in 1839, but soon turned hia attention to painting. In 1841 ho opened a studio in New York, and afterwards painted in Philadelphia and Boston. Visited Europe in 1850, and after studying in Florence settled in Rome, whence ho made occasional visits to America, during one of which he
Rebekah and Eliezer, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre.
others, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; others in Copenhagen, Gotha, Oldenburg (1620), and Turin (3) Galleries; Portrait of Lucretia van der Meulen, Historical Society, New
York — Archief v. ned. Kunstgesch., iii. 261, 285; iv. 3; Burger, Musees, i. 57; ii. 195; Kramm, v. 1341 ; Kunstkronijk (1867), 83, 86 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 355 ; Biegel, Beit- rage, i. 125 ; ii. 198. RAZZL See Sodoma.
died. Works : Portrait of George Pealxxly (Peabody Institute, Baltimore) ; Star of Bethlehem ; Water-Sprite ; Sheridan's Ride ; Lost Pleiad ; Undine ; Excelsior (Mrs. Jo- seph Harrison, Philadelphia). Mr. Read was better known as a poet than as a painter. — Tuckerman, 460 ; Kunst-Chrouik, vii. 348.
READING THE WILL, Sir David Wil- He, New Munich Gallery ; canvas. A party gathered in a room listening to the reading of a will by a lawyer, who is seated at a table in centre ; group of 21 figures. Painted in 1820 for King of Bavaria, who paid for it
IB
EEBEKAH
£425 ; sold after his death for £1,200 and placed in New Pinakothek. Engraved by J. Bui-net. — Kedgrave, Century, ii. 269; Hea- ton, Works of Sir D. W.
KEBEKAH AND ELIEZEK, Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. Eliezer drinks from a copper kettle held by Rebekah, who, with three other maidens bearing jars, stands near a well at right ; at left, in middle distance, men and camels;
Engraved by G. Rousselet (1677) ; G. Au- dran ; Picart le Remain ; Bouchers-Desnoy- ers.— Cat. Louvre; Filhol, i. PI. 49; Lan- don, Musee, i. PI. 49 ; Smith, viii. 5.
By Paolo Veronese (?) Louvre, H. 8 ft. 1 in. x 11 ft. 4 in. ; transferred to new canvas in 1834, and former size reduced. Eliezer, beside a well, at the foot of a ruin shaded by trees, presents to Rebekah jewels which two negroes have brought; at left, several dromedaries. Formerly in Casa Bonaldi, Venice ; bought by Ja- bach, and sold by him to Louis XTV. Engraved by Moyreau. — Cab. Crozat, ii. PI. 13 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
REBELL, JOSEF, born in Vi- enna, Jan. 11, 1787, died in Dres- den, Dec. 18, 1828. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Wutky, went in 1809 to Mi- lan, painted there for Eugene Beauharnais, then in Naples (1811 -15) for Murat ; went to Rome, and in 1824 was called to Vienna as di- rector of the Belvedere Gallery. Works : Storm near Grotto of Foc- cia near Naples, Portici with Vesu- vius, Italian Landscape at Sunset (1819), Vienna Museum ; do. at Sunrise, do. with Figures, Ferdi- nandeum, Innsbruck ; Mole of Por- tici (1818), View near Amalfi, Coast near Capri, Stormy Sea, New Pi-
Rebekah and Eliezer, Paolo Veronese (?), Louvre. r *_
nakothek, Munich ; View of Capri,
background, landscape with mountains. In j Casamicciola on Ischia, Schack Gallery, ib. ; second manner. Etched by E. Buxo ; litho- 1 Castle Persenbeug on the Danube, Czernin
graphed by F. Decraein ; C. Mugica. — Cur- tis, 118 ; Madraza, 467.
By Nicolas Poussin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. In centre, near a well, Eliezer offers necklaces and bracelets
Gallery, Vienna ; Arco di Focci near Cumae during Storm (1828), National Gallery, Ber- lin.—Hormayr, Archiv. (1823), 339 ; (1829), No. 30; Kunstbl. (1860), iii. 320; Cotta's Kunstbl. (1820), 263 ; (1829), 87 ; N. Necrol.
to Rebekah, who seems to hesitate to accept ! der D. (1828), 859 ; Schack, Meine Gemitl- them ; at right, three young girls ; at left, a : desnmmlung (1884), 205 ; Wurzbach, xxv. 78.
group of nine women ; in background, hills with buildings. Painted in Rome in 1648 for M. Pointel, on whose death passed to Due de Richelieu, and finally to Louis XIV.
RECAMATORI, GIOVANNI DE'. See
Giovanni da Udine.
RECAMIER, MADAME, SALON OF, William Quiller Orchardson, London ; can-
16
RECCO
vas, H. 4 ft. 10 in. x 8 ft. The hostess, seated at the right upon a sofa, is the cen- tre of a group including Canova, Cuvier, Fouche, Delille, and Metternich, while at the other end of the salon a second group, including Lucien Bonaparte, Talleyrand, Brillat-Savarin, Talma, Bernadotte, and Sieyes, are gathered around Madame de Stael. Royal Academy, 1885.
BE CCO, GIUSEPPE, born at Naples in 1634, died there in 1695. Neapolitan school ; still-life painter, pupil of Porpera, but seems to have been influenced by other masters, especially Marseus van Sehrick. The King of Spain made him a knight of
Calatrava in 1667 and summoned him to his court. Works : Four pictures with Fish and other Marine Animals, Madrid Museum ; Dead Fish watched by Dog, Suermondt Mu- seum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Fruit-Piecc, Haus- manu Collection, Hanover ; Animal Life around Pool (2), Schwerin Gallery ; Fishes, Wiesbaden Gallery ; Flowers and Dead Game, Naples Museum ; A Thief, New York Museum. His daughter Elena excelled in the same branch of art. — Madrazo ; Schlie, 513.
EECHBERGER, FRANZ, born in Vienna, Oct. 4, 1771, died there in 1842. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under F. A. Brandt ; afterwards custodian of the Al- bertina in Vienna. Works : Landscape with Temple of Vesta, Vienna Academy ; Views in Italy, Styria, Saxony. — Wurzbach, xxv. 95 ; Nagler, Mon., ii. 863.
REDGRAVE, RICHARD, born in Lon- don, April 30, 1804. Landscape and genre painter, pupil of Royal Academy, where he exhibited his first picture, River Brent near Hanwell, in 1825 ; elected an A.R. A. in 1840,
and R.A. in 1850 ; in an honorary retired Academician. Has held several official po- sitions in the government art institutions and is general inspector of art schools. Works : Cymbeline (1833) ; Gulliver on the Farmer's Table (1837) ; Quinten Massys, Olivia's Return (1838) ; Reduced Gentle- man's Daughter, Cure of Paracelsus (1840); Vicar of Wakefield finding his Lost Daugh- ter (1841); Ophelia, Cinderella (1842); Fash- ion's Slaves (1847); Country Cousins (1848); Marquis and Griselda (1850) ; Flight into Egypt (1851); Well-Kuown Footstep, Moor- land Child (1857) ; Strayed Flock (1861) ; Way through the Woods (1863); Jane Shore (1864); Woodman's Dinner (18G6); Eugene Aram (1868); Jack-o'-Lantern (1870); Char- coal Burners (1871) ; Expectation (1872) ; Sermons in Stones (1874); Mill Pool, Start- ing for a Holiday (1875); Calling the Sheep, Oak of the Millhead (1876); Deserted (1877); The Heir Come of Age, Friday Street (1878); Hidden Among the Hills (1881).— Art Jour- nal (1850), 48 ; (1859), 205 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 375.
REFORMATION, AGE OF, Wilhclm von Kaitlbach, New Museum, Berlin ; mural painting, staircase hall Church interior ; Luther, standing before the altar, in centre, raises the Bible in his hands ; at sides, peo- ple at communion ; the aisles are filled with modern representative men ; in background, a choir singing. Cartoon, Mrs. Durfee, Fall River, Mass.
REGEMORTER, IGNATIUS JOSE PHUS VAN, born at Antwerp, Dec. 4, 1785, died there, July 20, 1873. Landscape and genre painter, son and pupil of Petnis Jo- hannes van Regemorter. He went in 1809 to Paris, where he studied after the mas- terpieces in the Must'e Napoleon, and then from nature on the banks of the Mouse, and in Luxembourg. Won prizes in Ant- werp, Ghent, and Brussels ; member of In- stitute of the Netherlands in 1829, and of Amsterdam Academy. Order of Leopold, 1855. Works: Fishmarket of Antwerp (1827), Jan Steen's Household (1828), Am-
REGEMORTER
sterdam Museum ; Interior of Garret, Man and Wife at Table in Front of House (1839), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Eembraudt paint- ing an Ape in a Family-Group (1832) ; Wed- ding of Jan Steen (1836) ; Van Craesbecke testing his Wife's Love (1839); Wedding of Prince de Ligne (1841) ; King Leopold I. and Queen Victoria visiting Tomb of Ru- bens (1843) ; Peasant Brawl, Italian Fam- ily Travelling (1854) ; Kirmess near Ant- werp (1860). — Immerzeel, iii. 8 ; Kramm, v. 1344.
REGEMORTER, PETRUS JOHANNES VAN, born in Antwerp, Sept. 8, 1755, died there, Nov. 17, 1830. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy, and perfected himself by study of old masters in a private gallery at Antwerp. Dean of the guild in 1785 ; professor at the Acad- emy in 1796-1804. He was one of the del- egates sent to Paris by the city of Antwerp in 1815 to reclaim the pictures carried off by the French in 1794, and on his return was awarded a medal struck in his honour. Excelled in painting moonlight scenes, and possessed an unusual talent for restoring old pictures, of which he saved more than three thousand for posterity ; formed many pu- pils. Works : Figures in Landscape by Lucas van Uden, Antwerp Museum ; Peas- ant Company in Vine Arbour (1796), Assem- bly of Ladies and Gentlemen (2), Gotha Museum. — Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 513 ; Im- merzeel, iii. 7.
REGILLO. See Pordenone.
REGIMENT, PASSING (Regiment qui passe), Edouard Detaille, Corcoran Gallery, AVashington ; canvas, 4 ft. 2 in. square. A regiment of the line passing down the Boulevard St. Martin at the close of a wet, snowy day in December. On extreme right is a portrait of Meissonier ; in background, Portes St. Martin and St. Denis. Salon, 1875 ; exhibited in Brussels, where bought for Corcoran Gallery.— Art Treasures of America, i. 7 ; Corcoran Gal. Cat.
REGNAULT, (ALEXANDRE GEOR- GES) HENRI, born in Paris, Oct. 30,
1843, died there, Jan. 19, 1871. Genre painter, pupil of Montfort, Lamothe and Cabanel. Won the grand prix de Rome in 1866, and spent the next two years in Italy ; then went to Spain, where he made himself famous by an equestrian port rait of General Prim. In 1869 he revisited Italy, and in the next year went to Africa, whence he re- turned to iight in the German War, and was killed at Buzenval during a sortie of the 69th Battalion of the National Guards, in which he had enrolled himself. His untime- ly death threw a halo about his name, and enhanced the already great reputation which lie enjoyed as a painter of uncommon talent, surpassed by few in energy of expression and feeling for colour. Works : Automedon (1867), Boston Museum, 1884, on deposit ; Portrait of General Prim (1869), Louvre ; Judith (1869) ; Salome (1870); Execution in Granada (1870), Louvre ; Judith and Holo- fernes, Marseilles Museum ; Veturia at the Feet of Coriolanus ; Thetis giving to Achil- les the Arms of Vulcan ; Going to the Fan- tasia in Tangiers, (Knoedler and Company, New York) ; The Pasha leaving Tangiers (left unfinished) ; Haoua ; Hassan and Na- mouna ; Inside a Harem ; Mountain Road in the Pyrenees, John G. Johnson, Philadel- phia.— Bellier, ii. 350 ; Ch. Blanc, Artistes de mon Temps, 347 ; Bailliere, Henri Re- gnault (Paris, 1872); Claretie, Peintres, etc. (1882), i. 1 ; Cazalis, Henri Regnault (Paris, 1872); Gaz. desB. Axis (1872), v. 66 ; (1873), vii. 119 ; (1882), xxv. 430 ; Old and New, xi. 99 ; Hamerton, Mod. Frenchmen, 334 ; Marx, H. Regnault (Paris, 1886) ; Na- tion, xvi. 13 ; Temple Bar, Iviii. 344 ; D. Rundschau, xvi. 306 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xv. 93.
REGNAULT, JEAN BAPTISTS, Baron, born in Paris, Oct. 19, 1754, died there, Nov. 12, 1829. Genre painter, pupil of Bardin
18
JK
.: ifcf/
HEUNIER
at Rome in 1769 ; returned to Paris, won
the 2d prix in 1775 and the grand prix de
Home in 1776,
with his Alexander
and Diogenes.
Member French
Academy, 1783;
professor in 1795 ;
received the title
of baron in 1819.
i
His school was for a time the rival of that of David. Among his pupils were Hersent, Gucrin, Blondel, Boissellier, and Richomme. Works : Baptism of Christ (1776) ; Educa- tion of Achilles (1783), Descent from the Cross (1789), Pygmalion and Venus (1785), Origin of Painting, Three Graces, Louvre ; Death of Priam (1785), Amiens Museum ; Cupid and Psyche, The Three Graces, An- gers Museum ; Education of Achilles (sketch for painting in Louvre), Avignon Museum ; Deluge, Compiegne Palace ; Pygmalion in Love with his Statue, Foutainebleau Palace ; Orestes and Iphigenia meeting in Tauris (1787), Marseilles Museum ; Male Heads (2), Montpellier Museum ; Young Girl, Orleans Museum ; The Senate receiving the Flags captured in the Campaign against Austria (1808), Marriage of Prince Jerome Bona- parte (1810), Death of General Desaix at Marengo, Portrait of Comte Montalivet (1810), Versailles Museum ; A Genius show- ing to France Liberty or Death (1795),
/ VjzmMAJui'
Kunsthalle, Hamburg.— Bellier, ii. 351; Ch. Blanc, Ecole franyaise ; Journal des Artistes, 1829 ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 387 ; L'Universel (1829), No. 339 ; Meyer, Gesch., 77 ; Quatremere de Quincy, Notice histo- rique sur la vie, etc. (Paris, 1834); Villot, Cat. Louvre.
REGNIER, JACQUES AUGUSTIN, born in Paris, Aug. 28, 1787, died there, June 2, 1860. Landscape painter, pupil of Victor Bertiu. Medals : 2d class, 1819 ; 1st class, 1828 ; L. of Honour, 1837. Works : Woods in Puy ; Coucy-le-Chateau ; Paris from the Champ de Mai's ; King Arthur's Tomb ; Monks Praying ; Joan of Arc, Fontainebleau Gallery ; Cemetery of Royat ; Bridge of Ba- tigny, Drinkiug-Place at Pierrefouds (1834); SaintJean-au-Bois ; Forest of Compiegne, Ruins of Pierrefouds (1835); View in Forest of Compiegne (1836); View near the Grande Chartreuse of Grenoble (1850), Chartres Museum ; Entrance to Forest, Arras Mu- seum ; Carthusian Monastery in Auvergne, Toulouse Museum. — Bellier, ii. 353.
REGULUS LEAVING ROME, Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 3 f t. x 4 ft Marcus Atilius Reg- ulus was allowed by the Carthaginians to go back to Rome, after five years' captivity, in order to negotiate a peace, promising to return if unsuccessful. He advised the Sen- ate not to make peace, and, fulfilling his prom- ise, was put to death, about B.C. 250. Paint- ed in Rome, 1829 ; British Institute, 1837 ; Turner Collection. Engraved by D. Wil- son ; S. Bradshaw in Turner Gallery.
REHBERG, FRIEDRICH, bora at Han- over, Oct. 22, 1758, died in Munich, Aug. 20, 1835. History and portrait painter, pupil in Leipsic of Oeser and in Dresden of Casanova and Schenau ; went in 1777 to Rome, where he studied the old masters under Mengs and was closely allied with David ; returned to Hanover in 1783, and painted many portraits ; went as instructor in drawing to Dessau in 1784, became mem- ber of Berlin Academy in 1786, and profes- sor in 1787 ; went again to Rome and in 1791 to Naples, visited London in 1813-14, and left Rome in 1820 to settle in Munich. Works : Belisarius (1790, prize, Berlin Acad- emy); CEdipus and Antigone (twice); Cain'8 Fratricide ; Julius Sabinus (twice); Bacchus, Cupid, and Bathyllus (8 times) ; Orpheus and Eurydice (2) ; Jupiter and Venus (twice);
18
REHN
Narcissus ; Venus and Cupid ; Cupid and Psyche ; 2Eneas and Dido ; Metabus in- structing his Daughter in Archery ; Niobe with her Children ; Endymion ; Allegory on Dethronement of Napoleon (1814); Pan- orama of Innsbruck (5, 1819). — Andresen, ii. Cl ; Goethe, Winckelnmnn, ii. 150 ; Nag- ler, xii. 373 ; do., Mou., ii. 864 ; Naumann, iii. 140.
EEHN, FRANK KNOX MORTON, born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 12, 1848. Ma- rine painter, pupil of the Pennsylvania Acad- emy. Exhibited first at National Academy, New York, in 1879. First prize for marine at St. Louis Exhibition, 1882 ; prize for water colour, New York, 1885 ; gold medal, 2d Prize Fund Exhibition, New York, 188C. Studio in New York. Works in oil : Fish- ing Boats in a Calm, High Tide — Cape Elizabeth (1879); Portland Light-House, Surf — New Jersey Coast (1880); Sun-shower —Atlantic Coast (1881), T. B. Clarke, New York ; Old Fish Houses — Gloucester Har- bour, Bracket's Cove — Maine (1882); Ocean Beach — New Jersey, Sundown (1883) ; Bay of Fundy, Little Good Harbour Beach — Massachusetts Coast (1884) ; Drifted on the Reef, Fishermen's Huts (1885) ; Incoming Fog, Three Fishers (1886).
REID, JOHN R, born in England ; con- temporary. Genre and portrait painter, exhibits at Royal Academy and Grosvenor Gallery. Medal, Jubilee Exhibition, Ber- lin, 188C. Works: Forbidden Ground (1877); Village Belle, Toil and Pleasure (1879) ; Peace and War (1881) ; Leaving the Old Home, Homeless and Homewards, Dead for a Ducat— Dead (1882); Darby and Joan, A Spill, The Yarn (1883); An Ugly Customer, Rival Grandfathers (1884) ; The Fatherless, The Mermaid, Seed Time— Cornwall (1885); The Shipwreck, Calm Evening (1886).
REIFFENSTEIN, KARL THEODOR, born in Frankfort, Jan. 12, 1820. Land- scape painter, pupil of Stiidel Institute un- der Veit and Jakob Becker, and studied nature in the mountains of Middle Ger- many, in Switzerland, Belgium, England,
France, and Italy. Medal, Vienna, 1873. Corresponding member of Cercle artistique in Belgium, 1768. Works: Forest Still- ness (1845), Magdeburg Gallery ; Black Pond in the Riesengebirge (1855) ; Lake Vierwaldstitdt, The Orteler (1856); Morn- ing in the Ramsau (1857); 17 Views of Cas- tle Waldleiningen and Amorbach in the Odenwald (1857), Queen Victoria ; Acqua Claudia near Rome ; Approach to Burg Landskron ; The Dachstein (1861) ; Castle Braunfels (1866) ; Picturesque and Roman- tic Frankfort (1,700 water-colours, 1875), Archival. Museum, Frankfort. — Kaulen, 247; Miiller, 433.
REIGNIER, JEAN, born in Lyons, Aug. 3, 1815, died there in January, 1886. Flower painter, pupil of the Lyons School of Art, where he became professor in 1854. Med- als : 2d class, 1848, 1861 ; L. of Honour, 1863. Works : Garland around Cross by which is a Dog as Emblem of Fidelity (1842), Nimes Museum ; Memorial to the Flower-Painter Berjon Antoine (1845) ; do. to Queen of Belgium (1852) ; do. to Queen Hortense (1857), Lyons Museum ; Fruits, Grenoble Museum. — Bellier, ii. 354.
REINAGLE, PHILIP, born in 1749, died at Chelsea, Nov. 27, 1833. Portrait, land- scape, and animal painter, pupil of Allan Ramsay in portraiture, and student at Royal Academy in 1769 ; elected an A.R.A. in 1787, and R.A. in 1812. Painted chiefly hunting and sporting subjects, many of which were engraved by J. Scott. Also made copies of the Dutch masters, some of which have passed as originals. His son, Richard Ram- say Reinagle (1775-1862, R.A. 1823), was a landscape and animal painter ; and his grand- son, George Philip Reinagle, son of Richard Ramsay (1802-35), was a marine painter. — Redgrave ; Sandby, i. 345.
REINER, WENZEL LORENZ, born at Prague in 1686, died there, Oct. 9, 1743. German school ; history, genre, and land- scape painter, pupil of Peter Brandel, and of Schweiger in Prague. His early battle- pieces resemble those of Pieter van Bloe-
IlEINIIART
men. Painted equally well in fresco and oiL Works : Martyrdom of Jesuit Mission- aries (4), Prague Gallery ; Orpheus charm- ing the Animals, Landscape with Horses, do. with Birds, Nostitz Gallery, Prague ; Altai-piece, St. Peter's, ib.; do., All Saints and St. Jacob's, ib.; Frescos in Crusaders' Church, ib.; do., St. Thomas, St. .iEgidius, Loretto, and Ursulines, ib.; Fall of the Giants, Czeruin Palace, ib.; Battle-Piece, Count Krakowsky-Kolowrat, ib. ; Campo Vaccino in Eome, Golden House of Nero, ib., Dresden Gallery. — Dlabacz, ii. 551 ; D. Kunstbl. (1850), 413 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 553 ; Wurzbach, xxv. 202.
REINHAET, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, born at Waynesburg, Penn., Aug. 29, 182!), died in Philadelphia, May 3, 1885. Por- trait, genre, and history painter, studied iu Diisseldorf, Paris, and Rome in 1850-53 ; went in 18G1 to England, whence he re- turned to America in 18G8 and travelled in the South and West. Elected an A.N.A. in 1872. Works : Cleopatra (1865); After the Crucifixion (1875) ; Katrina Van Tassel, Pocahoutas (1878) ; Nymphs of the Wood (1879) ; Captain Kidd and the Governor, Baby Mine (1884). Portraits: Princess of WTales ; Countess of Portsmouth ; Lady Fane Tempest ; Lord Brougham ; Carlyle ; Tennyson ; Charles O'Couor ; Chief Jus- tice Daly ; Bishop Mcllvaiue ; John Phil- lips, R.A.
REINHART, CHARLES STANLEY, born at Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1844. Genre painter, studied in Paris and at the Royal Academy, Munich, under Professors Strey- hiiber and Otto. Has drawn illustrations for several American periodicals, and exhib- ited works in oil, water-colour, and black and white, at the National Academy in New York, where his professional life has chiefly been passed. Member of art clubs in Mu- nich, Pittsburgh, and New York. Studio in Paris, 1882-86. Works in oil : Clearing Up, Caught Napping (1875) ; Reconnoitring (1876); Rebuke (1877) ; September Morn- ing (1879) ; Old Life-Boat (1880) ; Coast of
Normandy (1882) ; In a Garden (1883) ; Mussel Fisherwoman, Flats at Villerville (1884) ; Sunday (1885) ; English Garden, Fisherman of Villerville (1886). Water- colours : Gathering Wood, Close of Day (1877) ; At the Ferry (1878).
REINHART, (JOHANN) CHRISTIAN. bom near Hof, Franconia, Jan. 24, 1761, died in Rome, June 8, 1847. Land- scape and animal painter, pupil in Leipsic of Oeser, and in Dresden . of Klengel ; after painting for Duke of Meiningen, went in 1789 to Rome, where he was allied with Koch, Carsteus, Fernow, Voogd, and Wagner ; visited Naples in 1804-5, made excavations at Ostia in 1810- 11, and became member of Berlin Academy in 1810, of Accadcmia S. Luca in Koine in 1813, and of Munich Academy in 1830. Works : Landscape with Cain and Abel, do. with Story of Queen Hypsipyle, Stiidel Gal- lery, Frankfort ; Storm Landscape (1824) ; Landscape with Psyche (1829), Leipsic Mu- seum ; Four Views near Rome (two dated 1836, 1846), New Piuakothek, Munich; Ideal Landscape, Gotha Gallery ; Acqua Acetosa near Rome, Landscape with Castle, do. with Bathers, Kohlrausch Collection, Hanover ; Storm Landscape, Stuttgart Mu- seum ; eight Historical Landscapes (1825), Villa Massimi, Rome. — Andresen, i. 177 ; Forster, iv. 81 ; Goethe, Winckelmaun, it- 172 ; Kugler, kL Schr., iii. 46 ; Nagler, xil 399 ; Riegel, Gesch. des Wiederauflebens der d. K., 123, 334 ; Zeitechr. f. b. K, xviii. 67.
REINHOLD, FRD3DRICH PHILIPP, born at Gera in 1779, died in Vienna, April 22, 1840. Landscape painter, first instruct- ed in Dresden, then pupil of Vienna Acad- emy, and the head of a numerous family of artists; painted at first history and por-
REINHOLD
traits, took up landscape painting in 1814, and soon acquired reputation and great fa- vour in Vienna. Works : Peasant Cottage with Two Women and a Child, Hohenstau- fen Mountain seen from Aigen, Vienna Mu- seum ; Ideal Landscapes (1816, 1820, 1822, 3 ; 1826, 3 ; 1835) ; Cemetery with Chapel, Cupid shedding Arrows among the Animals (1824) ; Views in Salzburg (3), do. in Sor- rento (1832) ; Si George's Fight with the Dragon (1834) ; Grass Mower Drinking (1837) ; The Outcast (1838). His sons, Franz and Friedrich, were also landscape painters, and exhibited in Vienna in 1816- 50. Landscape by Franz in Vienna Muse- um.—Hormayr, Archiv (1821), Nos. 27, 28 ; (1822), Nos. 95, 152 ; (1824), Nos. 105, 106 ; Wurzbach, xxv. 217.
REINHOLD, HEINRICH, born at Gera in 1790, died at Albano, Jan. 15, 1825. Landscape painter, brother of preceding, studied first in Dresden, then at Vienna Academy, and in 1809-14 in Paris ; went to Koine in 1819. Works : Capo d'Orlando on Coast of Sicily (1821), National Gallery, Berlin ; Capuchin Garden near Sorrento, New Pinakothek, Munich ; View in Carin- thian Alps ; Grotto La Cucumella in Naples ; View of Capri ; View in Piano di Sorrento, Leipsic Museum ; View of .ZEtna from Ta- ormina. His younger brother, Gustav, land- scape painter, pupil of Friedrich Philipp, exhibited in Vienna in 1826-46, and lived also some time in Rome. — Hormayr, Archiv (1821), 108 ; N. Necrol. der D. (1825), 1279 ; Riegel, Gesch. des Wiederauflebens der d. K, 337 ; Wurzbach, xxv. 220.
REMBRANDT VAN RYN, born in Ley- den, July 15, 1607, died in Amsterdam, buried Oct. 8, 1669. Dutch school; his father, Harmen Gerritsz, a miller, and his mother, Neeltgen Willems van Suyddtbroek, daughter of a baker, lived in a house situ- ated in the Weddersteeg (Street of the Tank), near the Witte Poort (White Gate) and there Rembrandt was born. Having little taste for books, and a strong natural love of art, he was early apprenticed for
three years to lakob Isaacz van Swanen- burch, a second-rate painter, who had set- tied at Leyden in 1617 after his return from Italy. Then followed six months' study with Pieter Lastman, and a re- turn to Leyden about 1624. Rem- \ brandt's earliest signed works date from 1627. Three years later (1630) he removed from Leyden to Amsterdam, where he spent the remain- der of his life. He never left Holland, and in it visited only Dordrecht, Friesland, Gueldres, and perhaps Cloves. With his first wife, Saskia van Ulenburgh, whom he married in 1634, and who died in 1642, he lived very happily, and the portraits of her at Cassel (1633), Dresden (1633, 1641 ?), and Berlin (1643), are among his finest works. They lived in a house at Amsterdam, in the Breedstraat, where he collected many fine Italian and Dutch pictures, glass, armour, porcelain, etc. Here he painted, etched, and directed the studies of numerous pu- pils. For fourteen years after Saskia's death Rembrandt and his son, Titus, lived in this house, at the end of which time, as his af- fairs were hopelessly involved, it was sold by auction with its contents. For the re- mainder of his days the great artist lived in comparative poverty. As etcher and painter, he holds a unique place in the his- tory of art. No one has rivalled him in the management of light and shade ; few in col- our, in character, in the expression of home- ly but deep sentiment. Absolutely origi- nal, he taught many able scholars, whose best efforts only show how unapproachable he is. Works : Old Man with Gorget and Turban (1630 or 1631), Portrait of Coppe- nol (1631), Youth (1634), Portrait of a Turk (1636?), Sobrisky Portrait (1636?), Elderly Lady (1637 or 1638), Rembrandt's Mother (1640), Rabbi Manasseh Ben Israel (1645),
REMBRANDT
Warrior (1650), Three Female Portraits (1654), Two Portraits of Old Men (1654), Young Lady at Toilet Table (1654), Young Woman (1656), Girl with Broom, Portrait of a Youth (1660), Male do. (1666), Incre- dulity of St. Thomas (1634), Descent from the Cross (1634), Workers in the Vineyard (1637), Return of Prodigal Son, Sacrifice of Abraham (1635), Denial of St. Peter, Her- mitage, St Petersburg ; Susanna (1633), Youssoupoff Collection, St. Petersburg ; St. Anastasius (1631), Saskia? (1632), Old Man (1633 ?), Rembrandt's Cook (1651), Old Man and his Wife (1655), Oath of Ziska (1662), Stockholm Museum ; Dutch Noble and his Wife (1656), Christ at Emmaus (1648), Co- penhagen Museum ; Old Woman, Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ; Presentation in Temple (1631), Lesson in Anatomy (1632), Susanna (1637), Portrait of a Youth, do. of Rembrandt, Hague Museum ; Sortie of the Banning Cock Company (1642), Jewish Bride (1657?), Syndics of the Cloth Hall (1661), Fragment of Lesson in Anatomy (1656), Fe- male Portrait, Amsterdam Museum ; Alle- gory on Westphalian Peace (1648), Rotter- dam Museum ; Burgomaster Sis, Van Six Collection ; Young Angler, Old Jew, Wom- an, Antwerp Museum ; Male Portrait (1641), Old Lady's do. (1654), Brussels Museum ; Two Portraits of Saskia (1633 and 1641 ?), Rape of Ganymede (1645), Seven Male Por- traits, Samson's Wedding (1638), Sacrifice of Manoah (1641), Rembrandt and his First Wife, Rembrandt (1657), Landscape, Dres- den Gallery ; Old Man, Turk (bust), Por- traits of Flinck and his Wife, do. of a Young Lady and a Young Man, Nativity, Descent from the Cross (1653), Resurrection, Abra- ham and Hagar, Landscape, Christ in the Temple, Munich Gallery; Wife of Tobias with the Goat (1645), Joseph's Dream (1645), Moses breaking the Tablets (1659), Jacob wrestling with the Angel, Money Changer (1627), Rape of Proserpine, Joseph and Poti- phar's Wife (1655), Vision of Daniel, Por- trait of Saskia (1643), do. of a Rabbi (1645), do. of himself (2), Samson threatening his
Father-in-Law, Berlin Museum ; Six Por- traits of Old Men (1630), do. (1632), do. (1635, 1656), Portrait of Lieven van Coppe- nol (1632) ; do. of Saskia (1633), do. of Young Man (1633), do. of Jan Krul (1634), Man with Helmet (1634), Samson and Delilah (1636), Winter Scene (1636), Male Portrait (1639), Young Lady (1642), Holy Family (1646), Landscape (1653), Man in Armour (1655), Standard-Bearer (1655), Jacob's Blessing (1656), Two Male Portraits (1656), Portrait of Rembrandt (1656), do. of Bruy- ningh (1658), Cassel Gallery ; Portrait of Grotius (1631), Student Philosophers (1633), Lady (1633), Warrior (1638), Noli me Tan- gere (1653), Landscape (1656), Rembrandt and Family (1662-64), Brunswick Gallery ; St. Paul in Prison (1627), Stuttgart Gallery ; Two Female Portraits, Stiidel Gallery, Frank- fort ; St. Paul (1636), Rembrandt's Mother (1639), Vienna Museum ; Raphael leaving Tobias (1637), Good Samaritan (1648), St Matthew (1661), Supper at Emmaus (1648), Philosopher in Meditation (1633), Mi'nage du Menuisier (1640), Venus and Cupid, Four Portraits of Rembrandt (1633, 1634, 1637, 1660), Old Man (1638), Young do. (1658), Woman at the Bath (2, one dated 1654), Male (1651), and Female Portrait, Louvre, Paris ; Artemisia, Madrid Museum ; Deposition from the Cross, Woman taken in Adultery (1644), Adoration of the Shep- herds (1646), Jew Merchant, Woman Bath- ing (1654), Landscape with Tobias and the Angel, Capuchin Friar, Rabbi (?), Portraits of Rembrandt (2, one dated 1640), do. of a Woman (1666), Male Portrait (1659), Old Lady (1634), Male Portrait (1635), National Gallery, London ; The Door of the Sepul- chre (1638), Portrait of Rembrandt (1642?), Shipbuilder (1633), The Burgomaster and his Wife, Woman with the Fan, Adoration of the Magi (1657), Buckingham Palare ; Portraits of Burgomaster Pellicorne, his Wife, Son, and Daughter, Unjust Steward, Hertford House ; Woman token in Adul- tery, Isaac blessing Jacob, Blenheim sale, London, 1886 ; Visitation, Man with Falcon
REMBRANDT
and Wife, Portraits of Berghem and "Wife, Landscape, Grosvenor House ; Rembrandt's Mill, Marquis of Lansdowne ; Male Portrait, St. John Preaching, Lord Dudley ; Old Wom- an, Landscape, Lord Overstone ; Feast of Belshazzar, Lord Derby ; Tribute Money, Interior with Figures, Hope Collection ; Daniel before Nebuchadnezzar, Lord Scars- dale ; Standard-Bearer, Lord Warwick ; Bust of a Young Man (1632), Girl at Window (1645), Dulwich Gallery; Jewish Eabbi, Turin Gallery ; Old Man, Portrait of Rem- brandt, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Cottage Interior, Landscape, Uffizi, Florence ; Le Doreur (1640), William Schaus, New York. — Ch. Blanc, L'CEuvre complet de R. (Paris, 1880); Dutuit,
1880); Amand- /~~^ , f Durand, CEuvre
C/Te/m wcunat de R- (Paris,
" 1880); Scheltema,
Eembrandt (Par- is, 1866); Mollett, Rembrandt (London, 1882); Vosmaer, Rem- brandt (2d ed., 1877) ; Bode, Studien, 24, 29, 354, 359-611, 617; Burger, Trt-sors d'Art (3d ed., 1855), 244 ; Waagen, Treas- ures ; Eug. Fromentin, les Maitres d'Autre- fois ; Immerzeel, iii. 9 ; Jal, 1046 ; Kramm, v. 1346 ; vii. 122 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 363 ; Middleton, Descriptive Catalogue ; Richter, Dulwich Cat.; Riegel, Beitriige, i. 67, 73, 88, 133, 146, 154 ; ii. 232, 265, 273 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1885), xxxii. 328, 498 ; Graph. K, iii. 49 ; Kunst-Chronik, xii. 425, 457, 571, 697, 785 ; xvii. 267 ; xviii. 473 ; xix. 10 ; xxi. 705 ; Les Lettres et les Arts, i. 91 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i. 192 ; iv. 101, 159 ; v. 169, 237, 304 ; viii. 16, 145, 190, 234, 267, 343 ; x. 319 (Mittheilungen, iii. 37) ; xi. 125, 222 (Mit- theilungen, iv. 42) ; xii. 32, 322 ; xiii. 224 ; xvii. 58, 386 ; xix. 30.
REMBRANDT, portraits, Rembrandt. There are more than forty portraits by him-
self, representing himself at different ages and with various accessories. Among those in public galleries are : Louvre (4, 1633, 1634, 1637, 1660) ; National Gallery, Lon- don (2, 1640, and about 1664) ; Dresden, (1657) ; Cassel (4) ; Hague (2) ; Carlsruhe ; Brunswick ; Gotha ; Nuremberg ; Berlin (2, 1634, and about 1634-35); Vienna (2, about 1658, and 1666-68) ; Naples ; Uffizi, Flor- ence (2); Palazzo Pitti, ib. (2); Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (1650) ; Dulwich Gal- lery (1632) ; Buckingham Palace (about 1642) ; Lord Ashburton (old age) ; Bridge- water House (about 1657) ; Lansdowne House (old age) ; Grosvenor House (1630) ; Sir Richard Wallace (3, one dated 1643) ; Earl of Leconfield ; Earl of Portarlington ; Earl of Kinnaird ; Duke of Bedford ; Duke of Buccleugh ; Lord Caledon ; M. Secretan, Paris. — Bode, Studien ; Vosmaer, Rem- brandt ; Smith, Cat. Raisonnee.
REMBRANDT AND HIS FAMILY, Rem- brandt, Brunswick Gallery ; H. 4 ft. 4 in. x 5 ft. 9 in.; signed. A lady seated, with a child on her lap, while two little girls of five and seven stand beside her ; at left, stand- ing, a man with brown hair and moustaches, giving a flower to one of the girls. The same persons as those represented in the Jewish Bride. — Mollett, Rembrandt, 73 ; Vosmaer, 301, 491.
REMBRANDT'S MILL, Rembrandt, Mar- quis of Lansdowne, Bowood ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 2 in. A mill and a house in a landscape, with water below and figures ; background, a luminous evening sky, with dark rain-clouds. — Waagen, Treasures, iii. 157.
REMY, MARIE, born in Berlin, Nov. 21, 1829. Flower painter, daughter and pupil of the history and portrait painter, August Remy, then studied with Hermine Stilke, and Theude Gronland ; visited England, Paris, Switzerland, Tyrol, and Italy. Works : Italian Flowers and Fruits (26), National Gallery, Berlin.— Miiller, 435.
RENARD, EMELE, born at Sevres ; con- temporary. Landscape, genre, and portrait
24
RENE
painter, pupil of Cabanel and of Cesar de Cock. Medal, 3d class, 1876. Works: Path in Woods of Sevres, Pond in Woods of Chaville (1873); In the Woods, Autumn, Re- pose (1875); Grandmother's Portrait (187C), Luxembourg Museum ; Bad News, Violetta (1878); Flotsam (1879); Antonietta (1880) ; Palm Sunday, The Little Arm of the Orge at Athis (1882) ; Repose, Seamstress Day (1883); Sweet Slumber (1885).
RENE D'ANJOU, surnamed the Good, born in castle of Augers in 1408, died in Provence in 1480. French school ; illumi- nator, painter, poet, and patron of arts ; second son of Louis IE., Duke of Anjou, Comte de Provence and titular King of Na- ples. Summonzio, the Neapolitan writer, says that King Reno was a good painter in the Flemish style, but several pictures at- tributed to him are now shown to be by another hand ; as, for example, the famous Triptych with the Burning Bush, etc., in the Cathedral at Aix, a work of Nicolas Froment of Avignon (1475), who was in King Rene's employ ; and another Triptych by the same hand in the Uffizi. The illuminated MS. of " La tres douce mercy " (1497), at Vienna, is admitted to be the King's handiwork. Many pictures attributed to him in churches at Aix, Angers, Lyons, Avignon, and Mar- seilles, were destroyed during the revolution. Works attributed to King Rene : Diptych, Vision of S. Bernardino of Siena, Coronation of Virgin, Hospital at Villeneuve ; Praying Cardinal, Avignon Museum ; Portraits of Charles VH., and Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. — W. & W., ii. 78 ; Schuaase, viii. 321 ; Mtintz, La Renaissance, 481 ; Michiels, iii. 187 ; CEuvres completes du Roi Rene avec une biographie (Angers, 1845). RENI, GUIDO. See Guido RenL RENOIR; contemporary. Genre, por- trait, landscape, flower, and fruit painter ; impressionist Of his works were exhibited in New York, 1886 : Femme au Corset, Head of Young Girl, The Bather (2), Flow- ers (2), Apples, Melons and Figs, Young Lady in a Garden, Fishermen's Children,
On the Terrace, Dejeuner at Bougivol, Box at the Opera, Rain in Paris, Dmiee at Bou- gival, Windy Day at Guernsey, In the Cir- cus, A Servant, The Bath, Sail-Boats on the Argenteuil, Bather on Seashore, Woman Reading, Venice, After the Bath, Peonies, Child's Toilet, Preparing for the Bath, Gera- niums and Cats, Summer, Winter, On Shore, Six Portraits.— La France, Dec. 8, 1884.
RENOUF, EMILE, born ill Paris, June 23, 1845. Land- scape, marine, aud genre painter, pupil of Boulanger, Jules Lefebvre, and Caro- | lus-Duran. Medals : Paris, 2d class, 1880; Munich, 1st class, 1883. Visited Amer- ica in October, 1886.
J Works : Views near Honfleur (1870, 1872, ! 1873, 1875, 1877) ; After the Rain at Sun- set, Tounie done, mousse ! (1876) ; Valley in Finistere (1877) ! Maisou du Haut-du- Vent at Mouth of the Seine (1878) ; End of Day, Last Repair, my poor friend ! (1879) ; The Widow, La Pierre-des-Pendus (1880) ; A coup de main, Corcoran Gallery, Wash- ington ; After a Gust of Wind (1881) ; The Pilot (Wm. Sclwus, New York), Lizzie (1883); Sunset (1884); ATar(1885); Adrift (1886).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 758 ; Zeit- schr. f. b. K., six. 258.
RENOUX, CHARLES CAlUS, Iwrn in Paris in 1795, died there, March 15, 1846. Landscape and architecture painter. Med- ! als : 2d class, 1822 ; 1st class, 1831 ; L. of ' Honour, 1838. Works : Interior of Saint- Etieune-du-Mont (1824), formerly in Lux- embourg Museum ; Views at MonU'-limart, Corps, and near Gerame, Subterranean do. in the Arena at Aries, Interior in 16th Cen- tury (1831); Taking of Chateau de 1'Esoal- cette, 1676, do. of Ghent, 1678, do. of Phil- ipsbourg, 1688, do. of Roses, 1693, do. of Palamos, 1694, Treaty between the Crusa- ders and Venetians in St. Mark's, 1201 (1839), Marriage of the Due de Berry, 1816
KENT-DAY
(1843), Opening at the Louvre of the Leg- islative Session in 1823 (1843), Versailles Museum ; Henri d'Albret received into the Chapter at Auch, Amiens Museum ; Land- scape with Factories, Interior of Monastery near Aries, Interior of a Vault, Landscape, do. with Figures, Bordeaux Museum ; In- terior of Basle Cathedral, Colmar Museum ; Vault Interior, Lisieux Museum ; Rocks, Nantes Museum ; Rhine View (1831), Or- leans Museum ; The Antiquary, Leipsic Museum. — Bellier, ii. 361.
RENT-DAY, Sir DcmdWUkie, John Chap- man (?); canvas. Tenants paying their rent to the landlord, who is seated behind a table
Rent-Day, Sir David W.lkie, John Chapman (
at left ; at right, a table with several persons eating ; 18 figures. Painted in 1808 ; sold for £150 to Earl of Mulgrave, after whose death it was offered for sale, but bought in for 750 guineas; afterward sold to J. Chapman for about £2,000. Engraved by A. Raimbach. — Heaton, Works of Sir D. W. ; Mollett, 30. RENTZELL, AUGUST VON, born at Ma- rienwerder, West Prussia, in 1810. Genre painter, pupil in Berlin of Karl Begas ; went for some time to Diisseldorf and set- tled in Berlin ; represents comical situations and little fatalities of human life. Works : Cab in Rainstorm claimed by Several Per- sons ; Late Packing (1842); Picture Dealer
in Tyrolese Village ; In the Stable ; First Ride ; Sunday Morning ; Alpine Hunter ; Travellers on Austrian Frontier ; Afternoon on Lake Vierwaldstiidt ; Mid-day Rest in the Open, Sleeping Grandmother (1847), Raveno Gallery, Berlin. — Rosenberg, Berl. Maler- schule, 70.
REPOSE IN EGYPT, Paul Delaroche, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart., London. The Vir- gin seated with Infant Jesus asleep on her knees ; in background, St. Joseph. Called sometimes Vierge au lezard. Painted for Lord Hertford. Engraved by Martinet. — Larousse, xiii. 995.
By Anton van Dyck, Hermitage, St. Pe- tersburg ; canvas, H. 7 ft. x 9 ft. 1 in. Same as the Palazzo Pitti picture, ex- cept that the angels are re- placed by some partridges, whence sometimes called Madonna with the Par- tridges. In Collection of Charles I, valued at £40 ; Collection of M. van Loo, Amsterdam (1713), 12,050 florins ; Collection of M. Valkenburg, Rotterdam (1731), 12,150 florins; bought by Earl of Orford for £800 for Houghton Collection, and sold, with other pictures, to Empress Catherine in 1795 for £36,000. Engraved by S. G. and J. G. Facius ; lithographed by Huoi— Guiffrey, 245 ; Smith, iii. 81.
By Anton van Dijck, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft. 6 in. The Vir- gin seated under a tree, with Jesus sleeping on her breast ; at left, St. Joseph. En- graved by Bolswert ; Ragot ; C. Waumans ; Edelinck ; J. Burger.— Smith, iii. 17 ; Klas. der Malerei, PI. 13 ; Guiffrey, 244.
By Anton van Dyck, Palazzo Pitti, Flor- ence ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. The Virgin seated on a bank under trees, hold- ing Jesus erect in her lap, and St. Joseph sitting behind ; their attention is directed
REPUBLICAN
toward eight boy angels dancing in a ring before them ; above, in clouds, a choir of four angels. Passed from Collection of Marquis Gerini to Palazzo Pitti in 1818. Engraved by Bolswert ; J. Coelemans (1698) ; J. Troyen ; Susanna Verbruggen ; L. Martelli ; Pilizotti. Replica (3 ft. 8 iu. x 4 ft. 9 in.), Collection of Lord Ashburton. —Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii. PL 110 ; Guiffrey, 245 ; Smith, iii. 81 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 102.
By Luc Olivier Merson, S. A. Coale, Jr., St. Louis ; canvas, H. 2 ft. x 4 ft. Night scene, the Nile in the distance ; in fore- ground, left, the Sphinx, with the Virgin and Child reposing between its paws ; at its foot, St. Joseph, asleep, and the ass, teth- ered beside him, cropping the herbage. Sa- lon, 1879. — Art Treasures of America, iii. 52.
By Murillo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 11 in. The Vir- gin, seated by a tree, in centre, watches Je- sus sleeping on a rock beside her ; at right, St. Joseph, holding the bridle of the ass ; at left, beside the Virgin, two cherubs ; in foreground, a bottle, a pack, and a broad- brimmed hat ; background, landscape. Gai- gnat sale (1768), 17,535 livres. Mezzo-tint, J. Walker. Repetitions : Earl of Northbrook, London ; Leigh Court Collection, Somer- set ; Glasgow Museum. Copy (?) by Tobar in Munich Gallery. Engraved by Sanders. — Descr. de 1'Ermitage, 25 ; Curtis, 169 ; Hermitage Cat., 129.
By Murillo, Earl of Strafford, Wrotham Park, Herts, Eng. ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. The Virgin, seated in centre, adores Jesus in her lap ; at left, St. Joseph, holding the ass, also in adoration ; on ground, between the group, a gourd bottle, a straw hat, and a bundle ; at right, two cherubs in adoration ; above, three cherubs, one of them hanging a curtain between trees, as a screen ; background, mountains. — Waa- gen, Treasures, iv. 320 ; Curtis, 170.
By Nicolas Poussin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 2 ft 3 in. x 1 ft. 7 in. The Virgin seated,
holds on her knees Jesus, who caresses the young St. John, who is presented by St. Elizabeth, kneeling; behind, St Joseph standing. Painted in 1651 for Due de Crv- qui Engraved by J. Pesne ; Massard ; Ni- quet— FilhoL vii. 487 ; Cat. Louvre.
By Paolo Veronese, Munich Gallery ; can- vas, H. 7 ft. 4 in. X 5 ft 2 iu.; signed. The Virgin gives the breast to Jesus while some angels gather fruits.
REPUBLICAN COURT, Daniel Hunting, ton, A. T. Stewart Collection, New York ; canvas, H. 6 ft. x 10 ft A reception at Wash- ington in the second term of President Washington's administration. Mrs. Wash- ington at left, standing, with Nelly Custis and Mrs. Robert Morris on her left, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, and Johu Jay at her right, and other celebrites of the time be- hind her ; in centre, background, General Washington in conversation with Harriet Chew and surrounded by Jonathan Trum- bull, Oliver Ellsworth, Thomas Jefferson, the Duke of Kent, and others ; at right, Mrs. George Clinton, seated, in conversation with Mrs. Ralph Izard, with Mrs. John Jay and other ladies iu foreground and many prominent men in background. Painted iu 1876. Engraved by Alexander H. Ritchie.
RESPECT, Paolo Veronese, Cobham Hall, England ; canvas, 5 ft 10 in. square. A woman, nude, lying asleep, toward whom Cupid is drawing a man, who is held back by an old man in the background. Waagen thinks it wrongly named, and says it ap- pears rather to exemplify the triumph of passion over reason. From collection of Queen Christina of Sweden to Orleans Gal- lery ; valued at sale in 1793 at £150, sold for 44 guineas. Engraved by L. Desplaces ; M. Pelletier. — Waagen, Treasures, ii. 499 ; iii 20 ; Cab. Crozat, ii. PL 25.
RESTOUT, JEAN, the younger, born at Rouen, March 26, 1692, died in Paris, Jan. 1, 1768. French school ; history painter, son of Jean Restout, the elder (1663-1702), pu- pil of his uncle, Jean Jouvenet In 1717 he won the grand prix de Rome and was ac-
RESTOUT
cepted as an honorary member of the Acad- emy. Full member of the Academy in 1720, professor in 1733, and director in 1760. Was also associate of the Academies of Rouen and Caen. Works : Venus asking Vulcan for Arms for .ZEneas (1717) ; Ananias laying Hands on
St. Paul (1718), Louvre ; Arethusa escaping from Alpheus (1720), Com- piegne Palace ; Christ healing a Paralytic (1725), Louvre ; Alexander the Great taking the Potion from Philip, Last Supper, Amiens Muse- um ; Good Samaritan (1736), An- gers Museum ; Prophet Ezekiel, Presentation in the Temple, Bor- deaux Museum ; St. John having baptized Christ, humbles himself before the Son of God, Dijon Mu- seum ; Martyrdom of St. Andrew, Grenoble Museum ; Christ at Em- maus (1735), Lille Museum; Christ's Charge to St. Peter, Marseilles Mu- seum ; Portrait of himself, Metz Museum ; Portrait of an Architect, Nancy Museum ; Christ on Mount of Olives, Annunciation, Orleans Museum ; Presentation of the Vir- gin, Rouen Museum ; Telemachus relating his adventures to Calypso, Rennes Museum ; Old Man's Head, Valenciennes Museum ; Portrait of a Physician, Versailles
sumption, Sens Cathedral. Villot, Cat. Lou- vre ; Ch. Blanc, ficole fran§aise ; Jal, 1054. RESTOUT, JEAN BERNARD, born in Paris, Feb. 22, 1732, died there, July 18,
/ 7 J4
Museum ; Herminia at the Shepherd's, Toi- let of Herminia, Fontainebleau Palace ; As-
Resurrection, Annibale Carracci, Louvre.
1797. French school ; history painter, son and pupil of preceding ; won the second prize in 1755, and the grand prize in 1758 ; then studied in Rome, returned in 1765, and was received into the Academy in 1769, but severed his connection in 1771, not wish- ing to submit to its regulations. Member also of Caen, Rouen, and Toulouse Acad- emies. Works : St. Bruno in Prayer in the Desert (1763), Louvre ; Diogenes, Phile- mon and Baucis (sketch), Toulouse Muse- um ; Anacreon singing his Poems to his Mistress (1765), Jupiter and Mercury at the
28
RESURRECTION
Table of Philemon and Baucis (1769), Tours Museum. — Bellier, ii. 364 ; Chennevieres, Peintres provinciaux de 1'ancienne France, iii. 317.
RESURRECTION, Annibale Carracci, Louvre ; canvas, arched, H. 7 f t 1 in. x 5 ft
Resurrection, Pietro Perugino, Vatican, Rome.
3 in. ; signed, dated 1593. Christ, within a glory of angels, has risen from the tomb ; one of the soldiers is sleeping on the sepul- chre, the seals of which are unbroken ; an- other, at left, runs with a flag ; a third, at right, is about to draw his sword ; others stricken with fear. Painted for the Luchi- ni, rich merchants ; bought for Louis XIV. in 1685 for 4,000 livres. Copy, small with variations, on copper, in Louvre ; engraved by G. M. Mitelli.— Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Lan- don, Musee, xi. PI. 33.
By Filippino Lippi, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 5 ft. x 4 ft. 10 in.; predella, 1 ft.X
4 ft. 10 iu. Christ appears to the Virgin
with the marks of the Crucifixion on his body ; above, in a glory of cherubim, God the Father, with the Virgin and Gabriel kneeling on clouds at sides ; below, in laud- scape, people in adoration. In the predella, Christ rising from the sepulchre, supported by angels and attended on right by SS. Dominic, Clara, and Catharine of Siena ; on left, by SS. Francis, Louis of Toulouse, and Bernardino of Siena. Belonged to the Bare- foot Monks of Palco, near Prato. The order was given to Domenico Ghirlandajo in 1491, but it was executed by Filippino Lip- pi in 1495.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 444.
By Francesco Manteyna (?), National Gal- lery, London ; wood, H. 1 f t 6 in. x 1 ft. Christ, partly clad in a red mantle, stands on edge of the sepulchre, which is built into a pyramidal rock that rises in centre nearly to top of picture ; five soldiers at base, four asleep and one watching. The expressions are excellent, and the execution is marked by careful finish. Bought in 1881 from A. W. Thibaudeau for £300.—
- ->:'TI
• rt~^rL>' x*7v3 '~- i &3U
. j«v; ' Vv
; i n^'^t^s —
&w^-
56 M .n i ^®feaif i^
f ',- ^ ^j
Resurrection, Raffaellino del Garbo, Florence Academy.
Athenseum (1881), No. 2807, 216 ; Richter, 68, 110.
By Murillo, Academia S. Fernando, Ma- drid ; canvas, H. 8 ft X 5 ft 4 in. Christ ascending, with a red banner in his left
RETIIEL
hand and pointing up with his right ; be- low, guards sleeping by the tomb. Former- ly in Convent of the Merced Calzada, Sev- ille ; carried off by Marshal Soult ; returned to Madrid in 1814. Engraved by Franch. Study was in Standish Collection.— C. Ber- mudez, ii. 59 ; Ponz, Viage, ix. 107 ; Curtis, 206.
By Pietro Peritgino (and Raphael ?), Vati- can, Rome ; wood, arched. Christ, in an almond-shaped glory, with an angel on each side, has risen from the tomb ; three sol- diers sleeping and one running away. The flying soldier is said to be the portrait of Perugino, and the sleeping youth on the right that of Raphael, who probably had a share in the painting of this picture. Paint- ed for S. Francesco de' Conventuali, Peru- gia, after 1504 Taken to Paris ; returned in 1815.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 219 ; Pistolesi, Vaticano, vi. PI. 69 ; Miintz, 53 ; Passavant, ii. 4.
By Baffaellino del Garbo, Florence Acad- emy ; wood, figures half life-size. Christ rises from the sepulchre, the cover of which has fallen on one of the guards ; other sol- diers running away in terror ; landscape background of a town, ruins, rocks, and trees. Formerly in S. Bartolommeo at Monte Oliveto. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 235 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 419.
By Raphael, Vatican ; wood, H. 7 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 6 in. Christ, supported on a cloud, blesses the world as he rises from the tomb ; two guards, thought by some to resemble Raphael and Perugino, sleep near ; in dis- tance, two more run away. Attributed to Perugino, but probably by Raphael when under him (1495-1500). Painted for S. Francesco, Perugia ; carried to Paris in 1797 ; sent to Vatican in 1815. Engraved by Graffonara ; Rehberg. Studies for the two groups of soldiers in Oxford Collection. — Passavant, ii. 2.
By Rembrandt, Munich Gallery ; canvas, arched, H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 2 f t. 2 in. An an- gel is removing the stone from the entrance to the sepulchre, within which Christ is seen
in his grave-clothes ; some of the guard have fallen to the ground, others are endeavour- ing to escape. Engraved by Hess. — Smith, vii. 43.
By H Sodoma, Naples Museum ; wood, signed, dated 1535. Christ, with the ban- ner of victory, rising above the clouds ; at the tomb, two angels. Formerly in S. Tom- uiaso, Naples. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 214, 226.
By Tintoretto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. Christ rising from the sepulchre, with white banner in his hand ; soldiers dazzled by the light, and flying, abandoning their arms ; background of military tents. Engraved by Viviani. — Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iv. PI. 78.
By Tintoretto, S. Cassiano, Venice ; can- vas, signed, and dated 1565. Not a picture of the Resurrection, but of Saints thinking about the Resurrection ; a mass of Renais- sance absurdities. On one side of the tomb is S. Cassiano, a bishop in full robes, on the other a female saint, St. Cecilia ; beneath it an angel playing on the organ, which a cherub is blowing ; above, cherubs flying about with flowers. — Ruskin, Stones of Ven- ice, iii. 290 ; Zanotto, 383.
By Tintoretto, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Ven- ice ; canvas. Christ rising, and some por- traits of the Monsini family. — Zanotto, 633.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Eocco, Venice ; canvas. " Characteristic of the worst points of Tintoret. Christ bursts out of the tomb like a thunderbolt, and the angels them- selves seem likely to be crushed under the rent stones. The best part is the two dis- tant figures of the Marys." — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 337.
RETHEL, ALFRED, born at Diepen- bend House, near Aix-la-Chapelle, May 15, 1816, died at Diisseldorf, Dec. 1, 1859. His- tory painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Schadow, when a mere lad, and with his earliest compositions excited the admi- ration of his instructors ; -visited Munich and the Bavarian Alps in 1835, went in 1837 to Frankfort, where he became an enthu-
30
RETI1EL
siastic follower of Philip Veit, and widely known throughout Germany by his Neme- sis ; visited Italy in 1844—45, and execut- ed his famous frescos in the Coronation Hall at Aix-la-Cha- pelle in 1847-51, liv- ing alternately in Dresden in 1848-51 ; visited Borne again in 1852, when the first signs of a men- tal disease appeared, resulting in softening of the brain. Works : St. Boniface (1832), National Gallery, Berlin ; do. Preaching (1835) ; several others from life of this Saint ; Charles Mortel in Battle of Tours (1833) ; Prayer before Battle of Sempach (1834) ; Nemesis (1837), Herr von Keuter, Frankfort; Daniel in Lions' Den (1838), Guardian Angel of Emperor Maximilian I., Stadel Gallery, ib.; Charles V., Maximilian I. and II., Philip of Suabia (1838), ROmer, ib.; Finding of Gustavus Adolphus after Battle of Ltitzen, Stuttgart Museum ; Rec- onciliation of Emperor Otto I. with his Brother Henry, St. Martin (1837-39); Scenes from Life of Rudolph von Hapsburg, Battle of the Huns, Prayer of Crusaders, Job, sev- eral pictures in History of David, Theodo- sius and Ambrosius, Death of Barbarossa, Battle of Merseburg (about 1839); Emperor Max on the Martiuswand, Charles V. enter- ing St. Yuste, Coffin of Henry IV., St. Peter and St. John healing the Lame (1840-41), Leipsic Museum ; Joshua, Absalom, Ba- laam's Ass, David anointed King, Moses destroying Tables of the Law (1842-43); St. Sebastian's Body taken by Christians from Cloaca Maxima, Martyrdom of St. Stephen ; Resurrection, St. Nicholas, Frankfort ; Cycle (6) representing Hannibal crossing the Alps (1844-45). Frescos : Opening of Charle- magne's Tomb by Otto HI., Destruction of the Irmen Column, Battle of Cordova, Char- lemagne's Entry into Pavia, Baptism of Wit- tekind, Coronation of Charlemagne, Build-
ing of Minster at Aix-la-Chapelle, Delivery of the Crown to Louis the Pious (1847-51), City Hall, Aix-la-Chapelle ; cartoons of do.i and of Resurrection, National Gallery, Ber- lin.—Allgem. Zeitg. (1859), 5985 ; Art Jour- nal (18C5), 337 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole allemaude ; Jordan (1885), ii. 180 ; Wolfg. Mailer, Dds- seldf. K., 64 ; do., Alf. Rethel (Leipsic, 1861); Nagler, Mon., i. 507 ; Pecht, ii. 129 ; Reber, ii. 141 ; Riegel, D. Kunststud., 326 ; Vischer, Altes u. Neues, iii. 1 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 132 ; x. (Mittheilungen, iii. 49) ; xx. 208, 287.
RETHEL, OTTO, born at Aix-la-Cha- pelle, Dec. 26, 1822. History, genre, and portrait painter, brother of Alfred ; pupil of DUsseldorf Academy under his brother, Karl Sohn, and Schadow. Works : Boaz and Ruth (1855), Leipsic Museum ; Return of Tobias ; Paul and Silas ; Christ on Mount of Olives ; Reunion after Sickness ; Little Congratulators ; At the Hearth ; In the House of Mourning ; Serious Infancy ; Hap- py Age ; Artist's Portrait (Jubilee Exhibi- tion, Berlin, 1886).— Midler, 435.
RETTICH, KARL LORENZ, born at Ro- senhagen, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in 1841. Landscape painter, pupil in Munich of Lier, then in DUsseldorf (1862-67) of Albert Flamm and Theodor Hagen ; lived in Dres- den in 1867-70 and settled in Weimar in 1871. Medals; London, 1874 1876. Works : After Sunset Morning ; Landscape in Holstein
Munich,
Autumn
After the
Storm ; Sheep on Baltic Coast ; Norwegian Coast ; Devastation of Baltic Coast by Storm Tide ; Cows on Baltic Coast. — M(ll- ler, 435.
RETURN FROM BEAR HUNT. See Stone Age.
RETURN FROM DEER STALKING, Sir Edwin Landseer, Windsor Castle. A young chief and his old companion, a mountaineer, are going carefully down a hill, with two magnificently antlered staga bound across the backs of a black and a white pony ; two dogs accompany them, one of which turns to a deer's skull lying in the grass. Royal Academy, 1827.
KETURN
BETUEN PEOM EGYPT, Rubens, Blen- heim Palace ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 11 in. The Virgin, holding Jesus by her right hand, is advancing to left ; on farther side, Joseph leading the ass ; in middle of pict- ure, a palm tree. Painted about 1G10. En- graved by Vorsterman (1620); Lowrie ; Voet ; McArdell ; in reverse, anonymous. Blen- heim sale (1886), £1,500, to Murray.— Waa- gen, Treasures, iii. 124 ; Smith, ii. 243.
By Mubens, Metropolitan Museum, New York ; wood, H. 8 ft. 7 in. x 5 ft. 10 in. The Virgin and St. Joseph lead Infant Je- sus by the hand ; above, the Father looking down from heaven. Painted for Jesuits' Church, Antwerp, in 1620 ; bought at sale after suppression of Jesuits (1777), by M. Danoot ; at his sale (1828), bought by Mr. Buchanan, London. Transferred to can- vas, 1880. Engraved by Bolswert. — Smith, ii. 21 ; Van Hasselt, Hist, de Eubens, 248 ; Cat. New York Mus.
EETUEN FEOM HAWKING, Sir Ed- win Landseer, Ellesmere Collection. The party have just halted under an arch at the entrance to the mansion ; Lord Francis Egerton (afterwards first Earl of Ellesmere), who has dismounted from a white horse, held by a page, stands leaning upon the neck of a black horse, on which is seated his wife with a child in her arms ; at left, the falconer with the victorious bird on his gloved hand and others on a perch sus- pended from his neck ; in front, a little girl teasing one of the falcons, game, hounds, and pet dogs. Eoyal Academy, 1837. Engraved by Samuel Cousins. — Landseer Gallery.
EETUENING FEOM MARKET, SLr Au- gustus Wall Callcott, National Gallery, Lon- don ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. Dutch peasants, two girls on foot and a woman and child on ponies, fording a brook on their way home from the market-town, which is seen between the trees in back- ground. Eoyal Academy, 1834 ; Vernon Collection, 1847. Engraved by Finden ; J. Cousen.— Cat. Nat. Gal.; Painters of Geor- gian Era, 76.
EEUTEEN, GERHAEDT WILHELM VON, born at Rosthof, Livland, July 18, 1794, died in Frankfort, March 22, 1865. History and genre painter, pupil in 1834 of Diisseldorf Academy under Schadow and Hildebrandt, after having served in the Eussian army and lost his right arm in the campaign of 1813 ; became court painter to Czar Nicolas I. in 1835 and settled in Frank- fort in 1844. Works : Page in Mediaeval Costume, Girl opening Jewelry Box (1835); Girl Knitting ; Children's School ; Domes- tic Devotions of Schwalmer Peasants ; Mother and Child praying at a Grave ; St. George issuing from Church Door ; Sacri- fice of Isaac (1849), Hermitage, St. Peters- burg ; Mother with Sleeping Child (3 times); Madonna, Girl under a Tree, Three Singers in a Boat (1858-59), Summer Palace at Zars- koe Selo ; Trinity, Crucifixion, Last Supper, Fall of Man, Temptation of Christ. — Andre- sen, iii. 223.
EEVOTL, PIEEEE, born at Lyons, June 13, 1776, died in Paris, March 19, 1842. History and genre painter, pupil of David with Fleury Francois Richard, whom he greatly surpassed ; founder of the roman- tic school, which turned from the hack- neyed gods and heroes of antiquity to more appealing episodes in history. Happy in the choice of his subjects from the middle ages and renaissance, he combined with an attractive conception great care in repre- senting costumes and accessories with his- torical truthfulness, and a brilliant colour- ing. Became professor at Lyons Academy in 1809, but resigned in 1830 ; L. of Hon- our, 1814 ; corresponding member of the Institute, 1825. Works: The Ring of Charles V. (1810), formerly in Luxembourg Museum ; The Tourney (1812), Lyons Mu- seum ; Convalescence of Bayard (1817) ; Jeanne d'Arc imprisoned at Eouen (1819) ; Jeanne d'Albret (1819), Fontainebleau Pal- ace ; Mary Stuart's Farewell of her Servants (1822); Tancred taking Possession of Beth- lehem in 1099 (1840), Philippe Auguste tak- ing the Oriflamme at Saint-Denis in 1190
32
REX
(1841), Versailles Museum ; Giotto as a Child (1841), Grenoble Museum ; Ransom of Chris- tians by the Trinitarians, Aix Museum.— Bellier, ii. 367 ; Meyer, Gesek, 150 ; Nag- ler, xiii. 68.
REX TIBICEN (King Flutist), Jean Louis G'ertime, private gallery, Paris. Frederick the Great, full-length, standing, playing the flute in his cabinet, before a table on which are a music book, writing implements, and papers. The floor is strewn with books and rolls and at the right a hound is lying asleep. Salon, 1876.
REYN, JAN DE, born at Dunkirk in 1610, died there in 1678. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter, pupil at Ant- werp of Van Dyck, whom ho followed to England, and assisted in bis works, until that master's death, when he returned to his native town. Very probably many of his works, especially portraits, are attrib- uted to his master. Works : The Four Chief Martyrs, St. Eloy's, Dunkirk ; Death of Totila, English Convent, ib. ; Herodias with the Head of St. John, St. Martin's, Bergues, near Dunkirk ; Thetis and Peleus, Madrid Museum ; Female Portrait (1637), Brussels Museum. — Kramm, v. 1632.
REYNOLDS, Sir JOSHUA, born at Plympton, Devonshire, July 16, 1723, died in London, Feb. 23, 1792. Son of Rev. Samuel Reynolds, master of the grammar school at Plymptou St. Mary, Plymouth. Went to London in 1741 as a pupil of Thomas Hud- son, and after less than two years' study returned home and painted many portraits at a low price. In 1746 he began practice in London, and in 1749 accompanied Com- modore (afterward Lord) Keppcl in the ship Centurion to the Mediterranean. At Rome, where he caught a cold while working in the Sistine Chapel, which made him deaf for the rest of his life, he remained two
years ; he then visited other parts of Italy before returning to England via Paris, in October, 1752, and spent three months in Devonshire before settling in London, at first in St. Martin's Lane, where in 1763 he painted the portrait of Commodore Keppel (Collection of Lord Albemarle), which laid the foundation of his fortune. In 1768, on the establishment of the Royal Academy, he was chosen its first president, and was knighted by George HI.; and in 1769, Jan. 2, he delivered his first discourse to the students of the Academy. On the deatli of Allan Ramsay (1784), he became princi- pal painter in ordinary to the king. He exhibited 245 works at the Royal Academy, his contributions averaging eleven annually. He died unmarried, and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, near Sir Christopher Wren. Reynolds painted many historical and fancy subjects, but it is as a portrait painter that he excelled all his contemporaries. Ruskiu calls him the " prince of portrait painters " and "one of the seven colourists of the 1 world," placing him with Titian, Giorgione, f Correggio, Tintoretto, Veronese, and Tur- ner. But though his pictures still have a peculiar grace and elegance from the artis- tic pose of the figures and the happy ar- rangement of accessories, many of them have lost their freshness in consequence of his use of fading colours and his experi- ments with fugitive mediums. Among the best preserved of his works arc those in the National Gallery. A collection of Reynolds's works was exhibited in the winter of 1883- 84 at the Grosvenor Gallery, London, in- cluding the following : Portrait of Sir Joshua (1748), Mrs. Gwatkin ; Mrs. Field (1748), I E. R Pearce, Esq.; Caricatures (1751), Duke of Devonshire ; Admiral Keppel (1753), Earl of Albemarle; Lord Cathcart (1754), Earl Cathcart; Lord Brownlow ; Lord Anson (1755), Earl of Lichfield ; Lady Cathcart and her Daughter (1755), Earl Cathcart; Alderman W. Beckford (1755), Duke of Ham- ilton ; Hon. W. Keppel (1758), Earl of Al- bemarle ; Duke of Hamilton (1758), Duke
38
REYNOLDS
of Hamilton; Lady Caroline Fox (1758), Lady Holland; Hon. John Byron (1759), W. Byron, Esq.; 1st Marquis of Hertford (1759), Marquis of Hertford ; Earl of Sus- sex (1759), Lord Donington ; Marchioness of Tavistoek (1759), Earl of Albemarle ; Duchess of Gloucester (1759), Earl Walde- grave ; Lady Selina Hastings (1759), Lord Douington ; Venus and Cupid (1759), Lord Castletown ; 2 Portraits of Admiral Keppel (1860-G5), Lord Albemarle ; Miss Jacobs (1761), Marquis of Hertford ; Countess Waldegrave, Earl Waldegrave (17G1), Lord Carlingford; Lord Erroll (1763), Earl of Erroll ; Miss Abington as Miss Prue (1764), Sir Charles Mills ; Master T. Lisker (1764), Lord Eibblesdale ; Mrs. Collyer as Lesbia (1764), Sir W. Knighton ; Lady Ann Stan- hope (1765-66), Earl of Mesborough ; Earl of Pembroke and Son (1765), Earl of Pem- broke ; Lord Borringdon (1766?), Earl of Morley ; Warren Hastings (1766), Lord Northwick ; Marquis of Eockingham and his Secretary, Edmund Burke (1766), Sir Frederick Leigh ton, P.E.A.; Eev. Zachariah Mudge (17G6), Mrs. Gwatkin ; 2 Portraits of Sir Joshua's Black Servant (1767?), Et. Hon. George Cavendish Bentinck, and Sir George Beaumont ; Et. Hon. Sir John Cart (1767), Lord Brownlow ; Crossing the Brook (1767), Mrs. Buchanan Eiddell ; Lord Am- herst (1768 ?), Hon. Paive C. Glyn ; Garrick as Kitely (1768), L. Huth, Esq.; Duchess of Devonshire (1769), Earl Spencer ; Por- trait of Sir Joshua (1770), Dilettanti Soci- ety ; Mrs. Pelham (1770), Earl of Yarbor- ough ; Lord George Seymour (1770), Hon. G. S. Conway ; Miss Palmer (1770), G. W. Currie, Esq.; Bartolozzi (1771), Earl of Morley ; Venus chiding Cupid (1771), Earl Northbrook ; Duchess of Buccleuch and her Child (1772), Duke of Buccleuch ; Strawberry Girl (1773), Col. Copley Wray ; repetitions, Sir E. Wallace and Marquis of Lansdowne ; Nymph and Young Bacchus (1773), I. Bent- ley ; Lady Borringdon and her Sou (1773), Earl of Morley ; Joseph Baretti (1774), Lady Holland ; Mrs. Morris (1775), W. B. Beau-
mont, Esq.; Infant St. John (1776), Sir Watkin W. Wynn ; 2d Earl of Spencer (1776), Earl Spencer; Lord Porchester as Infant Bacchus (1776), Earl of Carnarvon ; Young Fortune-Tetter (1777 ?), Duke of Marl- borough ; Countess of Powis (1777), Earl of Powis ; Two Groups of Members of Dilet- tanti Society (1777-79), Dilettanti Society ; Ariadne (1778), Th. Evans, Esq.; Earl of Dalkeith (1778), Duke of Buccleuch ; Lady Beaumont (1779), Sir G. Beaumont ; The Gleaners (1780), Eobert Gosling, Esq. ; Lord Cavendish (1780), Duke of Devon- shire ; Portrait of Sir Joshua (1780), Eoyal Academy ; Prince William Frederick (1780), Trinity Collection ; Miss Nesbitt as Circe (1781), Lady Stanley of Alderley ; The Three Ladies Waldegrave (1781), Lord Car- lingford ; Mrs. Thrale and her Daughter (1781), Lady Ashburton ; Hon. Mrs. Beck- ford (1782?); W. Beckford, M P. (1782), Duke of Hamilton ; Calling of Samuel (1782), Earl of Darnley ; Countess Spencer, Bich- ard Burke (1782), Earl Spencer ; Sir Abra- ham Hume (1783 ?), Earl Brownlow ; Miss Fanny Kemble (1783), Et. Hon. George Cavendish Beutinck ; Countess of Erroll (1783), Earl of Erroll; Infant Academy (1783), Lord Mount Temple; Girl with Dead Dove, Lord Houghton ; Marchioness of Thomond (1784), Mrs. Gwatkin; Lady Spencer and Child (1784), Earl Spencer ; Muscipula (1784), Lady Holland ; Lady Or- mond, Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse (1784), Grosvenor House ; Adoration of the Shepherds (1785), Earl Fitzwilliam ; Duch- ess of Devonshire and her Child (1786), Duke of Devonshire ; Dr. Johnson (1786), Ch. Morrison, Esq.; Lady Cornwall (1786), Miss A. Duff Gordon ; Lady Anne Bingham (1786), Earl Spencer ; Felina (1787), Earl of Feversham ; Sir George Beaumont (1787), Sir G. Beaumont ; Miss Gwatkin as Sim- plicity (1788), E. F. Watson, Esq.; Portrait of Sir Joshua (1788), Mrs. Gwatkin ; Guard- ian Angel, Portrait of Sir Joshua (1788), Duke of Leeds ; Babes in the Wood (1788), H. N. Pym, Esq.; Infant Hercules (1788),
34
REZZONICO
Lord Northwick ; do., Earl Fitzwilliara ; View from Richmond Hill (1788), Earl of Northbrook ; Death of Dido, Cimon and Iphigenia (1789), Buckingham Palace ; Lady Francis Cole (1789), Earl of Darnley ; Sheri- dan? (1789), H. N. Pym, Esq.; Man's Head in Profile (1773), Holy Family, The Graces (1774), Banished Lord, Lord Heathfield, Hon. William Wyndham, Infant Kamuel, Lord Ligonier on Horseback, Sir A. Hume, Admiral Keppel (1780), Sir William Hamil- ton (1784), Aye of Innocence, Captain Orme, Heads of Angels (1787), Portraits of Two Gentlemen (1788-89), Snake in the Grass, Dr. Johnson, Bos well, Portrait of Sir Joshua, George TV. as Prince of Wales, Portrait of a Lady, Robinetta, National Gallery, Lon- don ; Mother and Sick Child, 2 Portraits of Sir Joshua, Death of Cardinal Beaufort, A Sketch, Prophet Samuel, Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse, Dulwich Gallery ; Snake in the Grass, Soaue Museum and Baron Rothschild's Collection ; Lord Ashburton ; Earl of Bath ; Admiral Boscawen ; Earl Camden ; Sir W. Chambers ; Duke of Cum- berland ; Viscount Keppel ; Marquis of Lansdowne ; Portrait of Sir Joshua. Other noted works are : Kitty Fisher (1759), Hope nursing Love, Sleeping Girl, Lausdowue House ; Nellie O'Brien, Miss Bowler, Hert- ford House ; Death of Cardinal Beaufort, Macbeth and Witches, Lord Lecoufield, Pet- worth House ; Mrs. Barrington as St. Ce- cilia, Bowood ; Garrick between Tragedy and Comedy (1761), Sir W. W. Wynn ; Vgolino (1773), Earl Amherst, Knole Park ; .Picfc-a-Back (about 1779), Lord Monson ; Venus and Cupid, Continence of Scipio, Hercules strangling the Serpents (1788), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Puck (1787), Earl Fitzwilliam ; Penelope Boothby (1788), Earl of Dudley. Sir Joshua was distin- guished also for literary ability. His "Dis- courses on Painting," which formed his an- nual addresses as head of the Academy, are admirably composed and excellent in their precepts. His sister, Frances Reynolds (1729-1807) painted miniatures and copied
his pictures.— Leslie and Tom Taylor, Life (London, 1865) ; Northcote, Memoirs (Lon- don, 1813) ; Farington, Memoirs (London, 1819); Malone, Works of J. R (1801); Cot- ton, Sir J. R and his Works (1856) ; Cun- ningham ; Redgrave, Century ; Ch. Blnne, Ecolo anglaise ; Waagen, Art Treasures ; Quarterly Review, April, May, and July, 18G6 ; Pulling, Biog. Great Artists ; Knight, Works of J. R (1798) ; Beechey, Literary Works, etc., of J. R (London, 1835) ; Ste- phens, English Children painted by J. R, witli 15 photos.; Portfolio (1873), 66, 82.
REZZONICO, MARC ANTONIO, por- trait, Titian, Spedalo Maggiore, Milan ; can- vas, figure to thigh, life-size. Painted in 1558 ; left to the hospital by Rezzouico, a benefactor, at his death in 1584. Injured by cleaning and repairing. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 266.
RHODEN, JOHANN MARTIN VON, born at Cassel in 1778 or 1782, died Sept. 19, 1868. Landscape painter, studied in Rome, whither he returned in 1833, having been called to Cassel as court painter in 1827. Works : View near Lake of Albano, Gotha Museum ; Italian Landscape with Pil- grim and Hermit ; Villa of Hadrian ; Con- vent of S. Benedetto near Subiaco. — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1842), 112 ; D. Kuustbl. (1858), 285 ; Furster, iv., vii. ; v. 543 ; Riegel, Gesch. des Wiederauflebens der d. K., 124, 334.
RHOMBERG, HANNO, born in Munich in 1819, died at Walchsee, Tyrol, July 17, 1869. Genre painter, son and pupil of Josef Anton Rhom- berg, then pupil of Munich Academy un- der Schnorr, and of Bcruhard ; was much influenced by Enhu- ber and rapidly won fame with his humorous scenes from every- day life. Works: Watchmaker, National Gallery, Berlin; Village Painter's Studio
KIIOMBERG
(1857) ; Votive Tablet (1858) ; Tight Boot, Best Scholar (1859) ; Punished for stealing Tid-Bits, Acrobats at Village Inn (1860) ; The Second Glass (1860) ; Sledge Carver (1861), Buying a Bird, First Trial in Smok- ing (1853), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Ink- Spot, Juggler (1861); Boy at Whetstone (1862) ; Badly Sewed Shoe, Mother's Er- rand (1863) ; Children begging Father to buy a Dog (1864); Little Patient, Breakfast in Tyrol (1865); Tavern Scene (1869); Buy- ing the Rabbits, R. L. Stuart, New York. — D. Kunstbl. (1854), 6 ; (1856), 72 ; (1857), 403 ; (1858), 226 ; Propyliien (1869), 720 ; Eegnet, ii. 93 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 285.
EHOMBERG, JOSEF ANTON, born at Dornbirn, Vorarlberg, in 1786, died in Mu- nich, Dec. 3, 1853. History and genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Peter von Langer, and won first prize in 1814 ; lived alternately in Vienna and Mu- nich, where he finally settled and became professor at the Polytechnic School in 1827. Works : Noah's Sacrifice (1814) ; Rebekah at the Well, Holy Family (1820) ; Sybilla (1822), Innsbruck Museum ; Death of Abel, Deluge, Swiss on the Riitli (1822) ; Adora- tion of Shepherds, Frauen- kirche, Munich; Chamois Hunter and Girl Cow-Keeper (1832), Leipsic Museum. — Soltl, 251 ; Wurzbach, xxvi. 4.
RIBALTA, FRANCISCO DE, born at Castellon de la Plana, Valencia, between 1550 and 1560, died in Valencia, Jan. 12, 1628. Spanish school ; studied in Valencia and afterwards in Italy, where he was influ- enced by the works of Raphael, Sebastian del Piombo, and the Carracci. On his re- turn to Spain he was received with honour and patronage, and painted many pictures for the churches and convents of Valencia. His best works are remarkable for grandeur and freedom of drawing, good taste in com- position, and knowledge of anatomy. Among his best scholars were his son Juan, Grego- rio Castaneda, and Spagnoletto. Cean Ber- mudez gives a list of six pages of his works.
JB.
Among the best are : Dead Christ and An- gels, St. Francis, Blessed Soul, Lost Soul, Madrid Museum ; St. Francis embracing Christ, Assumption, St. Peter the Apostle, Conception, St. John Baptist, and others, Valencia Museum ; The Virgin and St. John walking homeward from the Sepulchre, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; St. Joachim and St. Ann, Christ on the Cross (1582), The Magda- len at the Sepulchre, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg.— Stirling, i. 491 ; Viardot, Peintres de 1'Espagne, 145 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole espa- gnole ; Madrazo, 520 ; C. Bermudez.
RIBALTA, JUAN DE, born in Valencia in 1597, died there, Oct. 10, 1628. Spanish school ; son and pupil of Francisco de Ri- balta, and painted so nearly in his father's style that their works are often confounded. When only eighteen years old he painted the admirable Crucifixion, now in the Va- lencia Museum. Had he lived he would probably have taken rank among the most famous of Spanish painters. Works : SS. John and Matthew ; SS. Mark and Luke ; Singer, Madrid Museum ; Pope Gregory the Great celebrating Mass, Dresden Muse- um ; Jephtha's Sacrifice, Martyrdom of St. Catherine, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Stirling, i. 496 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole; Madrazo, 524.
RIBERA, Don CARLOS LUIS, born in Rome, of Spanish parents, in 1812. Span- ish school ; history painter, son and pupil of Juan Antonio Ribera, then pupil of De- laroche in Paris, where he lived for many years. Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1839 ; 2d class, 1845. Works : Legislators of the Spanish Nation, Room of the Cortes, Ma- drid ; Tellez Giron rescuing Alfonso I. ; Apocalypse of St. John ; Virgin worshipping Infant Christ ; Mary Magdalen at Christ's Tomb ; Don Roderigo de Calderon led to Execution (1839); Assumption (1840); Bat- tle against the Moors at Toledo (1845) ; View of Notre Dame in Paris (1848) ; Origin of Los Girones Family (1855). — Vapereau (1880), 1534.
RIBERA, JUSEPE DE. See Spagnoletto.
86
HIBERA
RIBEEA, ROMAN; contemporary. Genre painter. Works : Popular Paris Types, Vengan Penas ! Unforeseen Case, At the Theatre (1883); At Break of Day (1884).— La Ilustracion (1883), L 26, 91, 210, 362 ; (1884), i. 26.
RIBERA Y FERNANDEZ, Don JUAN ANTONIO, born in Madrid, May 17, 1779, died there, June 15, 1860. History and portrait painter, pupil of Bayeu, and of San Fernando Academy, then in Paris of David ; afterwards went to Rome and in 1811 be- came court painter to Charles IV. and mem- ber of Accademia di S. Luca ; in 1820 hon- orary member of Academia S. Fernando ; lived at Navalcarnero from 1835, became professor in 1838, and afterwards second director of the Madrid Museum. Works : Cincinuatus, Wamba, Allegories of Summer, Autumn, Evening, Night, Madrid Museum ; St. Ferdinand surrounded by Famous Span- iards, Royal Palace, Madrid ; Paradise of Great Spaniards ; Christ crowned with Thorns, Resurrection, Aranjuez ; Portrait of Cardinal Ingranzo, Toledo Cathedral ; do. of Sculptor Jose- Alvarez.
RIBOT, (AUGUSTIN) born at Breteuil (Eure), Aug. 8, 1823. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Glaize. Style vig- orous, realistic, and somewhat coarse. Medals: 1864,1865; 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Cooks at Dinner Time, Merry Cook, Chickens Roosting (1861) ; Rooster's Song, Tinsmiths (1864) ; St. Sebastian (1865), Christ and the Doctors (1866), Luxem- bourg Museum ; Torture (1867), Rouen Museum ; Philosophers ; Lawyers and the Oyster (1868) ; Good Samaritan (1870), Luxembourg Museum ; Old Man (1882) ; Parchments, Artist's Daughter (1884); Pere Bresteau, Marie (1886) ; Artist's Children,
Col. Erwin Davis, Now York. — L'Art (1880), XXL 127 ; Bellier, ii. 370 ; Claretio (1874), 62, 110 ; Gaz. des 13. Arts (1869), L 500.
RICARD, GUSTAVE, born at Marseilles, Sept. 1, 1823, died in Paris, Jan. 23, 1872. Portrait painter, pupil of Cogniet ; took the great colourists of the Italian school and Van Dyck for his models. He excelled in rendering individual characteristica Med- als : 2d class, 1851 ; 1st class, 1852. Works : Madame Sabatier (1850) ; Marshal Comte Harispe, Versailles Museum ; Diodore Rn- hoult, painter, Grenoble Museum ; £milo Loubon, painter, Marseilles Museum ; Male Portrait, Moutpellier Museum ; do., and Artist's Portrait, Luxembourg Museum. — Bellier, ii. 371 ; Meyer, Gesch., 386.
RICCI, CAMILLO, bom at Ferrara in 1580, died there in 1618. Lombard school ; pupil and assistant of Scarsellino, whose manner ho followed so exactly that his works are sometimes confounded with his master's. Although he died young ho left enough pictures of merit to insure him on honourable place among his countrymen. — Lanzi, iii. 209 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ferrar- aise.
RICCI, MARCO, born at Bellunoin 1679, died in Venice in 1729. Venetian school ; nephew, pupil, and associate of Scbastiano Ricci, whom he accompanied in 1710 to France and England, where he painted landscapes and architecture pieces, to bo found in many collections. Thougli seldom without merit, these are little more than studies, executed, like the pictures of his uncle, in a slight and hasty way. In the Dresden Museum are ten of his landscapes. In Vienna: Landscape with Baptism of Christ, Museum ; Two Landscapes, Liech- tenstein Gallery.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole vi'niti- enne ; Bartsch, xxi. 312.
RICCI, SEBASTIANO, born at Cividale di Belluno in 1659, died in Venice, May 15, 1734. Venetian school ; pupil in Venice of
f
EICCIARELLI
F. Cervelli, whom he accompanied to Milan ; resided several years in Florence, Rome, and other Italian cities, studying and executing many works. From Vienna, where he deco- rated the Palace of Schonbrunn, he went to England, in the reign of Queen Anne, and during a ten years' residence painted the chapel at Bulstrode for the Duke of Port- land, the hall of Burlington House, an altar- piece for the chapel of Chelsea College, and other works, some of which are at Hampton Court. In 1718 he returned to Venice, where he lived rich and honoured until his death. With a fertile invention and great facility of execution, Sebastiano excelled in imitating the great masters of the Venetian school, especially Paolo Veronese. There is much grandeur and force in his composi- tions, but they generally want finish ; per- haps because he had more orders than he had time to fill. Among his works in Ven- ice are : Christ appearing to the Holy Wom- en, Academy ; Resurrection, S. Geminiano ; Communion of the Apostles, and St. Domi- uick, Corpus Domini ; Massacre of the In- nocents, Scuola della Carita ; Baptism of Christ, and Apostles' Supper, Capucines ; Madonna with Saints, S. Giorgio Maggiore ; Discovery of the Cross, and Miracle of St. Francis, S. Rocco. Other works : Moses striking the Rock, Magdalen washing the Feet of Christ, Turin Gallery ; Ascension, SS. Apostoli, Rome ; Apostles adoring the Sacrament, S. Giustina, Padua ; Continence of Scipio, Polyxenes before the Tomb of Achilles, Louvre ; Venus Sleeping, National Gallery, London ; A Sacrifice, Similar Sub- ject, Ascension, Dresden Museum ; Tempta- tion of St. Anthony, Schleissheim Gallery ; Battle between Romans and Sabines, Rape
of the Sabine / 730 Women, Liech- ' tenstein Gal-
lery, Vienna. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne.
RICCIARELLI. See Volterra.
RICCIO. See Brusasorci.
RICCIO, portrait, Raphael, Munich Gal- lery ; wood, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 4 in.; signed.
Bust of a youth of the Riccio family, with straight hair falling from beneath a little black cap ; background, marble columns and a meadow with a wood. Long in pos- session of Riccio family, Florence ; bought from Trautmann, banker, by King Louis of Bavaria. Many of Michelangelo's letters are addressed to Luigi del Riccio, his intimate friend ; but whether this portrait is of that individual in his youth is not certain. — Pas- savant, ii. 26.
RICHARD, FLEURY FRANgOIS, born at Lyons, Feb. 25, 1777, died at Scully (Rhone), March 14, 1852. History and genre painter, pupil of David, and leader of the older romantic school of art in Lyons. L. of Honour, 1815 ; painter to the King, 1825 ; director of the Lyons School of Art, 1825. Works : St. Blandine (1801); Valentine de Milan (1802); Blind Man's Buff, Francis I, Charles VH. leaving Agnes Sorel (1804) ; Vert- Vert (1804), Lyons Museum; Bayard consecrating his Arms to the Virgin, St. Louis (1807); Henri IV. and Gabrielle d'Es- trt-es, Jacques Molay going to the Scaffold (1808) ; Funeral of Henri IV. in St. Denis, Louis XIV. and Mile, de la Valliere, Mile, de la Valliere as a Carmelite, Gil Bias and Can- on Sedillo (1814) ; Mary Queen of Scots ; Duchesse de Montmorency at the Monas- tery of Moulins (1817), Hermitage of Vau- couleurs (1819), formerly Luxembourg Mu- Montaigne visiting Tasso (1822), Lyons Museum ; Tanneguy-Duchatel saving the Dauphin ; Death of Talmont at Pavia (1823) ; Louis de la Tremouille (1824) ; Comminge and Adelaide (1846).— Bellier, ii. 372 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch., 150.
RICHARD, THEODORE, born at Millau (Aveyron), Nov. 24, 1782, died at Toulouse, Dec. 10, 1859. Landscape and porcelain painter, pupil of Bertin, Aubry, and Ingres. Medals : 2d class, 1831 ; L. of Honour, 1854. Works : Don Quixote and Sancho, River Tarn, Wood-Choppers, Crossing the Brook, Pic du Midi near Pau, Forest of
RICHARD
Beeches, Castle of Roque, Mill of Creissels, Forest in Winter, Game-Keeper and Poach- er, Pau ; Sheep in a Pasture, Morning, Last Tree of the Forest, Hollow Roatl, Sunset (1831 to 1848) ; Woods in Autumn (1853); Spring, Leafless Oaks (1857) ; Torrent (1859) ; Three Landscapes, Herd March- ing, Bordeaux Museum ; Farm near Pau (1841), City and Chateau of Pau, Land- scape with Figures, Montpellier Museum ; Forest in the Mountains (1842), Orleans Museum. — Bellier, ii. 373 ; Negrin, Ar- tistes vivants du Midi (Toulouse, 1857).
RICHARD H., portrait, Jerusalem Cham- ber, Westminster, formerly in the Choir of the Abbey. The King on his throne. This precious and carefully painted portrait, which had been covered with several coats of paint, and converted into a different per- sonage, was cleaned and repaired by George Richmond and H. Merritt. Engraved in Car- ter's Specimens (1780-94).— Geo. Scharf, Hist, of Old London, 285 ; Observations on the Westminster Abbey Portrait, reprinted from Fine Arts Quarterly (Jan. 1867).
RICHARD IL, WITH MADONNA AND SAINTS, probably English, Wilton House, England ; diptych, wood, tempera ; assumed date, 1381. The King in a scarlet mantle embroidered with his badge (white hart), accompanied by SS. John Baptist, Edward the Martyr, and Edward the Confessor, kneels, in one panel, facing the Madonna and angels on the other. The Virgin is clad in deep blue, Christ in a mantle of cloth of gold, and the angels have blue wings and white hart badges. Charles I. obtained this picture from Sir T. Jermyn, and James H. (1688) gave it to Lord Castlemaine, at whose death it passed to 8th Lord Pembroke (1705). Engraved by Hollar (1C39) ; H. Shaw in "Dresses of the Middle Ages" (i. PI. 43). Waagen thought it an Italian work. — Arundel Soc. Chromolithograph, Essay by Geo. Scharf (1883) ; Athenaeum (March 17, 1883) ; Waagen, Treasures, iii. 150.
RICHARDS, THOMAS ADDISON, born in London, Dec. 3, 1820. Landscape paint-
er ; went, when a boy, to Georgia with hw parents, and removed thence, in 1845, to New York, where he has since lived, with the ex- ception of occasional trips to Europe. Pu- pil of National Academy in 1845-47 ; elect- ed an A.N.A. in 1848, N.A. in 1851 ; Los been corresponding secretary since 1852. He was the first director of the Cooper Un- ion School of Design for Women in 1858-GO ; since 1867, professor of art in University of New York. Studio in New York. Works : Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude, Mr. Wool- sey, New Haven ; Indian Paradise (1854) ; Edisto River, French Broad River (1859) ; Rhine, Warwick Castle (1869); LakeWinni- piseogee ; Chatsworth — England ; Lake Thun — Switzerland ; Sunnyside ; Lake Bri- enz — Switzerland (1879); Squantum Road — Providence, Meadow Brook, At Hunt's Mill — Providence (1880); Dingman Creek — Pa., Lilacs (1881) ; Flower of the Period, Mar- shal Niel Roses (1882); Pennsylvania Home- stead, Van Elton's Peak — Delaware River (1883); Ferry Road at Dingman, In the Val- ley of the Delaware, Basket of Roses (1884); Mountain Brook, Delaware River (1885) ; Midsummer on the Delaware, River Road at Dingman's Ferry (188G).
RICHARDS, WILLIAM TROST, bom in Philad elphia, Pa. , Nov. 14, 1833. Landscape and marine painter, pupil of Paul Weber, a German artist in Philadelphia. In 1855 visited Florence, in 18G6-C7 France and Germany, and in 1878 -79-80 London and the coast of England. Exhibited at Royal Academy, London, in 1869 and 1878-81*; Paris Salon, 1873. Hon- orary member of National Academy. Med- als : Philadelphia, 1876 ; Temple, 1885. Works in oil: Wood Scene (1861); Leafy June (1862); June Woods (1864); Mid- Ocean ; New England Coast ; At Atlantic City (1873); Yellow Cam at Cornwall (1879) ;
39
RICHARDSON
On the Wissahickon, Indian Summer, C. P. j Huntington, New York ; Portsmouth Light | — New Hampshire, J. J. Astor, ib.; Forest, Wissahickon, Land's End — Cornwall, G. Whitney, Philadelphia ; Atlantic Coast, Fair- man Rogers, ib. ; Narragansett Pier, K. C. Taft, Providence ; Sea Shore, Charles Par- sons, St. Louis; do., Daniel Catlin, ib.; Trebar with Strand— Cornwall (1881) ; G. Schwabe, Henley on Thames ; Marine View (1882) ; On the Coast of New Jersey (1883), Corcoran Gallery, Washington ; Wild New England Shore (1884); Trevalga Head- Cornwall, England (1885); Summit of Mount Tacoma (1886). Water-colours : 47 Land- scapes and Marine Views (1871-76), Metro- politan Museum, New York ; Marine — At- lantic City, T. B. Clarke, New York ; South- west Point — Conanicut ; Gooseberry Island — Newport ; Gull Kock — ib., Limits of the Unresting Sea (1884).
EICHARDSON, JONATHAN, born in 1665, died in London, May 28, 1745. Por- trait painter, pupil of John Riley ; ranked, after the death of Kneller and Dahl, at the head of his profession. His heads are in- dividual and characteristic, but his full- lengths are weak. Among his best known portraits are those of Anne Oldfield, Pope, Prior, Steele, Vertue, and Lord Chancellor Talbot, National Portrait Gallery, London ; Pope and his Dog Bounce, Lord Lyttleton. He was also distinguished as the author of " An Essay on the whole Art of Criticism in rela- tion to Painting " (1719), " An Argument in be- half of the Science of a Connoisseur" (1719), and other works. His son, Jonathan (1694-1771), was an amateur portrait painter and often assisted him in his labours. — Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 84 ; Portfolio (1872), 66.
RICHMOND, GEORGE, born in 1809. Portrait painter, pupil of Royal Academy ; elected an A.R.A. in 1857, and R.A. in 1867. Has painted a few ideal pictures, such as
Christ's Agony in the Garden (1858), and Scene from Comus (1864), but he owes his reputation to his more than 3,000 por- traits, among which are those of the Earl of Elgin (1860), Bish- op of Oxford, Duke of Buccleugh (1865), Dr. Keble, Sir R. H. Inglis, Sir Moses Montefiore (1875) ; Earl Granville, Bishop of Carlisle, Marchion- ess of Salisbury (1877).
RICHMOND, WILLIAM B.; contempo- rary. History and portrait painter, and sculptor, son of George Richmond, and pu- pil of Sir Frederick Leighton. Gold medal, Berlin, 1886. Works : Electra at Tomb of Agamemnon (1877) ; Phidyle, Sarpedon (1879) ; Calves, Song of Miriam (1880) ; Be- hold the Bridegroom Cometh (1881) ; Re- lease of Prometheus (1882) ; May (1884) ; Audience in Athens during the Representa- tion of the Agamemnon (1885), Birming- ham Gallery ; Cicely Worinald, Hermes (1886). Among his portraits are those of Princess Louise, Gladstone, Darwin, Brown- ing, William Morris, Holman Hunt, and Lord Lyttleton.
RICHOMME, JULES, born in Paris, Sept. 9, 1818. His- tory and portrait painter, son of the engraver Joseph Theodore Richom- me, pupil of Droll- ing. Paints relig- ious subjects chief- ly, in a cold and correct style. Med- als : 3d class, 1840 ; 2d class, 1842, 1862, 1863 ; L. of Honour, 1867. Works : Abraham taking Hagar as his Wife (1842) ; St. Sebastian saved by Holy Women (1843) ; Incredulity of St. Thomas (1845) ; Christ appearing to St. Martin, St. Peter's Repentance, Leda (1848);
IlICHTER
Erigone, King of Garb's Betrothed (1849) ; View of St Peter's in Rome, Lamentano Bridge, Tower of Cervaro, Mary Magdalen's Conversion (1850) ; Italian Beggar Woman (1852) ; Christ healing the Paralytic, Love fleeing from Drunkenness (1853, bought by State); Christ healing a Sick Woman (1855); St. Nicholas saving the Sick (1857) ; Christ and the Children, Young Mother (1861) ; St. Peter of Alcantara healing a Child (1864), Luxembourg Museum ; Baptism of Christ (1865), Prefecture de la Seine, Paris ; Be- heading of John Baptist (1866), Besanyon Museum ; Christ on the Cross (1868), Pa- lais de Justice ; Castle in Spain (1870); For- get-Me-Not (1872) ; Education of Achilles (1873); Don't awaken a Sleeping Cat, Toilet (1874) ; First Lesson on the Violin (1875) ; Dove (1876) ; Arab Woman, Chinese Doll (1877) ; The Feast in the Pharisee's House (1882) ; Around the Fountain (1884) ; Port de la Joliette (1886) ; Ignorance is Bliss, j Mrs. D. D. Colton, San Francisco ; decora- tions in St. Vincent de Paul and St. Suverin, Paris, and in other churches. — Bellier, ii. 376.
Richter ; went in 1820 with Prince Narisoh- kin through France to Nice, travelled and studied afterwards in the German Alps, and in 1823-26 in Italy. Appointed instructor in drawing at the por- celain factory in Meis- sen in 1828; called to the Dresden Academy in 1836, and professor there in 1841-76. Has illustrated many works. Ph.D., Leipsio University ; honorary member of Berlin, Mu- nich, and Vienna Academies ; Commander, Saxon Order of Albert ; Order of Francis Jo- seph ; Bavarian Order of Michael. Works : The Watzmann at Sunset (1824) ; Valley of Amain, View near Roccadi Mezzo (1823-26); Lauterbrunn Valley ; Views in the Campa- gna and in the Apennines ; Ariccia, Civitella (1827) ; Storm on Monte Serrono near Ole- vano (1830), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Ferry at the Schreckenstein near Aussig (1837), Spring Landscape with Bridal Procession
RICHTER, ADOLF, born at Thorn in I (1847), Dresden Gallery; View in Sabine 1816, died at Ddsseldorf, Nov. 20, 1852. Mountains (1825), Valley near Amalfi (1826), Genre painter, pupil of Academy at DUssel- 1 The Schreckenstein near Aussig( 1835), Even- dorf, where he settled, and became very ] ing Landscape with Worshippers (1842), popular with well composed and effectively Harvest Procession in Roman Campagna, coloured scenes from home life, especially i Leipsic Museum ; View in the Riesenge- such as introduced children. Works : Christ- birge (1839), National Gallery, Berlin ; Rich- mas Eve (1837) ; Vintage on the Moselle ter Album.— Hoff, A L Richter (Frankfort, (1839) ; do. on the Rhine (1840) ; Hessian 1877) ; Jahn, Biogr. Aufsiitze ; Richter, Le-
Emigrants on Seashore (1841) ; Souvenir of Cologne Carnival (1841); Sunday Afternoon
benserinnerungen ; Wessely, Ad. L. R (Vi- enna, 1883) ; Allgcm. K. C., viii. 531, 573 ;
in the Country (1842) ; Morning on the Ahr j Brockhaus, xiii. 693 ; Fr.rster, v. 434 ; II- (1846) ; Last Comfort (1847) ; The Fifth | lustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 266 ; Jordan (1885), Child (1848) ; Children's Breakfast (1849) ; i ii. 182 ; Reber, ii. 261 ; Graph. K, vi 1 ; D. Rhenish Village Life (1850) ; Return of ' Kunstbl. (1850), 407 ; (1851), 208, 410 ; Landwehrruann (1851) ; Before the Village (1852), 12 ; (1853), 251 ; (1855), 131, 390 ;
School (1852).— Wolfg. Muller, Ddsseldf. K., 268 ; Wiegrnann, 316.
RICHTER, (ADRIAN) LUDWIG, born in Dresden, Sept. 28, 1803, died at Losch- witz, near Dresden, June 19, 1884. Land- scape and genre painter and illustrator, son
(1856), 451 ; Kuiist-Chronik, xix. 605, 645 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. 47 ; Mflller, 437 ; Pecht, L 57 ; Land und Meer (1869), i. 171 ; Zeitsohr. f. b. K, x. 257 ; xviii. 377 ; xxi. 36 ; xii. (Mittheilungen, v. 1). RICHTER, AUGUST, born at Dresden,
and pupil of the engraver Karl August June 3, 1801, died at Pirna, Nov. 19, 1873.
IIICHTER
History painter, pupil of Dresden Academy, then in DUsseldorf under Cornelius, for whom he painted in fresco one of his wall pictures at Helldorf. Spent several years in Italy, and became professor in Dresden Academy. His style suggests Kaphael ; sud- denly he fell into mannerism, and soon af- ter became insane. Works : Hagar and Ish- mael in the Wilderness, Dresden Museum ; Kebekah and Eliezer, Weimar Museum. — Forster, v. 421 ; Nagler, xiii. 134.
EICHTEE, EDOUARD, born in Paris ; contemporary. Genre and portrait paint- er, pupil of Hubert and Bonnat. Works : News at the Studio (18G8); Waiting (1870); At the Fortune-Teller's, Baby's Photograph (1875) ; The Slave's Narrative (187G) ; Veil Dance (1877) ; Jewess of Morocco (1880) ; Othello, Salome (1881); Harem in Old Gra- nada (1883) ; Sultana going to the Bath, Young Girl with Narghileh (1884) ; Nym- phea lotus (1885); Bazaar in Tunis, Jewess of Algiers (1886). In United States : Ju- dith, B. Wall, Providence ; Gallery of the Louvre, J. H. Stebbins, New York ; In the Cathedral, W. B. Bement, Philadelphia ; Love Song, T. M. Scott, San Fi-ancisco.
RICHTER, GUSTAV, born in Dessau, May 12, 1847. Landscape painter, pupil of Berlin Academy (18G3-G8) and of Max Schmidt, then studied from nature, travel- ling in Middle Germany ; paints chiefly mountain landscapes. WTorks : Group of Black Poplars on the Elbe, Ducal Palace, Dessau ; Forest Border ; Castle Giessmanns- dorf (1873); Landscape in Hartz Mountains (1874) ; Entrance into Bode Valley (1876).
EICHTER, GUSTAV (KARL LUDWIG), born in Berlin, Aug. 31, 1823, died there, April 3, 1884. History and portrait painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Ed uard Hol- bein, and in Paris (1844-46) of Coguiet ; studied in Rome in 1847-49, visited after- wards France and Italy repeatedly, Egypt in 1861, and the Crimea in 1873. One of the most successful portrait painters of modern times. Member of and professor in Berlin Academy ; honorary member of
Munich and Vienna Academies. Medals : Berlin, Paris (1855, 1857, 1859), Brussels, Vienna (1873), Phila- delphia (1876), Mu- nich (1883); Order pour le merite. Works: Portrait of his Sister(1852); Daugh- ter of Jairus (1856), National Gallery, Berlin ; Baldur, The Walkyrieg, Walhalla, New Museum, ib.; Building of the Pyramids (1859-73), Maximiliaueum, Munich ; Fe- male Portrait (1852) ; do. (1856) ; Portrait of Painter Hoguet (1862) ; do. of him- self (1862-G4) ; do. of Eduard Hildebrandt (1865), Dantzic Museum ; Egyptian Girl, Odalisque, Neapolitan Fisher-Boy, Egyptian Dancers (1870) ; Pygmalion ; Gypsy Girls in the Crimea (1873) ; Sultan Abdul Aziz (1867) ; Count and Countess Koberinsky ; Princess Carolath (1872) ; Duchess of Ed- inburgh ; Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg (1874) ; Hon. George Bancroft ; Artist with Boy, Artist's Wife with Younger Child (1874); Banker's Wife (1876); Emperor Will- iam (187G, 1877); Empress Augusta, Count- ess Karolyi (1878) ; Prince Pless ; Queen Louise (1879), Cologne Museum ; Countess Donhoff ; General Count von Blumenthal (1883), National Gallery, Berlin.— Allgem. K. C., viii. 446, 902 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1884), i. 338 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 182 ; Kunst-Chro- nik, v. 83 ; ix. 712 ; x. 51 ; xiii. 2 ; xiv. 5 ; xix. 442, 541 ; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 87 ; ii. 43 ; Miiller, 438 ; Eosenberg, Berl. Maler- seh., 191 ; D. Rundschau, ix. 471 ; xiii. 327 ; xvii. 303 ; xx. 461, 463 ; xxi. 148 ; Land und Meer (1872), i. 23 ; (1880), i. 47 ; (1884), ii. 710 ; Westermann's Monatshefte, liii. 40, 168 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 92, 105.
RICHTER, WILHELM, born in Vienna in 1820. Genre, battle, and animal painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works : Girl before Shrine (1838) ; View from St. Mi- chael; Street Sweeper (1839); Uhlans March- ing ; Storming of a Church (1844) ; Sally
RICO
from a City (1845) ; Attack of French Cav- alry (1846) ; Death of Hensel at Malbor- ghetto (1847) ; Piedmonteao Prisoners of War (1858); Dragoons in a Skirmish (18C5); Equestrian Portrait (1870) ; Horses at Past- ure (1870) ; Kennel (1871) ; Royal Hunt in Hungary (1882).— Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 87 ; xix. 518 ; Wurzbach, xxvi. 65.
RICO, MARTIN, born in Madrid ; con- temporary. Architecture painter, pupil of Federico de Madrazo, then studied in Paris and Rome. Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Doge's Pal- ace in Venice, Samuel Hawk Collection, New York ; Grand Canal — Venice, Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib. ; Italian Garden, Metropolitan Museum, ib. ; Court Interior — Granada, Boating Party in Bois de Boulogne, Washer- women at Poissy, The Seine at Poissy, J. H. Stebbins, ib. ; On the Seine, Morris K. Jes- up, ib. ; Ferry of San Stefano — Venice, C. L. Smith, ib.; Ancient Convent Walls near Se- ville, On the Seine, R. L. Cutting, ib.; Ven- ice, Canal near Poissy, A. J. Drexel, Phila- delphia ; The Seine, Alex. Brown, ib. ; Canal in Venice, Boric Collection, ib. ; Gathering Oranges at Toledo, Venice, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Entrance to Canale Grande — Venice, H. L. Dousman, St. Louis ; Village of Bougival, Daniel Catlin, ib. ; Bridge of, Toledo (1883) ; S. M. del Giglio in Venice (1884).— La Ilustracion (1883), i. 2 ; ii. 307 ; (1884), i. 267.
RIDINGER (Riedinger), JOHANN ELI- AS, born in Ulm, Feb. 16, 1698 (Feb. 15, 1695 ?), died in Augsburg, April 10, 1767. German school ; animal and landscape painter, pupil in Ulin of Christoph Resch and in Augsburg of Johann Falk, then lived for three years in Ratisbon ; returned to Augsburg, where he was much influenced by Rugendas, and in 1759 became director of
the Academy. Unsurpassed in tho reprewn- tation of wild animals. Works : Three Stags, Grosvenor Gallery, London ; Stag pursued by Dogs, Cassel Gallery ; Stag Resting (2), FUrstenberg Gallery, Donaueschingen ; Two Bears in a Wilderness (1710), Schwerin Gal- lery; Pheasant Hunt at Night, Weimar Museum. — Ch. Blanc, £colo alle- maude ; Kugler (Crowe) ; Nagler, xiii. 160; N. Bibli- othek der Wisseuschaften, ii. 137 ; Thiene- mann, Leben (Leip., 1856); Weyennann, 437. RIEDEL, AUGUST, born at Baireuth, Dec. 27, 1802, died in Rome, Aug. 8, 1883. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Mu- nich Academy under Peter von Langer; went in 1828 to Rome, where he adopted a manner differing wide- ly from the academic style, and excelling in brilliancy of colour- ing, which made his pictures very popular. Was member of and professor in Accademia di S. Luca in Rome, member of Berlin, Mu- nich, Vienna, and St. Petersburg Academies. Works : Sakuntala, Medea, Stuttgart Gal- lery ; Girls Bathing, Two Albanian Women (1838), National Gallery, Berlin ; Child and Nurse (1865), Raczynski Gallon-, ib.; Wom- en of Albano, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Vit- toria d'Albano, Wittelsbach Palace, Munich ; Neapolitan Fisher Family (1834), Judith (1840), Young Girl in Mother's Lap (1848), Portrait of Carl Rottmann (1827), five other portraits (1831, 1842, 1865), New Pinako- thek, ib.; Roman Woman ; Bayadere (1862); Neapolitan Mother by tho Sea ; Bacchante, Sappho, Herodias, Sakuntala, King of Wflr- trmberg's Collection ; Puck ; Cupid and Psyche feeding Nightingales ; Beautiful Stella ; Agrippina with Ashes of Germani- cus ; Rezia ; Spring ; Angel of Light ; The Peri ; Love among the Roses, J. J. Astor, New York; Italian Woman, August Bel-
RIEDER
mont, ib.; many portraits. — Allgem. K. C., viii. 491, 902 ; Brockhaus, xiii. 690 ;
ACotta's Kunstbl. (1844), 105 ; D. Kunstbl. (1851), 139 ; (1853), 427 ; (1857), 39 ; Mailer, 439 ; Land und Meer (1880), i. 499.
EIEDER, WILHELM AUGUST, born at Dobling, near Vienna, Sept. 30, 1796, died in Vienna, Sept. 8, 1880. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Acad- emy, and afterwards professor ; in 1857 be- came custodian of the Belvedere Gallery ; visited Tyrol and North Italy in 1830, Flor- ence and Rome in 1833. Works : Christ on Mount of Olives ; St. Rosalia (1820); Lily of St. Leonard (1841), Vienna Museum ; Mary Stuart taking Farewell of her Ladies (1843); Scene from Walter Scott's Prison of Edin- burgh (1844) ; Portrait of Franz Schubert ; Emperor Francis I., Gratz University. — D. Kunstbl. (1857), 325 ; Wurzbach, xxvi. 107.
RIEDMULLER, FRANZ XAVER VON, born at Constance, Jan. 22, 1829. Land- scape painter, pupil in Carlsruhe (1856-G1) of J. W. Schirmer, then lived for some time in Strasburg and Frankfort, and settled in Stuttgart in 18G4. Medals : Carlsruhe and London. Baden court painter since 1873. Works : Heidenlocher on Ueberling Lake ; Charcoal-Burner's Hut ; View on the Ko- nigssee ; do. on Lake Constance ; do. near Berchtesgaden ; do. near Strasburg (1875) ; Stuttgart Museum ; Italian Landscapes ; Views in Grand-ducal Garden at Carlsruhe. — Miiller, 440 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex. , xviii. 821.
RIEFSTAHL, WILHELM, born at Neu- strelitz, Mecklenburg, Aug. 15, 1827. Land- scape and figure paint- er, pupil of Berlin AcademyunderF. W. Schirmer ; studied nature on Isle of Rii- gen, afterwards visit- ed Middle Germany, the banks of the Rhine, Tyrol, Switzerland, and Rome (1869); was professor at the Carlsruhe Art School
in 1870-73, and director in 1875-77 ; settled in Munich in 1878. Excels in harmonious combinations of landscape scenery with fig- ures. Member of and professor in Berlin Academy ; honorary member Munich Acad- emy, 1881. Gold medal : Berlin, 1864 ; Vienna, 1873. Works: Northern Heath; Coast of Rilgen ; Westphalian Village Church ; Procession of Capuchins ; Mourn- ing Assembly in Appenzell, Carlsruhe Gal- lery ; Similar subject, Wiesbaden Gallery ; Bridal Procession in Passeyer Valley ; Re- turn from Baptism ; Pilgrimage in the Moun- tains ; In the Refectory ; Shepherds' Devo- tions in the Fields (1864), All Souls' Day (1869), National Gallery, Berlin ; Funeral Procession in Front of Pantheon (1871), Dresden Gallery ; Blessing of the Alps (1881) ; Missionaries in Rhatia (1884) ; Child's Burial in Passeyer (Jubilee Exhibi- tion, Berlin, 1886) ; Wedding Procession in Tyrol, J. J. Astor, New York ; do., Israel Corse, ib. ; Chapel in Tyrol, D. H. McAlpin, ib. ; Return from Christening, Mrs. Wils- tach, Philadelphia.— Allgem. K. C., viii. 942 ; Brockhaus, xiii. 700 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1863), i. 96 ; Jordan, 250 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 8, 380 ; xix. 644, 661 ; Miiller, 440 ; D. Rund- schau, ix. 477 ; xiii. 336 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 348 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iv. 117 ; v. 123 ; vi. 175 ; xx. 76.
RIEGER, ALBERT, born in Vienna; con- temporary. Landscape painter ; has trav- elled in Europe and the East. Works : Ru- ins of Mosque in Greece, Storm on Coast of Dalmatia, Sunset, Coast View in Istria, Eddystone Lighthouse in Stormy Night, do. at Sunrise, Storm in the Tropics (1871- 72); Waterfall in the Pryenees(1872); Rainy WTeather on the Danube ; Summer Even- ing near Florence (1874) ; Ruins of Athens (1878) ; Polar Night in Spitzbergen (1880) ; Castle Hohenbaden, Queen Waldlieb (1881); Shipwreck on Norwegian Coast (1882). — Illustr. Zeitg. (1873), ii. 16 ; (1875), ii. 383 ; (1878), ii. 271 ; (1881), ii. 369, 378 ; (1882), ii. 465 ; (1883), i. 293 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii.; Wurzbach, xxvi. 133.
KIENZI
RIENZI, Holman Hunt, private gallery, England. Rienzi vowing to revenge his brother's death. Painted in 1849 ; Hunt's first Pre-Raphaelite picture.
RIEPENHAUSEN, FRANZ and JO- HANN, born in Gottingen in 1786 and 1788, died in Rome, Franz, Jan. 3, 1831, Johann, Sept. 17, 1860. His- tory painters, sons of and first instruct- ed by the engraver Ernst Riepenhau- sen, then studied under W. Tischbein in Gottingen and in Cassel (1804), and after Hartmann's draw- ings from Pre-Raphaelite masters in Dres- den (1805), where they embraced Catholi- cism ; returned to Gottingeu, and weut in j 1807 to Italy. In 1810 they published a history of painting in Italy. The portrait is of Johann Riepenhausen. Works : The Minstrel (after Goethe); Maiden from Afar (after Schiller) ; Magnificat ; Casting off of Hagar; Christ blessing Children (1819), Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Madonna and St. John (1820), Schwerin Gallery ; View of Rome (1820) ; Legend of St. Elizabeth (2,1821) ; Raphael's Vision (1822), Raczyn- ski Gallery, Berlin ; Conradin hearing his Death Sentence ; Henry the Lion defending Barbarossa in Rome (1825), Royal Palace, I Hanover. By Johann : Duke Erich saving i Emperor Maximilian's Life in Battle of Re- gensburg (1834); First Communion of Girls j in Rome ; Cupid as Musician ; Madonna j and St. John, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Cu- j pid and Psyche (1835), Provinzial Muse- um, Hanover ; Raphael's Death, Apparition (1836) ; Charity, Cupid instructing Two
Girls in Love, Duke Ernst of Brunswick J interceding for Prisoners (1837) ; Beatrix ',
before Emperor Otto IV. (1838); Extinction of Cenci Family (1839); Poetry, Kunsthalle, Hamburg. — Andresen, iii. 86 ; Brockhaua, xiiL 702 ; Furster, iv. 232 ; N. Necrol. d. D. (1831), 38 ; Reber, i. 325 ; Riegel, Gesch. des Wiederauflebens der d. K, 258.
RIESENER, (LOUIS ANTOINE) LEON, born in Paris, Jan. 21, 1808, died in 1878. Figure and portrait painter, pupil of his father, Henri Francois Riesener (portrait painter, 1767-1828), and of Gros. Medals : 3d class, 1836 ; 2d class, 1855, 1864 ; L. of Honour, 1873. Works : Flora, Bacchante (1836) ; Egyptian Girl and Nurse (1855) ; Idyl in Normandy (1863) ; Erigone (1864), Luxembourg Museum ; Bacchus and Ari- adne, Awaking, The Toilette (1875) ; Brook in the Wood ; Country Pleasures. — Bellier, ii. 379 ; Meyer, Gesch., 286.
RIESER, MICHAEL, bom at Schlitters, Tyrol, Sept. 6, 1828. History painter, pu- pil of Munich (1848-50) and Vienna (1852- 61) Academies, at the latter under Ruben, then studied for three years after the old masters in Florence, Rome, and Venice. Member of Vienna Academy in 1864 ; pro- fessor at Industrial Art School in Vienna since 1868. Works : Holy Family (1858) ; Baptism of Christ ; Death of St. Weuces- laus (1859) ; Eve of Nativity, Prague Gal- lery ; many cartoons for church glass-paint- ings.—Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 511 ; Mflller, 440 ; Wurzbach, xxvi. 148.
RIETSCHOOF, JAN CLAASZ, born at Hoorn in 1652, died there in 1719. Dutch school ; marine painter, pupil of Backhuy- zen, whose style he imitated very skilfully. Works : Calm Sea, Stormy Sea, Amsterdam Museum.— Kugler (Crowe), ii. 505.
RIGAUD, HYACINTHE, born at Per- pignan, July 18, 1659, died in Paris, Dec. 29, 1743. French school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of Pezet, Verdier, and Ranc ; won grand prix in 1682, but, by Le Brun's advice, instead of going to Rome, devoted himself to portrait painting, in which he be- came a master. Member of Academy, 1700 ; professor, 1710 ; rector, 1733 ; Order of St
46
RIGAUD
Michael, 1727. Works : Cain building the City of Enoch (1C82) ; Crucifixion (1G84) ; Presentation in the Temple, St. Andrew, Portrait of Louis
XIV. (1701), Philip V. of Spain, Bossuet (1705), Le Brun and Mi guard, Cardinal Polignac, and nine others, Louvre ; Louis XIV., Louis
XV. (4, two dated 1715, 1730), Mignard, Portrait of him- self, twelve others, Versailles Museum ; Pierre Puget, Amiens Museum ; Saint-Si- mon, Bishop of Metz, Marshal Noailles, Grenoble Museum ; Louis XIV., Metz Mu- seum ; Fontenelle, Montpellier Museum ; Marshal Turenne, Nimes Museum ; Louis XV., Rouen Museum ; Philip of Orleans, Eacine, Toulouse Museum ; Louis XIV., Valenciennes Museum ; others in Museums at Chartres, Douai, Lyons (2), Nantes, Or- leans, Strasburg, Basle, Geneva, Zurich (2); Sculptor Bogaert, Berlin Museum ; Portrait of himself, Cassel Gallery ; Cardinal Fleury, Knight of St. Michael, Darmstadt Museum ; Augustus III. of Poland, Dresden Museum ; Louis XPV., Madrid Museum ; Fontenelle, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Bossuet, Por- trait of himself, Uffizi, Florence ; Cardinal Fleury, National Gallery, London ; others in Bamberg and Carlsruhe (2) Galleries ; Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Museum (2), Liechtenstein (1740) and Czernin Galleries, Vienna ; Naples Museum ; Historical Soci- ety, New York (2). His brother Gaspard (born at Perpignan, baptized June 1, 1661,
/ iLy
///v
died in Paris, March 27, 1705), was also a portrait painter of merit, several of whose
works are probably attributed to his more famous brother. — Bellier, ii. 381 ; Ch. Blanc, tfcole franyaise ; Dohme, 3 ; Houssaye, 140 ; Jal, 1062 ; Mi'moirs inedits, ii. 114 ; Nagler, xiii. 179 ; Wurzbach, Fr. Mai. des XVIH. Jahrh., 6.
EIGAUD, JOHN FRANCIS, born at Tu- rin, Italy, May 18, 1742, died at Packing- ton, England, Dec. G, 1810. History and portrait painter, son of a French merchant ; early studied art and became painter to the King of Sweden ; afterwards studied in Rome, Bologna, and Parma, and in 1766 was elected a member of the Bologna Acad- emy. Went in 1772 to Paris, and thence to London, where he became an exhibitor at the Royal Academy, was elected an A.R.A. in 1782, and R.A. in 1784. His diploma picture was entitled Samson. He painted also in fresco, and decorated ceilings, and translated into English Leonardo da Vinci's "Treatise on Painting" (1806).— Redgrave.
RIGO, JULES (VINCENT ALFRED), born in Paris in 1810. Battle painter, pu- pil of L. Cogniet. Medals : 3d class, 1857 ; 2d class, 1859, 1861, 1863. Works : Bona- parte at Siege of Toulon— 1783 (1849), Min- istry of Interior, Paris ; Crossing of the Tagliamento in 1809, Taking of Zaatcha — , 1849 (1853), French Surgeons at Battle of Inkerman— 1854 (1857), Marshal Canrobert in Trenches of Sebastopol (1859), Portrait of Mayor of Versailles (1856), Versailles Museum ; Baptism of Clovis (1859, bought by the State) ; Battle of Magenta (1861) ; do. of Solferino (1866) ; Totila King of the Goths visiting St. Benedict (1865), Com- munion of St. Benedict (1867), St. Etienne du Mont, Paris ; Crossing of the Beresina — 1812 (1870); Charge of Cuirassiers at Reichs- hoffen (1879) ; Start for the Promenade (1880).— Bellier, ii. 382.
RILEY, JOHN, born in London in 1646, died there in 1691. Portrait painter, pupil of Gerard Soest and of Isaac Fuller; be- came noted after death of Lely, and had among his sitters Charles H., James H. and his Queen, and William and Mary, to whom
RINALDO
be was appointed court painter. Works : heads of Ubaldo and his companion. Eu- Bishop Bumet, James II, William Lord graved by P. do Jodo (1644). Same sub- Russell, Waller, National Portrait Gallery ; ject, Bordeaux Museum. — Cat. Louvre ; others at Hampton Court. — Redgrave ; F.
Waagen, Treasures, iv. 511.
By Antou van Dyck, Duke of Newcastle, England ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft 8 in. Armida, iu floating red drapery, leans over Rinaldo, who sleeps at the foot of a tree, and envelopes him iu garlands of flowers which cupids bring to her ; above, other cupids flying ; at left, a siren, her head and bust out of the water, sings to prolong the enchantment to which the hero has suc- cumbed. A copy, formerly iu collection of
de Conches, 61.
RINALDO AND ARMIDA, Subject from Tasso's " Gerusalerame liberata" (Jerusalem Delivered). Rinaldo, who has fled from the camp of the Crusaders after slaying Gernan- do, gives himself up to amorous delights iu the gardens of the enchantress Armida.
By Agostino Carracci, Naples Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 4 in. x 7 ft. 9 in. Armida, seated upon a hillock under a tree, arranges her hair with the aid of a mirror which Riualdo, re- clining, holds for her ; at left, Ubaldo and Charles the Danish knight con- cealed in foliage ; in back- ground, left, palace of Ar- mida. From the Farnese Collection. Engraved by Lasinio fils. — Museo Bor- bonico, viii. PL 1.
By Domenichino, Louvre; canvas, H. 3 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. 5 in. Annida and Rinaldo in nearly same position as above ; a cupid, in the air, aims an arrow at Armida, while two others embrace, a fourth lies asleep, and a fifth sits on the bank near Armida ; at left, Ubaldo and Charles the Danish knight ; iu background, middle, the palace of Armida. Collection of Louis XIV., who bought it iu 1685. Engraved by Croutelle.— Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Musue francais, i.; Landon, Vies, PI. 142 ; Reveil, xi. 733.
By Anton van Dyck, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Rinaldo, disarmed, reclines on the sward with his head on Ar- mida's knees ; at left, cupids play with his A „ „
sword ; at right, a cupid holds his hands distance, two warriors near a column to receive fruit from another one in a tree ; ried to Paris ; returned in 1! in foreground, two cupids near an open coffer of jewels ; at left, behind a bush, the
Rinaldo and Armida, Domenichino, Louvre.
the Due do Tallard (1756), was sold at his sale for 7,000 florins to the King of Prussia. Engraved by F. Ragot ; P. de Baillu.
By Nicolas 7'oiissin, Berlin Museum ; can- vas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 9.1 in. Armidn, clothed in a yellow mantle, bearing away the sleeping Rinaldo. She supports his head, four cupids bear up his body and legs, and a fifth flies in advance towards a river. On the opposite side an aged man, personifying a river, and two nymphs ; at a
by Chasteau ; anonymous.— Smith, viii. 147. By Nicolas Poussin, Dulwich Gallery ; can-
47
KINALDO
vas, H. 2 ft. 7£ in. x 3 ft. 7£ in. Armida, armed with a dagger, is bending cautiously over Kinaldo, who, clad in splendid armour, lies sleeping at the foot of a tree ; overcome by love, as she contemplates his beautiful face, she withholds the blow, her arm being restrained by a cupid who has alighted be- side her. Engraved by J. Audran ; P. Du- pin. — Smith, viii. 145.
By Nicolas Poussin, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. C in. Ar- mida bends affectionately over the sleeping Kinaldo and places her hand on his breast ; at his head are two cupids, a third plays with his shield, and a fourth is on the farther side of a bank ; on opposite side, emblems of fertility and abundance ; on a cloud, Armida's splendid car, with spirited coursers, held by two nymphs. Engraved by Sanders. — Smith, viii. 146.
Subject treated also by Alessandro Tia- rini, Munich Gallery ; Francois Boucher (1734), Louvre ; Auguste Leloir (1879).
KINALDO AND ARMIDA, HISTORY OP, David Teniers, younger, Madrid Mu- seum ; copper. Series of twelve pictures, each H. 9 in. x 1 ft. 3 in. :
1. Armida arrives at the Christian camp and presents herself to Godfrey de Bou- illon.
2. Godfrey deliberates with his compan- ions concerning the means of giving Armida the aid she asks for ; in the background, the death of Gernando at the hands of Rinaldo.
3. Charles and Ubaldo, seeking for Ri- naldo, who has fled the camp to escape the punishment of his deed, arrive on the banks of a river near Ascalon, where they hear of his ensnarement by Armida.
4. Rinaldo in the Island of Orontes.
5. Armida, in her chariot, conveys Ri- naldo asleep to the Fortunate Isles.
6. Charles and Ubaldo land in the Fortu- nate Isles.
7. The Gardens of Armida ; Rinaldo, dis- armed, with his head on the breast of the enchantress.
8. Separation of Rinaldo and Armida.
9. Rinaldo and his companions flee from the Fortunate Isles, and Armida disappears into the air in her chariot.
10. Prowess of Rinaldo against the Sara- cens.
11. Armida in her chariot incites the Saracens against Rinaldo.
12. Armida is about to stab herself when Rinaldo arrests her hand and is reconciled to her.
RINCON, ANTONIO, born in Guadala- jara about 144G, died in Seville about 1500. Spanish school ; doubtfully said to have studied in Italy, either with Andrea del Castagno or Domenico Ghirlandajo ; paint- ed chiefly at Toledo ; became painter to Ferdinand and Isabella, whose portraits he frequently painted. Best extant work, al- tarpiece in Church of Robleda de Chavila, containing seventeen panel pictures of the Life of the Virgin. His son Fernando was also a painter. — Stirling, i. 89 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole espagnole.
RING, HERMAN TOM, born at Mtin- ster in 1521, died there in 1597. German school ; history and portrait painter, son and pupil of Ludger the elder, but influ- enced by the Italians. "Works : Waking of Lazarus (1546), Crucifixion, Companion- piece to do., Minister Cathedral ; Crucifix- ion and others, also portraits, Art Union, Mi'mster ; twelve Prophets and Sibyls, Augs- burg Gallery ; Portraits of John of Leyden and Wife (1535), Schwerin Gallery. His son Nicolaus, who flourished second half of 16th and beginning of 17th century, was a follower of the Italian schools. Work : Entombment (1598), Ludgeri Church, Miin- ster.— Kugler (Crowe), i. 268 ; Schlie, 524 ; W. & W., ii. 504 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xii. 256, 319.
RING, LUDGER TOM, the elder, born at Miinster in 1496, died there in 1547. German school ; a versatile master, of a family of painters that flourished in Miin- ster in the 16th century. Works : Portraits of Man and Wife, Bust Portrait of Young Man (1536), Museum, Miinster ; God the
RING
Father as Avenger (1538), Art Union, ib.; Male Portrait, Berlin Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), i. 268; Liibke, Mittelalterliche Kunst in Westfalen, 3G6 ; W. & W., ii. 503 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xii. 257.
RING, LUDGER TOM, the younger, born at Miinster after 1521, died at Bruns- wick in 1583 or 1584. German school ; his- tory and portrait painter, son and pupil of Ludwig the elder ; settled in Brunswick, where he obtained the freedom of the city in 1561. Works : Portrait of Doctor Chem- mitzer (1569), Art Union, Mttnster ; others in private collections there ; Marriage at Cana (1562), Berlin Museum ; Portrait of a Lady (miniature), Suermoudt Museum, Aix- la-Chapelle.— Kugler (Crowe), i. 268 ; W. & W., ii. 505 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xii. 320.
RING, PIETER DE, flourished about 1650-60. Dutch school ; fruit, flower, and still-life painter, and a successful follower of Jan D. de Heem ; master of Guild at Leyden in 1648. Works : Still-Life, Amster- dam Museum ; Vanitas (1650), Berlin Museum ; Table with Oysters, Lobster, and Fruits, Dresden Gallery ; Breakfast Table (2, one dated 1659), Schwerin Gallery. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 520 ; Krainm, v. 1370 527.
RIOULT, LOUIS EDOUARD, born at Montdidier (Somme), Oct. 26, 1780, died in Paris, March 10, 1855. Genre painter, pu- pil of David and Regnault. Won second grand prix in 1814. First exhibited in 181 9 ; soon after, having lost the use of his right hand, he learned to paint with his left. Medals: 2d class, 1844; 1st class, 1838. Works : Endymion Asleep (1822); Angelica rescued by Roger (1824), Compiegne Palace ; School Boy giving his lunch to a Poor Mau (1824) ; Women Bathing (1827) ; Calabrian Brigand (1829); Going into the Bath (1831); Bath at the Fountain (1834) ; Torregiano, Two Girls in a Boat (1835); St. Jerome Pray- ing, Two Girls in a Bath (1836) ; Siege of
Ostend (1837), Versailles Museum; Girl with a Goat, Magdalen (1838) ; Death of Chevalier d'Assas, Girl with Dogs (1841) ; Visitation, Diana Bathing, Leda Bathing, Woman Bathing with a Zephyr, Wounded Love (1850); Battle of Hastcmbeck, 1757, Portraits of the Grand Condi', and his Wife, of Philip V. of Spain, Princesse de Lam- balle, Count and Countess of Albany, Ma- dame de Genlis, and twenty-one others, Versailles Museum ; Little Savoyard Asleep, Douai Museum ; Dorine and Tartuffe, Mou- targis Museum ; Aurora, Saint-foienne Mu- seum.—Bellier, ii. 384 ; D. KunstbL (1851), 188 ; Larousse.
RIPOSO, IL. See Ttyow in Egypt.
RISSE, ROLAND, born in Cologne in 1835. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Karl Sohn, Schadow and Bendemann ; visited afterwards Munich, Dresden, the Nether- lands, and Paris. Works : Christ before Pilate (1856) ; Christ with a Dove (1858) ; Christ presenting a Child as Example to his Disciples (1862) ; Johanna Sebus (1864) ; Snowdrop and the Dwarfs (1866); Sleeping Beauty (1867); Cinderella (1868); Last Days of Pompeii ; Ophelia ; God and Bayadere ; Portraits of 11 Members of Academy Senate in Tdbiugen (1878).— Mailer, 441.
RITCHIE, ALEXANDER HAY, born in Glasgow, Scotland, Jan. 14, 1822. Por- trait and genre painter, and engraver ; stud- ied under Sir William Allen in the Royal In- stitution, Edinburgh. Removed in 1841 to New York, where he has since lived. Elect- ed N.A. in 1871. Works : Washington and his Generals ; Death of Lincoln ; Mercy at the Wicket Gate ; Fitting out Moses for the Fair; Baby, who's that? Portraits: Presi- dent McCosh and Professors Charles Hodge and H. M Alexander of Princeton College (1881).
RTTTER, EDUARD, born in Vienna in 1808, died there in 1853. Genre painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works : Scene in Peasant Family (1838), Country People around Well (1846), Sick Bugle-Player
KITTEE
(1847), Vienna Museum ; End of Church- Day (1846) ; Bequest of Grand-parents (1847) ; Ballad Singer (1848) ; Farewell of the Bride (1850) ; Rural Meal, Singing Re- hearsal (1851) ; Bout at Inn, End of a Vil- lage Church-Day (1852).— Wurzbach, xxvi. 179.
RITTER, HENRY, born at Montreal, May 24, 1816, died at Diisseldorf, Dec. 21, 1853. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Groger in Hamburg, whither he went early in life, then of Dusseldorf Academy under Sohn, where he was much attracted by Jordan ; excelled in representing epi- sodes from sailor-life, with great vividness and brilliant colouring. Works : Smug- glers attacked by Dragoons (1839) ; The Boaster (1841) ; Betrothal in Normandy (1842), Leipsic Museum ; Fisherman's Son Drowned (1844), Ravene Gallery, Berlin ; Poacher (1847); Fire in the Prairies (1851), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Middy's Sermon (1852), Cologne Museum. — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1846), No. 63 ; Forster, v. 395 ; Hagen, i. 353; Wolfg. Miiller, Dusseldf. K, 224; Wiegmann, 313.
RITTER, PAUL, born in Nuremberg, March 4, 1829. Architecture painter, pupil of Heideloff ; became deaf and dumb when four years of age ; travelled in France, Aus- tria, Denmark, and Italy. Gold medal, Ber- lin, 1880. Works : Sacrament Shrine in St. Lawrence, Nuremberg ; Choir of St. Law- rence, ib. ; Court of Old Post Office, ib. ; Peller Hof, ib. ; Well in Time of Thirty Years' War, ib. ; Arrival of Crown Jewels in 1424 (1883), City Hall, Nuremberg. His brother, Lorenz (born Nov. 27, 1832), paint- ed for the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg many views in Nuremberg and Heidelberg; View of Pentagonal Tower in Nuremberg (1882), Entry of Gustavus Adolphus into Nuremberg (1884).— Mttller, 441 ; Kunst- Chronik, xvii. 353 ; xix. 94 ; Ulustr. Zeitg. (1884), i. 131; Land und Meer (1887), i. 15.
RIVALZ, ANTOINE, born at Toulouse, March 6, 1667, died there, Dec. 7, 1735.
French school ; history and portrait painter, son and pupil of Jean Pierre Rivalz (1625- 1706), then studied in Paris and in Rome, where he received the first prize of the Ac- cademia di San Luca from the hands of Pope Clement XI. After his return to his native city he painted, during thirty years, many pictures relating to its history, and in 1726 established an art school, which was raised to the rank of an academy in 1750. Works : Foundation of City of Ancyra, Sosthenes King of Macedon taken Prisoner, Litto- rius vanquished by Theodoric, Raymond de Saint-Gilles taking the Cross in 1096, Defeat of Henry H. of England before Toulouse in 1159, The Huguenots expelled from Tou- louse in 1562, Pope Urban H. consecrating Church of St. Saturnin, Portrait of the Ar- tist, five others, Toulouse Museum ; Diana and Actseon, Narbonne Museum. — Bellier, ii. 387 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole fran9aise, ii.
RIVER, GOING DOWN TO THE, Alma- Tadema, W. H. Vanderbilt Collection, New York ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. A Ro- man lady, attended by her little daughter and a slave-girl, descending stairs leading down to the Tiber, with two ferrymen clam- ouring for custom ; at right, the river, with a marble bridge in background, and a galley coming into view through one of its arches. — Art Treasures of America, iii. 95.
RIVEY, ARSENE, born at Caen; con- temporary. History and portrait painter, pupil of Picot, Couture, and Bonnat. Med- al, 3d class, 1880. Works : Intimacy (1870); Brenda (1873); St. Sebastian (1876); David appeasing the Anger of Saul (1878); Nea- politan Woman (1881); Flemish Gentleman (1882); Estudiante (1883); In the Armoury, A Missive (1884); Study (1886).
RIVIERE, BRITON, born in London, Aug. 14, 1840. Subject and animal painter, son and pupil of William Riviere (1806- 1876), teacher of drawing at Cheltenham College and afterwards at Oxford, where Briton took his degree of A.B. in 1867. Ex- hibited in 1858-59, at the Royal Academy, pictures entitled Rest from Labour, Sheep
50
RIXENS
on the Cotswolcls, and Road to Gloucester. In 1876 he received a medal at Philadel- phia. Obtained much re- pute in 1866 by the Poach- er's Nurse. Elected an AR.A. in 1878, and R.A. in 1881. Works: Strayed from the Flock, Long Sleep (1866) ; Charity (1870); CTree and the Com- panions of Ulysses, Come Back (1871) ; Daniel in the Den of Lions (1872) ; Argus (1873) ; Apollo (1874) ; War Time, Last of the Garrison (1875) ; A Stem Chase, Swineherd's Dogs, Pallas Athenso (1876) ; Legend of St. Patrick, Lazarus (1877) ; Lions, Sympathy, An Anxious Mo- ment, Victims (1878) ; Poacher's Widow, In manus tuas — Domine (1879); Night- Watch, Endymion, Last Spoonful (1880); Envy, Ha- tred and Malice, Hope Deferred, Roman Holiday, Let Sleeping Dogs Lie (1881) ; The King Drinks, Magician's Doorway (1882); Giants at Play, Herd of Swine, Old Playfellows, Last of the Crew (1883) ; Eve of St. Bartholomew, King and his Satellites, Actseon, Enchanted Castle (1884) ; Stolen Kisses, After Naseby, Sheepstealers, Vse Victis (1885) ; Rizpah, Union is Strength, The Exile (1886).— Art Journal (1878), 5, 145 ; Meynell, 141 ; Portfolio (1880), 141.
RIXENS, JEAN ANDRti, born at Saint- Gaudens (Haute-Garonne) ; contemporary. History and portrait painter, pupil of Gt> rome. Medals : 3d class, 1871 ; 2d class, 1881. Works : Morning Farewell (1868) ; Death of Cleopatra ; Caesar's Body ; May Jane (1879) ; Harvesters in the Pyrenees (1880) ; Death of Agrippina (1881) ; Head of Old Man (1882); Glory (1883); Coquetry, Study (1884) ; Don Juan (1886).
RIZI, FRANCISCO, born in Madrid in 1608, died in the Escorial, Aug. 2, 1685. Spanish school ; son of Antonio Rizi, a painter of Bologna, who accompanied Fe- derigo Zucchero to Spain in 1585 ; pupil of Vincenzio Carducho. Appointed in 1653
670
painter to Cathedral of Toledo, and in 1G56 painter to Philip IV., an honour which ho enjoyed also under Charles H A very rapid worker, who painted many superficial pictures in Madrid and Toledo, and did much to aid the decline of art in Spain. Works: Au- fTr\ to da Fe in LJr \J . . . 1680, Por- J X^^-% trait of a <*S
General, Madrid Museum.— Stirling, ii. 696 ; Viardot, 272 ; Madrazo, 554.
RIZI, Fray JUAN, born in Madrid in 1595, died at Monte Cassiuo, Italy, in 1675. Spanish school ; brother of Francisco Rizi, pupil of Juan Bautista Mayuo ; in 1626 be- came a Benedictine monk at Montserrat, and, after filling several conventual offices, was made abbot of Medina del Campo. Painted many altarpieces and religious pict- ures, and won so much fame for hia talents and his piety that all the houses of his order were anxious to have him as an in- mate. In his old age he went to Italy, and the Pope conferred on him an Italian bish- opric, but he did not live to take it. Work : St. Francis receiving the Stigmata, Madrid Museum.— Stirling, ii. 693 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Viardot, 270 ; Madrazo, 561.
RIZO. See Francem-o da Santa Croce.
RIZPAH, Georges Jtttivr, canvas. The seven sons of Saul, whom David delivered to the Gibeonites to be hanged to avert the famine, are seen suspended from a lofty gibbet, beneath which Rizpah is fighting away a large eagle, come to prey upon the dead (2 Sam., xxi. 10). Painted in 1873 ; Philadelphia Exhibition, 1876.— Art Gal. PhiL Ex., 33.
By Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gal- lery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft x 4 ft. Riz- pah watching the bodies of her sons. Tur- ner Collection. Engraved, with alterations, in Liber Studiorum. — Cat. Nat. Gal.
RIZZONI, ALESSANDRO, born at Riga, Jan. 23, 1836. Genre painter, pupil of St Petersburg Academy, where he won the grand prize in 1860 ; visited Germany, Bel-
ROBBE
gium, Spain, and Portugal ; lived several years in Paris, and settled in Rome in 1865. Member of St. Petersburg Academy in 18G4 ; professor since 1869. Medals : London, Vi- enna. Works : Synagogue in Livonia ; In- terior of Koman Tavern ; Visit of Cardinal to S. Onofrio ; Vegetable Store at Frascati ; Refectory in Capuchin Monastery in Rome ; Cardinal Council.
ROBBE, LOUIS, born at Courtray, Nov. 17, 1806. Animal and landscape painter, self-taught, studying from nature since 1833 ; settled at Courtray in 1830, and at Brussels in 1840. Medals at Brussels (1839-42) ; Paris, 3d class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1845 ; Order of Leopold, 1843 ; Officer, 1863 ; Spanish Order of Charles III., 1844. Member Amsterdam Academy, 1855. Studio in Brussels. Works : Cam- pine in Brabant ; Sheep and Shepherd ; Rest in the Pasture ; Pond with Cows ; Roosters after Fight ; Bull attacked by Dogs, Brussels Museum ; Landscape with Cattle, Ghent Museum ; Sheep in Moun- tainous Landscape, Kunsthalle, Hamburg. His brother, Henri, is a still-life painter. Medals : Bruges, 1850 ; Ypres, 1855.— Im- merzeel, iii. 18 ; Kramm, v. 1371 ; Vape- reau (1880), 1551 ; Sunaert, 123.
ROBBINS, HORACE WOLCOTT, born in Mobile, Ala., Oct. 21, 1842. Landscape painter, pupil of August Weidenbach, Ger- man landscape painter, and of James M. Hart. In 1865 visited England, Holland, and France, where he received some in- struction from Rousseau in Paris, and in the same year sketched in Jamaica, W. I.; in 1866 sketched in Switzerland. Elected an A.N.A. in 1864, and N.A. in 1878. Stu- dio in New York. Works in oil : Blue Hills of Jamaica (1874) ; Roadside Elms ; Mt. Philip ; New England Homestead, Har- bour Islands — Lake George (1878) ; Moun- tain Stream (1879) ; Summer Afternoon — Keene Valley (1880) ; Cloudy Afternoon, Solitude (1881) ; Lake Katahdin — Maine (1882) ; Early Autumn— Adirondacks, Twi- light Hour (1883) ; Summer Afternoon-
Essex County, Keene Valley Runway, Sun- set— Island of Jamaica (1884) ; Showery Af- ternoon in the Mountains (1885) ; Darken- ing in the Evening Glory (1886). Water- colours : New England Road Scene (1877) ; New England Homestead (1878).
ROBER, ERNST, born at Elberfeld, June 23, 1849. History painter, pupil of Diissel- dorf Academy and of Bendemann. Works : Hunting Expedition of the Nibelungs ; Gods of Olympus, National Gallery, Berlin ; Nymphs surprised by Fauns, Faun's Love Song (1878). His brother, Fritz (born Oct. 15, 1851), also pupil of Bendemann, paint- ed Death of Sophonisba ; The Great Elec- tor consoling the Peasantry after Battle of Fehrbellin ; then (together with his brother and with Rudolf Bendemann), Allegorical Figures, Cupid and Psyche, Groups of Ge- nii, National Gallery, Berlin. — Miiller, 443 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 647 ; xxi. 243, 245 ; D. Rundschau, xvii. 300.
ROBERT, ALEXANDRE, born at Traze- gnies, Renault, Feb. 17, 1817. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of Brussels Academy under Navez, then studied in Italy, 1843- 48. Medals at Brussels, 1845, 1848 ; Paris, 1855 ; Officer, Order Leopold ; Order Fran- cis Joseph of Austria. Member Royal Acad- emy of Belgium. Studio in Brussels. Works : Ransacking of Carmelite Monastery in Ant- werp, Luca Siguorelli painting his Dead Son, Brussels Museum ; Regret (1849), Ghent Museum ; Chorus of Capuchins ; Young Mendicant ; Dolce far nieute ; Charles V. before his Death ; Souvenirs of Rome and Naples. —Miiller, 443; Vapereau (1880), 1553.
ROBERT, AURELE, born at Les Epla- tures, near La Chaux-de-Fonds, Neuchatel, Dec. 18, 1805, died at Ried, near Bienne (Biel), Canton Berne, Dec. 21, 1871. Ar- chitecture and genre painter, brother and, from 1822, pupil in Rome of Leopold Ro- bert, whom he accompanied on study trips in 1828-29, and, after a short separation, joined again in Paris in 1831, then in Ven- ice in 1833, to return home after Leopold's
52
ROBERT
suicide in 1835. Occupied in Paris mostly with copies after his brother's works in | 1836-37, he went to Venice again in 1838, and five years later returned to Switzerland, whence he visited the Breisgau in 1869. His execution was very careful, though somewhat heavy. Medal, Paris, 2d class, 1831. Works : Interior of St. Mark's, Ven- ice, Basle Museum ; do. (1854), Berne Mu- seum ; do. (1844), Interior of Baptismal Chapel, ib. ; Young Girl of Procida, Interior of Leopold Robert's Studio in Rome (1829), Neuchatel Museum ; Chapel in St. Mark's, Venice, Sacristy at Lugano, Zurich Gallery ; Baptismal Ceremony in Chapel in St. Mark's, Venice (1842), National Gallery, Berlin. — Jordan (1885), ii. 186 ; Rahn, Kuust- und Wanderstudien in der Schweiz (Vienna, 1883), 346.
ROBERT, HUBERT, called Robert des Ruines, born in Paris, May 22, 1733, died there, April 15, 1808. Landscape painter, pupil of Pannini ; spent twelve years at Rome. Member of Academy, 1766 ; and appointed custodian of the Louvre by the Directory. Works : Harbour of Ripetta near Rome (1766), Triumphal Arch at Orange (1767), Portico of Octavius (1785), Temple of Jupiter in Rome (1787), Maison Carn'e (1787), Round Temple (1788), and seven others, Louvre ; Two Views in Gardens of Versailles (1777), Pont Notre Dame, Paris, Poiit-au-Change and Clock Tower, ib. (1788), National Confederation on the Champ de Mai's (1790), Versailles Museum : View of Ancient Aqueducts, Trianon Pal- ace ; Interior of Maison Carree at Nimes, Pont du Gard, Fontainebleau Palace ; Foun- tain of Minerva, Rome (1772), Angers Mu- seum ; Ruins of Imperial Palace — Rome, do. of Temple, Interior of Thermae of Diocletian, Besanyon Museum ; Antique Ruins (2), Bordeaux Museum ; Aqueducts of Mainte- nant, Ruins of Forum Palladium, Chartres Museum ; Interior of Antique Temple with Religious Ceremony, Stable under Ancient Building, Dijon Museum ; others in Muse- ums of Marseilles, Montpellier, Orleans,
11 Ii
s~s f \ C l
Rouen (6), Troyes ; View of the Pantheon,
Darmstadt Museum ; Ruins of Temple at
G i r g en ti,
Stone Bridge,
Hermitage, St.
Petersburg. —
Bellier, il 391 ; tJ
Ch. Blanc, »
£cole franeaise ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Le-
jeune, Guide, L 272 ; iii. 317.
ROBERT, LEO PAUL, born at Bienne, Switzerland ; contemporary. History and genre painter, pupil of his father and of Gi'rome. Medal, 3d class, 1877. Works : Evening Zephyrs (1877); The Nymph Echo (1878) ; Christ with Lazarus, Genii of the Forest (1879); First Spring (1882); Beech- Woods at Romont (1883).
ROBERT, (LOUIS) LEOPOLD, born at La Chaux-de-Fonds, Neuchatel, Switzer- land, May 13, 1794, died in Venice, March 25, 1835. Genre painter, pupil of David iu Paris, whither he had gone with the engraver Charles Ghirardet, his first instructor. After winning the 2d grand prix for engraving (1814), and fre- quenting for a short time the studio of Gros in 1815, he returned home, where he paint- ed many excellent portraits and found a patron in M. Roullet Mezerac, who offered him the means to go to Rome in 1818 ; there he devoted himself to painting scenes from the life of the people. This he did with a poetry which raised his popular sub- jects to the dignity of history, and made him equal to the foremost artists of his time. In 1824 he won the first prize in Paris, visited that city, and his native coun- try in 1831, but soon returned to Italy, set- tling at Florence, whence he removed to Venice to complete his picture, The Fish- ers of the Adriatic. In a fit of melancholia he committed suicide. Medal, Paris, 1822 ;
68
EOBERT-FLEUEY
L. of Honour, 1831. Works : Neapolitan Improvisator (1824); Peasant Woman of the Campagua (1824); Festival of the Madonna dell' Arco (1827), Arrival of Harvesters in the Pontine Marshes (1830), Louvre ; Her- mit of Monte Epomeo— Isle of Ischia, Re- ceiving. Fruit from Young Girl, Nantes Museum ; Italian Bandit Wounded, Bandit Women in Flight, Basle Museum ; Roman Girl with Tambourine, Berne Museum ; Children of Canton Berne, Italian Girls, Sacristy of S. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Basilica of S. Paolo fuori le Mura in Rome after the Fire (1823), Interior of do., Central Fragment of L'lm- provisatore, Fishers of the Adriatic (1834), Views iu Rome (2), Retreat of Brigands, Le Septembriseur, Portraits (4), and Stud- ies (5), Neuchatel Museum ; Italian Brigand Asleep (1822), National Gallery, Berlin; The Mowers (1835, last work), Raczynski Gallery, ib.; Woman of Procida with her Child " (182G), New Piuakothek, Munich ; do. (1831), Konigsberg Museum ; Robber Asleep guarded by his Wife (1823), Leipsic Museum ; Gipsy, August Belmont, New York ; Roman Ruins, B. Wall, Providence. — Feuillet de Conches, Leopold Robert (Paris, 1849); Clement, Leopold Robert (Paris, 1874) ; Hamertou, I French Painters, 54 ; Meyer, Gesch., 514 ; Planche, Portraits d' Artistes, ii. 1.
ROBERT-FLEURY, (JOSEPH) NICO- LAS, born in Cologne, Aug. 8, 1797, of French parents. History and genre painter, pupil of Girodet, Gros, and Horace Vernet. Lived much in Rome up to 1826, when he settled in Paris. In 1833 he exhibited Scene in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, which at once gave him a high position. Medals : 2d class, 1824 ; 1st class, 1834, 1855, 18C7 ; L. of Honour, 1836 ; Officer, 1849 ; Com- mander, 1867 ; Member of Institute, 1850 ; director of French Academy at Rome, 1866. Works : Tasso in Convent of San Onofrio
^
I • // / Ot- / JjQ^
(1827); Reading at Mme. de Sevigne's (1833); Eve of St. Bartholomew (1833), Compiegne Palace ; Procession of the Ligue, Religious Discussion (1834) ; Regent in Council, Con- stable Albert de Luynes (1835) ; Henri IV. brought back to the Louvre after his Assas- sination (1836); St. Francis de Sales (1837); Christ and Little Children (1837), Nantes Museum ; Coming out of Church (1837) ; Entry of Clovis into Tours (1838), Arrival of Baldwin of Flanders at Edessa, 1097 (1839), Versailles Museum ; Conference at Poissy in 1561 (1840), Luxembourg Mu- seum ; Release of St. Peter, Ambroise Pare, Children of Louis XVL in Temple (1840) ; Pierre de la Ramee awaiting the Murderers on St. Bartholomew's Day, Neuchatel Mu- seum ; Inquisition, Michelangelo tending his Sick Servant Urbino, Benvenuto Cellini at Work (1841) ; Marino Faliero ; Burning a Heretic ; Rembrandt's Studio (1845); Gali- leo, Christopher Columbus received at the Court of Spain (1847) ; Massacre of Jews in London on Coronation Day of Edward H. (1848), Report to the Cardinal (1849), Ra- vene Gallery, Berlin ; Jane Shore (1850), Luxembourg Museum ; The Venetian Sen- ate (1850); Death of Montaigne (1853); Sack of a Jew's House (1855), Luxembourg ; Charles V. at San Yuste (1857) ; Philip VI. of Valois, Connetables Dues de Luynes and de Lesdiguieres, Marshals Biron and Vil- leroy (1835), Versailles Museum ; The Toi- let, Montpellier Museum ; Three Portraits, Nantes Museum ; The Body of Titian lying in State in the Palazzo Barbarigo — Venice, Portrait of the Artist, Antwerp Museum. Also executed important decorative works /7x"~ in the audience hall of the T\ /I Tribunal de Commerce, Paris. VX V 1 — Bellier, ii. 397 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1869), i. 188 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch., 279 ; Saint Valliere, Notice sur la vie, etc. (Paris, 1847); Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 121.
ROBERT-FLEURY, TONY, bora in Paris, Sept. 16, 1838. History, genre, and portrait painter, son of Joseph Nicolas, pu- pil of Paul Delaroche and Leon Cogniei
64
ROBERT
Medals : 18GG, 1867, 1870 ; medal of honour, 1870 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1873. Works : Roman Girl, Child kissing a Relic (1864); Warsaw on April 8, 1861 (1866) ; Old Women of the Pi- Navona (1867),
azza
Last Day of Corinth (1870), Luxembourg Museum; Danaids (1872) ; Charlotte Corday in Caen (1874); Pinel the Chief Physician of the Salpu- triere in Paris (1876) ; Vauban giving his Plans for the Fortification of Belfort (1882) ; Mazarin and his Nieces (1883) ; Leda (1885) ; Musical Cardinal, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York. — Larousse ; D. Rund- schau, xvi. 306 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xix. 259. ROBERT THE PIOUS, EXCOMMUNI- CATION OF, Jean Paul Laurens, Luxem- bourg Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 10 in. x 7 ft 2 in. Robert tt, King of France (996- 1031), married his cousin and was excom- municated, on his refusal to put her aside, by Gregory V., who declared that the union was in violation of canonical law. Aban- doned by all his court he was finally (1001) forced to yield. Salon, 1875.
ROBERT DBS RUINES. See Robert, Hubert.
ROBERTS, DAVID, born in Stockbridge, near Edinburgh, Oct. 24, 1796, died in London, Nov. 25, 1864. Landscape painter; appren- ticed to a house- painter and decora- tor in Edinburgh, then devoted him- self to scene paint- ing there (1816), as afterwards in London whither he went in 1822. First exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1826, a view of Rouen Cathedral, and then at the British Institute and the Socie-
ty of British Artiste, of which he was vice- president. He visited Spain in 1832-33, and in 1835 exhibited his Cathedral at Bur- gos, in the Royal Academy, London. In 1838-39 he went to the East, whence he drew many fine subjects, and where he made a series of sketches, exhibited in London in 1840. Painted about 260 oil pictures. Elected A.RA in 1838 and RA. in 1841. The sale of his sketches and drawings in June, 1865, realized £16,450. Works : De- parture of the Israelites (1828); Interior of Old Buildings on the Darro, Entrance to Crypt of Roslyn Chapel, Bab-el-Mutaweller Gate at Cairo (1835), S. Kensington Muse- um ; Ruins of Baalbec — Temple of the Sun (1840) ; Interior S. Miguel, Spain (1841) ; Burgos Cathedral (1835), Chancel of St Paul at Antwerp (1848), National Gallery, London; Sunset in Rome, National Gallery, Edin- burgh ; Tyre ; Sidon ; Melrose Abbey (1844); j Jerusalem ; Church of the Nativity at Beth- lehem ; Fete Day at St. Peter's. Mr. Rob- erts published several series of lithographed sketches : The best known are " Sketches in | the Holy Laud and Syria" (1842); "Italy, Historical, Classical, and Picturesque " (1859).— Ballantyne, Life (London, 1866); Art Journal (1858), 201 ; (1865), 43 ; Sandby, ii. 169 ; Redgrave.
ROBERTSON, ANDREW, born in Aber- deen, Scotland, Oct. 14, 1777, died at Hamp- stead, England, Dec. 6, 1845. Miniature painter, pupil of Alexander Nasmyth ; grad- uated at Aberdeen University in 1794. In 1801 ho walked to London to see the exhi- bition and was noticed by Benjamin West, who sat to him for his portrait and advised him to study in the Academy schools. Ho painted the princesses at Windsor, the Prince Regent (1812), and was appointed miniature painter to the Duke of Sussex. He had pupils who became distinguished, and on his retirement in 1841 the miniature painters presented him with a piece of plate as the father of their profession. His elder brother Archibald went to New York in 1791, to practise portrait painting, and was
55
KOBIE
afterwards followed by another brother, Alexander, pupil in miniature painting of Shelley. — Redgrave.
EOBIE, JEAN BAPTISTE, born in Brus- sels in 1821. Still-life painter, pupil of Brussels Academy ; most of his works are in private collections in France, England, and America. Medals at Brussels (1848), Paris (1851, 1863), Hague (1861), Sydney (1879) ; Order of Leopold (1861) ; Officer (1866); Commander (1881). Studio in Brus- sels. Works : Garland, Grapes, The Win- dow, The Park (1846-51); Still-Life (1853), Ghent Museum ; Bread and Wine (1855) ; Flowers, Grapes (1863) ; Grapes and Still- Life (1864) ; Massacre of the Innocents, Promised Land (1865) ; Autumn, Fruits (1867) ; Flowers, Fruits and Accessories (1878); Flowerpiece, T. Wigglesworth, Bos- ton ; do., A. Adams, Watertown ; H. B. Hurlbut, Cleveland ; J. J. O'Fallon, St. Louis ; W. H. Fosdick, Louisville ; Charles Crocker, San Francisco. — Vapereau (1880), 1554.
ROBINETTA, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Na- tional Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 2 ft. A girl, half-length, seated, with a robin on her right shoulder, resting her left arm on its cage. Said to be a portrait of Miss Anna Lewis, afterwards the Hon. Mrs. Tollemache. Purchased with Peel pic- tures in 1871. Eeplica at Knole Park, Earl Amherst. A somewhat similar picture, without the cage, belongs to Lord Lons- dale ; engraved by J. Jones (1787), and S. W. Reynolds. Etched by A. Lalanze in Portfolio.— Cat Nat. Gal.; Portfolio (1876), 145 ; Waagen, Art Treasures, iv. 340.
ROBINSON, THOMAS, born in Nova Scotia in 1835. Animal painter, pupil of Courbet, and for a short time of Auguste Bonheur. He has lived and painted in Prov- idence, Boston, and Paris. Works : Dog's Head, Sheep in Pasture, A New England Farmer, Bull's Head (1876); Sprague's String Team ; Beacon Street in Boston in January, In a Daisy Field (1884).— Benjamin, 103.
ROBUST! See Tintoretto.
ROCH (Rocco), ST., Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas, in narrow inter- val between two windows. A fine figure, though rather coarse. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 342.
ROCH, ST., GIVING ALMS, Annibale Carracci, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 9 in. x 17 ft. 1 in. St. Roch, at right, on a platform under a portico, giving alms to the poor and the sick, who throng the court in front ; background of architecture. Paint- ed for Chapel of S. Rocco, Reggio ; sold to Duke of Modena, whence passed to Dres- den. Copy in small, by Guido, in Zambec- cari Gallery, Bologna. Engraved by Guido Reni, who added two figures to it ; also by J. Camerata. — Gal. roy. de Dresde, i. PI. 21 ; Reveil, ix. 590.
ROCH, ST., FINDING OF BODY OF, Tintoretto, S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas, H. about 10 ft. x 25 ft. A somewhat confused picture, with a flying angel in blue drapery ; altogether uninteresting.— Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 324.
ROCH, ST., IN CAMPO D'ARMATA, Tintoretto, S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas, H. about 10 ft. x 25 ft. " A wild group of horses and warriors in the most magnificent confusion of fall and flight ever painted by man. They all seem dashed different ways as if by a whirlwind ; and a whirlwind there must be, for a huge tree is torn up and hurled into the air, as if it were a shivered lance."— Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 324.
ROCH, ST., IN THE DESERT, Tintoret- to, S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas. A single re- cumbent figure in a not very interesting landscape. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 322.
ROCH, ST., IN GLORY, Tintoretto, Scu- ola di S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas. The Saint ascends to heaven, looking down on a crowd of the sick and poor, who are blessing and adoring him. One of the worst of Tinto- rets. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 338.
ROCH, ST., IN HEAVEN, Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; oval, central pict- ure of ceiling, Sala dell' Albergo. Painted
56
ROCH
m 1560. The brethren of the Scuola had asked some of the chief painters of Venice to send in trial sketches for the centrepiece in the ceiling. Tintoretto produced a fin- ished painting instead of a sketch, and had it placed in the oval. Both the brethren and his fellow competitors were offended, but as he offered the picture as a present, they were obliged to accept it. — Buskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 351 ; Osier, Tintoret- to, 51 ; Kidolfi, Marav., ii. 193.
pupil of Julea Lefi-bvre and of Boulanger. Medals : 3d class, 1882 ; 2d class, and prix | du Salon, 1883. Works : Vitellius dragged through the Streets of Rome (1882) ; An- dromache (1883); La Jacquerie (1885); Mad- ness of Nebuchadnezzar (1886).— KunsU Chrouik, ss. 701 ; xxi. 294, 378 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, six. 258 ; xx. 234 ; xxi. 314.
ROCKY MOUNTAINS, Albert ffienladl, James McHeury. A vast plain, with cotton- wood trees, oaks, and pines in the fore-
~l.~! — ''""• i--1 — i — \ff ••'-•/'•• ! Kir
5fe^dds===^/r.' Ii i
^/^^sv^/j^ -^'^A
.icz ,re^M^
St. Roch Giving Alms, Annibale Carracci, Dresden Gallery.
ROCH, ST., IN THE HOSPITAL, Tinto- retto, S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas, H. about 10 ft. x25 ft. The Saint engaged in his minis- trations in the hospital. A very noble pict- ' ure, carefully composed and highly wrought, but a disgusting subject. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 323 ; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 191.
ROCH, ST., BEFORE THE POPE, Tin- toretto, S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas. A delight- ful picture in his best manner, but hastily painted.— Ruskiu, Stones of Venice, iii. 321.
ROCHEGROSSE, GEORGES, born at Versailles ; contemporary. History painter,
ground, groups of wigwnms with Indians and ponies in middle distance, and beyond, a river ; in background, lofty snow-crowned mountains — the highest peak Mount Lander. Painted in 1863. Kn graved by James D. Smillie.
RODAKOWSKI, HEINRICH, born at Lemberg, Galicia, in 1823. One of the best portrait painters of the day, pupil of Cogniet in Paris, where he settled ; painted also sev- eral good history and genre pictures. Med- als : Paris, 1st class, 1852 ; 3d class, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1861. Works : General Dein-
KODDE
binski (1852) ; Artist's Mother (1853) ; Prince Sapieha ; Count Eaczynski (1859) ; Sigismund sanctioning Privileges of Nobil- ity (1872) ; War without Fight ; Galician Peasants at Church (1857) ; Battle near Choczym in 1673 ; King Sobieski receiving Envoy from Vienna (1861) ; A Preacher (1873).— Wurzbach, xxvi. 218.
BODDE, KARL GUSTAV, born in Dant- zic, Aug. 29, 1830. Landscape painter, pu- pil of Johann Karl Schultz, then of Diissel- dorf Academy (1852-57) under Schirmer and Gude ; studied in 1857 at Munich and in 1858-61 in Borne. After his return he lived in Weimar and is now (1885) in Berlin. Works : Olivia ; After Sunset ; Valley Soli- tude, National Gallery, Berlin ; Landscape with Castle and Village, Wiesbaden Gallery. — Miiller, 445.
EODDELSTEDT, PETEE, called Gott- laud. German school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of Cranach, the elder ; flour- ished in 1548-72 at Weimar, where he be- came court painter to the Elector John Fred- eric in 1553. — Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 486 ; Nagler, Mon., iv. 884 ; W. & W., ii. 433.
EODE, CHEISTIAN BEENHAED, born in Berlin in 1725, died there, June 24, 1797. German school ; history painter, pupil of Antoine Pesne in Berlin and Carle van Loo in Paris ; studied afterwards in Eome and Venice, and became director of the Berlin Academy in 1783. He was the most not- able native historical painter at the court of Frederick the Great, for whom he exe- cuted a number of pictures in palaces and churches. Works : Ceilings in New Palace of Sans Souci, Potsdam ; Descent from the Cross, St. Mary's, Berlin. — Fiorillo, iii. 401 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 554 ; Nagler, xiii. 270 ; Eeber, i. 54.
EODEIGUEZ, ST., Murillo, Dresden Gal- lery ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. 10 in. Standing before a balustrade, wearing a rich chasuble, a palm in his left hand, his right outstretched, looking up to a cherub about to crown him with a wreath of flowers. Louis Philippe sale (1853), £210. Engraved
by Buchel ; Th. Langer ; etched by H. Biirk- ner; lithographed by Julien. — Curtis, 266; Athenamm (1853), 657.
EOED, JOBGEN, born at Eingsted, on Zealand, Jan. 13, 1808. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Co- penhagen Academy un- der Han sen ; went in 1837 to Italy, where he painted altarpieces and copied after Eaphael ; returned in 1842, be- came member of Co- penhagen Academy in 1844 and professor in 1862 ; Copied the Sistine Madonna in Dresden in 1851, and visited Italy again in 1861. Danebrog Order, 1878. Works: Departure from Custom House (1835); View in Eoyal Garden at Frederiksborg (1836) ; Interior of Cathedral at Eibe (1837) ; Win- ter View of Cathedral in Eoeskilde ; Girl with Fruits (1835), Zealand Mowers after Work (1850), Girls at a Font (1851), Family Life of Fishermen (1855), Portrait of Ar- tist's Mother (1849), do. of Marstrand (1873), Copenhagen Gallery ; Crucifixion (1866), Eoyal Chapel, Frederiksborg. His son, Holger Peter (born Nov. 2, 1846, died Feb. 20, 1874), was a talented history paint- er, pupil of his father and of Copenhagen Academy ; won great gold medals in 1867- 70 ; visited Paris, Eome, and Naples in 1870 -72.— Sig. Miiller, 281 ; Weilbach, 585.
EOEDEE, JULIUS (SIGISMUND), born in Berlin, Sept. 5, 1824, died there, July 31, 1860. Genre painter, pupil of Herbig, and of Berlin Academy ; studied nature in the Hartz Mountains and Thuringia ; grief over his young wife's death made him insane. Gold medal, Berlin, 1850. Works: Last Blessing (1850); Grape Seller, National Gal- lery, Berlin.— Jordan (1885), ii. 188.
EOELAS, JUAN DE LAS, born in Sev- ille about 1558-60, died at Oliviirez, April 23, 1625. Spanish school ; supposed son of Admiral Pedro de las Eoelas ; received a university education ; studied painting
ROELOFS
probably in Venice, where he was influenced by the works of Titian and Tintoretto, his style being somewhat like the latter's. In 1G03 he was appointed prebendary of the chap- el at Olivarez, whence commonly called El Clerigo Roelas, but lived at Madrid and Seville until 1G24, when he removed to Oliviirez. Cean Bermudez gives a list of his pictures. Among his best works are the Death of St. Isidore, S. Isidoro, Seville ; Martyrdom of St. Andrew, Seville Museum ; Santiago at Battle of Clavigo, Cathedral of Seville ; Mo- ses striking the Rock, Madrid Museum ; Conception, Dresden Gallery ; Communion of St. Theresa, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Viardot, 180 ; Stirling, i. 449 ; Ch. Blanc, 35cole espagnole ; Madrazo, 563.
ROELOFS, WILLEM, born in Amster- dam, March 10, 1822. Landscape painter, pupil in Utrecht of A. H. Winter, and at The Hague of H. van de Saude-Bakhuysen ; settled in Brussels in 1848. Orders of Leo- pold and of Francis Joseph, 1858 ; Officer Order of Oaken Crown, 1800. Works : View near Abcoude, do. near The Hague, Museum, Amsterdam ; Two Landscapes, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Landscape with Cattle, Rotterdam Museum ; Landscape with Sheep, H. P. Kidder, Boston ; Dutch Meadow ; Af- ter the Rain ; Banks of the Gain ; Landscape near Vreeland ; Forest in Autumn, Liege Museum ; Dutch Village (1883).— Iinmer- zeel, iii.22 ; Kramm, v. 1376; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 823 '; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 261.
ROEPEL, KOENRAAD, born at The Hague, Nov. 6,
1?78> dled1t!1fce'
Nov. 4, 1748.
Dutch school;
portrait, fruit, and lo flower painter, pupil of Constantin Netscher ; followed af- terwards the manner of Jan van Huysum,
and in his best efforts approached him close- ly. Works : Flower-Piece, Fruit-Piece, Am- sterdam Museum ; Fruit and Flower-Piece, Cassel Gallery ; Flower-Piece, Dresden Gal- lery.— Immerzeel, iii. 22 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 549.
ROETH, PHTLTPP, born in Darmstadt, March 10, 1841. Landscape painter, pupil in Darmstadt (1857-59) of A. Lucas and Karl Seeger, in Carlsruhe (1859-60) of J. W. Schirmer, and in Darmstadt (1861) of Paul Weber ; went to DUsseldorf, and in 1870 settled in Munich. Works : Banks of the Amper ; View in the Odenwald ; do. on the Main ; Rainy Weather ; Landscape with Cattle (1882).— Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvii. 260.
ROGER, ADOLPHE, born at Palaiseau (Seine-et-Oise) in 1800, died in Paris, Feb., 1880. History and genre painter, pupil of Groa Medals : 2d class, 1822 ; 1st class, 1831 ; L. of Honour, 1841. Works : Vil- lage Funeral (1822); Taking the Veil (1831); Revolution of 1793 in Rome (1833) ; Due d'Orleans working in Trenches of Antweq) (1834) ; Charles V. returning to the Louvre (1835), Trianon Palace ; Battle of Civitella (1842),VersaillesMuseum;Chri8trnas(1843); St. Claire receiving her Sister into her Or- der (1845) ; Virgin with Violets (1847); Two Nuns, Providence turning aside War (1855); Human Justice, Divine Pity (1857).— Bel- lier, ii. 405 ; Larousse.
ROGER, EUGENE, born at Sens(Yonne) in 1807, died in Paris, July 29, 1840. His- tory painter, pupil of Hersent and of Ingres ; won the second prize in 1829, and the grand prix de Rome in 1833 ; great gold medal, Paris, 1837. Works : Jacob refusing to de- liver Benjamin (1829); Moses and the Brazen Serpent (1833) ; Finding of the Body of Charles the Bold (1837), Nancy Museum ; Charlemagne crossing the Alps (1837), Rais- ing of Siege of Salerno— 1016 (1839), Ver- sailles Museum ; Preaching of Si John in the Desert (1840).— Bellier, ii. 406 ; Nag- ler, xiii. 311.
ROGGE, WILHELM, born at Osterkap- peln, Hanover, in 1829. History and genre
ROGI1MAN
painter, studied first at Osnabriick, then in Munich under Rhomberg and at the Acad- emy under Philipp Foltz ; visited North Italy, lived for several years in Diisseldorf, and settled in Munich. Works : Reconciliation of Otto I. with his Brother Henry, Provin- zial Museum, Hanover ; Last of the Hohen- staufen before Charles of Anjou ; Lying-in- Room of a Princess ; Quartering in IGth Century ; Return from Fair ; Violinist ; Sunday Morning ; Eaves-Dropper ; Treach- erous Hostess ; Before the Festival ; Leav- ing Home, L M. Scott, San Francisco ; Con- valescent, Mrs. D. D. Colton.ib.; three frescos in National Museum, Munich. — Mttller, 446. ROGHMAN, ROELAND, born in Am- sterdam in 1597, died there after 1G8C. Dutch school ; landscape painter; travelled extensively in Germany and Tyrol. His rare landscapes in the warm tone of Rembrandt are particularly noticeable for their fine per- spective ; they may be seen in the Museums of Amsterdam and Berlin, Galleries of Cas- sel (3, two attributed to Rembrandt), Copen- hagen, and Oldenburg. — Immerzeel, iii. 23 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 359 ; Kramm, v. 1380.
ROHDE, KARL, born in Coblentz in 1840. Animal painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art School under Neher and Rustige, settled in Munich in 18C4 ; paints chiefly domestic poultry. Works : The Duellists ; Prize Race ; Hungry Folk ; Sparrow's Wooing ; Clucking Hen. — Miiller, 446 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 247.
ROKES, HENDRIK MARTENSZ. See Sorgh.
ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE, born in Paris; contemporary. Military and genre painter, pupil of Ge- rome and Bonnat. Medals : 3d class, 1875 ; 1st class, 1877; L. of Honour, 1883. Works : Environs of Baccarat, Evening(1870); Wound- ed Fugitive (1872); Bac- chante (1873); Don Juan and Haidee (1875); Halted! (1875); Huntress (1876) ; Inunda-
tion of Toulouse in 1875 (1877) ; Festival of Silenus (1879) ; Miners on a Strike (1880) ; July 14th 1880 (1882) ; Normandy (1883)— Luxembourg Museum ; Fight between a French Cuirassier and a Prussian Sharp- shooter ; Marianne Offrey— Crieuse de vert (1884) ; At Work, Study of a Bull and Nude Woman (1885) ; Portrait of Damoye (1886). — Gaz. des B. Arts (1882), xxv. 546 ; (1884), xxix. 468 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxi. 315.
ROLL-CALL, Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson Butler, Windsor Castle ; canvas. Calling the roll of the Grenadier Guards on a misty winter morning after an engagement in the Crimea. A line of soldiers worn out with con- flict, some wounded, some dying and fallen with their faces in the snow, inspected by the colonel as he rides slowly past. Royal Academy, 1874 ; purchased by the Queen. Engraved by F. Stacpoole. — Art Journal (1874), 163.
ROLL-CALL OF LAST VICTIMS, Charles Louis Miiller, Versailles Museum ; canvas, H. 14 ft. 4 in. x 26 ft. 11 in. Scene —the prison of the Couciergerie, on the 8th Thermidor, 1794. An officer of the Revolu- tionary Tribunal is reading the names of the victims for whom the cart waits outside the door ; the Princesse de Chimay is already in the cart, and the Princesse de Monaco, who has just been called, rises in terror at right, while an informer points her out with his finger. The central figure, seated in a chair, is Andre Chenier, the author. Salon, 1850 ; replica (H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 7 ft. 10 in.), bought in 1862 by John Taylor John- ston for $1,800 ; his sale (1876), $8,200, to J. J. Astor, New York. Original sketch, H. L. Dousman, St. Louis. Photogravure in Art Treasures of America, ii. 11, 14 ; iii. 58.
ROLLMANN, JULIUS, born Dec. 13, 1827, died at Soest, Westphalia, April 30, 18G5. Landscape painter, pupil of Diissel- dorf and Berlin Academies ; settled in Mu- nich, and in 1853 in DUsseldorf ; visited Italy in 1858. Work: View in Bavarian Alps (1864), National Gallery, Berlin.— Jor- dan (1885), ii. 189.
80
IIOMAKO
BOMAKO, ANTON, born at Atzgers- dorf, near Vienna, in 1835. Genre painter, pupil of Vienna Academy and of Rabl ; lived afterwards mostly in Home ; is par- ticularly successful with Viennese children types and Italian figures. Works : Woman of Seville (1851), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Battle of Arminius (1852) ; Wine, Woman, and Song, Marietta, Serenade of Italian Peasants, Scene from Decameron (18GO) ; Vanity (1861) ; Poetry (1802), New Pinako- thek, Munich ; Shepherd Boy from the Cam- pagna ; Roman Country Girl ; Girl from Sabine Mountains ; Lady blowing Bubbles ; Assault of Turks on Vienna ; Ristori as Phaedra ; Madonna ; Portrait of Pius IX. (1872) ; Wine, Woman, and Song (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 188C) ; Last Hours of Beatrice Cenci, A. Adams, Watertown, Mass. ; Sentinel of Louis XV., D. W. Powers, Rochester. — Wurzbach, xxvi. 315.
ROMAN CHARITY (Caritas Romana), the title generally given to illustrations of an act of filial piety narrated by several ancient writers, in which a daughter nour- ishes with her own milk a parent con- demned to death by hunger. According to Valerius Maximus (v. 8) and Pliny (Nat. Hist., vii. 36) the imprisoned parent is a mother ; but Festus and Solinus make the characters of the drama a father named Ci- mon and his daughter Pern. The latter is the version adopted by the painters. There is an antique painting of the subject in the Studj Museum, Naples. In the Church of S. Niccolo in Carcere, Rome, supposed to stand on the site of the Temple of Piety, said by Pliny to have been erected over the dungeon, is shown a series of cells, one of which is reputed to be the scene of the Caritas Romana. This place inspired the beautiful lines in " Childe Harold" (iv. 148-151).
By Gerard Honthorst, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 8 in. Figures seen to the knees. The daughter, holding a lighted caudle in one hand and looking anxiously towards the right, pre-
sents her breast to her aged father, who, half-nude, has chains on his wrists. One of Honthorst 's best pictures. Lithographed by Ferdinand Piloty, the elder. Etched by Joseph Hauber. Engraved by Johauu Karl Schleich.
By Jules Joseph Lefebvre, Melun Muse- um. The daughter, holding her infant in her arms and looking around anxiously lest somebody may observe her, presents her breast to her father through the barred window of his cell, outside of which she is standing. Painted in Rome, whence sent to the Iviole des Beaux Arts in 1803 ; Sa- lon, 1864 ; purchased by the State.
By Itub'iis, Blenheim Palace ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 4 in. x 6 ft. The old man kneeling on some straw, with his hands bound behind him ; his daughter, bending by his side, looks with anxious eyes towards the grated prison- window ; in foreground, her infant asleep on the straw. Engraved by J. Smith. Blenheim sale (1886), .£1,200, to Murray.— Smith, ii. 113, 248 ; Waagen, Treasures, iii. 124.
Subject treated also by Guido Reni, Mar- seilles Museum, Cologne Museum ; Jean ' Jacques Bachelier, Louvre, Paris ; Parmigi- anino, Naples Museum ; Benedetto Crespi, Madrid Museum ; Francesco Migliori, Dres- den Gallery; Wenzel Marus (1857); Ru- bens, Hague Museum, Hermitage in St. Petersburg ; Nicolas Poussin (engraved by J. Pesue). — Hobhouse, Historical Illustra- tions ; Larousse, iii. 995.
ROMAN EMPEROR, .1/ma-Tadema, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 9 in. X 5 ft. 8 in. ; dated 1871. Claudius hailed ironically as emperor by soldiers and others, who discover him hiding behind the terminal bust of Caligula, whose dead body lies at its foot. Engraved by Rajon. — Art Journal, Feb., 1883 ; Portfolio (1877), 125.
ROMAN EMPIRE, BIRTH OF, Claude Lorrain, Earl Radnor, Longford Castle ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 4 ft. 6 in. A seaport at sunrise, with landing of ^Etieas in Latium. Liber Veritatis, No. 122. Engraved by
01
ROMAN
Mason (1772). Eeplica in small, Grosve- nor House, London. — Pattison, Claude Lor- raiu, 67, 217, 233 ; Waagen, Treasures, iii. 140.
ROMAN EMPIEE, DECLINE OF, Claude Lorrain, Earl Radnor, Longford Castle ; canvas, H. 4 f t. x 4 ft. 6 in. A sun- set, with antique ruins and an aqueduct. Liber Veritatis, No. 82. Engraved by J. Fittler (1772). Eeplica in small (1661), Gros- venor House, London. — Pattison, Claude Lorrain, 67, 214, 219, 234 ; Waagen, Treas- ures, iii. 140.
EOMAN SENATOE'S DEEAM, Murillo, Academia S. Fernando, Madrid ; canvas, semicircular, H. 7 ft. 6 in. x 17 ft. 2 in. The Senator, seated in a chair asleep, his wife sleeping, on the floor beside him ; they behold the vision of the Virgin, who ap- pears holding the Child and pointing through the open door to the site on which she di- rects the founding of the Church of S. M. Maggiore. Painted, with following picture, about 1656, for S. M. la Blanca, Seville ; taken to Paris by Soult, who gave them, at the Eestoration, to the King, who placed them in the Louvre ; returned to Spain in 1814. Engraved by D. Martinez ; etched by Galvan. Copy by Souchon in Lille Mu- seum.— Curtis, 20G ; Huard, Vie des Pein- tres espagnoles (Paris, 1839-41).
EOMAN SENATOE EELATING HIS DEEAM, Murillo, Academia S. Fernando, Madrid ; canvas, semicircular, H. 7 ft. 6 in. x 17 ft, 2 in. The Senator and his wife, kneeling, relate their dream to Pope Libe- rius, who sits enthroned at left, attended by two cardinals ; at right, in distance, a throng of people, and the Pope under a canopy, assist at the founding of the church. Same history as above. Engraved by D. Martinez ; etched by Galvan. Copy by Souchon in Lille Museum. — Curtis, 20G.
EOMANELLI, GIOVANNI FEANCES- CO, born at Viterbo in 1610 or 1612, died there, July, 1662. ' Eoman school ; pupil at Eome of Domenichino and of Pietro da Cor- tona ; won the favour of the Barberini family
and executed frescos in the Vatican to the satisfaction of Urban VIII. Painted also Presentation of the Virgin, for a mosaic in St. Peter's, a very successful work. Be- came Prince of Acad- emy of St. Luke. Followed Cardinal Barberini to Paris in 1648 and painted frescos in the Maza- rin Palace. Eomanelli returned to Italy in 1651, but was recalled to Paris by Mazarin in 1659 and received with great favour by Louis XIV., who intrusted to him the dec- oration of several apartments in the Louvre. This work was finished in 1661, when ill- health compelled his return to Italy. He had just built a house near Viterbo, where he intended to retire and enjoy his wealth and honours, when he died. He was a weak, though pleasing, painter. His son Urbano, also a painter, died young in 1682. Most of Eomanelli's easel pictures are in churches in Eome, and in Viterbo ; among those in public galleries are : Venus and JSneas, Venus and Adonis (2), Gathering of Manna, Louvre, Paris ; Allegory on Eiches, Darmstadt Museum ; Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Herodias with the Head of St. John, Schleissheim Gallery ; Victory Dance of Jewesses before David, The Kings of India doing Homage to Alexander, Vienna Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole onibrienne ; Burckhardt, 768.
EOMANINO, GIEOLAMO, born at Bres- cia about 1485, died there in 1566. Vene- tian school ; supposed pupil of Stefano Eizzi, or of Floriano Ferramola at Brescia, but probably studied also under one of the Fri- ulian masters. Free of guild at Brescia be- fore 1510, when he was a skilled artist in the manner of the Palmas and of Pellegrino. At this time he painted the Pietd, now in the collection of Sir Ivor Guest, England, which was quickly followed by the Madonna with Saints, and the Judith, in the Berlin
ROMANO
Museum, and the Madonna with Saints (1502-12), S. Francesco, Brescia. After the sack of Brescia, Bomanino found a home among the Benedictines of S. Gius- tina, Padua, for whose church he painted (1513) a splendid altarpiece, Madonna with Saints, now in the Padua Gallery. His Last Supper, painted for the refectory and now in the same gallery, shows less care and skill. He returned to Brescia in 1510- 17, and in 1521 contracted with Moretto to paint the chapel of Corpus Christ! in S. Giovanni Evangelista, where his frescos and canvases are still extant, though much in- jured ; worked in Cremona about and after 1517, and in Trent about 1540. Among his best works is the Nativity (1525), National Gallery, London. Other noteworthy works are : Pieta, Madonna Enthroned and Saints, Berlin Museum ; Christ carrying his Cross, Tosi Collection, Brescia ; Assumption, S. Alessandro, Bergamo ; Christ's Sermon on the Mount, S. Pietro, Modena ; four large frescos (1519-20), Choir, Duomo, Cremona ; two do., Brescia Gallery ; Marriage of Vir- gin, S. Giovanni Evangelista, ib. ; Descent from the Cross, Gallery, ib.; Decorative Frescos, Episcopal Palace, Trent ; Organ Doors, Duomo, Brescia. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 367 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xi. 107, 2C2 ; Burckhardt, 734 ; Lermolieff, 445 ; Lflbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 607.
ROMANO. See Giulio Romano.
ROMANS LEAVING BRITAIN, Sir John Everett Millais, Bart, Sir I. Lowthian Bell, Washington Hall, Durham, England ; can- vas. The parting between a Roman legion- ary and his British mistress, on a cliff path overlooking the sea, where a large galley is waiting for the soldier. He kneels at her feet with his arms clasped about her and his face hidden in her breast ; she has her hands upon his shoulders and gazes with a passion- ate, savage stare on the sea. Royal Acad- emy, 1865.
ROMANS OF THE DECADENCE, Thomas Couture, Luxembourg Museum, Paris ; canvas, H. 15 ft. 3 in. x 25 ft 4 in.
Illustration of Juvenal (Sat VL). A Roman debauch in the decline of the Empire. A feast in the atrium of a magnificent house, where the statues of the fathers look down upon the degenerate sons, represented in every stage of intoxication. Salon, 1847. Study, Christian Herter, New York.— La- rousse, v. 417.
ROMBOUTS, J., nourished in Haarlem about 1660. Dutch school ; landscai>o painter in the style of Ruysdael and Hob- bema, but not an imitator of either; per- haps identical with Gilles Rombouts, who was received into Haarlem guild in 1652, and by whom is a Weaver Shop Interior (1056) in the Haarlem Museum. Works : Wood Landscapes in Museums of Amster- dam, Basle, Berlin, Brunswick, Gotha (2), Leipsic ; Winter Landscape with Skaters, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Dutch Village (1658), Dresden Gallery ; Sea Shore with many peo- ple watching Sea Fight in the Distance, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Entrance to the For- est (figures and animals by A. van de Velde), Six Gallery, Amsterdam ; Windmill on a Canal (?), Historical Society, New York. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 47!) ; Burger, ii. 132, 293 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 399.
BOMBOUTS, SALOMON, flourished in Haarlem about 1050. Dutch school ; land- scape painter ; circumstances of his life un- known. Works : Dutch Park with Figures (by Lingelbach), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Coast near Scheveningcu with many Fig- ures, Leipsic Museum ; Farm-House and Yard near Pond with Fishermen, Old Pina- kothek, Munich.
ROMBOUTS, THEODOOK, Ixirn in Ant- werp, bapti7.ed July 2, 1597, died there, Sept. 14, 1637. Flemish school ; history and genre painter, pupil of Abraham Janssens ; went to Rome in 1616, whence he was invited to Florence by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and then visited Pisa ; master of guild in Antwerp in 1625, and dean in 1628-30. In 1635 painted two large pictures of the Entrance of the Archduke Ferdinand into Ghent. Portrait painted by Van Dyck.
63
ROME
Works : Allegory of Justice, The Five Senses, St. Joseph in a Dream advised by the
Angel to Flee, Male Bust Por- trait, Museum, Ghent ; Descent from the Cross, Cathedral, ib.; Christ as Pilgrim received by St. Augustin (1636), Card Players (ascribed to Va- lentin), Museum, Antwerp ; Mystical Mar- riage of St. Catharine (1634), St. James', ib.; do. (1636), St. Martin's, Yperen ; Martyrdom of St. Rumbold, Finding of St. Rumbold's Body, Beguin Convent, Mechlin ; Peter's Denial, Lille Museum ; Ecce Homo, Mater Dolorosa, Hospital of St. John, Bruges ; Card Players, The Charlatan, Madrid Muse- um ; Irene drawing the Arrows from St. Se- bastian's Wounds, Carisruhe Gallery ; Male Portrait, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Com- pany of Singers, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Card Players, Kitchen Interior, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; St. John Preaching, Historical Society, New York. — Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 288; Ch. Blanc, £cole flamande ; Immerzeel, iii. 24 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 294 ; Kramm, v. 1384 ; Michiels, ix. 351; Rooses (Reber), 340; Van den Branden, 885.
ROME : ARCH OF TITUS, Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gallery, London ; can- vas, H. 4 ft. 2 in. x 7 ft. 5 in. View, from near the Coliseum, of the Roman Forum, with the Arch of Titus at left and ruins of Basilica of Constautine at right. Painted about 1820. Engraved by E. Challis in Turner Gallery.
ROME FROM THE VATICAN, Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 10 ft. 11 in. A gen- eral view of Rome, seen from the Loggia of
THLODOoh 1\OnBOVTS
the Vatican, which was decorated by Raph- ael and his assistants ; but, instead of them, Turner has represented Raphael and the Fornarina in the foreground, with which he has taken many liberties. Royal Academy, 1820. Engraved by A. Willinore in Turner Gallery.
ROMEO AND JULIET, Eugene Dela- croix, Mme. Gabriel Delessert, Paris ; can- vas, H. 2 ft. x 1 ft. 7 in. ; signed, dated 1845. Parting of Romeo and Juliet on the balcony, in moonlight. The two, seen full length, are embracing. Salon, 1846 ; Ex- position universelle, 1855. Study, sepia drawing, Riesener sale. — Chesneau, (Euvre de Delacroix, 243 ; Larousse, xiii. 1358.
By Eugene Delacroix, Montpellier Mu- seum ; canvas, H. 10 in. X 8 in. Scene in the tomb ; figures full length, Romeo with Juliet in his arms. Painted in 1851 ; Ex- position universelle, 1855. Lithograph by Eugene Le Roux. — Chesneau, CEuvre de Delacroix, 316.
Subject treated Also by Charles Franjois Jalabert (Salon, 1857) ; Hermann Gold- schmidt (Salon, 1857) ; James Bertrand (Salon, 1874) ; Germann von Bohn, Nan- cy Museum ; Friedrich August Bouterwek (1836) ; Ferdinand Alexander Bruckmann ; Hans Makart ; Frank Dicksee (1884).
ROMEYN, WILLEM, born in Haarlem about 1624, died after 1693. Dutch school ; landscape and animal painter, pupil of Ber- chem in 1642. Master of Haarlem guild in 1646. He possessed pure feeling for nature, taste for picturesque arrangement, and drew welL His landscapes, with animals and herdsmen, show the strong influence of Du Jardin. Works : Landscapes with Sheep or Cattle, and Figures in the Louvre, in Museums of Amsterdam (5), Berlin, Dres- den, New York ; Galleries of Copenhagen and Frankfort ; Old Pinakothek, Munich , (3, one dated 1665); Liechtenstein (2) and Czernin (2) Galleries, Vienna ; Hermitage, St. Peters- burg (3).— Kugler (Crowe), ii. 451 ; Ch.
IIOMNEY
Blanc, l5cole hollandaise ; Van der Willi- geu, 252.
ROMNEY, GEORGE, born at Dalton-le- Furness, L a n c a- shire, England, Dec. 15, 1734, died at Kendal, Nov. 15, 1802. After ac- quiring a little knowledge of painting from Steele, a painter at Keudal, he sup- ported himself by
painting portraits in the north of England, at two guineas a head, until 1762, when he went to London. In that year, and in 1765, he gained premiums from the Society of Arts for his pictures of the Death of Wolfe and the Death of King Edward. In 1773 he visited Italy with Ozias Humphrey, and, after a two years' absence, established him- self in London, where, until 1797, when he removed to Hainpstead, he divided public patronage with Reynolds and Gainsborough. His favourite model was the notorious and beautiful Lady Hamilton, whose face he re- produced under many disguises. Ho painted with few colours, with great breadth of treat- ment, and in some instances with exceeding grace and sentiment. Much of his work is sketchy, often careless in the accessories, but it is never without charm. His flesh tints are fresh, and his treatment of hair, though slight, is truthful and facile. Works : Lady Hamilton as a Bacchante, Parson's Daughter, National Gallery, London ; Por- traits of Richard Cumberland, Lady Hamil- ton, and Flaxman, National Portrait Gallery, ib. ; Lord Stanley and Sister, Lady Horton, Earl of Derby ; Lady Hamilton at Spinning Wheel, Earl of Normantou ; do. as Ariad- ne, Baron L. de Rothschild ; do. as Euphros- yne, Jeffrey Whitehead, Esq. Full list of works in Lord Ronald Gower's "Romney and Lawrence. "—Hay ley, Life (1809) ; Rev. John Romney, Life (1830) ; Cunningham ; European Magazine, vol. 43 ; Cat. Nat. Port
Gal. ; Cat. S. Kensington Mus , Nat. Port. Exhib. (1867) ; Redgrave ; F. do Conches, 271 ; Ch. Blanc, tfcole anglaise ; Portfolio (1873), 18, 34.
ROMUALD, ST., VISION OF, Andrea Sacchi, Vatican ; canvas, H. 10 ft. x 5 f t 6 in. St. Romuald, founder of the order of the Camaldolensians, seated under a tree telling his companions of his dream, in which he
iMalhiM
r*i '• J£l.v..J— N ?6£*vv--3*A
Vision of St. Romuald. Andrei Sacchi, Vatican
saw a ladder, like Jacob's at Bethel, and the ; brethren of the order ascending to heaven.
Painted for Church of the Camaldoli, Rome ;
carried to Paris in 1799 ; restored in 1815,
and placed in the Vatican. Called in its j time one of the four best pictures in Rome
— a verdict scarcely concurred in by modern ! critics.— Landon, Musee, viii. PI. 21 ; Muaee
RONCALLI
fran9ais, i. ; Lavice, 314 ; Burckhardt, 776, 793.
BONO AT JJ, CRISTOFANO, Cavaliere, born in Pomarance, near Volterra, in 1552, died in Eome, May, 1626. Eoman school ; sometimes called, from his birthplace, Cava- liere delle Poma- rance. Pupil of Nic- colo Circignani, called also Delle Pomarance, under whom he became a good historical painter. Employed in the decoration of the Vatican. Painted Death of Ananias and Sapphira, which was copied in mosaic for St. Peter's. Painted also the Baptism of Constantine, in S. Gio- vanni di Laterano ; but his most noted works are the frescos with which he decorated the cupola of La Santa Casa di Loreto. The walls of S. Stefano, Rome, are covered with frescos by him, representing the martyrdoms of saints from the Crucifixion to the reign of Julian. In the Old Pinakothek, Munich, is a Martyrdom of Simon of Cana, and in the Schleissheim Gallery a Joseph interpret- ing the Dreams.— Lanzi, i. 467 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne.
RONDANI, FEANCESCO MAEIA, born in Parma about end of 15th century, died about 1548. Lombard school ; pupil of Correggio, and his assistant in S. Giovanni ; imitated his master's style very closely. Works : Frescos in fifth chapel of Duomo, Cremona ; Madonna in Glory, Parma Gal- lery ; Madonna and Saints (2), Galleria Es- tense, Modena ; Holy Family, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg.— Lanzi, ii. 399 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole lombarde ; Burckhardt, 701.
EONDEL, FEEDERIC, born in Paris in 1826. Landscape painter, pupil of Auguste Jugelet and of Theodore Gudin. First ex-
hibited in the National Academy in 1855. Elected an A.N. A. in 1860. Works : Water- Fall near Amherst, Mass. (1882); Old | Orchard at Newport, E. I. (1883) ; The | Eecluse (1884); View at Rhinebeck, Busch-a- Bouck Falls at Ehinebeck (1885).
EONDINELLO, NICCOL6, of Forli and Ravenna, beginning of 16th century. Ve- netian school ; pupil of Giovanni Bellini, Venice, and one of his most industrious as- sistants, aiding in the production of pictures which Bellini sold as his own, and painting Madonnas which might well pass as the work of his master. All his early works show that he was impressed by one class of Bellinesque models ; in his later ones he is as much an imitator of Palmezzano as of the Venetians. His Madonna, in the Palaz- zo Doria, Eome, and another, in the Forli Museum, are examples of his earlier style ; and his Madonna and Saints, in the Eavenna Gallery, of his later style. — C. & C., N. Italy, i. 591 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., v. 17 ; ix. 148 ; xi. 93, 147.
RONNER, HENRIETTE (nee Knip), born in Amsterdam, May 31, 1821. Animal painter, daughter and pupil of Josephus Au- gustus Knip ; paints domestic animals with fine observation and humour. Works : Af- ter the Meal ; Boy and Dog ; Waiting for Dinner ; Dog Begging ; Exodus of Dogs ; Hare-Hunt (1876) ; Cart drawn by Dogs, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; The Exact Hour (1884) ; Fine Arts School (1885) ; Flowers and Accessories (1886) ; Unlocked Door, Dog and Pigeon, Stettin Museum ; j Coming from Market, Mrs. D. D. Colton, I San Francisco ; School of Painting (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886). — Immerzeel, ii. 119 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1884), i. 224 ; Kramm, v. 1385.
RONOT, CHARLES, born at Belan-sur- Ource (Cote d'Or), May 28, 1820. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Glaize. Paints popular life in the style of Courbet. Med- als : 2d class, 1876 ; 1st class, 1878. Works : Christ healing the Sick at Pool of Bethes- da (1855) ; Women and the Secret (1868) ;
66
liOOKE
Women stripping Hemp (1874) ; Labourers of the Last Hour (1876) ; Anger of the Pharisees (1877); Charities of St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1878) ; Girl tending Cows, George Chastelain writing his Chronicles (1879) ; Last Members of the Mountain (1882) ; In the Other World (1885) ; A la Hotte !, The Daisies (1886).
ROORE, JACOB DE, born in Antwerp, July 20, 1686, died at The Hague, July 17, 1747. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of Kaspar Jacob van Opstal ; became master of the guild in 1707, exe- cuted important decorative works on a large scale, in Antwerp (1709-19), Amsterdam, and Rotterdam, and settled at The Hague, where he entered the guild. In 1728-29 he painted again in Antwerp for several prom- inent citizens. By his art, and a trade in pictures which he carried on together with Geeraard Hoet, he amassed a considera- ble fortune. Works: Ransom of Chris- tian Slaves by the Trinitarians' (1709), St. James's, Antwerp ; Ceilings with Allegories (1715, 1716, 1717), City Hall, ib. ; Chris- tians compelled to worship Idols, Meet- ing of Moses and Aaron, Tournay Muse- um ; Portraits of Artist and Wife (1707), Kunsthalle, Hamburg. — Immerzeel, iii. 26 ; Kramm, v. 1386 ; Rooses (Reber), 440 ; Van den Branden, 1172.
ROOS, JOHANN HEINRICH, born at Ottendorf, Palati- nate, Oct. 27, 1631, died in Frankfort, Oct. 3, 1685. Ger- man school ; land- scape and animal painter, pupil in Amsterdam of Ju- liaan du Jardin (1647), and of Bar- end Graat. Having visited Italy, France, and England in 1650- 54, he settled in Frankfort about 1657 ; lived also in Cassel and Mentz, and became court painter to the Elector Palatine Charles Louis in 1673. Works : Landscape
'•
with Cattle (2), Historical Society, New York; Italian Landscape (1670), Hague Museum ; do., Berlin Museum ; Herd by Statue of Hercules, Male (1669), and Female Portrait, Aschaffeuburg Gallery ; Pastoral Scenes (7, two dated 16CO, 1668), Osteria in a Roman Ruin, Carlsruhe Gal- lery; Bull with Goats and Sheep (1662), Camp Scene (1665), Cow among Sheep (1676), Copenhagen Gallery ; Italian Laud- scapes (3, 1668, 1C80, 1685), Portrait of a Scholar (1676), do. of himself, Darmstadt Museum ; St. John with the Lamb (1684), Old Lady's Portrait, Anialienstift, Dessau ; Landscape with Cattle and Sheep (3, one dated 1681), Dresden Museum ; Cattle driv- en through Water (1670), Herd resting by Ruins (1674), Shepherd Family and Flock (1680), Artist and Wife surrounded by Al- legories, Artist's Portrait (?, 2, one dated 1680), two others, Stiidel Gallery, Frank- fort ; Family on Garden Terrace, Leipsic Museum ; Landscapes with Cattle and Fig- ures (8, four dated 1661, 1665, 1668, 1675), Breaking up of Army Encampment (1677), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Roman Land- scape with Ruins (16G9), Germanic Muse- um, Nuremberg ; Four Divisions of Day (4, 1C67), Oldenburg Gallery ; Italian Land- scape (1674), Halt of Gypsies among Ruins (1675), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Artist's Portrait, Pastoral Scene (1676), View near Tivoli (1683), eight others, Schleissheim Gallery ; Cattle Pieces (2, 1662, 1682), Vi- enna Museum ; others in Galleries of Bolo- gna (2), Brunswick, Cassel (2), Schwerin (3, 1684, 1685), Stuttgart (4), Turin (1682), Wurlitz ; Liechtenstein (1658), Czerniu, and Schiinborn (2) Galleries, Vienna ; Historical Society, New York (2). Hia brother The- odor (born at Wesel in 1638, died in 1698), pupil of Adriaen de Bie, lived in Mann- 0 heim about 1657, . 0 <J\j Strasburg in 1681, ^ and finally as court painter at Stuttgart, where he painted eight large historical pict-
EOOS
tires for the duke. His drawing is less commendable than his colouring. In the Schleissheim Gallery is by him a Nativity. — Ch. Blanc, ficole allemande ; Immerzeel, iii. 27 ; Kramm, v. 1387 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 529 ; Nagler, xiii. 353 ; do., Moil., iii. 552 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiv. 391.
EOOS, JOHANN MELCHIOE, born at Frankfort in 1659, died there in 1731. Ger- man school ; animal and portrait painter, son and pupil of preceding, studied in Italy in 168G-90 ; after his return married in Nu- remberg, and settled in Frankfort ; lived also temporarily in Switzerland, where he painted portraits at Schaffhausen, Winter- thur, etc.; employed several years by the landgrave of Hesse Cassel, for whom he painted some of his best works. Works : Landscape with Cattle (2), Bamberg Gal- lery ; Annunciation to the Shepherds, Cassel Gallery ; Boar Hunt, Deer Hunt, two others, Darmstadt Museum ; Cattle-Piece (1G87), Christ on Mount of Olives (1710), Amalien- stift, Dessau ; Stags under an Oak (1714), Dresden Museum ; Landscape with Lion Family (1716), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Four Animal Pieces (two dated 1716, 1717); Meiningen Gallery ; "White Stag and Hind,
White Bears (1729)>
Animal Life (1732)>
Schwerin Gallery; Boar Hunt, Stag Hunt, Stuttgart Museum ; Sheep and Goats, Wiesbaden Gallery. — Na- gler, xiii. 360.
EOOS, PHILIPP PETEE, surnamed Eosa di Tivoli, born in Frankfort in 1655, died in Borne in 1705. German school ; landscape and animal painter, son and pupil of Johanu Heinrich, in whose style he paint- ed in his earlier time ; in 1677 he went to Borne, where he studied under Brandi, whose daughter he married, and later settled at Tivoli, whence his surname. He painted life-size figures and animals in a broad yet superficial manner, and in a heavy brown tone. Works : Wolf tearing Lamb, Lou- vre ; Noah and Animals, seven others, Dres-
den Gallery ; Falls of Tivoli, Flock of Sheep, Two Cavalry Skirmishes, Vienna Museum ; seventeen pictures, Cassel Gallery ; others in Galleries and Museums of Augsburg, Bamberg, Bologna (2), Brunswick, Brussels, Carlsruhe (2), Darmstadt (2), Gotha (3, one dated 1694), Leipsic (2), Madrid (8), Nu- remberg (2), Oldenburg, Schleissheim (5), Schwerin ; Eaczynski Gallery, Berlin (2) ; Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Hermitage, St. Petersburg (4) ; Uffizi, Florence. Hia son Jacob, called Eosa da Napoli (born at Tivoli in 1680), painted at Naples quite in the same manner. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 531.
EOOS (Eosa), JOSEF, born in Vienna, Oct. 9, 1726, died there, Aug. 25 (or 30), 1805. Landscape and animal painter, son of and first instructed by Cajetan Eoos (died in Vienna about 1735, son of Eosa da Tiv- oli), then studied after the works of his grandfather, and became pupil of the Vi- enna Academy ; setting out to travel, he worked at Dresden, with the interruption of a year's (1757) sojourn in Berlin, and on his return to Vienna became inspector of the Belvedere Gallery, of which he pub- lished in 1796 a valuable comprehensive description. He was court painter to Au- gustus IH. of Saxony, and member of the Dresden Academy. Works: Mountain Land- scape with Sheep (1770), Museum, Vienna ; do. and Shepherd Family (2, 1763), Liech- tenstein Gallery, ib. ; Four Great Land- scapes, Summer Palace of Schonbrun ; Landscape with Flock (1765), Dresden Museum. — Wurzbach, xxvi. 335.
EOOSE or EOZE, NICHOLAS. See Liemaeker.
EOOY, JOHANNES BAPTISTA VAN, born in Antwerp, March 11, 1808. His- tory, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of M. van Bree ; visited Italy, France, and England. Medal, 1836. Works : Last Mo- ments of Egmont (1836) ; Philip of Marnix fleeing from the Spaniards (1839) ; Eeturn of Nuns to their Convent ; Farewell of Al- brecht Beyling (1844). — Immerzeel, iii. 29 ; Kramm, v. 1389.
68
ROQUEPLAN
ROQUEPLAN, (JOSEPH ETTENNE) CAMILLE, called Rocoplan, born at Malle- mart (Bouches-du-Rhone), Feb. 18, 1800, died in Paris, Sept. 29, 1855. Genre, ma- rine, and landscape painter, pupil of Abel de Pujol and of Gros. One of the leaders of the new school of French art (1830). Med- als : 2d class, 1824 ; 1st class, 1828 ; L. of Honour, 1831 ; Officer, 1852. Works : Equi- noctial Tide, Death of the Spy Morris (1827), Lille Museum ; Sea View (1831), Havre Mu- seum ; Draught of Fishes (1828), Sick Moth- er (1830), Corn Field (1830), Meadow (1835), View with Bridge and Windmills, KiJnigs- berg Museum ; Incident in Life of Rous- seau, Water Mill, Walk in the Park (1833); Antiquary (sold for 30,000 francs at the Due d'Orleans' sale), St. Bartholomew's Day.Pacy- sur-Eure (1834); Rousseau picking Cherries, Amorous Lion (1830) ; Battle of Elchiugen (1837), do. of Rocoux, Versailles Museum ; Dutch Subscription, Gaston de Medicis (1837) ; Van Dyck in London, Magdalen in Desert (1838) ; Peasants of the Valley of Ossau, Spaniards of Penticosa, Passports on Spanish Frontier (1847) ; Leda, Girl with Flowers (1850) ; Fountain of Grand Figuier (1852), Luxembourg Museum ; Daughters of Eve (1855, last work) ; Valen- tine and Raoul, Bordeaux Museum ; Chil- dren playing with Cat, Chartres Museum ; Coast View, Grenoble Museum ; Castello Gaudolfo, Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Har- bour of Boulogne in Approaching Storm, Leipsic Mu- ,—*
I i SI
seum. — Bel- li O
lier, ii. 415 ; / \ Q Q L*jQ pAjCi"\ Ch. Blanc, 7 / J
ficole fran-
§aise ; Lejeune, Guide, iii. 22f>, 317 ; Meyer, Gesch., 269 ; Nagler, xiii. 365.
RORBYE, MARTINUS CHRISTIAN WESSELTOFT, born at Drammen, Nor- way, May 17, 1803, died in Copenhagen, Aug. 29, 1848. Genre and portrait paint- er, pupil of Copenhagen Academy, and of Eckersberg ; visited, in 1834-37, Italy, Greece, and Turkey, and brought home
numerous studies. On his return he won the Thorvaldsen medal, in 1838 became member of, and in 1844 professor at, the Academy, having gone to Italy meanwhile in 1839. His pictures are brilliant in col- our and carefully executed. Works : Turk- ish Notary making Marriage Contract (1837) ; Life in the East (1838) ; Market at Amalfi (1842) ; Arcade of City Hall at Co- penhagen (1832), Chapel of St Benedict's Convent at Subiaco (1843), Orientals be- fore Turkish Coffee-House (1845), Inhabi- tants of Cape Skagen amusing themselves (1848), Copenhagen Gallery. — Weilbach, 599.
RORKES DRIFT, DEFENCE OF, Al- phonse de Nnurille, Sydney Gallery, New •South Wales ; canvas, H. 7 f t x 9 ft. As- sault by the Zulus on the improvised de- fences at Rorke's Drift, on the evening of the defeat at Isandhlwana. Painted in 1880 for Fine Art Society.— Atheu., March, 1880, 384.
Subject treated also by Elizabeth Thomp- son Butler (1881).
ROSA DA NAPOLI.
ROSA, SALVATOR, near Naples, June 20, 1615, died in Rome, March 15, 1(573. Ne- apolitan school ; pupil of his uncle, Paolo Greco, and his broth- er-in-law, Francesco Fracanzano. When about eighteen years old he made a sketch- ing tour through the Abruzzi, and is said to have learned from banditti of that wild region many incidents which he afterwards painted. On his return home he was obliged, by the death of his father, to la- bour for the support of the family ; but he was fortunate enough to gain the friendship of Lanfranco and Aniello Falcone, through whose aid his pictures found a sale. Under Falcone's instruction he learned to paint I battle scenes with such success as to rival
See 7?oos, Philipp. born at Eenelln,
6»
KOSA
his master. About 1635 he went to Rome, was patronized by Cardinal Bz-ancaccia, and painted for him several works at Viterbo. After a visit to Naples he went to Rome again, in 1639, and soon became famous as a painter, a musician, and a satirical poet. In 1647, on hearing of the insurrection of Mas- aniello, he hastened to Naples and joined the Compagnia della Morte, of which Falcone was the leader. On the downfall of Masa- niello he returned to Rome, where he got into trouble by a satirical picture, and there- fore accepted the invitation of the Grand Duke to visit Florence. In 1652 he returned to Rome, and spent the rest of his days there. Salvator Rosa was ambitious to excel as an historical painter, and his masterpiece is considered to be the Conspiracy of Catiline, in the Pitti, Florence ; but he was more successful in landscapes and marine views. He is at his best when he depicts a den of robbers amid the wildest surroundings — naked crags, gloomy pools, foaming tor- rents, trees scathed by lightning or the tempest. He excelled also in battle scenes, his figures being full of movement and ex- pression. Among his works are : His por- trait (2), and Landscapes with Figures (2), Uffizi, Florence ; Two Marine Pieces, Selva de' Filosofi, Conspiracy of Catiline, Temp- tation of St. Anthony, Portrait of himself, nine others, Palazzo Pitti, ib. ; Souls in Pur- gatory, St. Paul in the Desert, Brera, Milan ; Scene from " Jerusalem Delivered," Grotto with Satyrs, Two Landscapes, Galleria Es- tense, Modena ; Parable of St. Matthew, Battle Piece, Christ and the Doctors, Naples Museum ; Court Scene, Landscape, Palazzo Colonna, Rome ; Prometheus, Four Battle Pieces, The Giant Titius, Palazzo Corsini, Rome ; St. Roch, Landscape, Belisarius, Pa- lazzo Doria, ib.; The Painter and Satyrs, Palazzo Chigi, ib. ; Battle Piece, Tobias and the Angel, Samuel appearing to Saul, Lou- vre, Paris ; Bay and City of Salerno, Madrid Museum ; Stormy Sea, Berlin Museum ; Jo- nah threatening the Inhabitants of Nineveh, Cadmus and Minerva, Italian Seaport, Co-
penhagen Gallery ; Storm at Sea, Landscape with Temptation of St. Anthony, do. with St. Jerome and the Lion, Portrait of the Artist, Dresden Museum ; Three Monks by Stormy Sea, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Soldiers Resting, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Sol- diers of Gideon quenching their Thirst, Two Coast Views, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Pro- metheus on the Rock, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Belisarius relating his Fate, Treasure Diggers in Subterranean Room chastised by Devils, Rocky Landscape with Jacob and his Herd, Oldenburg Gallery ; Prodigal Son, Nausicaa and Ulysses, De- mocritus and Protagoras, Soldiers at Dice, Male Portraits (3), Seaports (2), Landscapes (2), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Combat of Roman Horsemen (1645), four others, Vi- enna Museum ; Landscapes with Figures, etc., in Galleries and Museums of Bergamo, Aix-la-Chapelle, Cassel (2), Carlsruhe, Darm-
stadt, Geneva (2), Stettin, Stuttgart (3), Tu- rin (2), Wiesbaden, London (3), and Edin-
f burgh (2); Historical Society, New
ITJ York (3).— Baldinucci, v. 437 (ed. -J/V 1846); Ch. Blanc, Ecole napoli- taine ; Burckhardt, 768, 774, 782 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 596 ; Nagler, xiii. 370.
ROSA DI TTVOLI. See Boos, Philipp.
ROSALBA. See Carriera, Rosalba.
ROSALES, EDUARDO, born in Madrid in 1837, died in Rome, Sept. 13, 1873. History painter, pupil of Madrid Academy under L. Ferrant and Madrazo ; went in 1857 to Rome and Siena, where he studied after the old masters. Afterwards lived for some time at Murcia, and then became di- rector of the Spanish Academy at Rome. Medals : Madrid, 1866, 1871 ; Paris, and L. of Honour, 1867. Order of Isabella.
70
ROSAKIO
Works : Queen Isabel the Catholic dictat- ing her Will (1867), Madrid Museum ; St Joseph ; Presentation of Don Juan of Aus- tria at S. Yuste ; Entry of Amadeo into Madrid ; Death of Lucretia ; Portrait of ' Rio Rosas ; do. of Garcia Aznar, Madrid Museum ; Evangelists SS. John and Mat- thew, S. Tomas, ib. — La Ilustracion, 1873.
ROSARIO, IL. See Madonna del Rosa- rio, Domenichino.
ROSE OF LIMA, ST., Murillo, Fred- erick E. Church, Hudson, N. Y. ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. In Dominican habit, standing nearly front, holding in right hand ' a bunch of roses on which is seated the In- fant Jesus, who extends his hands towards her ; her left hand on her breast holds a rosary ; in air above, six heads. From Gal- lery of Don Aniceto Bravo ; thence to Don Jorge Diez Martinez and Don Luis Portilla, Madrid ; bought in 1873 by W. J. Shaw, at whose sale in New York (1880) sold to Mr. Church for $380. Repetitious : Sala- inanca sale (1875), 20,000 francs ; Pereire sale (1872), 25,500 francs.— Curtis, 267 ; Tubino, Murillo, 185.
ROSEL (Roselius) VON ROSENHOF (Rooshoff), FRANCISCUS, nourished in Nuremberg about 1666. German school, animal painter ; won the victory over Pau- diss with his picture in the Munich Gallery. Works : Wolf tearing Lamb (1666), Old Pi- nakothek, Munich ; do., Barnberg Gallery ; Rooster (1665), Fox devouring Chicken (1666), Augsburg Gallery.
ROSEN, GEORG VON, Count, born in Paris, Feb. 13, 1843. History painter, pu- pil of Stockholm Academy, then of Weimar Art School (1861), and in Antwerp (1863) of Hendrik Leys, whose pictures had great- ly attracted him in London the year be- fore ; visited Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Tur- key, Greece, and Germany in 1864-65, then Italy and Antwerp, and lived for a time in j Munich. Member of Stockholm and Co- , penhagen Academies and of Societe beige des Aquarellistes. Medal, 1863 ; Order of Wasa ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Steu i
Sture's Entry into Stockholm in 1471 (18G3); Wedding in Smedsgille Chapel in 1500 (1865) ; Eric XIV. signing his Abdication (1871), Stockholm Museum ; Luther's Study at the Wartburg ; Portraits of King Charles XV. and of Artist's Father.— Mttller, 448 ; Land und Meer (1874), i. 306.
ROSENFELDER, LUDWIG, born at Breslau, July 18, 1813, died at KOnigsberg, April 18, 1881. History painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Hensel (1832-36) ; was director of Kiinigsberg Academy in 1845-74, visited Italy in 1851-52, and painted frescos in the Aula of Kiinigsberg University in 1865. Gold medal, 1850. Works : Narcissus ; Gideon ; Cola di Ri- enzi at Avignon ; Blinding of Prince Arthur (1838, from Shakespeare's " King John "); Landgrave Philip of Hesse taken Prisoner by Alva ; Scene in Dantzic during Reforma- tion ; Occupation of Marieuburg by Teuton Order in 1457 (1857), Kimigsberg Museum ; Worshippers beside Coffin of Henry IV., Cologne Museum ; Electress Elizabeth of Brandenburg taking Communion after Prot- estant Rite ; Charles L taking Farewell of his Children ; Christ Crucified ; Male Por- trait (1849), Dresden Museum. In fresco : Theology and Medicine (1865), Kunigsbcrg University.— -D. Kunstbl. (1850), 78, 161, 336; (1853), 436; (1855), 462; (1858), 342 ; (1857), 122 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1880), ii. 345 ; Muller, 448 ; Rosenberg, BerL Maler- sch., 88.
ROSENHOF. See Ri'wl.
ROSENSTAND, VILHELM JAKOB, born in Copenhagen, July 31, 1838. Genre painter, pupil of Mar- strand ; lives in Italy and paints characteristic scenes from Italian life. Medals, 1859, 1861. Works: Saxarmen at the Danne Earthworks (1865); Farewell of An- dreas Heiberg (1868) ; Village Hairdresser; The Congratulators ; Before a Cafe in Paris
71
EOSENTHAL
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886). — Sig. Miiller, 297 ; Weilbach, 592. EOSENTHAL, TOBY EDWARD, born in New Haven, Conn., March 15, 1848. Figure painter; studied in San Francisco under a Spanish painter (1861), then in Munich (1865) at the Royal Academy, then under Raupp, and again at the Royal Academy seven years (from 1868) under Piloty. Studio in Munich. Exhibits rarely in America. Re- visited San Francisco in 1871-72, and painted several portraits. Medal in Phila- delphia, 1876; Munich, 2d class, 1883. Works : Love's Last Offering (1868); Spring's Joy and Sorrow (1868); Morning Prayers in Bach Family (1870), Leipsic Museum ; Em- barrassed, Head of Mrs. Greatorex — Study (1871) ; Elaine (1874) ; Young Monk in Re- fectory (1875) ; Forbidden Longing ; Who laughs last laughs best (2) ; Girls' Boarding- School Alarmed (1877); Empty Place (1882); Trial of Constance de Beverley (1883), Irving M. Scott, San Francisco ; Departure of the Family (1885) ; Dancing Lesson during the Empire (1886).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1886), i. 359 ; Leixner, Mod. K, i. 112 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 765 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 210 ; Miiller, 449 ; D. Rundschau, xiii. 336 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xix. 263.
ROSIER, AMEDEE, born at Meaux (Seine-et-Marne), Aug. 27, 1831. Laud- scape and marine painter, pupil of Cogniet and of Durand Brager. Medal, 3d class, 1876. Works : Naval Fight before Sebas- topol (1857) ; Turkish Fleet at Bombard- ment of Sebastopol (1859) ; Notre Dame de Paris, Constantinople at Sunset (1863); Old Port of Marseilles (1866) ; Beach between Honfleur and Villerville (1867), Saint-E'ti- enne Museum ; Views in and around Ven- ice (1869-86).— Bellier, ii. 416.
ROSS, KARL, born at Altekoppel, Hoi- stein, Nov. 18, 1816, died in Munich, Feb. 5, 1858. Landscape painter, pupil of Co- penhagen Academy ; went in 1837 to Greece, then to Munich, visited Rome in 1842-43 and in 1850, Paris in 1846, and took part in the Schleswig-Holstein cam- paign in 1848 ; settled in Munich. Works : Battlefield of Marathon (1841); Naxos(1854), Italian Landscape, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Temple of Phigalia ; Wood Landscape in Holstein ; Grove of Egeria near Rome, Schack Gallery, Munich. — D. Kunstbl. (1853), 161 ; (1856), 186 ; (1857), 61 ; (1858), 64, 154 ; Weilbach, 593.
ROSS, Sir WILLIAM CHARLES, born in London, June 3, 1794, died there, Jan. 20, 1860. Miniature painter, son and pupil of Mrs. Maria Ross (1760-1836), portrait painter, and student of Royal Academy in 1808. In 1809 he exhibited several classi- cal works at the Academy, and up to 1826 his canvases were mostly large. In 1814 became assistant to Andrew Robertson, min- iature painter, but soon found a fashionable following of his own. Among his distin- guished sitters were the Queen and Prince Consort of England, the King and Queen of Belgium, Louis Philippe, Louis Napo- leon, and King and Queen of Portugal. Elected an A.R.A. in 1838, R.A. in 1843, and knighted the same year. His portraits are rich in colour, and strongly individual- ized ; the influence of Reynolds is apparent in his style. He painted more than 2,200 miniatures on ivory. — Art Journal (1849), 48 ; Sandby, ii. 171 ; Redgrave ; Wilmot- Buxton, 99.
ROSSELLI, COSIMO, born in Florence in 1439, died there, Jan. 7, 1507. Floren- tine school ; pupil of and assistant in 1453- 56 to Neri di Bicci, but probably formed a connection with Benozzo Gozzoli on that painter's arrival in Florence in the latter year. Cosimo's style in the Last Judg- ment, Berlin, assigned to him and to An- gelico, is that of a weak follower of the lat- ter. He executed frescos in S. Ambrogio,
ROSSET-GRANGER
Florence, in S. Martino, Lucca, and in the Sistine Chapel, Home. His best work in the Chapel is the Sermon on the Mount, to which the three others — Moses delivering the Tables of the Law, Passage of the Red Sea, and The Last Supper — are inferior. Among his other works are a Coronation of the Virgin, in S. M. de' Pazzi, Florence ; do., and Madonna with Saints, Uffizi, ib.; The Miracle of the Chalice, a wall painting, S. Ambrogio, ib.; Apotheosis of St. Bar- bara, Academy, ib. ; Marriage of the Virgin, Naples Museum ; Virgin in Glory, Christ in the Tomb, Berlin Museum ; Nativity, Konigsberg Museum ; Madonna, Hermit- age, St. Petersburg ; do., Louvre ; St Je- rome in the Desert, National Gallery, Lon- don.—C. & C., Italy, ii. 520 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., v. 27 ; Burckhardt, 546, 551, 636 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole florentine ; Lermolieff, 380 ; Lubke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 330 ; Ru- mohr, Ital. Forschungen, ii. 265.
ROSSET-GRANGER, EDOUARD, born at Vincennes (Seine); contemporary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Cabanel, Du- bufe, and Mazerolles. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Eros (1881); Artist's Moth- er (1882) ; Charmer, Souvenir de Caprile (1883); Orpheus (1884); Study (1885); The Hierodules (1886).
ROSSETTI, GABRIEL CHARLES DANTE, born in London, May 12, 1828, died at Bireh- ington, near Mai-- gate, April 9, 1882. Figure painter, son of Gabriele Ros- setti (Italian pa- triot, commentator on Dante, and pro- fessor of Italian in King's College, London). Dante Gabriel, as he wrote his name, was a student at Cary's drawing school, at the Royal Acad- emy, which he left about 1848, and of Ma- dox Brown, who had a perceptible influence on his work. Finished his first oil picture,
Portrait of his Father, in 1847, and two years later exhibited his Girlhood of Mary Virgin, from which, with Millais's Isabella and Holmau Hunt's Rienzi, is dated the rise of the Pre-Raphaelite school of painting in England. Rossetti contributed both by pen and pencil to " The Germ," the orgau of the Brotherhood, in which first appeared his " Blessed Damozel " and other poeuis ; indeed, he is better known as a poet than a painter, for he lived a retired life and ex- hibited but few of his works, most of which are now in private collections in England. His early pictures show a gradual transition from austere medievalism to a more florid and fanciful romanticism. Many of his sub- jects were drawn from the " Divina Conime- dia " and " Vita Nuova " of Dante. His col- 1 lected works were exhibited at the Royal Academy and Burlington Club, London, in the winter of 1882-83. Works : Girlhood of Mary Virgin (1849), Lady Louisa Fielding ; Ecce Ancilla Domini (1850) ; Dante's Meet- ing with Beatrice at aMarriage Feast (1851), Mr. Leathart, near Newcastle ; Dante's Dream of Death of Beatrice (1855), Miss \ Heaton of Leeds ; Wedding of St. George | (1857) ; Mary in House of John (1858) ; Altar- i piece for Llandaff Cathedral (1800); Venus Verticordia (1863) ; Joan of Arc, Rose Gar- den, Lady Lilith (1864), Alexander Steven- son, Tynemouth ; Sibylla Palmifera (1866), Mr. George Rae, Birkenhead ; Sir Tristram and Yseult (1867); Vision of Dante (1870), Liverpool Gallery ; replica (1878), Mr. Wil- liam Graham ; Veronica Veronese (1872) ; La Ghirlandata (1873), Mr. Ruston, M.P. ; Prowrjrina (1874 ; replica, 1877, Mr. Turn- er), La Pia, Salutation of Beatrice (1881), Mr. F. R. Leyland ; La Bella Mano (1875); Sea-Spell (1877) ; Bruna Brunelleschi, Vis- ion of Fiammetta (1878) ; Mnemosyne, Day Dream (1880).— Art Journal (1884), 148, 1 165, 204 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 537 ; Caine, Recollections of D. G. R. (London, 1882) ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1881), xxiiL 555 ; (1883), xxviii. 49.
ROSSI, FRANCESCO DE'. See Salviati.
78
EOSSITER
ROSSITER, THOMAS P., born in New Haven, Conn., Sept. 29, 1818, died at Cold Spring, N. Y., May 17, 1871. History painter, pupil of Nathaniel Jocelyn ; went to Europe in 1840 and studied in Lon- don and Paris. In 1841-46 he painted in Rome, and sketched in Switzerland, Italy, and Germany ; visited Europe again in 1853, and painted three years in Paris. Professional life in the United States spent in New York and at Cold Spring. Elected an A.N.A. in 1840, and N.A. in 1849. Gold medal, Paris, 1855. Works: Last Hours of Tasso ; Italy in the Olden Time ; Miriam ; Return of the Dove to the Ark ; Jews in Captivity ; Joan of Arc in Prison, Puritan's Daughter, R. L. Stuart, New York ; Wise and Foolish Virgins ; Venice ; Noah ; Representative Merchants ; Coming from the Fields ; Palmy Days at Mt. Vernon ; Washington's First Cabinet ; Life of Christ (series of pictures) ; Rebekah at the Well, Corcoran Gallery, Washington. — Tuckerman, 435.
ROSSO, IL, or ROSSO DE' ROSSI, born in Florence, March 8, 1494, died at Fontaiue- bleau, France, 1541. Florentine school ; real name Giovanni Battista di Jacopo di Gu- asparre, but com- monly called by the Italians II Rosso, and by the French, Maitre Roux de Roux, which would seem to show that Roux was his family name, and not a surname given to him because his hair was red. Imitator of Andrea del Sarto and of Michel- angelo. After painting frescos in Florence he went to Rome and worked there several years, until obliged to leave on the capture of the city by the Constable de Bourbon (1527). About 1531 he went to Paris, at the invitation of Francis I., who made him court painter, and employed him to direct
the decoration of the great gallery in the Palace of Fontainebleau. His large salary enabled him to live in luxury, and his good address and polished manners made him a favourite at court Having unjustly accused his friend and assistant, Francesco di Pel- legriuo, of stealing money from him, and caused him to be put to the torture, II Rosso poisoned himself to escape dishon- our. All his works at Fontainebleau have disappeared. Among his pictures are : En- tombment, Contest between Muses and Pier- ides, Louvre ; Madonna with Saints, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Assumption, SS. Annunzi- ata, Florence ; Marriage of the Virgin, S. Lorenzo, ib.; Venus, Ceres, Pluto, Diana, Zeus, Oldenburg Gallery ; Madonna with Angels, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Va- sari, ed. Le Mon., ix. 67 ; ed. Mil., v. 155 ; Burckhardt, 636, 640; Ch. Blanc, Ecole florentine ; Miindler, Essai, 187.
ROTARI, PIETRO, Conte, born in Ve- rona in 1707, died in St. Petersburg in 1770 (?). Pupil in Verona of Balestra, in Rome of Trevisani (1728-31), and in Naples of Solimena, whose manner he followed. Venetian school ; painted with much suc- cess at courts of Dresden and Vienna, and in 1750 became court painter to the Em- press Elizabeth of Russia. At Peterhoff is a collection of 663 female portraits made by him for Catharine II. during a journey through the Russian provinces. Other works : Annunciation, Guastella ; Repose in Egypt, St. James, St. Francis, Magdalen, and two portraits, Dresden Gallery ; Young Girl Weeping, do. Asleep, Old Pinakothek, Mu- nich ; Two Portraits, Schleissheim Gallery. — Lanzi, ii. 310 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole vuniti- enne.
ROTHERMEL, PETER F., born in Lu- zerne County, Pa., July 8, 1817. History painter ; began painting portraits without tuition in 1840, in 1856 visited Europe, and has since lived and painted in Philadelphia ; is an associate of the Pennsylvania Academy. Works: St. Agnes (1858); Foscari ; Colum- bus before Isabella ; Cromwell breaking up
74
ROTING
the Service in an Anglican Church ; De Soto discovering the Mississippi ; St. Paul on Mars Hill ; Battle of Gettysburg ; Macbeth meditating the Murder of Duncan, King Lear with Gloucester and Edward, Cupid lieposing, Bacchus, Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Philadelphia ; Lady Macbeth, T. Dolan, ib.; Sicilian Vespers, A. J. Drexel, ib. ; Embark- ation of Columbus, Pennsylvania Academy, ib. ; Trial of Sir Henry Vane, Christian Mar- tyrs, Hypatia, Amy Robsart interceding for Leicester, The Landsknecht (1876) ; Touch- stone and Audrey, in "As You Like It" (1880); Bacchantes (1884).— Tuckerman 437.
ROTING, JULIUS, born in Dresden, Sept. 7, 1821 (Sept. 13, 1822?). History and portrait painter, pupil of Dresden Acad- emy under Bendemann, then studied in Dils- seldorf, where he became professor at the Academy. Member of Berlin and Vienna Academies. Medal, Paris, 3d class, 1855. Gold medal, Berlin. Works : Columbus before the Council at Salamanca (1851), Dresden Gallery ; Entombment (186(5); Por- traits of the painters Leutze (1847); Lessing (1851), Schadow (1852), Diisscldorf Gallery ; of the poet Arndt (several times, one in Stettin Museum).— Wolfg. Mailer, Diisseldf. K, 161.
ROTTA, ANTONIO, born at Goritz, Feb. 28, 1828. Genre painter, pupil of Academy in Venice, where he settled. Medal, Paris, 3d class, 1878. Works : Cobbler ; Match- Seller ; Bacchanal on the Lido in 1700 ; The Sick Friend (1855) ; Bad Company ; The Only Friend (1869) ; Venetian Women at Work ; Agreeable Surprise (1878); Young Brood (1881).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1879), ii. 369 ; (1882), ii. 289 ; Mailer, 451.
BOTTENHAMMER, JOHANN, born in Munich in 15C4, died in Augsburg in 1623. German school ; history painter, son and pupil of Thomas Rottenhammer, and in 1582 pupil of Johann Donnauer ; studied in Venice after Tintoretto and visited Rome. Jan Brueghel and Paul Bril employed him to paint mythological or allegori-
cal figures in their landscapes. Works : Pan and Syrinx, National Gallery, London ; Death of Adonis, Diana and Cal- listo, Louvre, Paris ; Madonna (1604), Mars and Venus (1604), Amsterdam Mu- seum ; Fall of Phaeton (1604), Christ delivering Souls from Pur- gatory, three others, Hague Museum ; Ma- donna and St. John, Rotterdam Museum ; The Four Elements Personified, Muw'e Rath, Geneva ; Apotheosis of St. Catharine, Inn of the Three Moors, Augsburg ; Poetry, Music, Painting and Architecture, Berlin Museum ; Landscape with Nymphs, The Golden Age (with Peeter Brueghel, the younger), Kunsthallc, Hamburg ; Judg- ment of Paris (1605), Marriage at Cana, four others, Old Pinakothck, Munich ; Di- ana surprised by Acticon (1602), Venus and Mars (1605), Adoration of the Shepherds (1605), three others, Schleissheirn Gallery ; Repose in Egypt (1597), Magdalen Peni- tent, Schwerin Gallery ; Last Judgment with the Seven Works of Mercy, Stuttgart Museum ; Nativity (1608), Battle between Centaurs and Lapithfp, four others, Muse- um, Vienna ; Erection of Brazen Serpent, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Adam and Eve in Paradise (with Brueghel), Schr>nlx>rn | Gallery, ib. ; others in Galleries of Aschaf- fenburg, Bamberg (3), Carlsruhe, Casscl (C), Copenhagen, Dresden, Gotha, Weimar, and Wiesbaden (2) ; Hermitage, St. Peterburg (3) ; Historical Society, New York ; The Seasons, Holy Family (2), Mars and Venus
ensnared by Vulcan, Banquet of the Goda (2), Blenheim sale, London, 1886. — Ch.
75
ROTTMANN
Blanc, ficole allernande ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 272 ; Nagler, xiii. 468.
ROTTMANN, KARL, born at Hand- schuchsheim, near Heidelberg, Jan. 11, 1797, died in Munich, July 6, 1850. Landscape paint- er, son of Fried- ricli Eottmann (died 1817), a quite skilful draughtsman
and painter in water-colours ; first instruct- ed in Heidelberg by his father and the por- trait painter Xeller, much influenced by Karl Fohr, with whom he was intimately associated, but formed himself chiefly by studying from nature and after the works of Poussin and Josef Koch ; settled in Mu- nich in 1822, visited Italy in 1826-28 and Greece in 1834-35 ; became court painter in 1841. His artistic work may be divided into three periods : during the first he at- tached less importance to colouring than to drawing ; the second is illustrated by the 28 Italian landscapes in fresco in the ar- cades of the royal garden at Munich ; the third by the 23 Greek landscapes placed in a special room in the Munich Gallery. He was one of the most individual masters in Germany, and his influence on landscape painting was paramount. Works : Castle Heidelberg in Evening Light, Burg Eltz (before 1822) ; Ramsau Valley (1823) ; View in Roman Campagna, Coliseum in Rome (1826-28) ; View of Palermo, do. of Taor mina (1829) ; Bay of Baise ; Burning For- est ; Ammer Lake, Marathon, National Gal- lery, Berlin ; German Cemetery near Naup- lia, Temple of JEgina, Raczynski Gallery, ib.; Views in Greece (3), Carlsruhe Gallery View of Cefalii (1839), Cologne Museum View on the Obersee, Darmstadt Museum View near Corinth, Bay and Harbour o: Corfu, Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; View o: Corfu, Lake Copais in Breotia (2), Leipsic
Vluseum ; 23 Views in Greece (Rottmann Saal, 1845-50), Acropolis of Sicyon, Isle of tschia, View of Corfu, Monreale near Pa- ermo, The High Goll near Berchtesgaden, View of .ZEtna from Taormina, Brannenburg in Bavarian Alps, Grave City near Syracuse, Eib Lake in Bavarian Alps, New Pinako- ;hek, Munich ; View of Kochel Lake, The 3igh Goll in the Afterglow, Three Views in Greece, do. near Rome, Schack Gallery, ib. ; Sunset near Epidauros, The Hintersee near Berchtesgaden, Stuttgart Museum ; Land- scape, Czernin Gallery, Vienna. In fresco : 28 Landscapes in Italy (1830-33), Arcades, Vlunich ; cartoons for them, Darmstadt Mu-
-_ f\ seum. — Bayersdorfer, C. (fl (fa 30 Rottmann; Ch. Blanc, •' v S t. ficole allemande ; Dios- kuren (1873), 227 ; Forster, v. 205 ; Graph. K, v. 1 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 198 ; Kugler, Kl. Schriften, iii. 130 ; Kunst-Chronik, viii. 176, 217 ; x. 392 ; Nagler, xiii. 473 ; Pecht, ii. 3 ; Reber, ii. 268 ; Regnet, ii. 100 ; Schack, Meine Gemaldesammlung (1884), 206 ; Springer, Gesch., 83 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iv. 7, 72, 207.
ROTTMANN, LEOPOLD, born at Hei- delberg, Oct. 2, 1812, died at Munich, March 26, 1881. Landscape painter, broth- er of preceding, pupil of Roux at Heidel- berg, then of his brother and the Academy in Munich, where he also became court painter. Works : Altenau Lake in Styria (1837), Fiirstenberg Gallery, Donauesching- en ; Mountain Landscape, Provinzial Muse- um, Hanover ; Barm Lake near Parten- kirchen, Bavaria, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Hunting Album for King Maximilian H. (50 water-colours, 1854-57) ; Album of Ba- varian Alps (70 water-colours, 1860-65) ; Swiss Album ; Album of Wagner's Music Dramas. — Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 489 ; Nag- ler, xiii. 478.
ROTTMAYR (Rothmeyer) VON RO- SENBRUNN, JOHANN MICHAEL, bom at Laufen, near Salzburg, about 1660, died in Vienna, Oct. 25, 1730. German school ; history painter, studied in Salzburg and
76
UOUFFIO
Vienna (1685), then under Carlotto in Ven- ice ; settled in Vienna, where he was court painter to Leopold I, Joseph L, and Charles VI. Works : Iphigenia in Aulis, Museum, Vienna ; St. Charles Borromeo (1728), Holy Family, St. Michael, St. Francis, St. Ste- phen's, ib.; Ceiling in fresco (1708), Liech- tenstein Palace, ib.; do., Magistracy, ib.; several pictures, Joanneum, Gratz. Fres- cos : Cupola and Chapel ceilings, St. Pe- ter's, Vienna ; do., St. Charles Borromeo's, ib.; do. (169G), Jesuit Church, Breslau ; other works in Cathedral at Passau, Car- melites at Katisbon, and other places in Ba- varia.— -Lipowski, ii. 50 ; Wurzbach, xxvii. 171 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 754.
KOUFFIO, PAUL, born at Marseilles ; contemporary. History and genre painter, pupil of Cabanel and of Chozzal. Medal, 3d class, 1879. Works : Courtesan (1873) ; Samson and Delilah (1874), Marseilles Mu- seum ; Herodias (1875) ; Circe, Fanchon (1876); Truth, Mademoiselle la neige (1877); Trio of Masks in Don Juan (1878); Comedy, Olympus (1879) ; Carmen, Violin of Sera- phine (1880); Avarice, Coffee coming to the Rescue of the Muse (1881) ; Hour of the Bath, Soap Bubbles (1882) ; Letter to the Betrothed, Bottom of the Cup (1883) ; Dis- agreement about the Route, Pandora (1884); On Pilgrimage, No Vocation (1885); Return from the Ball, Miso Castagne (1886).
ROUGET, GEORGES, born in Paris, May 2, 1784, died there, April 9, 1869. History and portrait painter, pupil and imi- tator of David. Won 2d prize for painting in 1802. He often assisted David in the execution of his works, and painted a copy of the Coronation of Napoleon, signed by David, which was exhibited in America. Medals : 2d class, 1814 ; 1st class, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1822. Works: French Princes paying Homage at the Cradle of the King of Rome (1812), Death of St. Louis (1817), Versailles Museum ; Ecce Homo (1819), Church of St. Gervais, Paris ; (Edipus and Antigone on Mount Cytherou (1819), Rouen Museum ; Francis I. pardon-
ing Rebels of La Rochelle (1822) ; Christ on the Mount (1824), St Nicolas des Champa, Paris ; St. Louis receiving at Ptolemais the Envoys of the Old Man of the Mountain (1819), St. Louis as Mediator between Henry III of England and his Barons (1820), As- sembly of the Notables at Rouen in 1596 (1822), Henri IV. at Siege of Paris (1824), St Louis rendering Justice under the Oak at Viucennes (1826), Versailles Museum ; Henri IV. abjuring Protestantism (1833) ; Marriage of Napoleon and Mario Louise, 1810 (1837), Napoleon receiving the De- cree of the Senate proclaiming him Empe- ror (1838), St. Louis landing at Damietta (1839), Versailles Museum ; Death of Na- poleon (1846) ; Titus in Judea, Vitellius giving Christians to Wild Beasts (1847) ; Last Moments of Napoleon, Henri IV. and his Children (1850) ; Marshal Soult and Souvenirs of the Empire (1853) ; Soult in his Office, Incident of War in Italy, Com- mittee of Artists at the Death-Bed of an Artist (1861); Christ and the Virgin (1866); Assumption, St. Germain 1'Auxerrois, Paris ; St. Louis pardoning Pierre de Bretagne, St Louis prisoner in Egypt, Fontainebleau Pul- ace ; Death of Marshal Lannes, Douai Mu- seum ; Portrait of General Meunier, Besan- <;on Museum ; do. of Louis XVIH. (1817), Rheims Museum ; Portraits of Clovis HI., Charles IIL, of nine Marshals of France, and of sixteen Generals and others, Ver- sailles Museum.— Bellier, ii. 424 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch., 169.
ROUGET DE L'ISLE, Isidore PH.", Lux- embourg Museum ; canvas, H. 2 ft 3 in. x 3 ft. Rouget de 1'Islo singing the Marseil- laise for the first time, in the house of Die- trich, Mayor of Strasbourg. Salon, 1849.
ROUILLARD, JEAN SKBASTIEN, born in Paris in 1789, died there in 1852. His- tory and portrait painter, pupil of David. Medals : 2d class, 1822 ; 1st class, 1827 ; L. of Honour. Works : Alexander support- ing Lysirnachus (1819); Portrait of General Bonaparte (1836), Portraits of Marshals Schomberg, Bellefonds, Macdouald (1837),
ROUSSEAU
Grouchy (1833), of Generals Dumouriez (2), Marbot, and Vandamme, of Camille Des- moulins, Versailles Museum ; Charles X., Aix Museum ; Marshal Grouchy, Amiens Museum ; Marshal Due de Eeggio, Nancy Museum. — Bellier, ii. 425.
ROUSSEAU, PHILIPPE, born in Paris, Feb. 22, 1816. Ani- mal and landscape painter, pupil of Gros and of Bertin. Espe- cially distinguished for his pictures of still-life in humorous relation to animals. Medals: 3d class, 1845 ; 1st class, 1848 ; 2d class, 1855 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Hon- our, 1852; Officer, 1870. Works: Views in Normandy, etc. (1833-39) ; Post-Chaise (1841); City Eat and Field Eat (1845) ; Cat and Old Eat (184G) ; Mole and Eabbit, Flowers and Butterflies (1847) ; Farm- Yard (1848), Chartres Museum ; Interior of Farm- House, Cat and Mouse (1849) ; Divided in Two (1850) ; Importunate (1850), Luxem- bourg Museum ; Mother of a Family (1853); Kid browsing Flowers, Storks taking a Si- esta, Two Punch and Judy Artists (1855) ; Eabbit hunted by Fox-Terriers, Eesigna- tion, Eecreation, Farm-House in Savoy (1857); Gala Day (1859); Luncheon (1859), Valenciennes Museum ; Household Music, Kitchen (1861) ; Eabbit and Frogs, Search for the Absolute (1863), Nantes Museum ; Market in Olden Time (1864), Caen Mu- seum ; Every Man for Himself (1865) ; He makes his own Music, Autumn Flowers (1866) ; Chardin and his Models (1867) ; Eat retired from the World, Eesidence of Sir Walter Scott (1868) ; Summer, Autumn (1869) ; Fountain adorned with Flowers, First Plums and Last Cherries (1870) ; Springtime (1872) ; Mass (1873) ; Corpus Christi Day, Salad (1874) ; Cheeses, Wolf and Lamb (1875); Oysters, Poppies (1876) ; The Breakfast, Oh my Bagpipe ! (1877) ; Tulips (1879) ; The Courtyard (1880) ; Fu-
ture Stewed Eabbit (1881) ; Two Friends, Cheeses (1882); Victuals, Asparagus (1883); Chrysanthemums (1884); Eat retired from the World (1885), Luxembourg Museum ; Esmeralda's Window, C. H. Wolff, Phila- delphia ; Peaches, Mrs. Wilstach, ib. — Bel- lier, ii. 430 ; Larousse ; Claretie, Peintres (1874), 196 ; Meyer, Gesch., 714. EOUSSEAU, (PIEEEE ETIENNE) THEODORE, bom in Paris, April 15, 1812, died at Barbizon, near Fontainebleau, Dec. 22, 1867. Landscape painter, pupil of Ee- mond (1826) and of Lethiere. Showed himself a true "natu- ralist" in his first picture (1826) and up to 1848 — when his works, after being for thirteen years excluded from the Salon by the academical jury then abolished, were re- admitted— fought the battle of naturalism with varying success. WTith Corot, Daubi- gny, Dupro, and Diaz, he founded the mod- ern French school of landscape painting, of which he is one of the chief glories. Few if any have surpassed him in the rendering of atmospheric effects, in the ability to dif- fuse light and air throughout a landscape, and in the power of communicating to oth- ers the deep feelings excited by nature in a highly sensitive organization like his own. The Forest of Fontainebleau, where he spent many years of his life, supplied him with an inexhaustible mine of subjects, which he rendered with rare felicity. Always in more or less needy circumstances, he was at the last annoyed by an intrigue about the Offi- cer's Cross of the Legion of Honour, and finally died of a broken heart. Medals : 3d class, 1834 ; 1st class, 1849, 1855 ; medal of honour, 1867 ; L. of Honour, 1852. Works : Signal Station on Montmartre (1826) ; Mountain View in Auvergue, Edge of the Woods in Compiegne, Herd of Cat- tle in the Jura Mountains (1835) ; An
78
ROUX
Avenue, Edge of the Woods at Sunset, Au- tumn Weather (1849) ; Edge of the Woods at Sunset, Morning, Plateau of Belle-Croix, ' Woods of Bas-Brc'au, Village of Barbizon, i Entrance to Bas-Breau (1850); Sunny Land- scape, Landscape after Bain (1852) ; Marsh in the Landes of Guienne (1853) ; Coast at j Grauville, Edge of the Woods in Berry, ; Moors, An Avenue, Way out of the Woods at Sunset, Way out of the Woods in Twi- light, Marsh in the Laiules, Edge of the Gerard Mountains, Oaks in Gorges of Apre- mont, Plain of Biirbizon, Woods of Fon- tainebleau (1855), Louvre ; Loire Valley in Springtime, Stormy Morning during Har- vest, Village in Cantal, Birches in the Gorge of Aprernont, Meadow with Trees, Cross- Eoad at Bas Brcau (1857) ; Farm on the Moors, River Sevre, Boundaries of Barbi- zon, Gorges of Apremont, Edge of Woods near Barbizon (1859); Oak of Roche (1861); Clearing in the Woods, Pond in Oak Grove (1861); Cottage among Trees, Village (1864); Sunset at Foutaiuebleau, Boundaries of For- est of Fontainebleau (18CC) ; Ray of Sun- light in Stormy Weather, Small Farm on the Oise (1867) ; River Bank, Storm Laud- scape, Luxembourg Museum. Works in United States : River Scene, do. in Autumn, Village of Barbizon, Gorges of Apremont, Forest, Morning, Farm on the Oise, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ; Landscape, Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib.; do., August Belmont, ib. ; do., H. G. Marquand, ib.; do., J. C. Runkle, ib.; do., D. O. Mills, ib.; Paris Oven, Land- j scape and Forest, do. and Pond, W. Rocke- feller, ib.; Forest Scene, C. P. Huntington, ib.; Plain of Barbizon, Mrs. J. G. Fell, Phila- delphia ; do., R C. Taft, Providence ; Sun- set, J. A. Brown, ib. ; Autumn, B. Wall, ib. ; Le Givre — Winter Solitude, two others (one dated 1845), W. T. Walters, Baltimore; Landscape, H. P. Kidder, Boston ; do., T. Wigglesworth, ib.; Oak Tree of Barbizon, Landscape, Birch Trees at Foutainebleau, H. Probasco, Cincinnati. Sales : Farm in Berry (Dagnan sale, 1882, 29,500 francs, to M. Viterbo) ; Public Oven on the Moors
(Hartmann sale, 47,000 francs, bought by Mr. Brame) ; Sunset (20,100 francs, same sale) ; A Village (38,000 francs, same sale) ; Farm in the Landes (73,000 francs, same sale) ; Village in Normandy (Wilson sale, 1881, 20,000 francs); Plain among the Pyr- enees (17,000 francs, Hartmann sale); Wooda in Winter (48,600 francs, same sale) ; Old Dormitory in Bas-Brcau (49,000 francs, bought for Louvre, same sale) ; Autumn at St. Jean de Paris (46,000 francs, same sale); A Pond (20,000 francs, Narischkino sale, 1883) ; Road in Woods near Fontainebleau (20,500 francs). — Sensier, Souvenirs surTh. Rousseau (1872) ; Bellier, ii. 431 ; Meyer, Gesch., 744 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1873), vii. 191 ; (1881), xxiii. 462 ; L'Art (1882), xxviii. 161, 186 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iii. 281 ; xii. (Mittheilungen, v. 40).
ROUX, KARL, born in Heidelberg, Aug. 15, 1826. Animal and genre painter, son of J. W. Christian Roux (1771-1831, por- trait and landscape painter), pupil of D(ls- seldorf Academy and (1847) of Karl Htlb- ner, continued his studies in Munich, Ant- werp, and Paris ; was for several years professor at the Art School in Carlsruhe, and settled in Munich in 1868. Director of Carlsruhe Art School and Mannheim Gal- lery since 1881. Works : Rest of Lansque- nets (1853), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Hans and Verena (1861) ; Plundering of Village in Thirty Years' War, Hermann and Doro- thea (1863), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Ploughing Early in the Morning ; Uneducated Son of the Alps (a bull) ; Cows returning l>eforo Storm ; Yoke of Oxen ; Hay Harvest (1877); Cattle Fair of Munich ; October Festival ; Cattle Herd on Achen Lake. — Mtlller, 452.
ROUX, MAiTRE. See Rosso.
ROUX, (PROSPER) LOUIS, born in Paris, Feb. 13, 1817. History and genre painter, pupil of Delaroche. Medals : 3d class, 1846 ; 2d class, 1857, 1859. Works : St. Roch praying for the Plague-Stricken (1846), Luxembourg ; Italian Peasant play- ing with Child (1847) ; Jean Boltius— an Anatomist of Liege ; Linuieus returning
79
KOUX
from an Excursion, Scholar in his Study (1847), Ravene Gallery, Berlin ; Mozart's First Opera, Marietta Tintoretto (1850) ; Bernard Palissy, Poussin, Absence, Tinto- retto (1855); Rembrandt's Studio (1857), St. Petersburg Academy ; Palissy studying Geology, Claude Lorrain in the Forum (1857) ; Incident of Civil War of the Fronde, Montaigne, Delaroche's Studio in 1856 (1859) ; Hosanna (1859), Ravene Gal- lery, Berlin ; Portrait of a Girl (1861) ; Christ washing Apostles' Feet (1863) ; St. John Baptist (1864); Van der Neer painting Moonlight (1866) ; St. Francis of Assisi and the Birds (1867); Music, Epic Poetry, Light Literature, History (1870) ; St. Vincent de Paul receiving Extreme Unction (1874), Chapel in Dourdan ; Christ in the Tomb, Descent from the Cross, Studio of a Flower Painter (1875); St. Thomas Aquinas (1877); Hill of Vachon at Argenteuil, Hill of Orge- mont (1879) ; Promontory of Porspoder, The Minou near Brest (1880); Saint Michel- Sousgland (1881); The Stairs at Brest (1882); Gravel-Pits of Sannois (1883) ; St. Veronica (1884); twenty-four frescos in St. Magdalen, Kouen. — Bellier, ii. 435 ; Larousse.
EOUX DE KOUX, MAlTRE. See Rosso.
HO VERB, ELEONORA GONZAGA DELLA, Duchess of Urbino, portrait, Ti- tian, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, figure half- length, life-size. Same history as the fol- lowing.— C. & C., Titian, i. 413 ; Dennis- toun, Dukes of Urbino, iii. 48, 372, 437, 442.
ROVERE, FRANCESCO DELLA, Duke of Urbino, portrait, Titian, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, figure half-length, life-size ; signed. In armour, with a plumed helmet and em- blems of his rank in a niche behind. Paint- ed in 1537, when the Duke had gone to Venice to assume command as generalissimo against the Turks. Passed from Urbino to Florence on extinction of house of Urbino in 1631.— C. & C., Titian, i. 411 ; Dennis- toun, Dukes of Urbino, iii. 58, 371, 437, 442 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 443 ; Gall, di Fi- renze, i. No. 25.
ROVEREDO, BATTLE OF, Clarkson Stanfield, London ; canvas. Fought in Sep- tember, 1796, by Massena and Augereau, against Davidovich, who was guarding the Tyrol with 40,000 men. In foreground, the French infantry are fording the Adige, and in distance are again seen passing the bridge, under fire from batteries ; on the right, the fortress ; on left, inhabitants flying from their houses ; background, the snow-clad Alps. Royal Academy, 1851. At E. J. Cole- man sale (1881), £3,465. — Art Journal (1851), 156.
ROVIALE. See Rubiates.
BOWSE, SAMUEL WORCESTER, born at Bath, Me., Jan. 29, 1822. Figure and portrait painter, self taught ; best known by his portraits in crayons and his ideal heads, many of which have been reproduced by photography and other processes. Works in oil by him, chiefly ideal heads and fig- ures, are owned by Frederic E. Church, Daniel Huntington, William H. Osborn, and M. K. Jesup, New York ; Dr. Estes Howe, and Peter C. Brooks, Boston ; and Knight Cheney, Manchester, Conn.
ROY, JEAN BAPTISTS DE, born in Brussels, March 29, 1759, died there, Jan. 7, 1839. Landscape and animal painter ; studied after the old Dutch masters. Works : Cattle Herd in Stormy Landscape, Brussels Museum ; Cows crossing Pool at Sunrise (1804), Ghent Museum ; Landscape with Figures and Animals (1790), Gotha Muse- um ; Dead Game and Fruits, do., and Boy with Dog, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.— Michiels, x. 564.
ROY, MARIUS, born at Lyons ; contein- •• porary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Boulanger and of Jules Lefebvre. Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works : In Ambush (1881); Do not Stir! (1882) ; In Quarters (1883) ; Corvee de Rutamage (1884) ; Before the Duel (1885); Poverty's Share (1886).
ROYBET, FERDINAND (VICTOR LfiON), born at Uzes (Gard), April 20, 1840. Figure painter, pupil in Lyons of Ecole des Beaux Arts ; settled in Paris,
80
ROYER
where his Jester of Henri III. took a medal in Salon, 18CG ; now professor of engraving at Lyons. Works : Death of Roxana, J. C. Runkle, New York ; Page with Dogs, Mu- sical Party (1867), W. H. Vanderbilt, ib.;l Meet, Cologne Museum ; Playing Backgam- j mon (1868) ; A Musketeer ; Negress with a Drake ; Gypsy Woman ; Beer Drinker ; Standard Bearer, Time to Go, J. J. Astor, New York; Halberdier, T. R Butler, ib.; Cock Fight, D. O. Mills, ib. ; Velasquez painting the Infanta, D. W. Powers, Roch- ester ; Missal Painter, J. H. Warren, Hoo- sic Falls ; Ludovic Lesly, Judge H. Hoadly, Cincinnati ; The Message (Wilson sale, 1883, • 12,000 francs).
ROYER LIONEL, born at Chfiteau-du- Loir (Sarthe) ; contemporary. History and portrait painter, pupil of Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Christ on the Cross (1879); Daphne changed into a Laurel (1880); Venus protecting the Body of Hector (1881); Madame Roland (1883); The Family (1884); Love and Folly (1885) ; For Native Laud ! Charette a Patay (188(5).
ROYMERSWALE. See Marintis.
ROZIER, DOMINIQUE, born in Paris ; contemporary. Still-life painter, pupil of An- toine Vollonf Medals : 3d class, 1876 ; 2d class, 1880. Works : End of Supper (1880, bought by the State); Armour (1881); Vin- tage, End of Carnival (1882) ; Cabbage Soup, Isabel's Basket, Flower Girl (1883) ; Poul- try, Un Jambonneau (1884) ; Fish Market in the Halles Centrales (1885); Game (1886); Sunset, R. G. Dun, New York.
RUBEN, CHRISTIAN, born at Treves, Nov. 30, 1805, died at Inzersdorf, near Vi- enna, July 8, 1875. History and genre painter, pupil of Dilsseldorf Academy (1823 -25) under Cornelius, whom he followed to Munich, and there rapidly established his reputation ; in 1841 he became director of Prague Academy, wlu'ch he reorganized, and in 1852-72 was director of the Vienna Acad- emy. Gold medal, 1864 ; Orders of Iron Crown and of Francis Joseph ; Belgian Or- der of Leopold, 1865 ; Commander of Pa-
pal Order of Gregory. Works : Carthusian Monk, Ave Maria (1835) ; Power of Faith, Leuchtenberg Gallery, St Petersburg ; Duke Erich of Calenborg at Hardegsen in 1533 (1838) ; Shepherdess in the Alps, New Pi- nakothek, Munich ; Battle of Lipau in 1434, Vienna Museum ; Columbus discovering Land (1843), Nostitz Gallery, Prague ; Cy- cle of 14 cartoons on History of Bohemia, Belvedere, Prague. — Brockhaus, xiii. 875 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1852), six. 359; Cotta's Kunstbl. (1841), No. 64 ; Laud und Mccr (1872), No. 50 ; Reber, ii. 194 ; Stahr, Chr. Ruben's Columbus (Oldenburg, 1844); Wurzbach, xxvii. 200 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xi. 372.
RUBEN, FRANZ, 1>orn in Prague in 1843. History and portrait painter, son of Christian Ruben, and his pupil at Vienna Academy ; won prize in 1869, then studied in Italy after the Venetian masters, and set- tled in Venice. Medal, Munich, 2d class, 1883. Works : Miracle of Roses, The Two Leonoras and Torquato Tasso (1867); Court Life of Pope Leo X. (1869) ; The Widow's Mite ; Capri, A Page (1870); Tilly's Retreat (1871) ; Tournament at Court of Burgundy (1872); Washerwoman in Venice (1873); Indulgentia plenario. — Wurzbach, xxvii. 205 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 122.
RUBENS, PETER PAUL, born at Sie- ge n, Westphalia, June 29, 1577, died at Antwerp, May 30, 1640. Flemish school ; studied at Antwerp with To- bias Verhaegt and Adam van Noort, and then with Otto van Veen from 1596 until 1600,
when he went to Venice, where his copies after Titian and Giorgione attracted the notice of the Duke of Mantua, Viucenzo Gonzaga L.^Wio made him his court paint- er. In July, 1601, the Duke sent Rubens to Rome to copy pictures for his gallery,
81
KUBENS
with a letter of recommendation to the Cardinal Montalto. Having executed the Duke's commission, and painted a triptych for the Chapel of St. Helena in the Church of Sta. Croce in Gerusalemme, by order of the Archduke Albert, Eubens returned to Mantua early in 1603. In March he was sent to Spain as the Duke's messenger, with presents for the King and certain high dignitaries. The pictures which formed part of them, chiefly by an inferior artist, Pietro Fachotti, having been much dam- aged en route, were restored at Valladolid by Kubens, and as two were irreparably in- jured he painted his Democritus, and Hera- clitus, now in the Madrid Museum, to re- place them. He also painted an equestrian portrait of the Duque de Lerma and several portraits of beautiful Spanish women for the Duke of Mantua ; after which he re- turned to Mantua at the end of April, 1604, and painted an altarpiece for the Church of the Trinity. The wings were destroyed in 1797 during the French occupation, but the central piece, representing the Trinity, is preserved in the public library at Mantua. At the end of 1605 Kubens went to Rome to continue his studies. In July, 1607, he met the Duke at Genoa, and in the course of six or seven weeks made 139 sketches of palaces, afterwards published at Antwerp (1613). At this time, perhaps, he modelled the bust of Spiuola, still preserved in the family palace, and received a commission from the Marchese Pallavicini for his pict- ure of Ignatius Loyola, which he sent from Antwerp in 1620. Returning to Rome in 1607, Rubens finished his picture of Pope Gregory the Great with Saints (sent to Gre- noble by Napoleon in 1811), and in the autumn of 1608, having received news of the dangerous illness of his mother, he re- turned to Antwerp, where he arrived in November, after her death. Depressed, and homesick for Italy, he would soon have gone back to Rome had not the Archduke Albert, moved by the commendations of Otto van Veen, Rubens's old master, treat-
ed him with much consideration at Brus- sels, and commissioned him to paint his own portrait, that of the Infanta Isabella, a Holy Family for the oratory of his palace, and a large altarpiece for the church at Candenburg, the triptych of S. Ildefonso, now in the Museum at Vienna. In 1609 the Archduke made Rubens his court paint- er, gave him a gold chain and medal, and granted him numerous privileges. Re- nouncing his intention to return to Italy, Rubens obtained permission to fix his resi- dence at Antwerp, where, on October 13, 1609, he married Isabella Brandt. Com- missions now crowded upon him to such an extent that at the beginning of 1611 he had refused more than one hundred. Among the works of this time are the De- livery of the Keys, Church of St. Gudule, Brussels ; The Erection of the Cross, Notre Dame, Antwerp ; and an Adoration of the Magi, Antwerp Museum ; the St. Therese, the St. Anne, and the Dead Christ in the same collection. Enriched by inheritance, by his wife's dowry, and by his own labours, Rubens in 1611 built himself a beautiful house at Antwerp with a round gallery lighted from above, which he decorated with his copies, original works, and ac- quired objects of art. In September of the same year he agreed to paint for the guild of the Harquebusiers the great altarpiece with wings, which was finished in 1612, and since 1614 has decorated their altar in the Antwerp Cathedral. The different paintings upon it are the famous Descent from the Cross, the Visitation, the Presen- tation, and the St. Christopher and a Her- mit. Having numerous pupils, and con- stant demands for original works, Rubens spent eleven years at Antwerp, and then went to Paris in February, 1622, at the call of Maria de' Medici, to decorate the Lux- embourg Palace with twenty-one great pict- ] ures, now in the Louvre, representing the history of her life up to the period of her reconciliation with her son, Louis XTTT. In 1622-23 he returned to Paris to consult
RUBENS
with the Queen, and again in 1625. Bring- ing with him nineteen finished pictures, he remained there to finish the rest. Every effort was made to induce him to remain in France, but in vain. At Paris he had made the acquaintance of the Duke of Bucking- ham, who visited him at Antwerp and event- ually purchased his collection for about 100,000 florins. In 1626 (July) Isabella Brandt died, to the great grief of her hus- band, who honoured her with splendid fu- neral ceremonies. In 1624 Philip IV. of Spain ennobled Rubens, and the Archduch- ess Isabella made him her gentleman in waiting. In 1627 she sent him to England with the title of ambassador to act as me- diator in negotiating peace between that country and Spain. This obliged him to visit Spain in August, 1628, where he was treated with great honour by the King and became intimate with Velasquez, upon whom he had great influence. In nine months Rubens painted forty pictures and made copies of all the pictures by Titian in the Royal Gallery. In 1629, after a short visit to Antwerp, he was sent as ambassador to King Charles I., whose portrait he painted, and who on his departure created him Knight of the Golden Spur, Feb. 21, 1630. Once more he was sent to Spain to con- clude the peace negotiations with Philip IV. He then returned home and on Dec. 6, 1630, married Helena Fourment, his niece by marriage. For Charles I. Rubens then painted nine pictures, and designed for the Banquet Hall at Whitehall a ceiling representing the allegorical history of James I. He also began a series of pictures for the gallery of Henri IV. in the Luxem- bourg, six of which were far advanced when the exile of Maria de' Medici, in 1631, in- terrupted the work. In 1631 he resumed his diplomatic career, in order to bring about a peace between the North and South of the Low Countries. This entailed much trouble and annoyance upon him, and the death of his protectress, the Archduchess Isabella, in 1633, greatly afflicted him. He
also suffered much with the gout, but never- theless continued to paint with the same wonderful facility and power. In 1635 he designed eleven allegorical compositions to decorate the triumphal arches raised in honour of the entrance of Ferdinand, Gov- ernor of the Low Countries, into Antwerp. His last picture, the Crucifixion of St Peter, (1638), painted for the banker Jabach, was delivered to its owner after the painter's death, and placed in the Church of St. Peter at Cologne, where it still exists. The works of this great artist, many of which were wholly for partially painted by his scholars after his designs, are between two and three thousand. Of these 286 repre- sent antique subjects, historical or mytho- logical. The following is a list of some of the most remarkable : Fall of the Damned, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Ma- donna with Saints, Flight into Egypt, Di- ana and Nymphs surprised by Satyrs, Mara crowned by Victory, Portrait of an Orien- tal, Cassel Gallery ; Last Judgment, Lion Hunt, Fall of the Damned, Woman of the Apocalypse, Nativity, Battle of the Ama- zons (1619), Trinity, Entombment, Martyr- dom of St. Laivrence, Meleager and Atalautn, Massacre of Innocents, Samson and Delilah, Cantor and Pollux, Silenus and Satyrs, Su- sanna, Portrait of litibens and Isabella Brandt, Helena Founnent under a Colonnade, do. with her Boy, A Scholar (1635), Dr. van Thulden, Lord and Lady Arundel, Philip IV. of Spain, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Ru- bens' Sons, eleven Portraits, Diana and her Nymphs, Wild Boar Hunt, Garden of Love, Judgment of Paris, Dresden Museum ; St. Ignatius Loyola exorcising Demons, Assump- tion, Magdalen, St. Manas Xavier Preach- ing, Portrait of Rubens, Four Quarters of the Globe, Portrait of the Archduchess Anna Mnria, Altarpiece of St. Ildefonxo, Festival of Fen us, Cimon and Iphigenia, Meleager and Atalanta, Portraits of Emperor Maxi- milian and of Philip le Bon, Vienna Mu- seum ; Rubens' Sons, History of Death of Decius Mus, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ;
EUBENS
Rainbow, Flight of Lot, Elijah in the Desert, Tomyris, Kirmess, History of Maria de' Med- ici, Portrait of the same, do. of Helena Four- ment and two of her Children, Louvre, Paris ; Kape of the Sabines, Chapeau de Paille, Tri- umph of Silenus, Judgment of Paris, Land- scape, Conversion of St. Bavon, Peace and War, National Gallery, London ; Field, Coro- nation of the Virgin, Adoration of the Magi, Procession to Calvary, Brussels Museum ; five sketches (en grisaille) for the Maria de' Medici Series, two for the Jaines I. White- hall Series, Portraits of Rubens's two Wives, Venus and Adonis, ten Portraits, Portrait of the Comte de Bucquoy, Silenun and Sa- tyrs, Perseus and Andromeda, Madonna, Madonna with Saints, Adoration of Magi, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Ulysses and Nausicaii, Landscape, The Philosophers, Two Holy Families, Horrors of War, Nymphs and Satyrs, Portrait of Duke of Bucking- ham, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Henri IV. at Ivry, Entry of Henri IV. into Paris, Por- traits of Rubens's two Wives, Bacchanal, Venus and Adonis, Hercules between Vice and Virtue, Uffizi, Florence ; Adoration of the Magi, Three Holy Families, Eleven Apos- tles, Lapiths and Centaurs, Supper at Em- maus, Fifteen Mythological Subjects, Eques- trian Portrait of Philip II., of Don Fernando of Austria, of Sir Thomas More, Garden of Love, Doctors of the Church, Mercury and Argus, Milky Way, Nymphs and Satyrs (2), Orpheus and Eurydice, Perseus and Androm- eda, liudolph of Hapsburg, Madrid Mu- seum ; Rape of Sabines, Reconciliation of Sabines and Romans, Escorial ; Crucifixion, ' St. Theresa, Dead Christ, Education of the Virgin, Adoration of the Magi, Incredulity of St. Thomas, Portraits of Nicholas Rockox and Adrienne Perez, Antwerp Museum ; Ad- oration of Magi, St. Jean, Mechlin ; Perseus and Andromeda, Helena Fourment, Assump- tion of the Virgin, Daughter of Rubens, Landscape, St. Sebastian, Madonna with Saints, Raising of Lazarus, Neptune and Amphitrite, Berlin Museum ; Pan and Syr- inx, Prairie de Laeckeu, Pythagoras, two
Portraits, Buckingham Palace, London ; Marriage of St. Catharine, Madonna with Saints, Stafford House ; Wolf Hunt, Diana and Nymphs, Lord Ashburton ; Holy Fam- ily, Rainbow, Peter receiving the Keys, Hertford House ; Perseus and Andromeda, Rape of Proserpine, Rubens and Helena Fourment, Helena Formann (Fourment), Blenheim Palace ; Madonna (£1,360), Holy Family (£460), Adoration of Magi (£1,500), Meleager and Atalanta (Cavendish Ben- tinck, £520), Return from Egypt (£1,500), Holy Family (£1,000), Suffer Little Chil- dren (£800), Flight of Lot (£1,850), Holy Family (£1,400), Infant Saviour and St. John (£50), Distribution of the Rosary, Paracelsus, Artist's Portrait, Portrait of Anne of Austria (£3,700), Roman Charity (£1,200), Triumph of Silenus (£60), Venus and Adonis (£7,200), Blenheim Palace sale, London, 1886 ; Pausias and Glycera, Ixion, Landscape, Grosvenor House ; Tomyris, Cobham Hall ; Woman taken in Adultery, Conversion of St. Paul, Holy Family, Leigh Court ; Helena Fourment, Venus, Mars, and Cupid, Two Landscapes, Dulwich Gal- lery ; Madonna with Saints, Duke of Rut- land; St. Martin, Portrait of Philip IV, Portrait of Rubens, Landscape, Sir B. Ger- bier and his Family, Holy Family, Wind- sor Castle ; Prelates Kneeling, Petworth ; Daughter of Herodias, Castle Howard ; Re- turn from Egypt, Lions chasing Deer, Met- ropolitan M u s e -
um> New York-
-Bakhuizen van Jen Brink Les
/<T-J \_, Rubens a Siegen
(\ / (Hague, 1861);
/ ^-UJO€4i4 Cat. du Mus. /etvC" d'Anvers, 291;
" Dohme, li.; Du
PE PA RVB£ NJ Mortier, Recher- f1 f^ ( ^L/' ches and Nou-
* velles Recherches
(Brussels, 1861, 1862) ; Ennen, Ueber den Geburtsort des P. P. R. (Cologne, 1861) ; Gachard, Histoire politique, etc. (Brussels,
84
RUBENS
1877) ; Gachet, Lettres inedites (Brussels, 1846) ; Gaedertz, R und die Kubensfeier in Antwerpeu (Leipsic, 1878); Gcnard, ^aute- keningen over P. P. R (Antwerp, 1877) ; Gerrits, P. P. R, zijn tijd, etc. (Amsterdam, 1842); V. van Grimbergen, Hist. Levensbe- scbryving (Antwerp), 1840) ; A. van Hasselt, Hist. (Brussels, 1840) ; Kett, Rubens (Lon- don, 1882); Krarnm, v. 1395 ; Merlo, Nach- ricbten, 352 ; Michel, Hist, (Brussels, 1771); Micbiels, Rubens et 1'ucole d'Auvers (Paris, 1877) ; do., Hist, de la peinture flaruancle, vi. 374-444 ; vii. 1-253 ; L'CEuvre de P. P. R (Antwerp and Brussels, 1877, 1878) ; R de Piles, Eecueil, etc. (Paris, 1755) ; Reif- fenberg, Nouvelles Recbercbes (Brussels, 1835); Riegel, Beitrage, i. 165, 344 ; ii. 58- 66, 92-94 ; Rooses (Reber), 162-254 ; Ro- senberg, Rubensbriefe (Leipsic, 1881); Sains- bury, Original Papers (London, 1859) ; Scbneevogt, Cat. des Estampes (Haarlem, 1873) ; Smith, Cat. raisouno (London, 1829 -42); Van den Branden, 357, 409, 482, 1271, 1372, 1386 ; Verachter, Gcm-alogie de P. P. R.; do., Le Tombeau de R. (Antwerp, 1840, 1843) ; Villaamil, Rubens, Diplomatico Es- pafiol (Madrid, 1874); Waagen (Noel), P. P. R (London, 1840); do., Kl. Schriften (Stutt- gart, 1875); Woltmann, Aus vicr Jahrh., 49 ; Annalen des hist. Vereius f. d. Niederrhein (1861, 1869) ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859-68), L-xxxv.; (1869), i. 223, 334; (1881), xxiii. 5, 305; (1882), xxv. 5; xxvi. 273; (1883), xxvii. 5, 203, 309 ; xxviii. 361 ; (1884), xxix. 29, 193 ; (1884), xxx. 34 ; (1885), xxxi. 121 ; xxxii. 97, 449 ; Graph. K, ii. 25 ; Journal des B. Arts (1875-79) ; Kuust-Chronik, xii. 425, 457, 571, 697, 724, 777, 809, 825 ; xiii. 81 ; xvi. 484, 504 ; xvii. 094 ; xviii. 217, 532 ; xxi. 141, 221, 337 ; Vlaamsche school (1866, 1875, 1877, 1878) ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i. 225 ; ii. 132 ; iii. 128 ; iv. 47 ; v. 202, 304 ; viii. 190 ; ix. (Mittheilungen, ii. 1) ; x. 96 (Hit., iii. 40) ; xi. 352, 383 ; xii. 261, 306 (Hit, v. 57) ; xv. 225, 261 ; xvi. 235 ; xvii. 165.
RUBENS, portrait, Eubem, Windsor Cas- tle ; wood, H. 2 ft 9* in. x 2 ft. 1 in. Half- length, face three-quarters, looking to left,
wearing a black Spanish mantle with a gold chain around his neck, and a large hat dec- orated with a tassel. Presented to Charles I. by Lord Danby. Engraved by P. Pon- tius ; Worlidge ; Chambers ; Facius ; Pel- ham ; J. H. Robinson. Duplicate, engraved by Moulmeester and Gregori, Uffizi, Flor- ence. Other portraits of Rubens in Vienna, Louvre, Uffizi, and Genoa Galleries. — Smith, ii. 145, 159 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 435 ; Lasinio, iii. PI. 96.
RUBENS AND ISABELLA BRANDT, I lluhem, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 5 ft 6
Rubens ind lubellt Brandt, Ruben, Munich
in. x 4 ft. 2 in. Rubens and his first wife, daughter of Jan Brandt, of Antwerp ; fig- ures full-length, in full dress, seated, under an arbour, he on the edge of a table, she on a stool beside it Probably painted about 1610. Engraved by Hesa — Kctt, 64 ; Smith, ii. 63.
RUBENS AND HELENA FOURMENT, Rubens, Blenheim Palace ; canvas, H. 7 ft 8 in. x 6 ft 8 in. Rubens and his second wife, full-length, life-size, in Spanish cos-
86
KUBENS'S SONS
tume, walking in a flower garden ; she has a little child in leading strings. Waagen says, " Few other pictures by Kubens equal,
Rubens and Helena Fourment, Rubens, Blenheim Palace.
and none probably surpass it." Presented to Duke of Marlborough by City of Brus- sels. Engraved by McArdell. Studies in Louvre. Similar subject, with changes, Munich Gallery. — Waagen, Art Treasures, iii. 129 ; Smith, ii. 243 ; Klas. der Malerei, PI. 7.
EUBENS'S SONS, Rubens, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; wood, H. 5 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. Rubens's sons by Isabella Brandt. Full- length, in Spanish costume. The younger, Nicolas, holds a flying bird attached to a string ; the elder, Albert, has one arm over his brother's shoulder and holds a book un- der the other. Engraved by Pichler. One of Rubens's best pictures. Replica, Dres- den Gallery ; engraved by Daullu ; Danzel ; Tanje.— Smith, ii. 83, 100 ; Klas. der Ma- lerei, PI. 8.
RUBIALES, PEDRO, born in Estrema- dura, died in Rome (?), latter half of 16th
century. Spanish school ; pupil of Fran- cisco Salviati, whom he assisted in many works. Painted in S. Spirito, Rome, the Conversion of St. Paul. Also, with Becerra, aided Vasari, who calls him Roviale, in the frescos of the Cancellaria in the palace of Cardinal Farnese. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 229 ; vii. 43, 681 ; Stirling, i. 153.
RUDDER, LOUIS HENRI DE, born in Paris, Oct. 17, 1807. History painter, pu- pil of Gros and Charlet. Medals : 3d class, 1840 ; 2d class, 1848 ; L. of Honour, 1863. "Works : Children taking Game from sleep- ing Game-Keeper (1834) ; Death of John of Armagnac (1835) ; Claude Larcher (1836) ; Claude Frollo, Charles IE. and Alice Lee,
Rubens's Sons, Rubens, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.
Boy and Schoolmaster, Gringoire before Louis XI. (1837) ; Marmion Wounded (1838) ; Hamlet killing Polonius, Lanz-
RUDE
knecbts (1839) ; St. Augustine, Children (1840) ; Christ, Mutual Lesson (1841) ; SL George giving Thanks for his Victory (1842) ; Divine Mission (1844) ; Head of Christ, Shepherd and Child (1845); Outlaws of the Cevennes, Naiiid, Blaise de Montluc (1849) ; Women Bathing (1850) ; Christ Crowned with Thorns (1855) ; Echo of the Ravine, Pifferaro (1859) ; Mater Dolorosa, Nicolas Flamel, Luxembourg Museum ; Christ in the Garden, St. John (1863) ; Shepherd of the Abruzzi, Christ falling under the Cross, Christ stripped of his Clothing (1864); Ecce Homo (1865), Saint- IStienne Museum ; Mater Dolorosa, The Muse (1867) ; Autumn Evening, Mercena- ries, Mater Dolorosa (1868) ; Poetry and Materialism, Woods of Couvron, Lamartine on his Death-Bed (1869) ; Head of Christ, Judas (1870) ; Mandolinata, A Student (1875); Ecce Homo, The Douet at Beuzeval (1878) ; Portrait of the historian Pasquier, Versailles Museum. Executed twenty ceil- ings of large dimensions, and decorative panels in oil, for the United States. — Bel- lier, ii. 440 ; Larousse.
RUDE, Mine. SOPHIE FRfiMIET, born in Dijon, June 20, 1797, died in Paris, Dec. 4, 1867. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Devosge and of David, and wife of the sculptor Rude. Medal, 2d class, 1833. Works : Virgin Sleeping (1831), Dijon Museum ; Charles L bidding Fare- well to his Children (1833); Arrest of Duch- ess of Burgundy in Bruges (1841), Dijon Museum ; Faith, Hope, and Charity (1857). — Larousse.
RUDOLPH OF HAPSBURG, liubens, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 9 ft. 3 in. The founder of the Austrian em- pire, hunting in the woods, followed by a single esquire, gives his horse to a priest carrying the Host to a dying person, and bids his esquire give his to the priest's aco- lyte. The landscape is by Wildens. Col- lection of Philip IV. — Madrazo.
RUELAND, F., flourished in Vienna, end of 15th ajid beginning of 16th centuries.
German school. Works : Four Scenes from Christ's Passion, Vienna Museum ; series with Scenes from life of Si John, Christ's Passion, Legend of St. Leopold, Stift Klos- terneuburg, near Vienna. — W. & W., ii. 127.
RUFTNA, ST., MurUlo, Stafford House, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. x 2 fi 2 in. The Saint, half-length, in a green robe and pur- ple mantle, standing three-quarters left, looking front, holding a jar in her left hand by one of its handles ; another jar, resting on left wrist, is held against her body ; in her right hand, a palm. Companion to St. Junta (Stafford House), which see. — Curtis, 268 ; Gower, Hist. Gal. of England.
RUFUS, painter, known only for his wager with an attorney named Phrcdrus as to which could work the faster. The latter won, by writing a contract while Rufus was preparing his colours. — Anuall, ii. 339, No. 105.
RUGENDAS, GEORG PHTLTPP, born in Augsburg, Nov. 27, 1666, died there, May 19, 1742. Ger- man school ; bat- tle and military genre painter, pu- pil of Isaac (or Ja- cob) Fischer, took Bourguignon, Lembkc, and Tempesta, for his models, and studied the various events of a soldier's profession, as at the siege of Augsburg, where he often exposed himself to the great- est danger ; ranks among the most famous battle painters ; was an able draughtsman, but a defective colourist. In 1692 he visit- ed Venice and Rome, and after his return to Augsburg became director of the Draw- ing Academy. Works : Nine Battle-Pieces, Brunswick Gallery; Siege of Augsburg, Battle, Charge of Cavalry, Bamberg Gallery ; Cattle-Pieces (2), Cassel Gallery; Cavalry Skirmish (2), Moltke Collection, Copen- hagen ; do. (1), Christiania Gallery ; do., Furstenberg Gallery, Donaueschingeu ; do.,
87
RUGENDAS
Konigsberg Museum ; Preparations for Mar- ket, Horse Fair, Schleissheim Gallery ; Bat- tle Field, Schwerin Gallery ; Battle Scenes (3), Soldiers in Camp, Stuttgart Museum ; Invasion of a City, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Cavalry Battle, Schonborn Gallery, ib. ; others in Vienna (2), Basle (2), Berne
(2), Dresden, Stockholm, and Augsburg Galleries. — Ch. Blanc, £cole allemande ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 561 ; Nagler, Mon., iii. 86.
RUGENDAS, MORITZ, born in Augs- burg, March 29, 1802, died at Weilheim, Wilrtemberg, May 29, 1858. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Munich Acad- emy under Quaglio and Albrecht Adam ; visited Brazil in 1821-25, Italy in 1826-27, went in 1831 to Mexico, where, implicated in political troubles, he was imprisoned ; then wandered through Peru, Bolivia, Mon- tevideo, and Patagonia, and returned to Eu- rope in 184:7. Works : Picturesque Jour- ney in Brazil (1827-35) ; Columbus taking Possession of the New World (1855), New Pinakothek, Munich. — Regnet, ii. 138.
RUIPEREZ, LOUIS, born at Murcia, Spain ; contemporary. Genre painter, pu- pil of Meissonier. Honorable mention, 1882. Works : Cabaret in Time of Louis XHL, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ; Refer- ence to the Law Book, M. Graham, ib. ; Sword Practice, John Hoey, ib.
RUISDAEL (Ruysdael), I. (Izack ?) VAN, born at Naardeu, died in Haarlem, buried Oct. 4, 1677. Dutch school ; landscape painter, brother of Salomon, to whose pict- ures, as well as those of Van Goyen, his own bear some resemblance. Mentioned as one of the directors of the Haarlem guild in 1642. Works : Wooded Landscape with Cattle and Fishermen (1665), Rotterdam Museum ; do. with Two Peasants, Suer- mondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Land- scape, Bordeaux Museum ; do. (attributed
to Roelof Vries), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Wooded do., Brunswick Gallery ; Spyk Ma- nor (1652), Copenhagen Gallery ; Dutch Farm Houses (2 ?), Georgium, Dessau ; Dutch Canal (1644), Leipsic Museum ; Hut between Trees by the Downs, Old Pinako- thek, Munich ; Landscape with the Planks, Vienna Academy. — Gaz. des B. Arts (1869), i. 179 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 468 ; Van der Willigen, 253 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 242 ; vii. 170 ; x. 32 ; xii. 381 ; xiv. 318.
RUISDAEL, JACOB VAN, born in Haar- lem about 1625 (?), died there, buried, March 14, 1682. Dutch school ; landscape paint- er, son and pupil of Izack van Ruisdael, probably also pupil of his uncle Salomon van Ruisdael ; became the greatest landscape painter of the Dutch school. In 1648 he joined the guild of St. Luke at Haarlem, and in 1659 obtained the rights of citizenship at Amsterdam. Little appreciated by his con- temporaries, he gained a scant maintenance by his art, and in 1681 became so impover- ished that some of his fellow members of the Mennonite sect petitioned the Burgomaster of Haarlem to admit him to the public hos- pital. Many of his landscapes represent views in the environs of Haarlem and about Bentheim. His early works are remarkable for minute finish of accessories. The fig- ures introduced in Ruisdael's landscapes are by Berchem, Adriaan van de Velde, Wou- werman, Lingelbach, Vermeer, and Eglon van der Neer. Ruisdael was an admirable etcher. Works : Landscape with Ruins (1673), do. with Waterfall (4), Forest Scene, Six others, National Gallery, London ; Riv- er Landscapes (2), National Gallery, Edin- burgh ; Forest, Storm on the Dikes of Hol- land, four others, Louvre, Paris ; Landscape (1649), Waterfall in Norway, Antwerp Mu- seum ; Lake of Haarlem, two others, Brus- sels Museum ; Waterfall, Castle of Bentheim, View of Haarlem, six others, Amsterdam Museum ; Old Fishmarket at Amsterdam, two others, Rotterdam Museum ; View of Haarlem, two others, Hague Museum ; Hil- ly landscape with Castle, Park of Country
RUISDAEL
House with Dancers, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Agitated Sea (2), View of Haarlem, View of Dam Square at Amster- dam, On the Downs near Overveen, Land- scape with Peasant Cottage (1653), five others, Berlin Museum ; Waterfall, Oak- wood with Falconer, Cassel Gallery ; The Chase, Jewish Cemetery, The Convent, Cas- tle Bentheim, ten others, Dresden Museum ; Steep Road over Sandy Hill, etc. (1G67), seven others, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Cas- tle Bentheim, Schonborn Gallery, Vienna ; View of Haarlem, Marine View, Historical Society, New York ; others in Galleries of Bergamo, Brunswick (5), Copenhagen (Roy- al, 4, Moltke Collection, 4), Darmstadt (2), Frankfort (4), Gotha, Hamburg (7), Madrid (2), Nureinburg, Oldenburg (3), Schleiss- heim (?), Schwerin (2), Stuttgart, Turin (2), Vienna (Museum, 3, Liechtenstein, 2, l7) /-» Harrach (1679), Czer- ninl), Weimar; Her- mitage, St. Peters- burg (14, two dated 1646, 1647); Uffizi, and Palazzo Pitti, Florence. Dr. Waa- gen in his Treasures mentions 130 in Eng- lish collections.— Ch. Blanc, ficole holland- aise; Burger, Musees, i. 149, 270 ; ii. 132, 299 ; Dohme, lii. ; Immerzeel, iii. 41 ; Jal, 1095; Kramm, v. 1410; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 470 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 506 ; Riegel, Bei- trage, ii. 387 ; Van der Willigen, 256 ; Zeit- schr. f. b. K, iv. 241 ; v. 228, 305 ; vii. 276 ; x. 74, 192 ; xii. 21, 260 ; xiv. 318.
RUISDAEL, SALOMON VAN, born in Haarlem about 1600, buried Nov. 1, 1670. Dutch school ; landscape painter, formed himself after Esaias van de Velde, and Jan van Goyen, whom he resembles much in merits and defects. Entered the Haarlem guild in 1623, and was its president in 1648. While his earlier works are scarcely distin-
j guishable from those of his model, his later pictures are more mannered in the treat- ment of foliage and more powerful in colour. Works: Coast View with Vessels, Antwerp 1 Museum ; Ferry Boat (1647), River Bank i with Fishermen, Brussels Museum ; Village Inn (1655), Halt (1660), Amsterdam Muse- um ; The Meuse at Dordrecht, Rotterdam Museum ; Herdsmen driving Cows (1614), River Landscape, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Dutch Canal (1642), four others (two dated 1631, 1656), Berlin Museum ; Ferry (1652). Oaks on River Bank, Copenhagen Gallery ; Village in Flat Country (1633), Fisherman 8 Cottage near Canal (1643), Water with Fish- ermen, Dresden Museum ; Canal with Boats (1642), two others, Old Pinakothek, Mu- nich ; Woodland on River with Ferry (1634), Oldenburg Gallery; Landscape (1654), Worlitz Gallery; "Banks of the Meuse, View of Alkmanr, Metropolitan Mu- seum, New York ; Crossing the River, Land- scape, Historical Society, ib. ; others in Gal- leries of Bamberg, £^
Basle, Cassel, v/L 3 Rs Frankfort (2), p^f ' '^
Stockholm, Wei-o/ VClO^-t/ Y\ mar ; Czernin Gal- f VQ , (, i I lery, Vienna (2); ^ 'fiV ' ' ** Brera, Milan.— \J\*( Dohme, lii.; Gaz. des B. Arts (1869), ff «/«•«•
(A/u
j<J<uJL
i. 179; Kramm, v. «/«•«••» »*
1412; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 468; Van der
Willigen, 254 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., v. 229 ;
vii. 169 ; xiv. 319 ; xi. (Mittheilungen, iv.
41).
RUIZ DE LA IGLESIA, FRANCISCO j IGNACIO, born in Madrid in 1648, died there in 1704. Spanish school ; pupil of Camilo and of Carrefio ; painted a fresco in the queen's antechamber in the Alcuzar so acceptably that he was made in 1689 painter to the king, an honour confirmed by Philip V. He painted portraits of Philip V. and of his first queen, Maria Louisa of Savoy, and sacred subjects for churches.— Stirling, iii. 1037.
RUMP
RUMP, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRED, bom at Hillerod, Dec. 8, 1816, died at Freder- iksborg, May 25, 1880. Landscape painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy under Lund ; painted at first history and portraits, visited Norway in 1855-56, and Germany in 1856- 1857 ; became mem- ber of Copenhagen Academy in 1866, and professor in 1874. Works : Presentation in the Temple (1842) ; Heath in Jutland (1849) ; View in Sabygaards Forest (1854) ; Noro Valley (1856) ; Four Seasons (1864) ; Turf Pit near Frederiksborg (1848), Morn- ing in a Forest, ib. (1851), Forest Stream in Jutland (1854), View of Skaergftrd Reefs, Sweden (1855), Woodland near Frederiks- borg (1860), Landscape, ib. (1879), Winter Scene (1880), Copenhagen Gallery. — Sig. Muller, 301 ; Weilbach, 595.
RUMPF, PHILIPP, born in Frankfort, Dec. 19, 1831. Genre painter, pupil of Stii- del Institute in Frankfort under Rustige ; visited Munich, Dresden, Paris, and North Italy, and settled at Kronberg, near Frank- fort. Works : Poor Flower Girl ; Ladies in a Park ; Young Lady Artist ; Mother and Child.— Kaulen, 306 ; Muller, 453.
RUMPLER, FRANZ, born at Tachau, Bohemia, in 1848. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Engerth ; is compared, by prominent Vien- na art critics, to Knaus. His portraits are in the manner of the old Dutch masters. Professor in Vienna. Works : Goose Herd ; Morning Prayers, Evening Prayers (1871); Little Patient ; At Grandmother's (1873) ; Secret Treasure ; Good Friendship, T. A. Havemeyer, New York ; In the Park ; Flow- ers and Pearls (1876); Leisure Hours (1879); Neapolitan Woman's Head, Woman from Dachau, Only Scholar in the Family (1883). — Kunst Chronik, xviii. 509 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiii. 353 ; xv. 332.
RUNCMAN, ALEXANDER, born in Ed- inburgh, in 1736, died there, Oct. 21, 1785. History painter, pupil of Foulis's Academv, Glasgow ; went about 1766 to Rome and studied five years, painting there his large picture — Nausicaii at Play with her Maid- ens. Returning in 1772, he settled the next year in Edinburgh, where he was appointed manager to the Trustees' Academy. He decorated the great hall of Pennicuik with scenes from Ossian, and painted The Prodi- gal Son, Cymon and Iphigenia, Sigismunda weeping over the Heart of Guiscardo, and other works. His brother, John (1744-66), an artist of much promise, accompanied him to Italy and died at Naples ; in the National Gallery, Edinburgh, are by him : Flight into Egypt, King Lear in the Storm, and Portrait of a Youth. — Red- grave ; F. de Conches, 305 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise.
RUNK, FERDINAND, born at Freiburg, in the Breisgau, in 1746, died in Vienna in 1834. Landscape painter ; made himself known through a fine cycle of eight paint- ings, in which, by light effects, colour, and reproduction of forms on the surface of earth and water, and of the vegetation, he represented the progress of nature from the highest ice-peak down to the sea-coast. Other works : View of the Glumser Valley in Tyrol, Museum, Vienna ; do. in a Park, Harrach Gallery, ib.
RUSS, KARL, born in Vienna, May 10, 1779, died there, Sept. 19, 1843. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Maurer ; was afterwards much influenced by Eberhard Wiichter, and in 1818 became custodian of the Belvedere. Works : Tire- sias predicting Future of Hercules ; Philip of Macedonia rescued by his Son (1805) ; Caritu romana (1806) ; Hecuba bewailing her Children, Vienna Museum ; Christoph von Liechtenstein recognized by his Shield, I/ 77 /Ato*? Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; / thirty-seven pictures from Austrian History.— N. Necrol. d. D. (1843), 832 ; Wurzbach, xxvii. 277.
RUSS
BUSS, LEANDER, born in Vienna, Sept. 23, 1809, died at llustendorf, near Vienna, March 8, 1864. History and genre painter, son of and first instructed by Karl RUBS, then pupil of Vienna Academy ; visited It- aly, and in 1833 the East Works : Defence of a Bastion by Vienna Citizens in 1G83 (1837), Vienna Museum ; The End of the Flood (1828); Ivanhoe liberating Rebecca (1830); Two Scenes in Don Quixote (1832); Maria von Sickingen interceding for Gotz von Berlichiugen (1835) ; Leopold VH of Babenberg opening his Treasury to City of Vienna (1837) ; Episode in Austrian War of Succession, 1741 (1848). — Wurzbach, xxvii. 288.
RUSS, ROBERT, born in Vienna, June 7, 1847. Landscape painter, pupil of Vien- na Academy under Albert Zimmernianu, whom he accompanied on several study trips, and in whose place he became profes- sor at Vienna Academy in 1871. Gold medal, 1869. Works : Pine Forest (1869) ; Views near Eisenerz (4, 1870); Fiirstenburg near Burgeis (1871), Castle Heidelberg, Vi- enna Museum ; Wind Mill in Rotterdam, Canal in Venice (1873) ; Wood Landscape (1874); Pilgrims' Procession ; Scene in the Wurstel Prater, Vienna ; St. Paul's Cem- etery at Botzen (1882); View near Meran, Italian Landscape (Jubilee Exhibition, Ber- lin, 1886).— Milller, 453 ; Wurzbach, xxvii. 291 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 372 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vii. 163.
RUSTIC CHILDREN, Thomas Gainsbor- ough, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. ! 1 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 2 in. Evening ; a girl standing, with a child in her arms, and a boy with a bundle of faggots, seated ; in background, right, a cottage. Engraved by G. B. Shaw in Art Journal. — Brock-Arnold, 64 ; Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Art Journal (1850), 102.
RUSTIC CIVILITY, William Collins, Chatsworth ; wood, H. 1 ft 6 in. x 2 ft. A ragged boy holding open a gate for the squire ; a smaller child hides shyly behind his brother, and a third, with a dog, peeps through the bars. The approach of the
VI
rider is indicated only by the shadow of his horse and himself in the foreground. Royal Academy, 1832 ; to Duke of Devonshire, 250 guineas; repetition (1834), 8. Kensington Museum. Engraved by Outrun ; C. Cousen. -Wilkie Collins, Memoirs, ii. 10, 347 ; Painters of Georgian Era, 72 ; Art Journal (1865), 234.
RUSTIC TOILET, Thomas Faed, Mrs. M. O. Roberts, New York ; canvas. A young girl seated before a table, on which in propped up a broken looking-glass, with both hands raised arranging her hair ; at left, a child, standing.
RUSTIGE, HEINRICH VON, born at Werl, Westphalia, April 12, 1810. History, genre, and landscape painter, pupil of Dlls- seldorf Academy under Schadow ; went in 1836 to Frankfort, whence he made pro- longed study trips to Vienna, Hungary, Dresden, Berlin, Belgium, France, and Eng- land, and in 1845 became professor at the art school in Stuttgart, and inspector of the royal galleries. Medal, London, 1874 ; Wurternberg Crown Order ; Bavarian Order of Michael. Works : French Invalid (1832); Prayer in Storm (1836), Inundation Scene, National Gallery, Berlin ; Interrupted Meal, Rustic genre Scene, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Rhenish Kirmess (1838) ; Quartering in Hungary ; Village Physician ; Rubens in his Pupils' Studio ; Duke of Alva at Rudol- stadt (1861), Emperor Otto L after Con- quest of the Danes, Capuchin Monk trying to convert Gypsies, Stuttgart Museum ; Till Eulenspiegel ; Transportation of Remains of Otto HI. over the Alps, Stettin Museum ; Emperor Frederic H. at Palermo ; Crusa- ders in the Desert ; Rubens taking his Wife to Studio of his Pupils; The Recovered Child ; Queen Elizabeth attending Perform- ance of Merry Wives (1882) ; Roman Ban- quet (1883).— niustr. Zeitg. (1863), ii. 31 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 546 ; Mttller, 454 ; Wolfg. Miiller, Ddsseldf. K, 288 ; Riegel, D. Kuuststud., 421.
RUTH AND BOAZ, Alexandra Cabanel, Samuel Hawk Collection, New York ; can-
KUTH
vas. Boaz sleeping upon his threshing- floor, under a tent formed of a blanket stretched over young trees ; at his feet re- clines Kuth, her head supported by her left arm, which rests upon a sheaf of barley ; in the background, the glimmer of day is just spreading upward from the horizon. — Art Treasures of America, ii. 26, 30.
By Jean Fram^ois Millet, Martin Brim- mer, Boston. A harvest scene, with real peasants for characters. The master finds a young gleaner and leads her blushing to the feast of the country people. Salon, 1853.
By Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris ; can- vas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. In a vast plain covered with grain, with hills and buildings on the horizon, women are en- gaged in harvesting ; in foreground, Ruth kneels before Boaz, who orders a follower leaning upon a lance not to hinder her from gleaning. Sometimes called L'ete (Sum- mer). One of a series of four, painted in 1660-64, for Due de Richelieu, whence passed to Louis XIV. Engraved by J. Pesne.— Filhol, iv. PI. 256 ; Landon.
RUTH AND NAOMI, Murillo, Earl of Radnor, Longford Castle, Wiltshire, Eng- land ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x G ft. 8 in. The two leaving Moab ; in background, Orpah returning to city. — Waagen, Treas- ures, iv. 358 ; Stirling, iii. 1416 ; Curtis, 124.
RUTHART, KARL, flourished about 1660-80. German school ; painter of ani- mals and hunts, was a resident of Ratisbon in 1664 ; seems to have travelled in Italy about 1672 and lived for some time in Ven- ice. Works : Bear Hunt, Louvre ; Stag at- tacked by two Lions, Bamberg Gallery ; Fierce Combat between Stags and Dogs, Schleissheim Gallery ; Stags upon Preci- pice ; Stag Hunt, Bear Hunt, Ulysses com- pelling Circe to disenchant his Companions (1666), Dresden Gallery ; Stag Hunt, Mu- seum, Vienna ; Shepherd leaning upon Don- key, Lion fighting Panthers, Stag attacked by Lynxes, Leopardess nursing a Child, Lion by dead Stag attacked by Panthers,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Elks, Deer, and Waterfowl on a Rocky Shore (2), Harrach Gallery, ib.; Deer in a Landscape, do. in Mountains, Bear Hunt, Stag Hunt, Czernin Gallery, ib.; Bear Hunt, Schonborn Gal- lery, ib. ; Stag Hunt, Leopards by dead Stags, and Eagles, Ferdinandeum, Inns- bruck ; Deer Grazing and Fowl, Stag at- tacked by Leopards, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 532; Nagler, Mon., ii. 236.
RUTHS, VALENTIN, born in Hamburg, March 6, 1825. Landscape painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Schirmer ; went to Italy in 1855, spent two years in Rome and settled in Hamburg, whence he repeatedly visited Germany, Switzerland, and North Italy. Member of Berlin Acad- emy in 1869 ; gold medal, Berlin, 1872. Works : View in Roman Campagna, Even- ing in Sabine Mountains (1856), Forest Brook, Landscape with Harvest Wagon, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Northern Heath (1864), Prague Gallery; Giant's Grave; Well in the Woods (1866), Konigsberg Gallery ; Village in Rhon Mountains ; Even- ing Walk near Small Town (1875), Dresden Gallery ; Morteratsch Glacier ; Woodland near Lugano ; View on Baltic Coast, Na- tional Gallery, Berlin ; Hermit in the Woods, Summer Night in Holstein (Jubilee Exhibi- tion, Berlin, 1886).— Kunst fiir Alle, i. 258 ; Leixner, Mod. K., ii. 116 ; Miiller, 454.
RUYSCH, RACHEL, born in Amsterdam in 1664, died there in 1750. Dutch school ; flower and fruit painter, pupil of Willem van Aelst ; married (1695) the portrait paint- er Juriaan Pool, joined The Hague guild, 1701, and became court painter to the Elec- tor Palatine in 1708. Works : Flower and Fruit-Pieces with Insects, etc., in Museums of Brussels (1704), Amsterdam (4, one dated 1659), The Hague (2, 1700, 1715), Rotter- dam (1685), Aix-la-Chapelle, Berlin (1705),
RUYSDAEL
Brunswick (2), Darmstadt, Dresden (3, one dated 1718), Gotha, Innsbruck (2), Vienna (1706), New York (2) ; Galleries of Car 1s- ruhe (3, two dated 1715, 1717), Cassel, Frankfort (1698), Wiesbaden ; Six Collec- tion, Amsterdam (2, 1730); Old Pinakothek, Munich (5, three dated 1708, 1709, 1715) ; Liechtenstein (2) and Czerniii (2) Galleries, Vienna ; Uffizi, Florence (2, 1711) ; Palazzo Pitti, ib. (2).— Ch.
landaise ; 218 ; Immerzeel, 7 J ^ fl iii. 40 ; Kramm,
ie//?*YJC* v' 1«7; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 546 ; Burger, Husoes, i. 165; ii. 154, 319; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 447.
RUYSDAEL. See EuMael
RUYTEN, JOANNES MICHAEL, born in Antwerp, April 9, 1813. Landscape and marine painter, pupil in Antwerp of Rege- morter, and at The Hague of Nuyen. Works : Exodus (1838); River Bank (1840); A Sail (1842) ; View of Antwerp ; Enter- tainment before Inn ; Fisherman's Boat Stranded ; Harbour View ; Winter Harbour of Dordrecht ; Entertainment on the Ice ; City on a River, Canal in Antwerp, Stettin Museum ; Cartmen loading Freight Wagon, Stuttgart Museum ; Winter Landscape with Figures, Harrach Gallery, Vienna ; Scene in Antwerp, John D. Lankenau, Philadelphia. — Immerzeel, iii. 44 ; Kramm, v. 1418 ; Kug- ler, Kl. Schr., iii.
RY, PIETER DE. See Danckerls.
RYCKAERT, DAVID, the younger (HI.), born in Antwerp, baptized Dec. 2, 1612, died there, Nov. 11, 1661. Flemish school ; genre painter, son and pupil of David Ryck- aert, the elder (H, 1586-1642), developed under the influence of Brouwer and David Teniers the younger ; friend of Gonzales Coques, who married his sister. Received into guild of St. Luke, 1636. Studied Teniers the younger, Brouwer, and Van Ostade. Excelled in effects of light; sub-
jects generally interiors with peasant* and village fairs. Works : Interior of Flemish Tavern, Stowage, Farm House, New York Museum ; Dutch Interior, Historical Soci- ety, New York ; Artist in his Studio, Lou- vre ; Village Fair, Jolly Company at Table, Antwerp Museum ; Alchemist (1648), Brus- sels Museum ; Shell Dealer, Lille Museum ; Shoemaker's Shop, Amsterdam Museum ; Toper, Rotterdam Museum ; Flemish Inn, Must'e Rath, Geneva ; do., and Holiday Meal in Peasant Cottage (1657), Family Concert (1650), Gallery, Copenhagen ; Vil- lage Cobbler, Moltke Collection, ib.; Vil- lage Fool, Berlin Museum ; Lute Player and Old Woman (1644), Cassel Gallery ; Interior with Peasants Drinking (1638), Peasant Fam- ily (1639), Similar Subject (1644), Still-Life (2), Dresden Museum ; Butcher offering to Woman a Glass of Beer (1639), Stiidel Gal- lery, Frankfort ; Alchemist and Wife in the Laboratory (1648), Shoemaker's Shop, Leip- sic Museum ; Street Urchins at Play (1640), Twelfth Night Festival (1648), Old Pinako- thek, Munich ; Old Woman with Cat, Peas- ant with Dog, Hermitage, Si Petersburg ; Merry Topers, Schleissheim Gallery ; Inte- rior of Peasant Cottage (1617), Domestic Music, Schwerin Gallery ; Soldiers plunder- ing Village (1649), Kirmess Festival (1648), The Witch, A Scholar, Kitchen Interior, Museum, Vienna ; Nativity, Musical Enter- tainment (1650), Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Sacknge of a House, Musical Trio, Harrach Gallery, ib.; Peasants in a Tavern, Musical Assembly, Czernin Gallery, ib.; Temptation of St. Anthony (2), Uffizi, Florence ; Alche-
//
mist, Madrid Museum. — Cat du Mua dAnvers, 320 ; Immerzeel, iii. 46 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 329 ; Kramm, v. 1421 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Michiels, ix. 60 ; Rooses (Reber), 402; Van den Branden, 606.
93
BYGKAEBT
EYCKAEET, MAETEN, born in Ant- werp, Dec. 8, 1587, died there, Oct. 28, 1631. Flemish school; landscape painter, son and pupil of David Eyckaert, the eldest (L, 1560-1G07); seems to have continued his studies under Tobias Verhaegt, and then went to Italy, whence he returned in 1G11, and was received into the guild. He had only one arm. A masterly portrait of him, by Van Dyck, ia in the Dresden Museum. Works: Eocky Landscape (1616), Madrid Museum ; Falls of Tivoli, Uffizi, Florence. — Eooses (Eeber), 401 ; Van den Branden, 604
EYCKEEE, BEENAAED DE, born at Courtray about 1535, died in Antwerp, Jan. 1, 1590. Flemish school ; history and por- trait painter, received into guild of Ant- werp in 1561. Works : Descent of the Holy Ghost, Creation of Adam, Apparition of the Holy Ghost at Baptism of Christ, St. Salva- tor and St. Martin (1587), St. Martin's, Courtray. His son and pupil, Abraham (baptized July 5, 1566, died in 1599), was an artist of great promise, whose portraits of Donors (1591) in St. James's, Antwerp, and in the Museum, ib., may be ranked with the best productions of the 16th cen-
tury. — Kramm, v. 1422 ; Eooses (Eeber), 107 ; Van den Branden, 331.
EYDBEEG, GUSTAF FEEDEIK, born at Malmo, Sweden, Sept. 13, 1835. Landscape painter, pupil of Copenhagen (1852-57) and Stockholm (1857-59) Academies, then in Diisseldorf of Gude ; returned to Stock- holm, visited Norway in 1868 in the suite of King Charles XV., and Diisseldorf in 1873. Works : Spring Landscape, View near Morrum, and others, Stockholm Mu- seum.
EYDEE, ALBEET, born in New Bedford, Mass., March 19, 1847. Landscape and fig- ure painter, pupil of William E. Marshall,
engraver and artist, and of the National Academy. Visited London, Paris, and Hol- land in 1877, and Spain, Italy, and Germany in 1882. Member of Society of American Artists. Studio in New York. Works : Wandering Cow ; Landscape — Spring ; Cur- few Hour ; Pegasus ; Two Lovers ; Farm- Yard ; Lovers' Boat ; Chase ; Lowing Cow ; Nourmahal ; Landscape with Figures (1881); Landscape (1882), Erwin Davis; do. (1883); The Waste of Waters is their Field (1884), D. Cottier, New York ; Little Maid of Ar- cady (1886).
EYDEE, PLATT POWELL, born in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 11, 1821, Genre paint- er, pupil of Leon Bonnat in Paris, in 1869-70 ; studied in Belgium and Holland. Elected an A.N.A. in 1869. Studio in New York. Works : Life's Evening, T. B. Clarke, New York ; Spinning, An Interior (1879) ; Fare- well (1880); Spinning- Wheel (1881); Bead- ing the Cup (1882); Welcome Step (1883); Warming Up, Washing Day, Clean Shave, Bill of Fare (1884) ; The Fireside (1885) ; Watching and Waiting (1886).
EYSBEACK, PEETEE,born in Antwerp, April 25, 1655, died at Brussels in 1729. Flemish school ; landscape painter, pupil of Philips Augustyn Immenraet (1627-79), be- came master of the guild in 1673, went to London in 1675, then to Paris, where he studied under Francisque Millet, and whence he had returned to Antwerp in 1687 ; shortly after 1719 he settled at Brussels. Many of his pictures have been sold as by Poussin. Landscapes of a grandiose and melancholy character ; execution firm and bold. Speci- mens in Museums and Galleries of Ant- werp, Bamberg, Aschaffenburg, Hamburg, Schleissheim, and Stuttgart. In the Liech- tenstein Gallery, Vienna, is a . .. » Wood Land-
74 Q ^ * scape with Di-
ana and Hunting Train (1716), by Lu- dovicus Eysbraeck. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 345 ; Siret (1883), 237 ; Van den Branden, 1079.
SAAL
SAAL, GEORG, born at Coblentz in 1818, died at Baden-Baden, Oct. 3, 1870. Landscape painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Schirmer ; visit- ed Norway and Lapland, went in 1848 to Heidelberg, thence to Baden-Baden, but lived mostly in Paris until 1870. Profes- sor ; several medals and orders ; Baden court painter. Works : Dolomite Rocks in the Eifel (1845) ; Lienbach Valley with Gypsies (1846) ; Midnight in Hardanger Fjord — Norway (1849), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Midnight Sun in Norway (2, 1853, 185G), Polar Sea, Leipsic Museum ; Peasant Room in Tyrol (I860), Fiirstenberg Gallery, Donaueschingen ; Midnight Sun in Lapland ; View in Black Forest (1867), Lou- vre ; Scandinavian Funeral by Moonlight, Carlsruhe Gallery ; In Fontainebleau For- est—Blanckarts, 46 ; Wolfg. Miiller, Dttssel- df. K, 346 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iii. 279.
SAAR, ALOIS VON, born at Traiskir- chen, Nether Austria, in 1799, died after 1840. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works : Ruins of Fortress Led- nitz (1816) ; Four Panoramic Views of Vi- enna (1828) ; View of Prague and Moldau Bridge (1831), Vienna Museum ; Belgrade by Moonlight (1832) ; Views of Dominican and Caroline Bastions in Vienna (1834) ; Mill near Grinzing, Dobliug near Vienna (1840).— Wurzbach, xxviii. 2.
SABATELLI, FRANCESCO, bom in Florence, Feb. 22, 1803, died in Milan, Aug. 18, 1829. History painter, son and pupil of Luigi Sabatelli, then studied in Rome and Venice, was called to Florence by Leopold II. in 1823, and made professor in the Academy. Member of Venice Acad- emy. Works : In the Midst of the Storm (1828), Gallery of Modern Painters, Flor- ence. In fresco : Hector attacking Greek Vessels (in the Olympus by his father), Pa- lazzo Pitti, ib.
SABATELLI, GIUSEPPE, born in Mil- an, June 24, 1813, died in Florence, Feb. 27, 1843. History painter, son and pupil of Luigi Sabatelli, called to Florence by
Leopold H in 1834, and made professor at the Academy. Works: Two Miracles of St. Anthony (1834-35), S. Croce, Florence ; Philomene Consolatrix (1837), S. Francesco, Pisa ; Mother of the Gracchi, Tasso reading his Poem, Samuel in Cave of Endor (1837- 39), Meredith Calhoun, New York ; Tempta- tion of St. Anthony, S. Tomrnaso, Milan ; Farinato degli Uberti in Battle on the Ser- chio (1841), Florence Gallery.
SABATELLI, LUIGI, the elder, born in Florence, Feb. 19, 1772, died in Milan, Jan. 29, 1850. History painter, pupil of Florence Academy under Pedroni ; studied in Rome in 1788-93, worked in Venice in 1795-97, and became professor at Milan Academy in 1808. Member of all the Ital- ian and of Vienna and Munich Academies. Austrian Gold Medal. Works : Abigail be- fore David (1806), St. Mary's Chapel, Arezzo ; Blessing the Children (1819), Palazzo Pa- roni, Genoa ; Capponi tearing French Con- ditions of Peace (1829), Marquis Capponi, Florence ; Heliodorus driven from the Tem- ple (1838). In fresco : Four Great Proph- ets (1810), S. Gaudenzio, Novara ; Life of Americus Vespuccius, Eight Scenes from the Iliad, Olympus (1820-25), Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Marriage of Cupid and Psyche (1831), Palazzo Busca-Serbelloni, Milan ; Three Scenes in Life of Galileo (1841); Tri- umph of Cupid (1843), Villa Giontini, Flor- ence ; Coronation of the Virgin, S. Firenze, ib.— Najrlor, xiv. 122.
SABATELLI, LUIGI, the younger, bom in Milan, Feb. 12, 1818. History painter, son and pupil of Luigi, the elder, whom he assisted in his fresco paintings, which branch of art he cultivates principally. Works : The Holy Virgin (1869), Nazareth Church, Mil- an; Presentation in the Temple (187C>), Hospital Church, ib.; Evangelists, Theo- logical Virtues, The Virgin (1871), Cunardo Cathedral.
SABBATINI, ANDREA. See Andrea da Salerno.
SABBATINI, LORENZO, born in Bo- logna about 1530, died in Rome in 1577.
SABINES
Bolognese school ; called also Lorenzino da Bologna ; pupil probably of Prospero Fon- tana, but imitated Michelangelo, Eaphael, and Parmigiano. Went to Kome, after winning reputation in Bologna, and suc- ceeded so well that he was appointed (1572) by Gregory XUL superintendent of the paintings then in progress at the Vatican. Works : Assumption, Dead Christ, Pilgrims of Emmaus, Bologna Gallery ; Madonna (dated 1572), Louvre ; Madonna with Saints, Berlin Museum ; Marriage of St. Catherine, Dresden Gallery. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 415 ;
Rape of the Sabines, Luca Giordano, Dresden Gallery,
Malvasia, i. 181 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ; Burckhardt, 761.
SABINES, RAPE OF THE. Eomulus, his people having been refused the right of connubiuin or legal marriage by the Sa- bines and the Latins, instituted games in honour of the god Census and invited his neighbours with their wives and children to the festival. When they were assembled, the Roman youths seized and carried off the virgins and made them their wives. This led to war, and both parties were nearly exhausted with the struggle when the Sa-
bine women rushed in among the combat- ants and brought about a reconciliation between their husbands and their fathers (Plut., Rom. 14 ; Livy, i. 13).
By Luca Giordano, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 2 in. x 8 ft. The Sabine women seized and borne away by the Ro- mans. In the background, near a Corinth- ian temple, Romulus, mounted upon a horse, is directing the movement. Painted for Marie Louise d'Orleans, Queen of Spain ; taken from Naples to Dresden. Engraved by R. Gaillard ; R. Sourique ; J. F. Beau- varlet ; Re veil — Gal. roy. de Dresde, ii. PI. 40 ; Do- menici, iii. 415.
By Pietro da Cortona, Blenheim Palace. One of the master's best works. — Waagen, Treasures, iii. 126. By Pielro da Cortona, Capitol Museum, Rome. At right, a woman in a sol- dier's embrace, raises her hands in supplication ; at left, another, borne away by a Roman, looks pitying- ly at her infant, which cries and seeks to follow her ; iii middle, a third energetical- ly resists her aggressor. Copy by J. C. Naigeon, Di- jon Museum. Engraved by P. Aquila.
By Nicolas Poussin, Lou- vre, Paris ; canvas, H. 5 f t. x 6 ft. 6 in. At left, on the peristyle of a palace, before which stand the lictors, Romulus, with two senators behind him, gives the signal for the seizure of the Sabine women by raising his mantle ; in foreground, at right, the Romans are capturing their prey ; in background, a temple and other buildings. Valued in 1816 at 150,000 francs. Engraved by Abr. Girardet ; Etienne Baudet ; P. L. H. Lau- rent ; Pool ; Bovinet. Same subject, differ- ently treated, formerly in collection of Sir Richard Colt Hoare, engraved by Jean Au-
SABINES
dran.— Landon, Mus6e, x. PL 25 ; Filhol, x. PI. 697.
By Rubens, National Gallery, London ; wood, H. 5 ft. 7 in. x 7 ft. 9 in. Scene in Forum, with a triumphal arch and the Pan- theon in background, where the military games are going on ; at left, seated on a dais, Eomulus gives the signal to his sol- diers, who are seizing and bearing away the struggling women. Formerly iu Mine. Boschaert's Collection, Antwerp ; purchased
Palazzo Brignolo Salo, Genoa, and Uffizi ;
| Francesco Bossano, Turin Gallery ; Antonio Bellucci, Cassel Gallery ; II Fattore, National Gallery, London ; Adriaen Backer, Bruns- wick Gallery ; Sebastiauo Ricci, Liechten- stein Gallery, Vienna.
SABINES AND ROMANS, RECONCIL- IATION OF, It ubcnx, Escorial, near Madrid ; canvas. Companion to Rape of S.ihincs in Escorial. The two armies, in presence of
! each other, are restrained from hostilities
Rape of th« Sabines, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, P«nt.
by J. J. Angerstein, whence passed to Na- tional Gallery. Engraved by Martinasi (1770) ; J. Young. Similar subject, paint- ed about 1628, Escorial ; study in Ashbur- ton Collection, London, formerly in Danoot Collection, Brussels. Similar subject, Her- mitage, St. Petersburg.— Waagen, Treas- ures, i. 350 ; ii. 102 ; Angerstein Gal., PL 6 ; Beechey, Reynolds, ii. 149, 188.
Subject treated also by Giulio Romano, National Gallery, London ; Luca Cambiaso, Palazzo Imperiale, Genoa ; Valerio Castello,
by the Sabine women, who, with their in- fants iu their arms, rush between them. Painted about 1628. Study in Ashburton Collection, London, formerly in Danoot Col- i lection, Brussels. Same subject, Munich Gallery. —Waagen, ii. 102 ; Smith, il 175 ; Beechey, Reynolds, 149.
SABINE WOMEN, Louis Davul, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 12 ft. 8 in. x 17 ft.; signed, dated 1799. The battle between the Romans under Romulus and the Sabines under Ta- tius interrupted by the Sabiue women, who
117
SABLET
rush in between the combatants and pray their husbands and fathers to be reconciled (Livy, i. 13). At the right, Romulus, about to hurl his spear at Tatius, is stopped by his wife, Hersilia ; in background, the ram- parts of the Capitol occupied by the Sa- bines, who had obtained possession through the treachery of Tarpeia. Exhibited pri- vately, by which David made 65,627 francs. Salon of 1808 ; acquired in 1819, with Le- onidas at Thermopylae, for 100,000 francs.
Male Portrait, Nantes Museum. — Bellier, ii. 445.
SABLET, FRANCOIS, born at Merges, Switzerland, in 1745, died at Nantes in 1819. Landscape, genre, and portrait paint- er, pupil in Paris of Vien ; visited Italy, and after his return assisted Mme. Lebrun in her works for Louis XVL, then settled at Nantes ; in 1812 he was commissioned by the city to paint six pictures in imitation of bas-reliefs, representing scenes of Napole-
Sabine Women, Louis David, Louvre, Paris.
Engraved by R. U. Massard. — Laudon ; Vil- lot, Cat. Louvre ; Reveil, ii. 136.
SABLET, JACQUES HENRI, born at Merges, Switzerland, in 1749 (1751 ?), died in Paris in 1803. Genre, landscape, and portrait painter, pupil at Lyons of Dubois and Cocher, decorative painters, and in Paris of Vien ; spent twenty years in Italy, and travelled in Spain. Works : Old Man Reading, Italian Washerwomen, Vintage in Italy, Meeting of the Five Hundred at Saint Cloud on the 18th Brumaire, Year VIII.,
on's sojourn at Nantes ; these were sold in 1815 and carried to the United States. Works : View of Tivoli, Entrance into Sa- voy, View in Italy, View in Nantes, Male Portraits (2), Nantes Museum. — Bellier, ii. 446 ; Nagler, xiv. 127.
SACCHI, ANDREA, born near Rome, November, 1600, died there, June 21, 1661. Roman school ; natural son of Benedetto Sacchi, a mediocre painter, who taught him the rudiments of art ; apprenticed to Albani in Rome, and became one of his most noted
98
SACCIII
scholars. Obtained the favour of Urban VHL, who commissioned him to paint the miracle of St. Gregory for St. Peter's, now in the Vatican. His work entitled Divine Wis- dom, Palazzo Barberi- ni, gained him great reputation, which was enhanced by his Vision of St Romuald, Vatican. Sacchi was considered the most able painter in Rome of his day. He was one of the best colourists of the Roman school, and a cor- rect designer ; and if his works sometimes lack in power, it is because he did not pos- A /'"V sess enough
of the artistic temperament to express his noble concep- tions.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ; Burck- hardt, 793.
SACCHI DI PAVIA, PIER-FRANCES- CO, painted in Genoa in 1512-26. Geno- ese school Lomazzo, who calls him Pier- Francesco Pavese, says that he painted in Mantua about 1460 ; but Lanzi thinks there must have been two of the name. His style is of the Lombard school, and especially like that of Carlo Mautegna. Works : Christ on the Cross (1514), Berlin Museum ; Doc- tors of the Church with Symbols of the Evangelists (1516), Louvre ; St. John Bap- tist taking Leave of his Parents (dated 1512), Oratory of S. Maria, Genoa ; Three Saints in a Landscape, S. M. di Castello, Genoa. — Lanzi, iii. 237 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole genoise ; Burckhardt, 610 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 500.
SACCHIENSIS. See Pordenone. SACHS, MICHAEL EMTL, born at Ha- damar, Hesse-Nassau, in 1836. Landscape painter, pupil in Carlsruhe of Schiriner (1855-58), and in DUsseldorf of Oswald Achenbach (1858-60) ; lived at Wiesbaden in 1860-65, then settled at Parteukircheu,
' Bavaria, where he is director of a central school for wood carving. Paints with fine conception and great truth. Works : Views on the Rhine and Lahn ; In the Eifel ; The Taunus and the Bavarian Alps. — - Holler, 455.
SACHTLEVEN. See Saft-Leuen.
SACK OF A JEWS HOUSE, Joseph Nicolas /totert-Fleury, Luxembourg Muse- um ; canvas, H. 8 ft. x 6 ft 8 in. Pillage of a house in the Judecca, Venice, in the mid- dle ages. "Under the slightest pretext, the people ran to the Jews' quarter, broke open their houses, and pillaged their treas- ures." Salon, 1855.
SACRA FAMILIA. See Holy Family.
SACRAMENTS, SEVEN, Nicolas row- sin, Bridgewater House, London ; series of seven pictures, canvas, each H. 3 ft 10 in. x 5 ft. 9 in. 1. Baptism ; 2. Confirma- tion ; 3. Marriage ; 4. Penitence ; 5. Ordina- tion ; 6. Last Supper ; 7. Extreme Unction. Painted at Rome in 1644-48 for M. Chante- lou, from whom bought by the Regent Phil- ippe, Due d'OrU'aus, for 120,000 livres ; pur- chased from Orleans Gallery by Duke of Bridgowater for £4,900. Engraved by B. Audran ; Pesne ; Dughet ; Gantrel ; and in Orleans Gallery. — Waagen, Treasures, ii 39 ; Smith, viii. 63.
SACRED WOOD (Le Bois sacn', cher aux Arts et aux Muses), Pierre Puri* cle Chavannes, Paris ; canvas. A large allegor- ical picture containing a lake with wooded banks and a temple in a flowery meadow with figures in semi-classic draperies, some standing, some reclining, and two, at left, flying, representing the Arts and the Muses. Salon, 1884.— Gaz. dcs B. Arts (1884) ,xxix. 470, 488.
SADtiE, PHILIP, born at The Hague, Feb. 7, 1837. Genre painter, pupil of the Hague Academy under J. E. J. van den j Berg ; visited France and Germany, painted at first historical subjects, then excellent scenes from peasant and fishermen's life. Medals in Amsterdam, The Hague, and Vienna. Works : Potato Harvest in the
•M
SAENKEDAM
Downs, Distribution of Bread among the j of Old City Hall, City Hall, ib. ; View in St. Poor (1872) ; Harvest (1874), Keturn from Ann's, Haarlem (1652), Haarlem Museum ;
Fish Market, Amsterdam Museum ; Depart- ure of Fishermen (1875) ; Expectation (1879).
View of St. Mary's, Utrecht, Rotterdam Museum ; several Views of Churches and Public Buildings, Utrecht Museum ; Inte-
Seven Sacraments (Extreme Unction), Nicolas Poussin, Bridgewater House, London.
SAENEEDAM (Zaenredam), PIETER, born at Assendelf t, N. Holland, June 9, 1597, died in Haarlem, buried May 31, 1665. Dutch school; landscape and architecture painter, son of the engraver, Joannes Saenredam, pupil in Haarlem of F. P. de Grebber in 1608-22 ; entered Haarlem guild in 1623, and was its secretary in 1635. Filled his pictures with well-drawn figures. Works : Two Views in Haarlem Cathedral (1636), do. in St. Mary's at Utrecht (1637), Interior of Assendelft Church (1649), Museum, Amsterdam ; View
rior of St. Mary's in Utrecht (1630), Bruns- wick Gallery ; do., Cassel Gallery ; Church Interior (1635), Berlin Museum ; Interior of Protestant Church, Turin Gallery. — Im- merzeel, iii. 50 ; Kramm, v. 1434 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 511 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 430 ; Van der Willigen, 261.
SAFT-LEVEN, CORNELIS, born in Rot- terdam, 1612 (?), died after 1682 (?). Dutch school ; genre, landscape, and animal paint- er, brother of Herman, and although infe- rior to him, has much merit for truth of conception and careful execution ; colouring heavy and generally cold ; rendered poultry with marvellous fidelity, and occasionally painted still-life ; lived in Utrecht in 1634. Works : Portrait of a Painter (1629), Lou- vre ; Peasant Company (1642), Herdsmen and Herd in Landscape (1652), Herdsmen
100
SAFT-LEVEN
in Prayer in approaching Storm. Amster- dam Museum ; Landscape with Herd, Su- ermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Sur- gical Operation (163(i), Job tormented by the Evil Spirits, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Concert of Cats (1682), Cologne Museum ; Flight into Egypt (1652), Brunswick Gallery ; Ex- terior of Peasant's House (1G78), Interior with Woman feeding Chickens (1678), two other Interiors, Dresden Gallery; Dutch Peasant Room, Germanic Museum, Nurem- berg ; Kitchen Interior, Rustic Unconcern, Schwerin Gallery ; Adoration of the Shep- herds, Annunciation to the Shepherds, To- bias and the Angel, Schleissheim Gallery ; Cattle Market, Pasture, Hermitage, Si Petersburg ; Cattle Market, Liechenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Huntsman feeding Dogs, Historical Society, New York. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 424 ; Kramm, v. 1435 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 370.
SAFT-LEVEN, HERMAN, born in Rot- terdam, 1609, died in Utrecht, Jan. 5, 1685. Dutch school ; landscape paint- er, pupil of Jan van Goyen, but formed himself chiefly by study- ing nature. His views of the
Rhine, Meuse, and Moselle, are well drawn, carefully executed, and enlivened with fig- ures and animals. The pictures of his best period are distinguished by their clear per- spectives and a soft bluish colouring. Re- moved to Utrecht probably about 1633. Works : Rhine View (1655), Louvre ; Farm (1654), Brussels Museum ; River Landscapes (3), Rhine View (1678), Amsterdam Museum ; Oldenbarnevelt and his Judges (in the shape of animals), Haarlem Museum ; Rhine View, Rotterdam Museum ; River Landscape and Scene from Guariui's " Pastor Fido" (1635), Berlin Museum ; River in Mountainous Country (1680), Suermondt Museum, Aix-
la-Chapelle ; Landscape with Rebekah and Eliezer (1641), Two Rhine Views, Aschaff- enburg Gallery ; River Landscapes (3), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Mountain View with Castles, et«., on River (1675), Gotha Museum ; three Rhine Views, (1661, 1652, 1653), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Landscape with Nymphs and Satyrs (figures by Poel- enburg, 1643), Rhine View (1660), Bruns- wick Gallery; do. (1668), Rocky Valley with City, Oldenburg Gallery ; do. (9,1660, 1662, 1663, 1667, 1675, 1678), Schwerin Gallery ; do. (4), 1642, 1647, 1667, Hermi- tage, St. Petersburg ; Shipping Place on the Rhine (1650), Rhine View (1659), Tavern among Rocks (1661), two others (1665, 1669), Copenhagen Gallery ; Lighthouse on Sea Coast, Vintage (1649), Rocky Landscape with Buildings (1650), Valley with Lake (1654), City at Foot of Mountain (1656), Ehrenbreitstein (1656), twelve others, Dres- den Gallery ; Sunset (1641), three Rhine
f A . CctrCC/it . Anno 6Cf
Views (1665, 1666), Museum, Vienna ; others in Liechtenstein, Czernin (2), and Schon- born Galleries, ib. — Ch. Blanc, tfcole hol- landaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 52 ; Kramm, v. 1435 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 482 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 358.
SAGSTATTER, HERMANN, born in Mu- nich in 1808, died there, Dec. 25, 1883. ! Genre and history painter, pupil of Munich Academy. Works : Tavern Scene ; Klaus and Steffen at the Inn ; Altarpieces at Schwabing, Berg am Lain, Haching, Ket- tershausen, Monheim, etc., Bavaria ; Fres- cos ; Town Hall, Landsberg on the Lech.- Nagler, Mon., iii. 588 ; Recensionen, 1865.
SAIN, EDOUARD ALEXANDRE, born at Cluny (Saone-et-Loire), May 13, 1830. Genre painter, pupil of Valenciennes Acad- emy, of Picot, and of the £cole des Beaux Arts. Medals : 1866 ; 3d class, 1875 ; L,
101
SAINT-AUBEN
of Honour, 1877. Works : Venus and Cu- pid (1853); Tavern of Ramponneau in Time of Louis XV. (1857) ; Chimney Sweeps go- ing to Work, Going to School, Woman tending Cattle, Road to School, Old Age and Decay (1859) ; Basque Women at Foun- tain, Breakfast (1861); Going to Mass (1863), Macon Museum ; The Levue (1863) ; Going to the Festival, Catechism Lesson (1864) ; Souvenir of the Piazza Montanara in Rome (1865), Autun Museum ; Excavations at Pompeii (1866), Luxembourg Museum ; Kiarella (1866), Mrs. Shaw, Boston; Or- ange Harvest in Capri (1869) ; Convales- cent Woman on a Pilgrimage (1873) ; The Marina in Capri, Daughter of Eve (1874) ; Wedding Feast of Peasant of Capri (1875), Valenciennes Museum ; Christ and the Sa- maritan Woman (1876); Andromeda (1877); Father's Blessing before Marriage (1882) ; Rosina— Capri (1886).— Bellier, ii. 447 ; La- rousse.
SAINT-AUBIN, GABRIEL JACQUES, born in Paris, April 14, 1724, died there, Feb. 14, 1780. French school ; genre paint- er, pupil of Jeaurat, Colin de Vermont, and Boucher. Competed for the grand prix de Rome in 1751, and having obtained the sec- ond prize only, broke with the Academy, and became a member of and professor in the Academy of St. Luke, where he exhib- ited the following works : Cupid's Triumph over the Gods, The School of Zeuxis, Effect of Earthquake at Lisbon, Subject from La- fontaine's Fables, Village Fete, Maternal and Filial Love, Boy reciting Lesson to Mother (1774) ; Artist's Portrait, Mother nursing Child, Triumph of Pompey, Dry- Nurse and Children, Return from Par- liament, The King laying Corner-Stone of Schools of Surgery, Interior of Rotonda of Coliseum, Carnival of Parnassus (1776). — • Bellier, ii. 449 ; Dohme, 3 ; Goncourt, i. 366, 405, 417.
SAINT-EVRE, GILLOT, born at Bault- sur-Suippe (Marne), died in Paris in 1858. History, genre, and portrait painter. Med- als : 2d class, 1824 ; 1st class, 1827 ; L. of
Honour, 1833. Works : Two Scenes in Shakespeare's "Tempest" (1822) ; Job and his Friends, Mary Stuart, Shipwrecked Sail- ors (1824) ; Charles IX. and Marie Touchet (1827) ; Soldier Asleep surprised by Brig- ands (1827), Angers Museum ; Jeanne d'Arc, The Florentines of Boccaccio (1833); Char- lemagne presiding at Meeting of Scholars (1835), Education of Mary Stuart at Court of Henri H. (1839), Palais de Trianon ; Foundation of Royal Library in Paris in 1379, Marriage of Charles VOX and Anne de Bretagne in 1491, Signing of Treaty of Peace at Vervins in 1598 (1837), Alexis Com- nenus receiving at Constantinople Peter the Hermit, Interview between Philippe Auguste and Henri II. at Gisors— 1188 (1839), An- drew of Hungary entering the Order of St. John in 1218, Philip I, Philip HI, Charles V., Charles VL, and Charles VHI. of France, three other portraits, Versailles Mu- seum ; Jeanne d'Arc presented to Charles VH., Palais de Compiegne. — Bellier, ii. 451.
SAINT-JEAN, SIMON, born in Lyons. Oct. 13, 1808, died at Ecully, July 3, 1860, Flower painter, pupil of the school at Lyons and of Augustin Thierriat. Justly called the modern Van Huysum, whom he ap- proaches in detail and colour, though hard- ly his equal in selection of material and play of light Medals : 3d class, 1834 ; 2d class, 1841, 1855; L. of Honour, 1843. Works : Young Girl carrying Flowers (1839), Vase Medicis (1841), Eucharistic Emblems around Head of Christ (1842), Vase with Flowers (1852), Lyons Museum ; Fruits and Flowers (1845), Dijon Museum ; Flowers in a Hat, Rouen Museum ; Still-Life (2, 1852), W. T. Walters, Baltimore; Fruit (1853), Flowers among Ruins (1854), Louvre ; Fruit (1855), Corcoran Gallery, Washing- ton ; Flower-Piece (1857), Amsterdam Mu- seum.— Bellier, ii. 452.
SATNTIN, HENRI, born in Paris, Oct. 13, 1846. Landscape painter, pupil of Pils, Saint-Marcel, Sege, and Coiutepoiu. Med- al, 3d class, 1882. Works: Forest Path
102
SAINTIN
(1873), Montpellier Museum ; Fisherman mending Nets, Rising Tide on Coast of Brittany (1875); Lobster Fishers (1876); Creek of Erquy (1877) ; Farm of Courtry (1880) ; October Frost (1881) ; Autumn Dew (1882) ; Valley of Roche-Gouet in Brittany, Brook after Rain, ib. (1883).
SAINTIN, JULES fiMILE, born in Lemc (Aisne), Aug. 14, 1829. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Drolling, Picot, and Le- boucher. His portraits in oil, crayon, and pastel are full of life. He lived several years in the United States. Medals : 1866, 1870 ; 2d class, Munich, 1883 ; L. of Hon- our, 1877. Works : Pony Express (1863) ; Woman carried off by Indians (1864); Petty Warfare, Vittoria (1865) ; Carmella, Martha (1866); The Levee, Michellina (1867); Heart- felt Mourning, Annucia (1868) ; Mourning Flowers, Festival Flowers (1869) ; Indeci- sion, Deception (1870) ; Two Augurs (1872) ; Grave without Flowers (1873) ; Washer- woman of Fine Linen, Toilet of the Hose (1874) ; Lady Apple, Distraction, Flower Girl (1875) ; Indiscreet, Last Ornament (1866) ; First Engagement, Self-Satisfied (1877); Jeanne, Will he Return? (1878); Emilienne (1879) ; Flowers from Nice, Abandonment (1880) ; Roussotte (1881) ; In the Tuileries, By the Sea (1882) ; Wom- an selling Apples (1883) ; Portraits of Prin- cesse Matilde and others. — Bellier, ii. 455 ; Claretie (1874), Peintres, 333, 382.
SAINT-OURS, JEAN PIERRE, born at Geneva in 1752, died there in 1809. Genre painter, pupil of Vien in Paris, whither he went in 1768 ; won prizes in 1772, 1774, and 1778, and the grand prix de Rome in 1780 ; after finishing his course at Rome, stud- ied also in Venice. Works : The Olympic Games, Scene in Earthquake in Calabria, Colossal Head Studies, Life-size Academy, Allegory on the Republic of Geneva, Por- trait of Dr. Tronchin, Portrait of the Ar- tist, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Spartan Judg- ment over the New-born (1795), Schleissheim Gallery. — Bellier, ii. 453 ; Cat. du Mus. Rath (1882), 53.
SAINT-PIERRE, G ASTON CASIMIR, born at Nimes, May 12, 1833. Genre paint- er, pupil of Jalabert and of Cogniet. Medals: 1868; 2d class, 1879; L. of Honour, 1881. Works : Release of St. Peter (1863); Daphuis and Cliloi; (1864); Leda (1865), Nimes Museum ; Sleeping Nymph (1866), Marseilles Muse- um ; Jupiter and Pthia (1867) ; Cupid Laughing, Chateauroux Museum ; Hide and Seek(1868); Youth (1869), City Hall, Nimes ; Farewell (1870), Carcassonne Museum ; Jew- ish Wedding (1870); Bacchante (1872); In- difference and Tenderness, Cherries (1873) ; First Steps, Odalisque (1874) ; Young Hunt- ress, Happy Baby (1875) ; Arabian Ro- mance (1876); Women at an Arab Wedding (1877) ; Siesta (1879) ; Unexpected Caress (1880); Aziza (1882); Aurora (1883); Source Charmeuse (1884) ; Chanson d' Aziza, The Sultana (1885) ; Soudja-Sari (1886) ; Deco- rations in Cathedral of Orau. — Bellier, ii. 454 ; Larousse.
SALA, VITALE, born at Cernusco in 1803, died in Milan in 1835. History painter, pupil of Milan Academy, where he won five prizes ; made a study trip to Venice. Works : Death of Cato ; Death of Romeo and Juliet (1826) ; Departure of Regulus ; Capture of Bernabo (1827) ; Apo- theosis of St. Ambrosius (1828) ; Corona- tion of the Virgin (1831-34), Novara Cathe- dral ; Frescos in S. Stefano and S. Lazzaro, Milan.
SALA Y FRANCES, tfMTLIO, born at Alcoy, Spain ; contemporary. History and genre painter. Medal, Madrid, 2d class, 1871. Works : Don Carlos of Navarra crav- ing Mercy of his Father ; Prince of Viana taken Prisoner ; Guillen de Vinatea before Alfonso V. of Aragon ; Novus Ortus ; Vale of Tears ; Modern Silcnus ; Julia.— La Dus- tracion (1882), ii. 19.
103
SALAI
SALAI (Salaino), ANDREA, born in Mil- an about 1483, died after 1520. Lombard school ; often confound- ed with Andrea Solari or Solario. Pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, of whom he was at once servant, assistant, and friend, accompanying him wherever he went. On Leonardo's death in France Salai returned to Italy. He left but few pictures, in the manner of Da Vinci : Madonna with Saints, Brera, Milan ; Christ bearing the Cross, Berlin Museum ; St. Anna, Leuchtenberg Gallery, St. Petersburg. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vii. 28, 43 ; Lanzi, ii. 489 ; Burckhardt, G29, 708 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole milanaise ; Ltlbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 444. SALAMIS, BATTLE OF, Wilhelm von Kanlbach, Maximilianeum, Munich. Great naval victory, won by the Greeks under Themistocles over the fleet of Xerxes, B.C. 480, in the narrow channel between the island of Salamis and the coast of Attica. Xerxes, seated on a throne upon a head- land at left, surrounded by his women and courtiers, witnesses the overthrow and de- struction of his magnificent fleet, seen in the background ; in foreground, the shore, with a temple at right, and a confused mass of wreckage and of struggling figures ; above, the avenging gods of Greece in the sky.
SALENTIN, HUBERT, born at Zuipich, Rhenish Prussia, Jan. 15, 1822. Genre and landscape painter, pu- pil of Diisseldorf Acad- emy under Schadow, Karl Sohn, and Tide- mand ; paints attractive and characteristic scenes from peasant life in Western Ger- many. Works: Her mit's Sermon ; Smith's Apprentice, Grand- mother's Birthday (1860); Bridal Procession
of Playing Children ; Blind Boy, Besan9on Museum ; Village Church (1862), Diisseldorf Gallery ; Pilgrims at Mineral Spring (1866), Cologne Museum ; Sunday Afternoon Visit at the Shepherd's ; Messengers of Spring (1869), Prague Gallery ; Pilgrims at a Chap- el (1870), National Gallery, Berlin ; Children scouring a Kettle, Stettin Museum ; Come over ! (1872) ; Crown Prince in the Country (1873); Little Congratulators (1879); Found- ling, Shepherd Children (1880).— Diosku- ren, 1860 ; Midler, 457 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 150.
SALERNO, ANDREA DA. See Andrea.
SALIMBENI, VENTURA, Cavaliere, born in Siena in 1557,
died there in 1613. Sienese school ; son and pupil of Arcangi- olo Salimbeni, but studied care- fully the works of Correggio. Lived in Rome in 1585-90, and much employed there. On his return to Siena painted many pictures for churches ; worked also in Pisa, Lucca, and Perugia. Knighted in Perugia through influence of Cardinal Bevilacqua, who permitted him to bear his name. In 1605 painted with Poc- cetti frescos in SS. Annunziata, Florence, and afterward worked in Genoa with Agos- tino Tassi. Among his pictures are : Holy Family, Pitti ; Apparition of the Virgin, Uffizi ; Miracle of the Manna, Angels, Du- omo, Pisa ; Trinity, SS. Concezzione, Sie- na ; Christ bearing the Cross, S. Agostino, ib. ; Crucifixion, S. Domenico, ib. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xi. 168 ; Lanzi, i. 313 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole florentine ; Burckhardt, 759.
SALISBURY CATHEDRAL, John Con- stable, S. Kensington Museum ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 6 in. The Cathedral seen from the meadows, with a brook and four cows in foreground. Royal Academy, 1823. Painted for Bishop of Salisbury. A similar
104
SALLAERT
picture, with a cart and three horses tandem fording the brook (Royal Academy, 1831), belonged in 1857 to Samuel Ashton, near Manchester. Sketch, called The Rainbow, in Louvre. Engraved by D. Lucas. — Waa- gen, Treasures, ii. 301 ; do., iv. 416 ; Brock- Arnold, 105.
SALLAERT, ANTHONIE, born in Brus- sels about 1590, died after 1648. Flemish school ; history painter, pupil of M. de Bor- deau, master of Brussels Guild in 1613 ; dean in 1633-35, 1646-48 ; often employed by Rubens in Antwerp. Works : Archery in 1613 (1620) ; Procession of Brussels Guild ; Allegory on Passion of Christ, Pro- cession des Pucelles du Sablon, Infanta Isa- bella Victrix at the Shooting of the Grand- Serment, Brussels Museum ; Holy Family, Ghent Museum ; Judgment of Paris, Ma- drid Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 52 ; Kramm, v. 1439 ; Nagler, Mon., i. 530.
SALLES, ADELHEID (nee Wagner), born in Dresden in 1825. History and por- trait painter, sister of lOlise Puyroche, stud- ied in Dresden and under Jacquand in Paris, married the painter Jules Sallcs at Nimcs. Works : The Parcre ; Psyche in Olympus ; Daughter of Eve ; Elijah in the Desert ; Pensierosa ; Truth ensnared by Falsehood ; Exit from Bath ; The Echo ; Queen Bertha.
SALMACIS AND HERMAPHRODITUS, Francesco Allmni, Louvre ; copper, H. 6 in. x 1 f i Hermaphrodites, about to bathe in the fountain Salmacis, is watched by the nymph from behind trees (Ovid, Met., iv. 285). From Collection of Louis XIV. Copy, with variations, in Turin Gallery ; en- graved by Bridi. — Villot, Cat. Louvre, 8 ; Filhol, i. PI. 16 ; Landon, Musoe, vi. PI. 23 ; Gal. di Torino, i. PI. 21.
SALMSON, HUGO FREDRIK, born in Stockholm in 1843. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Stockholm Acad- emy under Boklund, then in Paris of Charles Cornte ; painted at first genre scenes from Swedish history, settled in Paris in 1869, and has since taken up sub- jects from modern life in the elegant manner
of Comte. Medal, 3d class, 1870; L. of Honour, 1879. Member of Stockholm Acad- emy in 1871. Works : Catharina Jagelloni- ca and Joran Persson ; Oustiiv Vasa finding his Wife Asleep ; Sten Sture offering Peace to Archbishop Trolle (all before 1869) ; Spring ; Visit at the Bailiffs ; Peasant Wom- an with Dove ; Fortune Teller ; Orsa Wom- an with her Child ; Carrot Planters in Pic- ardy ; An Arrest in a Village of Picardy (1879), At the Gates of Dalby in Skane— Sweden (1884), Luxembourg Museum ; Tlio Orphans (1884); Little Gleaner, Dear Grand- ma (1885) ; Visit to the Farmer — Sweden (1886).— Mailer, 457.
SALOMAN, GESKEL, born at Tondern, Schleswig, April 1, 1821. Genre and por- trait painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy and of Lund and Eckersberg ; went in 1850 to Gotenburg, where he painted many por- traits, and in 1854 to Paris to study under Couture; visited Algiers in 1860-61. Member of Stockholm Academy in 1871, court paint- er in 1876. Order of Vasa, 1869. Works : Game of L'Hombre ; First Lesson on Violin ; Painter and Model ; News from Crimea, Gotenburg Museum ; Swedish Weaver and Child (1858) ; Emigrants of Gotenburg (1869); Spah i before his Sweetheart's Door ; Victim of the Chickens ; Girl with Letter, Stockholm Museum. — Weilbach, 605.
SALOME, daughter of Hemdins and of Philip, brother of Herod the tetrarch. She danced before her uncle on his birthday and so pleased him that he promised with an oath to give her whatever she should ask. She, instructed by her mother, whose guilty relations with Herod had been de- nounced by John the Baptist, demanded the head of John, and it was brought to her in a charger (Matt., xiv.). A favourite sub- ject with the painters.
By Carlo Dolci, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. The daughter of Herodias, three-fourths length, with head of John the Baptist in a charger. Painted for the Marchese Rinuccini. Engraved by P. A. Kilian.— Gal. roy. de Dresde, L PL 42.
J06
SALTER
By Guercino, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. Salome, accompanied by a servant, receives in a basin the bead of John the Baptist, which an executioner holds by the hair. Painted about 1650. Formerly in Modena Gallery. Villot, Louvre ; Landon, Musoe, xiv. PI. 31.
By Bernardino Luini, Louvre ; wood, H. 2 ft. x 1 ft. 9 in. The daughter of Herodias, half-length, receives into a charger the head of John the Baptist, which is held by a per- son whose arm only is seen at right. Col- lection of Louis XIV. Attributed to Sola-
Salome. Guercino, Louvre.
rio and to Leonardo da Vinci. Excellent in colour. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon.
By Bernardino Luini, Uffizi, Florence ; wood. The daughter of Herodias, accom- panied by a servant, receives from the hand of an executioner the head of John the Bap- tist in a charger. Formerly attributed to Leonardo da Vinci. — Soc. Ed. & Paris, Gal. de Firenze, PL 39.
By Giovanni Antonio Pordenone, Palazzo Doria, Kome ; canvas, half-length, life-size. The daughter of Herodias, with her maid, and head of John on a charger. A lofty Venetian beauty ; head of Baptist also of Venetian type. Commonly attributed to Giorgione. Keplica in Baring Collection, London ; and a modern copy in Palazzo
Berri (Vendramin), Venice. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 287 ; Burckhardt, 732.
By Henri Regnault, Madame de Cassin, Paris. Full-length, seated on a decorated coffer, her limbs only half concealed by a gauze robe ornamented with gold, her naked feet escaping from her slippers, her superb head of raven-black hair relieved against a lemon-coloured satin curtain. In her lap is a golden charger and a sheathed knife. An elaborate study of a gypsy of the Campagna. Painted in Rome (1869) and Tangiers. Salon, 1870 ; sold to a dealer for 15,000 francs ; to Mad- ame de Cassin for 40,000 francs. Etched by Eajon. — Stothert, 225 ; Kunst- Chronik, viii. 489 ; La- rousse, xiv. 131 ; Appleton's Journal, viii. 512.
By Titian (?), Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. Same figure as the Lavinia Ve- celli of Berlin, but carrying on her head in a silver sal- ver the head of John the Baptist ; dress, red da- mask. Painted about 1555 (?). If this is not the Sa- lome of Collection of Charles I., that picture is missing. Copy by Padovauino in Padua Gallery. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 141 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 480. By Alessandro Turchi, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 5 in. x 5 f t. 3 in. King Herod, seated at table with Herodias and other persons, grants to Salome the head of the Baptist, for which she asks. — Cat. Ma- drid Mus.
SALTEE, WILLIAM, born at Honiton, Devonshire, in 1804, died in London, Dec. 22, 1875. History and portrait painter, pu- pil in London of Northcote in 1822-27, In the latter year he went to Florence, where the exhibition of his Socrates before the Areopagus won him an election to the Acad- emy and a professorship in the first class of
106
SALTZMANN
history. In 1832 ho went to Rome and thence to Parma, where also he was elected a member of the Academy. He returned to London in 1833 and was long a promi- nent member and for some time vice-presi- dent of the Society of British Artists. Works : Banquet by the Duke of Welling- ton to the Veterans of Waterloo (1833), G. Mackenzie ; Jephthah's Vow ; Interview of Charles I. with his Children (1863) ; Queen Elizabeth reproving Dean Noel (18G5); Des- demona and Othello before the Senate (1869); Last Sacrament (1874).
SALTZMANN, KARL; contemporary. Marine painter, pupil in Berlin of Eschke, made the trip around the world in the suite of Prince Henry of Prussia. Works : Dawn by the Sea (1874) ; Entrance into Harbour of Colberg ; Harbour of Valparaiso (1882) ; Saved (1884).
SALUT AUX BLESSES. See Wounded, Saluting.
SALVAEESIO, FABRICIO, portrait, Ti- tian, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. X 2 ft. 8 in. ; signed. A man embrowned by travel ; to the right, a negro boy looking up holding a bunch of flowers. Painted in 1558 ; belonged to Archduke Leopold Wil- helm. Print in Teniers' Gallery omits ne- gro boy. Much impaired by retouching. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 267.
SALVI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. See Sassoferrato.
SALVIATI, CECCHINO DEL, born in Florence in 1510, died in Rome, Nov. 11, 1563. Floren- tine school ; real name Francesco de' Rossi, son of Michelangelo d e ' Rossi, a velvet weaver. Pupil of Giuliano Bugiar- d i n i, afterwards of Bandinelli and of Andrea del Sarto (1529), with whom Vasari was at the same time working. Went to
Rome under patronage of Cardinal Salviati, from whom he took the name by wliich he is commonly known. He painted in Venice, Florence, Verona, and other cities, and in 1544 went to France, where he was employed by Cardinal de Lorraine in decorating the Chateau de Dampierre ; but having made enemies through his quarrelsome disposi- tion, lie returned to Italy, after an absence of twenty months. Salviati was a better designer than colourist. Examples of his work are : Charity, Christ bearing his Cross, Uffizi ; Patience, Palazzo Pitti ; Archangel Michael, Vatican ; Incredulity of St. Thomat, Louvre ; St. John Baptist in the Desert, Love and Psyche, Berlin Museum ; Charity, National Gallery, London. — Ch. Blanc, ! Kcole florentine ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii. 47 ; ed. Mil., vii. 5 ; Burckhardt, 188, 756.
SALVIATI, GIUSEPPE. See Porta, Giu- seppe.
SALZER, FRIEDRICH, born at Heil- : bronn, June 1, 1827, died there, May 4, 1876. Landscape painter, first instructed by Karl Baumann, then studied in Munich ; much influenced by Richard Zimmermann ; painted landscape backgrounds in several of Alexander von Kotzebue's great battle- pieces. Winter Landscape, Stuttgart Gal- lery.— Kunst-Chronik, xi. 738.
SAMACCHINI, ORAZIO, born in Bolo- gna, Dec. 20, 1532, died there, June 12, 1577. Bolognese school ; Vasari calls him Fumaccini, Orazio da Bologna, and Som- inacchini. Began by imitating Pellegrino, Tibaldi, and the Lombards ; went to Rome in time of Pius IV., and painted for Zuc- chero a compartment in one of the halls of the Vatican, which was highly commended. On his return to Bologna became a success- ful painter. Works : Coronation of the Vir- gin, Bologna Gallery ; Presentation in the Temple, S. Giacomo Maggiore ; Madonna with Saints, S. M. Maggiore ; Holy Trinity, S. Stefano ; Flagellation, S. Salvatore ; Cru- cifixion, Servi.— Malvosio, i. 168 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 420 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ; Lanzi, iii. 44 ; Guolandi, 72, 157.
1U7
SAMARITAN
SAMARITAN, GOOD (Luke. x. 30), Eu- gene Delacroix, M. Auguste Vacquerie ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 2 in. x 11 in. The good Samaritan striving, with much care and solicitude, to put the wounded traveller upon his horse. — Chesneau, CEuvre Dela- croix, 311.
By Rembrandt, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 6 in. ; signed, dated 1648. Two men assisting into an inn a wounded travel- ler, whose horse a stable-man holds ; on right, the Good Samaritan on the steps, purse in hand, commending the sufferer to the care of the landlady ; above, three fig-
ers;
Samson and Delilah, Anton van Dyck, Vienna Museum.
ures looking out of a window. Collection of Louis XVI. ; bought at sale of Linden van Slingeland, Dordrecht (1785). Engraved by Baron Deiion ; J. de Frey (1798) ; Longhi in Musee franyais ; Oortman. — Cat. Louvre ; Eastlake, Louvre, 182 ; Smith, vii. 51 ; Vos- rnaer, 213, 476.
Subject treated also by Jacopo Bassano, National Gallery, London, and Vienna Mu- seum ; Adam Elsheimer, Louvre ; Domenico Feti, Dresden Museum ; Paolo Veronese, ib. ; Herri de Bles, Vienna Museum ; Will- iam Hogarth, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London ; Pierre Lacour, Bordeaux Muse- um ; Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Brera,
Dreber (1848), Dresden Gallery ; Theodule Itibot (1870), Luxembourg Museum ; Jean Jacques Henner (Salon, 1874).
SAMSON AND DELILAH ( Judges, xvi.), Anton van Dyck, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 7£ in. x 8 ft. 2 in. Samson, just awakened from his slumber, stooping and with one kuee on the ground, is struggling with the Philistines ; Delilah, in a white vest and red mantle, is lying on the couch, at the head of which is an elderly woman. From Van Amory Collection, Amsterdam (1722), 4,300 florins. Engraved by H. Sny- Prenner ; J. Macunl ; L. Bonnet ; Ax- mann ; etched by Ch. Walt- ner (1873). Same subject, Hampton Court. — Smith, iii. 32; Guiffrey, 243; Gaz. des B. Arts (1873).
By Rembrandt, Cassel Gallery ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 8 in. x9 ft. 1 in.; signed, dated 1636. Seven figures. Samson, betrayed by De- lilah, who is escaping from the room with his locks in her hand, is insulted by the Philistines, who hold him prostrate. Taken to Paris ; returned in 1815. Engraved by F. Landerer (1760); Jacobi (1785).— 446 ; Smith, vii. 12 ; Eeveil, iv.
Vosmaer, 242.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 1 in. Nine figures. Six Philistines are binding Samson, who is struggling, with one knee on the couch on which Delilah is lying, holding the scissors in her hand ; at the head of the couch, an old woman, looking on. Engraved by Henry Snyers ; lithographed by Piloty. Similar composition, Vienna Gallery, by Van Dyck. —Smith, ii. 65 ; ix. 265 ; Beveil, xiv. 952.
By Alessandro Turchi, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 3 in. x 8 ft. 5 in. Delilah, seated upon a couch holding the sleeping Sam-
Milan ; Louis Cabat (Salon, 1840) ; Franz son's head in her lap, gives a signal to two
108
SAMSON'S WEDDING
Philistine soldiers to seize him ; a barber is cutting off his hair, and at left two chil- dren have his sword and the ass's jaw- bone.— Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon.
Subject treated also by Lucas Cranach, Dresden and Augsburg Museums ; Adrien van der Werff, Sans Souci, Potsdam ; Ge- rard Houthorst, City Hall, Dordrecht ; Got- fried Schalken, Bordeaux Museum ; Jacopo Seinenti, ib. ; Eugene Delacroix, M. Dau- bigny, Paris ; Louis Marie Baader (Salon, 1857) ; Ferdinand Hum- bert (Salon, 1873).
SAMSON'S WED- DING, Rembrandt, Dres- den Gallery ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 5 ft. 10 in. ; signed, dated 1638. Samson's •wife (portrait of Saskia) seated at table with other guests, before a dais, in a hall richly hung with ta- pestry ; at left, Samson proposing his enigma to the Philistines, among whom are musicians with instruments. Engraved by Massaloff. — Vosmaer, 80, 450 ; Bode, Studien, 443, 568.
SAMSON VICTORI- OUS, Guido Eeni, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 1 in. x 6 ft. 9 in. Samson, nearly nude, after battle quenches his thirst with water from the jaw-bone of an ass with which he has slain a thousand Philistines. Duplicate of picture in Turin Gallery. En- graved by Bolognini ; Tomba. — Pinac. di Bologna, PL 6 ; Lavice, 12, 410. .
SAMUEL, INFANT, Sir Joshua Ev/noldx, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 10 in. x2 ft. 3 in. Infant Samuel, full- length, kneeling at prayer, with a ray of light falling upon him. Exhibited at Royal Academy in 1776 ; bequeathed by Lord Farnborough in 1838. Engraved by J. Dean ; J. Lucas ; and others. Duplicates in Dulwich Gallery, Cobham Hall, and oth-
er collections. Copy by J. R. Powell at Somerby, seat of Earl of Normanton, mis- taken for an original by Waagen, who calls it the finest example he knows of the pict- ure.— Pulling, 59 ; Waagen, Art Treasures, iii. 26.
SAMUEL APPEARING TO SAUL, Sal- vator Ilosa, Louvre ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 11 in. X 6 ft. 3 in. The shade of Samuel evoked by the Witch of Endor, who stirs the fire on a tripod ; at left, Saul, prostrate, raises
Samson and Delilah, Rembrandt, Cassel Gallery.
his eyes to Samuel ; in background, behind Samuel, the two soldiers of Saul, stricken with fear ; behind the witch, skeletons, owls, and fantastic forms. Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by Guttemberg. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Musee royal ; Landon, Mu- see, ix. PI. 18 ; Filhol, xi. PI. 67.
SANCHEZ DE CASTRO, JUAN, nour- ished at Seville, middle of 15th century, died after 1516. Spanish school ; painted in 1454, under influence of the Van Eyck school, pictures for the Cathedral of Seville, and in 1484 a St. Christopher in fresco, in S. Juliano, repainted in 1775. He was the first painter of note in the school of Anda- kisia. — Stirling, i. 81 ; Cean Bermudez.
SANCHEZ COELLO, ALONSO, born at
109
SANCHEZ
Benyfayro, Valencia, about 1513-15, died in Madrid in 1590. Spanish school ; doubt- fully said to have studied in Italy ; accom- panied Antonio Moro in 1552 to Lisbon, where he remained some years in the ser- vice of John III., and acquired the title of the Portuguese Titian. On the death of
Samuel appearing to Saul, Salvator Rosa, Louvre.
the King, his widow, Dona Juana, recom- mended him to her brother, Philip II. of Spain, and Coello became his court painter and intimate courtier, and won honours and wealth. He painted many religious com- positions, but was especially noted for his portraits. Works : Portraits of Don Car- los, the Infanta Isabel, Anna of Austria, and others, Marriage of St. Catherine, Assump- tion, Madrid Museum ; Portraits of Joanna of Austria, Margaret of Parma, and Mary of Austria, Brussels Museum ; Portrait of Phil- ip II., and twelve religious compositions, Escorial. Coello's daughter, Isabel, was a good miniature painter. — Viardot, Peintres de 1'Espagne, 113 ; Stothert, 14 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Madrazo, 56G.
SANCHEZ COTAN, Fray JUAN, born at Alcazar de San Juan in 1561, died in Granada, Sept. 8, 1627. Spanish school ; pupil of Bias del Prado at Toledo, and be- came noted for skill in painting flowers and other still-life subjects. In 1604 became a monk at the Chartreuse of Paular ; after- ward transferred to the Chartreuse of Gra- nada, where he executed many religious compositions, especially scenes from the life of St. Bruno and from the persecution of the Carthusians in England. — Stirling, i. 436 ; Viardot, 160 ; Cean Bermudez.
SANCHO PANZA AND THE DUCHESS, Charles Kobert Leslie, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 5 ft. The Duch- ess, seated on a couch near the middle of the picture, attended by young women on right, and by the Duefia Rodriguez on left, listens to Sancho, who is seated on a low stool. Exhibited at Royal Academy in 1844 ; from Vernon Collection, 1847 ; a repetition, with some alterations, of the small original painted in 1823 for Lord Egremont. Lord Egremont paid for this original £100 ; sold to Samuel Rogers for £70 ; Rogers sale (1856), 1,120 guineas. Engraved by Hum- phreys ; R. Staines. — Cat. Nat. Gal.
SANCTIS, GUGLIELMO DE, born in Rome in 1830. History and portrait paint- er. Works : Galileo inventing the Telescope ; Michelangelo and Ferrucio studying the Plan for Fortification of Florence (1875), Turin Gallery ; Emauuel Philibert showing his Son to the Savoyards ; Portraits of Vic- tor Emauuel and of Prince Humbert (1876).
SANDBY, PAUL, born at Nottingham in 1725, died in London, Nov. 9, 1809. Land- scape painter ; went to London in 1746 and studied at the drawing school at the Tower ; in 1768 he became drawing master to Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and under George III. he was teacher of drawing to the royal princes. He was one of the foun- dation members of the Royal Academy. Painted in oils with success, but is chiefly noted as the founder of the English school of water-colours. Saudby, i. 102.
no
SANDIIAM
SANDHAM, HENRY, born in Montreal, Canada, May 24, 1842. Landscape and genre painter ; visited England and France for study in 1880 and in 1884. Member (1880) of Royal Canadian Academy. Studio in Boston, Mass. Works : Fog in St. John Harbor (1879), National Gallery, Ottawa ; Cow Bay— Nova Scotia (1880), George Hague, Montreal ; Return from the Hunt (1882), Judge O'Hara, Toronto; Dawn of Liberty— Battle of Lexington (1885). His- torical Society, Lexington, Mass.
SANDRART, JOACHIM VON, born in Frankfort, May 12, 1606, died in Nuremberg, Oct. 14,1688. German school, history and portrait paint- er. He went to Prague, in 1621, to study engrav- ing under Sadeler, but advised by the latter to devote himself to painting, he re- paired to Utrecht and became pupil of Ge- rard Honthorst, who took him to England. There he saw great works by Titian, and after having painted several portraits, went to Venice in 1627 to study Titian and Vero- nese. In Rome he painted Pope Urban VHL, and was one of the twelve masters selected to paint a picture for the King of Spain. He returned to Germany in 1635, went to Amsterdam in 1637, and to Nurem- berg in 1649 to paint the envoys to the Con- gress of Peace. At Augsburg he worked for the Elector Maximilian of Bavaria, and the Emperor Ferdinand in 1672, and in 1674, after a second marriage, settled in Nuremberg, where he became the main pil- lar of the Academy founded in 1662. His reputation rests chiefly upon his well-known "German Academy," written in 1675-79. Works : Archers' Company (1638), Portrait of the Poet Hooft, four others (1639, 1641), Amsterdam Museum ; Young Man with Dead Horse, Old Woman in Prayer, Barn-
burg Gallery ; Isaac blessing Jacob, Aschaff- enberg Gallery ; Banquet of Peace (1650), Town Hall, Nuremberg ; The Twelve Months (12), two Portraits, Munich Gallery ; Miner- va and Saturn (1644), Archimedes (1651), Vienna Museum ; Apollo rejoicing over De- feat of Python, Uffizi, Florence. — Ch. Blanc, ficole allemande ; Kramm, v. 1440.
SANDYS, FREDERICK, born in Norfolk in 1832. Figure and portrait painter ; paints portraits chiefly, but some ideal works of exquisite finish. Exhibited first at Royal Academy in 1854. Works : Oriana (1861) ; King Pelles' Daughter, La Belle Ysondo (1863); Morgan-le-Fay (1864); Gen- tle Spring, Cassandra (1865) ; Mary Mag- dalen, Flower (1866) ; Medea (1869, Paris Exhibition, 1878) ; Perdita (1879).
SAN GIORGIO, EUSEBIO DI, born about 1478, died in 1550 (?). Umbriau school ; pupil in school of Perugino at same time with Manni ; made free of his guild in Perugia immediately after Pinturicchio, whose style he imitates in its least interest- ing featui'es, while his colouring is like Manni's. He aided Piuturicchio at Siena. His Adoration of the Magi (1505), Perugia Gallery, has a tinge of the Raphaelesque, and has even been attributed to Raphael. T\vo frescos, the Annunciation, and St. Fran- cis receiving the Stigmata (1507), are in S. Damiano, near Assisi ; and there is a Holy Family (1512) in S. Francesco, Matellica. — C. <fc C., Italy, iii. 339 ; Burckhardt, 574 ; Siret, 829 ; Ch. Blanc, l^cole ombrieune.
SANO DI PIETRO. See Ansano.
SANS Y CABOT, FRANCISCO, born in Barcelona in 1834, died in Madrid, May 5, 1881. History painter, pupil of Barcelona Art School, and in Paris of Couture ; mem- ber of S. Fernando Academy, director of the Museum ; painted frescos in many palaces and public buildings. Medals : 2d class, 1860, 1862 ; 1st class, 1871. Works : Pro- metheus, Shipwreck, End of Carnival (1857); Battle at Wad Ras ; Liberty and Indepen- dence (1860) ; Episode in Battle of Trafalgar
111
SANT
(1862), Madrid Museum ; Market Square in Gerona, Fortune, Chance and Folly distrib- uting their Gifts, Friend's Visit (1871) ; Mercury leading the Histrionic Arts ; Apol- lo chasing Night; General Prim and the Catalonian Volunteers at Tetuan ; Death of Churruca at Trafalgar; Portraits of Isabella II, Charles V., Alfonso V., Alfonso XII., Barcelona University. In fresco : En- try of Charles V. into Home, Conquest of Fort of Goletta, Battle of Muhlberg, Visit of Francis I. to Charles V., Alcazar, To- ledo.—La Eustracion (1881), i. 298 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xx. 852.
SANT, JAMES, born in London in 1820. Figure and portrait painter, pupil of John Varley, and student in 1840 of Royal Acad- emy. Very successful as a painter of por- traits, especially of children ; elected an A. RA. in 1861, and RA. in 1871. In 1872 he was appointed principal painter in ordi- nary to the Queen. Among his sitters have been the Queen, Prince Albert, children of the Prince of Wales, and other members of the royal family, and many of the nobility. Other -works : Children in the "Wood (1854); Fortune Teller (1855); Infancy (1857); Lit- tle Red Riding Hood (1860) ; First Source of Sorrow (1862); Taking Notes (1863); Turn again Whittington (1864) ; Light in Dark Places (1866) ; Mentouese Children (1869) ; Alone (1870) ; Schoolmaster's Daughter (1871); Peaches (1874); Early Post (1875); Gleanings (1877) ; Little Zara (1878) ; Ad- versity (1879) ; Maidenhood (1882) ; Love- Birds (1883); Sylvia (1884); Forget-me- not (1885) ; Portrait of Adeliua Patti (1886).
SANTA CONVERSAZIONE, Pa/ma Vec- chio, Naples Museum ; wood, H. 2 ft 10 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. The Virgin seated on a knoll, with farm in distance ; Jesus gives his bless- ing to a couple whose heads and arms are seen at edge of picture as they approach the knoll and are introduced by St. Jerome ; to the left, St. John Baptist on one knee ; St. Catherine near the trunk of a tree. One of Palina's best ; shows Tjtianesque vigour and
richness. Formerly in Casa Barberigo, San Polo.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 470.
By PaZmaVeccbio, Vienna Museum ; wood, H. 4 ft 2 in. x 6 ft 3 in. The Virgin, rest- ing at foot of a tree, presents Jesus to SS. Catherine, Celestin, John Baptist, and a female Saint. Probably picture formerly be- longing to Galia di Fano, Venice. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 471.
SANTA CROCE. See Francesco and Gi- rolamo da Santa Croce.
SANTA FAZ. See Ecce Homo, Murillo.
SANTAFEDE, FABRIZIO, born in Na- ples about 1560, died there in 1635. Nea- politan school ; son and pupil of Francesco Santafede ; afterwards pupil of Francesco Curia, and then visited Rome, Bologna, Venice, and Florence to study the great masters. Employed in considerable works on return to Naples. It is said that when Naples was sacked by the insurgents under Masaniello (1647), two halls which Santa- fede had painted were spared, out of respect for the artist. Works : Madonna with Saints (1595), NaplesMuseum ; Holy Family, Hague Museum, and pictures in churches. Fabrizio was the master of Massimo Stanzioni. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole napolitaine ; Siret, 829.
SANTAFEDE, FR1NCESCO, flourished about 1555. Neapolitan school ; pupil of Andrea da Salerno. Works in churches in Naples, among the best being the Corona- tion of the Virgin, in S. M. la Nuova (though some ascribe this to Fabrizio, his son) ; and Resurrection, Chapel of the Monte di Pieta. — Ch. Blanc, £cole napolitaiue.
SANTERRE, JEAN BAPTISTE, born at Magny (Seine-et-Oise), Jan. 1, 1658, died in Paris, Nov. 21, 1717. French school ; genre and portrait painter, pupil of Franjois Lemaire and of Boullogne the elder. Paint- ed his St. Theresa for Louis XIV. and obtained a pension, and for his Susanna was made Member of the Academy, 1704. Works : Susanna Bathing (1704), Louvre ; Marie Adelaide of Savoy, Louise Adelaide d' Orleans (2), The Regent and Madame de Parabere, Versailles Museum ; St. Theresa
SANTI
in Ecstasy, Chapel, ib. ; Female Cook, Bor-
deaox Museum ; do., and ToongGiri Asleep,
Nantes Museum:
Allegory on Paint-
ing, Curiosity, Gar-
dener, Orleans Mu-
seum; Songstress,
Rouen Museum;
others in museums
at Niort, Reims,
Sanmnr, Tours;
Female Portrait
(1699); Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Widow of Ephesns mourn-
ing for her Husband, Geometry, Darmstadt 7"~D f >» ft *• Museum ; Por-
J3 <JAH~* £Rn E trait of Coypel ;
St Theresa Med- itating; Adam and Ere in
I S
~" '/
Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran- caise; Honasaye, 152 ; Wurzbach, Fr. MaL des xriii JahrL, 13 ; Bellier iL; JaL 1101. SANTI (Sanzio), GIOVANNI, born in Colbordolo about 1435, died in Urbino, Aug. 1, 1494. Umbrian school ; son of Sante Santi, a huckster, and the father of Ifapliml ; was a painter before 1468; mas- ter unknown, but probably brought up under influence of Piero deDa Francesca and of Melozzo da ForiL Was a man of culture ; wrote a long poem, still extant (Vatican Library), in honour of his patron, Federigo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino. Painted a large fresco in the Tiranni Chap- el, S. Domenico. Cagli, in two parts — the Resurrection of Christ abore, and the Ma- donna enthroned with Saints below — a pleas- ing and well-arranged composition, showing a knowledge of linear perspectire and some skfll in foreshortening. Santi was a pains- taking, onsdentioos artist, who arafled him-
o^fi oj XuO8£ ^TTTrOT* ^1 n t \ jf*S JOT ? IMtJfO^B^PCOt '
which came in his way, and thus acquired a technical skfll superior to that of Palme- rucei or NeflL Among the beat of hk pict-
ores are : Ailxilitm of the Virgin, Conyent of Monte Fiorentino, near Urbania; Ma- donna with Saints, S. Croce, and Visitation, S. M. Nnora, Fano ; Madonna with Saints, Church of Grodara ; Madonna with Saints, Berlin Museum ; Madonna, National Gal- lery, London ; Annunciation, Brera, Milan ; Boy in Profile, Palazzo Colonna, Rome.— C. & C, Italy, iL 579 ; Vasari, ed, Le Mon., viii. 2, 67 ; Passarant, Rafael ron Urbino and man Vater (Leipsic, 1839) ; Pungileoni, Oogio Storico di Gior. Santi (Urbino, 1822); Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ; C. & C., Raph- ael, L cap. 1.
SANTI, RAFFAELLO. See Raphael.
SANTI DI TITO, bom at Borgo San Se- polcro, Oct. 6, 1536, died in Florence, July 23, 1603. Florentine school ; pupil of An- gelo Bronzino and of BanJinelli ; went to Rome in 1560 and studied the works of the great masters. Became an excellent de- signer, but was not successful as a colour- ist He returned to Florence after four Jens' jjbmKT and spent most of his life there. Among his works are : Entomb- ment, Berlin Museum : Entry of Christ into Jerusalem, Dead Christ on the Knees of the Virgin, Florence Academy ; Crucifixion, S. Croce, Florence. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole noren- tine ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii. 304 ; xiiL 182 ; ed. Mfl., rii. 619.
SAXTVOORT. DIRCK DIRCKSZ iTAXt, born at Amsterdam in 1610, died there, burietL March 9, 1680. Portrait painter of distinction, probably pupil of Rembrandt, whose -mvnnfr be adopted. Works : Bor- gomaster Dirck Bas and Wife. Regents of Workhouse at Amsterdam il638i. Four do. of another Institution 1 1643 1, Amsterdam ifa^mn ; Young Shepherd playing on a Reed (1632), Rotterdam Museum : Life-aze Portrait of Lhtle Girl .1644, Darmstadt
Museum- — Kr«mm T. 1413.
SANZIO. See Sou/I.
SAPPHIRA DEATH OF. Nicolas P<HB- *»'*, Lourre : eanTas. H. 4 ft. • 6 ft. 6 in. At right, St. Peter, who is accompanied by two aposUem, stretches his hand toward S«p-
SAPPHO
phira, who has fallen ; a woman hastens to the strife between the classic and the ro- her aid, and a man, who sustains her arm, i mantic schools was at its height, this picture appears to intercede for her ; in background, i met with such severe criticism that the ar- buildings. Painted for M. de Vennes. Col- , tist called it his Waterloo. Offered to the lection of Louis XIV. Engraved by J. j government for 2,000 francs, but declined ; Pesne ; Bovinet ; R. U. Massard in Musee Wilson sale (Paris, 1873), to M. Durand royal.— Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, x. PI. 685 ; Ruel, 96,000 francs. The original study be- longs to Mme. la baronne Rivet. Replica,
Engraved by F. Re-
Landon, Musee, xi. PI. 49 ; Smith, viii. 80.
SAPPHO, Alma-ladema, W. T. Walters, j in small, M. Bellino. Baltimore; canvas, H. 2 ft. 2 in. X 3 ft. 11 gamey; Greux. Lithographed by Achille in. Scene : The orchestra of a white marble Sirony. — Chesneau, (Euvre de Delacroix, theatre on a height overlooking the sea, the 58 ; Larousse, xiv. 224. blue expanse of which is seen through a j SARGENT, HENRY, born in Gloucester, grove of olive trees. Sappho, seated on one ; Mass., Nov. 25, 1770, died in Boston, Feb.
21, 1845. Portrait and subject painter, pupil in London of Copley and Benjamin West. The Massachusetts Historical Society owns three por- traits by him ; Fanueil Hall, one of Peter Fanu- eil ; and the Roman Catholic Society in Bos- ton, a Crucifixion. His landing of the Pilgrims was destroyed by being rolled on fresh pine, which caused the can- vas to decay. Other works : Starved Apothe- cary ; Tailor's News ; Dinner Party ; Christ's Entry into Jerusa- lem.
SARGENT, JOHN S., born in Florence, of American parents, in 1856. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of Carolus - Duran. Has lived and painted many years in Europe. Hon- ourable mention, Sa- lon, 1879 ; medal, 2d class, 1881. Studio in Paris. Works : Fish- ing for Oysters at Can-
of the lower seats, with her attendants grouped around her, leans forward and gazes intently at Alcaeus, who is seated on a chair in front of her, striking the chords of his lyre. Royal Academy, 1881. Photo- gravure by Goupil. — Art Journal (1883), 67 ; Academy, May 7, 1881 ; Athenseum, April 30, 1881 ; Saturday Rev., 1881.
SARDANAPALUS, DEATH OF, Eugene Delacroix ; canvas, H. 13 ft. x 16 ft. 3 in. The monarch, surrounded by his weeping women, slaves, horses, and treasures, is seated high upon the funeral pyre as upon a throne, around the base of which the
\
flames and smoke are beginning to rise, cale, En route pour la pC-che (1878); Portrait Exhibited first at the Salon of 1827, when of Carolus-Durau, Neapolitan Children Bath-
114
SARPEDON
ing (1879); El Jaleo (1882); Portrait of Two Children (1883); Portraits (1884-85-86).
SARPEDON, Henri Leopold Levy, Lux- embourg Museum ; canvas, H. 10 ft x 7 ft. 9 in. Death and Sleep bearing to Jupiter the body of his son Sarpedon, slain at the siege of Troy (Iliad, Cap. xvi.). Salon, 1874.
SARTAIN, EMILY, born in Philadelphia in 1841. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of the Pennsylvania Academy in Philadel- phia, and four years of Luminais in Paris. Taught engraving by her father, John Sar- tain. Studio in Philadelphia. Works : Re- proof (1876) ; Marie (1882); Morning (1884).
SARTAIN, WILLIAM, born in Philadel- phia, Nov. 21, 1843. Landscape and genre painter, son of John Sartain, engraver ; studied under Yvon and Bonnat, and in the £cole des Beaux Arts, Paris. In 1870 sketched in Spain, England, Holland, Bel- gium, Germany, and Italy, and in 1874 in Algiers. First exhibited at Royal Academy, London, in 1875 ; at National Academy in 1876. Professor of life class of Art Stu- dents' League ; Member of Society of Amer- ican Artists. Elected an A.N.A. in 1880. Studio in New York. Works in oil : Italian Head (1876, S. Colman, N.A.); Street in Al- giers, Narcissus, Courtyard — Paris, 1878 ; View in Algiers (1879); Arab Sheik, Head of Nubian Girl, A Quiet Moment (1880) ; A'icha (1881) ; Arab Cemetery, Paquita (1883); Sandy Land near the Sea — Nonquitt, Mass. (1884) ; Lucia — near Algiers (1885). Water colours : Canal in Venice (1878); Arab Cafe (1880) ; View of the Ghetto— Venice (1881) ; Chapter from the Koran (1882).
SARTO, ANDREA DEL, born in Flor- ence, July 16, 1486, died there, Jan. 22, 1531. Florentine school ; real name Andrea d'An- gelo di Francesco, but called Del Sarto be- cause his father Angelo or Agnolo was a tailor (sarto). According to some, his fam- ily name was Vannucchi ; but this " never had any foundation in fact" (C. & C.). An- drea first studied with a goldsmith, then with Gian Barile, a poor painter, and lastly
(1498), with Piero di Cosimo, under whom he found time to copy the cartoons of Mi- chelangelo and of Leonardo da Vinci in the great hall of the Palazzo Vec- chio. He was as- sociated for a while with Francia Big- io. In 1509-10 he painted in the -, V7"^ court of SS. An- nunziata de Servi, Florence, five frescos illustrating the life of St. Philip, which won him the reputation of being one of the best fresco painters of his time. lu 1514 lie finished a Pro- cession of the Magi, in the Court of the Servi, and the Nativity of the Virgin, the latter of which is "on the highest level ever reached in fresco" (C. & C.). Equally great is the Holy Family called the Madonna del Sacco (1525), in the cloister of the SS. An- nunziata, and scarcely inferior are the Birth of St. John (1526), at the Scalzo, and the Last Supper (1526-27), in S. Salvi, Florence. Among Andrea's monochromes at the Scal- zo (1516-1526), the Sermon of St. John is especially remarkable. While engaged in painting frescos, Andrea produced many easel pictures no less worthy of praise. In 1518 he went at the invitation of Francis I. to France, and painted there, among other pictures, the Michelangelesque Charily, now in the Louvre. The next year Andrea re- turned to Florence to buy works of art for the King, but having used the money in- trusted to him in building a house for him- self, he dared not go back to France empty- handed, and remained in Florence secure from pursuit until the plague which followed the siege of that city in 1530. Charles Blanc calls Del Sarto the Raphael of Flor- ence, and says that if Raphael had never lived, Andrea del Sarto would have occupied the first place in art after Leonardo da Vin- ci and Michelangelo. Even in his own time he was called Andrea "senza errori" (An-
SARTO
drea the Faultless). His drawing is excel- lent, his modelling is always good, and his colouring has a freshness and a luminous transparency not found in any other painter of the Florentine school. His Madonnas are exquisite, some of them rivalling in love- liness even those of Raphael ; but their beauty is only a superficial beauty — they want depth of soul ; and this is why Andrea occupies a lower place in the history of art than that to which his great powers would seem at first to entitle him. Among his best easel pictures are : Four Saints and Two charming Angels holding a Scroll, Florence Academy ; Annunciation (2), Dispute about the Trinity (1517), Madonna with Saints, Holy Family (2), History of Joseph, Madonna in Glory and Saints (1525), Assumption (2), Deposition, John Baptist, Palazzo Pitti, Flor- ence ; Madonna delle Arpie (1517), St. James and Children, Portrait probably of himself, Uffizi, Florence ; Charity, Holy Family (2), Louvre ; Holy Family and Saints, St. Barbara, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg ; Madonna and Saints, Berlin Muse- seum ; Marriage of St. Catherine, Madonna with Cherubs, Sacrifice of Abraham, Dres- den Gallery ; Tobias and Angel, Field, Vi- enna Museum ; Sacrifice of Abraham, Holy Family, Madonna (3), Assumption, Female Portrait, Madrid Museum ; Holy Family, Portrait of del Sarto, National Gallery, Lon-
aly, 111. 542 ; Va-
63 ; ed. Le Mon., viii. 250 ; Dohme, lliii.; Ch. Blanc, . — ficole florentine ; AM2J/1R.FLO-FAC Segnier, 213 \
629, 633, 659; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 183 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1876), xiv. 465, et seq.
SARTO, ANDREA DEL, portrait, An- drea del Sarto, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. 10 in. ; signed.
Another in Uffizi, Florence. — Cat. Nat. Gal.
SARZANA, IL, born in Sarzana in 1589, died in Genoa in 1669. Genoese school ; real name Domenico Fiasella ; was taught design by his father, a goldsmith of Sar- zana ; spent ten years in Rome studying Raphael and other great masters, and be- came so eminent that he won the praises of Guido, and was chosen to assist the Cava- liere d'Arpino and Passignano in their works. On his return to Genoa he painted many pictures for churches, and conducted a flourishing school — Lanzi, iii. 257; Ch. Blanc, Jicole gcnoise ; Burckhardt, 768.
SASKIA VAN ULENBURGH, portrait, Rembrandt, Berlin Museum ; wood, H. 2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. 11 in.; signed, dated 1643.
Life-size, seated, with book in his hand. 1 364.
Saskia van Ulenburgh, Rembrandt, Cassel Gallery.
Rembrandt's first wife, to whom he was married, June 10, 1634. Bust, looking forward ; wearing a fur hat with a string of pearls around it, and a silk dress.— Bode, Studien, 456, 563 ; Meyer, Museen,
116
SASONOFF
By Rembrandt, Cassel Gallery ; wood, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 2 in. Profile view, half length, wearing a crimson velvet hat with feathers, and a silk robe, lace neckerchief, necklace, and ear-rings. Painted about 1633 -34. Formerly in Six Collection ; passed from Collection of Madame de Reuver to Cassel. Carried to Paris ; returned in 1815. Engraved by Oortman (1808) ; H. Dthier. Copy in Antwerp Museum. — Vosinaer, 48, 435 ; Smith, vii. 158 ; Musue franyais ; Bode, Studien, 417, 456, 566.
By Rembrandt, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 1 ft 10 in. x 1 ft. 7 in. ; signed, dated 1633. Standing, seen to knees ; in red hat and blue dresa In Royal Collection in 1722 ; placed in Dresden Gallery in 1826. Engraved by S. L. Raab. — Vosmaer, 433 ; Bode, Studien, 569.
By Rembrandt, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 9 in. ; signed, dated 1641. Seen to knees ; holds a red pink in her right hand. Formerly in Collection Araignon, Paris ; to Augustus in. in 1743, for 1,500 livres. Engraved by D. J. Pound ; lithographed by Hanfstilngl. — Vosmaer, 459 ; Bode, Studien, 569.
SASONOFF, WASSILY KONDRATIE- VICH ; contemporary. History painter, pu- pil of St. Petersburg Academy. Works : Hermit Theodorich blessing Son of Prin- cess Marfa ; Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy after Victory of Kulikowo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
SASSETTA See Stefano di Giovanni.
SASSOFERRATO, IL, born in Sassofer- rato, July 11, 1605, died in Rome, April 8, 1685. Roman school ; real name Giovan- ni Battista Salvi ; son and pupil of Tarquinio Salvi, - a mediocre paint- \\ er of Sassof errato ; > v went about 1629 to Naples, where he is sup- posed to have studied with Domenichino.
He afterwards studied and copied the works of the great masters in Rome, and became in some sort the rival of Carlo Dolci, devot- ing himself principally to painting Madon- nas and devotional pictures, in which sweet- ness of expression is carried to the extreme of insipidity. Their style is dissimilar, Dol- ci excelling him in strength of colour, and in fineness of pencil Sassoferrato's master- piece, the Madonna del Rosario, is in S. Sa- bina, Rome. Other works : Sorrowing Vir- gin, Uffizi ; Madonna, Brera ; do., Accade- niia di S. Luca, Rome ; do., Palazzo Bor- ghese, ib. ; Madonna with Angels, Vatican ; Madonna della Rosa, Turin Gallery ; Holy Family, Berlin Museum ; Madonna, Brus- sels Museum ; do. (2), Cassel Gallery ; Vir- gin Praying, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Madonna, Vienna Museum ; Madonna, As- sumption, Louvre ; Madonna (2), National Gallery, London ; Madonna (2), Hermitage. — Lanzi, i. 465 ; Ch. Blanc, I^colo ombri- enne ; Burckhardt, 660, 765, 770, 784, 795.
SATAN CALLING HIS LEGIONS, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Royal Academy, London. Subject from Milton's "Paradise Lost" (Book I.). Satan, though fallen, exhibits all the ferocious energy and violent dignity of his character, in strong contrast to his attendant, Beelzebub, whose figure is marked by dejection and despondence. Royal Acad- emy, 1797. — Gower, 41 ; Williams, Life of Sir T. L. (London, 1831), i. 170.
SATTERLEE, WALTER, born in New York, Jan. 18, 1844. Genre painter, gradu- ate of Columbia College, pupil of the Na- tional Academy and of Edwin White, and in Palis in 1878-79 of Leon Bonnat ; sketched in Italy, France, and Brittany, and painted several months in Rome. Is well known as an illustrator. First exhibited at the Na- tional Academy in 1868. Elected an A.N. A in 1878 ; Clarke prize, National Academy, 1886. Studio in New York. Works : Morn- ing among the Flowers (1870) ; Coquette of the Olden Time (1873); Out for a Ride (1874) ; His Eminence the Cardinal (1877) ; Contemplation (1878) ; Extremes Meet
117
SATYR
(1881) ; Convent Composer (1882) ; Turkey Girl, Votive Offering (1883) ; Far from the World Vain Thoughts Begone, Arab Sheik, Oh for the Wings of a Dove (1884). Water- colours : Solitaire, Old Ballads (1878) ; Two Sides of a Convent Wall, One of the Fates, Waiting for Fishing Fleet (1884) ; The Old Garden (1885) ; Festival of Flora, Winter Watering Place, The Cronies (1886).
SATYR AND PEASANT, Jacob Jordaens, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; canvas, trans- ferred from wood, H. 6 f t. x 6 ft. 3 in. Il- lustration of an old fable. A traveller, be- numbed with cold, having entered the house
Satyr and Peasant, Jacob Jordaens, Old Pinakothek, Munich.
of a satyr as the latter was about to sit down with his family to his meal, was invited to partake ; but when the satyr saw him blow his fingers to warm them and his porridge to cool it, he turned his guest out of doors, saying he would not entertain one who could blow both hot and cold. Formerly in Dusseldorf Gallery ; replicas in Amster- dam and Brussels Museums. Engraved by James Neef ; Lucas Vorsterman. — R6veil, xi. 766.
SATYRS, picture. See Ariston, Nico- machus, Protogenes, Timanthes.
SAURIAS, Greek painter, of Samos, early period. According to Athenagoras (Legat. pro. Christ., 14) he invented the first step in the art of drawing, by tracing the out- line of the shadow of a horse in the sun.
SAUTAI, PAUL EMELE, born at Amiens, Jan. 29, 1842. Genre painter, pupil of Ro- bert-Fleury, Jules Lefebre, and of £cole des Beaux Arts. Medals : 1870 ; 2d class, 1875 ; 3d class, 1878. Works : The Sacred Stair- case in 1868, Prison of Subiaco, Pilgrims before a Chapel (1870); Fra Angelico Paint- ing (1872) ; Sacred Door of St. John Late- rau, Chapel of Acheropita in Rome (1873) ; Day before an Execution in Rome (1875), Luxembourg Museum ; St. Bonaventura (1878), Nantes Museum ; Dante in Exile, St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1880) ; Fra An- gelico, Interior of Church of Lavardin (1882), Luxembourg Museum ; Door of Church (1883) ; Prayer (1884).
SAUZAY, ADRIEN, born in Paris ; con- temporary. Landscape painter, pupil of Jules Andre and of Pasini. Medal, 3d class, 1881. Works : Views in Normandy, on Banks of the Seine, and around Paris (1863-78) ; Road of Pont-de 1'Arche at Cri- quebceuf (1874), Havre Museum ; End of Autumn (1879) ; Pond of Villiers, Honfleur and Villerville (1880) ; Saint-Jean Lande at Douarnenez, Hamlet of Plomarc'h (1881) ; Pond of Vaugoing (1882); Coursimont Farm — Sologne, Breton Woman in Port of Bafleur — Manche (1883).— Bellier, ii. 471.
SAVERY, ROELANT, bom at Courtrai in 1576, died at Utrecht in 1639. Flemish school ; landscape and animal painter, broth- er and pupil of Jacques Savery, the young- er ; went early to Germany under the pat- ronage of Emperor Rudolf H, who sent him to study for two years in the Tyrolese Alps, and for whom he painted many land- scapes in the Prague Gallery. After Ru- dolf's death in 1612 he settled in Utrecht, where he entered the guild in 1627. Works : Orpheus charming the Animals, National Gallery, London ; do. (1623), Amsterdam Museum ; do., Hague Museum ; do., Ber- lin Museum ; do., Darmstadt Museum ; do., Utrecht Museum ; do., Hermitage, St. Pe- tersburg ; do., and Rocky Landscape (1610), Paradise (1628), Woodland, do. (1609), Land- scape with Birds (1621), Orpheus trying to
118
SAVIOUR
move Pluto by his Music, Vienna Museum ; Lake in the Woods, Bamberg Gallery ; Hunter and Boar (1610), Landscapes with Euins (1614, 1618), Noah's Ark (1620), four other Landscapes (1620, 1625), Dresden
Gallery ; Boar Hunt, Munich Gallery. — Fdtis, Les artistes beiges, ii. 88 ; Kramm, v. 1474 ; Michiels, vi. 165.
SAVIOUR, THE (II Salvatore), Titian, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 6^ in. x 2 ft. Half-length, with arms folded ; background, a landscape. Painted early,
The Saviour, Titian, Palazzo Pittf, Florence,
for Francesco Maria della Rovere, Duke of Urbino ; passed to the Medici as part of dowry of the Grand Duchess Vittoria della Rovere. Taken to Paris in 1799 ; returned in 1816. Copy in Christ Church Gallery, Oxford. Engraved by Martelli. — Gal. du PaL Pitti, i. PI. 107 ; C. & C., Titian, ii. 417 ; Landon, Musee, xiv. PI. 22.
SAVIOUR IN THE TEMPLE, William Holman Hunt, Manchester Art Gallery.
Our Saviour found disputing with the doc- tors in the Temple. Jesus, a brown-haired, blue-eyed boy, in a pink and purple striped frock, stands before the doctors, who are grouped in a semicircle at left, the blind High Priest holding the rolls of the Law ; Mary, with her brow pressed against the Child's with an expression of anxiety, has her hand on his shoulder as if to draw him away ; Joseph, in a crimson turban, stands behind. Exhibited in I860, after five years' labour, eighteen months of which were spent in Jerusalem ; sold to Mr. Gambart for £5,500. Engraved by Aug. Blanchard from drawing by Moselli (Gambart sale, 1871, 120 guineas).— Art Journal (1860), 182 ; (1868), 100 ; Athenaeum, April, 1860, 549.
SAVOLDO, GLYN' GIROLAMO, called Girolamo Bresciauo, born at Brescia about 1480, died in Venice (?) after 1548. Veneto- Brescian school ; his style had something in common with that of Moretto, but usual- ly less dignified. A long residence in Ven- ice enabled him to enter into the spirit of the great Venetian masters, but he preferred to treat night or sunset scenes and sacred genre. It is difficult to find his works un- der their true name, most of them being ascribed to Bellini, Titian, Pordenone, Del Piombo, Giorgione, and others. Works : Nativity, S. Barnaba, Brescia ; Portrait of Qaston de Foix (?), Louvre ; Madonna with Saints, Brera, Milan ; Transfiguration, Uf- fizi, Florence ; Adoration of Shepherds, Pa- lazzo Pitti, Florence ; do., Holy Family, Turin Gallery ; Venetian Girl, Berlin Mu- seum ; Entombment, Vienna Museum ; Mary Magdalen at Sepulchre, National Gal- lery, London.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 418 ; Burckhardt, 733 ; Ltlbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 621.
SAVONANZI, EMILIO, born in Bologna, June 19, 1580, died at Camerino in 1660. Bolognese school ; of a noble, wealthy fam- ily, and a soldier until his twenty-sixth year, when he devoted himself to art. Studied with Cremonini, Calvart, the Carracci, Guer- cino, and Guido ; painted chiefly at Aucona
119
SAVONAROLA
and Camerino, where he left many works. Charles Blanc says he had three styles, a good, a mediocre, and a detestable. Among his best works are : Marriage of St. Cath- erine, S. Filippo, Camerino, and Madonna at foot of Cross, La Santa, Bologna. — Mal- vasia, i. 228 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ; Gualandi, 64.
SAVONAROLA, portrait, Fra Bartolom- meo, Florence Academy ; wood, H. 1 ft. 10 in. x 1 ft. 4 in. Savonarola allegorically rep- resented in the guise of Peter Martyr, with blood streaming from a wound in his head. Painted at Pian' di Mugnone before 1498 ; passed from the Ospizio della Maddalena to Convent of S. Marco, Florence, and to Academy. Engraved by Chiossone. — Va- sari, ed. Mil., iv. 179 ; Gall, dell' Accad. di Firenze, PL 55 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 433.
By Fra llartolommeo, heirs of E. Rubieri, Florence. Painted in Florence in 1495, and sent to Ferrara ; taken back to Florence by Filippo Salviati, who gave it to Dominican nuns of S. Vincenzo, Prato ; their convent suppressed in 1810, and picture finally bought by Sig. Rubieri. The earliest ex- tant work of Fra Bartolommeo. — C. &'C., Italy, iii. 432 ; Rubieri, Ritratto di Fra Gi- rolamo (Florence, 1855) ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 179 ; Rio, de 1'Art Chretien, ii. 501.
SAXE, MARSHAL, AND STAFF, Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier, D. O. Mills, New York. The marshal and his officers riding along a road in a sunny landscape ; at right, a shepherd in coutadino costume pasturing his flock. — Art Treasures of America, ii. 109.
SAXONY, ELECTOR OF, portrait. See John Frederick.
SCARPAZA or SCARPACCIA. See Oar- paccio.
SCARSELLA, IPPOLITO, and SIGIS- MONDO. See Scarsellino.
SCARSELLINO, LO, born at Ferrara in 1551, died there, Oct. 23, 1621. Lombard school ; real name Ippolito Scarsella ; son and pupil of Sigismondo Scarsella (1530- 1614), called Mondino, who was a scholar of Paolo Veronese. Ippolito afterwards
painted two years in Bologna, and studied the works of Paolo Veronese in Venice. On his return to Ferrara he won fame and riches by his works, which were in demand in Mantua, Modena, Bologna, and other cities ; but most of his pictures are in Fer- rara. Among his best examples are : Judg- ment of Paris, Uffizi, Florence ; Assump- tion, Marriage at Cana, Beheading of St. John, Madonna della Misericordia, Noli me Tangere, Ferrara Gallery ; Flight into Egypt, Madonna and St. Joseph, Madonna and Saints, do., Dresden Gallery ; Child Jesus and St. John, Munich Gallery ; Vir- gin and Child, Brussels Museum. — Ch. Blanc, £cole ferraraise ; Lanzi, iii. 207.
SCHADOW, FELIX, born in Berlin, June 21, 1819, died there, June 25, 1861. Genre painter, step-brother of the follow- ing, pupil in 1838-39 of Julius Hiibner, then in Dresden of Eduard Bendemann ; returned to Berlin, where he assisted in painting Schinkel's frescos in the old Mu- seum, and after his father's death painted in his house a cycle in fresco, illustrating
Gottfried Schadow's life. Works : Adorn- ing the Bride (1858), Schwerin Gallery ; Diana (I860).— Schlie, 63.
SCHADOW (Schadow-Godenhaus), FRIEDRICH W I L H E L M VON, Dr., born in Berlin, Sept. 6, 1789,diedinD(is- seldorf, March 19, 1862. His- tory and portrait painter, son and pupil of the sculptor, Gott- fried Schadow, and pupil of Weitsch, then copied for one year in the Potsdam Gallery ; served in the army in 1806-7, studied in Rome in 1810-19, was closely allied with
120
SCIIAEFELS
Cornelius, Overbook, and Veit, and became an enthusiastic follower of religious art and (1814) a convert to Roman Catholicism. Made professor at the Berlin Academy in 1819, he won great renown as a teacher, and in 1826 became director of the DUsseldorf Academy, which he thoroughly reorganized, its brilliant success being identified with his name. Resigned in 1859. He founded the Art Union for Westphalia in 1829, visit- ed Rome and Naples in 1840, and was en- nobled in 1843, with the permission to add to his name that of his estate, Godenhaus. Ph.D., University of Bonn,1842 ; Member of Berlin Academy and of Institut de France ; Order of Red Eagle. Works : Regina Cce- lis, (1810-19), Suermondt Museum, Aix-la- Chapelle ; Holy Family, Munich Gallery ; Roman Woman ; Camaldolensian Monk ; Bacchanal (1819), Proscenium, New The- atre, Berlin ; Adoration of the Magi (1824), Garnisonskirche, ib. ; The Four Evangelists, Werder Church, ib.; Female Portrait (1832), Walk to Emmaus (1836), Union of Painting and Sculpture (Thorwaldsen, Schadow, and his brother Rudolf), National Gallery, ib.; A Templar (1832) ; Daughter of Herodias (1838), Raczynski Gallery, ib.; Free-Born Poetry (1825) ; Mignon (1828) ; Caritas (1830), Antwerp Museum ; Wise and Fool- ish Virgins (1838), Studel Gallery, Frank- fort ; Heavenly and Earthly Love (1840) ; Pietas et Vanitas (1841) ; Holy Family, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Heaven, Purga- tory, and Hell (after Dante); many masterly portraits, among them those of his Children, of the poet Immermaun, and of Mendels- sohn. Frescos : Jacob with Joseph's Bloody Coat, Joseph in Prison (1818), Casa Bar- tholdi, Rome.— Art Journal (1865), 69 ; FOrster, iv. 220 ; v. 273, 343 ; Hagen, D. Kunst., etc.; Hilbner, Schadow und seine Schule (Bonn, 1869) ; Jordan (1885), ii. 193 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex. (1878), xiv. 196 ; Milller, Ddsseldf. K., 12, 19 ; Nagler, xv. 90 ; Riegel, Gesch. des Wiederauflebens der d. K., 276, 331 ; Spring- er, Gesch., 91 ; Wiegmann, 64.
w
SCHAEFELS, HENRI, born in Ant- werp ; contemporary. Genre and marine painter. Order of Leopold. Works : Louis XIV. at Versailles (1853), Leipsic Museum ; Encouraged and Discouraged (1853) ; Bat- tle of the Sluice (1860); Battle of Trafalgar, Antwerp Museum ; Capture of Fleet before Lisbon in 1572.— Muller, 460.
SCHAEPKENS, ALEXANDER, born at Maastricht in 1815. Landscape painter, pupil of Antwerp and (1835-37) Brussels Academies, then studied in Paris after the old Dutch masters in the Louvre. Member of Amsterdam Academy. Order of Oaken Crown, 1857. Works :*St. Arnulf in Pray- | er ; best pictures in Collections of Baroness van Dopf, Maastricht, Countess von Ge- loes, Elsloo, and H. Geefs, Brussels.— Kramm, v. 1451.
SCHAEPKENS, THEODOOR, born at I Maastricht in 1810. History painter, broth- I er of preceding, pupil of Antwerp Academy ! under M. van Bree ; visited France, Italy, | and Germany. Works : St. Servatius, Ca- thedral, Maastricht ; St. Lambert in Prayer, Notre Dame, ib. ; Industry and City of Maas- tricht, City Hall, ib.; St. Philomena, Ant- werp Cathedral ; Murder of Spaniards at Maastricht in 1579, National Museum, Brus- ' sels ; Death of Evrard t' Serclaes. — Imuier- zeel, iii. 56 ; Kramm, v. 1453.
SCHAFFER, ADALBERT, born at Nagy Karoly, Hungary, in 1815, died in Ddssel- dorf, March 1, 1871. Still-life painter; studied in Pesth and Vienna. Works : Pitcher, Glass, Oysters, etc., on Marble Table (1849), Vienna Museum ; Antique Vessels with Flowers and Fruits (1852) ; do. from Ambras Collection (1856) ; Gar- laud with Madonna (1866). — Wurzbach, xxix. 44.
SCHAFFER, AUGUST, born in Vienna, April 30, 1833. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Steinfeld ; stud- ied nature in Austrian and Bavarian Alps, in Hungary, North Italy, and on the North Sea. Member of Vienna Academy. Med- als : Strasburg, 1859 ; Nassau. Works :
121
SCIIAFFNER
Woodland in Carpathian Mountains (1857), Art Union, Vienna ; Lonely Lake (1863) ; Sea Coast, Autumn in Hungarian Forest (1864), Eeturn from World's Fair (1873), Museum, ib.; Autumn (1868), Academy, ib. — Wurzbach, xxix. 46 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ix. (Mittheilungen, ii. 28) ; Graph. K, i. 6, 32.
SCHAFFNER, MARTIN, flourished in TJlm about 1500-35. German school ; his- tory and portrait painter, perhaps a pupil of Zeitblom, and after him the most emi- nent artist of the school of TJlm. He was a realist, and especially successful in portrait- ure. Works : Portrait of Count Oettingen (1508), do. of mathematician Peter Appian, Annunciation (1523), Presentation in the Temple, Descent of the Holy Ghost, Death of the Virgin (all 1524), Pieta, Old Pinako- thek, Munich ; Christ's Passion (4, 1515), Augsburg Gallery ; Christ's Entry into Jerusalem, three other scenes in Life of Christ, Schleissheim Gallery ; six do., Ho- henzollern Museum, Sigmaringen ; SS. Peter and Paul (1518), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Altai- Wings (1521), Two Portraits (1516 and 1530), TJlm Cathedral ; Adoration of the Magi, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Por- traits of Six Kneeling Figures (1514), En- tombment (1510), Descent to Hell, Resur- rection (1516), Descent of the Holy Ghost (1519), Archaeological Union, Stuttgart ; Six Saints, Berlin Museum ; two do., Stuttgart Museum ; Madonna, Liechtenstein Gallery,
Vienna. — Ch.
AA C AA ^ W Blanc, Ecole S ^J / \ J allemande;
Heideloff, Kunst des Mittelalters in Schwa- ben, 119 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 220 ; Nagler, Mon., iv. 670 ; Schnaase, viii. 432 ; W. & W., ii. 453.
SCHALCKEN, GODFRIED, born in Dordrecht in 1643, died at The Hague, Nov. 16, 1706. Dutch school ; genre painter, pu- pil of Samuel van Hoogstraten, and Gerard Dou ; visited England, and there executed small portraits, among them that of William HI, with much success. Occasionally paint-
ed historical pictures, but his best works are genre subjects, lighted by artificial light. Works: Lesbia weigh- ing Jewels against her Sparrow, Old Woman scouring Ket- tle, Duet, Officer pre- senting Jewellery to Lady, National Gal- lery, London ; Le Roi detrousse, Painter and his Family, Young Girl with
Candle, Buckingham Palace, ib.; Smoker by Candle Light, Mr. Hope, ib. ; Male Por- trait, Mr. Baring, ib.; Ceres with Torch seeking Proserpine, Two Women by Can- dle-Light, Old Man Writing, Louvre ; Young Man melting Wax, Brussels Museum ; Lady at Toilet, Useless Remonstrance, Consulta- tion, Venus with Doves, Portrait of William IH. (1699), Hague Museum ; Girl putting Candle into Lantern, Man Smoking, Boy eating an Egg, Evei-y One after his own Fancy, Portrait of William HI., two other Portraits, Amsterdam Museum ; Old Lady's Portrait (1677), Suermondt Museum, Aix- la-Chapelle ; Male Portrait, Girl with Coal Basin, Young Man with Plaster Mask, Bruns- wick Gallery ; Bathers, Warrior undressed for Bath, Rommelpot Player, Carlsruhe Gal- lery ; The Magdalen (2), Venus and Cupid (2), Artist's Wife, Old Man, Cassel Gallery ; Magdalen Penitent, Cologne Museum ; do., Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Holy Fam- ily at Evening Prayer, Sealing a Letter, Fishermen, Juno vexed at her Image, Gal- lery, Copenhagen ; Salome with Head of St. John, Moltke Collection, ib. ; Lighting his Pipe, Portrait of WTilliam IH., Darm- stadt Museum ; Fortune Teller, Gotha Mu- seum ; Girl trying to blow out Taper, Wise and Foolish Virgins (1700), Magdalen, Holy Family, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Holy Family, Portrait of an Electress (1703), Schleissheim Gallery ; Boy and Girl (1682), three others, Schwerin Gallery : A Hermit, Stuttgart Museum ; Girl reading Letter,
122
SCHAMPHELEEK
Girl holding Candle, Artist lighting up Bust of Venus, Girl holding Egg against Light, Old Woman with Book on her Lap, Dresden Gallery ; Young Fisherman, Berlin Mu- seum ; Girl placing Candle in Lantern, Old Man Reading, Vienna Museum; Barber shaving himself, Hermitage, St Petersburg ; Art- ist's Portrait, His- torical Society, New York.— Ch. Blanc, I5cole hol- landaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 58 ; Kramm, v. 1454; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 410; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 336.
SCHAMPHELEER, EDMOND DE, born in Brussels in 1824. Landscape painter, pupil of E. de Block. Gold medals : Dun- kirk, 1864 ; Brussels, 1866 ; Berlin, 1872, 1876 ; Paris, 1877. Works : The Old Rhine near Gouda, Brussels Museum ; Evening Landscape (1853), Hamburg Gallery ; Har- vest, Stettin Museum ; Summer Evening on Banks of Dyle ; Landscape after Storm ; Sunday Morning in Village in Brabant ; Abcoude Lake near Amsterdam (1883). — Leixner, Mod. K., i. 85 ; ii. 113.
SCHAMS, FRANZ, born in Vienna in 1823. Genre painter, pupil of Vienna Acad- emy. Works : Duke Henry IV. as Minne- singer recognized by the Tyrolese (1851), Vienna Museum ; Summons to Crusade (1858) ; Scene in Life of Joseph H. (1860) ; Important News (1862) ; Baptism (1869) ; Schiller reading " The Robbers " ; We want to marry each other ! — Wurzbach, xxix. 113.
SCHANCHE, HERMAN, born at Bergen, Norway, in 1829. Landscape painter, pupil of Dilsseldorf Academy under Gude ; trav- elled in Germany, Scandinavia, and Portu- gal. Best pictures in Christiania Gallery, and Stockholm Museum.
SCHAUBROEK (Schoebroek), PIETER, born in Antwerp in 1542 (?), died after 1605. Flemish school ; history and land- scape painter, pupil and imitator of Jan
Brueghel ; lived in Nuremberg in 1597. Works: St. John Preaching, Brunswick Gallery ; Burning of Troy, Cassel Gallery ; Village View, Copenhagen Gallery ; Land- scape (1604), Schleissheim Gallery ; Burn- ing of Troy (1605), Vienna Museum.— Rie- gel, Beitriige, ii. 87.
SCHAUFELIN (Schauffelein, Scheufelin, Scheyffelin), HANS LEONHARD, born in Nuremberg before 1490, died at Niird- lingen in 1539 or 1540. German school ; history painter, pupil of Diirer, whom he assisted in an altarpiece executed in 1502, and whose manner he imitated so well that many of his numerous pictures have been accredited to his master. He lived alter- nately in Augsburg (1512), Nuremberg, and Niirdlingen, where he was finally induced to settle. Works: Pietfi (1510), Passion of Christ (1522), Basle Museum ; Four Scenes in Life of a Martyr, St. Jerome in a Grotto, Bamberg Gallery ; Last Supper (1511), Christ parting with his Mother, Berlin Mu- seum; Crucifixion (1515), Presentation in the Temple, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Christ appear- ing to Magdalen, Adoration of the Lamb, Cassel Gallery ; Death of the Virgin, Apos- tles Thomas and James, Cologne Museum ; Scenes from Lives of Christ and Mary, Christ on Mount of Olives (1516), Head of Christ, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Christ on the Cross (1508), Judith and Holoferues (1515), St. Bridget, Two Scenes in Life of St. Onofrius, St. Jerome, Liberation of Peter, Burial of the Virgin, Germanic Mu- seum, Nuremberg ; several in the churches, ib. ; Scourging of Christ, Leipsic Museum ; Christ on the Cross, Ecce Homo, Christ on Mount of Olives, Portrait of an Abbot (1531), Schleissheim Gallery ; Christ Cruci- fied, and the Joys of the World (?) Schwerin Gallery ; Judith and Holofernes (1515), Siege of Bethulia, St. Barbara, St. Eliza- beth, Christ parting from his Mother (1515), Pieta (1516), Assumption (1521), and others, Town Hall, Nordlingen ; Pieta, St. George's, ib.; Altarpiece in 16 panels (1513), Convent Church, Anhauseu ; Last
SCHAUFELIN
des Mittelalt. in (Crowe), i. 177;
Supper, Adoration of the Lamb (1538), Ulm Cathedral ; Male Portrait, Vienna Mu-
HA £ seum.— Ch. Blanc, jK* fieole allemande; *" <^V» Keane, Early Masters, 158; Heideloff, K. Schwaben, 120 ; Kugler Nagler, Mon., iii. 561 ; Thausing (Eaton), DUrer, i. 173 ; W. & W., ii. 401 ; Zeitschr. f. B. K., ii. 244.
SCHAUFELIN, HANS, the younger, bom at Nordlingen, whence he removed to Frei- burg, in 1543, died (?). German school ; son of Hans Leonhardin Schaufelin, to whom some of his paintings are wrongly attributed. Works: Female portrait (1568), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg. — Nagler, Mon., iii. 582 ; W. & W., ii. 403.
SCHAUMANN, HEINRICH, born at Tu- bingen, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 2, 1841. Genre painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art School under Rustige, Neher, and Funk ; removed in 1864 to Munich, whence he repeatedly vis- ited England, France, the Netherlands, and Italy. Many of his works are in England and America. Medal for Art and Science. Works: Monkey playing with Dog, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Invitation to Wed- ding in Suabia, St. Gall Museum ; Festi- val at Cannstadt (1877), Stuttgart Museum ; Election Agitation (1882). — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 833 ; Miiller, 462.
SCHAUSS, FERDINAND, born in Ber- lin in 1832. Genre, figure, and portrait painter, pupil of Steffeck, and in Paris of Cogniet ; visited England, Holland, Bel- gium, Italy, and Spain, studying especially the portraits by the old masters. Became professor at the Weimar Art School, in 1873, but returned to Berlin in 1876. His female and children's portraits are distinguished for delicate colouring and refined treat- ment. Works ; Callisto and Diana (1870, bought by Austrian Government), Dryad ; Genevieve ; Leander ; Still-life, Ravene Gal- lery, Berlin. — Miiller, 463 ; Rosenberg. Berl. Malersch., 229 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 107, 214.
SCHEBUJEFF, WASSILY KOSMICH, born at Cronstadt in 1776, diedin 1855. His- tory painter, pupil of St. Petersburg Acad- emy, and studied in Rome in 1803-7. Pro- fessor and rector of the Academy. Works : Death of Hippolytus; Assumption (1807) St. John in the Desert (1810), Patriot Igolkine (1839), Hermitage, St. Petersburg. SCHEFFER, ARY, born at Dordrecht, Feb. 10, 1797, died at Argenteuil, June 15, 1858. History and portrait painter, son of Johann Baptist Scheffer ; pupil of Guerin. Sympathiz- ing neither with the classic school repre- sented by his master, nor with the roman- tic led by Gericault and Delacroix, Scheffer took up a class of subjects which showed his sympathy with the cause of freedom, such as the Suliote Women, an episode of the Greek war, and the Battle of Morat. Influenced by Ingres, he sought and obtained greater purity of form, and painted subjects from Goethe and Byron. In 1836 he was appointed art in- structor to the Orleans family, and directed the studies of the Princess Marie in sculpt- ure. In 1836 he accompanied the Due d' Orleans and General Bandrand, whose widow he afterwards married, to the siege of Antwerp, and after his return painted several military episodes for Versailles. Be- tween 1835 and 1848 he produced his great- est works, the Christus Consolator and Ju- dex, the Francesca and the Mignons. When the Revolution broke out Scheffer assisted the King and his family in their escape from Paris, and then went to Holland and England for rest. The coup d'etat of 1852, which gave Louis Napoleon the throne, was a blow to his hopes which finally disgusted him with politics, from which he withdrew altogether. Five years later, after a last visit to England, he lost his friends Manin
124
SCHEFFER
and the Duchcsse d'Orleans, to whom he was much attached. After attending the funeral of the latter he returned much broken to France, and shortly after died. In his earlier pictures Scheffer showed his sympathy with human suffering ; in those of his second period his love for the elevat- ing influences of the great poets; in his third his faith in the Christian religion, and his aspirations to a higher life. The works of his middle period, the Christ in the Gar- den (1839), the Macbeth, and the Fraucesca, are vigorous and deep in colour, while those of a later period, the Beatrice, the Tempta- tion, etc., are pale and somewhat monot- onous in tone. In both, however, there is a depth of feeling and a purity of senti- ment which characterized the man no less than the painter. Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1825. Works: Abel and Thirza (1812) ; Death of St. Louis (1817) ; Con- valescent Mother (1818), Pereire Collection, Paris ; Patriotism of Six Citizens of Calais, Socrates defending Alcibiades at Potidea (1819); The Tempest (1820); Soldier's Widow (1821) ; Young Orphans ; Christen- ing ; Burning of a Farm House ; The Shades of Francesca da Rimini and her Lover appearing to Dante and Virgil (1821) ; St. Louis visiting the Plague-Stricken (1822) ; Seaman's Family (1823) ; Baptism (1823), King of the Belgians ; Little Wood- cutter ; Return Home ; Mother with Two Children mourning (1824), Kiinigsberg Mu- seum ; War Scene in Alsace in 1814, Burial of young Fisherman (1824) ; Death of Geri- cault (1824), Louvre ; St. Thomas Aquinas encouraging People in a Storm at Sea (1824), Church of St. Thomas, Paris ; Gas- ton de Foix found among the Dead at Ra- venna (1824), Versailles Museum ; Greek Girls Praying to the Madonna, Last of the Missolonghi Garrison (1826) ; Suliote Wom- en (1827), Eberhard the Weeper (1831), Louvre ; Charlemagne submitting his first Capitularies to the Assembly of the Franks (1827), Charlemagne and Wittikind, Ver- sailles Museum ; Battle of Morat, Sister of
Charity (1829) ; Leonora (1829) ; Fhuxt in his Study, Marguerite at the Spinning Wheel (1831), Baroness Rothschild, Paris ; Christ and the Children (1830, 1840) ; Martha and Marguerite (1830), King of the Belgians ; The Due d'Orleans (Louis Philippe) receiv- ing the First Hussars (2, 1831), Versailles Museum ; Marguerite at Church (1832), Samuel Ashton, London ; The Giaour (1832); Medora (1833) ; Ahasuerus (1834) ; Fran- cesca da Rimini (1834), Sir Richard Wal- lace, London ; replica (1855), Mme. Mar- joliu Scheffer ; Mignon regretting her Country (1836), Duchesso d'Ayeu ; Chrislus Consolator (1837), Museum Fodor, Amster- dam ; Victory of Clovis at Tolbiac in 49G (1837) ; Marguerite leaving Church (1838), Samuel Ashton, London ; The King of Thule (1838) ; Christ on Mount of Olives, Mignon aspiring to Heaven (1839), Du- chesse d'Ayen ; Charitable Child (1840), Nantes Museum ; Annunciation to the Shep- herds (1841); The Three Magi (1844), Princess Caroline Wittgenstein, Weimar ; Mignon and the Harper (1844), Queen of England ; Entombment, Mater Dolorosa (1845) ; Christ and the Holy Women, Christ bearing the Cross (1846) ; St. Au- gustine and St. Monica (1846), National Gallery, London ; Faust and Marguerite in the Garden, Faust's Vision (1846), Sam- uel Ashton, London ; The Holy Women returning from the Tomb (1847), Comte de Paris ; Cliristux Remunerator (1847) ; Heav- enly and Earthly Love, St. John writing the Apocalypse (1850) ; Magdalen in Ecstasy (1851) ; Ruth and Naomi (1855) ; St. Au- gustine and St. Monica (1855), Tempta- tion of Christ (1856), Louvre ; Jacob and Rachel, Ecce Homo, Christ and St. John, Kiss of Judas (1857) ; Ibust with the Cup (1858), Count Kucheleff ; Marguerite at the Fountain (1858), Sir Richard Wallace, Lon- don ; Figure of Calvin (1858) ; The Earthly Sorrows rising to Heaven (1858, last work), Mme. Marjolin Scheffer ; The Magdalen at the Foot of the Cross, Marseilles Museum ; A Philosopher, Montpellier Museum ; Death
iv.-,
SCHEFFER
of Eurydice, Galerie Chambert, Blois ; Greek Exiles on a Rock looking toward their lost Country, Museum Fodor, Am- sterdam ; Count Eberhard of Wtlrtemberg cutting the Table-Cloth, Eberhard the Weeper, Rotterdam Museum ; Giving Alms, Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Dante and Be- atrice, Mr. Hemming ; Christ weeping over Jerusalem, Mr. Robert Barnes ; Return of the Prodigal Son ; Christ Teaching Humil- ity, Mr. John Aikin. Portraits : Boranger (1828) ; Odilon Barrot (1832) ; Duchess of Elchingen (1832) ; Artist's Mother (1835- 39) ; Marshal Ney, Duke of Elchingen (183G) ; Artist (1838) ; Franz Lizst (1839) ; Madame Heine (1841) ; Rossini (1843) ; Lammenais (1845); Madame Guizot(1847) ; Henri Martin (1850) ; LordDufferin (1853) ; Princess Wittgenstein (1855) ; Manini (1857).— Art Journal (1858), 223, 252, 370 ;
Bellier, ii. 474 ; Ch. Blanc, I5cole francaise ; Ch. Lenormant, Ary Scheffer (Paris, 1859) ; do., Beaux Arts et Voyages, i. 278 ; A. Etex, Ary Scheffer (Paris, 1859) ; J. Canonge, Pradier et Ary Scheffer (1858) ; Hofstede de Groot, Ary Scheffer (Bielefeld, 1870) ; Mrs. Grote, Memoir ; Hamerton, French Painters, 42 ; Immerzeel, iii. 62 ; Kramm, v. 1458 ; Larousse, xiv. 341 ; Perrier, Etudes, 80 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), i. 129 ; ii. 126 ; iii. 40 ; C. C. Perkins, American Church Re- view, April, 1872.
SCHEFFER, JOHANN BAPTIST, born at Mannheim in 1773, died at Amsterdam in 1809. History and portrait painter, pu- pil of Tischbein ; went early to Holland and settled at Dordrecht. In 1809 he won the competitive prize for historical painting, with his Admiral Jacob Simon sz de Ryk in Prison. Works : Interior, Rotterdam Mu- seum ; Emperor Joseph II, Three other Male Portraits, Darmstadt Museum.
SCHEFFER, HENRI, born at The Hague, Sept. 27, 1798, died in Paris, March 15, 1861.
1 French school ; history and genre painter, brother of Ary Scheffer and pupil of Gue- rin. L. of Honour, 1837. Works : Don Juan Asleep in Haidee's Lap (1825) ; Char- lotte Corday protected from the Mob (1830); Unfortunate Family (1830), Ki'migsberg Mu- seum ; A Protestant Preacher (1831); Mme. Scheffer and her Children (1847) ; Dream of Charles IX. (1855); Battle of Cassel, Joan of Arc entering Orleans, Versailles Museum ; Portraits of Carrel (1830), Arago (1837), and Thierry (1840) ; The First Born, Rotterdam Museum ; etc. — Bellier, ii. 475 ; Revue des Deux Mondes (1843), ii. 271.
SCHEFFER VON LEONHARDSHOFF, JOHANN, Ritter, born in Vienna, Oct. 30, 1795, died there, June 12, 1822. His- tory painter, pupil of Kreithner, an inferior painter ; was sent to Italy by Prince Salm- Reifferscheid in 1815 and 1817, when he painted Pope Pius VH. ; and visited Rome again in 1820, where he was befriended by Overbeck, whom he had taken for his mod- el. Works : St. Cecilia playing the Organ, St. Ludovico (1820) ; St. Cecilia bewailed by Angels (1821), Vienna Museum. — Andre- sen, iii. 80 ; Wurzbach, xxix. 49.
SCHEIB, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, born at Worms in 1737, died at Hamburg in 1810. Genre painter, pupil of Johann Konrad Seekatz, whom he imitated success- fully ; travelled through France, and settled in Hamburg, where he died in the poor- house. Works : Conflagration at Night in a Village (2), Schwerin Gallery.— Schlie, 570.
SCHEINS, KARL LUDWIG, born at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1808, died at Diissel- dorf, Oct. 23, 1879. Landscape painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Jo- hann Wilhelm Schirmer ; painted mostly woodland and mountain scenes of a mel- ancholy character, somewhat monotonous in composition, but original and lively in treat- ment. Works : Winter Landscape witli Fig- ures, Diisseldorf Gallery ; do., Leipsic Mu- seum ; Fir Wood in Black Forest (1852) ; Winter Scene in Evening Light (1855) ; Moonlight (1857).
1S6
SCIIEITS
SCHEITS (Scheutz), MATHIAS, born at Hamburg about 1640, died there in 1700. Dutch school ; history and genre painter, pupil at Haarlem of Philip Wouwermans, later formed himself after Ostade, Teniers, and Pieter van Laar. Works : Peasant Fam- ily at Dinner, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Re- bekah and Eliezer at the Well, Musical En- tertainment, Battle Scene, Schwerin Gal- lery ; Battle Scene, Gottingen University ;
Male Portrait, Cassel Gallery. — Hamburger K. Lex., 217 ; Nagler, xv. 171.
SCHELFHOUT, ANDREAS, born at The Hague, Feb. 16, 1787, died there, April 19, 1870. Landscape painter, pupil of Breckenheimer, and one of the most cele- brated and prolific modern mastera Member of Amster- '7S K '
dam, Brussels, Ghent, and Hague Acad- emies. Order of Lion, 1839 ; do. of Leo- pold, 1845 ; medals at Antwerp, Brussels, Ghent, and The Hague. Works : Winter Landscape (1815) ; Frozen River with Skat- ers (1823), Ghent Museum ; Landscapes (3), Amsterdam Museum ; Landscapes and Ma- rines (14), Fodor Museum, Amsterdam ; Coast View, Winter Landscape, Scheven- ingen at Sunset, Rotterdam Museum ; Win- ter Landscape, Ghent Museum ; do., Rac- zynski Gallery, Berlin ; do. (3, one dated 1858), Sheep driven through Village, Kunst- halle, Hamburg ; Ice Scene with Skaters (1829), Konigsberg Museum ; Winter Scene (1835), Sea Coast with Huts and People, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Winter Land- scape, Weimar Museum ; others in Stutt- gart Gallery and Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Immerzeel, iii. 64 ; Kramm, v. 1470 ; Kunst-Chronik, v. 180.
SCHELLINKS, WILLEM, born in Am- sterdam in 1632, died there in 1678. Dutch school ; history and landscape painter, trav- elled for several years in England, France, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. Works : Departure of Charles H. from Coast of Hol- land ; Burning of English Fleet at Chat- ham, Six Collection, Amsterdam ; Sacking of Convent, Landing Place on a River, Co- penhagen Gallery ; Mountainous Landscape with Robbers and Soldiers, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; others in Augsburg and St. Pe- tersburg (2) Galleries. — Dcscamps, ii. 181 ; Immerzeel, iii. 66 ; Kramm, v. 1472.
SCHELVER, AUGUST FRANZ, born at Osnabrilck in 1805, died in Munich in 1844. Genre and battle painter, pupil at Osna- brdck of H. Neelmeyer, then studied in Munich, 1826-33, and _ - returned there in 1834. Af O • 7 8 1 $ • 2 Q Works: Battle of ^ ^ '
Hanau (1835), Konigsberg Museum ; Tyro- lese Cart on Mountain Road (1843), New Pinakothek, Munich ; others in Hanover and St. Petersburg Galleries.
SCHENAU (Schonau), JOHANN ELEA- ZAR, born at Gross-Schenau, Saxony, Nov. 17, 1740, died at Dresden in 1806. Real name Zeisig. History and genre painter, I pupil of Bessler, and at Dresden Academy under Silvestre, who took him to Paris ; pat- ronized by the Dauphine, a Princess of Sax- ony, he formed himself in the manner of Chardin, Boucher, and Greuze ; was called to Dresden in 1770, made member of the Academy, then professor in 1774, and as- sistant director in 1777. His works, while full of imagination and skilful in compo- sition, are deficient in drawing. Works : Crucifixion (1790), Kreuzkirche, Dresden ; Pandora ; Icarus and Dscdalus ; Priam begging Achilles for the Body of his Son ; Allegory on Recovery of the Electress ; Old Man reading the Bible, Schwerin Gal- lery ; Young Lady dancing before Mirror, Weimar Museum. — Nagler, xv. 181.
SCHENCK, AUGUST FREDERIC AL- BRECHT, born at GKlckstadt, Holstein,
127
SCHENDEL
April 23, 1828. Animal painter, pupil in Paris of Cogniet ; lives at l5couen, near Paris. Medals : Paris, 1865 ; Philadelphia, 1876 ; Orders of Christ of Portugal, and of Isabel- la the Catholic. AVorks : Eest on Seashore (1864), Awakening of Herd (1865), Bor- deaux Museum ; On the Mountain (1866) ; Last Hour of Shearing (1868) ; Donkeys around the Trough, Goatherd in Snowstorm (1870) ; My Umbrella (1875) ; Mountain Road (1877) ; Auguish, Neighbouring Mill (1878) ; Diudons trouvant un supplement (1883) ; Perclus — Souvenir of Auvergne, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York ; Eappel— Sou- venir of Auvergne, Study (1884) ; The Or- phan (1885) ; The Struggle (1886).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 784 ; Midler, 463.
SCHENDEL, PETRUS VAN, born at Ter Heyden, North Bra- bant, April 21, 1806, died in Brussels, De- cember 28, 1870. Hi story and genre painter, pupil in 1822-28 of Antwerp Academy under Van Bree ; settled first in Amsterdam, then in Rotterdam, where he made a reputation with his portraits ; went to The Hague, and in 1845 to Brussels ; became known especially through his mar- ket scenes with light effects. Medals in Amsterdam ; Brussels, 1845 ; and. Paris, 1844, 1847. Works : Market in Friesland by Moonlight, Amsterdam Museum ; St. Jerome, Hague Museum ; Kitchen Scene (1834), Hamburg Gallery ; Evening Market in Antwerp ; Fish Seller (1843), Vegetable Market (1852), National Gallery, Berlin; Return from Hunt (1839), Scene in Fish Market, Leipsic Museum ; Market in Ant- werp by Moonlight (1843), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Vegetable Vender, Stuttgart Mu- Almsgiving, Villa Rosenstein, near
seum
Stuttgart ; Christmas at Bethlehem. — Art Journal (1867), 70 ; Immerzeel, iii. 67 ; Kramm, v. 1474 ; Kunst-Chronik, vi. 157.
SCHERRES, KARL, born in Konigsberg, March 31, 1833. Landscape painter, pupil of Konigsberg Academy under Behrendsen, with whom he visited in 1853 the Rhine country, Switzerland, and North Italy ; set- tled in Dantzic in 1858, returned to Konigs- berg in 1866, and, induced by Eduard Hilde- brandt, went in 1867 to Berlin, whence he visited Diisseldorf, Dresden, and Munich. Professor at School of Design for Female Artists in Berlin since 1868. Works : Ap- proaching Storm (1855) ; After Sunset in a Swamp, Border of Oak Wood, Snowstorm in a Village (1858-66) ; Views in East Prus- sia (2, 1867, 1878), Konigsberg Museum ; Great Landscape with Figures (by Stryowski and Sy), Artushof, Dantzic; Inundation in East Prussia (1876), National Gallery, Ber- lin ; Two Marines from Zoppot near Dant- zic (1883).— Jordan (1885), ii. 195 ; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 57 ; ii. 118 ; Midler, 464 ; Rosen- berg, Berl. Malersch., 346 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xviii. 377, 405.
SCHERTL, JOSEF, born in Augsburg, Jan. 10, 1810, died in Munich, March 8, 1869. Landscape painter, pupil in Munich of Fohr and Morgenstern. Works : View on Chiem Lake ; View at Partenkirchen ; do. near Grainau, Art Union, Munich ; Hin- tersee, Art Union, Frankfort. — Dioskuren, 1869 ; Kunst-Chronik, iv. 161 ; Regnet, ii. 172.
SCHETKY, JOHN CHRISTIAN, born in Edinburgh, Aug. 11, 1778, died in London, Jan. 28, 1874. Marine painter, pupil of Alexander Nasmyth ; in 1801 he walked from Paris through Switzerland to Rome ; on his return settled at Oxford as an art teacher ; was appointed professor of drawing at the Royal Military' College at Great Marlow in 1808, and at the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth, with which he was connected until its dissolution in 1836 ; appointed to the East India College at Addiscombe, he retired from it in 1855 ; visited Lisbon in 1861. Was marine painter to George D7., William IV., and Queen Victoria. Works : The Royal George sinking at Spithead in
128
SCHEUCIIZER
1782 (about 1840), National Gallery, Lon- don ; Battle of La Hogue (1847) ; Rescue of a Spanish Man-of-War, United Service Club.
SCHEUCHZEE, WILHELM, born in Zurich in 1803, died in Munich, March 29, 1866. Landscape and architecture painter, pupil of Heinrich Maurer ; visited Switzer- land, and in 1826-29 the Black Forest ; went in 1829 to Munich, and executed in 1836 six fresco paintings for Castle Hohenschwangau. Made admirable copies in water-colours of Eottmann's frescos. Works : Melting Fur- nace in Ferrara Valley, Entrance into Vils- alp Valley — Tyrol, St. Gall Museum ; View in Fulscher Valley — Tyrol, Ziirich Gallery ; Chapel of Ariola (1832), Hamburg Gallery ; Old Chapel near Taufers (1858) ; Upper Inn Valley (1859) ; Smithy in the Allguu (1860), Ufenau Island in Lake of ZQrich (1861), New Pinakothek, Munich. — Kunst-Chronik, i. 52.
SCHEUREN, KASPAR, born at Aix-la- Chapelle, Aug. 2, 1810. Landscape painter, pupil of Dilsseldorf Academy in 1829-35 under Lessing and Schinner ; visited Hol- land, Munich, Tyrol, and North Italy; adopt- ed a peculiarly romantic style and excels in effects of colouring ; acquired great reputa- tion through his arabesque drawings for title-pages, dedications, etc. Became pro- fessor at Dilsseldorf Academy in 1855. Swed- ish medal for Art and Science ; Order of Red Eagle, do. of Falcon. Works : Castle by the Water (1829), Hamburg Gallery; Castle in Evening Light (1830), Schwerin Gallery ; Dutch Landscape (1832) ; Gypsies under Oak Trees (1831) ; View of Aix-la- Chapelle (1834), Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Storm Landscape, Ravene Gallery, ib. ; Land- scape with Monks (1834) ; Monk Praying in Convent Yard, Provinzial Museum, Han- over ; Castle on the Lake (1837), Burg in Aar Valley (1838), Leipsic Museum ; Winter Landscape at Sunset (1839), New Pinako- thek, Munich ; Old Castle on a Lake, Stettin Museum ; Pictures (24 water-colours) from Legends and History of the Rhine, Cologne Museum. — Kugler, Kl. Schr., iii.; Mttller, 464 ; W. Miiller, Diisseldf. K, 363.
SCHEURENBERG, JOSEF, born in Dds- seldorf, Sept. 7, 1846. Genre painter, pupil of Dlisseldorf Academy under Carl Sohn, then of Wilhelm Sohn ; visited Belgium (1868), Holland (1870 and 1878), Berlin (1871-74), Dresden, Weimar, North Italy (1875 and 1877), and Paris. Professor at j Cassel Academy in 1879-81, then settled in Berlin. Works : Song of Olden Times (1868); Farewell (1869); Travelling Min- strel (1872); Interesting Reading (1873); The Lord's Day (1879), National Gallery, Berlin ; Two Playing Children (1883) ; Rus- tic Love Couple (1884).— Jordan (1885), ii. 196; Mttller,x465; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 647 ; xix. 383 ; xx. 701 ; xxi. 289 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. 99 ; D. Rundschau, xvii. 302 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 40.
SCHIAVA, LA (The Slave), Palma Vec- chio, but attributed to Titian, Palazzo Bar- berini, Rome ; canvas, life-size. A girl in the bloom of youth, her throat covered with a light white stuff striped in red, her skirt and sleeves red, with slashes showing a white lining, her undersleeves yellow. — C. & C., : N. Italy, ii. 477 ; Burckhardt, 714, 722.
SCHIAVONE, ANDREA, born at Sebeni- co, Dalmatia, in 1522(?),diedin Venice in 1582. Venetian school ; proper name Medula or Meclola, but commonly called Lo Schi- avone (the Slav). Went when young to Venice and studied the works of Giorgione and Titian, but had little spe- cial instruction. Obliged through poverty to work as a house decorator ; attracted at- tention of Titian, who procured him more suitable employment ; but, although he led a laborious life, died in poverty. Though a poor designer, he was remarkable as a col- ourist. He was more successful in cabinet pictures, some of which are charming, than
SCHIAYONE
in large compositions. Among his best works are : Adoration of the Shepherds, Holy Family, Vienna Museum ; Jupiter and lo, Madonna Enthroned (Vierge au Dona- teur), and a group of portraits, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Death of Abel, and four por- traits, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Madonna, Buda-Pesth Gallery. The identity of Schia- vone and the engraver Andrea Meldolla, de- nied by Zani and Bartsch, has been satisfac- torily proved by Ernest Hagen, of Hamburg (Kunstblatt, No. 37, 1853). His engravings (dry-point and burin on tin), generally after
P^.Schiann-j
Parmigiano, are carelessly executed. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 596 ; Bartsch, xvi. 31 ; C. & C., Titian, i. 438.
SCHIAVONE, GREGORIO, born in Dal- matia, 1st half of 15th century. Veneto- Paduau school ; called Giorgio by Sanso- vino, and Girolamo by Eidolfi. Pupil of Squarcione ; attained a certain rude free- dom and boldness, but faces and forms ex- aggerated and unnatural. Among his best works are : Madonna with Saints, do. with Angels, National Gallery, London ; Ma- donna, Berlin Museum. — C. & C., N. Italy, i. 342.
SCHIAVONI, FELICE, born at Trieste in 1803, died in 1868. History, genre, and portrait painter, son and pupil of Natale Schiavoni, then studied in the galleries at Milan, where he won a prize at the Academy, and at Venice and Vienna, worthily repre- senting his famous ancestor, Andrea Scia- voni, and upholding the traditions of the old Venetian school, especially as a colour- ist. Member of Venice and Vienna Acade- mies. Prize and great gold medal for art from the Emperor Nicholas of Russia. Works: Death of Raphael (for Emperor Alexander II.); Miracle of St. Anthony of Padua ; St. Simon, S. Antonio, Trieste ; Raphael and the Fornarina, Tosi Gallery, Venice ; Cupid (for theBrera, Milan); Christ
bearing the Cross ; Christ Asleep ; Torquato Tasso reading to Eleonora ; Repose in Egypt (1824) ; Venus and Cupid (1832) ; Madonna (1854) ; Raphael painting the Fornarina (1861), formerly in Arthaber Col- lection, Vienna ; Holy Family (1864). His daughters Carolina and Julia were also talented painters, the former of landscapes, the latter of history and portraits. — Illustr. Zeitg. (1868), i. 461 ; Wurzbach, xxix. 254.
SCHIAVONI, NATALE, born at Chiog- gia, April 25, 1777, died in Venice, April 15, 1858. History and portrait painter, pupil in Venice of Maggiotto ; went in 1800 to Trieste, and in 1810 to Milan, where he painted Eugene Beauharnais and the whole royal family ; in 1816 invited by the Em- peror to Vienna, whence he returned to Venice in 1821 ; there studied exclusively the works of Titian and Paolo Veronese, and became professor at the Academy. Gold medal, Brussels. Works : Magdalen Penitent (1852), National Gallery, Berlin ; do., Vienna Museum ; Bacchante, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Adoration of Shep- herds, British Museum, London. His sons Felice (1803-68) and Giovanni (1804^8) were also able history painters, and often painted conjointly with their father. Pict- ures by them in the Brera Gallery, Milan, Vienna Museum, and Hermitage, St. Peters- burg.—Hormayr, Archiv. (1821), No. 129 ; (1824), Nos. 105, 106; Jordan (1885), ii. 196 ; D. Kunstbl. (1851) ; Wurzbach, xxix. 254, 257, 258.
SCHICK, GOTTLIEB, born in Stutt- gart, Aug. 15, 1779, died there, April 11, 1812. History painter, pupil of Hetsch, and greatly influenced by Dannecker ; went in 1799 to Paris to study under David, re- turned in 1802, then studied in Rome until 1811 ; befriended especially by Humboldt and Josef Koch ; with the latter, Carstens, and Wiichter, one of the regenerators of German art. Works : Eve at a Spring, Co- logne Museum ; David before Saul (1803), Apollo among the Shepherds (1809), David before Saul, Bacchus and Ariadne, Portrait
130
SCIIICK
of Dannecker, Museum, Stuttgart ; Noah's ' Thauk-Offering (1805), Royal Palace, ib.— Forster, iv. 69; Haakh, Beitruge, 13, 23, 69 ; Kugler, Kl. Schr., 8.
SCHICK, KAKL FRIEDRICH, born at Hilpertsau, Baden, April 17, 1826, died at Tretenhof, June 26, 1875. Genre and his- tory painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy. Works : Dead Child viewed by his Play- mates, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Susanna and the Elders, Dresden Museum.
SCHIDONE (Schedone), BARTOLOM- MEO, born in Modena about 1570 (?), died there, Dec. 27, 1615. Lom- bard school; said to have been a pupil of the Carracci, but his style shows careful study of Correggio, whose works he imi- tated, but without servility. Patronized by Duke Ranuccio of Modena, for whom he painted some admirable pictures. His fres- cos of the History of Coriolanus, in the Pa- lazzo Pubblico, have been called worthy of Correggio. He was an excellent portrait painter, but his favourite subjects were Ma- donnas and Holy Families. He left but few pictures, as he wasted his time in gambling, and his death is said to have been caused by grief at a heavy loss of money. His best works are : Repose of Love, Portrait, Christ crowned with Thorns, SS. Jerome, Paul, and Sebastian, Naples Museum ; Painter's Por- trait, Holy Family, Uffizi, Florence ; Ma- donna, Pallavicini Gallery, Genoa ; Last Supper, Parma Gallery ; Madonna del Cam- panello, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Children, Heads, Turin Gallery ; Flight into Egypt, Dresden Gallery ; Massacre of the Inno- cents, St. John Baptist, Madonna, Two Holy Families, Madonna and Saints, Diana, Cu- pid, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Lanzi, ii. 360 ; Siret, 845 ; Seguier, 188 ; Burckhardt,
626, 764, 784, 795 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole lom- barde.
SCHIERTZ, AUGUST FERDINAND, born at Leipsic in 1804, died at Nieder- fiihre, near Meissen, Sept. 10, 1878. Genre and history painter ; was at first a merchant, then an actor, before devoting himself to art in 1830. In his genre scenes he adhered to the old Dutch school. Was also an ex- cellent restorer of old pictures. Works : Vanitas, Museum, Leipsic ; The Contented Ones, President Giluther, ib.; Toper, Miu Dr. Mothes, ib.; Adoration of the Magi, Church at BOsenstiidt ; Christ and the Trib- ute Money, Descending of the Holy Ghost, Church at Podelwitz.
SCHIESS, TRAUGOTT, born atHerisau, Switzerland, in 1834. Landscape painter, pupil in Munich of Steffan, and in Ztirich of Koller, also influenced by Biicklin in Ba- sle ; visited afterwards Cologne and Ant- werp. Medal, Berne, 1857. Works : View on Wallen Lake, Waterfall in Averse Valley, View in Glarner Mountains, St. Gall Mu- seum ; View near Iseltwald on Lake of Bri- enz, do. near Murg on Wallen Lake, Zurich Gallery ; Plateau in Swiss Alps ; Summer Evening ; Cows at the Water.
SCHIFFER, ANTON, born at Gratz in 1811, died in Vienna, June 13, 1876. Land- scape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works: View of the Schneeberg (1838), Museum, Vienna ; Grundel Lake in Upper Austria, Harrach Gallery, ib. ; View on Hin- tersee near Berchtesgaden (1845) ; Outlook from Schafberg near Ischl (1858) ; View of the Grossglockuer (1870); Gosau Lake with the Dachstein (1871). — Cotta's Kunstbl., 1845 ; D. Kuustbl., 1858 ; Wurzbach, xxix. 291.
SCHIFFER, MATHIAS, born at Puch, Styria, in 1742 or 1746, died after 1808. Landscape and architecture painter ; no particulars known. Works : Interior of Catholic Church (2, 1786, 1787), Schwerm Gallery ; others at Ratisbon and Gratz.
SCHIFFMANN, JOST, born at Luzerne, Switzerland, March 30, 1822, died in Mu-
131
SCIIILBACII
nich, May 11, 1883. Landscape and still- life painter, pupil of Jacob Schwegler, a drawing-master ; being without means he joined in 1843 the papal Swiss guard in Borne, cultivating art in bis leisure hours ; having seen active service in 1848-49, be returned to Luzerne, and soon after settled in Munich. On a visit to Salzburg he met Hans Makart, just dismissed from the Vien- na Academy, and took him to Munich. Ap- pointed Conservator of the Salzburg Muse- um, he resigned in 1881, after more than ten years of efficient labours, and returned to Munich. Works : View in Tyrol, St. Gall Museum ; Shore of Walleustadt Lake (1853); Morning on Lake Luzerne ; Evening Land- scape (1854); Cemetery (1857); Souvenir of Wallenstadt Lake (1858) ; Old little Town on the Rhine (1861).— Tscharner, Die bild. K in der Schweiz im J. 1883 (1884), 56.
SCHILBACH, J. HEINRICH, born at Barchfeld in 1798, died at Darmstadt in 1851. Landscape painter, pupil of Prima- vesi in Darmstadt, then studied from nature in Italy, 1823; was much influenced by Ernst Fries, and became court painter at Darm- stadt in 1828. He was very happy in depict- ing momentary effects of light. Works : Castello Gandolfo on Lake Albano (1839), Darmstadt Museum ; View of the Capitol in Rome, do. of Forum Romanum, Thor- waldsen Museum, Copenhagen ; View of Imperial Palaces in Rome ; View of Rome ; do. of Mentz.— Cotta's Kunstbl., 1829-33.
SCHILCHER, FRIEDRICH, born in Vi- enna in 1811, died there in 1881. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Acad- emy, and studied from nature in Hungary, Transylvania, and Wallachia. Works : Bac- chante, Vienna Museum ; Roumanian (1855); Lady of Time of Louis XTV. (185G) ; Hun- garian Tinker (18G1) ; Tambourine Player (1864) ; Triumph of Neptune (1871).— Wurzbach, xxix. 312.
SCHILGEN, PHILIPP ANTON, born at Osnabriick in 1793, died there in 1857. History painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Acad- emy under Cornelius, with whom he went
to Munich in 1825. Works : Rape of Helen, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Scenes from Tragedies of ^Eschylus, Royal Palace, ib. ; Establishment of Succession in Bavaria, Ar- cades, Royal Garden, ib. — Cotta's Kuustbl. (1829) ; FOrster, v.
SCHINDLER, ALBERT, born at Engels- berg, Silesia, Aug. 19, 1805, died in Vienna, May 3, 1861. Genre painter, pupil of Vi- enna Academy under Fendi. Works : Cap- uchin giving Communion to Officer dying in his Cell (1834), Vienna Museum ; Recruit- ing (1839); Last Pilgrimage (1840); Officer's Farewell (1841), Count Victor Wimpffeu, Vienna. — Wurzbach, xxx. 1 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xii. 128.
SCHINDLER, EMIL JAKOB, born in Vienna in 1842. Landscape painter and illustrator, pupil of Vienna Academy and of Albert Zimniermann, and studied after Dutch masters, such as Hobbema and Ruis- dael ; later adhered to the style of French masters, especially Theodore Rousseau. Medals: Munich, 1883; Berlin, 1886. Works : Forest Smithy (1864) ; Priener Miihlen Valley (1866) ; Kiss in the Woods (1869) ; Views in the Prater (1870, 1871, 1872, 1873); Wood Choppers (1873); Moon- rise on March River ; Autumn Landscape on the Fischa ; two Views on Isle of Lacroma (1879) ; View near Zfitphen, View at Haslau on the Danube (1883); 24 Cartoons for Zed- litz's Waldfriiulein. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 804 ; Wurzbach, xxx. 8 ; Kunst-Chro- nik, xviii. 512 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xv. 128.
SCHINDLER, JOHANN JOSEF, born at St. Polten, Lower Austria, July 28, 1777, died in Vienna, July 22, 1836. Landscape and genre painter, pupil and afterwards member of Vienna Academy. Court painter. Works : Landscape with Ruins, Battle be- tween Frederic the Warlike and King Bula of Hungary (1820); View of Salzburg (1828); Travellers attacked by Wolves (1830) ; The Fire in the Prater in 1833 (1834), Vienna Museum. — Wurzbach, xxx. 10.
SCHINKEL, KARL FRIEDRICH, Dr., born at Neu-Ruppiu, March 13, 1781, died
132
SCIIINNAGL
in Berlin, Oct. 9, 1841. Landscape painter, | self-taught and an able master, although better known as an architect. Works : Ideal Landscapes (1815, 1820), Rocky Gate, Italian Laud- scape (1817), six dec- orative Land- scapes, Mountain Lake (1823), Castle by a Lake (1823), Ideal Landscapes
(3),Gothic Cathedral, Harvest Festival (182(i), National Gallery, Berlin ; others, and Col- lection of Drawings and Sketches, Schinkel Museum, ib. — Botticher, Fr. Schinkel und seine Werke ; Grimm, Rede auf Schinkel (Berlin, 1867); Jordan (1885), ii. 198 ; Kug- ler, K Fr. Schinkel (Berlin, 1842); Quasi, do. (Neu-Ruppin, 1866) ; Rosenberg, Bed. Malersch., 99 ; Springer, Gesch., 37 ; Wol- zogen, Aus Schinkel's Nachlass ; do., Schink- el als Architect, etc. (Berlin, 1864); Zeitschr. f. b. K., iii. 89.
SCHINNAGL, MAX JOSEF, born at Burghausen, Bavaria, in 1694, died in Vi- euiia, March 22, 1762. Landscape painter, pupil of his step-father, Joseph Kammer- lohr. Travelled, and settled in Vienna. His figures were painted by Janneck and K. Aigen. Works : Six Landscapes, Vienna Museum ; St. Anna, Frauenkirche, Alten- Oetting ; Hunting Party riding to Falcon Chase, Huntsmen by Dead Game, Aschaffen- burg Gallery ; Landscapes with Figures (2), Schleissheim Gallery. — Wurzbach, xxx. 30 ; Nagler, xv. 261.
SCHIOTT, HEINRICH, born at Elsinore, Dec. 17, 1823. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy, where he won two medals in 1846 ; visited Paris, Lon- don, and Italy in 1850, and after his return painted several members of the royal family ; afterwards visited Norway and Iceland, and in 1872-73 Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and Italy. Member of Copenhagen Academy in 1854 ; professor in 1866. Works : Portrait
of Lund (1854) ; Genre Scenes from Norse Country Life ; Landscapes and Architectural Views in Egypt and Syria. — Weilbach, 613.
SCHIRMER, (AUGUST) WILHELM (FERDINAND), born in Berlin, May 6, 1802, died at Nyon, on Lake Geneva, Juno 8, 1866. Landscape painter, pupil of Ber- lin Academy, and greatly influenced by Schinkel; studied in Italy in 1827-30, allied with Koch, Reinhardt, and Turner ; in 1831 opened a studio in Berlin, which attracted many pupils ; in 1835 became member, in 1839 professor, and in 1852 senator of the Academy ; visited Italy again in 1845 and 1865, when he fell seriously ill at Rome and died on his way home. Works : Tasso's House in Sorrento (1837), Park Landscape (1856), Coast near Naples (1864), National Gallery, Berlin. In fresco : Pyramids of Memphis, Corridor in Pyramid of Cheops, View of .33gina with Temple, View of Phi- galia with Temple (1850), New Museum, ib. — Dioskuren, 1866 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 200 ; Kunst-Chrouik, i. 101 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 326.
SCHIRMER, JOHANN WILHELM, born at Jtilich, Rhenish Prussia, Sept. 5, 1807, died in Carls- ruhe, Sept. 11, 1863. Landscape painter, p u p i 1 of Dilsseldorf Acade- my under Schadow, when he studied his- tory painting, un- til Lessing's land- scapes induced him to take up that branch of art, in which he became famous as a rep- resentative of historical landscape in the style of Poussin ; visited Belgium (1830), the Black Forest and Switzerland (1835), Holland (1837), Normandy (1838), Italy (1839); became in 1830 assistant professor, in 1839 professor at Ddsseldorf Academy, and in 1853 director of the Carlsruhe Art School, which he reorganized. Member of Berlin and Dresden Academic* Works :
133
SCI1ISCHKIN
Lonely Pond in Oak Wood (1832); Convent of St. Scholastica, six Biblical Landscapes with Life of Abraham, National Gallery, Berlin ; Autumn Landscape (1834), Arem- berg Gallery, Brussels; Mountain Road (1839), Darmstadt Gallery ; Grotto of Ege- ria (1841), Park in Evening Light (1847), Nether German Landscape (1864), Leipsic Museum ; Italian Landscape (1842), Inun- dation, Series of 26 Biblical Landscapes, D iisseld or f Gallery; Swiss Landscape (1844). Christiania Museum ; Storm (1848), Prague Gallery ; Moonlight with Rape of Hylas, Ital- ian Landscape, Provinzial Museum, Han- over ; Calm Evening after Stormy Day (1849), Konigsberg Museum ; Path on For- est Border (1850), Hamburg Gallery ; In- undation in the Woods (1853), Brunswick Gallery ; Via Mala (1853), four Landscapes with Story of Good Samaritan (1856-57), Storm in the Campagna (1858), Carlsruhe Gallery ; replica of Samaritan Cycle, Cassel Art Union ; Biblical Landscape, Stuttgart ij Museum ; North German
•-P x, Landscape, St. Gall Mu-
^^^^/ • v^ seum. — Andresen, ii. 303 ;
Forster, v. 406 ; Jordan
(1885), ii. 199; Wolfg.
Muller, Dusseldf. K, 323 ;
Riegel, D. Kunststud., 365 ;
D. Rundschau, xi. 381 ; Springer, Gesch., 171 ; Zeit- schr. f. b. K., i. 158.
SCHISCHION, JOHANN, born at Jela- buga, Government of Viatka, Jan. 13, 1827. Landscape painter, pupil of Moscow Art School and St. Petersburg Academy, where he won the first prize in 1863, and of which he became a member in 1866. Professor in 1873 ; Order of Stanislaus. Works : Dilapi- dated Bridge (1868) ; Pine Forest (1871) ; Interior of Primeval Forest (1873), St. Petersburg Academy ; First Snow, Dawn in Spring (1874).
SCHLEICH, EDUARD, born atHarbach, Bavaria, Oct. 12, 1812, died in Munich, Jan. 8, 1874. Landscape painter, self-taught by study of nature in Bavarian Alps, Tyrol, and
J.vCJ
xii. 34, 233 ;
North Italy, and after the old masters in the Munich and Schleissheim Galleries. Hav- ing been dismissed from the Munich Academy as "without talent," he took for his models Etzdorf, Morgenstern, and Rottmann, and be- came, after the latter, the most distin- guished landscape painter of the Munich school, upon which he exerted signal influence ; visited France, Belgium, Hungary, and Italy. Professor in 1868 ; honorary member of Munich and sev- eral other Academies. Gold medal, Berlin ; Order of Michael. Works : Evening Land- scape, National Gallery, Berlin ; Alp in Tyrol, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Starnberg Lake, Darmstadt Museum ; Cattle Herd crossing Water, Dresden Gallery ; Alp in the Algau, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Isar Meadows near Munich (1861), Konigsberg Museum ; View in Isar Valley (1858), Village with Church and Castle, Storm near Coast, Village near Pasing, Sketches (8, 1874), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Starnberg Lake, Alp in Ziller Val- ley, Venice by Moonlight, Schack Gallery, ib. ; Moonlight near Rotterdam (1873), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Village Landscape, View on the Wurm, Stuttgart Museum ; Storm Landscape (1851) ; View near Dachau (1856) ; Moonlight Night in Normandy (1858) ; Isar Meadows near Mu- nich (1860) ; Foggy Morning on Starnberg Lake (1860) ; Herrenchiem Lake (1871).— Dioskuren (1875), No. 14 ; Cotta's Kunstbl., 1830--40 ; D. Kuustbl., 1850-58 ; Graph. K, v. 6 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1874), i. 231 ; Jordan, (1885), ii. 201; Regnet, ii. 181; Schack, Meine Gemiildesammlung (1884), 225 ; Zeit- schr. f. b. K, ix. 161.
SCHLEISNER, CHRISTIAN AN- DREAS, born at Lyngby, near Copenhagen, Nov. 2, 1810. Genre painter, pupil of Co- penhagen Academy, where he won med- als in 1831, 1833 ; studied while travelling
134
SCIILESINGER
and in the Munich Gallery ; returned to Copenhagen in 1842 ; became member of the Academy in 1852, and professor in 1858. Works : Coppersmith reading Letter to his Wife (1841) ; Poulterer (1842), New Pina- kothek, Munich ; Grandmother teaching her Grandson to Pray (1842), Schwerin Gallery ; Zealand Fisherman Family (1857), Sailors in a Tavern (1861), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Scene from Danish Sailor-Life (1848), Cop- persmith in his Workshop (1859), Copen- hagen Gallery. — Weilbach, 614.
SCHLESINGER, ADAM, born at Eberts- heim, Bavaria, in 1759, died in 1829. Still-life painter. Works: Currant Bush with Bird's Nest, Strawberry Plant with Snail, etc. (1820), National Gallery, Berlin.
SCHLESINGEE, FELIX, born in Ham- burg, Oct. 9, 1833. Genre painter, pupil of Dttsseldorf Academy and of Jordan ; lived for several years in Paris, and settled in Mu- nich. Works : Peasants in Holstein prepar- ing to go to Church (1854), Hamburg Gal- lery ; Saved from Shipwreck ; Post Office ; Children at the Well (1864); Young Couple's Visit to Parents (1866); At the Jeweller's ; In Danger, Out of Danger (1883).— Mailer, 468.
SCHLESINGER, HENRI GUILLAUME, born in Fraukfort-on-the-Maiu in 1814. Genre painter, pupil of the Vienna Academy, but went early to Paris, where he was natu- ralized and has since lived. Popular paint- er of light subjects. Medals : 3d class, 1840 ; 2d class, 1847 ; L. of Honour, 1866. Works : Seductions of Life, Walk to Church (1840) ; Spanish Guerillas, Margaret and the Tempter (1842) ; If Youth only Knew (1843); Harem Favourites, The Meal (1844) ; One of Rousseau's Days, Blind Man's Buff (1845); Bridge of Love (1846) ; Little Marguerite, A Harem, A Romance (1847) ; Voltaire's First Love (1848) ; Love's Confidences (1850) ; Improvising (1851) ; A Likeness Guaranteed (1853); Happiness in the Moun- tains, Hunting Butterflies, The Betrothed (1855) ; When the Masters are away (1857); Last Sitting of Charlotte Corday to the Artist Houer (1859); Foot-Bath, Tempta-
tion, The Reception (I860) ; Festival of the Madonna (1864) ; Five Senses (1865) ; Car- mela, Reading (1866) ; Christmas Eve, Dead Bird (1867) ; Maria del Marco, Alone in the Studio (1868) ; Good Friends (1869) ; Tak- ing Pains for Nothing (1872) ; Miss Mis- chievous (1873) ; Brother and Sister (1874); The Dove-cot, Jane (1875) ; Like Grand- mother (1877) ; Broken Pot, Mistress's Bon- net (1879) ; Double Arrest (1880) ; Love in Old Times and Nowadays (1882) ; Modern Venus, Bohomieune (1884) ; Young Girl of Morocco (1885) ; The Favourite (1886).— Claretie, Peintres, 110 ; Larousse ; Mdller, 468.
SCHLESINGER, KARL, born at Lau- sanne in 1826. Genre and landscape paint- er, pupil in Hamburg of Hermann Kauff- mann, in 1844 of Prague Academy under Ruben, and in 1850 of Antwerp Academy under Dyckmans ; settled in Diisseldorf in 1852. Works : Emigrants going Aboard (1851), Wandering Musicians (1859), Even- ing on the Moselle (1863), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Moonlight with Priest carrying Viaticum, Proviuzial Museum, Hanover ; Memento Mori (1880). — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 786 ; Miiller, 468.
SCHLICHTEN, JAN PHILIPS VAN DER, flourished about 1720, died in Mann- heim in 1745. Dutch school ; history and genre painter, pupil of Adriaan van der Werff; painted for the Elector Charles Philip of the Palatinate. Works : St. An- drew with the Cross (1732) ; Village Mu- sician (1731), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Tyrolese Peasant (1730), do. Woman, Lute- Player, Schleissheim Gallery.
SCHLOEPKE, THEODOR, born at Schwerin, March 6, 1812, died there, Jan. 13, 1878. Portrait, genre, battle, and ani- mal painter, pupil of Berlin Academy, whence he returned to Schwerin in 1840 ; studied in Paris under Horace Vernet in 1847-48, and again in 1855-57 ; accompa- nied the Mecklenburg troops during the campaign in Schleswig-Holstein, and was made court painter in 1853. During his
136
SCHLOSSER
second stay in Paris he won the favour of Napoleon III. and painted the Empress Eugenie for the palace at St. Cloud ; spent the winter of 1874-75 in Italy and painted in Rome and Pompeii landscapes and archi- tecture pieces. Works : Stable Boy's Joy (1836), Horse Stable (1845), Eide of Witches to the Blocksberg (1853), Russian Team, . I Death of Niclot (1857), Skirmish
\— Q^^ near Walsmiihlen iu 1719, Por- traitsof Fritz Reuter (186G), Gus- tavzuPutlitz(18G6),GastonLen- the (1868). Friedrich Kuckeu (1869), Count Friedrich von Schack (1875), Grand Duke Paul Friedrich, and of himself, (1876), Schwerin Gallery.— Schlie, 67.
SCHLOSSER, HERMANN (JULIUS), born in Elberfeld, Dec. 21, 1832. History painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Karl Sohn ; took prize of Berlin Academy in 1860 ; lived several years in Paris, and settled in Rome. Gold medal, Berlin, 1870. Works : Maid of Orleans ; Venus rising from the Sea (1871) ; Thetis surprised by Peleus (1872), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; The- seus and Ariadne ; Pandora before Prome- theus and Epimetheus (1878), National Gal- lery, Berlin.— Mflller, 469 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 107 ; Leixner, Mod. K, ii. 14. SCHLOSSER, KARL, born in Darmstadt in 1836. Genre painter, pupil in Frankfort of Jakob Becker, and in Paris of Couture ; settled about 1875 in Lon- don, where he ex- hibits at the Royal Academy and the Grosvenor Gallery. Medal, Vienna ;
Knight of Order of Merit. Works : Last Rehearsal ; Political Adversaries (1871) ; First Bottle of Champagne ; Obligatory In- struction (1875); Village Lawyer (1876); Forbidden Fruit (bought by Napoleon III.); Reprimand ; Advice in Need (1878), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; The Refectory (1877) ;
Carriage Accident, Grocer's Shop in Tyrol (1878) ; Political Discussion, Sunset at San Remo, Compulsory Education (1879) ; Sou- venir de Palermo (1880) ; Singing Lesson, Finishing Touch, A Duet (1881) ; Out of Tune, Pianissimo, An Intermezzo (1882); Old Friends, A Book Worm, Palermo (1884) ; From Bordigherra (1885); An Old Bachelor (1886).— Gaz. des B. Arts (1865), xviii. 319, 522 ; (1867), xxii. 537.
SCHLOTTHAUER, JOSEF, born in Mu- nich, March 14, 1789, died there, June 15, 1869. History painter, pupil of Munich Academy. Painted some of the frescos in the Glyptothek after Cornelius's cartoons. Visited Rome in 1830 ; became professor at Munich Academy in 1831 ; went to Pompeii in 1844 to study ancient painting. With Fuchs he invented in 1846 stereochromy, a method of preserving the colours of frescos, used by Kaulbach in the Berlin Museum. Works : Christ crowned with Thorns ; Al- tarpieces (1838), Bamberg Cathedral. — Kunst-Chronik, iv. 181.
SCHMALZ, HERBERT, born in Eng- land ; contemporary. Genre and portrait painter ; exhibits at the Royal Academy and the Grosvenor Gallery. Works : Mu- riel, Sir Galahad (1881) ; Voices, Alas ! (1882) ; Beyond, Temple of Eros, How Long !, Idaline (1883) ; Too Late !, Queen of the May, Felice, All is Vanity (1884) ; Elaine, Denise, Souvenir de Blankenberghs (1885) ; Topsy (1886). SCHMID, MATHIAS, born at See, Tyrol, Nov. 14, 1835. His- tory and genre paint- er, pupil of Munich Academy (1856) un- der Schraudolph, and of Piloty in 1869, when persecution by the clergy in Tyrol on account of his liberal ideas caused him to return to Mu- nich. Medal, Vienna, 1873. Works : Ruth going to Bethlehem (1858) ; Entombment ;
\
136
SCHMIDT
Flight into Egypt ; Alpine Carters ; Dealer in Sacred Images ; Mendicant Monks ; Col- lection of Confessions ; Judge of Morals (1873) ; Removal of the Protestants of the Zillerthal ; Smugglers ; Flutist and Peasant Woman ; Festival of the Parson's Cook (1874) ; Betrothal (1879) ; Legendary Pict- ures, Villa Tschavoll near Feldkirch ; His Lathered Reverence, Repairing the Damage (1882) ; Salvation (1883) ; Blind-Man's-Buff (1884); Forsaken (1885); In the Picture Gallery (188G). In fresco : Three Marys at Christ's Tomb (1859), Cemetery, Innsbruck. — Allgem. Kunst-Chronik, viii. 279, 377 ; ix. 244 ; Ulustr. Zeitg. (1874), ii. 343 ; (1877), i. 10 ; (1883), i. 315 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 386 ; xviii. 649 ; six. 352 ; xx. 279 ; xxii. 37 ; Kunst Alle, i. 103, 224 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xii. (Mittheilungen, v. 8) ; xix. 131.
SCHMIDT, HEINRICH, born at Saar- brtick, Rhenish Prussia, about 1740, died in 1821. History painter, studied in Italy, where he spent most of his life, chiefly at Naples. His works show the influence of Raphael Mengs and of the French school. He was much employed by the Grand ducal court of Darmstadt. Works : Artemisia bv the Ashes of her Husband (1785), View near Rouciglione in the Campagna (1792), Adam and Eve listening to the First Thunder, Di- ana and Callisto, Daughter of Jairus, Darm- stadt Museum.
SCHMIDT, JOHANN HEINRICH, born at Hildburghausen, Feb. 11, 1749, died in Dresden, Oct. 28, 1829. Portrait painter, son and pupil of Johann Thomas Schmidt, Saxon court painter ; travelled in Italy and France ; became court painter in Dresden . in 1775 ; visited Russia and different Ger- man cities. Member of Dresden Academy in 1795. Works : Assembly of Princes in Pillnitz (1791); Princess Augusta of Saxony (1783), Dresden Gallery ; Pastel Portraits of Napoleon, Suwaroff, Nelson, Archduke Charles, and others. — Nagler, xv. 343.
SCHMIDT, KARL CHRISTIAN, bom in Stuttgart in 1808. History painter, pupil in Stuttgart of J. G. von Milller, in Munich
of Cornelius, and in Paris of Ingres. Pro- fessor at Stuttgart Art School. Works : Annunciation to the Shepherds (1839) ; Mary and St John at Christ's Tomb (1844); Judgment of Christ (1861), Stuttgart Mu- seum ; Resurrection (1864).— Muller, 471.
SCHMIDT, MARTIN JOHANN, born at Grafenworth, Nether Austria, Sept. 25, 1718, died at Krems, June 28, 1801. History painter, first instructed by his father, a sculptor, then studied after the great mas- ters. Several of his works may be seen at the Vienna Academy, and in the Gallery at Gratz. — Mayer, Der Maler M. J. Schmidt (Vienna, 1879).
SCHMIDT, MAX, born in Berlin, Aug. 23, 1818. Landscape painter, pupil of Ber- lin Academy and of Karl Begas, Karl Kril- ger, and Wilhelm Schirmer. Travelled in Turkey, Palestine, and Egypt in 1843-44 ; visited the Ionian Islands in 1847, Rome in 1853, Italy arid England in 1861 and 1870. Became professor at Weimar Art School in 1868, and at Ki'migsberg Academy in 1872. Member of Berlin Academy. Gold medals, Berlin, 1858, 1868 ; Medal, Vienna, 1873 ; Orders of Crown, Red Eagle, and White Falcon. Works : Schwarza Valley, Berlin Art Union ; Evening in Provence (1850) ; Four Periods of the Day (1852) ; Seraglio Gardens (1853); Moonlight on the Sea, and Forest Scene (I860) ; View of Nice (1861) ; Terracina (1863) ; Wood and Mountain (1868), Spree in Sultry Weather (1877), National Gallery, Berlin ; Woodland Soli- tude (1871), Approaching Storm on Amber Coast — East Prussia (1878), Konigsberg Museum ; Coast near Smyrna, Schack Gal- lery, Munich ; Swamp, Cologne Museum ; Tempest on the Sea, Rostock Museum ; Pastoral Scene, Dantzic Museum. In fres- co : Scenes in Egypt and Greece, New Mu- seum, Berlin.— Jordan (1885), ii. 203 ; Mul- ler, 472 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 328.
SCHMIDT, WILLEM HENDRIK, born at Rotterdam, April 12, 1819 (?), died at Delft, June 1, 1849. Genre, history, and portrait painter, pupil of G. de Meyer. Travelled in
137
SCHMITSON
Germany in 1840 ; became professor at Delft, Academy in 1842. Works : Portrait Group of Young Ladies, Wealth and Poverty, Mar- riage Contract (1838); Monk comforting Sick Woman (1839); Children's School, Confession (1840); Last Moments of a Monk (1842); Monks in Meditation, Einilie of Nassau, daughter of William the Silent, Eotterdam Museum ; Charles V. receiving the Extreme Unction, Ravene Gallery, Berlin ; De Pro- fuudis (1845), Cologne Museum; Dutch School Room, New Pinakothek, Munich. — Immerzeel, iii. 70 ; Kramm, v. 1480.
SCHMITSON, TEUTWART, born in Frankfort, April 18, 1830, died in Vienna, Sept. 2, 18G3. Animal painter, self-taught ; went about 1850 to Diisseldorf, in 1856 to Carlsruhe, in 1857 to Berlin, visited Italy in 1860-G1, and settled in Vienna. Painted especially horses. Gold medal, Brussels, 1861. Works : Tartar Horses in Snow Storm (1863), Gsell Gallery, Vienna ; Thirsty Cattle, ib. ; Transportation of Hungarian Mares, Raveno Gallery, Berlin ; Shying Ox- en (1864) ; Roman Cattle-Drivers (1868 ?) ; Hungarian Horses shying before Upset Ve- hicle, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Tartar Horses shying before Dead Horse. — Wurzbach, xxx. 327 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ix. (Mitthei- lungen, ii. 23).
SCHMITZ, ADOLF, born in Cologne; contemporary. History painter, pupil of Stiidel Institute, Frankfort ; formed himself after French and Belgian masters. Works : Christ and Judas, The Widow's Mite (1854) ; Emperor Henry HI. challenging Henry I. of Lorraine ; Bishop John of Speier protecting the Jews ; Emperor Max on the Martin Wall. In fresco : Entry of Princess Isabella into Cologne in 1235, Legend of Marsilius, St. John's Festival in Cologne (after Pe-
trarch), Gtirzenich Saal, Cologne ; Dance of Elves in Titania's Dream, Pringsheim Man- sion, Berlin.— Miiller, 472.
SCHNEIDER, HERMANN, born in Mu- nich, June 16, 1846. History painter, pupil of Munich Academy, and in 1864-67 of Pi- loty ; lived for several years in Italy, greatly influenced by his sojourn in Rome. Works : Last Moments of Mother of Louis XIV. (1867) ; Nymph and Satyr, Charles V. at VaUadolid (1869) ; Venetian Banquet (1870) ; Audience in the Munich Grottenhof (1871) ; Van Dyck painting Children of Charles I. (1876) ; Duel on the Sea (1877) ; Venus and Cupids (1878), Leipsic Museum ; Journey of Charles V. to San Tuste ; Unlike Spouses (1881) ; Sick Actress (1882) ; Cycle of Bac- chus (1883), Banquet Hall in the Drachen- burg near Konigswinter on the Rhine. — Miiller, 473 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 59, 307 ; xix. 183 ; xx. 704 ; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 105.
SCHNEIDER, JOHANN KASPAR, born at Mentz in 1754, died there in 1839. Land- scape and portrait painter, pupil of Franz Josef Heideloff (1676-1772), but mostly self-taught by careful study of nature ; worked in Mannheim, Erfurt, and Mentz ; also painted altarpieces. Works : Wood Landscape by Moonlight, Darmstadt Mu- seum ; Old Castle on a Rock on the Rhine, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Night Scene in the Woods (1786), Oldenburg Gallery. His brother Georg was also a good landscape painter.— N. Necrol. der D. (1839).
SCHNETZ, JEAN VICTOR, born in Ver- sailles, May 15, 1788, died in Paris, March 15, 1870. History and genre painter, pupil of David, later of Regnault, Gros, and Ge- rard. Early abandoned the classical school, and going to Italy after 1824 painted scenes from the life of the people with much suc- cess. Member of Institute, 1837 ; appoint- ed director of the French Academy in Rome in 1840 ; lived in Paris in 1847-52 ; again director in Rome in 1852-66 ; L. of Honour, 1825 ; Officer, 1843 ; Commander, 1866 ; Knight of the Papal Order of St. Gregory in 1847. Works : Good Samaritan, Jere-
138
SCItNITZLER
iniah weeping over Ruins of Jerusalem (1819) ; Gypsy Woman telling the Fortune of Sixtus V. (1820) ; replica (1829), Raczyn- ski Gallery, Berlin ; Inundation ; Pasture in Roman Campagna ; Brigand's Wife fleeing with her Child ; Brigand's Wife Asleep ; Girl confessing to a Hermit ; Wounded Guelph, Costumes of Nettuno (1825) ; Italian Women before a Madonna ; Battle of the Trebia ; Sleeping Pilgrims ; Women Bathing in Lake Nemi ; Family of Peas- ants ; Neapolitan Peasants ; Women Har- vesters listening to a Song by a Shepherd ; Battle at the Hotel de Ville, July 28, 1830 ; Sack of Rome in 1527 ; Eudes raising the Siege of Paris in 886, Battle of Cerisoles, Esther and Mordecai, Monks reading Prayers to Pisan Shepherds (1837) ; Pro- cession of Crusaders, Modern Good Samar- itan, Young Greek (1838) ; Mass in the Country ; Peasants listening to a Pifferaro ; Incident of the Sack of Aquilea by Attila, Young Woman weeping over her Dead Hus- band ; Girhj, dressing after a Bath ; Funei-al of a Young Martyr ; Woman Bathing ; Rest in Egypt ; Death and the Woodsman ; Con- tadina Praying ; Saint recalling a Child to Life ; Capuchin Physician ; Pifferaro's Les- son ; Jeremiah ; Goatherd's Betrothed ; Woman Asleep in a Vineyard ; Battle of ! Senef, Versailles Museum ; St. Genevieve j (Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle). — Revue des Deux Mondes (1855), x. 749 ; Larousse.
SCHNITZLER, J. MICHAEL, born at Neustadt, Bavaria, Sept. 24, 1782, died in Munich, Oct. 1, 1861. Animal painter, pu- pil of Augsburg Academy. Works : Par- tridges, National Gallery, Berlin ; Dead Fowl (3), Vulture killing Dove (1860), New Pinakothek, Munich; Foreign Birds, Schleissheim Gallery. — Jordan (1885), ii. 204.
SCHNORR VON KAROLSFELD, JO- HANN VETT (Veit Hans), born at Schnee- berg in 1764, died in Leipsic, April 30, 1841. History and portrait painter, pupil of Leipsic Academy under Oeser, went in
1788 to Konigsberg, where through Oeser's recommendation he was soon known MS a drawing master and portrait painter, but re- turned to Leipsic in 1790, painted minia- tures, afterwards historical pictures, and il- lustrated the works of prominent authors. Visited Vienna and Paris in 1802, was made instructor at the Leipsic Academy in 1803, and professor and director in 1816. Works : Healing of the Sick by the Disciples, MalePor- trait, Leipsic Museum. — Brockhaus, xiv. 450 ; Nagler, xv. 399; N. Necrol. der D. (1841).
SCHNORR VON KAROLSFELD, JU- LIUS, Ritter, born in Leipsic, March 26, 1794, died in Dresden, May 24, 1872. History and land- scape painter, son and pupil of Jo- hann Veit Schnorr von Karolsfeld, whom he assisted when a mere boy ; then pupil of Vienna Academy, but studied especially after the early German and Italian masters. Went in 1817 to Florence and in 1818 to Rome, where he became one of the German brotherhood of the Pre-Raphaelites under the leadership of Cornelius and Over- beck, and painted some of the frescos in the Villa Massimi in 1822-27 ; visited Sicily, and in 1827 went to Munich as professor at the Academy ; executed several monumental dec- orations in the Konigsbau (1842), and in 1846 went to Dresden as professor at the Academy and director of the Gallery. Vis- ited London in 1851, and was induced by Buusen to resume his formerly planned work of illustrating the Bible, which has made his name popular in England. Mem- ber of many Academies. Grand Cross of Order of Albrecht ; Knight of Order pour le merite ; Order of Michael, etc. Works : St. Roch giving Alms (1817), Leipsic Mu- seum; The Erl-King, Schack Gallery, Munich ; Visit of Zachariaa to Holy Fain-
139
SCHNORR
ily (1817), Visit of Ananias (1865), Con- version of Saul (1867), Dresden Gallery; Kuth and Boaz, Hamburg Art Union ; Christ and the Children, Naumburg Cathe- dral ; Marriage at Cana (1819), formerly Lord Cathcart, Scotland ; Madonna (1820), Cologne Museum ; Vigne near Olevano (1821); Poet of the Nibelungen Lied, Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Domine quo vadis ? Basle Museum ; Marriage of Sieg- fried and Chrimhilde, Siegfried's Farewell, Eight Scenes from Ariosto's Roland, Carls- ruhe Gallery ; Scene from Nibelungen Lied (1830), New Pinakothek, Munich; Luther in Worms, Maximiliaueum, ib.; Death of Barbarossa (1832) ; Good Samaritan (1833), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort. In fresco : Cycle from Ariosto's Eoland (1822-27), Villa Mas- simi, Rome ; Cartoons for do., Carlsruhe Museum ; Sketches for do., Leipsic Muse- um. Encaustic : Cycle from Nibelungen Lied (1830-50), do. from Lives of Charle- magne, Frederic Barbarossa, and Rudolf von Hapsburg (1835-42), Kouigsbau, Munich ; two Cartoons for Ni- belungen Cycle (1863), National Gallery, Ber- lin.— Art Journal (18G5), 72; (1872), 204 ; Forster, iv. 223 ; v. 91, 428 ; Graph. K, i. 59 ; Illustr. Zeit. (1872), i. 469 ; Jor- dan (1885), ii. 204; Kugler, Kl. Schr., iii.; Kunst-Chrouik, vii. 332 ; ix. 745 ; xiii. 249 ; Land und Meer (1872), No. 40 ; Nagler, xv. 404 ; Riegel, D. Kunststud., 210 ; Springer, Gesch., 80 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ii. 1, 285.
SCHNORR VON KAROLSFELD, LUD- WIG FERDINAND, born in Leipsic, Nov. 11 (Oct. 11 ?), 1789, died in Vienna, April 30 (13 ?), 1853. History painter, brother of preceding, pupil of his father and of Vienna Academy, but studied chiefly Raphael and Michelangelo ; visited in 1834 Munich, Tyr- ol, Switzerland, and Paris, and in 1837 Dresden, Weimar, and North Germany ; be- came member of Vienna Academy in 1835 and custodian of the Belvedere Gallerv in
1841. Works : Knight watching through a Window a Lady writing (1808), Gotha Mu- seum ; Mephistopheles appearing to Faust (1818), Madonna (1828), Gretchen in Prison (1834), Vienna Museum ; Golo and Gene- vieve (1820) ; Huntsman-Lover Listening (1820), Gotha Gallery ; The Erl-King, Lore- ley (1821) ; Coalition of Austrians and Tyr- olese under Chasteler (1822) ; The Tyrolese under Andreas Hofer (1830), Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Christ before Caiaphas (1831) ; Maid of Orleans (1834) ; Liberation of Peter (1836) ; Finding of the Cross ; Christ Feed- ing the Four Thousand (1839) ; Tristan and Isolde ; Old Man in Mediaeval Costume, Dresden Museum. — Andi-esen, v. 311 ; Nag- ler, xv. 415 ; Wurzbach, xxxi. 55.
SCHOBELT, PAUL, born at Magdeburg, March 9, 1838. German school ; history and genre painter, pupil of Dtisseldorf, Ber- lin, and Brussels Academies, then in Paris of Gleyre and in Berlin of Schrader ; went in 1863 to Rome, where he has since resided. Works : Grave-Digger Scene in Hamlet (1860); Creation of Eve ; Neapolitan Marri- age Suit ; Flora with Genii of Spring ; Venus and Bellona (1879), National Gallery, Berlin ; Rape of Proserpine (1882).— Jordan (1885), ii. 207 ; Miiller, 474 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 88.
SCHODL, MAX, born in Vienna in 1834. Genre and still-life painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Friedliinder ; visited Paris, London, and Italy. Medal, Vienna, 1873. Works : At the Hotel, Tea (1869) ; Antiqui- ties, Dessert (1870) ; do., and Before Masked Ball ; Fish, Lobster (1871).— Wurzbach, xxi. 75.
SCHODLBERGER, JOHANN NEPO- MUK, born in Vienna in 1779, died there, Jan. 26, 1853. Landscape painter, self- taught, with Claude Lorrain and Poussiu for his models ; member of Vienna Academy in 1813; visited Italy in 1817. Works: Ca- puchins burying Friar, Interior of Italian Church (1830), View in Moravia (1829), View of Traun Falls (1830), Vienna Museum ; Landscape, Griitz Gallery. — Nagler, xv. 420; Wui'zbach, xxxi. 70.
140
SCIIOEFF
SCHOEFF, J., flourished at The Hague about 1640-60. Dutch school ; landscape painter, whose style suggests the manner of Jan van Goyen, but even more of Pieter Molyn and Joris van der Hagen ; bought the freedom of the city at The Hague in 1641. Works: WTood Landscape with Wanderers (1651), Schweriu Gallery ; one (1641), A. Bredius, Amsterdam ; River Landscape (1649), Van Gel- der, The Hague ; two (dated), Pro- fessor Lemcke, %*/ . /*^A | Aix-la-Chapelle. I O 3 I
— Schlie, 576; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vii. 175, 354 ; xvi. 60 ; xvii. 128.
SCHOEVAERDTS, MATHYS (Mathieu), born iu Brussels about 1665, died there (?). Flemish school ; landscape painter, pupil of A. F. Boudewyns in 1682 ; master of Brussels guild in 1690, its dean in 1692-94. Works : Landscapes with figures (2), Louvre ; Prom- enade of the Fattened Ox, Fish Market, Brussels Museum ; Village Kirmess, Berlin Museum ; View of St. Cloud, Schleissheim Gallery ; Fruit Market, Fish Market, Stock- holm Museum ; Landscape with Figures, Uffizi, Florence. — Fotis, Cat. Brussels Mas., 447 ; Kramm, v. 1482 ; Michiels, ix. 345.
SCHOLTEN, HENDRIK JACOBUS, born at Amsterdam, July 11, 1824. History and genre painter, pupil of Petrus Jacobus Greive. Works : The Widow of Oldenbar- neveldt imploring Mercy of Prince Maurice for her Son (1855) ; Cornells do Witt com- pelled to Annihilate the Eternal Edict (1857) ; Lady Jane Grey seeing her Husband led to the Scaffold ; Plaucius the Inventor of Sea Charts (1861) ; Preparations for the Jour- ney ; Morning Walk, Sunday Morning, Mu- seum, Amsterdam ; Stable with old Hunts- man by his Dead Horse, Museum Fodor, ib. SCHOLTZ, JULIUS, born at Breslau, Feb. 12, 1825. History painter, pupil of Konig in Breslau and of Dresden Academy under Julius Hiibner. Visited Belgium and France ; painted portraits in St. Petersburg for several mouths ; settled in Dresden, where
he is professor at the Academy. Member of Berlin Academy. Gold medal, Berlin. Works: Old Woman Praying (1850) ; Choir Boy (1854) ; Officer's Wid- ow with her Children at Church (1859), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Uhland's " Three Men crossed over the Rhine ;" Episode of the Italian War (1859); Last Banquet of Wal- lenstein's Generals (1861), Carlsruhe Gal- lery ; Volunteers of 1813 before Frederick William IV., Breslau Art Union ; replica (1872), National Gallery, Berlin. In fresco : Life of Duke Albert, Albrechtsburg, Meis- sen.—Jordan (1885), ii. 208 ; Kaulen, 87.
SCHON, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, born at Worms iu 1810, died at Munich in 1868. Genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy in 1832, took up painting in 1838, having at first (since 1826) practised lithography at Darmstadt and Carlsruhe ; painted especial- ly night scenes by lamp- and fire-light, after- wards also social political problems, in which he displayed a subtle knowledge of human character. Works: Girl Reading; Going to Church iu the Berner Overland ; Domino Players (1845) ; Sunday Morning in Black Forest (1846), Darmstadt Museum ; Con- versation in Peasant Room (1849), New Pi- nakothek, Munich ; Return of the Soldier (1857); Scene from Rebel's Karfunkel ; Southern Emigrants iu North German Port ; Artists' Union (with 50 portraits). — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1840-45) ; D. Kuustbl. (1850-57) ; Dioskuren (1860).
SCHON, MARTIN. See Schongauer.
SCHONBERGER, LORENZ, born at Viis- lau, near Vienna, about 1770, died atMentz in 1847. Landscape painter, pupil of Vien- na Academy under Wutky. Visited Bohe- mia and Switzerland ; resided some time in Italy, and went to Paris in 1804. Lived in Vienna, but travelled often in Germany, Hol- land, Belgium, and England. Member of
141
SOHONBRDNNEB
Amsterdam Academy. Works: Sunset on Bay of Bairn (1804), Museum, Vienna ; Snow Mountains over an Alpine Lake, Waterfall, Czernin Gallery, ib.; Waterfall of Terni, Jo- anneum, Gratz ; Four Periods of the Day, Vienna; Sunset (1810), do. by the Sea (1817), Lonely Lake, Waterfall at Noon, Moonlight Night by the Sea (1812), View of Florence at Sunset, do. by Moonlight, Darm- stadt Museum ; Falls of the Ehine near Schaffhausen, Schleissheim Gallery. — Wurz- bach, xxxi. 128.
SCHONBRUNNER, KARL, born in Vi- enna, Oct. 4, 1832, died at Hirschstetten, near Vienna, Feb. 21, 1877. History paint- er, pupil of Vienna Academy, of Rahl, and of Fiihrich ; copied afterwards in Italy the old masters, especially Giorgione and Titian ; lived in Rome in 18G2-72 and returned to Vienna. Works : Godfrey of Bouillon lay- ing down his Arms at Holy Sepulchre (1852) ; Bishop Ambrose and Emperor Theodosius (1859) ; St. Augustine and the Boy (18G4) ; Tasso's Leonora (1867) ; Life and Art (1870). • — Kunst-Chronik, xiii. 546 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 789 ; Wurzbach, xxxi. 142.
SCHONFELD, HEINRICH, born in Dresden in 1809, died in Munich in 1845. Architecture painter, pupil of Dresden Academy. First painted theatre decora- tions ; went to Munich in 1830, devoted himself to architecture painting, and trav- elled for sketches in Germany, Italy, Swit- zerland, Austria, and Holland. Medireval German buildings were his favourite sub- jects. Works : Old Butcher's Quay in Strasburg (1840), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Market-Place of Basle (1839) ; Cathedrals of Bacharach, Limburg, and Erfurt. — Nagler, xv. 471.
SCHONFELDT, JOHANN HEINRICH, born at Biberach, March 23, 1609, died in Augsburg about 1680 (1695?). German school. History and landscape painter, pupil of Johann Sichelbein, afterwards studied in Rome, and after his return worked at Lyons, Munich, Bamberg, Salzburg, Vienna. Works : Assumption, Augsburg Cathedral ;
Crucifixion, Wurzburg Cathedral ; Recon- ciliation of Jacob and Esau, replica, and Gideon watering his Flocks, Sacrifice of Minerva, Vienna Museum ; Shepherd's Fes- tival, Battle of the Giants, Two Musical Parties, Dresden Gallery ; Last Judgment, Brunswick Gallery ; Seleucus and Antiochus, Oldenburg Gallery ; Sacrifice to Diana, Schleissheim Gallery. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 528 ; Nagler, xv. 469.
SCHONGAUER, MARTIN, commonly
called Hipsch Martin or Martin Schiin, born at Col- mar about 1446, died there, Feb. 2, 1488. Ger- man school. History and portrait paint- er, probably pupil of Rogier van der Weyden in Flanders. Was the greatest German painter and en- graver of the 15th century. Works : Ma- donna of the Rose Hedge (1473), St. Mar- tin's, Colmar ; two Altar- Wings with Annun- ciation, Museum, ib. (the 16 panels in the Museum attributed to him are probably by his scholars) ; Nativity, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; do., Vienna Museum. None of the works in the Louvre, Madrid, and Brussels Museums, and in the National Gallery and South Kensington Museum, London, are authenticated. — Academy •>* —. . -, (1880), ii. 335 ; Allgem. JY\ LL ^ Zeitg. (1880), Nos. 129, JL fc+ 156 ; L'Art (1881), iii. /V5> /4Q0 272; Cli. Blanc, Ecole V
allemande ; Dohme Iii. ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), iii. 257, 321; (1881), "xxiii. 95; Heideloff, K. des Mittelalt. in Schwaben, 117 ; Jahrb. der kongl. preuss. Kunst- sammlg., iv. 131 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 134 ; D. Lit. Zeitg. (1881), 20 ; Mt-nard, L'Art en Alsace-Lorraine, 72 ; Repert. f. K., vii. 31, 167; Schnaase, viii. 391; Woltmann,
142
SCIIONIIERR
Kunst im Elsass, 226 ; W. & W., ii. 104 ; Wurzbach, Martin Schongauer (Vienna, 1880) ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i. 258; xvi. 74; xxii. 34.
SCHONHERR, KARL GOTTLOB, born at Lengefekl, Saxony, Aug. 15, 1824. His- tory painter, pupil of Dresden Academy un- der Julius Htlbner, then studied in Rome. Professor at Dresden Academy. Works : Raising of Tabitba by Peter (1855), Dresden Gallery ; Christ's Return, Church in Losing, Saxony ; Christ on the Mount of Olives, Altai-piece, Cherson, Russia. — Mailer, 475.
SCHONLEBER, GUSTAV, born at Bie- tigheim, Wilrtemberg, in 1852. Landscape and architecture painter, pupil of Kurtz in Stuttgart and of Adolf Lier in Munich ; travelled in Italy and Holland. Professor in Carlsruhe in 1880. Medal, Munich, 1879. Works : Italian Coast Study ; Fish- ers' Return ; Dantzic Fish Market ; Har- bour of Genoa ; Rotterdam ; Ostend Canal ; Suabian Imperial City ; Venetian Fishing Boats (1871), Hamburg Gallery ; Harbour of Ostend (1879) ; View of Flushing at Low Tide (1881), Dresden Museum ; Evening near Dordrecht, Stuttgart Museum ; Spring in Suabia, High Water in the Neckar (1884). — MUller, 475 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 808 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 380 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 158 ; xx. 72.
SCHONMANN, JOSEF, born in Vienna, April 19, 1799, died there, May 26, 1879. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, which sent him to Rome in 1832. Honorary member of Accademia dei Virtuosi, Rome, in 1838 ; member of Vienna Academy in 1848. Works : Death of Dido (1822) ; Hec- tor calling Paiis to Battle (1828); Holy Family (1833), Vienna Museum ; St. Jo- seph (1835), S. Antonio, Trieste ; Portrait of Count Franz Saurau, Joanneum, Griitz. In fresco : The Great Prophets, Altlerchen- feld Church, Vienna.— Wurzbach, xxxi. 167.
SCHONN, ALOIS, born in Vienna, March 11, 1826. Genre painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Fuhrich and Leander Russ. Went through the Italian campaign of 1848
and the Hungarian War ; studied in Paris in 1850-51 ; then travelled in Syria, Egypt, Nubia, and Arabia, returning homo by way of Italy, and visited Hungary in 1856. Gold medal in Berlin ; medal in Munich ; Order of Franz Joseph. Works : Return from Skirmish at Poute Tedesco (1848) ; Hun- garian Family returning Home after War (1849) ; Evening on the Nile (1852) ; De- parture of Tyrolese Students from Vienna in 1848 (1864), Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Gypsy Camp (2, 1857), Coburg Gallery, Vienna ; Storming of Lodrone (1850), On the Coast of Genoa (1872), Museum, ib. ; Goose Market in Cracow (1869), Academy, ib. ; Scene in Persecution of Jews (1870) ; Festival in Capri, Fish Market at Chioggia, do. in the Ghetto at Rome (1871) ; Scene before Wine Depot in Monte Testaccio (1882) ; Market in Bosnia, do. in Tunis (1883).— Wurzbach, xxxi. 98 ; Kunst-Chro- nik, xvii. 261 ; xviii. 510 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 259 ; vi. 213 ; viii. (Mittheilungen, i. 40). SCHOOL OF ATHENS, Raphael, Cam- era della Segnatura, Vatican, Rome ; fresco, arched top, H. 16 ft. x 26 ft. 8 in. The Triumph of Science ; companion to the Dispute of the Sacrament, which represents the Triumph of Religion. A vast portico, the arcades of which are pierced with niches filled with statues ; those in front, Apollo and Minerva ; in the centre, Plato, with Aris- totle beside him, is expounding to disciples standing around, while Diogenes lies on the steps, with Aristippus passing him talking to Epicurus ; at left, on steps, Aleibiades, Xenophon, and others, listening to Socra- tes ; below them, Pythagoras, with his wife Theano, his son Telauges, and his pupil Archytas, Anaxagoras standing, Heraclitus sitting alone, and Democritus or Epicurus by base of pillar ; at right, on steps, Pyrrho, Arcesilaus, and others, and below them Ar- chimedes (portrait of Bramante) teaching geometry, and Ptolemy and Zoroaster stand- ing beside Raphael and Perugino. Painted in 1511. Called also Philosophy. Studies in Albertine College, Vienna, and Louvre ;
143
SCHOOL
cartoon in Ambrosian Library, Milan. Va- sari says the fresco represents the union of Theology and Philosophy through Astron- omy, and points out St. Matthew in the so-called Pythagoras. Giorgio Mantovano (1560) engraved it under the title of St. Paul disputing with Stoics and Epicureans. It has also been said to represent St. Paul preaching at Athens. Engraved by Volpato ; G. Ghisi.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 331 ; Mlintz,
SCHOOL OF LEGISLATION, George Frederick Watts, Dining Hall of Lincoln's Inn, London ; fresco, H. 40 ft. x 45 ft. The great legislators of the world, Confucius, Moses, Justinian, and others, thirty-three figures in all, grouped in a manner obvious- ly inspired by Eaphael's School of Athens. A grand work, allied in conception and drawing to the Eoman and in colour to the Venetian school. It is surpassed in size
School of Athens, Raphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vatican, Rome.
327 ; Passavant, ii. 79 ; Springer, 172 ; Kug- ler (Eastlake), ii. 428 ; Perkins, 123.
SCHOOL, EVENING (De avondschool), Gerard Don, Amsterdam Museum ; wood, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft, 4 in. The teacher, seat- ed behind a table at left, is talking, with his left forefinger raised ; in his front, a boy, his figure lighted by the flame of a can- dle on the table and a lantern on the floor, is leaning over a book ; other pupils in fore- ground at left, and in background; above, a curtain, draped to right. G. van der Pot sale, Rotterdam (1808), 17,500 francs.
among modern works only by Cornelius's Last Judgment, at Munich. — Portfolio (1870), 66.
SCHOOL OF LOVE. See Cupid, Edu- cation of.
SCHOOL, TURKISH (Ecole turque), Alexandre Drcamps, Fodor Museum, Am- sterdam ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. In- terior, with the turbaned pedagogue seated on a divan and the children disposed in va- rious groups. Painted in 1846 ; formerly in collection of Marquis Maison ; acquired in Paris, 1857. Decamps painted a similar
144
SCHOOXJANS
subject in water-colour, Salon of 1842. His Turkish School Dismissed (Sortie de 1'ecole turque) was sold at Comtesse Lehon sale (1861) for 34,000 francs.
SCHOONJANS, ANTHONIE, born in Antwerp in 1650, died in Vienna, 1726. Flemish school ; portrait and history paint- er, pupil of Erasmus Quellinus ; went early to Koine and thence to Vienna, where he became court painter to Leopold I., and, on account of his skill as a portrait painter, was invited to England. He also lived at The Hague, Amsterdam, and as court paint- er at Dllsseldorf, whence he returned to Vienna on the death of the Elector John William. He was one of the boldest man- nerists of his time, and not without merit in painting the nude. "Works : Narcissus, Girl with Bird, Old Woman with Basket, do. with Book, Artist's Portrait, Schleissheim Gallery ; Job and his Wife (1710), Augs- burg Gallery ; St. Jerome, St. Sebastian, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg. — Michiels, v. 93 ; Nagler, Hon., i. 502.
SCHOOTEN, JORIS VAN, born in Ley- den about 1587, died after 1650. Dutch school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of Coenracl van der Maes at Leydeu ; paint- ed large archery pieces full of character and expression, good colouring, and chiaroscu- ro ; also a few biblical subjects in an Ital- ianized style. Works : Adoration of the Magi, Amsterdam Museum ; Allegory on Plague in Leyclen, 1574 (1643), Tabula Ce- betis (1624), Group Portraits of Officers of Archers' Company (7, 1626-28), Captains of Civic Guard (1650), Leyden Museum. — Kramm, v. 1491 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 357 ; Kiegel, Beitriige, i. 127.
SCHOPF, JOSEF, born at Telfs, Tyrol, Feb. 2, 1745, died at Innsbruck, Sept 15, 1822. History painter, pupil of Martin Knoller in 1768 ; was in 1776-83 in Rome, where he was influenced by Raphael Mengs ; then settled in Innsbruck, but visited many places to paint frescos. Occasionally men- tioned in Goethe's essays. Monument erected to him at Telfs in 1875. Works :
Madonna, Coronation of the Virgin, Christ on the Cross, John the Baptist, Venus with the Dove, Figure Study, Artist's Portrait, three other Male Portraits, Ferdinandeuui, Innsbruck ; St. Benedict, Schleissheim Gal- lery ; Evening in the Campagna ; Horace Reading (1790), Lord Bristol ; Christ on the Cross, Cathedral of Brixen. In fres- co: Transfiguration, and others, Benedic- tine Church, Aschbach; Assumption, Church in Brunecken ; do., St. John Neponiuk's Church, Innsbruck ; do., Serviten Church, ib.; and many other Tyrolese churches. — Kuust-Chronik, xi. 125 ; Wurzbach, xxxi. 188.
SCHOPFER, HANS, the younger, born in Munich, died in 1610. German school ; history painter, son of a painter of same name. He became Bavarian court painter. His works are sometimes attributed to Hans Schiiufelin and Albrecht D(lrer. Works by Hans the elder : Margrave Philibert of Baden (1549), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; do., Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; Duke Frederick of Bavaria (1546), Duchess Hel- ena (1547), Schleissheim Gallery ; Female Portrait (1540), Hohenzolleru Museum, Sig- maringen. By Hans the younger : Hans Kaspar von Pienzenau (1558), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Countess Euphro- syne von Oettingen (1569), Regina von Lamberg (1569), Anna Schellenberg (1571), Anna von Frauenberg (1580), Schleissheim Gallery ; Altarpieces for Church of the Pil- grimage, Ramersdorf, near Munich. — Nag- ler, Mon., iii. 587.
SCHOREEL. See ftcorel.
SCHORN, KARL, born in Diisseldorf, Oct. 17, 1800, died in Munich, Oct. 7, 1850. History painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Acad- emy, of Cornelius in Munich, of Gros and Ingres in Paris in 1824-27, and from 1832 of Wach in Berlin. Settled in Munich, where he was made professor at the Acad- emy in 1847, and visited Italy. Orders of Red Eagle and St. Michael. Was the father- in-law and master of Karl Piloty. Works : Mary Stuart and Rizzio ; Salvator Rosa
145
SCIIOTEL
among Robbers (1835) ; Charles V. in Con- vent of San Yuste ; Card Players (1837), and Pope Paul III. before Luther's Picture (1839), National Gallery, Berlin ; Initiation of Young Monk, Puritans in Camp, Raczyn- ski Galley, ib.; Italian Brigands Praying ; Cromwell before Battle of Dunbar, Kon- igsberg Museum ; Anabaptist Prisoners be- fore Bishop of Mtinster (1843-45) ; The Flood (1845, unfinished), New Pinakothek, Munich. In fres- co : Arcades of Royal Garden, Mu- nich.— Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 37; Leix- ner, Mod. K, i. 101.
SCHOTEL, JOHANNES CHRISTIANUS, born at Dordrecht, Nov. 11, 1787, died there, Dec. 22, 1838. Marine painter, pupil of A. Meulemans and Martinus Schouman ; created great enthusi- asm with his first pict- ures in 1818, and be- came one of the best marine painters of his
time. Member of Antwerp, Brussels, Ghent, Amsterdam, and Berlin Academies. Works : Marines (3), Coast View, Museum, Amster- dam ; do. (2), Fishermen's Huts in the Downs, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Stormy Sea, Hague Museum ; View of Moerdyk, Agitat- ed Sea, Rotterdam Museum ; Dutch Coast, Berlin Museum ; Agitated Sea, Carlsruhe Gallery ; do., Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Rising Storm near Sea Coast, New Pinakothek, Mu- nich ; Departure of French from Dordrecht in 1814, Bombardment of Algiers in 1810 (with Schouman ). — Immerzeel, iii. 75 ; Kramm, v. 1493 ; Kugler, Kl. Schr., iii.
SCHOTEL, PETRUS JOHANNES, born at Dordrecht, Aug. 19, 1808, died at Dres- den, July 23, 1865. Marine painter, son and pupil of preceding, in whose footsteps he followed successfully ; studied also much from nature, in France, Germany, and Bel- gium ; became professor at the school of navigation at Medemblyk in 1830, and re-
moved to Dttsseldorf in 1856. Member of Amsterdam and Rotterdam Academies. Many prizes, medals, and orders. Works : Calm Sea with many Vessels, Ghent Muse- um ; Leaving Roadstead of Texel in Stormy Weather ; The Willem Sluice near Amster- dam, Agitated Sea, Museum, Amsterdam ; Harbour of Bath in Stormy Weather, Muse- um Fodor, ib. ; Shipwreck near Kykduin — North Holland (1847), Konigsberg Muse- um; Agitated Sea with Boats, Schwerin Gal- lery.— D. Kunstbl., 1853 ; Immerzeel, iii. ; Kramm, v. 1493.
SCHOULTZ, EMMA VON, born in Rus- sia ; contemporary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Friedrich Kraus in Berlin. Works : Interesting Reading (1866) ; The Artist and her Mother (1868) ; Composer's Children ; Visit of Condolence (1871); Story of the Field ; Quartering of Soldiers on the Retreat.— Mtiller, 476; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 173.
SCHOUMAN, MARTINUS, born at Dor- drecht, baptized Jan. 31, 1770, died at Breda, Oct. 30, 1848. Marine painter, pupil of Mi- chiel Versteeg, and afterwards of his uncle, Aart Schouman (1710-92). Works : Explo- sion of Gunboat near Antwerp, Expedition to Palembang — Sumatra, Amsterdam Mu- seum ; Tempestuous Sea (2), Haarlem Mu- seum ; Marine, Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Departure of French from Dordrecht, Bom- bardment of Algiers (with Schotel). — Im- merzeel, iii. 78 ; Kramm, v. 1495 ; Cotta's Kunstbl, 1827, 1838.
SCHRADER, JULIUS, born in Berlin, June 16, 1815. His- tory painter, pupil of Berlin Academy and under W. Schadow of Diisseldorf Academy ; visited Italy in 1845 -47, also England, Holland, and Belgi- um. Became profes- sor at Berlin Acad- emy in 1848. Medals in Berlin (2), Paris i (2d class, 1855), Weimar, and Vienna (1873).
146
SCHRAUDOLPH
Several orders. Member of Berlin, Vienna, and Dresden Academies. A great master of colour ; his pictures are brilliant out- wardly, but sometimes wanting in deeper feeling. Was the first Berlin artist to be influenced by the Belgian colourists, Gallait and De Biefve. Works : Cenci before Greg- ory VII. (1844), Dantzic Museum ; Attempt to poison the Emperor Frederick II. ; Sur- render of Calais to Edward HI. (1847), Parting of Charles I. (1855), Esther before Ahasuerus (1856), Portrait of Consul Wa- gener (1856), Homage of Berlin and Co- logne (1874), National Gallery, Berlin ; Bac- chus Asleep (1846), Bacchante playing with Panthers, Ravene Gallery, ib.; Frederick the Great after Battle of Kolin (1849), Leip- sic Museum ; Wallenstein and Seni (1850) ; Jephthah's Daughter (1850), Konigsberg Museum; Leonardo da Vinci's Death (1851) ; Children in Prayer (1852), Schwerin Gal- lery ; Milton and his Daughters (1855) ; Cromwell at the Death-Bed of his Daugh- ter (1859), Cologne Museum ; Lady Mac- beth walking in her Sleep (1860) ; Queen Elizabeth signing Mary Stuart's Death- War- rant ; Mary Stuart's Last Moments ; Shake- speare as a Poacher before the Judge, Stuttgart Museum ; Adoration of the Magi (1884) ; Portrait of Cornelius (1864), do. of himself (1865), do. of Dagobert von Oppen- heim, Cologne Museum ; do. of the Art His- torian Friedrich Eggers (1873), Schwerin Gallery ; Portraits of Humboldt, Rauke, and Moltke. In fresco : First 12 Christian Monarchs, Royal Chapel, Berlin ; Consecra- tion of St. Sophia, New Museum, ib. — Jor-
dan (1885), ii. 209 ; Wolfg. Mtiller, Diisseldf. K, 155: Mttller, 476; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 147 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 19 ; v. 121 ; vi. 106 ; xx. 95.
SCHRAUDOLPH, CLAUDIUS, the elder, born at Obersdorf, Algau, in 1813. History and genre painter, brother and pupil of Jo-
liann Schraudolph, then at Munich Acad- emy under Heinrich Hess ; went with Fors- ter to Italy, to make designs after antique frescos, then painted in Munich frescos in the Basilica and All Saints' Chapel, at Ath- ens in the royal palace, and at Speyer in the cathedral, for which he had meanwhile made studies in Italy, whither he accompa- nied his brother in 1844. Afterwards joined the Benedictine Order. — Nagler, xvL 11.
SCHRAUDOLPH, CLAUDIUS, the younger, born in Munich in 1843. History and genre painter, son and pu- pil of Johann Schrau- dolph, and of Munich Academy under Hein- rich Hess. Lived in Dresden in 1865; fought in the cam- paign of 1866, and in Franco-German War (1870-71). Became director of Stuttgart Art School in 1883. Medal, Munich, 2d class, 1883. Works: St. Elizabeth distributing Bread ; Munich Brewery ; Pensive Maiden at Piano ; Easter Procession from Faust ; Quartet on Vene- tian Terrace ; Dolce far niente ; Decorative Paintings in Munich houses. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 809 ; Reber-Pecht, iii. 290.
SCHRAUDOLPH, JOHANN, born at Oberstdorf in Al- giiu in 1808, died May 31, 1879. His- tory painter, pupil of Munich Acad- emy under Schlott- hauer and Corne- lius. Helped paint the frescos of many • Munich buildings ; went to Rome in
1844 ; after his return decorated the ca- thedral at Speyer. Orders of St. Michael, Maximilian, and Bavarian Crown. Works : Two Pictures with Hovering Angels, Basle Museum; Peter's Catch of Fish (1865),
147
SOHEEYER
Christ healing the Sick (1862), Ascension, Madonna and St. John, Mary and Mary Magdalen at Golgotha (1863); St. Agnes and Lamb (1842), Madonna and Child (1840), Two Pictures of Hovering Angels, New Pinakothek, Munich. In fresco : Por- tions of Glyptothek, Munich ; All Saints' Church, ib.; Basilica, ib.; Decoration of the Cathedral (1846-53), Speyer.— Kunst-Chro- uik, xiv. 616.
SCHREYER, ADOLF, born in Frank- fort-on-the-Main, May 9, 1828. Animal painter, pupil of Stil- del Institute, Frank- fort ; studied the horse in the riding-school and anatomically, then in Stuttgart, Munich, and Diisseldorf ; trav- elled in 1848 with Prince Thurn and Taxis through Hungary, Wallachia, and Southern Russia ; accompanied the Austri- ans on the march through the Dauubian prin- cipalities in 1854 ; visited Syria and Egypt in 1856, Algiers in 1861 ; lived in Paris un- til 1870, when he settled at Krouberg, near Frankfort ; lives alternately there and in Paris. Member of Antwerp and Rotterdam Academies. Medals : Brussels, 1863 ; Paris, 1864, 1865, 1867 ; Munich, 1876 ; Order of Leopold, 1866 ; court painter to Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, 1862. Works : Ar- tillery attacked by Prussian Hussars (1854), Ravene Gallery, Berlin ; Wallachian Trans- portation Train in Rainy Weather, Kunst- halle, Hamburg ; Battle near Waghiiusel, Baden, in 1849 (1858), Cannon drawn up Steep Hill (1861), Schwerin Gallery ; Cos- sack Horses (1864), Charge of Artillery ol Imperial Guard (1865), formerly in Luxem- bourg Museum ; Battle of Komorn ; Prince Thurn and Taxis wounded at Temesvar Cuirassiers' Attack in Battle on the Moskwa. 1812 ; Horses on the Puszta ; Wet Day in Moldavia ; Travelling in Russia ; Wallachian Peasants crossing Ford ; Wallachian Stable
on Fire ; Tunisian Cavalry (1883). Works n United States : Arabs Resting, Arabs Re- peating, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ; Sorses at Fountain, Abd-el-Kader leaving lonstantinople, J. J. Astor, ib. ; Wallachian Teamsters, Watering-Place, William Astor, b.; Arabs on March, Desolation, Miss C. LJ. Wolfe, ib. ; Wallachian Team, Halting- Place, August Belmont, ib.; Winter in Wallachia, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Noon Rest, R. Hoe, ib. ; Cossacks in Snow, M. Graham, ib. ; Wallachian Team in Snow, W. Rocke- feller, ib.; Russian Inn, T. R. Butler, ib.; Alarm, J. W. Drexel, ib.; Danger, M. K. Jesup, ib.; Burning Stable, D. O. Mills, ib.; Horses at Fountain, C. P. Huntington, ib. ; Travelling in Russia, Attack, C. S. Smith, ib.; Wallachian Teamsters, H. V. Newcomb, ib.; Arabs in Desert, Samuel Hawk Collection, ib. ; Gypsy Boy -with Horse, L. Tuckerman, ib. ; The Halt, H. C. Gibson, Philadelphia ; Cold Day, Retreat, L'Embourbe — Plains of Hungary, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Watering-Place, Cor- coran Gallery, Washington. In the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold : Wallachian Pack-Horses ($4,300), Arab Scout ($3,500), Wallachian Post Station ($1,150), Arab at
Fountain ($3,100).— Ulustr. Zeitg. (1865), i.; Gaz. des B. Arts (1864), xvii. 369 ; (1865), xviii. 511 ; (1867), xxii. 540 ; Kaulen, 91 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 37 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, viii. (Mittheilungen, i. 59).
SCHRICK, MARSEUS VAN. See Mar- sens.
SCHRODL, ANTON, born at Schwechat, near Vienna, in 1825. Animal and land- scape painter, probably studied in Vienna ; visited Styria and Upper Austria. His works, marked by careful execution, are to be found in many private collections. Works : Storm
148
SCHRODL
on the Lake, View near Hallstadt (1851) ; Animals Besting (1855) ; Hungarian Puszta (18G2), Count Edmund Zichy ; In the Sta- ble (1870) ; Sheep and Booster, Dead Stag, Dog Besting, Pheasants and Partridges, Sta- ble Interior at Leopoldsdorf (1872).— Mai- ler, 478 ; Wurzbach, xxxi. 344.
SCHBODL, NOBBEBT, born in Vienna in 1842. Genre and portrait painter, pu- pil of Jacob Becker ; paints with ingenious treatment ideal figures and portraits ; has also attempted historical subjects, landscapes and animal pieces. "Works: Symbolical Figures of Night and Day ; Bape of the Sa- bine Women ; Four Illustrations of " Who does not love Wine, Woman, and Song?" (1879).— Bosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 320.
SCHEODTEB, ADOLF, born at Schwedt, in the Uckennark, June 28, 1805, died in Carlsruhe, Dec. 9, 1875. Genre painter, pupil of his father and of Berlin Academy, and in 1829 of W. Schadow in Diissel- dorf. Went to Frank- fort - on - the - Main in 1848, returned to
Dilsseldorf in 1854 ; called to Carlsruhe as professor in 1859, retired in 1872. One of the happiest representatives of humour in German art. Works: Wine Testing, (1822), Bhenish Tavern (1833), Don Quixote (1834), Scene from Shakespeare's Henry V. (1839), Forest Smithy (1841), National Gallery, Berlin ; Till Eulenspiegel as Baker, Baveue Gallery., ib.; The Seasons, Primeval Forest iu Brazil, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Baron Miin- chausen relating his Hunting Adventures (1842), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Scene from Till Eulenspiegel (1844), Kiinigsberg Mu- seum ; Don Quixote and his Dul- cinea (1858), Diisseldorf Gallery ; Falstaff in Tavern (1859), besides other pictures of the same charac- ter ; subjects from Milnchausen and Till Eulenspiegel ; Two Monks in Convent Cel-
lar (18G3) ; Hans Sachs (18GC) ; and numer- ous illustrations for books. — Kunst-Chronik, xi. 289 ; Jordan (1885), iL 210 ; Blanckarts, 93 ; Nagler, xvi. 24 ; Beber, ii. 239 ; Land und Meer (1875), ii. 935.
SCHBOTEB, KONSTANTIN, born at Schkeuditz, Prussian Saxony, March 21, 1795, died in Berlin, Oct. 18, 1835. Genre painter, pupil of Leipsic and Dresden Acad- emies, and of Pochinann. Beturned to Leip- sic in 1819 ; lived by portrait painting until he took to genre, on advice of the elder Schnorr, and settled in Berlin in 1826. Works : Violin Lesson (1828), National Gal- lery, Berlin ; Mother and Daughter Spin- ning ; Auction of a Painter's Effects (1832) ; Jewish Family Besting (1834) ; Village School (1835).— Jordan (1885), ii. 211 : Nagler, xvi. 30.
SCHBOTZBEBG, FBANZ, born in Vien- na in 1811. Portrait painter, pupil of Vi- enna Academy ; influenced by Karl Marko. Visited Italy in 1837, Germany and Belgium in 1842, and later Italy again, Paris, and London. Very fashionable painter for many years ; has been called the Austrian Wrinter- halter. Member of Vienna Academy ; Franz Joseph Order. Works: Leda and Swan (1839), Vienna Museum ; Empress Elizabeth of Austria, Duchess Therese von Wtlrtem- berg, Archduchess Mathilde of Austria (1867), New Pinakothek, Munich ; and nu- merous other portraits. — Wurzbach, xxxii. 18 ; Mtlller, 478.
SCHTSCHEDBIN, SILVESTEB FEDO- BOVICH, born in St. Petersburg in 1791, died at Sorrento in 1830. Landscape paint er, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy under Ivanoff and Worobieff. Visited also Ger- many and Italy. Works : Colosseum, Lake Nemi, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
SCHUBACK, GOTTLIEB EMIL, born in Hamburg, June 28, 1820. Genre painter, pupil in Munich of Cornelius and Heinrich Hess in 1836-42. Studied in Borne in 1847- 48 ; settled in 1855 in DUsseldorf, where he was influenced by Jordan. Works : Por- trait of the painter Gttnther Gensler (1854),
149
SCHUBEKT
Hamburg Gallery ; Eepentant Son ; Twelve o'clock ; Meeting of old Friends ; New Schoolmaster ; Grandfather telling a Story; and similar subjects ; an Altarpiece — Christ on the Mount of Olives (1857).— Miiller, 479.
SCHUBERT, FERDINAND, born in Vi- enna in 1824, died there in 1853. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works : Romeo and Juliet (1850); Death of the Prince of Orange ; Fisher ; Radt von Haps- burg showing his Soldiers to his Brother (1852), Vienna Museum. — Wurzbach, xxxii. 29.
SCHUBERT, FRANZ AUGUST, born in Dessau, Nov. 10, 1806. History and land- scape painter, pupil in Dessau of Beck, then of Dresden Academy and of Munich Acade- my under Cornelius and Schnorr ; went in 1833 to Florence, 1834 to Rome, visited Or- vieto in 1836, Naples in 1838, went back to Dessau in 1839, to Munich in 1840, visited Venice in 1845, and, invited by Cornelius, settled in Berlin in 1850. Made professor by Duke of Anhalt-Dessau in 1863. Works : Jacob and Rachel, Parable of the Great Sup- per, Parable of Rich Man, Allegory of Faith, Love, and Hope (1834-39); Paul in the House of Peter in Jerusalem ; Fall of Man (1846); Feeding of the Five Thousand (1848) ; Solomon's Judgment (1853), Court House, Dessau ; Invention and Power of Music, Cycle Concert Hall, ib.; Entomb- ment, and Resurrection (1866), Schloss- kirche, ib. ; Christ on Mount of Olives ; David and Jonathan (1865); Sacrifice of Manoah (1872) ; Paul at the House of Lydia ; Peter and Tabitha; Hagar and Ishmael. — Andresen, ii. 262 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 790.
SCHUBERT-SOLDERN, VICTOR VON, born in Prague, Aug. 15, 1834. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Leutze in Diissel- dorf in 1857, of Antwerp Academy in 1860- 61, and of Cogniet in 1861-62. Lived in Italy in 1863-66, in Paris until 1870 ; then went to Brussels, where he became a friend of Czermak, and next settled in Dresden. Works : Tristan and Isolde (1870) ; Lucre-
zia Borgia and a Venetian Lady ; A Por- trait Painter (Jubilee Exhib., Berlin, 1886). — MiiUer, 479.
SCHUCH, WERNER, born at Hildes- heim, Hanover, Oci 2, 1843. Landscape and genre painter, self-taught. Was at first an architect, and in 1870 professor of archi- tecture in Hanover. Began painting in 1872, copying in Dresden Gallery, and sketching in Tyrol and Italy. Studied also in Diissel- dorf in 1877. Gold medal, Berlin, 1886. Pro- fessor. Works : On the Look-Out ; Heath ; In Time of Dire Distress (1876), National Gallery, Berlin ; Robber Knights in Am- bush (1877), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Quack, Hanover Gallery ; Gustavus Adolphus' Body taken to Wolgast ; Ride for Life or Death ; Silent Cloisters ; Song is Over ; Flight of Croats ; Peacebreaker, Wiesbaden Gallery ; Footpads (1880) ; Landscape with brown Heather (1881), Dresden Museum ; Swed- ish Recruiters (1882), KOnigsberg Museum ; Going into Winter Quarters, Close to the Enemy (1884) ; On Evil Ways (1885).— Jor- dan (1885), ii. 212 ; MCiller, 480 ; Kunst- Chronik, xvii. 380, 735 ; xviii. 213 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. ; Leixner, Mud. K, ii. 101 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 42.
SCHUCHARDT, FERDINAND, Jr., born in New York, May 14, 1855. Genre painter, pupil of William Morgan and J. G. Brown in 1875-78. Exhibited at the National Academy since 1877. Studio in New York. Works : Song without Words (T. B. Clarke, New York) ; Nydia — Last Days of Pompeii (1879) ; Accident at the Circus (1880) ; Fair Client (1881) ; Fisherman's Children (1882) ; Signing the Marriage Contract, Christmas Eve (1883) ; Turned Away, Evening (1884) ; Gather ye Rosebuds, Out in the Snow (1885) ; Dreaming of the Sea, Before the Curtain (1886).
SCHUFRIED, DOMINIK, born in Vienna in 1810. Landscape painter, pupil of Vi- enna Academy. Works : Ruins of Guten- stein (1838) ; Mountain Landscape (1848) ; Peasant Family near Gutenstein (1856), Vi- enna Museum. — Wurzbach, xxxii. 136.
160
SCntJIILEIN
SCHUHLEIN (Schtlchlin), HANS, flour- ished in Ulm about 1468-1502. German school ; history painter, probably a scholar of B. van <ler Weyden, and a master of high repute in Ulm, where he appears as senior master of a guild of painters, sculptors, etc., in 1473 ; he executed an altarpiece, with his pupil Zeitblom, now in a private collection in Hungary. Works : Altarpiece with Nativ- ity, Adoration, etc. (14G9), Church at Tiefen- bronn, Wtirtemberg; Ysiclor and Susanna, St. Servatius (2), David with Head of Goliath, Zacharias and Elizabeth, Munich Gallery ; Anna and Cleopas, Schleissheim Gallery ; six Altar-Wings, Maurice Chapel, Nurem- berg ; others in Augsburg Gallery and Stuttgart Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole alle- mande ; Dohme, li. ; Heideloff, K. des Mit- telalt. in Schwaben, 117 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 145 ; Schnaase, viii. 421 ; W. & W., ii. 110.
SCHULTEN, ARNOLD, born at Dilssel- dorf in 1809, died there, July 30, 1874. Landscape painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy in 1822-49, and with Scheuren, Lasinsky, Pose, Funk, and others, formed the school of landscape painters, which, un- der the guidance of Johann Wilhelm Schir- mer, contributed essentially to the renown of the Rhenish Academy. Works : Land- scape with Hunting Lodge (1831), Ab- bey of Altenburg (1831), Kloster Arnsteiu (1833), Entrance into Plain, Woodland (1834), do. with Cattle (1837), Return from the Chase (1840), Stag Hunt (1841), Kochel Lake (1842), Tegernsee (1843), Laacher Lake (1844), Brook among Rocks (1847), Pyrmont on the Elz (1848), View near Wal- lenstadt Lake (1852), Rhenish- Westphalian Art Union ; Isola Bella in the Lago Mag- giore, Villa Rosenstein near Stuttgart. — Blanckarts, 72 ; Wiegmann, 352.
SCHULTZ, FRIEDRICH, born in Ger- many ; contemporary. Battle and genre painter, lives in Berlin ; skilful in composi- tion, but weak in colouring. Works : Zie- then Hussars foraging (1854); Frederick the Great iu Battle of Torgau ; do. in Bat- tle of Hoheufriedberg ; Peter the Great
after the Battle of Poltava (1859); Bivouac in 17th Century ; Prince Henry and the Bridal Pair (1862); Cupid and Psyche (1863); Crossing to Alsen ; The first Bomb- shell at Kdniggriitz ; King William decorat- ing the Crown Prince with the Order pour le merite on the Battlefield of Kouiggriitz. — Dioskuren (I860), 33, 255, 332, 341; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 294.
SCHULTZ, HERMANN THEODOR, born at Wittstock, Prussia, in 181(5. History and genre painter, pupil in Berlin of Wach and of Blechen ; painted frescos in the Old Mu- seum at Berlin after the sketches of Schin- kel, and four scenes from the Myths of Her- cules and Theseus of his own composition ; also in the Royal Chapel two Prophets, and twelve Kings and Priests of the Old Testa- ment. Among his genre pictures an Italian Woman with a Blind Boy before the Ma- donna is noteworthy. — Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 40.
SCHULTZ, JOHANN KARL, born in Dantzic, May 5, 1801, died there, June 12, 1873. Architecture and landscape painter, pupil of Dautzic Art School under Breysig, and of Berlin Academy under Hummel ; went in 1823 to Munich, attracted there by Domeuico Quaglio, and in 1824 to Italy, whence he returned to Berlin in 1828 ; was made director of Dantzic Art School in 1831, member of Berlin Academy in 1836 ; visited Rome again in 1839 ; founded in 1855 the Art Union and in 1856 the Ar- chaeological Union in Dautzic. Great gold medal for art. Honorary member of St. Petersburg Academy. Works : View in Milan Cathedral (1827), Steeple of do. (1829), National Gallery, Berlin ; Choir in Konigsberg Cathedral (1835), Royal Palace, ib.; replica (1837), Konigsberg Museum ; Castle Hohenzollern (6); Interior of Ulm Cathedral ; do. of Strasburg Cathedral ; View of Siena ; Piazza del Gran Duca ; Or- vieto Cathedral ; Triumphal Arch of Trajan at Ancona ; Street of Tombs in Pompeii ; Konigsberg Cathedral ; Artus Hof in Dant- zic.— Andresen, ii. 141 ; Jordan (1885), ii.
151
SCHULZ
213 ; Kunst-Chronik, v. 153 ; vii. 307, 423 ; viii. 619 ; Land und Meer (1873), ii. 383.
SCHULZ, JULIUS, born in Germany; contemporary. Hunt, landscape, and mili- tary genre painter ; lives in Berlin ; attrac- tive through his humorous touch. Works : Stag Hunt ; Winter Landscape with Hunts- men ; Cuirassiers on the March, Uhlans by Peasant Cottage, Koyal Palace, Berlin ; Drunken Cossack ; Prince Bliicher and Count Nostitz at Ligny.
SCHULZ, KAKL FRIEDRICH, born at Selchow, Brandenburg, Nov. 2, 1796, died in Neu-Euppin, March 3, 1866. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Berlin Academy. Fought in the wars of 1814-15 ; travelled in Holland, France, and England in 1821. Became professor in Berlin in 1840 ; visited Munich in 1841, and studied glass painting. In 1847 went to St. Petersburg. Some- times called Jagd-Schulz, owing to his fond- ness for hunting scenes. Works : Cossacks ; Quartering of Troops (1828) ; English Brig on the North Sea at Cuxhaven (1831), Tem- pest on Sea off Calais (1831), Poachers (1831), National Gallery, Berlin ; Mouse- Trap Vender and Peasant Woman (1836), Weimar Museum ; Return from the Chase ; Deer in Forest ; Dead Birds (1834), Game Vender (1840), KOnigsberg Museum. — Jor- dan (1885), ii. 213; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 288.
SCHULZ, LEOPOLD, born in Vienna in 1804, died atHeiligenstadt, near Vienna, Oct. 6, 1873. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, then (1829) in Munich of Cor- nelius and Schnorr ; visited Italy in 1830- 31, and after his return to Munich painted in the Kiinigsbau scenes from Hymns of Homer and Idyls of Theocritus ; returned to Vienna, where he became custodian of Count Lamberg's Gallery, and in 1844 cor- rector at the Academy. Works : The Chris- tian Heroes of the First Crusade (1835) ; Martyrdom of St. Florian (1837) ; Duke Ernest the Iron wooing Cimburgis of Mas- sovia (1850); Patron Saints of Austrian Monarchy (1853); Louis the Bavarian an-
nouncing Liberation to Frederick the Fair (1851), Vienna Museum. — Forster, v. 506 ; Wurzbach, xxxii. 183.
SCHULZ-BRIESEN, EDUARD, born at Haus Amstel bei Neun, Diisseldorf, May 11, 1831. Genre painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy and of Vautier ; studied for one year (1851) at Antwerp, then painted portraits in different cities, and settled at Dusseldorf in 1871. Works: Copyist; Children's Car- nival ; Lost Honour ; In the Gentlemen's Room ; Differences ; For Examination ; Dainties ; Court Room Scene, Dusseldorf Gallery ; Captured Gypsies, Divine Service in the Country (Jubilee Exhib., Berlin, 1886).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 794 ; Land und Meer (1884), i. 499.
SCHUMACHER, KARL (GEORG CHRISTIAN), born at Doberan, Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, May 14, 1797, died at Dres- den, June 22, 1869. History painter, pupil of Rudolf Suhrlandt, but really self-taught, then studied at Dresden Academy in 1819- 1821, and in Rome in 1821-25 ; visited Na- ples, Orvieto, Perugia, Florence ; after his return settled in Dresden, but was called to Schwerin by the Grand Duke in 1830 to paint frescos, became court painter, lived again in Dresden in 1852-55, returned to Schwerin, where he became blind, in 1863.
Works : Holy Family (1821)>
Adoration of the Magi (1826), Return of Henry the Pilgrim (1836), Battle at Gransee (1839), Departure of Henry the Pilgrim (1857), Gallery, Schwerin ; Henry the Lion (1842), The Three Faculties, Grand-ducal Palace, ib. In fresco : The Seasons, Loggia, ib. — Andresen, ii. 121 ; Forster, v. 534.
SCHUMANN, KARL FRANZ JACOB HEINRICH, born in Berlin, Aug. 8, 1767, died there, Sept. 27, 1827. History painter, pupil at Berlin Academy of Johann Chris- toph Frisch, went in 1795 to Italy ; became senator, and professor of anatomy at the Berlin Academy in 1801 ; professor of paint- ing in the royal gallery in 1815, and secre-
152
SCHURAVLEFF
tary of the Academy in 1816. Works : Burggrave Friedrich of Zollern surrender- ing the Emperor ; do. recognizing his Wife as Cavalry Leader (1800), Crossing of the Rhine at Caub by the Prussian Army (1826), Royal Palace, Berlin ; Julius Sabiuus taken Prisoner ; Meeting of Alexander and Napo- leon.—N. NecroL der D. (1827), ii. 852 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 43.
SCHURAVLEFF, THYRSUS SERGE- VICH, born in Saratov in 1836. Genre painter, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy. Works : Unfaithful Peasant Woman ; Re- turn from the Ball ; Chimney Sweep ; Cook (1872) ; Blessing of the Bride (1874).
SCHURIGr, KARL WILHELM, born in Leipsic, Dec. 17, 1818, died in Dresden, March 10, 1874. History painter, pupil in Leipsic and in Dresden of Bendemann. Visited Italy ; settled in Dresden, where he became professor of the Academy in 1857. Works : Resurrection of Christ, altarpiece, Eppendorf ; Bishop of Speyer protecting Persecuted Jews (1851), Dresden Gallery ; Emperor Albrecht and Swiss Ambassadors (1842), Leipsic Museum ; crayon drawings of the masterpieces of Dresden Gallery. — Kunst-Chronik, ix. 388.
SCHUSSELE, CHRISTIAN, born in Al- sace about 1824, died at Merchantville, N. Y., Aug. 21, 1879. History painter, pupil of Yvon in Paris. Settled in the United States in 1847 ; for eleven years director of the schools connected with the Pennsyl- vania Academy. Works : How we won the Battle ; Leisberger preaching to the Indians; Men of Progress ; King Solomon and the Iron Worker.— Am. Art Rev. (1880), 46.
SCHUSTER, LUDWIG ALBRECHT, born at Berthelsdorf, Saxony, May 9, 1824. History painter, pupil of Dresden Academy under Julius Htlbnerin, 1842-48 ; then lived in Munich, and since 1852 in Dresden. Works : Bravery of a Saxon Dragoon ; Storming of Great Redoubt at Battle of Borodino, Saxon Grenadiers repulsing French Cavalry after Battle of Jena (1862), Dresden Gallery.— Mttller, 482.
SCHUT, CORNELIS, the elder, born in Antwerp, baptized May 13, 1597, died there, April 29, 1655. Flemish school ; history painter, among the pupils of Rubens the one in whose works the master's style is most distinctly re- flected ; master of the guild about 1619 ; with G. de Crayer, Liemaeckere, Stadius, and Theodor Rombouts decorated in 1635 the triumphal arches in Ghent for the entry of Prince Ferdinand. Frequently painted centre fig- ures for flower-wreaths by his friend Dan- iel Seghers. Works : St. Nicholas appear- ing to Emperor Constantino (masterpiece), Church at Willebroek, Brabant ; Martyrdom of St. George, Madonna in Glory, Purifica- tion, Museum, Antwerp ; Pieta, St. James's, ib. ; Coronation of the Virgin, Circumcision, Assumption, St. Francis Xavier among the Indians, do. in Japan, St. Charles's, ib. ; God the Father and Holy Ghost, Dead Christ, Resurrection of the Dead, St. Willebroed's, ib. ; Martyrdom of St. James, Brussels Museum ; Allegorical Representation of Cir- cumcision, Ghent Museum ; Alexander cut- ting the Gordian Knot, Lille Museum ; Chil- dren Playing in a Landscape, Rotterdam Museum ; Annunciation, Aschaffenburg Gal- lery ; Beheading of St. James, Bamberg Gallery ; Feast of Venus, Brunswick Gal- lery ; do., and Neptune and Venus, Dresden Gallery ; Vulcan in a Grotto, Old Pinako- thek, Munich ; Hero and Leander, Madonna in a Garland, Vienna Museum ; Coronation of the Virgin, Copenhagen Gallery ; Tribute to Ca;sar, Stockholm Museum ; Adoration of the Shepherds, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg. His nephew, Cornelis Schut, the younger, went to Spain with his father, an engineer in the service of Philip IV. ; set- tled in Seville, where lie was one of the principal founders of the Academy in 1660
163
SCHUTZ
and its director ; died there in 1675 or 1676 ; imitated Murillo. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Kramm, v. 1500 ; Micbiels, viii. 339 ; Booses (Reber), 272 ; Van den Bran- den, 757.
SCHUTZ, CHRISTIAN GEORG, the elder, born at FlOrsheim, near Mentz, Sept. 27, 1718, died in Frankfort, Dec. 6, 1791. Landscape painter, pupil of Hugo Schlegel in Frankfort (1731), then of Appiani. Long painted in fresco before devoting himself to landscape painting, in which he followed Saft-Leveu. His best pictures were painted between 1760 and 1775. Works: Rhine Views (10, one dated 1787), Architectural Pieces (3), Pilgrims by Ruins, View near Waterloo (1780), Views of and near Mentz (6), two others, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Landscape with Figures, Interior of St. Bartholomew's in Frankfort, Bamberg Gal- lery ; Rhine Views (7), four others, Cassel Gallery ; Interior of Gothic Church (1769), View on the Neckar (1777), five others, Darmstadt Museum ; River Landscapes (3, 1750, 1765), Market Day on the Romerberg in Frankfort (1754), Morning Landscape (1760), The Devil's Bridge on St. Gothard Road (1781), View of Aschaffenburg (1787), four others, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; others in Amalienstift, Dessau, in Christi- ania, Gotha (4), Oldenburg (2), and Prague Galleries. His nephew and pupil, Christian Georg Schiitz, the younger (1758-1823), painted especially attractive Rhine Views, and was one of the founders of the Frank- fort Museum. In the Darmstadt Museum are, by him, five Landscapes (one dated 1786) ; in the Schleissheim Gallery, four Rhine Views. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 565 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 725 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xv. 260.
SCHUTZE, WTLHELM, born in Berlin in 1814. Genre painter, pupil of KlOber ; very successful in homely scenes of lively composition and good colouring. Works : Cellar with Students and Girls (1834) ; Game of Chess, Blind Man's Buff, Princess of Liegnitz ; Flower Girl (1838) ; Mother
washing her Child (1854) ; Child's portrait (1880), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Hostile Inmates, Emil Caiman, New York. — Cotta's Kunstbl., 1834-38 ; D. Kunstbl., 1854.
SCHUTZENBERGER, LOUIS FRF,- DERIC, born at Strasburg, Sept. 8, 1825. Genre, landscape, and marine painter, pupil of Gleyre. Medals: 3d class, 1851; 2d class, 1861, 1863; L. of Honour, 1870. Works : Terpsichore (1861), Centaurs hunt- ing a Wild Boar (1864), Luxembourg Mu- seum ; Judgment of Paris (1863) ; Head of St. John (1863), Count Nieuwerkerke ; Pygmalion embracing his Statue (1864) ; Rape of Europa (1865), Arras Museum ; Charlemagne learning to write (1867) ; The First Astronomer (1867) ; Roman Slaves, St. Simon Stylites (1868); Hero, Pope's Walk in the Campagna (1869); Bather, Souvenir of Italy (1870) ; Alsatian Family emigrating to France (1872) ; Boatwoman of the Rhine, Amazon (1874) ; Seven Capital Sins, Flight of Nero (1875) ; Joan of Arc hearing Celestial Voices (1876) ; Souvenir of Italy, Diana Bathing (1877) ; Ariadne Abandoned, Bather (1878) ; Potiphar's Wife (1879) ; The Gorgon (1880) ; Panel for the Mayor's Office in Rheims, Interview between Csesar and Ariovistus (1881) ; Souvenir of Alsace (1882) ; Callisto, Alsatian Gleaner (1883) ; Return of Ulysses, Rhine Fisher- men (1884) ; Huntsmen Drinking at Well, Bather (1885) ; Ulysses (1886).— Gaz. des B. Arts (1881), xxiii. 510 ; Bellier, ii. 485.
SCHUZ, THEODOR, born at Thumling- en, Wiirtemberg, March 26, 1830. Genre painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art School under Rustige, Neher, and Steinkopf ; went in 1854 to Munich, and studied at the Academy un- der Piloty in 1857-63 ; visited Italy in 1858 and Middle Germany in 1859, and settled in Diisseldorf in 1866. Works : Evening Bell (1857); Walk on Easter Morning (1858); Midday Rest during Harvest (1862); Amuse- ment in Vineyard (1869) ; Sunday Afternoon in the Village (1873) ; Evening Landscape in Harvest Time (1879) ; Village View (1883). — Muller, 482 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 419.
154
SCHWAIGER
SCHWAIGER, HANS, born at Neuhaus, Bohemia, in 1854. Genre painter, pupil of Vienna Academy and of Trenkwald ; paints in water-colours fairy and fantastic scenes with a burlesque humour. Works: Cycle of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ; do. of Pied Piper of Hameln ; The Water Sprite (1880). — Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvi. 236.
SCHWALBE, OEEST. See Kiprenski.
SCHWARTZ, ALBERT GUSTAV, born in Berlin, July 6, 1833. Genre painter, pu- pil of Berlin Academy under Max Schmidt in landscape painting ; after a year and a half in Rome, went over to genre under Anton von Werner. Gold medal. Works : Broken Flowers (1874) ; Gypsy Woman (1875) ; Sweet Fruits, Slumber Song (1876).— Mai- ler, 483.
SCHWARTZ, FRANS, born in Copenha- gen, July 19, 1850. His- ,>^^ tory and genre painter, / pupil of Copenhagen Academy ; won the gold medal with his first pict- ure ; having travelled be- fore in foreign parts, vis- ited in 1878 Germany, Hollan d, Paris, North Italy, and Spain. Works : Job and his Friends ; In a Sick Room (1875); Christ healing the Sick (1876) ; Death of Jacob (1878).— Sigurd Miiller, 309.
SCHWARTZ, MARTIN, latter part of 15th century. German school. He was a Dominican monk in Rothenburg, and paint- ed in the manner of Zeitblom. Some of his pictures have been attributed to Schon- gauer. Works : Small altarpiece with Christ Crucified, etc., St. Sebastian pierced with Arrows, Vienna Museum (both ascribed to Schongauer) ; four Altar- Wings with Annun- ciation, Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, Death of Mary, St. Maurice's Chapel, Nurem- berg; Christ Crucified and Saints, Parish Church, Schwabach, near ib. — Nagler, Mou., iv. 675 ; Schnaase, viii. 432.
SCHWARTZ, WENCESLAUS, born in Kursk, Russia, in 1838. Genre painter,
pupil of St. Petersburg Academy and of A. Lefevre in Paris. Member of St Pe- tersburg Academy in 1865. Works : Con- ference of Foreign Ambassadors with Rus- sian Boyars ; Muscovite Ambassador to a Foreign Court ; A Strelitz ; Czar's Pilgrim- age.—Mailer, 483.
SCHWARTZE, JOHAN GEORG, born at Amsterdam, Oct. 20, 1814, died there, Aug. 27, 1874. Historical, genre, and por- trait painter, pupil of Leutze in Philadel- phia, whither he went with his parents early in life, then studied at the DOsseldorf Acad- emy in 1838-44 under Schadow, Sohn, and Lessing ; took Rembrandt for his ideal. Member of Amsterdam Academy in 1844. Great gold medal, Amsterdam, 1860. Works : Woman in Prayer, Amsterdam Museum ; Columbus before the Junta at Salamanca ; Michelangelo by the Body of Vittoria Colonna (1854) ; Waiting, First Divine Service of the Puritans in Amer- ica (1858).— Cotta's KunstbL (1848) ; D. Kunstbl., 1851, 1858 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 795.
SCHWARTZE, THERESE, bora at Am- sterdam, Dec. 20, 1852. Genre painter, daughter and pupil of preceding, and pu- pil of Gabriel Max. Works : Girl's Head (1873), He is coming ! (1882), Three Or- phans of Amsterdam (1885), Amsterdam Museum.
SCHWARZ, CHRISTOPH, bom near Ingoldstadt in 1550 (?), died in Munich about 1597. German school ; history and portrait painter, pupil in Munich of Mel- chior Bocksberger ; formed himself chiefly in Venice after Titian and Tintoretto, and after his return became court painter to Duke William I. of Bavaria. He painted many altarpieces for churches in Munich, Augsburg, Landshut, Ingoldstadt, and other places, which are marked by good composi- tion and vigorous colouring, but the heads are mostly without expression. He also showed considerable skill in decorating in fresco many houses in Munich. Works : Descent from the Cross, Aschaffenburg Gal-
155
SCHWAEZ
lery ; Christ on the Cross, Male Portrait, Bamberg Gallery ; Pieta, Darmstadt Muse- um ; Christ on the Cross, Dresden Museum ; The Virgin with Infant in Cradle adored by Angels, Gotha Museum ; Christus Salvator, Mater Dolorosa, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Madonna Enthroned, St. Jerome, St. Cath- arine, Artist's Family, Old Pinakothek, Mu- nich ; St. Michael overcoming Satan, St. Michael's, ib.; Passion of Christ, and of the Prophets, Church at Ingoldstadt ; Christ before Pilate, Christ bearing the Cross (2), Christ on Mount Tabor, Schleissheim Gal- lery.—- Gerstner, Gesch. von Ingoldstadt, 195 ; Sighart, 707.
SCHWAEZ VON EOTHENBUEG, MAETIN, nourished about 1480-1510. German school ; history painter. Works : Departure of the Apostles, Madonna and Saints, Bamberg Gallery ; Annunciation, Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, Death of the Virgin, Germanic Museum, Nurem- berg.
SCHWEINFURTH, EENST, born at Carlsruhe in 1818, died in Eome in 1877. Landscape and architecture painter, pupil of Feodor, the Calmuck (court painter at Carls- ruhe in 1806, died there in 1821), then of Frommel, and in 1821 of Munich Academy. Works : View around Bay of Cattaro, Carls- ruhe Gallery ; Wooded Shore with Hunts- men in Boats (1844), Fiirstenberg Gallery, Donaueschingen ; View at Cervara near Eome, Schack Gallery, Munich.
SCHWEISSINGEE, (JOHANN FRIED- EICH) THEODOE, born at Konigsberg, April 7, 1819. History painter, pupil of Konigsberg Art School, then (1847) of Leip- sic Academy under Jiiger ; travelled in Ba- varia, Tyrol, and Salzburg. Works: St. Boniface (1854) ; Charlemagne and Witti- kind (1855) ; Ulrich von Hutten crowned Poet (1861). His brother Georg Karl (born Nov. 14, 1822) is also a history painter.
SCHWEMMINGER, HEINEICH, born in Vienna in 1803. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Visited Munich and in 183.7 Eome. Became second custodian
of Vienna Academy Gallery in 1844, and Irst custodian in 1861. Works : Finding of the Veil at Klosternenburg (1841) ; Ibycus calling the Cranes to avenge his Death, Vi- nna Museum ; do. (1869) ; David thanking God for his Victory over Goliath (1843) ; Parting of Siegfried and Chriemhild (1844) ; Chriemhild's Dream, Prophecy of the Mer- maids to Hagen ; Madonna (1858) ; Judith 1859) ; Conversion of Wittikind ; St. Fer- dinand ; Five frescoes for the Chapel of the Vienna Insane Asylum. — Wurzbach, xxxii. 365.
SCHWEMMINGER, JOSEF, born in Vienna in 1804. Landscape painter, brother of preceding, with whom simultaneously pu- pil of Vienna Academy ; travelled in the Aus- trian provinces and Bavaria, whence most of his subjects are taken, and visited Italy. Works: Views on the Danube, in Styria, Tyrol, Bavaria, etc. (1832-71); Lago di Garda (1844) ; Sunrise over the Marchfeld, Vintage near Vienna, View of Briinn, do. of Witkowitz-Moravia, do. of Troppau, do. in Silesia, do. of Cracow, Hunt in Galicia (1868), Court Saloon of Northern Railway Station, Vienna. — Wurzbach, xxxii. 367.
SCHWERDGEBURTH, OTTO, born in Weimar, March 5, 1835, died there, Dec. 16, 1866. History painter, son of and first instructed by the engraver Karl August Schwerdgeburth, then pupil of Friedrich Preller and (1856) of Antwerp Academy ; assisted Guffens and Swerts on the frescos in the Bourse and St. Nicholas's Church there, and in 1860 returned to Weimar. Works : Thomas Miinzer a Prisoner before the Princes in Frankenhausen ; Hathburg — First Wife of Henry the Fowler ; Young Goldsmith's Masterpiece ; Salzburg Protes- tants' Last Look upon Home, Bremen Gal- lery ; Easter Promenaders from Goethe's Faust, Cologne Museum.- — Kunst-Chronik, ii. 45.
SCHWIND, MOEITZ VON, Bitter, born in Vienna, Jan. 21, 1804, died in Munich, Feb. 8, 1871. History painter, pupil in Vi- enna of Ludwig Schnorr and of the Acad-
1B6
SCHWINGEN
emy, then of Munich Academy (1828) under j Cornelius ; decorated in 1832-34 a room in the Konigsbau with encaustic pictures, in 1834 -35 painted sixty compositions in water-colours for Castle Hohen- schwangau, visit- ed Rome in 1835, lived in Carls- ruhe in 1840-44, in Frankfort
in 1844-47, and became professor at the Munich Academy in 1847 ; painted the fres- cos in the Wartburg in 1854-55, and those in the Vienna Opera House in 1864-67. One of the most eminent painters of mod- ern times, and the most gifted representa- tive of German romanticism. Member of Berlin, Vienna, Paris, and other Academies. Bavarian, Prussian, Saxon, and Greek Or- ders ; knighted in Austria in 1855. Works in oil : The Arts in the Service of the Ma- donna ; Triptych, Frauenkirche, Munich ; Riibezahl, Morning Hour, "Wedding Jour- ney, Crusader's Return, Knight and Hermit, Danube and Tributaries, Prisoner's Dream, Wiland the Smith, Hero and Leander, Erl- King, and twenty-five others, Schack Gal- lery, ib. ; Cycle of Pictures of Travel (19) ; Rhine and Tributaries, Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; The Rose (1847), National Gallery, ib. ; The Elbe ; Knight Kurt's Wooing (1839), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Knight Falken- stein's Ride, Leipsic Museum ; Artist's Pil- grimage ; Rudolf von Hapsburg's Ride to Speyer, Kiel Gallery; Dance of Elves (1845), Minstrels' Contest at the Wartburg (1846), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; A Symphony (1852), New Pinakothek, Munich ; St. Eliz- abeth's Glove (1856), Weimar Museum ; Cin- derella (3). Water-colours : Sketches for Cycle at Hohenschwangau (60) ; Legend of the Seven Ravens (14, 1857), Weimar Muse- um ; Legend of Melusine (11), Vienna Mu- seum ; Story of Cinderella (6, 1851-54); A
Queer Saint ; St. Wolfgang and the Devil, Emperor Max on the Martin Wall, Vienna Academy. In fresco : Subjects from Tieck's Works (1833-34, partly encaustic), Scenes in Life of Rudolf von Hapsburg, Royal Palace, Munich ; Myth of Cupid and Psyche (1837), Castle RUdigsdorf, near Leipsic; Mythological Cycle (1839), Kunsthnlle, Carlsruhe ; Allegorical Figures (1839), As- sembly Room of the Estates, ib.; Life of St. Elizabeth (6), Cycle (6) from History of Thu- ringia(1854-56),\Vartburg,Eisenach(sketch- es to these in Weimar Museum) ; Paintings in church at Reichenhall (1863); Two Cycles from German Operas (1866), Opera House, Vienna.— Brockhaus, xiv. 614 ; Forster, v. 132 ; Ftthrich, M. v. Sch. (Leipsic, 1871) ; Holland, do. (Stuttgart, 1873); Mtiller, do. (Eisenach, 1873) ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1873), i. 83 ; ii. 451 ; (1874), ii. 447 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 215 ; Kunst-Chronik, vi. 78 ; Graph. K., i. 9, 49, 77 ; Nord und S(id, iii. 353 ; xiv. 23 ; xv. 357 ; Pecht, i. 195 ; Reber, ii. 83 ; Re- gnet, ii. 215 ; Schack, Meine Gemaldesamm- lung (1884), 42 ; Springer, Gesch., 144 ; Wurzbach, xxxiii. 127 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 90 ; v. 129 ; vi. 253 ; vii. 29, 75, 97, 103 ; viii. 257 ; xi. 11.
SCHWINGEN, PETER, born at Muffen- dorf in 1815. Genre painter, pupil of Dlis- seldorf Academy in 1832-45. Paints scenes of common life with much truth and a touch of satire. Works : St. Martin's Day among the Children of DUsseldorf (1837) ; Feast after drawing the Prize (1845) ; Shooting at Birds for a Pig (1844) ; Rich Uncle's Visit (1845) ; Subhastation (1846) ; Expectation, Duty on Bread (1847) ; The Distress is over (1848); Dentist (1849); Warrior's Return (1851) ; New Wine (1852).— Wolfg. Mttller, Diisseldf. K, 301 ; Wiegmann, 333.
SCHWOISER, EDUARD, born at Brfl- sau, Moravia, in 1827. Genre and history painter, self-taught. In 1857 changed from genre to history, and later took up monu- mental painting. Works: Mother Conva- lescent (1856); Albrecht von Hapsburg blessing his Son before Departure for Pales-
157
SC1O
tine (1855); Henry IV. at Canossa, Maxi- milianeum, Munich. Fresco: Tournament in Munich Market Place, and other histori- cal subjects, National Museum, ib. ; Decora- tions in Castles of Ludwig II. in Bavarian Highlands and on the Chiemsee. — Miiller, 484 ; Wurzbach, xxxiii. 194 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iii. 196.
SCIO, MASSACRE OF, Eugene Delacroix, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 13 ft. 10 in. x 11
Massacre of Scio, Eugene Delacroix, Louvre, Paris.
ft. 6 in. ; signed. Scene after the massacre. In the foreground, Greek families, seated on the shore, await their fate ; among them are the dead and the dying, old men in despair, and young women doomed to slavery ; be- hind them, a Turk on a prancing steed is dragging at his horse's tail a nude young girl, who throws up her arms in a vain effort to hide her shame ; in the background, the city, with flames and smoke and scenes of violence. Salon, 1824; bought by State (G,000 francs) ; Exposition universelle, 1855.
Engraved by Masson. Lithographed by Blanchard. Delacroix had never been in Greece when he painted this picture, which was one of his ablest protests against the classic school. — Chesneau, CEuvre de Dela- croix, 30 ; Larousse, xiv. 404 ; Annales du Musee, Salon de 1824, i. PL 33.
SCIPIO, CONTINENCE OF, illustration of the story told by Livy (xxvi. 50), Polyb- ius (x. 19), and others, that Scipio, after the capture of Carthagena in Spain, B.C. 210, won the gratitude of the Celtiberi by restoring to Allucius, a prince of their nation, his be- trothed, a beautiful young girl who had been adjudged to him- self as spoil of war.
By Jan Brueghel, the elder, Munich Museum ; copper, H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated 1609. Scipio seated upon a throne in front of an open tent pitched at the foot of a mountain crowned with trees, with Allucius, the maiden, and her parents, who kneel, and are offering presents, in a semicircle before him ; near the tent are horses ; Roman sol- diers conduct prisoners, and on the left is seen the sea with the city of Carthagena. From Diissel- dorf Gallery.
By Giulio Romano, National Gallery, London ; canvas, trans- ferred from wood, H. 1 ft. 2 in. x 5 ft. Scipio, seated at the en- trance of his tent, surrounded by officers, ad- dresses the maiden standing before him as if to acquaint her with his intentions ; in background, the city of Carthagena. From the Orleans Gallery ; sold to Lord Berwick for £480 ; afterwards in Beaucousin Collec- tion, whence passed to National Gallery. Engraved by P. S. Bartoli.
By Nicolas Poussin, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg. The Roman general, seated in the open air, indicates to Allucius, who inclines before him, that he may lead away his be-
158
SCIPIO
trothed, who places her hand on her heart to indicate her gratitude ; behind Scipio, a young woman is about to put a crown upon his head, while lictors and soldiers standing near express astonishment at his noble act Painted in Rome about 1643 (?) ; belonged to M. Merville, then passed to Sir Robert Walpole, Houghton House, whence acquired by the Empress of Russia for 30,000 francs. Engraved by Francis Legat (1784) ; Claude Dubose. — Larousse, iv. 1086 ; Reveil.
By Primaticcio (?), Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft. 11 in. Scipio, at left, on an
Continence of Scipio, Primaticcio, Louvre.
elevated seat, surrounded by his soldiers, shows the young Allucius his betrothed, at right, accompanied by an aged woman ; two prisoners, one bearing a golden vase, are kneeling. Perhaps by Dubreuil. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musue, xii. PI. 14 ; see Reveil, xii. 864.
Subject treated also by Sebastiano Ricci, Louvre ; G. Horst, Berlin Museum ; Sir Joshua Reynolds, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg; Franyois Lemoyne (1727), Nancy Museum.
SCIPIO, TRIUMPH OF, Mantegna, Na- tional Gallery, London ; canvas, tempera, H. 2 ft. 4i x 8 ft. 10 in. Represents the in- troduction into Rome of the worship of Cyb-
ele, 204 ac. At left, the image of the god- dess is borne on a litter by Phrygian priests ; in front, Claudia Quinta is kneeling, and behind her, P. Cornelius Scipio, Nasica, and other Romans and Asiatics are standing. — Portfolio (1874), 1 ; Livy, L. xxix. 10 ; Ovid, Fasti, iv. 305.
SCIUTI, GIUSEPPE, born at Catania, Sicily, contemporary. History painter, dis- tinguished for his characteristic and truth- ful representations from history and life of antiquity. Works : Musical Entertainment in Ancient Rome ; Burial of Tirnoleoii (1874); Pindar with the Olympian Gods; Sappho deserted by Phaou; Preparations for Greek Festival (1876).
SCOREL (Schoreel, Schoorle), JAN VAN, born at Schoorl, near Alkmaar, Aug. 1, 1495, died at Haar- 1 e m , or at Utrecht, Dec. 6, 1562. Dutch school. Histo- ry, portrait, and landscape paint- er, pupil of Wil-
lem Cornelisz in Haarlem (about 1509-12), of Jacob Cornelisz in Amsterdam, and of Mabuse in Utrecht ; afterwards studied per- spective and architecture at Cologne, and at Speyer with a priest, as also painting at Strasburg, Basle, and at Nuremberg with Al- brecht Dilrer, whom he left on account of the latter's strong adherence to Luther's teach- ings. He then worked inStyriaaudCarinthia (1520), and from Venice went to Jerusalem, returning whence he stopped in Rome and was appointed overseer of the Vatican Gal- lery by his countryman, Pope Adrian VI., after whose death he went back to Utrecht ; moved to Haarlem and taught there about 1527, but soon returned to Utrecht. From his school issued Martin Heemskerk and Antonis Mor. Greatly influenced by his so- journ in Rome, he was the first Dutch paint- er in the Italian style ; his finest pictures
159
SCORZA
were destroyed by the Iconoclasts. Those still existing are distinguished for vigorous conception, pleasing expression, a warm tone of brownish colour, and careful execu- tion. Of late attempts have been made to identify him with the Master of the Death of Mary. Works : Repose in Egypt, Por- trait of a Lady, National Gallery, London ; Magdalen, the Queen of Sheba, Bathsheba at the Bath, Adonis, Archery-Piece with 17 portraits (1531), Amsterdam Museum ; Ma- donna, Portrait of a Gentleman, do. of a Boy (1531), Rotterdam Museum ; Fall of Man, Baptism of Christ, St. Cecilia, Portrait Group of 12 Knights Templars, City Mu- seum, Haarlem ; Crucifixion, Episcopal Mu- seum, ib.; Madonna, four Group Portraits of Knights Templars, Museum Kunstliefde, Utrecht ; two Altar- Wings with Christ Bear- ing the Cross and Resurrection, Altar with Scenes from Life of Moses, Portrait of Old Lady, Episcopal Museum, ib. ; Good Samar- itan, St. John's Hospital, Bruges ; Crucifix- ion (1530), Bonn Museum ; two Altar- Wings, Cologne Museum ; Female Bust Portrait, Diisseldorf Academy ; Portrait of Cornells Aerntsz van der Dussen (1550), do. of Agathe von Schoenhoven, Berlin Museum ; David's Victory over Goliath (attributed to Bron- zino), Dresden Gallery ; two Altar-Wings (attributed to Pourbus), Worlitz Gallery ; Male Portrait, Ambras Collection, Vienna ; Altar of Holy Kith and Kin (1520), Church at Ober-Vellach, Carinthia ; Portrait of a Boy, Bergamo Gallery ; Male Portrait (at- tributed to Bruyn), Turin Gallery ; Portrait of Agnes van Schoenhoven (1529), Doria Gallery, Rome ; St. Magdalen, Palermo Mu- seum ; Portrait of Young Man (about 1525), Warwick Castle, England ; do. (about 1545), Longford Castle, ib. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole hol- landaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 73 ; Kramm, v. 1485 ; Graph. K, vi. 91 ; Jahr- buch preuss. Kunstsammlg., ii. 193 ; Michiels, v. 150 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 168 ; xix. 112 ; xxi. 365; W. &. W., ii. 536; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xviii. 46 ; xxi. 83, 145.
SCORZA, SINIBALDO, born at Voltag- gio, July 16, 1589, died in Genoa in 1631. Genoese school ; pupil of Carosio, an ob- scure painter in Voltaggio, afterwards of Giovanni Battista Paggi. Excelled in paint- ing landscapes, enlivened by human figures and animals. Painted in Turin from 1G19 to 1625, when he returned to Genoa. Annun- ciation, Voltaggio. — Soprani, 127 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise.
SCOTT, DAVID, born in Edinburgh, Oct. 10 (12?), 1806, died there, March 5, 1849. History painter, educated as a de- signer and engraver, but finally devoted himself to painting. His first exhibited picture was The Hopes of Early Genius (1828). In 1829 he was elected an asso- ciate of the Scottish Academy ; in 1832 he visited Italy, and remained fifteen mouths in Rome studying anatomy and painting and making many sketches, returning to settle in Edinburgh in 1834. Elected R.S.A. in 1835 ; received prizes for pictures in 1838 and 1841, but, though he finished many ambitious works, he failed to win public favour and died a disappointed man. He published a series of outlines called "Mono- grams of Man" (1831), and made illustra- tions for Coleridge's " Ancient Mariner " (1837) and "Pilgrim's Progress" (1850). Works : Death of Sappho (1829), Mrs. Con- stable, Edinburgh ; Nimrod (1831), W. Dick- son, ib.; Artist's Portrait (1832), Discord (1833), James Leathart, Newcastle ; Vin- tager (1833), National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Oberon and Puck (1834), R. Carfrae, ib.; Descent from Cross (1835), J. M. Gow, ib.; Orestes and the Furies (1837), W. B. Scott, ib.; A Vintager, Ariel and Caliban (1837), National Gallery, ib.; Paracelsus Lecturing (1838), J. T. Gibson Craig, ib.; Philoctetes in Lemnos (1839), George Cousin, ib. ; Queen Elizabeth in the Globe Theatre (1840), Lord Young, ib.; Traitor's Gate (1841), R. Carfrae, ib. ; Vasco de Gama passing the Cape of Good Hope (1842), Trinity House, Leith; Wallace (1843), R. Carfrae, Edin- burgh ; Crucifixion — the Dead Rising (1844),
160
SCOTT
J. Leathart, Newcastle ; Peter the Hermit (1845), Charles Jenner, Portobello; Tri- umph of Love (1846), R Carfrae, Edin- burgh ; Queen Mary on the Scaffold (1847), Mrs. White, Netherurd (?); Portrait of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1848), Public Library, Con- cord, Mass.; Hope passing over the Sky of Adversity (1848), D. Nicolson, Edinburgh. — W. B. Scott, Memoir (Edinburgh, 1850) ; Cunningham ; Redgrave ; Art Journal, ii. 120 ; Blackwood's Mag., cxxx. 589 ; John M. Gray, D. S. and his Works (Edinburgh and London, 1884).
SCOTT, JULIAN, born at Johnson, La- moille County, Vt., Feb. 14, 1846. Historical genre painter ; served as a volunteer in Army of the Potomac in 1861-63 ; studied in schools of National Academy in 1863-64, and under the direction of Emanuel Leutze until 1868. Visited Paris in 1866. First ex- hibited in the National Academy in 1870 ; elected an A.N.A. in 1871. Studio in Plain- field, N. J. Works : Rear Guard at White Oak Swamp (Union League Club, New York), Gen. O. B. Wilcox in Libby Prison (1870) ; Near the Outposts (Judge J. R Brady), On Board the Hartford (1874), Loy- all Farragut ; Old Records (1875), William E. Dodge, New York ; Capture of Andre (1876), J. A. Harper, ib.; Reserves awaiting Orders (1877) ; Poke o' Moonshine, Medita- tion (1878) ; In the Cornfield at Antietam (1879) ; Hancock at the Battle of Williams- burg (Capt. J. S. Wharton), Bessie Scott (1880, Artist) ; Fishing Boats at Antium near Rome (1882) ; Outpost Duty, Rescue of the Colour-Bearer at the Battle of Proc- tor's Creek— May 16, 1864 (1883); Art Stu- dent, Sortie at Petersburg in 1864 (1884) ; Game of Freeze-Out (1886).
SCOTT, SAMUEL, born in London about 1710 (?), died there, Oct. 12, 1772. Best marine painter of his time in England, and, says Dallaway, the father of the modern school of painting in water-colours. A boon companion of Hogarth, and one of the jovial water party to Graveseud in 1732. His Old London Bridge (1745), and Old Westminster
Bridge, are in the National Gallery, London. — Walpole, Anecdotes (ed. Wornum), 709.
SCOTT AND HIS DOGS, Sir Edwin Landseer, M'Grath, London. Sir Walter, seated with the favourite companions of hia walks, the deerhound Maida and his Dandy Dinmonts. Sometimes called from the local- ity the Rhymer's Glen picture. Royal Acad- emy, 1833 ; painted for Mr. Wells, of Red- leaf ; passed to Jacob Burnett, at whose sale (1876), for £3,202 10s. to Vincent Calma- dy (?); sold at Christie's (1886) for £2,047 10s.
SCOTT AND HIS FRIENDS, Thomas Faed, private gallery, England. Sir Walter Scott, surrounded by his friends, in his library at Abbotsford. Among them are Henry Mackenzie, John Wilson, George Crabbe, Lockhart, William Wordsworth, Francis Jeffrey, Robert Ferguson, Thomas Moore, Dr. John Allen, Thomas Campbell, Sir David Wilkie, and Archibald Constable. Engraved by John Faed.
SCRETA, KARL (Ritter Scotnowsky von Zaworzic), born in Prague about 1604, died there, 1674. German school ; history and portrait painter, imitated Guido Reni and Caravaggio, but kept free from mannerism, and was a correct draughtsman. During the Thirty Years' War he went to Italy, lived in Venice, Bologna, and Florence, and ' visited Rome with Wilhelm Bauer in 1(534. The Academy of Bologna offered him a pro- fessorship, but he returned to Prague, where he was employed by Ferdinand HI. Works : Altarpieces in all the principal churches of Prague ; Portraits and other pictures, Prague Gallery ; Male Portrait, Darmstadt Muse- um ; do., Gotha Museum ; Figures of Saints (8), Moses, Portrait of Bernard do Witte, prior of Malta (1651), Dresden Museum ; Christ and the Woman of Samaria, Old Man with Writing Tablet, Schleissheim Gallery. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 526 ; Nagler, xvi. 183.
SCURI, ENRICO, born in Bergamo in 1806. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works : Hercules and Alcestis (1828) ; King Starus killing his Daughter (1830), Vienna Museum.
161
SCYLLA
SCYLLA, picture. See Nicomachus.
SEA-SERPENT, LAIR OF THE, Elihu Vedder, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. A formidable creature, half serpent, half dragon, dull in colour and inert, but with a malignant, ever-watchful eye, lies coiled upon a spit of sand beside a sultry sea.
SEBASTIANO DE MORRA, or The Bearded Dwarf, Velasquez, Madrid Muse- um ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 9 in. A man with coarse features and heavy black hair and beard, wearing a cloak and linen collar, sitting on the ground, with his fists on his thighs. Engraved by F. Ribera ; etched by F. Goya ; Laguillermie ; B. Mau- ra; H. Gucrard. — Ch. Blanc, £cole espa- gnole ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1880), xxii. 176 ; Curtis, 30 ; Madrazo, 630.
SEBASTIANO DEL PIOMBO. See Pi- ombo.
SEBASTIAN, ST., according to the le- gend, was commander of a company of the Praetorian Guards and a special favourite of Diocletian ; his fervent Christianity having made him obnoxious to the Emperor, the latter ordered him to be bound to a stake and shot to death with arrows. Irene, wid- ow of a martyr, going with others to take his body for burial, found that none of the arrows had penetrated a vital part, and carry- ing him to her home nursed him to health again. Diocletian, infuriated, had him beat- en to death with clubs and his body thrown into the Cloaca Maxima. The martyrdom of St. Sebastian is a favourite subject with painters, and many of the great artists have left representations of it.
By Annibale Carracci, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Bound to the trunk of a tree, pierced with arrows, his armour and clothing at his feet ; in dis- tance, right, mounted Roman soldiers de- parting. Collection of Louis XVI. ; be- longed previously to Due de Montmorency and to Cardinal Richelieu. One of the best of Annibale's works in the Louvre. En- graved by G. Audrau. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Camille Corot, W. T. Walters, Balti- more ; canvas, H. 8 ft. x 4 ft. In fore- ground, the wounded Saint lies upon dra- pery, while two women bind up his wounds ; trees rise on each side, meeting at top to form an arch, through which are seen the departing soldiers ; above, two cherubs, looking down. Salon, 1853 ; Exposition uni- verselle, 1867, after a modification of trees and background. In 1871 Corot gave it as a prize in a lottery in aid of the wounded in the Franco-German War. The winner sold it for 9,000 francs to Durand Ruel, who resold it for 15,000 francs to Mr. Barlow, an Englishman, from whom it passed to Mr. Wallis, who sold it to Mr. Walters for $10,000.— Larousse, xiv. 445.
By Eugene Ddacroix, Church of Nantua, France ; canvas, H. 7 f t. x 8 ft. The saint, nude, pierced with arrows, is lying swoon- ing on the ground under a tree ; beside him are Irene and a companion, one drawing out an arrow while the other is gazing anxiously at the executioners, seen in background. Salon, 1836 ; bought by State for 3,000 francs and given to the factory at Nantua ; sold in 1869 to M. Brame for 23,000 francs ; this led to a lawsuit, and the Court of Ap- peals at Lyons finally decided that objects of art thus given cannot be alienated. En- graved by Salmon ; Boilvin. Lithographed by Menut Alophe. — Chesneau, O3uvre de Delacroix, 167 ; Larousse, xiv. 445.
By Anton van Dyck, Louvre, Paris ; can- vas, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. The saint bound to a tree ; beside him two angels, one of whom unbinds one limb while the other draws out one of the arrows. Engraved by P. van Schuppen. Replica in Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Engraved by Reveil ; Vor- sterman ; Voet. — Larousse, xiv. 445 ; Guif- frey, 252 ; Smith, iii. 42, 97.
By Anton van Dyck, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 10 in. The saint, nude, bound to a tree in centre ; to left, a man in blue and a negro in crimson ; to right, two mounted soldiers, one with a scarlet banner. Formerly in Diisseldorf
162
SEBASTIAN
Gallery. Engraved by Ch. de Mechel ; J. H. Lips; W. Peare. Sketch at Christ Church, Oxford. — Guiffrey, 252 ; Smith, iii. 16 ; Eastlake, Notes, 67.
St. Sebastian, Anton van Dyck, Louvre, Palis.
By Guercino, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 5 f t. 3 in. x 5 f t. 6 in. St. Sebas- tian, nearly nude, kneeling on one knee, with eyes upraised, one hand on breast, in the other holds two arrows. Painted in 1652 for Cardinal Macchiavelli. Engraved by Giovanni Folo ; Pasqualini(1628); Bona- fede.— Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii. PI. 20 ; La- vice, 60.
By Guido Keni, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft. 2 in. The saint, nude, his hands tied behind to a tree, gazing up- wards. Sketch, far advanced. Formerly in sacristy of SS. Salvatore, Bologna. En- graved by G. Asioli. Similar picture in Madrid Museum ; engraved by Bartsch ; F. Gregori. — Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 31 ; La- vice, 12.
By Guido Reni, Dulwich Gallery, Eng- land ; H. 5 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. Life-size, nearly whole-length figure, with narrow
white scarf round hips, hands behind back, tied to a tree, head raised ; to right, in dis- tance, four soldiers ; barren landscape ; dark sky. Said to have been formerly in Palazzo Barberini, Rome.
By Guido Reni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. St. Sebastian, his arms tied behind to a tree and his body pierced with an arrow, turns his eyes towards heaven ; in the background, Roman soldiers leaving. Belonged to Cardinal Mazarin ; bought for Louis XTV. in 1670. Many copies and rep- etitions in manner of Guercino. — Filhol, vi. PI. 467 ; Landon, Musce, xii. PI. 35 ; Vil- lot, Cat. Louvre.
By Andrea Mante.gna, Vienna Museum ; wood, 2 ft. 1 in. x 11 in.; signed. The saint, pierced with arrows, in front of a round arch, with fragments of sculpture and two marble figures of boys on parti-coloured floor.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 387 ; Mdndler, 137.
St. Sebastian, Guido Reni, Louvie, Pans.
By Antonio Pollajuolo, National Gallery, London ; wood, H. 9 ft. 7 in. x 6 ft 6 in. The saint, bound on high to a tree, is shot at by archers ; background, a landscape with horsemen. Painted in 1475 for An- tonio Pucci, for family chapel in SS. Annun-
163
SEBASTIAN
ziata, Florence ; sold to National Gallery in 1857 by Marchese Pucci. The saint is a portrait of Giuo di Lodovico Capponi. A fine work, but praised to exaggeration by Vasari.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 292 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 392 ; Richa, Cliiese, viii. 54 ; Cat. Nat. Gal.; Kichter, 32.
By Theodule Ribot, Luxembourg Museum, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. The saint extended, in front ; beside him, Irene and another woman are trying to
St. Sebastian, Antonio Pollajuolo, National Gallery, London.
stanch the blood which flows from his wounds. In manner of Caravaggio. Salon, 18G5 ; bought by State for 6,000 francs.— Larousse, xiv. 445.
By Eubem, Berlin Museum ; canvas, life- size. Painted in Italy about 1GOG. Formerly in Muuro Collection, England ; acquired in 1884 for £101.— Waagen, Treasures, ii. 136.
By II Sodoma, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, figure life-size. The saint, pierced with ar- rows, bound to a tree, in a landscape with ruins ; above, an angel about to crown him.
On the reverse of the same canvas is a Ma- donna in Clouds, with SS. Gismondo and Koch and three Flagellants beneath. Paint- ed in 1525 for the brotherhood of St. Sebas- tian in Camellia, Siena, who bore it as a banner in processions. Placed in Uffizi in 1786.— Vasari, ed. Mil., vi., 390; Molini, Gal. di Firenze, ii. 89 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 225 ; Lasinio, i. PI. 72.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas, in narrow interval between two win- dows. The saint fastened to a tree, with the arrows in his body. " The most majes- tic St. Sebastian in existence ; there is not a more remarkable picture in Venice. "- Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 342. By Titian. See Altarpiece of Brescia.
By Titian, Harrach Collection, Vienna ; can- vas stretched on panel, life-size. The saint, with hands bound behind his back, one ar- row in breast and one in left leg, looks up to heaven. Said to have come from the sacristy of S. M. della Salute, Venice ; but may be the one once in the Escorial. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 427 ; Hume, Titian, 82.
By Titian, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; canvas, full-length, life-size. The saint, bound to a tree, with an arrow in his breast. From Barberigo Collection, now so injured that it cannot be shown. Possibly the orig- inal of the St. Sebastian painted for Charles V., once in the Escorial, but now lost. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 423.
By Titian, Vatican. See Madonna di San Niccolo.
By Paolo Veronese, S. Sebastiano, Ven- ice ; canvas. The saint, in armour, and standing with a banner in his hand at the top of a flight of stairs, exhorts his com- panions, Marcus and Marcellinus, who are surrounded by weeping friends, to confess their faith. — Zanotto, 428 ; Larousse, xiv. 445.
Subject treated also by Garofalo, Mont- pellier Museum ; Bartolommeo Schidone, Naples Museum ; Denis Calvaert, Caen Mu- seum ; Luca Giordano, Dresden Museum ; Antonello da Messina, Dresden Gallery,
164
SEBASTIANI
Berlin Museum ; Sfindro Botticelli, ib.; Lo- renzo Lotto, ib. ; Michelangelo da Caravag- gio, Dresden, Munich, and Tours Museums ; Bartolommeo Carducci, Madrid Museum ; Giovanni Dossi, Brera, Milan ; Giacomo Cavedone, Vienna Museum ; Domenichino, S. M. degli Angeli, Borne ; Giorgione, Brera, Milan ; Giacomo Palma, younger, Dresden, Schleissheim, and Munich Galleries ; Cesare Procaccini, Brussels Museum ; Spagnoletto, Madrid, Valencia, Augsburg, and Naples Mu- seums, and Hermitage (2), St. Petersburg ; Girolamo da Santa Croce, Berlin Museum ; Liouello Spada, Modena Museum ; Mas- simo Stanzioni, Louvre ; Paolo Veronese, Vienna Museum ; Eustache Lesueur, Tours Museum ; Antonio Pollajuolo, Palazzo Pitti, Florence, and Modena Gallery ; Hans Hol- bein, Munich Gallery ; Correggio, Dresden and Vienna Museums ; Bernardino Luini, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Vincenzo Fop- pa, Brera, Milan ; Lodovico Carracci, Capi- tol Gallery, Rome ; Perugino, Palazzi Bor- ghese and Sciarra, ib.; Rubens, Palazzo Corsini, ib.; Guido Reni, Capitol Gallery, ib.; Jules Richomme (Salon, 1844); Charles Lefebvre (Salon, 1866) ; Louis Courtat (Sa- lon, 1874) ; Eugene Thirion (1875).
SEBASTIAN! See Bastiani.
SEBRON, HIPPOLYTE (VICTOR VAL- ENTIN), born at Caudebec (Seine-Infe- rieure), Aug. 21, 1801, died in 1879. Land- scape, decorative, and panoramic painter, pupil and assistant of Daguerre for 16 years, and of Leon Cogniet. Medals : 3d class, 1838 ; 2d class, 1840 ; 1st class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1848 ; L. of Honour, 1867. Works : Views in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain (1831-48); Distribution of Colours at the Barriere de 1'fitoile (1849); View of New Orleans, Niagara Falls (1853) ; Broadway- New York (1855) ; Niagara Falls in Winter (1857) ; Grand Mosque at Cordova (1857), Luxembourg Museum ; Lake of Alligators — Louisiana (1863) ; Cartuja de Miraflores near Burgos — Spain (1869), Rodez Muse- um ; View of Biarritz (1865) ; Christ on Mount of Olives (1866) ; Interior of St. Pe-
ter's—Rome (1867) ; do. of St. Stephen's— Vienna (1868); Views in Egypt, Syria, Con- stantinople, Rome, and Venice (1867-77) ; Niagara Falls, New York (1878).— Bellier, ii. 487.
SEDDON, THOMAS, born in London, Aug. 28, 1821, died in Cairo, Nov. 23, 1856. Landscape painter ; brought up as a cabi- net-makerand designer of furniture. Gained silver medal of Society of Arts, 1848 ; in 1851 adopted painting as a profession, and in 1852 exhibited Penelope at her Web. Afterwards devoted himself to landscape. Accompanied Holrnnn Hunt to the East in 1853, and in 1854 exhibited The Pyramids and Jerusalem. Returned to the East in October, 1856, and died the next month. Work : Jerusalem and the Valley of Je- hoshaphat (1854), National Gallery, Lon- don.— Soc. of Arts Journal, June, 1857 ; Cat. Nat. Gal., 126.
SEEFISCH, HERMANN LUD WIG, born in Potsdam in 1810. Landscape painter, pupil of Wach, and in 1836 of Watelet in Paris. Visited Switzerland and Italy. Works: Orphan praying at her Parents' Grave (1836) ; Mont Blanc from Sallenches (1842); Water- Mill in Rocky Valley ; Paris from Pantin, Castle, Berlin ; View of Janina. — Rosen- berg, Berl. Malersch., 36.
SEEGER, KARL LUDWIG, born at Alzey, Hesse, in 1808 or 1809. Landscape painter, pupil of Catoir in Mentz and of Munich Academy in 1825. Left Munich in 1830, became inspector in 1837, and direc- tor in 1839, of Darmstadt Gallery ; profes- sor in 1859. Works : View ou Upper Rhine (1834); Rhine View at Sunrise (1837), New Pino- kothek, Munich ; Saw-Mill (1837) ; Evening Devotion of Peasants at Shrine (1843), Thunderstorm in the Moun- tains (1854), View on Kochel Lake, Darm- stadt Museum ; Village on the Wttrm (1858).
SEEHAS, CHRISTIAN LUDWIG, born in 1754, died at Schwerin, July 26, 1802. German school ; architecture, landscape, and portrait painter, studied in Dresden
166
SEEKATZ
and Vienna and went in 1789 to Home ; was called to Schwerin as court painter in 1794. Works : Portrait of a Musician (1784), do. of Joseph Haydn (1785), Grotto of Egeria near Home by Moonlight (1789),
Antique Eoman Vault (1789), The Colos- seum (1789), Schwerin Gallery. — Sohlie, 579
SEEKATZ, JOHANN KONRAD, born at Griinstadt, Palatinate, in 1719, died at Darmstadt in 17G8. German school ; genre painter, pupil of an elder brother and of Brinkmann. Became court painter in Darm- stadt in 1753. Works : Tinker's Family, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; The Rat-Catcher, Basle Museum ; Landscape with Peasants at Meal, Christiania Gallery ; Flight into Egypt, Four Scenes in Life of Christ, Calling of St. Peter, Allegory in Glorification of Landgrave Ludwig VIII. of Hesse, Peasant Boys as the Three Magi, Beggar Children at a Well, Musicians rest- ing before Tavern, Children in Chicken Yard, Bachanal, Dead Fowl and Imple- ments of the Chase, Market Scene, Land- grave Ludwig VHL Hunting, Artist's Por- trait, Darmstadt Museum ; Peter's Denial (1765), Fortune-Teller, Weimar Museum ; others in Amalienstift, Dessau ; Stadel Gal- lery, Frankfort (3), Leipsic Museum (2), etc. ; Boy teasing Dog ; Maiden with Lighted Taper ; Boy with Chopping-Board ; Flight into Egypt by Torch-Light. — Nagler, xvi. 200.
SEEL, ADOLF, born at Wiesbaden, Mar. 1, 1829. Architecture painter, pupil of Diis- seldorf Academy under Karl Sohn in 1844- 50. Studied a year in Paris ; visited Italy in 1864-65, Spain, Portugal, and Northern Afri- ca in 1870-71 ; and travelled in the Orient in 1873-74. Works: Interior of Byzantine
Church (1862) ; St. Mark's in Venice ; Font in St. Mark's ; Cathedral of Halberstadt in Winter ; Lions' Court of Alhambra; Arab Court in Cairo (1876), National Gallery, Berlin ; Interi- or of St. Mark's (1869), Egyptian Harem (1878), Diisseldorf Gallery ; The Monks at Convent Gate, Provinzial Muse- um, Hanover ; Church Interior, Wiesbaden Gallery. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 858.
SEELE, JOHANN BAPTIST, born at Wolfach, Flirstenberg, in 1772, died at Stuttgart in 1814. Military, genre, and por- trait painter, pupil of the Karlsschule at Stuttgart ; represented his subjects with spirit and great truthfulness. Court paint- er and director of Stuttgart Gallery in 1804. Resumed study in Munich and in Vienna in 1808. Works : French Hussars Resting, French Infantry at Camp Fire (1796), Aus- trian Soldiers joking with Peasant Girls (1800), Austrian Cavalry Resting (1801), French Grenadiers foraging surprised by Austrian Hussars (1808), Cavalry Skirmish (1810), Battle Scene, ten other similar sub- jects, Portrait of the Artist (3), do. of his Father, do. of his Mother, Fiirstenberg Gal- lery, Donaueschingen ; Series representing the Deeds of Wurtemberg Troops in 1806 and 1809, Royal Palace, Stuttgart ; Portraits of Archduke Charles (1800), King Frederick of Wiirternberg, Grand Duke of Baden, etc. —Nagler, xvi. 202.
SEELOS, GOTTFRIED, born at Bozen, Tyrol, in 1832. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy and of Selleny. Trav- elled in Tyrol and Italy. Works : Mountain Lake, and many other Views in Tyrol (1852-66) ; Zenoburg near Meran (1867) ; Kolman in the Tyrol (1869), Vienna Acad- j emy ; Still Water ; Chestnut Trees ; Pine Grove ; Sigismundskron at Bozen ; Riviera near Mentone ; Palms near Monaco ; Sum- mer Afternoon, Vienna Museum ; Vogel-
166
SEGE
weidhof (with figures by Defregger) ; Val- ley of Vajolet, Covered Post (1871).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 803 ; Wurzbacb, xxxiii. 811.
SEGE, ALEXANDRE, born in Paris in 1817, died there, November, 1885. Land- scape painter, pupil of Flers and Leon Cog- niet. Painted large pictures, well-coloured, and in a simple, attractive style. Medals : 1869 ; 2d class, 1873 ; 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1874. Works : Bridge of Kenan, Rocks of Piegut (1868) ; Brook at Pebouet, River Beauce (1869) ; Oaks of Kertrugonnec (1870) ; Farm at Kerouol, Morning in the Alps (1874), Mme. E. Perrin ; Evening on the Beauce (1875) ; Thorn Broom in Blos- som (1876), Luxembourg Museum ; Green Road (1878), M. Hede ; Valley of Courtray (1879); Fields at Coubron (1880); Pine Tree of Antoigny (1881); Chestnut Trees of Beauvoir (1882) ; Valley of Ploukermeur (1883) ; En Pays chartrin (1884) ; Meadows of Saint-Pair, Valley of La See (1885) ; En- virons of Granville (1886). — Claretie, Pein- tres, 387.
SEGERS (Seghers), HERCULES, died in Amsterdam about 1650. Dutch school ; landscape painter, settled in The Hague about 1633, afterwards in Amsterdam, hav- ing for some time travelled in the Alps and in Norway ; friend of Rembrandt. Works : Dutch Landscapes (2), Berlin Museum. — Journal des B. Arts (1871), 178 ; Kramm, v. 1510 ; Meyer, Gemalde kongl. Mus., 428.
SEGHERS (Segers, Zeghers), DANIEL, born in Antwerp, Dec. 5, 1590, died there, Nov. 2, 1661. Flemish school ; flower paint- er, pupil of Jan Brueghel in 1611 and mas- ter of the guild in same year ; entered the Order of Jesuits in 1614, visited Rome, painted much for the church of his Order in Antwerp, and could hardly fulfil the numer- ous commissions by princes who vied with one another in securing works by his hand ; frequently painted flowers to enframe sub- jects by such masters as Rubens, Schut, Die- penbeek, and Erasmus Quellin. Works : Garland about Portrait of Ignatius Loyola (by Schut), do. about Madonna (by do.),
Flower-Piece, Antwerp Museum ; Bouquet, Brussels Museum ; Garland about Statuette of Madonna (1645), do. about Portrait of William ILL, Hague Museum ; do. around Bust of Ceres (1644), Rotterdam Museum ; two Flower pieces (1643) -and four Garlands about Reliefs, Dresden Gallery ; Garland about Relief, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Gar- land about Holy Family, do. about do. (by Van Dyck), do. about Madonna, do. about Holy Sacrament, Vienna Museum ; do. about Madonna, Bologna Museum ; do. about Male Bust, Uffizi, Florence ; Garlands (4) about pictures by Schut, Festoons (2), Madrid Museum ; Garland of Roses, do. about Ma- donna (1651), Hampton Court Gallery; Flowers and Land- ^r» scape (with Schut), M) South Kensington /-TV J f 4
Museum; other speci- -OtlnW) /^ ** rnens in galleries of Aschaffenburg Bam- berg (2), Brunswick J (2), Carlsruho (1644), J Cassel, Copenhagen, Donauest-hingen, Olden- burg (3), Schleissheini (3) ; in Museums of Berlin (2), and Weimar. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Immerzeel, iii. 84 ; Kramm, v. 1508 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 346 ; Messager des sciences, etc. (1868), 341 ; Michiels, ix. 194 ; Rooses (Reber), 427 ; Van den Bran- den, 1126.
SEGHERS, GEERAARD. Sec fryers.
SEGNA, Sienese school, beginning of 14th century. Disciple of Duccio. Like Ugolino, he remained faithful to the old school, and the surfaces of his pictures equal those of that master in softness and lustre. A picture by him, Four Saints, said to have been finished in 1305-6, is in the Academy of Siena. Better examples are : A Majesty in the Church of Casti- glione Fiorentino, near Arezzo ; and Christ on the Cross, National Gallery, London. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 56 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., i. 320 ; ii. 165 ; W. & W., i. 433.
SEIBOLD, CHRISTIAN, born at Mentz in 1697 or 1703, died in Vienna, May 19,
16?
SEIFFERT
1768. German school ; portrait painter, in the style of Denner ; became court painter to the Empress Maria Theresa in 1749. Works : Portrait of himself, Louvre ; do., Bamberg Gallery ; do., Gotha Museum ; do. (1759), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; do., Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Por- traits of Two Girls, Museum, ib. ; Portraits
of a Youth a Girl.
Man;
Old Woman, of himself, Dresden Gallery ; Bust of Old Man, Christiania Gallery ; do. of Old Lady, Male portrait, Stuttgart Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 564.
SEIFFERT, KARL (FREEDRICH), born at Grilneberg, Silesia, Sept. 6, 1809. Land- scape painter, pupil of Berlin Academy and of Biermann. Made sketching tours in Switzerland and Tyrol, and in Italy and Sic- ily in 1846-47. Settled in Berlin. Assisted Pape in Decoration of the Berlin New Mu- seum. Works : Cefalu in Sicily (1850) ; Lake Nemi (1851) ; Gravedona on Lake Como (1859) ; Blue Grotto in Capri (I860), National Gallery, Berlin ; Strait of Messina (1863).— Jordan (1885), ii. 217.
SEISENEGGER, JACOB, born in Aus- tria in 1505, died at Linz in 1567. History and portrait painter, who may in some re- spects be considered as the founder of mod- ern painting in Austria. In 1530 he painted Charles V. at Augsburg, in 1532 at Bologna, and in 1531 became court painter to Ferdi- nand I., whom, in 1532, he followed to Vi- enna, and in 1550 to Augsburg. Between 1535 and 1545 he visited Spain and Bel- gium, and twice the court of Charles V. ; settled in Linz about 1558. Works : Two portraits of Charles V. (1532, 1550), Vienna Museum ; portraits of Ferdinand I, Queen Anna, Philip of Spain, Ferdinand of Tyrol, Philippine, Welser, two bust portraits of Charles V., Ambras Collection, Vienna ; Male portrait (1568), Weimar Museum. — W. & W., ii. 507; Zeitschr. f. b. K, x. 153.
SEITZ, ALEXANDER MAXIMILIAN, born in Munich in 1811. History and genre painter, pupil of Cornelius in Munich. Went to Rome in 1835. Works: Joseph sold by his Brethren (1829) ; Madonna En- throned ; St. Catharine of Alexandria ; Ma- ter Amabilis ; Christ blessing Little Chil- dren ; St. Joseph and the Infant Christ ; Christ with the Wise and Foolish Virgins, and Return of the Prodigal, Santa Trinita de' Monti, Rome ; genre pictures of Roman life. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 804.
SEITZ, ANTON, born at Roth, near Nu- remberg, in 1830. Genre painter, pupil of Friedrich Wagner and Reindel in Nurem- berg, and in 1853-63 of Fluggen in Munich, where he settled. Gold Medal in 1869. Works : Policeman and Country Girl (1856) ; Miser (1860) ; Garret Studies (1862) ; Peas- ants and Quack; Alchemist; Music Rehears- al ; King of the Shooters (1874, D. W. Pow- ers, Rochester, N. Y.) ; Market Scenes ; Pho- tographer in the Country ; Wayfarers (1881), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Rustic Letter- Writer, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; A Good Friend (1883).— Regnet, ii. 262.
SEITZ, LTJDWIG, born in Rome in 1843. History painter, son and pupil of Alexander Max Seitz, having first studied under Cornelius and Overbeck ; imitates the old Italian masters, for the reproduction of whose style he shows considerable talent. Work : Deluge.— Seubert, iii. 296 ; Mtiller, 487.
SEITZ, OTTO, born in Munich, Sept. 3. 1846. History painter, pupil of Piloty. Medals in Vienna, and in Philadelphia (1876). Works : Murder of Rizzio (1869) ; Loose Leaves— Dead Love (1871) ; Happy Hours (1873) ; Faun and Nymph (1875) ; Neptune (1876); Edward IV. 's Sons; Pro- metheus Bound. — Seubert, iii. 296 ; Miiller, 487.
SELL, CHRISTIAN, born in Altona, Aug. 14, 1831. History and genre painter, pupil of his father and in 1851-56 of Diis- seldorf Academy under Hildebrand and Schadow ; accompanied German army in the
168
SELLENY
campaigns of 1864, 1866, and 1870. Works : Defence of Castle in Thirty Years' War ; Soldiers bearing their Wounded Command- er, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Best after Repulsed Storm(1856); Siege of Breisach (1862); Soldiers in Thirty Years' War dis- tributing Booty, Leip- sic Museum ; Combat in the Woods at Sadowa ; Beginning of Pursuit at Sadowa (1872), National Gallery, Berlin ; Transportation of Prisoners of War (1882), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Prisoners at Sedan.— Jordan (1885), ii. 217 ; Miiller, 488. SELLENY, JOSEF, born at Meidling, near Vienna, j Feb. 2, 1824, died in Vienna, May 22, 1875. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Acad- emy under En- der and Perger. Visited Italy in 1854 ; made a
voyage round the world on the Novara in 1857-59 ; and accompanied Archduke Max- imilian to Brazil in 1859, bringing back over a thousand sketches from these two expeditions. President of Vienna Artists' League in 1868. Became insane two years before death. Member of Vienna Academy. Orders : Iron Crown, Mexican Guadeloupe, and Brazilian Rose. Works : Desolate Church-Yard, Near Waidbruck in the Ty- rol, Vienna Museum ; Snow Storm (1852) ; Cape Circello (1855); Kuins of Amphithea- tre at Terracina (1855); Funchalin Madeira (1863); Cape of Good Hope (1864) ; Island of St. Paul (1869); Tahiti (1870); Rock Tem- ple of Mahamalaipur ; Water-colours after Rottmann's Munich Court Garden frescos ; and numerous other landscapes in oil and water-colour. — Wurzbach, xxxiv. 58 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xi. 135, 156, 190, 206, 217 ; xix. 170 ; Zeitsch. f. b. K, iv. 114 ; xi. 252.
SELLIER, CHARLES AUGUSTE, born at Nancy (Meurthe), Dec. 25, 1830, died there, Nov. 26, 1882. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Louis Leborgne and of Leon Cogniet. Won the grand prix de Rome in 1857. Medals : 1865 ; 2d class, 1872. Conservator of the Nancy Museum. Works : A Kitchen (1857), Nancy Museum ; Levite of Ephraim (1864), ib. ; Magdalen (1864), ib.; Death of Leander, Gallic Pris- oner condemned to die of Hunger (1865) ; Last Years of Tiberius in Isle of Caprea, The Ammazatoio at Rome (1867) ; Lost Soul (1868); Italian Souvenir (1869), Nancy Mu- seum ; Graziella (1870) ; Nereid (1872) ; Christ at the Tomb (1875) ; Interior of a Roman Ammazatoio, Led a (1880) ; Black- smith's Shop in Andelys (1881) ; Head of a Negro (1882).— Bellier, ii. 491.
SELLSTEDT, LARS GUSTAF, born in Sweden in 1819. Portrait painter, self- taught. In 1842 settled in Buffalo, N. Y. First exhibited at the National Academy in 1858 ; elected an A.N.A. in 1871 and N.A. in 1875. One of the founders of the Buffa- lo Academy, of which he was secretary and superintendent in 1862-76, president in 1876, and again superintendent in 1878. Works: Head of Jewish Rabbi (1859); Abandoned ; Quahaug Rock — Narragansett, Preparing her Paper for the Club (1879). Portraits: Of the Artist (1871, Academy,
] Buffalo) ; W. G. Fargo (1874) ; George W. Clinton, National Science Rooms, Buffalo ; Mrs. Sellstedt (1882) ; Benjamin Fitch
i (1883) ; Brother and Sister -- Portraits (1884), Franklin Locke ; Charles Day (1885).
SEMENTI (Semenza), GIOVANNI GIA- COMO, born in Bologna, July 18, 1580, died (?). Bolognese school ; pupil of Cal- vart, afterwards of Guido, and one of his fa- vourite assistants ; went to Rome in service of Cardinal Maurice of Savoy and painted many pictures in manner of Guido. Among his works are : Christ the Redeemer, St
169
SEMINI
Catherine, St. Eugenius, Bologna Gallery ; Marriage of St. Catherine, Vienna Museum. — Malvasia, ii. 249 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole bo- lonaise ; Lanzi, iii. 97.
SEMINI, ANDREA, born in Genoa about 1525, died after 1591. Genoese school ; son and pupil of Antonio Semini ; also stud- ied Perino del Va- ga and spent eight years in Rome, where he learned to imitate Raphael Mucli employed in Genoa and Milan. Works : Nativity, Turin Gallery ; Conception, S. Pietro, Genoa. An- drea's sons, Cesare and Alessandro, were mediocre painters. — Soprani, 57 ; Lanzi, iii. 243 ; Ch. Blanc, IScole genoise.
SEMINI, ANTONIO, born in Genoa about 1485, died after 1547. Genoese school ; pupil of Lodovico Brea, whose style he mod- ernized. Painted sometimes in collabora- tion with Teramo Piaggia or Terarno di Zo- agli, his fellow-pupil under Brea. Semini's Nativity, in S. Domenico, Savona, is in the manner of Perugino, which Perino del Yaga had introduced at Genoa. — Soprani, 22 ; Lanzi, iii. 237 ; Ch. Blanc, iScole genoise.
SEMINI, OTTAVIO, born in Genoa about 1530, died in Milan in 1604. Geno- ese school ; sou and pupil of Antonio Semi- ni ; also studied Perino del Vaga and works of Raphael in Rome. Aided his brother An- drea in many works, but was obliged to leave Genoa on account of a homicide, and after- wards led a dissipated life in Milan. Dec- orated chapel of S. Girolamo in S. Angelo, Milan.— Soprani, 57 ; Lanzi, iii. 243 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise.
SEMITECOLO, NICCOLO, Venetian school (1351-1400). The ablest Venetian artist of the 14th century (C. & C.). Earli- est picture, Coronation of the Virgin (1351), is in the Vienna Academy. His best effort is an Altai-piece (1367), in the library of the
Duomo, Padua. Other works: Madonna with Saints, dated 1400, Correr Museum, Venice ; Coronation of the Virgin, Venice Academy. Possibly identical with Nicholas Paradisi, of Venice, whose works are but little inferior to those of Semitecolo. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 266 ; Burckhardt, 522.
SEMOLEI. See Franco Battista.
SENAVE, JACOBUS ALBERTUS, born at Loo, near Fumes, Sept. 12, 1758, died in Paris in 1829. Genre painter, pupil of Dun- kirk Academy, and continued his studies at St. Omer and Ypres. Went to Paris, where he came under Suvee's influence. Painted Flemish popular festivals in the style of Teniers. Honorary director of Ypres Acad- emy and honorary member of Ghent Acad- emy in 1822. Works : Rembrandt's Studio, Academy, Ypres ; Young Girl feeding Cow, Horse led forth by Boy, Basle Museum ; Fantastic pictures with Architecture in and around Paris (2), Gotha Museum ; Village Inn with Travellers and Peasants, Sarah leading Hagar to Abraham, Leipsic Mu- seum.— Immerzeel, iii. 86 ; Nagler, xvi. 238.
SENI BESIDE WALLENSTEIN'S BODY, Karl von Piloly, New Pinakothek, Munich ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 1 in. X 12 ft. 2 in. The astrologer Seui, entering Wallenstein's room in the morning, finds his dead body extended on the floor. Painted in 1855.
SEQUEIRA, DOMINGOS ANTONIO DE, born in Lisbon in 1768, died in Rome in 1837. History painter, pupil of Lisbon Academy, and in 1788 of Antonio Cavalluc- ci in Rome. On his return to Portugal in 1796 worked for churches and palaces; in 1823 visited Paris ; then went to Italy, and became devotional. At his death was presi- dent of Portuguese Academy. Works : Last Moments of Camoens; Descent from the Cross; Flight into Egypt; St. Bruno, Lisbon Academy. — Nagler, xvi. 276 ; Bryan, 729.
SERAPION, painter, probably 1st century B. c. Pliny says (xxxv. 37 [113]) that he was successful in scene-painting, but was unable to depict the human form.
170
SERF
SERF EMANCIPATION, Edward Armi- lage, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. X 10 ft. An Anglo-Saxon noble on his death-bed, surrounded by his family and friends, at right, giving freedom to his slaves, who are grouped at left. In foreground a scribe writes down the names of the liberated. Eoyal Academy, 1877.
SERMON ON THE MOUNT, Claude Lor- rain. See Tabor, Mount.
SERRE (Serra), MICHEL GASPARD JACQUES, born at Tarragona, Spain, Jan. 10, 1658, died at Marseilles, Oct. 9, 1733. He fled from home when only eight years old, went to Marseilles, was received into the Chartreuse Convent and taught to paint ; in time he made his way to Rome, and after hard study returned to Marseilles in 1676 ; became a citizen in 1690, and a member of the Academy in 1704. During the plague at Marseilles in 1720 Serre performed in- valuable services and won the gratitude of everybody. The Museum of Marseilles pos- sesses two large pictures by him illustrative of the city during the plague, and many re- ligious paintings. — Chennevieres, Artistes provinciaux, ii. 201.
SERRES, DOMINIC, born at Auch, Gas- cony, in 1722, died in London, Nov. 6, 1793. Designed for the church, but ran away to sea, and became master of a vessel which was captured in 1752 by a British frigate. Released on parole in England, he turned his attention to art and became a successful marine painter. He was one of the founda- tion members of the Royal Academy (1768), of which he was appointed librarian in 1792, and was marine painter to George IH. Works : George HI. reviewing the Fleet at Portsmouth (4 pieces), and Sea-Piece (1789), Hampton Court. His son, John Thomas Serres (1759-1825), was also a marine painter. — Redgrave ; Law, Hist. Cat. Hamp- ton Court ; Sandby, i. 104.
SERVEST, AMfiDfiE E"LIE, born in Paris ; contemporary. Landscape and ani- mal painter, pupil of Drolling. Lives in VUliers-sur-Morin. Medals : 1867, 1869 ;
2d class, 1872. Works : Picking Stones in a Field (1867); Locksmith (1868); Fright- ened Donkeys (1869); The Mill (1872), Marseilles Museum ; Chestnut Seller, Under the Willows (1874); Making Sausages ; My Neighbour ; Wine Taster ; Crossing the Brook, Cutting in the Woods of Penthievre (1879); Crotoy in the Evening, Little Baths of St. Valery (1880); Picardy (1881); A Mill, Saltmakers and Salters (1882); Stable in Villiers, High Tide at Crotoy (1883); Ma cour, Chemin du bac (1884).
SESTO, CESARE DA. See Cesare da Sesto.
SETTEGAST, JOSEF, born at Coblentz, Feb. 8, 1813. History painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy, and of Veit in Frank- fort. Visited Italy in 1838-43. Works: Madonna and Child (1833); Finding of the Cross, Church of the Cross, Ehrenbreit- stein ; Crucifixion, St. Francis Church, Dus- seldorf. In fresco; subjects, Kastor Church, Coblentz ; Crucifixion, Max Church, Dtlssel- dorf ; cupola of Mentz Cathedral after de- signs by Veit (1861).— Art Journal (1865), 133 ; Nagler, xvi. 304 ; Mailer, Dusseldorf. K, 54.
SEUTER (Saiter, Syder), DANIEL, born in Vienna in 1642, 1647, or 1649, died in Rome or Turin in 1705, 1721, or 1725. Ital- ian school ; history painter, pupil of Carlo Loth in Venice and of Carlo Maratti in Rome. Sometimes called Avouster or Cavaliere Danielle. Works : Venus on Clouds, Augs- burg Gallery ; Apollo and Daphne ; Dieda- lus and Icarus ; Death of Abel ; St. Jerome, Brunswick Gallery. — Nagler, xviii. 64.
SEVEN SACRAMENTS. See Sacra- ments.
SEVEN WORKS OF MERCY. See Mercy.
SEVERDONCK, JOSEPH VAN ; contem- porary. History and genre painter, pupil of Wappera Excellences and defects in his work, so that opinions differ concerning it. Several medals. Leopold and Ernestine House Orders. Works : 14 Stations, Church of Notre Dame, Narnur ; Battle of Grave-
171
SEVILLA
lingen (1855); Defence of Tournay in 1581 ; Visitation of Mary (1862) ; Ballot among the Gypsies ; Battle of Vucht, Palace of Justice, Ghent ; Cavalry Attack. — Miiller, 488.
SEVILLA ROMERO T ESCALANTE, JUAN DE, born in Granada in 1627, died there, Aug. 23, 1695. Spanish school ; pu- pil of Pedro de Moya, from whom he learned the style of Van Dyck. Painted chiefly religious compositions, and had con- siderable local reputation. Work : Dead Christ and Saints, Dresden Gallery. — Cean Bermudez ; Stirling, iii. 1134 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole.
SEYBOLD, GEORG VON, born at Schro- benhausen, Bavaria, March 20, 1832. Genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Kaulbach, and of Couture in Paris. Works : Vedette in the Russian Campaign (1859) ; Prisoners escorted by Cossacks (1860) ; Sol- dier of 17th Century ; Hunter of 16th Cen- tury. In fresco : a picture in National Muse- um, Munich. — Miiller, 489.
SHADOW OF DEATH, William Holman Hunt, Manchester Art Gallery ; canvas. Christ, as the carpenter, engaged in Joseph's workshop, is standing upright, at the close of the day's labour, wearily stretching out his arms, which form the shadow of the cross on the wall behind him — a prevision of the Crucifixion ; on the ground, at his feet, Mary, kneeling before a coffer in which are the gifts of the kings, is gazing intently on the ominous shadow. Finished in 1873, after three years' labour. Engraved by F. Stacpoole. Art Journal (1874), 15 ; Athe- nseum, Jan., 1873, 23 ; Nov. 1873, 702.
SHAKESPEARE AND HIS CONTEM- PORARIES, John Faed, Corcoran Gallery, Washington ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 5 in. x 5 ft. 7 in. Group of statesmen and authors of the time gathered around Shakespeare, the cen- tral figure, in the Mermaid Tavern, Friday Street, London. Engraved by James Faed. Photogravure in Art Treasures of America. — Art Treasures of America, i. 7 ; Corcoran Gal. Cat.
SHAPLEIGH, FRANK HENRY, born in Boston, Mass., March 7, 1842. Landscape painter, pupil in Paris of Lambinet. Studio in Boston ; summer studio in Crawford Notch, White Mountains. Works : Venice, A. F. Hervey, Boston ; Yosemite Valley, H. C. Bacon, San Francisco ; Mirror Lake, Da- vid Dudley Field, New York ; The Northern Peaks, T. A. Chapman, Milwaukee ; The White Mountains, G. B. Prescott, New York ; Fort Marion— St. Augustine, W. G. War- den, Philadelphia ; Fort at Matanzas— Flor- ida, H. G. Lapham, New York ; Old Mill in Seabrook— N. H., G. H. Wright, Boston.
SHARPLES (Sharpless), JAMES, born in England in 1751, died in New York, Feb. 26, 1811. Of a Roman Catholic family, he was educated in France for the priesthood ; studied art in London under George Rom- ney (?), married, and sailed for America in 1794 with his wife and three children, but was taken by the French, carried into Brest, and imprisoned several months. On his liberation he again embarked, and reached New York in safety. Travelling in a four- wheeled carriage with one horse he visited the principal cities and towns of the United States to paint the portraits of notable per- sons, of which he made a large collection. Though he worked some in oils most of these were executed in pastels. A hundred and thirty-four of the latter are preserved in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, but few of his oil pictures are extant. Two portraits of Washington and one of Mrs. Washington, painted from life about 1796 and taken soon after to England, have lately been brought to this country for sale. Sharpies re- turned to New York in 1809. His wife and daughter Rolinda were both painters of portraits. Mrs. Sharpies exhibited pastels of Gen. Washington and Dr. Priestley (now in the National Portrait Gallery) at the Roy- al Academy in 1807. She worked at Bath and Bristol, England, and left all her prop- erty to found an art institution in the latter city, where she died in March, 1849. Ro- linda, who exhibited at the Academy in
172
134 ; f i.
in Lone
SI1ATTUCK
1820-23 and in 1832, lived at Bristol, where she died, Feb. 10, 1838. Her brother James, who also painted portraits, died in Bristol in 1839. Another brother, Felix, painted and died in North Carolina. — Dunlap ; Walter, Memorials of Washington (New York, 1887).
SHATTUCK, AARON DRAPER, born in Francestown, N. H., March 9, 1832. Ani- mal painter, pupil in Boston of Alexander Ransom, portrait painter, and of the Nation- al Academy in 1852. First brought into prominent notice in 1855 by a study of Grasses and Flowers. Elected AN.A. in 1856, N.A. in 1861. Studio in New York. Works : White Mountains in October (1868) ; Sunday Morning in New England (1873) ; Sheep and Cattle in Landscape (1874), J. H. Sherwood, New York ; Autumn near Stock- bridge (1876) ; Granbury Pastures (1877) ; Cows by the Meadow Brook (1881) ; Cattle (1 882) ; Landscape with Cattle — Avon, Conn. (1883); Peaceful Days.Farm by the Sea (1884).
SHAW, ANNIE CORNELIA, born at West Troy, N. Y., Sept. 16, 1852. Land- scape and animal painter, pupil of H. C. Ford, Chicago. Associate of Chicago Acad- emy of Design, 1873 ; member, 1876 ; hon- orary member of Art Institute, Chicago, 1886. Works : On the Calumet (1874), J. H. Dole, Chicago ; Willow Island (1876), C. L. Hutchinson, ib. ; Keene Valley — N. Y. (1875), A. A. Munger, ib.; Ebb Tide on Coast of Maine (1876), William Butterfield, ib.; Head of Jersey Bull (1877), Mrs. Jenny F. Kempton, ib.; In the Rye Field (1880), Mrs. Larned, Providence, R. I ; Road to the Creek (1880), B. P. Hutchinson, Chicago; Close of a Summer Day (1882), Edwin B. Haskell, Boston; July Day (1883), J. H. Dole, Chicago ; In the Clearing (1883), Wal- ter C. Larned, ib.; Fall Ploughing (1884), George A. Brackett, Minneapolis, Minn.; Ashen Days (1884), Mrs. C. Brown, Chicago ; The Corn-Field (1884), do. ready to Harvest (1885), Charles E. Gifford, Jr., ib.; The Rus- set Year (1885).
SHEBA, EMBARKATION OF QUEEN OF, Claude Lorrain, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 11 in. xfi ft. 7 in. signed, dated Rome, 1648. The Queen em- barking on the occasion of her visit to Sol- omon. One of Claude's best pictures. Paint- ed in Rome for the Due de Bouillon, whence called the Bouillon Claude. Liber Verita- tis, No. 114. From Angersteiu Collection. Companion to Marriage of Isaac and Rebek- ah. Engraved in Gallery Angerstein, by Varrall in National Gallery, and in L'Art. Replica, painted in 1677, Lord Cathcart— ! Waagen, Treasures, i. 340 ; Cat. Nat. GaL ; Pattison, Claude Lorrain, 228 ; Athen., 1876.
SHEBA, QUEEN OF, AND SOLOMON, Paolo Veronese, Turin Gallery ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 3 in. x 17 ft. 10 in. Solomon, seated high on his throne, with two elders on each side beneath him, stoops forward as if to sup- port the Queen of Sheba, who, kneeling and nearly fainting, looks up to him with tears in her eyes ; beside her kneels a maid of honour, who looks back to encourage a ne- gro girl carrying presents ; a little dog in front barks furiously at an attendant who has set down a golden vase near him. A picture of ' ' inestimable value. " Painted for Charles, Duke of Savoy. Engraved by Hol- lar.—Ruskin, Mod. Painters, v. 229 ; R'idolfi, Marav., ii. 57.
SHEE, Sir MARTIN ARCHER, born in Dublin, Dec. 20, 1769. died at Brighton, Aug. 19, 1850. Pupil of Dublin School of De- sign, and won some
.
repute in that city as a portrait painter; went to London in 1788 and, through ad- vice of Sir Joshua Rey- nolds, became a pupil of the Royal Academy in 1790. He gradu- ally won his way and became a successful portrait painter of men, his earliest works being theatrical portraits. He also painted some subject works, but they did not add to his reputation. In 1798 he was elected A.R.A., in 1800 R.A, and in 1830 president
173
SHEEP
of the Koyal Academy, receiving at the same time the honour of knighthood. He was also the author of several literary produc- tions, among them "Alasco," a tragedy (1823), and "Old Court," a novel (1829). Works : Infant Bacchus, Thomas Morton (dramatist), Thomas Lewis (comedian), National Gallery ; "William IV., Queen Ade- laide, Windsor Castle ; Queen Victoria, Roy-
a woman is shearing. Painted in 1860 ; exhibited in Brussels, 1860 ; Salon, 1861 ; Bordeaux, 18G5 ; Lille, 1866 ; Exposition universelle, Paris, 1867. First sketch in Collection of Mile. Sensier. — Gazette desB. Arts (1860), viii. 96; (1861), xi. 63; Sen- sier, vie, 216.
SHEEP SHEAK1NG (Tonte des mou- tons), Jean Franyois Millet, William Schaus, New York. A farm-yard, with a house, farm buildings, and trees in background, and a man and woman shearing sheep ; in fore- ground, many sheep, some shorn and some unshorn (the latter sus- piciously smelling the former), and a man leading out a sheep to be sheared. Painted in 1861. From Collection of M. Fanien. — Sensier, vie, 206.
SHEPHERDS, ADORATION OF, Correggio. See Notte, La.
By Domenico Ghirlancfajo, Flor- ence Academy ; wood, H. 4 ft. 6 in. X 4 ft. 8 in. ; dated 1485. The Child lies on the ground in front of a sarcophagus which serves as a feeding-trough for a cow and a mule ; at left, the Virgin kneeling, and Joseph gazing at the proces- sion of the Magi winding round a hill and passing through a triumph- al arch ; at right, three shepherds, one bearing a lamb. Vasari errs in saying that one of the figures is a portrait of Ghirlandajo. Paint- ed for the Sassetti Chapel in S. Trinita, Florence. Engraved by al Academy, London ; Portrait of Picton, Perfetti. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 257 ; C. & C., National Portrait Gallery.— Art Journal Italy, ii. 476 ; Gall. Accad. di Firenze, PL
Adoration of Shepherds, Anton Raphael Mengs, Madrid Museum.
(1849), 12 ; Redgrave ; Cunningham ; F. de Conches, 407 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole anglaise ; Sandby, ii. 136.
SHEEP SHEARER (La tondeuse de moutous), Jean Frangois Millet, Quincy A. Shaw, Boston. Figures three-quarters length, life-size. A peasant man, seated on an overturned basket, holds a sheep which
48.
um
By Anton Raphael Mengs, Madrid Muse- wood, H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. The
Virgin, with the Child in her lap, seated in the stable, with an ass and an ox in back- ground ; at left, St. Joseph sitting, and be- hind him the painter himself as a spectator ; at right, the shepherds in adoration, one of
174
SHEPHERDS
them followed by a dog ; above, a choir of angels. One of Mengs's best works. Col- , lection of Charles HL Engraved by Raph- ael Morghen. — Reveil, xiii. 928.
By Murillo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 6 ft 5 in. x 4 ft. 10 in. On left, Jesus lying naked on a crib, the Virgin, at his feet, holding up the linen that covers him ; behind her, St. Joseph standing ; in front, a kneeling shepherd near a lamb ; beyond him, an old woman, and behind her, on right, two shepherds, one with a staff; above the Child, the heads of an ox and an ass. First manner. From Houghton Gallery ; appraised at £600. En- graved by V. Green. Sketch in Hermitage. — Curtis, 165 ; Houghton Gallery, i. PL 24 ; Hermitage, Cat., 128.
By Murillo, Madrid Mu- seum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 1 in. x 7 ft. 6 in. The Vir- gin, kneeling on left behind the crib, holds the head of Jesus on her right arm, and raises with left the lin- en that covers him ; be- hind, St. Joseph leaning on his staff; in front, a shep- herd kneeling in adora- tion ; two fowls on ground before him ; at right, a woman with a basket of eggs, and a man leading a lamb by a rope ; in background, ruins of a temple. Second manner. Taken to Paris by French, returned in 1816 and placed in Academy of S. Fernando, whence transferred in 1829 to Museum. Engraved by Huvert ; lithographed by P. F. Feillet. —Curtis, 165 ; Madrazo, 469.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas, H. 9 ft. x 6 ft. The Virgin, seated on right, holds the head of the Child, who lies on a box filled with straw ; she raises the linen and shows him to the kneeling shepherds ; behind them, on left, a young woman with a basket of eggs thrusts a child forward
into the scene ; in centre, behind the crib, St. Joseph standing, leaning on his staff; above, two cherubs. Painted about 1676 for Capuchin Church, Seville. Repetition, reversed, Vatican, Rome. — Curtis, 164.
By Nicolas Poussin, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 4 in. The Vir- gin seated in a stable, in which animals are feeding, holding in her lap the Infant, be- fore whom four shepherds are prostrating themselves ; beliind the group, St. Joseph, standing. Painted in 1653 for M. de Mau- croy, intendant of finances ; passed thence to M. Boisfranc and to the Manheim Gnl-
Adoration of Shepherds, Nicolas Poussin, Munich Gallery.
lery, from which it was procured by the King of Bavaria. Engraved by John Pesne ; lithographed (1818) by N. Miixel.— Reveil, xiii. 888.
By Rembrandt, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 1 in. x 1 ft. 10 in. ; signed, dated 1646. Interior of a stable ; at right, the Virgin sitting near Jesus, who is lying in a cradle ; on her right, St. Joseph, stand- ing ; two shepherds, kneeling, and near them two women and a child, a man with a lantern, a boy with a dog ; in background, other figures and cattle. Collection of Mme. Bandeville (1786), 3,000 francs ; Col- lection of M. Tolozan (1801), 10,000 francs ;
175
SHEPHERDS
J. J. Angerstein (1824). Engraved by S. Bernard ; H. C. Shenton ; Sevier.— Vosmaer, 201, 472 ; Smith, vii. 23.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Eocco, Venice ; canvas, H. about 14 ft. x 10 ft. The Virgin with Christ, whom two women are adoring, seated on a kind of hammock floor of rope netting, covered with straw, which divides the picture into two stories ; in the lower division, the stable, are a cock, a cow, and a peacock, some shepherds with gifts, and a woman with a basket of eggs. A " tricky picture, hastily painted." — Ruskiu, Stones of Venice, iii. 334.
By Velasquez, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 7 in. x 5 ft. 6 in. The Vir- gin, kneeling at left, supports Jesus, who lies on a crib, while Joseph stands beyond, holding a staff ; three shepherds kneel be- fore the Child, and an old woman behind them bends forward ; on right, a girl, with a basket on her head, enters a door ; in fore- ground lie two sheep. Probably authentic, though genuineness has been doubted. Purchased about 1832 for Louis Philippe from Conde del Aguila, Seville, in whose house it had been since it was painted ; sold in 1853 to National Gallery for £2,050. Engraved by E. Liugee (outline). — Curtis, 4 ; Waagen, iii. 347.
Subject treated also by Palma Vecchio, Louvre ; Francisco Bassano, Dresden Muse- um ; Jacopo Bassauo, Louvre, Paris ; Leau- dro Bassano, Venice Academy ; Ghirlandajo, Florence Academy ; Adriaan van der Werff, Uffizi, Florence; Titian, Ambrosiana, Milan ; Moretto, Berlin Museum ; Andrea Schia- vone, Vienna Museum ; Guido Reni, Liech- tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Spagnoletto, Louvre, Paris ; Garofalo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Domenico Feti, ib. ; Palma Vecchio, ib. Josef Anton Rhomberg, Frau- enkirche, Munich ; Bastien-Lepage (Salon, 1876).
SHEPHERD'S CHIEF MOURNER, Sir Edwin Landseer, South Kensington Muse- um ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. A shep- herd's coffin, partly covered by a plaid and
a blanket, rests in a rude cottage ; on a three-legged stool lie a Bible and a pair of spectacles, and on the floor beside it a bon- net and crook, while by the coffin, with his head resting upon it, sits the old man's faithful dog — his chief mourner. Royal Academy, 1837.
SHEPHERD, LITTLE (Pastor Nino), Murillo, Comte Henri de Greffulhe, Paris ; H. 1 ft. 10 in. x 1 ft. 4 in. The young Saviour, walking front, with a crook in his left hand, rests the other on one of two sheep on his right ; on his left, another sheep running. Presented by Queen Isa- bella to M. Guizot in recognition of his services in bringing about the marriage of her sister to the Due de Montpensier. Sold in Paris, 1874, for 120,000 francs.— Gaz. des B. Arts (1877), xv. 155 ; Curtis, 186.
SHIPBUILDER, Rembrandt, Buckingham Palace ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 8 ft. 6 in. ; signed, dated 1633. A shipbuilder, seen to knees, making a drawing of a ship, is inter- rupted by his wife, who has entered the room with a letter. One of Rembrandt's most noted pictures. Gildemeester sale (1800), 8,050 florins ; Smeth Van Alpen sale (1810), 16,500 florins. Engraved by Hodges (1802); J. P. Quilley. Etched by De Frey. — Waagen, Treasures, ii. 4 ; Vosmaer, 35, 432 ; Smith, vii. 68.
SHIPWRECK, Joseph M. W. Turner, Na- tional Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 7 ft. 11 in. The hulk of a large ship, still crowded with human beings, is labour- ing in a stormy sea ; three fishing-boats are endeavouring to approach her bows, where some of the passengers are dropping from the bowsprit into a boat. Painted in 1805 for Sir John Fleming Leicester ; exchanged by him for Sun in the Mist. Engraved by W. Miller in Turner Gallery.
SHIRLAW, WALTER, born in Paisley, Scotland, Aug. 6, 1838. Genre painter; taken to America in 1840. Pupil in Munich, in 1870-77, of Raab, Wagner, Ramberg, and Lindenschmidt. Exhibited first at National Academy in 1861 ; elected an AN. A. in
176
SHORE
v
1878 ; member of Society of American Ar- tists, of which he was the first president ; pro- fessor in Art Stu- dents' League, New York ; member of Chicago Academy. Studio in New York. Works: Eager for the Fray (1861) ; Toning the Bell (1874); Sheep Shear- ing—Bavarian High- lands (1876); Good Morning (1878); Gretchen, Burgomaster, Task (1879) ; Capellmeister, Marble Quarry, Indian Girl, Very Old, Autumn (1880); Tom- Boy (1881); Gossip, Tuning Up (1844); Sor- ry for the Gorse, Under the Cornstack (1885); Jealousy (1886).— Am. Art Rev. (1881), 97, 145 ; Sheldon, 96.
SHORE, JANE, Joseph Nicolas Robert- Fleury, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft. Condemned as a sorceress and adulteress, she is pursued through the streets of London and insulted by the popu- lace. Salon, 1850.
SHRIMP GIRL, Hoyarth, National Gal- lery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft 1 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. Half-length, face nearly full, with mouth half-open. She wears a white cap with a dark cloth over her head, on which she bears a tray containing shrimps and a small metal measure. Leigh Court sale (1884), 256 guineas.— Art Journal (1885), 8.
SHULAMITE, Alexandre Gabanel, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York ; canvas, signed, dated 1875. Life-size, sitting on the floor of a highly decorated apartment, with a column and rich stuffs in background. One hand is raised to her head ; the other is partly veiling her bosom, from which the gauze has fallen. Photogravure in Art Treasures of America, i. 120.
SHUMWAY, HENRY COLTON, born in Middletown, Conn., July 4, 1807, died in New York, May 6, 1884. Portrait and min- iature painter, pupil of the National Acad- emy, and one of its earliest members, hav-
ing been elected in 1832. For many years a successful miniature portrait painter in New York and in other American cities, and a regular exhibitor at the Academy. Ho went to Washington, D. C., in 1838 to paint Henry Clay, and had many other distin- guished sitters.
SHURTLEFF, ROSWELL MORSE, born at Rindge, N. H., June 14, 1841. Land- scape and animal painter, pupil of the Lowell Institute, Boston, and of the National Acad- emy, New York, where he first exhibited in 1872. Studio in New York. Elected an A.N.A. in 1881. Works : American Panther (1876); Race for Life (1877); The Still- Hunter ; On the Alert (1879); Autumn Gold, Pedro (1880); Blue Heron (1881); October Hunting, Under the Beeches (1882); Foot of the Mountain, Ray of Light, In the Wild- Wood (1883); Mt. Porter— Adirondacks, By Still Water (1884); October, Road to the Mill (1885); Song of Summer Woods, Morn- ing in the Forest (1886).— Sheldon, 211.
SIBERECHTS, JAN, born in Antwerp, baptized Jan. 29, 1627, died in London in 1703. Flemish school ; landscape painter, admitted to the guild in 1648. Painted many English landscapes for the Duke of Buckingham, who took him to England, where he was employed four years in tho decoration of Cliefdeu House, and after- wards at Newstead and Chatsworth. Was distinguished for his water-colours. En- deavoured successfully to imitate Berchem and Karel du Jardin. Works : Miracle of St. Francis of Assisi (1666), Antwerp Mu- seum ; Farm Yard (1660), Brussels Museum ; Leasehold Farm, Valenciennes Museum ; Landscapes with Figures and Cattle (2, 1663, 1670), Lille Museum ; do. (1), Bordeaux Mu-
scum ; do., Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Mother sewing by the Cradle (1671), Copen-
177
SIBYL
hagen Gallery ; Cattle Pasture, Old Pinako- thek, Munich.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1872), vi. 497 ; Kooses (Reber), 412 ; Van den Branden, 1064.
SIBYL, the name applied to reputed prophetesses of the mythical period, some of whom are said to have foretold the com- ing of Christ to the Gentiles. There are ten or more of them, and they are generally named from their habitations; as, Cimmerian, from the Black Sea ; Cumsean, from Cumse in Campania ; Delphian, from Delphi ; Ery- thraean, from Erythraea in Asia Minor ; Hel- lespontian (sometimes called Trojan), from the Hellespont ; Libyan, from Libya ; Per- sian, from Persia ; Phrygian, from Phrygia ; Samian, from Samos ; Tiburtine, from Tibur (Tivoli). They do not appear in art earlier than the fourteenth century.
SIBYL, CUMJEAN, Domenichino, Palazzo Borghese, Rome. Wears an immense tur- ban, eyes raised and mouth open. Head and draperies well drawn and coloured. In respect to accessories superior to the repeti- tions at the Capitol and in the Modena Mu- seum. Engraved by P. Fontana. — Lavice, 335, 354 ; Viardot, 239.
By Guido Reni, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, half-figure. Eyes raised, and resting her chin on one hand ; she holds in the other a paper, on which is written her prediction of Christ's advent — "Nascetur cle Virgine." Other Cumsean Sibyls by Guido are in the Brussels and Vienna Museums, the Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, and the Palazzo Brignole Sale, Genoa.— Soc. Ed. et Paris, PI. 177 ; Lavice, 47.
By Elihu Vedder, Wellesley College, Wel- lesley, Mass. She is hurrying along, her garments blown by the wind swinging be- fore her, in the centre of a landscape with a range of mountains resembling the Abruzzi in the distance.
SIBYL, PERSIAN, Guercino, Capitol Gal- lery, Rome ; half-figure. She leans her heat on the back of one hand and holds a pen in the other. An open book lies before her Colour, drapery, and effect of light excellent
one of the master's best pictures. Engraved ay Ant. Perf etti ; A. Cunego ; J. V. Kauperz ; P. Fontana; Gio. Berselli.— Lavice, 331.
SIBYL, SAMIAN, Guercino, Uffizi, Flor-
ince ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft. 11 in.
Standing, half-length, with her hands on an
open book. She wears a picturesque turban
,nd bands of pearls in her hair. Painted in
1651 for Mattia de' Medici ; bought in 1777
'or Gallery. Engraved by Ant. Perfetti;
Lievillain ; J. Rivera. — Molini, Gal. di Fireuze,
i. 125 ; Soc. Ed., Gal. di Firenze, PI. 133 ;
Wicar, i., Part 3 ; Lavice, 33.
SIBYL, TIBURTINE, Garofalo, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 2 f t. x 1 ft. 3 in. The Sibyl revealing to the Emperor Augus- ius the Mystery of the Incarnation. She is standing pointing with one hand to the Vir- gin and Child, who, with two angels, are seen above ; Augustus is kneeling, with his Town on the earth beside him.
Subject treated also by Paris Bordone, Venice Academy.
SIBYL, ZAMBETHA (Sambetha), Hans Memling, Hospital of St. John, Bruges ; wood, H. 1 ft. 3 in. x 10 in. A bust portrait of a Flemish damsel, in the high peaked cap of the close of the 15th century. Supposed to be the portrait of one of the daughters of William Moreel, a patrician of Bruges, whose portrait and that of his wife, now in the Brussels Museum, were painted by Memling in the same year, 1480. — C. & C., Flemish Painters, 276 ; Beffroi, ii. 182.
SIBYLLA PALMIFERA (Sibyl with the Palm), Dante Gabriel Rossetti, George Rae, Birkenhead, England ; canvas, life-size, three-quarter length. Illustrative of Ros- setti's sonnet of same title. Seated figure of a virgin, in crimson dress, with green scarf over her hair, holding a palm before the shrine of worship ; beside her burns a lamp, its flame rising toward a rose garland hanging near the sculptured head of a cher- ub ; on the other side smoke ascends from a thurible in circles towards a death's head, over which is a wreath of poppies ; above, a festoon of olive boughs and a sphinx in
178
SIBYLS
a niche. Painted in 1866 ; chalk drawing, Alexander Stevenson, Tynernouth. — Athe- naeum, Sept., 1873, 407 ; Oct., 1875, 444.
SIBYLS, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome ; frescos on ceiling. Painted on five of the twelve pendentives, the other seven being filled with as many prophets, viz. : Zachariah, Joel, Ezekiel, Jeremiah, Jonah, Daniel, and Isaiah.
1. Erythraean Sibyl, full-length, seated, looking into an open book at right. Behind, two children, one lighting a lamp.
2. Persian Sibyl, full-length, seated, writ- ing in an open book at left. In front of her, two children.
holding up a scroll, half-opened by a flying angel, inscribed "The Resurrection of the Dead ; " nest the Persian Sibyl, writing on a tablet held by an angel, " He will have the Lot of Death " ; on the key-stone, a little angel holding a torch, and another, seated near, points to a tablet in his hand inscribed, "The Heavens surround the Sphere of the Earth " ; next, the Phrygian Sibyl, and be- low her, the Tiburtine Sibyl ; between them, a little angel with a tablet inscribed, " I will open and arise," and above them another floating, with an open scroll inscribed, "An- other Generation already." Painted by or- der of Agostiuo Chigi in 1514 ; entirely by
Sibyls, Raphael, S. M. della Pace, Rome.
3. Libyan Sibyl, full-length, seated, hold- ing an open volume on a pedestal at her right and looking left at two children seated in front of her.
4. Cumaean Sibyl, full-length, seated front, looking to her right into an open book, be- hind which are two children.
5. Delphian Sibyl, full-length, seated, looking nearly front. Behind, two children, one looking into an open book.
Engraved by Cherubino Alberti. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 182 ; Pistolesi, Vaticano desc., viii. PL 98, 105, 112, 123, 129 ; Landou, (Eu- vre de Michel- Ange, PI. vi., viii., x., xii., xiv.
SIBYLS, Raphael, S. M. della Pace, Rome ; fresco. At left, the Cuniaoan Sibyl, seated,
Raphael. Shows wonderful execution. Va- sari calls it Raphael's masterpiece. This fresco is beneath that of the Prophets, and in the picture which Michelangelo was called in to value, estimating each head to be worth a hundred ducats. Restored in 155G-15C1 by Foutana and in the present century by Palraaroli. Engraved by a pupil of Marc Antonio ; J. Volpato (1772) ; Ferd. Rusch- weyh ; M. F. Dien (1838). Original designs in Abertina Collection, Vienna, and at Ox- ford.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 340 ; Passavant, ii. 138 ; Mttntz, 491, 493 ; Springer, 256 ; Reveil, xiv. 967.
SICHEL, NATHANAEL, born in Mentz, Jan. 8, 1844. History and portrait painter,
17!)
SICIOLANTE
pupil of Berlin Academy tinder Julius Schra- der ; won a prize in 1864, and studied in Rome two years, and in Paris one year. Studio in Berlin. Works : Philip the Gen- erous at his "Wife's Tomb (1864), Darmstadt Gallery; Joseph interpreting Pharaoh's Dreams (1864) ; Arrest of Don Carlos by Philip II.; Scene from Life of Mary Stuart ; Francesca da Rimini (187G) ; Cardinal de Guise in Rome.— Miiller, 489.
SICIOLANTE. See Girolamo da Ser- moneta.
SIDDONS, MRS., portrait, Thomas Gains- borough, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Half-length, seated ; in a striped blue and white dress and buff shawl, with black hat and feathers, and holding in her left hand a brown muff. Painted iu 1784 ; purchased in 1862 from Major Mair, husband of the actress's grand- daughter.— Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Eng. Painters of Georgian Era, 14.
By Sir Thomas Lawrence, National Gal- lery, London ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 2£ in. x by 4 ft. 8^ in. Full-length, turning over with her left hand a leaf of an open volume of "Paradise Lost," on a table beside her. Presented by Mrs. Fitz-Hugh in 1843. En- graved by W. Say (1810).
SIDDONS AS THE TRAGIC MUSE, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Grosvenor House, Lon- don ; canvas, life-size. The Queen of Trag- edy, full-length, sitting upon a throne rest- ing on clouds, apparently brooding over deeds of horror ; behind her stand two fig- ures, one with a bowl, the other with a dag- ger— types of secret and open violence. Painted in 1784 ; bought by M. de Caloune for 800 guineas ; at his sale (1795) passed to W. Smith, M.P., for £700 ; sold to Watson Taylor for £900, and bought at his sale (1822) by first Marquis of Westminster for 1,760 guineas. Replica at Langley Park, Stowe ; another in Dulwich Gallery, painted, according to Northcote, by Score, one of Sir Joshua's journeymen ; others in Lord Nor- manton's gallery and in possession of Mrs. Combe, Edinburgh. Engraved by Hay ward
(1787).— Leslie and Taylor, Life, ii. 420 ; Art Journal (1860), 358 ; Waagen, Art Treas- ures, ii. 172.
SIEBERT, ADOLF, born at Halberstadt in 1806, died in Rome in 1832. History painter, pupil of Wach in Berlin, where he won the Academy prize in 1830, and went to Rome. He was a deaf mute. Works : Ju- piter and Mercury with Philemon and Bau- cis (1830) ; St. Luke painting the Madonna
Siddons as the Tragic Muse, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Grosvenor House, London.
(1831), Schloss Bellevue, Berlin ; Dredalua and Icarus; Farewell of Tobias. — Cotta's Kunstbl. 1829-34 ; Raczynski, i. 59 ; iii. 68. SIEGERT, AUGUST, born at Neuwied, March 5, 1820, died in Diisseldorf, Oct. 13, 1883. Genre painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Hildebrandt and Schadow in 1835-46. Visited Antwerp, Paris, Hol- land, and Munich ; settled in Diisseldorf in 1851, where he became teacher at the Acad- emy, and in 1872 professor. Medal in Vi- enna. Member of Amsterdam Academy. Works: Luther at Assembly of Worms
ISO
SIEGUMFELDT
(1844) ; David and Abishai in Saul's Tent (1845); Emperor Maximilian and Albrecht Dttrer (1848); The Welcome (1851); Trum- peter's Children (1851); Holiday (1852); Reading the Bible, David finding Saul asleep, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Sun- day Morning, Museum Fodor, Amsterdam ; Poor Family fed in Rich House ; Soldiers playing Dice ; Children in Studio, Stettin Museum ; Convent Gate ; Patrician In- terior ; Meal-Time ; Welcome Pause (1866) ; Service of Love (1870), Hamburg Gallery ; Fruit Painter (1876), DUsseldorf Gallery ; Birth Day ; Forest House ; Good Treatment —Bad Payment (1883).— Kunst-Chronik, xix. 24; W. Mttller, DUsseldorf K, 160; Wiegmaun, 225 ; Zeitsch. f. b. K, vi. 149.
SIEGUMFELDT, HERMAN CARL, bom near Esrom in North Zealand, Sept. 18, 1833. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy in 1844, and after- wards of Simonsen ; won the small silver medal in 1850, a money prize in 1856, and the travelling prize in 1859 ; broke his arm in Sweden in 1860, which seriously crippled him ; visited in 1863 Brussels, Paris, and Rome. Works : Apple Woman, School Girl with Books (1856) ; Fishermen from North Zealand, Fishermen on the Strand at Even- ing (1857) ; Husbandmen from the Heaths, From the Country (1860) ; Sad Tale from the Sea (1862); Woman and Children (1865); Roman Peasants in Church (1866) ; many portraits (1878-84). He is a portrait paint- er of high rank.— Sigurd Mttller, 317 ; Weil- bach, 633.
SIEMIRADZKI, HENDRIK, born in government of Grodno, Nov. 15, 1843. His- tory painter, pupil of St. Petersburg Acad- emy and of Piloty in Munich. Visited France and Germany in 1870, and settled in Rome in 1872. Medals : Vienna, 1873 ; Philadel- phia, 1876 ; of honour, Paris, 1878 ; Berlin, 1879 ; Melbourne, 1882 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Member of St. Petersburg, Berlin, Stock- holm, and Rome Academies. Works : Alex- ander's Confidence in Philip (1870); Figure Painting after Poem by Tolstoi (1871) ; Ro-
man Orgies (1872) ; Christ and the Sinner (1873); Nero's Torches (1876); Sword Dance ; Woman or Cup (1879) ; Shipwrecked Man Begging ; Pirate's Cave (1881); Nubian For- tune-Teller (1882) ; Cremation of Russian Captain in 10th Century (1883), Moscow Museum ; Summer Night in Pompeii (1884); Nero by the Body of a Christian Martyr, Christ with Martha and Mary (1885) ; fres- cos in Church of Our Saviour, Moscow. — — Miiller, 490 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 401 ; xix. 352, 382 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. 150.
SIENA, GUIDO DA. See Guido.
SIENA, MATTEO DA. See Matteo di Giovanni.
SIGALON, XAVIER, born at Uzi-s (Gard), in 1788 (1790?), died in Rome, Aug. 18, 1837. French school; genre painter, pupil of Monrose at Nimes, later of Souchon and Guorin in Paris. Sent to Rome, when M. Thiers was minis- ter, to copy Michelangelo's Last Judgment, now in the l5cole des Beaux Arts, which cost three and a half years' labour, for which he received 58,000 francs, an indem- nity of 20,000 francs, and a travelling pen- sion of 3,000 francs. Returned to copy other works in Sistiue Chapel, and died of cholera. Medal, 1824 ; L. of Honour, 1831. Works : Death of St. Louis (1815), Baptism of Christ, Cathedral of Nimes ; Holy Ghost descending upon theApostles(1817), Church of Aigues-Mortes ; Young Courtesan (1821), Louvre ; Locusta experimenting with Poi- sons (1824), Portrait of Louis Philippe,
Nimes Museum ; Athalie having all the Children of the Blood Royal killed (1827),
SIGISMONDA
Nantes Museum ; Vision of St. Jerome (1829), Louvre ; Christ on the Cross (1829), Church at Issingeaux ; Anacreon (1833). — Ch. Blanc, Ecole fraujaise ; Eloge historique de X. S. (1848) ; Bellier, ii. 502.
SIGISMONDA, William Hogarth, Na- tional Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 1£ in. Mourning over the heart of Guiscardo. Sigismonda or Ghismonda, daughter of Tancred, Prince of Salerno, loved and secretly married Guiscardo, a poor but noble page. Tancred, having dis- covered the union, caused Guiscardo to be strangled and sent his heart in a golden cup to Sigismonda, who escaped from life by a poisoned draft which she had pre- pared in expectation of her husband's doom. Painted in 1759 for Sir Kichard Grosvenor, who declined it ; sold at Mrs. Hogarth's sale for 56 guineas ; sold in 1807 for 400 guineas ; bequeathed in 1879 by J. H. An- derdon. Engraved (1792) by B. Smith.
SIGMUND in., King of Poland, born in Stockholm, June 20, 1566, died in Warsaw, April 30, 1632. History painter. One of his pictures was taken for a Tintoretto. Works : Allegory of Foundation of Jesuit Convent, Schleissheim Gallery; Mater Dolorosa, Augs- burg Gallery.
SIGNOL, SMILE, born in Paris, March 11 (May 8, Bellier), 1804. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Blondel and Gros ; won the 2d grand prix de Rome in 1829, and the grand prix in 1830. Medals : 2d class, 1834 ; 1st class, 1835 ; L. of Hon- our, 1841 ; Officer, 1865 ; Member of Insti- tute, 1860. Works : Joseph telling his Dream to his Brothers (1824) ; Meleager taking up Arms (1830) ; Death of Virginia, Roman Peasants (1833) ; Noah cursing his Son (1834), Aix Museum ; Christ at the Tomb (1835), Comtesse Potowska ; Chris- tian Religion coming to the Aid of the Af- flicted (1837) ; Louis XV. consecrated in Rheims (1838), Versailles Museum ; Preach- ing the Second Crusade (1839), ib.; Woman taken in Adultery (1840), Luxembourg Mu- seum ; Magdalen, Mystic Virgin (1842) ;
Portrait of Louis VH. (1842), Versailles Museum ; do. of Godfrey de Bouillon (1844), ib. ; do. of Saint Louis (1844), ib. ; Capture of Jerusalem in 1099 (1848), ib.; Bride of Lammermoor, Fairy and Peri (1850) ; Legis- lators under Evangelical Inspiration (1853), Palais du Scnat ; Descent from the Cross (1853) ; Pieta, Magdalen (1855) ; Crusad- ers passing the Bosphorus (1855), Capt- ure of Jerusalem (1855), Versailles Muse- um ; Holy Family (1859); Wise and Foolish Virgins (1863) ; Punishment of a Vestal (1863), Arras Museum ; Rhadamistus and Zenobia (1863) ; Soldier of Marathon, Ex- posure of Moses, Joseph sold by his Breth- ren (1878) ; Crusaders coming in Sight of Jerusalem in First Crusade (1880), Ver- sailles Museum ; Tancred on the Mount of Olives (1880), ib.; Portraits of Dagobert L, Clovis H, Childeric II., Thierry I, Dago- bert H., Thierry II, Childeric HI., ib. He has also executed works for churches : Death of the Magdalen (1838), Madeleine ; Decorations in St. Joseph's Chapel, Saint- Severin (1845) ; do. in Chapelle des Catu- chismes, Saint-Eustache (1851); do. in Saint- Eustache (1856) ; do. in Saint-Augustin (1862) ; Betrayal of Jesus and Crucifixion, Resurrection and Ascension (1876), Saint- Sulpice. — Bellier, ii. 502 ; Vapereau ; La- rousse.
SIGNORELLI, LUCA D' EGIDIO DI VENTURA DE', born in Cortona in 1441, died there in 1523. Tuscan school; pupil in Arezzo of his uncle, Lazzaro Vasari, and of Pietro della Fran- ^ cesca, with whom he remained until 1460. The evident influence of Antonio Pollajuolo and Andrea Verrocchio upon Signorelli makes it prob- able that he spent a portion of his time at Florence before 1472, and from 1474 to 1476 — years of which no record is preserved — in
182
SIGNORELLI
association with these masters. According to Vasari, his first work (1472) was the dec- oration of the chapel of S. Barbara, in S. Lorenzo at Arezzo, no longer extant. The first certain notice of him is at Citta di Cas- tello, in November, 1474, as occupied in painting the now destroyed colossal figures of SS. Jerome and Paul on the exterior of the tower of the City HalL Of the next four years we know nothing. Vasari tells us that he painted at Siena, and after finishing a work at S. Agostino went to Florence to study dead and living masters, and was em- ployed by Lorenzo de' Medici ; but the al- tarpiece at S. Agostino was not painted un- til 1498, six years after Lorenzo's death. During an earlier visit to Florence, he per- haps painted the School of Pan for Lorenzo, now in the possession of the Marchese Corsi. His first great works still extant are sup- posed to be the frescos in the S. Casa at Loreto, which betray Florentine influence and the assistance of Don Bartolommeo della Gatta, whom Signorelli probably knew at Arezzo in 1472, and by whom he was called to Loreto between 147C and 1471). Here Signorelli reveals his identity in the Apostles, Church Fathers, and Evangelists, the Conversion of St. Paul, and the Unbeliev- ing Thomas. About the beginning of Sep- tember, 1479, he returned to Cortona, where he was elected one of the priors in the fol- lowing February. The date of Signorelli's fresco of the History of Moses, in the Sis- tine Chapel, is unknown ; but as he was commissioned to paint it by Sixtus IV., who died in 1484, it must have been executed before that year. To this time also belongs an altarpiece of the Virgin and Saints, paint- ed for the Vauuucci Chapel, in the Cathe- dral at Perugia. In the year 1491 he paint- ed an Annunciation for the Chapel of S. Carlo, in the Cathedral at Volterra, and a picture of the Madonna and Saints, now in the Public Gallery of that city. Being high- ly esteemed as an artist at Florence, Signo- relli was made a member of the committee of artists appointed in 1491 to sit in judg-
ment on designs sent in for the construc- tion of the facade of the Cathedral. In 1493 and 1494 he painted an Adoration of the Magi and a Nativity for the Church of S. Agostino at Citta di Castello, where his Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, of the year 149(5, is to be seen in the Church of S. Do- menico. To the latter year also belong the Descent of the Holy Ghost and the Cruci- fixion, painted for a standard, but now di- vided in the Church of S. Spirito at Urbino. In 1497 Signorelli began to paint eight fres- cos from the life of St. Benedict, in the clois- ter of the Convent of Monte Riveto Maggi- ore, near Siena, still extant, though much injured. In 1498 he completed an altar- piece for the Bicchi Chapel, in S. Agostino at Siena, the wings of which, decorated with figures of saints, are in the Museum at Ber- lin. He was at Siena later, in 1506 and 1509, but whether his frescos in the Palazzo Petrucci were painted then, or at an earlier period, is uncertain. They represent the Calumny of Apelles, a Bacchanal, the Chain- ing and Triumph of Love, Coriolanus, the Flight of .iEneas and Penelope. Called to Orvieto to complete the frescos of the Cap- pella di San Brizio begun by Fra Angelico, Signorelli employed the greater part of the years 1500 and 1501 in painting his cele- brated Last Judgment cycle, upon which he was more or less occupied up to the year 1504. To 1502 belongs the great altarpiece of the Virgin and Apostles with the Dead Christ, in the choir of the Cathedral at Cor- tona. The altarpiece in S. Medordo at An- cevia, near Fabriano, was painted in 1507. In 1513 Signorelli was sent to Rome with a deputation from Cortona to congratulate Leo X. on his elevation to the papacy, and it was at this time that he visited and borrowed money from Michelangelo, as recorded in the great artist's well-known letter to the Capitano di Cortona. This was Signorelli's last visit to Rome. The remainder of his life was spent at Cortona, or in its neigh- bourhood. In 1514 he painted the Madon- na which still adorns the altar of S. Vin-
183
SILENCE
cenzo in the Church of S. Domenico at Cortona, and in 1517 the Crucifixion, in the Church of the Fraternity of the Holy Cross at La Tratta. Two years later he was com- missioned to paint a picture for the high altar of the confraternity of S. Girolamo Arezzo, now in the Church of the Nuns of S. Spirito, which, when finished, was brought there from Cortona (says Vasari) on men's shoulders. Signorelli visited Arezzo in 1520, to place the picture ; and Vasari, then eight years old, saw him and spoke with him, as he relates. After his return to Cortona,
Triumph of Silenus, Rubens, National Gallery, London.
where he was repeatedly elected to the magistracy, Signorelli painted a Virgin and Saints for the Collegiata at Fojano (1523), and in the next year commenced his last work, never finished, in the so-called Palaz- zone — a building erected by the Cardinal of Cortona about a half mile from the city. The fresco which represents the Baptism of Christ is still extant, though much over- painted. Works : Flagellation, Brera, Mil- an ; Madonna and Two Prophets, Holy Fam- ily, Uffizi, Florence ; Virgin, Palazzo Pitti, ib.; Holy Family, Dresden Gallery; do., ! Palazzo Corsini, Florence ; Circumcision, ' National Gallery, London ; Dead Christ be- wailed by the Marys and Apostles, choir of
the Cathedral, Cortona ; Communion of the Apostles (1512), ib.; Altarpiece, Citta di Castello ; High Altar, Compagnia di S. Nic- colo, Cortona ; Conception of the Virgin, Church of the Gesu, ib. ; Virgin and Saints, Church of S. Cecilia, Citta di Castello ; do., Academy, Florence ; A Predella, ib. ; Male Portrait, Torrigiani Gallery, Florence ; Ad- oration of the Magi, Predella, Virgin Bead- ing, Louvre, Paris ; Pieta, Keir, Scotland ; Nativity, Leuchtenberg Gallery, St. Peters- burg.— R. Vischer, Luca Signorelli (Leip- sic, 1879) ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 1 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 683 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1875), xi. 105.
SILENCE DU CAR- RACHE. See Jesus, Sleep of.
SILENCE DE LA SAINTE VIERGE. See Madonna with Diadem.
SILENUS AND SA- TYRS, Rubens, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; wood, H. 2 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 6 in. Silenus, drunk, with a jug in his hand, is supported on one side by a female satyr, and on the other by a negress ; in front, two fe- male satyrs lying on the ground, one of whom is 1 suckling two young satyrs. Formerly in Houghton Collection. Engraved by Sout- man ; Earlom ; Panneels. — Smith, ii. 158 ; ix. 303.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery ; wood, 6 ft. 6 in. square. Twelve figures, besides two goats and a tiger. Silenus, supported on left by a negro and on right by a satyr, near whom is an old woman carrying a jug ; a faun, playing a pipe, precedes, and a young bacchante, an old woman, and two fauns follow him ; in foreground, right, a female satyr, seated, suckles her twins. Engraved by Bolswert ; Panneels ; Van Orley. Sim- ilar subject, Berlin Museum and Cassel Gal- lery.—Smith, ii. 63 ; ix. 264.
184
SILENDS
SILENUS, TRIUMPH OF, Rubens, Blen- heim Palace ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 8 in. x 9 ft. 6 in. Silenus, staggering between a negro and a satyr, with three boys with fruit anil a tiger at his feet, is preceded by a faun playing a pipe, and followed by two nymphs, a young satyr, and a nude boy ; background, a woody landscape. Engraved by Hodges. Sketch in Louvre. — Waagen, Treasures, iii. 131 ; Smith, ii. 244.
By Rubens, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. C in. x 6 ft 5£ in. The drunken demi-god is led along, supported and accompanied by satyrs, fauns, nymphs, and children bearing grapes. Nine life-size figures, three-quarters length. In Rubens's possession till his death ; in 1640-42 to Cardinal Richelieu ; then to Regent Due d'Orleans ; afterwards in Collection of M. De Tartre, Collection of Lucien Bonaparte (1816); Collection of Chevalier Bonnemaisou (1827) ; purchased by Sir R. Peel, £1,100; to National Gallery in 1871. Engraved by N. Delaunay. — Cat. Nat. Gal; Art Journal (1871), 121 ; Smith, ii. 161 ; ix. 305 ; Klas. der Malerei, PI. 3 ; Reveil, i. 8.
SILLAX, painter, of Rhegium, about 500 B.C. He decorated the Stoa at Phlius with paintings. — Sillig, 419.
SILO, ADAM, born at Amsterdam in 1670, died there in or after 1760. Dutch school ; marine painter, pupil of Theodoras van Pee, having first been a ship builder and sea captain. His naval battles and storms were especially prized by Peter the Great. Works : Calm Sea with Vessels, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Agitated Sea with do., Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Immerzeel, iii. 88 ; Krarnin, v. 1520.
SILVA, FRANCIS A., born in New York in 1835, died there, March 31, 1886. Marino painter, self-taught. After serving through the Civil War he settled in 1866 in New York, where he exhibited first at the Nation- al Academy in 1867. Works : Sunrise in Boston Harbour ; Gray Day at Cape Ann ; Bass Rocks ; Sunset on the Coast ; Moon- rise — Hudson River ; Twilight Hour ; Hud-
son River ; Yacht Magic ; Moonlight on the Chesapeake ; On the Hudson, Dr. Judson, St. Petersburg ; Moonrise, E. Van Reussel- laer, New York ; New London Light, Court- land Palmer, ib.; Along the Jersey Coast, T. B. Clarke, ib. ; September Day on the Coast (1879); Old Town by the Sea (1880); Midsummer Twilight (1881); Old Connecti- cut Port (1882); By the Sea-Side (1883); Monniouth Beach — New Jersey (1884); Pas- sing Showers, Midsummer Twilight (1885); Sunrise, Near Atlantic City (1886).
SILVEIRA, BENTO COELHO DA, flour- ished in the second half of the 17th century, died in 1708. Portuguese school ; history painter of great renown in Portugal. His principal work, a Judith and Holofernes, was compared to the works of Van Dyck ; others are to be seen in the Sacristy da Penha, in S. Jorge, S. Bento, Madre de Deo, the Franciscans, etc., Lisbon. His last work was the Finding of the Cross (1702), Sacristy of S. Pedro.— Nagler, xvi. 407.
SILVESTRE, LOUIS DE, born in Paris, June 23, 1675, died there, April 12, 17CO. History and portrait painter, brother of Louis Silvestre, the elder (1669-1740), painter, sou of Israel Silvestre (1621-1691),
I engraver to the king, and grandson of
jGilles Silvestre (born 1590), painter, who was of a Scottish family named Silvester,
j settled in Lorraine since the beginning of the 16th century. Louis was the pupil of his father, of Charles Le Bruu, and of Bon Boullonge. He became a member of the Academy in 1702, adjunct professor in 1704,
j and professor iu 1706. In 1716 he was called to the court of Saxony by Augustus II., who made him his first painter ; in 1726 he became director of the Dresden Academy, and in 1742 he was ennobled by Augustus HL of Poland. Having returned to France, he was chosen rector of the French Acad- emy in 1748 and director in 1752. Works : Formation of Man by Prometheus, Minerva giving life to Man, Montpellier Museum ; Interview of Empress Amelie with Augustus
186
SIMBRECIIT
III. of Poland and his Family, Hercules pur- suing Nessus (1732), Augustus the Strong and Frederick William I., Portraits of Au- gustus n. and Augustus III. of Poland, of the latter's Consort, and of Louis XV. of France, Dresden Gallery ; Augustus III. as Electoral Prince, Leipsic Museum ; Louis XIV. receiving at Fontaiuebleau the Elector of Saxony, Last Supper, Portraits of Fred- erick Augustus II. of Poland, Marie Joseph of Austria — Queen of Poland, and the Du- chesse de Berry, Versailles Museum ; Fall of Phaoton, Schweriu Gallery ; St. Peter heal- ing the Sick, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Mariette, Abeccdario, v. 217 ; Bellier, ii. 504; Jal, 1133.
SIMBRECHT (Zimbrecht), MATTHIAS, born in Munich, early part of 17th cen- tury, died in Prague in 1680. German school ; imitated the style of Raphael, whom he studied in Italy. His colouring is warm and powerful. Works : Altarpiece, and S. Rosalia, St. Stephen's Church ; Joachim and Anna, and Visitation, Gallery of the Estates, Prague. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 527.
SIMEON-FORT. See Furl.
SIMEON IN THE TEMPLE. See Pres- entation.
SIMMLER, FRIEDRICH, bornatHanau, May 4, 1801, died at Aschaffenburg, Nov. 2, 1872. Animal, landscape, and portrait painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Langer and W. Kobell, much influenced by Wagenbaur, then pupil of Vienna Acad- emy (1824) ; returned home and went again to Vienna in 182G ; painted portraits and went to Italy in 1827, and after his return painted portraits in Hanover ; then took up almost exclusively animal painting (1829- 30) at Munich, and from 1832 at Dusseldorf, whence he returned to Geisenheim in 1835 ; moved to Aschaffeuburg in 1862 ; often painted animals in the landscapes of Bock- ing, Grichen, and Schulten, while Achen- 1 bach and Scheuren supplied the landscape for his cattle-pieces. Works : Midday Rest in Pasture (1830), KiJnigsberg Museum ; Noonday Rest on Lake Starnberg (1833) ;
Wild Bull (1835), National Gallery, Berlin ; Bull and Sheep (1834), Raczyuski Gallery, ib. ; Great Dutch Landscape ; Bull with Two Cows (1835), Potsdam Art Union; Sheep and Goats, Provinzial Museum, Han- over ; Bull with Cows Drinking (1835), Stet- tin Art Union ; Animal-Piece, Wiesbaden Gallery ; Cows at Pasture in Approaching Storm (1835). His son, Wilhelm (born at Geisenheim, Sept. C, 1840), genre painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy, has made a good reputation with attractive scenes from huntsmen's life. Works : Sunday Hunters (1862) ; On the Way Home (1868) ; Going to Hunt (1869); Dead Poacher and his Chil- dren ; Game's Crossing-Place (1880). — An- dresen, i. 131 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 218 ; Kunst-Chronik, viii. 90 ; Land und Meer (1873), ii. 752.
SIMMLER, JOSEF, born at Warsaw, March 14, 1823, died there, March 1, 1868. History and portrait painter, pupil of Dres- den Academy, and of Bendemann, then in Munich of Geuelli, and in Paris of Paul De- laroche ; on his return to his native land in 1848 he at once came into prominence, but soon left for Italy, where he studied espe- cially Raphael in Rome, and Fra Angelico in Florence. After his return he painted many stirring scenes from the history of Po- land, which increased his reputation. Hon- orary member of St. Petersburg Academy, 1866. Works : Maria Immaculata ; The Three Marys ; Stoning of St. Matthew ; Martyrdom of St. Josaphat ; David Singing Psalms ; Entombment ; Christ on the Cross ; Wedding of Cupid and Psyche (ceiling in a palace at Warsaw) ; Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture ; Death of Queen Barbara ; Education of King Sigismund ; Captivity of John of Finland and his Wife ; Oath of Queen Hedwig.— L'Art (1883), i. 101.
SIMMONS, EDWARD EMERSON, born at Concord, Mass.; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil in Paris of Jules Lefebvre and of Boulanger. Honourable mention, Paris Salon, 1883 ; prize of $2,000, 2d Prize Fund Exhibition, New York, 1886. Works :
186
KIMON
Study at Concarneau (1882) ; The Winnow- ers, Corner of the Market (1883) ; Bout de la cour, Summer (1884); Mother and Child, Number Two, Low Tide (1885) ; Number Two, Mother and Child, Number Three, Un dejeuner — Spain (1886).
SIMON, FRIEDRICH, born at Heidel- berg iu 1809. Genre painter, pupil of Mu- nich Academy, and also studied after the mas- terpieces iu the Pinakothek ; cultivated very successfully comical genre, and was particu- larly effective in his popular scenes by lamp or candle light. Many of them are in pri- vate collections in Munich. Works : Shoe- maker's Apprentice in financial Embarrass- ment (1837) ; Vegetable Vender with Mul- tiplication Table (1838) ; Two Poachers (1839) ; Girl at the Window, Miser by Cau- dle-light, Old Man with Dog performing (1840) ; Return from Christmas Market ; Girl feeding Cat ; Poet in the Garret ; Peasant Girl expecting her Lover (1841) ; Host examining Glass ; Niglit Watchman and Drunken Man (1842) ; Journeyman Travelling ; Poacher iu Alpine Hut (1843) ; Music Lesson (1844); Priest on his Way to a Dying Man (by torchlight) ; Poet trying to chase Cats from the Roof (1845); Appren- tice with Journeyman's Bundle before Mir- ror (1851).
SIMONE DI MARTINO (Martini) born in 1285 (?), died at Avignon, July, 1344. Sienese school ; son of one Martino and brother-in-law to Lippo Memmi, whence Vasari's error in calling him Simone Mem- mi. Sometimes called also Simone da Siena. Vasari probably errs in making him the pu- pil of Giotto, he being obviously a follower of the purely Sienese manner improved by Duccio. This is clear from the earliest of his frescos in the Sala del Consiglio of the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, dated 1315. In 1320 he painted for S. Caterina of Pisa an altarpiece in seven compartments, now dis- membered, six of the panels being in the Seminario Vescovile of old S. Caterina, and the seventh in the Academy. This picture is in Simoue's best mauuer, the tones being
both powerful and clear, yet it shows how imperfectly he could express the idea of re- lief. Another altarpiece, dated 1320, painted for S. Domenico of Orvieto, is now in the Fabbricieria of the Duomo, where is also another equally fine Madonna of the same period. In Assisi Simone decorated the whole Chapel of St. Martin with frescos from the legend of that saint. In 1328 ho painted iu the Sala del Consiglio in the Pa- lazzo Pubblico, Siena, a fresco representing Guidoriccio Fogliani do' Ricci on horseback, and in 1333, with the aid of Lippo Memmi, completed the Annunciation now in the Uffizi, Florence. There is nothing to con- firm the assertion of Vasari that Simone painted in Rome and in Florence, and the frescos in the Campo Santo ascribed to him are obviously by another hand. In 1338- 39 Simone went to Avignon, where he met Petrarch, who immortalized him in two of his sonnets (xlix. and 1. or Ivi. and Ivii.), and Laura, whose portrait he painted. This picture is now lost Simono adorned the portico of the Cathedral at Avignon with frescos, and the Hall of the Consistory and two chapels in the Papal Palace, but most of his work is nearly obliterated. A Christ among the Doctors, painted at Avignon and dated 1342, is in the Royal Institution, Liv- erpool. An altarpiece, once dismembered and placed in different churches, is now in the Pisa Gallery. The works of his son Do- nato, who accompanied him to France, have perished. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 80, 91 ; ed. Mil., i. 545 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. GO ; Burck- hardt, 95, 97, 498, 514; W. <t W., i. 463 ; Dohme, 2i. ; Sienesische Malerschule ; Liib- ke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 169 ; Kuust-Chronik, xix. 219 ; Zeitsch. f. b. K, x. 65.
SIMONE DA PESARO. See Cantarini, Simone.
SIMONE DA SIENA. See Simone di Martino.
SIMONETTA, LA BELLA, Sandro Bntti- cdli, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H 2 ft. x 1 ft 4 in. Profile, in a cap and simple attire. Portrait of Siinonetta de' Vespucci,
187
SIMONETTI
called by Vasari the mistress of Giuliano de' Medici ; but it is uncertain whether this be the portrait of La Simonetta or of another mistress of humbler origin who became the mother of Clement VII. It has been en- graved by Calamatta. Another portrait, for- merly in the Reiset Collection, Paris, but now said to be in possession of the Due d'Aumale, Chautilly, inscribed " Simonetta Januensis Vespuccia," is more probably the true Simonetta. A striped scarf is loosely draped around her nude shoulders, her hair is braided with pearls, and a serpent-shaped jewel glitters on her neck. This picture is ascribed by some to Antonio Pollajuolo. A third, by Botticelli, belonging to Colonel Sterling, London, was in the Eoyal Acad- emy's winter exhibition, 1886. She wears a brown robe thickly sown witli pearls, a many-coloured scarf, and a head-dress dec- orated with pearls and a plume. A fourth, ascribed to Piero della Francesca, was sold in London, 188C,in the collection of William Graham.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 332 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 424, 428 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PI. 11 ; Mag. of Art (188G), ix. 4G6.
SIMONETTI, ATTILIO, Cavaliere, born in Home ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Fortuny. Professor in Naples. Works: First Fable (1875); After the Ball (1876); Via Giuseppe Mancinelli in Palaz- zolo (1878); Proclamation before the Pan- theon, E. B. Warren, Philadelphia (John- ston sale, 1876, $2,725).— Mailer, 492.
SIMONIDES, Greek painter, date un- known. Pliny says (xxxv. 40 [141]), that he painted an Agatharcus and a Mnemosyne.
SIMONSEN, NIELS, born in Copenha- gen, Dec. 10, 1807, died there, Dec. 12, 1885. History painter, pupil of Copenha- gen Academy, where he first took up paint- ing, then sculpture, and, on failing to ob- tain the large gold medal, returned to painting. Studied in Munich in 1833 ; vis- ited Tyrol and Italy, and in 1839 Algiers ; settled in Copenhagen in 1845 ; took part in the Schleswig wars of 1848 and 1864 ; travelled in Sweden in 1857, and visited
Rome in 1870. Professor at Copenhagen Academy in 1854. Member of Munich, Co- penhagen, and Stockholm Academies. Dane- brog Order, 1852. Works : Miser ; Corsairs resting after Combat ; Captured Pirates ; Death of an African Chief ; Tordenskjold fighting a Swedish Frigate ; Bivouac after Battle of Schleswig (1849), Copenhagen Gal- lery; Battle of Fredericia ; Storming of Fred- erikstad ; Battle of Idsted ; Swedish Be- trothal (1862), Copenhagen Gallery ; Scenes in the Trenches of DybbOl ; Battle of Sand-
Simplicity, Sir Joshua Reynolds, E. F. Watson, England.
elmark ; Naval Fight batween Turks and Greeks, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Caravan over- taken by Storm (1855), Christiania Gallery ; Sailor Smoking seated on a Cannon, New Pinakothek, Munich.— Weilbach, 634.
SIMPLICITY, Sir Joshua Reynolds, E. F. Watson, England. Portrait, half-length, of Sir Joshua's grand-niece, Offy Gwatkin. Seated under a tree, with her hands in her lap full of wild flowers. One of the most charming of Reynolds's child pictures. — Pulling, Reynolds, 88 ; Stephens, English Children, by Sir J. R.
188
SIMPSON
SIMPSON, JOHN, born in London in 1782, died there in 1847. Portrait painter, pupil of Royal Academy, where he exhibited in 1807. Was assistant, for many years, to Sir Thomas Lawrence. In 1884 he went to Lisbon, where he was appointed painter to the Queen of Portugal. He painted por- traits of William IV. and of other distin- guished persons. His son Philip was a por- trait and subject painter. — Redgrave.
SIMUS, second-rate painter, date and place unknown. Among his works were a Youth Reposing, a Fuller's Shop, and a Nemesis.— Pliny, xxxv. 40 [143] ; Sillig, 421.
SINCERITY, Carlo Dolci, Vienna Muse- um ; canvas, H. 3 f i 2 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. Three-fourths length, crowned with a lily, emblem of purity, and bearing in right hand a golden heart, from which rays of light proceed. — Gal. de Vienne, i. PI. 59.
SENDING, OTTO, born at Kongsberg, Norway, in 1842. Landscape and marine painter, pupil in Christiania of Eckersberg, then in Carlsruhe of Gude and of Riefstahl, and in 1872-76 at Munich of Piloty ; re- turned to Norway, visited Italy in 1880, and settled in Munich ; now at Bodii, Norway. Honorary member of Munich Academy. Medals : Philadelphia, 1876 ; Munich, 1883 ; Berlin, 1886. Works : Autumnal Storm on Norwegian Coast ; Funeral in the Lofoden ; Bathing Place in Capri ; Spring in the Lo- foden (1882), Copenhagen Gallery ; Winter Evening, Fishermen's Harbour, Summer Evening in the Lofoden (1882) ; Tarantella of Italian Fishermen (1883), National Muse- um, Buda-Pesth ; From Svolvaer in the Lofo- den (1883), Christiania Gallery ; Burial in the Lofoden, Sunrise in Lapland, Scene from Yngliuga Saga (1884). — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 822 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 306 ; xviiL 109, 497 ; xix. 645, 661 ; xx. 352 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 263.
SINGLETON, HENRY, born in London, Oct. 19, 1766, died there, Sept. 15, 1839. Pupil of his uncle, William Singleton, min- iature painter and student at Royal Acad- emy. Painted portraits and history, and
largely employed as a book illustrator. His portrait group of the Royal Academicians (1793) is in the Academy, and his Ariel on a Bat's Back, and Manto and Tiresias, in the National Gallery. — Redgrave.
SINIBALDO DA PERUGIA; Roman school (1507-1528). Real name Sinibaldo Ibi. One of the feeblest of Perugino's fol- lowers. Painted Madonna with Saints, dated 1507, in Cathedral of Gubbio ; Madonna en- throned and Saints, dated 1524, in S. Fran- cesco Romana, Rome ; and Annunciation, dated 1528, in Perugia Gallery, where other pictures are attributed to him. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 344 ; Ch. Blanc, I^cole oinbrienne ; Lanzi, i. 349.
SINKEL, HENRICUS JOHANNES, born at Almelo, Netherlands, in 1835. History and portrait painter, pupil of Dflsseldorf Academy under Karl Milller, in whose spirit he paints religious pictures in the style of the Nazarites, with deep feeling and careful execution. He has travelled in Germany, the Netherlands, and in 1867 visited Italy. Medal in Dilsseldorf. Among his portraits those of the Count and Countess of Spee (1880), and of the Baroness von Ketteler (1886) are especially truthful.— Muller, 492.
SIRANI, ELISABETTA, born in Bologna, Jan. 8, 1638, died there Aug. 28, 1665. Bo- lognese school ; daughter and pupil of An- drea Sirani, but became an imitator of Gui- de's best style. When only seventeen years old she had acquired such a reputation that she received orders from many Italian princes and from foreign sovereigns. Her brilliant career was cut short, it was sus- pected by poison, in her twenty -sixth year. She left more than a hundred and fifty works, many of them large, and all carefully executed. Most of them are in Bologna, in the Gallery and in churches. Among the best are : Death of Abel, Tu- rin Gallery ; St. Anthony of Padua, Bo- logna Gallery ; Charity, Palazzo Sciarra, Rome. Malvasia gives a full list of them. — Malvasia, ii. 385 ; Lanzi, iii. 99 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ; Burckhardt, 790, 796.
189
SIRANI
SIRANI, GIOVANNI ANDREA, born in Bologna, Sept. 4, 1G10, died there, May 21, 1670. Bolognese school ; pupil of Ca- vedone, then of Gui- do, with whom he remained until his master's death (1642). Sirani'ssuc- -^ ,, \cess in finishing
^W~ " some of Guide's r works brought him
numerous commis-
sions. His early pictures are in Guide's sec- ond manner, but he afterwards adopted a stronger style, somewhat like that of Cara- vaggio. Works chiefly in Bologna, in the Gallery and in churches. Among them are : Crucifixion, S. Benedetto, Bologna ; Concep- tion of Virgin, Bologna Gallery ; Magdalen, Supper at the House of the Pharisee (1652), Church of the Cemetery, Bologna. His three daughters, Anna, Barbara, and Elisa- betta, were all painters, but only Elisabetta
acquired reputation. — Malvasia, ii. 386, 408; Lanzi, iii. 99 ; Ch. Blanc, lOcole bolonaise.
SKARBINA, FRANZ ; contemporary. Genre painter. Settled in Berlin, where he is instructor at the Academy. Adherent of naturalism, which is too often marked by a lack of artistic feeling. Works : Ceremonial Visit ; Citizen Card-Players ; Before the Hotel ; Studies in Strategy ; Frederick the Great taking a Walk (1878) ; Awakening in a Dissecting-Room (1878) ; Exchange of Soul ; Sunset. — Miiller, 493 ; Leixuer, Mod. K, ii. 2 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 282 ; D. Rundschau, ix. 476 ; xiii. 337 ; xvii. 312.
SKOVGAARD, PETER KRISTIAN, born at Hammerhus, near Ringsted, Zealand, April 4, 1817, died in Copenhagen, April 13, 1875. Landscape painter, pupil of Copen- hagen Academy in 1831 ; was at first a house painter, devoting his leisure to landscape. Visited Rome and Naples in 1854 and in
1869. Member of Copenhagen Academy in 1864, and professor. Medals : Copenha- , :;- ^,, gen, 1845 and 1846.
Works : Moonlight (1836); Summer Afternoon on Inland Lake ; Twilight in a Wood ; Forest Lake ; View of Fred- eriksvaerk (1839), Oak Tree near Jae- gerspriis (1843), Creek near Dron- ningemollen (1844), View of Skarrit Lake, Sunny Day in Deer Park (1848), Highway by Castle Vognserup (1849), Summer Day in Deer Park (1875), Pond of Molledammen, Northern Coast of Zealand (1860), Female Portrait (1860), Copenhagen Gallery. His sons, Joachim (born Nov. 18, 1856) and Niels (born Nov. 2, 1858), are promising landscape and animal painters. — Weilbach, 637 ; Kunst-Chronik, x. 457 ; Sigurd Miil- ler, 321.
SLAVE SHIP, Joseph M. W. Turner, Thornton K. Lothrop, Boston, Mass.; can- vas. A slave ship driven ashore in a storm ; the slaves have been thrown overboard, and some of them are struggling, with their manacles on, in the surf. Long owned by John Ruskin, from whom bought by J. Tay- lor Johnston, New York, at whose sale (1876) sold for $10,000 to Miss Alice Hooper, who left it to the son of Thornton Lothrop, Boston. — Ruskin, Mod. Painters.
SLEEP OF JESUS. See Madonna with Diadem.
SLINGELANDT, PIETER CORNELISZ VAN, born at Leyden, Oct. 20, 1640, died there, Nov. 7, 1691. Dutch school; genre painter, pupil of Gerard Dou, of whom he was the most conscientious and patient im- itator. Works : Family Group, National Gallery, London ; Domestic Scene, Woman Sewing and Child in Cradle, Bucking- ham Palace, ib.; Kitchen with Man offer- ing Partridges to the Cook, Bridgewater Gallery, ib. ; Mother reproving Girl, Mr.
100
SLINGENEYER
Baring's Collection, ib. ; Meerman Family, Male Portrait (1656), Kitchen Utensils, Louvre; Musical Par- ty in a Kitchen, Male Portrait, Amsterdam Museum ; Male Por- trait (1671), Rotter- dam Museum ; The Cook, Portrait of a Young Man, Berlin Museum ; Dutch In- teriors (2, one dated
1683), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Interior of El- egant Dutch House (1668), Young Woman teasing Parrot, Copenhagen Gallery ; Inter- rupted Music Lesson (1672), Poultry Vend- er (1673), Songstress, Dresden Museum ; Interior of Slaughter-House, Portrait of a Lady, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Sailor Drinking, Leipsic Museum ; Tailor's Shop, Woman sewing at Window, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Shoemaker's Shop (1670), Violin Player, Old Beggar, Schwerin Gallery ; Man with Glass of Beer, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg; Family Group, Czernin Gal- lery, Vienna; Money-Chauger and Wife, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; others
* wick, and Stock- holm Galleries. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 410 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole hollandaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 92 ; Kramm, v. 1527.
SLINGENEYER, ERNEST, born at Loo- christy, near Ghent, May 29, 1823. Histo- ry painter, pupil of Wappers. Member of Brussels Academy. Commander of Leopold Order. Works : Sinking of the Vengeur (1845), Cologne Museum ; Triumph of Chlodio ; Death of Captain Jacobsen (1845) ; Death of Nelson (1850); Philip the Good in the Battle of Brouwershaven (1852) ; Chris- tian Martyr (1860) ; Sea Fight ; Battle of Lepanto, Vesalius the Physician in Army of Charles V., Brussels Museum ; Camoens ; Italian genre pictures. In fresco : 12 sub- jects from Belgian history, Palais des Aca-
demies, Brussels. — Immerzeel, Hi. 93 ; Mttl- ler, 493.
SLUIS, JACOBUS VAN DER, born at Leydeu in 1660, died there in 1736. Dutch school ; genre and portrait painter, pupil of Arie de Vois, and of Slingelandt, in whose style he painted assemblies and festivals, full of merry figures of excellent execution and brilliant colouring. Works : Young People hanging Nets between Trees, Alle- gories (2, one dated 1684), Lady and Gen- tleman in Garden Pavilion (1699), Leyden Museum.
SMALA, CAPTURE OF THE. See Abd- el-Kader.
SMEDLEY, W. T., born in Chester County, Pa., in 1858. Genre painter, self- taught. First exhibited at National Acad- emy in 1881. Member of Society of Amer- ican Artists. Studio in New York. Works : Weekly Mail, Embarrassment (T. B. Clarke, New York), Tired Out (1881); Dorothy, Golden Rod (1883).
SMEYERS, GILLES, born at Mechlin in 1635, died there in 1710. Flemish school ; history painter, pupil of Jan Verhoeven ; master of the guild in 1657, its treasurer in 1682. Works : St. Norbert consecrating Deacons, Death of St. Norbert, Brussels Museum ; Group Portrait of Corporation (1695), Museum, Mechlin ; Benefits of Holy Trinity, The Three Modes of Slavery, St. John's, ib. ; Raising of Lazarus, Disciples at Emrnaus, Seminary, ib. His son and pupil Jacques (1657-1732), master in 1688, paint- ed history, portrait, and genre. — Michiels, x. 473 ; Siret (1883), ii. 278.
SMIBERT, JOHN, born in Edinburgh in 1684, died in Boston in 1751. Portrait painter ; obtained some elementary instruc- tion at Edinburgh, where he brought him- self into notice by the portrait of a young negro from Martinique. Then followed a short residence in London, where he studied in Sir James ThornhiU's Academy, and three years' work in Italy, where the Grand Duke of Tuscany employed him to paint the por- traits of some Siberian Tartars to be sent
131
SMIBERT
as a present to the Czar. On his return to London he was patronized by the Earl of Bristol, and, having renewed his acquaint- ance with Bishop Berkeley, whom he had met in Italy, was engaged by him as pro- fessor of fine arts in the projected college at Bermuda. He accordingly accompanied the Bishop and his party to America, and landed at Newport in January, 1729. Smibert then went to Boston, established himself as a portrait painter, and on July 30, 1730, mar- ried Mary Williams, by whom he had sev- eral children. After the collapse of the Bermuda project, when Bishop Berkeley went to Boston to sail for England in the autumn of 1731, Smibert painted him and his family. The picture was presented to Yale College in 1808. Copley is said to have been Smibert's pupil, but this is un- certain. Portraits : Mrs. M. S. Alford (E. Winslow, Boston); R. Ball (H. H. Edes, Charlestown) ; Cardinal Bentivoglio, copy from Van Dyck, Harvard College ; Mrs. F. Briuley and child (1729-30), E. L. Brinley, Philadelphia ; Th. Bulfinch (Mrs. T. Swett, Boston) ; Mr. and Mrs. Chandler (Mrs. F. Dexter, Boston) ; Benj. Codman (1734), Har- vard College ; Governor Endicott, Peter Faueuil, Rev. J. and Mrs. Gee, Massachu- setts Historical Society ; Judge I. Gerrish (Miss S. D. Barrett, Boston) ; S. and Mrs. Greenleaf (R. E. Ap thorp, Boston) ; Two Children of Loring family, F. C. Loring, Boston ; Hon. B. Lynde and wife (1738), Dr. F. E. Oliver, Boston ; J. McSparran and wife, Mrs. Dr. Elton, Dorchester ; Hon. D. and Mrs. Oliver, portraits of their three sons, David, Andrew, and Peter, and of Mrs. Andrews (Dr. F. E. Oliver, Boston); A. Pepperell (E. Winslow, Boston); Judge Ed. Quincy, two portraits (one in Art Mu- seum, Boston, and the other in Quincy family); J. Sewell (Salisbury family, Bos- ton); Chief-Justice Sewell (Messrs. Ridg- way, Boston) ; Mrs. J. Smibert, artist's wife, Massachusetts Historical Society ; W. Ty- ler, New England Historical and Genealog- ical Society ; Captain Th. and Mrs. Ship-
pard (1750); Patrick (17GO) and Mrs. Tracy (1754), Colonel H. Lee, Boston.— Bishop Berkeley's Works, iv. 189; W. H. Whit- more, Notes concerning Peter Pelham (Cam- bridge, 1867), 17 ; A. T. Perkins, Sketches of Blackburn and Smibert, Proceedings of Mass. Hist. Soc., viii. 385.
SMIBERT, NATHANIEL, born in Bos- ton, Jan. 20, 1734, died there, Nov. 8, 1756. Portrait painter, son and pupil of John Smi- bert. Mentioned by Judge Cranch in a letter to Dr. John Eliot as " one of the most amiable youths I was ever acquainted with," to which he adds : " Had his life been spared he would probably have been in his day what Copley and West have since been, the honour of America in imitative art." Portraits : John Lovell, Harvard College ; Dorothy Wendell (Dr. J. L. Hale, Boston). — AV. H. Whitmore, Notes concerning Pe- ter Pelham, 17 ; Duulap, i. 31 ; A. T. Perkins, Proceedings of Mass. Hist. Soc. (1878).
SMTLLIE, GEORGE HENRY, born in
New York, Dec. 29, 1840. Land- scape painter, son of James Smillie the en- graver, and pu- pil of James M. Hart. In 1871 sketched in the Rocky Moun- tains and Yo- semite Valley; visited Florida in 1874. First exhibited in the National Academy in 1863 ; elected an A. N. A. in 1864, and N. A. in 1882. Mem- ber of Society of American Artists. Studio in New York. Works in oil : Lake in the Woods (1872) ; Goat Pasture (1879) ; Flor- ida Lagoon (1875) ; Merrimac River (1882) ; At Marblehead Neck — Mass. (Henry Ir- ving), On the Massachusetts Coast (1883); Summer Morning on Long Island, Over the Hill to the Poor-House — Salisbury, Mass. (1884). Water-colours : Sentinel Rock —
198
SMILLIE
Yosemite Valley (1872); Near Portland- Maine (1881) ; Pigeon Cove (1882) ; Willows at Newburyport (1883) ; Morning along Shore (1884) ; Normandy Farm, Showery Day on Massachusetts Coast, Song of Sum- mer (1885) ; Near Kennebunk, Long Island Farm (188G).
SMILLIE, JAMES DAVID, born in New York, Jan. 16, 1833. Landscape painter, son of James Smil- lie, by whom he was educated as an engraver ; but in 1864 he turned his attention to paint- ing, which he studied without a master. Sketched at different times among the great mountain ranges of the United States ; in 1862 made a short trip abroad. A fellow of the Painter-Etchers Society of London, member of the Society of American Artists and of the Society of Painters in Water-Colours, of which he was president in 1873-78. Elected an A.N.A. in 1866, and N.A. in 1876. Studio in New York. Works in oil : Up the Hill- side ; Evening among the Sierras of Cali- fornia ; Lifting of the Clouds — White Moun- tains ; Adirondacks (1879) ; Cedar Meadow — Poughkeepsie (1880) ; Evening Shadows (1881); Old Orchard, Cathedral Rocks— Yosemite (1883) ; Near Morblehead — Mass., Pond's Outlet (1884). Water-colours; Scrub- Race on the Western Prairies ; Study from Nature— Au Sable River (1876); Track of the Torrent — Adirondacks; Stray Lambs near Montrose— Pa. (1884) ; Fallow Field, Cliffs of Normandy (1885); Harbour Island— Lake George, Summer Sea on Coast of France (1886).— Am. Art Rev. (1880), 524.
SMIRKE, ROBERT, born at Wigton, near Carlisle, in 1752, died in London, Jan. 5, 1845. Apprenticed to a heraldry painter in 1766 ; entered Royal Academy schools in 1772, and exhibited first in 1786; A.R.A.
in 1791, and R.A. in 1793. Was the princi- pal of the early English genre painters, tak- ing his subjects mostly from the English poets and from Cervantes, but was chiefly em- ployed as a book illus- trator. Works : Maw- worm, Dr. Cantwell and Old Lady Lambert (Bickerstaffe's "Hyp- ocrite ") ; Scenes from "Don Quixote" (15), National Gallery, London. — Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Sandby, i. 299.
SMIT, A. (Andries, Arnout?), nourished second half of 17th century. Dutch school. Marine painter in the stylo of Bakhuyzen ; perhaps identical with Andries Smit, who became a citizen of Amsterdam in 1699. Works: Agitated Sea with Vesesls (1678), Copenhagen Gallery ; do. (2), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Storm at Sea, Mannheim Gallery; do., on Rocky Coast, four others, Schwerin Gallery.— Schlie, 585.
SMITH, ARCHIBALD GARY, born hi New York, Sept. 4, 1837. Marine painter ; pupil of M. F. H. Do Haas. Exhibits at the National Academy. Studio in New York. Works : Yacht Eva (1869), L. L. Lorillard, New York; Windy Day (1876); Yacht Dauntless (1877), Philip Schuyler, New York ; Perils of the Sea (1878) ; Marino (1879); Stiff Breeze (1880) ; Off Cuttyhunk (1881) ; Yacht Columbia, Lester Wallack, New York ; Yacht Sappho, William P. Douglass, ib. ; Yacht Wanderer, James Stilhnan, ib. ; and others. Mr. Smith is well known also as a yacht designer.
SMITH, CALVIN RAE, bom in New York in 1850. Genre painter, pupil of the National Academy, New York, and in Paris of the ficole des Beaux Arts, Carolus-Duran, Diogone Maillart, and Adolph Yvon. Was in France and Italy in 1874-79. First exhib- ited in the Paris Salon in 1878. Is assistant professor in the antique school of the National Academy. Works : Little Italian (1878) ; A
193
SMITH
Good Joke (1880) ; Little Marauders (1881) ; Little Bookworm, Peggy (1882); Clear the Way ! (1883) ; Workers and Idlers (1884).
SMITH, FEANCIS HOPKINSON, bom in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 23, 1838. Land- scape painter ; self-educated. Paints in oil, but works cliiefly in water-colour and char- coal. Member of the Water Colour Society, New York. Studio in New York. Works in oil : Old Cedars — Franconia Mountains, Darkling Wood (1876) ; Galilee by the Sea (1880). Water-colours : Summer in the Woods (1871) ; Old Man of the Mountains (1874) ; Overlook Falls (1875) ; Under the Leaves (1877) ; Deserted, Charles F. Have- meyer, New York ; Cool Spot, J. J. Astor, ib. ; Looking Seaward, Old Smithy (1878) ; Grand Canal — Venice, Market Place — Sev- ille (1884). Published (1887) a volume of sketches entitled "Well- Worn Roads."
SMITH, FRANK HILL, born in Boston in 1841. Portrait, figure, and landscape painter and decorator ; pupil in architecture of Haminatt Billings, Boston ; studied in the Atelier Suisse and under Bonnat in Paris, where he spent six years ; and painted in Belgium, Holland, and Italy. Studio in Boston. Works : Venice, Hon. William Claflin, Mass. ; Venice, Somerset Club, Bos- ton ; Portrait of Two Children (1873). Has devoted himself largely to architecture painting, and has decorated buildings in Holyoke, Boston, and Cambridge.
SMITH, GEORGE, born in Chichester, England, in 1714, died there, Sept. 17, 1776. Painted landscapes and rural subjects after the manner of Claude and Poussin, which were lauded beyond their merits ; fashion placed him in the first rank, poets apostro- phized him, and Woollet, Elliot, Peak, and Vivares engraved his works. He and his brothers, William (1707-1764), who painted portraits, landscapes, and fruits and flowers ; and John (1717-1764), who painted land- scapes, were known as the Smiths of Chi- chester.— Redgrave.
SMITH, HENRY PEMBER, born in Waterford, Conn., Feb. 20, 1854. Marine
painter; self-taught. Professional life passed in New York. Exhibits at the National Academy and at the American Water Colour Society. Studio in New York. Works : Approaching Storm on French Coast (1879) ; Off the Bishops— Coast of Wales (1880) ; Moor in Cornwall — England, W'recked on a Rocky Shore (1881) ; Summer Afternoon in Normandy, Hurricane at Sea (1882) ; Early Moonrise on English Coast (1883) ; In the Gulf Stream off Newfoundland, Summer in France (1884). Water-colours : Mid Ocean (T. B. Clarke, New York), Sunset at Sea (1884) ; Old Oaks (1885) ; Last Gleam, Morning in Northern Italy (1886).
SMITH, THOMAS LOCHLAN, born in Glasgow, Scotland, Dec. 2, 1835, died in New York, Dec. 5, 1884. Landscape paint- er, pupil of George H. Boughton in Albany in 1850. Painted chiefly winter scenes ; re- moved in 1862 to New York, where he was elected an A.N.A. in 1870. Works : Home- stead in Winter (1871) ; Grove in Winter (1872) ; Deserted House, Eve of St. Agnes (Saville Collection, Boston), Woods in Au- tumn, do. in Winter (1873), J. H. White, ib. ; Gloaming (1879); Evening Service — Winter Time (1880); Woodland Farm (1881) ; Winter Night in Markham Hollow (1883) ; Over the Snowy Fields, Old Saw- Mill in Winter (1884).
SMITH, WTILLIAM RUSSELL, born in Scotland ; contemporary. He was taken in youth to America, where his family settled in Pittsburg, Pa. ; studied landscape paint- ing under Lambdin in Philadelphia. He painted stage scenery in Pittsburg and Philadelphia before taking a studio in the latter city, where his professional life has been spent. Works : Cave at Chelton Hills (1876) ; Civita Castellana, Mrs. J. Harrison, Philadelphia ; Near Carrara, F. Rogers, ib.
SMITH-HALD, FRITHJOF, born at Christiansand, Norway ; contemporary. Landscape painter, pupil of Gude ; Medals in Nice, Antwerp, and New Orleans ; Ber- lin, 1886. Studio in Paris. Works : Return of Fishermen — Norway, Morning Walk
194
SMITH-LEWIS
(1879) ; Steamboat Wharf in Norway, Win- ter Evening in Norway (1880) ; Winter Morning on Coast of Norway (1881); Moon- Rise, Return from Mass (1882) ; Morning in Cornwall, Unrest (1883); The Old Net (1884), Luxembourg Museum ; Morning at the Christiania Fjord (1884) ; Sunset near Trondhjem, Calm in a Fjord (1885); Bau- daksvanclet Lake, Norway (1886).
SMITH-LEWIS, JOHN, born at Burling- ton, Vt. ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil in Paris of Ernest Hubert. Mention honourable, Paris Salon, 1886. Work: Gath- ering Varech in a Storm (1886).
SMITHS OF CHICHESTER. See Smith, George.
SMITS, EUGENE, born in Antwerp in 1826. History and landscape painter, pupil of Brussels Academy and of Triqueti in Paris. Visited Italy in 1861-64, also Ger- many and Holland. Medals, Brussels, 1866 ; Order of Leopold, 1870 ; Officer, 1881 ; Order of Francis Joseph of Austria. Studio in Brussels. Works: Roma, King of Bel- gium ; Seasons, Brussels Museum ; Santa Trinita de' Monti ; Neptune Festival ; Mir- ror ; Roman Garden ; Diana ; Convales- cence ; Souvenir of Naples. — Mailer, 325.
SMOUT, LUCAS, the younger, born at Antwerp, baptized Feb. 27, 1671, died there April 6, 1713. Flemish school; marine painter, son of Lucas Smout, the elder (his- tory painter, 1620-74), and pupil of Hendrik van Minderhout. Works : Coast View with Country House and Figures, do. with Ro- man Monuments, Cattle and Figures, Schwe- rin Gallery ; Naval Battle in Kjoge Bay, 1710, Hofrath C. Rost, Dessau.— Schlie, 587; Van den Branden, 1056 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 347 ; xvii. 62.
SNAKE CHARMER (Le charmeur de serpents), Mariano Fortuny, A. T. Stewart Collection, New York ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. An Arab, with shoulders and legs bare, is lying flat on a rug spread on the ground, holding in his left hand a rod and intently watching a serpent crawling towards him ; behind him, another Arab, seated,
holding a musical instrument in his lap; at left, a stork standing over the serpent. Painted in 1870. Same subject, Edouard Andre, Paris. Etched by Boilvin. — Gaz. des B. Arts (1875), xi. 278.
SNAKE IN THE GRASS, Sir Joshua Rey- nolds, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft 1 in. x 3 ft 3 in. A girl seated on a
Snake in the Grass, Sir Joshua Reynolds, National Gallery, London.
bank is sporting with Cupid, who has seized both ends of her girdle and is untying it ; in the grass by her side, the head of a snake ; in background, n red curtain. Exhibited at Royal Academy, 1785, under title of Venus. Painted for Lord Carysfort, who paid 200 guineas for it. Subsequently called Love unloosing the Zone of Beauty, and later, Snake in the Grass, the snake possibly being intended as an emblem of Cupid. Purchased with the Peel pictures in 1871. Duplicate in Soane Museum, London ; an- other in Baron Rothschild's Collection ; a third in Hermitage, St. Petersburg, called Venus and Cupid. Engraved by J. R. Smith (1787) ; S. W. Reynolds ; H. Robin- son.—Cat Nat. Gal.; Leslie & Taylor, iL
IDS
SNAPHAAN
538 ; Art Journal (1872), 300 ; Walpole, An- ecdotes.
SNAPHAAN (Schnaphan), ABRAHAM, born in Leyden, Nov. 2, 1651, died Sept. 1, 1691. Dutch school; portrait and genre painter in the manner of the elder Frans van Mieris. His best pictures are often con- founded with those of Willem van Mieris. He was court painter to the prince of An- halt-Dessau. "Work : Lady at Toilet receiv- ing Letter, Berlin Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 544.
SNAYERS, PEETER, born in Antwerp, baptized Nov. 24, 1592, died in Brussels in 1667. Flemish school ; painter of battles, camp scenes, por- traits, and land- Ifc scapes, pupil of Hendrik van Ba- len and of Sebas- tian Vrancx ; en- tered the guild in 1613 ; court painter at Brussels in 1624 to Archduke Albert and to Cardinal Infant Ferdinand. "Works : Battle of the Forty, Hampton Court ; 'Siege of Courtrai (1650), Battles of Prague, of Wimpf- fen, and of Hoechst, Brussels Museum ; Cavalry Charge, Combat of Horsemen, Ghent Museum ; Forest Path with Wanderers, De- fence of a Village, Berlin Museum ; Battle Field of Pa via, Male Portrait, Cassel Gallery ; Travelling Coach attacked by Horsemen (?), Darmstadt Museum ; Traveller in Moun- tainous Country (1669), Robbers attacked by Armed Men, three others, Dresden Mu- seum ; Pantry with Game, Fruit, etc., Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Battle on "White Moun- tain near Prague, Battle between Spaniards and Hollanders, Schleissheim Gallery ; Rais- ing of Siege of Louvain (1639), Defeat at Grancourt (1641), Battle of Thionville (1642), Battle of Ltitzen (1642), Siege of Einbeck (1644), Relief of St. Omer (1645), Taking of Neuburg (1645), Encounter at Presnitz (1648), Relief of Freiburg (1648), Crossing
of the Somme (1662), Attack of Grancourt, Engagement near Munich in 1648, three others, Museum, Vienna ; Skirmish by For- est Border (1657), Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Cavalry Skirmish, Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Capt- ure of Ypres, Lille and Dunkirk, Nocturnal Attack on Lille, Siege of Gravelines, and thirteen others, Madrid Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 339 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Kramm, v. 1534 ; Michiels, vii. 272 ; Rooses (Reber), 409 ; Van den Branden, 666. SNELLTNCK (SneUinx), JAN, the elder,
born in Mech- lin in 1549, died in Antwerp, Oct. 1, 1638. Flemishschool; history painter; settled at Ant- w e r p before 1574. Velvet Brueghel and his son, and most of the painters of the epoch, were his friends. Archduke Albert, to whom he was court painter, and the churches of Flanders employed his brush extensively. Van Dyck painted his portrait. Designed carpet pat- terns for factory at Oudenarde. His most interesting work is : Crucifixion (1597), Mu- seum, Antwerp. Other works : Madonna with singing Angels and St. Cecilia, St. James's, ib. ; Altarpiece with Resurrection (1601), St. Romuald's, Mechlin ; Descending of the Holy Ghost (1606), St. Catharine's, ib.; Creation of Adam (1608), Church of Our Lady, Oudenarde ; Transfiguration of Christ (1616), Annunciation, St. Walpurgis,
5NELLINCK-
ib. Five of his sons were painters. — Ch. Blanc, ficole flamande ; Cat. du Mus. d'An- vers(1874), 342 ; Kramm, v. 1535 ; Michiels, vi. 221 ; Rooses (Reber), 109 ; Siret (1883), ii. 281 ; Van den Brauden, 431.
SNYDERS
SNYDERS, FRANS, born in Antwerp, baptized Nov. 11, 1579, died there, Aug. 19, 1657. Flemish school ; animal and still-life painter, pupil of Pieter Brueghel, the younger, and of Hendrik van Balen; master of the guild in 1602; visited Ita- ly in 1608-9; paint- ed especially for Philip IV. of Spain and Archduke Leopold William, and was held in great affection by Rubens, who in his will appointed him, with Jan Wildens and Jacob Moermans, to preside over the sale of his objects of art ; often worked conjointly with Rubens and Jordaens, and Van Dyck repeatedly painted his por- trait. Works : Bear Hunt, Lion Hunt, Grosvenor Gallery, London ; Still -Life, South Kensington Museum, ib. ; Fox Hunt, Fable of the Hare and the Tortoise, do. of the Lion and the Mouse, Fox and Cat, Wild Beasts fighting for Prey, seventeen others, Madrid Museum ; Earthly Paradise, Entry of Animals into Noah's Ark, Stag Hunt, five others, Louvre ; Dead Game and Fruits, Brussels Museum ; Swans and Dog, Still- Life, Antwerp Museum ; Stag Hunt (land- scape by Rubens), Kitchen (figures by Ru- bens), Hague Museum ; Still-Life (2), Am- sterdam Museum ; Boar attacked by Dogs, Rotterdam Museum ; Dog seizing Heron, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Bird Catching, Still- Life, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Boar Hunt, Greyhounds, Brunswick Gallery ; Great Kitchen-Piece, two others, Cassel Gal- lery ; Combat of Animals, Stag Hunt, Stii- del Gallery, Frankfort ; Swans and Ducks attacked by Dogs, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Game and Fruit, Various Fruits, Copen- hagen Gallery ; Hunts and Still- Life (5), Stockholm Museum ; fourteen pictures, Her- mitage, St. Petersburg ; four Dogs' Heads, Still- Life, Cock Fight (1615), Bear Hunt (attributed), Berlin Museum ; Boar Hunt,
Raczynski Gallery, ib.; Kitchen (figures by Rubens), nine others, Dresden Gallery ; Two Lions pursuing Deer (masterpiece), Boar Hunt, Greengrocer's Stall, four others, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Boar Hunt, Dead Game watched by Dogs, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Fish Market (2), Kitchen with Dead Birds (16U), Oldenburg Gallery ; Fruit Festoon around Christ and St. John (figures by Rubens), Falcon Chase, Schleiss- heim Gallery ; Boar Hunt, Fox Hunt, Stag Hunt, Daniel in Lions' Den (after Rubens), Earthly Paradise, Deer Hunt, Vienna Mu- seum ; Hen defending herself against Fal- con, Pesth Museum ; Boar Hunt, Uffizi, Florence ; Fruit, _, /> The Greengro- ^ J jy cer, New York Museum.-Ch. f Blanc, Ecole fla- ' • mande ; Immer- zeel, iii. 97 ; Kramm, v. 1537 ; Michiels, vii. 408 ; Rooses (Reber), 255 ; Van den Bran- den, 672 ; Zeitschr. f . b. K., xi. (Mitthei- lungen, iv. 45).
SNYERS, PEETER, born in Antwerp, March 30, 1681, died there, May 4, 1752. Flemish school ; landscape, flower, portrait, and genre painter, pupil of Alexander van Bredael ; master of Antwerp guild in 1707 ; visited London, where he painted many por- traits ; returned in 1726, and was director of the Antwerp Academy. Works : Moun- tainous Landscape, Antwerp Museum ; y^v * Worn an Me r-
f/ I | chant, Amster-
U ^Jn^Y6^^ <*<*m Museum; / Poultry Yard,
^^ Germanic Mu-
seum, Nuremberg. — Kramm, v. 1539 ; Mi- chiels, x. 478 ; Van den Brandcn, 1207.
SOCRATES, Greek painter, probably pu- pil of Pausias, from the way he is men- tioned by Pliny (xxxv. 40 [137]), who says his pictures were universally esteemed. — Sillig, 424.
SOCRATES, DEATH OF, Louis David, Mine, la Marquise de Verac ; canvas, H. 3
SODEKMARK
ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 5 in. Socrates, seated in a vaulted apartment, surrounded by his grief- stricken disciples, is about to take the cup of hemlock from the executioner, who averts his face as he presents it. Painted for M. Trudaine ; belonged afterwards to M. Mi- cault de Courbeton. Engraved (1802) by Jean Massard, pere. — Be veil, i. 59.
SODERMAEK, JOHAN PEE, born at Stockholm, June 3, 1822. Portrait painter, son of the Swedish lieutenant-colonel and portrait painter Olaf Johan Sodermark (1799-1848), pupil of Stockholm Academy, while at the same time in the army ; went with his father to Italy in 1845, returned via France in 1848, then studied at the Dus- seldorf Academy in 1852-54, and in Paris under Couture in 1855-56. Has painted many distinguished persons of his native country ; member of Stockholm Academy.
Socrates, Death of, Louis David, Mme. la Marquise de VeVac.
SODOMA, IL, Cavaliere, born at Vercelli, in Savoy, in 1477 (?), died in Siena, Feb. 15, 1549. Lombard and Sienese schools. Va- sari says he had many nicknames, among others Mattaccio (crazy fellow), because he was noted as a lover of fun and of practical jests. Real name Giovanni Antonio Bazzi, wrongly called Razzi by Lanzi and others. Pupil of Martino Spanzotti, a mediocre paint- er of Casale ; studied next in Milan, perhaps under Leonardo, 1498-1501, in which latter
year he fixed his residence at Siena, where he founded a new school which had a brill- iant though short existence. The extant works of Bazzi's first Sien- ese period, 1501- 1507, distin- guished by purity of style and very careful execution, are the Birth of Christ, and the Deposition from the Cross, in the Siena Academy ; the frescos of the Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes, a Pietii, Majesty of St. Anna, a Bishop and Dominican Monks, in the Cloister of St. Anna in Greta, near Pi- enza ; and those of the History of St. Bene- dict, at Monte Olivetto, near Buonconvento. In 1507 or 1508 Bazzi ac- companied Agostino Chigi to Rome, where he was em- ployed by Julius EC. with Perugino on the decoration of the ceiling of the Camera della Segnatura in the Vat- ican, until both were dis- placed by Raphael. Noth- ing remains of his work but the flying genii bearing the papal shield in the central compartment of the ceiling. Disappointed in his hopes of further employment, Bazzi returned to Siena in 1510, leaving as a record of his two or three years' residence in Rome two pictures in the Palazzo Borghese, a Leda and the Swan, of a Leonardesque character, and a Pieta. Examples of the next four years' work (1510-1514) at Siena are : Flagellation, Christ bound to the Column, Academy, one of his finest crea- tions for expression, bodily form, individual character, and colouring ; and Madonna with Saints, Turin Gallery, which shows that the master had then attained the full
198
SOGGI
measure of his powers. In 1514 he went for the second time to Borne, and in the course of a year's residence painted the renowned frescos in the upper story of the Farnesina, the Marriage of Alexander the Great and Roxana, and the Surrender of Darius and his Family to Alexander, the first of which is one of the most admirable works of Renaissance art Though abound- ing in beauty of form, countenance, and colour, it fails, like all Bazzi's historical works, in that instinctive arrangement of many details into one great whole which constitutes fine composition. It is in his single figures, the St. Sebastian, of the Uffizi, and the Christ bound to the Column, of the Siena Academy, that this master attains the highest excellence. The frescos of the Life of St. Catherine (152G) in her chapel in S. Domenico, Siena, show this ; for while those which contain many figures are wanting in clearness, such groups as that of the Saint in ecstasy, supported by two women, are among the most expressive and beautiful works of their kind in Italy. His superior- ity in single figures is again illustrated in the frescos of the Oratory of S. Bernardino, Siena, by a comparison of the four Saints with the compositions representing the Presentation, Visitation, Assumption, and Coronation of the Virgin (1518-32). See, too, the Saints Ansano, Vittorio, and Ber- nardo in the Hall of the Council, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, where there is also a fine altarpiece by Bazzi of the Madonna with St. Leonardo. Other works : Madonna cle' Cal- zolari (1530), Siena ; SS. James, Anthony, and Sebastian (1530), the Madonna invest- ing a Bishop, with SS. Rosalia and Lucia, S. Spirito, Florence ; Ecce Homo, Christ on the Mount of Olives, Christ in Limbo, fres- cos, Siena Academy ; Altarpiece of Madonna with Saints, at Asinalunga ; Madonna En- throned, National Gallery, London ; Adora- tion of the Magi, S. Agostino, Siena ; Resur- rection, Naples Museum ; Sacrifice of Abra- ham, Duomo, Pisa ; Madonna with Saints, Pisa Academy ; Madonna with Saints, Flor-
ence Academy ; St. Sebastian, Uffizi, Flor- ence ; Marriage of St Catherine, Palazzo Chigi, Rome ; Madonna with Saints, Lucre- tia, Turin Museum ; Ecce Homo, Pitti, Flor- ence.— Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 379, 401 ; Meyer, Kflnst. Lex., iii. 178 ; Jansen, Leben und Werke des Malers Gio. Bazzi (Stuttgart, 1879); Burckhardt, 173, 686 ; Lanzi, i. 293 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole milanaise ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1878), xvii. 18, 97, et seq.; Liibke, Gesch. itaL Mai., ii. 397 ; Zeitschr. f. B. K., ix. 33 ; x. 230.
SOGGI, NICCOLd, born in Arezzo in 1480, died there in 1551. Florentine school. Was taken at an early age to Florence, where he studied under Perugino. In 1512 he went to Rome under the patronage of Car- dinal di Monte ; accompanied him to Arezzo and painted much there for churches and companies of the town. Work but little superior to that of Domenico Pecori, whom he sometimes aided. Pictures in S. Domenico, S. Michele, S. Agos- tino, and the Duomo, Arezzo. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 44 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., x. 209.
SOGLIANI, GIOVANNI ANTONIO, bom in Florence in 1492, died there, July 17, 1544. Florentine school ; pupil of Lorenzo di Credi, with whom he worked twenty-four years ; registered in guild of Florence in 1522. His later works show the influence of Fra Bartolommeo, Andrea del Sarto, and Mariotto Albertinelli. Few of his pictures have dates, except the Martyrdom of St. Arcadius (1521), in S. Lorenzo, and a Miracle of St. Dominic (fresco, 1536), in S. Marco, Florence. The Nativity, Ber- lin Museum, is a copy of Credi's in the Florence Academy. — C. <fe C., Italy, iii. 512 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ix. 42 ; ed. Mil., v. 123 ; Burckhardt, 638, 682 ; Siret, 875 ; Lubke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 178.
SOHN, KARL (FERDINAND), born in Berlin, Dec. 10, 1805, died in Cologne, Nov. 25, 1867. History and portrait painter, pu- pil of Berlin Academy under Schadow, with
199
SOHN
•whom lie went to Diisselclorf in 1826 and to Italy in 1830 ; visited the Netherlands and France, became in- structor in 1832 and professor in 1838 at the Diisseldorf Academy. He was the celebrated ladies' portrait painter of his time, famous for his colouring in the style of Titian. Works: Einaldo and Armida (1827), Eape of Hylas (1829), Lute Player (1832), Female Portrait, National Gallery, Berlin ; Eegina cosli (1829) ; Diana at the Bath (1833) ; Two Leonoras (1834) ; replica (183G), Eaczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Italian Lute Player (1835) ; Judgment of Paris, Borneo and Juliet (183G) ; Tasso and the Two Leonoras (1839), Diisseldorf Gallery; Donna Diana (1840), Leipsic Museum ; Sis- ters (1840) ; Vanitas (1844) ; Lady before Mirror (1845), Konigsberg Museum ; Lute Player (1849), Christiania Gallery ; Four Seasons (1851) ; Lorely (1853) ; Portrait of Countess Monts, Cologne Museum ; Female Portrait, Carlsruhe Gallery. His son Eich- ard (born in Diisseldorf in 1834), genre and portrait painter, pupil of the Academy un- der Schadow and Jordan, studied in 18C7 in Paris. Works : Quartering in the Coun- try, Old Blind Fiddler (1862) ; Antiquary (1866). Karl, another son (born in Diissel- dorf, July 21, 1845), was pupil of his father, and of Wilhelm Sohn, 'with whom he trav- elled, then studied in Paris, London, and Italy. Has won success with finely coloured genre figures: Costume Study (1880); Span- ish Girl (1881) ; Carmen (1884).— Blanck- arts, 1; Forster, v. 364; Ulustr. Zeitg. (1867); (1881), ii. 369 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 218 ; Kunst-Chronik, iii. 40 ; Wolfg. Mtiller, Diis- seldf. K, 16, 170; Springer, Gesch., 95; Wiegmann, 78 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xv. 127 ; xvi. 32 ; xx. 43.
SOHN, WILHELM, born in Berlin in 1830. History and genre painter, nephew and pupil in Diisseldorf of Karl Ferdinand
Sohn, whose daughter ho afterwards mar- ried ; became professor at Diisseldorf Acad- emy in 1874. Member of Amsterdam and Stockholm Academies. Medals : Amsterdam, 1865 ; Berlin, 1866 ; Paris, 1867. Works : Christ on the Stormy Sea (1853), Dtisseldorf Gallery ; Christ on Mount of Olives (1855); Genevieve (1856); Gypsy Woman (1858), Konigsberg Museum ; Different Walks in Life (1860) ; Fiddler and Child ; Question of Conscience (1864), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Consultation at the Law- yer's (1866), Gypsy Girl with Dog, Leipsic Museum ; Communion in Protestant Pa- trician Family, National Gallery, Berlin. SOJAEO, IL. See Gatti. SOLAEIO (Solari), ANDEEA DA, born about 1458 at Solario, near Milan, died in Pavia about 1530. Lombard school ; called sometimes Andrea del Gobbo and Gobbo da Milano, from his brother Cristoforo (Solario) del Gobbo, sculptor and architect, and some- times Andrea Milanese. Went about 1490 with his brother to Venice, and in 1495 painted there the Madonna, Brera, Milan, which shows the influence of Milanese teach- ing and of the examples of Da Vinci and of Verrocchio. He probably returned soon after to Milan, where he painted in 1499 the St. Catherine, now in the Casa Poldi. In 1507-09 he was in France decorating, for Cardinal George of Amboise, the Chapel at Gaillon, destroyed in 1793. After this, many of his pictures found a market in France. He is said to have accompanied Andrea del Sarto to South Italy in 1513, and to have been employed in the Chapel of S. Gaudenzio, Naples. About 1515 he began the large altarpiece of the Assumption, in the Certosa of Pavia, which was finished after his death by Bernardino Campi. Among his works are : Christ carrying his Cross (1505), | Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; Crucifixion, Ma-
200
SOL A UK)
donna of the Green Cushion, Louvre ; Por- traits (2), National Gallery, London ; Chrint crowned with Thorns, at LUtschena, near Leipsic ; Holy Family, dated 1515, Casa Poldi, Milan ; and Madonna with St. John, Leuchtenberg Gallery, St. Petersburg. So- lario's portraits are of exceptional excel- lence. C. & C. attribute to him the Colum- bine, Hermitage, St. Petersburg, generally ascribed to B. Luini. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 61; Moschini (Florence, 1832); Burckhardt, 702; Calvi, Notizie, ii. 277; Ch. Blanc, ficole milanaise ; LUbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 448 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1883), xxviii. 43.
SOLAEIO, ANTONIO. See Ziwjaro.
SOLIERO. See Morelli.
SOLIMENA (Solimene), FRANCESCO, Cavaliere, born at Nocera de' Pa- gani,Oct.4,1657, died in Naples, April 5, 1747. Ne- apolitan school ; called sometimes 1'Abate C i c c i o and sometimes il Calabrese rin- gentilito (C a 1 a- brese ennobled). Pupil of his father, Angelo Solimene, a re- spectable painter ; afterwards of Francesco di Maria and of Giacomo del Po. Later formed a style of his own by imitating Pietro da Cortona, Lanfranco, Calabrese, Guido, and Carlo Maratti. He enjoyed a great reputa- tion in his time, and was employed by sev- eral popes and by most of the princes of Europe ; but he must be ranked with those who hastened the deterioration of Italian art. Among his works are: The Brazen Serpent, Prometheus Chained, St. John the Baptist, Artist's Portrait, Madrid Museum ; Religion, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; frescos in sacristies of S. Paolo and S. Domenico Maggiore, Naples ; Heliodorus, Gesil Nuovo, ib.; Diana and Callisto, Uffizi, Florence. — Lanzi, ii. 60 ; Burckhardt, 768, 775 ; Seguier, 196 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole napolitaine.
SOLIS, FRANCISCO DE, born in Ma- drid in 1629, died there, Sept. 25, 1684. Spanish school ; his father, who had stud- ied under Alonso do Herrera, gave him les- sons in painting, but educated him for the church. Francisco preferred to paint, and with Velasquez for a friend and counsellor, bade fair to become pre-eminent in his pro- fession ; but his indolence and wealth made him a picture collector rather than a paint- er. Executed works for the conventual churches of Madrid, Alcalii, and Valladolid, of which the best was a Virgin of the Con- ception, belonging to the Capuchins of the Prado.— Stirling, iii. 1022.
SOLOMON, ABRAHAM, born in Lon- don in 1824, died at Biarritz, France, Dec. 19, 1862. Genre painter, pupil of the Royal Academy, where he exhibited his first pict- ure, The Courtship of Ditchen (subject from Crabbe), in 1843. His best pictures are well known through engravings. Works : Third Class— Parting, First Clnss— Return (1854); Waiting for the Verdict (1857) ; Not Guilty (1859) ; Malado Imaginaire, Consolation (1861) ; The Lost Found (1862).
SOLOMON, HISTORY OF, Raphael. See RaphaeTs Bible.
SOLOMON, JUDGMENT OF, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x4 ft. 11 in. Solomon, seated upon an elevated throne, in centre, extending his hands, pronounces sentence ; in foreground, the mothers kneeling, one making a gesture of terror at seeing her child, which a soldier armed with a sword holds by one foot ; the other, holding the dead child, cries out against the execution of the judgment ; other women and soldiers standing. Paint- ed in 1649 ; at Versailles in 1709-10. Sketch in Louvre. Engraved by Chasteau ; E. Bau- det ; Dughet ; Drevet ; A. Testa ; Anne ; Andre Morel ; C. Normand. — Landon, Mu- see, vi. PI. 65 ; Filhol, viii. PI. 541.
By Itaphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vat- ican ; fresco on ceiling. Solomon enthroned, at right ; a man at left about to cut in two tho child, whom he holds by one leg,
SOLOMON
head downwards, while the true mother, in the background, hastens to save it, and the false one kneels, in the foreground, with arms outstretched and head turned as if appealing to Solomon. Painted in 1511. Engraved by E. "VVibert ; Anderloni. — Pas- savant, ii. 90 ; Miintz, 348.
By Paolo Veronese, Bridgewater House, London ; canvas, H. 6 f t. x 8 ft. 9 in. Com- position of 21 figures. Solomon on his throne in the court of his palace ; execu-
or 1624. Flemish school ; portrait painter, of truthful and lively conception, warm and clear colouring, and careful execution ; went to England about 1606. Works: Portrait of James I., Windsor Castle ; do., and Queen Ann of Denmark, Hampton Court Gallery ; Portrait of Lord Bacon, Earl Cowper's Col- lection, Panshanger House ; Charles L as a Young Prince, Copenhagen Gallery. — Kramm, v. 1541 ; Nagler, xvii. 57.
SOMEES, LOUIS JEAN, born in Ant-
Judgment of Solomon, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris.
tioner, holding the child by one leg, is about to divide it, when the true mother interferes. Bought from Orleans Gallery for 60 guineas. — Waagen, Treasures, ii. 498 ; Stafford Gal., ii. PI. 28.
SOLOMON, SOLOMON J., born in Eng- land, contemporary. Figure and portrait painter. Exhibits at Royal Academy. Works: Portrait (1881); Ruth (1884); Love's First Lesson (1885) ; Cassandra (1886).
SOMER, PAULUS VAN, born in Ant- werp about 1570, died in London in 1621
werp in 1813. Genre painter, pupil of Fer- dinand de Braekeleer, then studied in Paris and Italy. Works : Interior with Merry People, Museum Fodor, Amsterdam ; Two Ladies in a Room busy with Flowers, Darm- stadt Museum ; Boy with Sleigh in a Winter Landscape, Fiirstenberg Gallery, Donau- eschingen ; Cromwell discovering Conspir- acy against his Life (1837), Leipsic Muse- um ; Misery and Wealth (1860); Meditation (18G1) ; Monks in a Sacristy ; The Orphan ; Family Concert. — Immerzeel, iii. 99.
202
SOMMEIL
SOMMEIL DE jtfSUS. See Madonna with Diadem.
SOMOGYI, DANIEL, born at Nyiregy- hiiza, Hungary, Sept. 13, 1837. Landscape painter, went early in life to Malta, where he began to practise painting in water-col- ours ; settled at Munich in 1870, studied mostly from nature, and has since exhibited many views from the Alps in Bavaria, Aus- tria, and Switzerland.
SON, JAN (FRANS) VAN, born at Ant- werp, baptized Aug. 16, 1658, died in Lon- don about 1718. Flemish school ; flower and fruit painter, son of Joris van Son, pu- pil of Jan Pauwel Gillemans, the elder ; went early in life to England. Works : Fruit and Flower-Pieces in Museums of Brussels, Lille (1705), Lyons, Nantes (2) ; and in the Gallery of Augsburg. — Michiels, x. 425 ; Van den Branden, 1121.
SON, JORIS VAN, born at Antwerp, baptized Sept. 24, 1623, died there, buried June 25, 1667. Flemish school ; flower and fruit painter, if not a pupil of Jan de Heem, he certainly took that master for his model. Master of the guild in 1644. Speci- mens of his work are in the Museums of Tournay, Madrid (3), Dresden (3), and Gotha (1658) ; in the Galleries at Bamberg, Carlsruhe, Copenhagen (2, 1664, 1665), Schleissheim (2, one dated 1656), and in the Van Lerius Collection at Antwerp. — Van den Branden, 1119.
SONDERLAND, JOHANN BAPTIST, born at Diisseldorf, Feb. 2, 1805, died there, July 21, 1878. Genre painter and illustrator, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Schadow, and studied in Paris, Hol- land, and Frankfort. Works : Hans and Grete (after Uhland, 1839), National Gal- lery, Berlin ; Scene from Guy Mannering, Wild Hunter (1830) ; Bear Dancing (1831), Konigsberg Museum ; Warrior's Farewell (1831); Return (1833), Count Hatzfeld, Dtts- seldorf ; Disturbed Rendezvous (1833, 1847), Fish Market, Surprise (1835); Belated Trav- ellers (1837) ; Rhenish Ferry (1838) ; After the Lesson ; Cossacks quartering themselves
with a Scholar (1841) ; Mowers returning Home (1845). His son, Fritz (born in Dtls- seldorf, Sept. 20, 1836), pupil of the Academy under Hiddemann, paints humorous genre scenes. Works : Grandmother's Birthday, Despatch of Victory (1871) ; High Taxes (1872) ; Flower Greeting (1881).— Kunst- Chronik, xiv. 55 ; Mailer, Ddsseldf. K, 211 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 878 ; Hlustr. Zeitg. (1882), ii. 443 ; Wiegmann, 271.
SONDERMANN, HERMANN, born in Berlin in 1832. Genre and portrait paint- er, pupil of Otto in 1851-53, then studied in Antwerp, Paris, and under Jordan in Diisseldorf. Works: Bee-Keeper (1860); Return from the Chase ; Auction ; Sleigh- ing ; Marriage Contract (1866); Coffee Club (1868); Lawyer's Anteroom ; Festival Roast (1870) ; Unwelcome Suitor ; First Snow ; Church Festival; Thirsty Soul; Our He- roes, Wiesbaden Gallery.
SONJE, JAN, flourished in Rotterdam, died in 1691. Dutch school ; landscape painter, master of the guild at Delft in 1646, but left that city about 1654 ; paint- ed chiefly mountain views in the Italian style. Works : A Valley, Hague Museum ; View near Rotterdam (1692), Rotterdam Museum ; Landscape (1660 ?), Augsburg Gallery. — Kramm, v. 1540.
SONNE, JORGEN VALENTIN, born at Birkerod, Zealand, June 24, 1801. Genre and battle painter, pupil in Copenhagen of Ge- bauer and of the Academy (1815-26), then in Munich (1828-31) of Peter Hess ; went to Rome in 1831, returned in
1841, and became member of the Academy in 1846 ; Order of Danebrog, 1852. Works : Cavalry Attack at Sehestedt (1822) ; Skir- mish in Tyrol (1829), Roman Peasants going to Market (1837), Old Fisherman (1844), Cattle in the Water (1846), Scene in St
2U3
SOKNTAG
John's Night (1847), Attack on Diippel (1849), Battle of Fredericia (1850), do. of Idsted (1851), St. John's Festival (1858), Return from Market (1870), On the Day after Battle of Idsted (1876), Copenhagen Gallery ; Battle of Fredericia (18C5), City Hall, Fredericia. In fresco : Arrival of Thorwaldsen at Copenhagen, Unloading of his Sculptures at the Museum, Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen. — Weilbach, 646 ; Si- gurd Mttller, 333.
SONNTAG, WILLIAM LOUIS, born at East Liberty, near Pittsburg, Pa., March 2, 1822. Landscape painter, self-taught. After painting for several years in Cincin- nati, he removed to New York, where he still resides. Visited Europe in 1853, 1856, 1860, and 1862. Elected N.A. in 1861. Works : Progress of Civilization (series of 4); Alastor or the Spirit of Solitude ; Eagle's Home ; Dream of Italy ; Spirit of the Alle- ghanies (Duke of Buckingham) ; View of the Shenandoah ; Recollections of Italy ; Sunset near Bethlehem — New Hampshire (1871) ; Sunset in the Swamp — Coast of Maine (1873) ; View in Vermont (1875) ; Sunset in the Wilderness, Gulf (1876) ; De- serted (1877) ; Passing Shower (1878) ; Edge of the Woods, T. B. Clarke, New York ; Tangled Woods of New Hampshire (1880) ; Morning in the White Mountains (1881) ; Fog Rising off Mount Adams (1882) ; Near Old Orchard Beach— Maine (1883) ; Mount Winthrop, Burbank's Lake near Shelburne — New Hampshire, Edge of a Pond — Maine, Entrance to a Grove near Portland— Maine, Study of Trees (1884) ; Mascott Lake— New Hampshire, Hill-Side — New Hampshire (1885) ; On Glen Road to Mount Washing- ton, Ingalls Brook— New Hampshire (1886).
SOOLMAKER, JAN FRANS, flourished second half of 17th century. Flemish school. Landscape painter, pupil in Antwerp of Jan de Bruin in 1654, but rather imitated the style of Berchem. Works : Reconcih'ation of Jacob and Esau, Peasant Women at a Fountain in Italy, Brussels Museum ; Peas- ants driving Cattle to Market, Hague Mu-
seum ; Cattle Market, Bamberg Gallery ; Italian Herdsmen with Cattle by a Well, Darmstadt Museum ; Landscape with Fig- ures, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Van den Branden, 1072.
SOPOLJS, Roman painter, about middle of 1st century B.C. Pliny says (xxxv. 40 [148]), that his works and those of Dionysius filled the picture galleries. He was at the head of a school of painters in Rome (Cic., Ad. Ati, iv. 16). Raoul-Rochette calls him a portrait painter. — R.-R., Schorn, 315, 404. SORDICCHIO, LO. See Pinturicchio. SORDO DI SESTRO. See Travi, An- tonio.
SORENSEN, CARL FREDERIK, born at Besserby on Samso, Feb. 8, 1818, died in Copenhagen, Jan. 24, 1879. Marine painter, pupil of Copen- hagen Academy, won a prize in 1847; cruised in the Mediterra- nean on a Danish frigate in 1846, and for some time went to sea every year in a Danish man-of-war ; visited Germany, the Netherlands, England, and France in 1853- 54, and Italy in 1864. Member of Copen- hagen (1856) and Stockholm Academies. Professor in 1869. Orders of Danebrog and Vasa. Works : Coast of Jutland after Storm (1848), Summer Morning at Elsinore (1861), The Shears at Bohuslen (1862), On the Coast of Iceland (1878), Copenhagen Gallery ; View from the Sound by Kronborg (1871), Christiania Gallery ; Men-of-War, Stockholm Museum ; Sunrise near Skagen ; View of the Kattegat.— Sigurd Mtiller, 339 ; Weilbach, 668.
SORGH (Zorg), HENDRLK MAER- TENSZ, born in Rotterdam in 1621 (?), died there between Oct. 16, 1669, and Aug. 6, 1670. Real name Hendrik Martensz Rokes. Genre painter, pupil of Willem Buiteweg ;
20-1
SORTIE
formed himself after the works of Brouwer, i Rondo de nuit anil Patrouille de nuit by though more dull and heavy in colour. He French writers, and Night Watch by Sir
represented peasant scenes, conversations, and kitchen interiors, with genuine feeling for nature, good draw-
ing.
and careful exe-
cution. Works: Boors at Cards, Man and Woman at Table, Na- tional Gallery, Lon- don ; Old Woman by the Fireside, Madrid Museum ; Alchemist, Mr. Henderson, ib.; Kitchen Interior, Louvre ; Fish Market, Lute Player (1C61), Storm (1668), Amster- dam Museum ; Rustic In- terior (1650), Great Market at Rotterdam (1654), Rot- terdam Museum; Card Players, Dubus Collection, Brussels ; Peasants Smok- ing, Augsburg Gallery; Party of Peasants, Labour- ers in the Vineyard (1665), Brunswick Gallery ; Peas- ants' Brawl, Berlin Muse- um ; Quarrel in a Cellar, Fisherman with Salmon, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Dutch Vegetable Market, do. Fish Market, C a s s e 1 Gallery ; Peasant Family (1646), Tavern Interior, Old Pina- kothek, Munich; Card Players (1643), Fishmong-
Joshua Reynolds. It represents the gather- ing in broad daylight, of the Civic Guard of Amsterdam outside of their quarters, from which they are emerging at the sound of the drum calling them to practise. Captain Banning Cock and his lieutenant, Willeni van Ruytenberg, in centre, are followed by the ensign, with the orange, white, and blue standard of Amsterdam, and the ser- geants with their halberds ; the drummer, with a dog at his heels, is beating his drum, in right hand front corner, and the guards, armed with arquebuses and pikes, are crowding through the open door behind.
ers and Cook (1664), Labourers receiving Pay (1667), Dresden Gallery ; Adoration of the Shepherds (1642), Copenhagen Gallery; do. (1646), Marine with Vessels (1650), Peasant's Brawl (1665), Hermitage, St. Petersburg.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Burger, Musces, ii. 271 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 322 ; Kramm, vi. 1902 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 424. SORTIE OF THE BANNING COCK COMPANY, Rembrandt, Amsterdam Mu- seum ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 9 in. x 14 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated 1642. Erroneously called
Sortie of the Banning Cock Company, Rembrandt, Amsterdam Museum.
On a shield on the building are the names
of sixteen of the principal figures, all of which are portraits. One of the most im- portant works of the master, who received for it 1,600 florins. It remained in the possession of the arquebusiers until about 1700, when it was removed to the Hotel de Ville, where, in order to fit it into a space between two doors, it is supposed to have been reduced in size. A copy (H. 2 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 9 in.), now in the National Gallery, London, ascribed formerly both to Rem-
305
SOUCIION
brandt and to Gerard Dou, but probably painted about 1660 by Gerrit Lundens, proves that the original was cut off as shown in the accompanying outline sketch. Judg- ing from the proportions of this copy, the original, which was placed in the Treppen- huis Museum in 1808, was formerly 12 ft. 8 in. high x 16 ft. 6 in. long. It was restored in 1758 by Van Dijk, and again superficially in 1852 by N. Hopman. Engraved by L. A. Claessens (1797) ; J. W. Kaiser (1867). Etched by linger ; Flameng ; Massaloff ; Charles Waltner (1886). Lithographed by A. Mouilleron. — Cat. Amsterdam Gal. ; Vos- maer, 147, 462 ; Smith, vii. 59 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1860), vi. 368; (1885), xxxii. 406; Mollett, Rembrandt, 42 ; Fromentin, 325.
SOUCHON, FRANCOIS, born at Allais (Gard), Nov. 19, 1787, died at Lille, April 5, 1857. History painter, pupil of David ; director of school of painting at Lille in 1836-1857. Works : Martyrdom of St. Se- bastian (1824), Cathedral of Bordeaux ; Sick Man (1827), Lille Museum ; Raising of Lazarus (1827), Church of St. Nicolas-des- Champs, Paris. — Bellier, ii. 52 ; Devemy, Notices biographiques sur Fr. Souchon (Douai, 1875).
SOUCHON, WILHELM FERDINAND, born at Halberstadt in 1825. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Remy, then in Munich (1848) of Kaulbach and Anschutz, and fin- ished his studies in Rome and Naples, 1851-54. He settled at Leipsic in 1855. Works : Thirty Biblical Scenes, Greek Church, Leipsic ; Christ Blessing, Church at Thronitz, Saxony ; Last Supper, Church at Grunau, ib. ; Pifferari and Beggar, Em- peror of Germany. — Miiller, 498.
SOURCE, LA, Dominique Ingres, Lou- vre, Paris ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 5 in. x 2 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated 1856. A young girl, nude, with blonde hair, standing in a rocky niche, her right arm raised above her head, with her fingers grasping the bottom of a vase, which, inclined upon her shoulder, is held by her left hand ; three little streams
of water flow from its mouth into a pool in which her feet are reflected. London Exchange, 1862. Bequeathed by Comtesse Duchatel, 1878. Engraved by Calamatta ; L. Flameng.— Ch. Blanc, Life, 192.
SOUTMAN, PIETER, born in Haarlem about 1580, died there, Aug. 16, 1657. Dutch school ; history and portrait painter, supposed pupil of Rubens ; was for several years court painter to the King of Poland, became a citizen of Antwerp in 1620, and returned to Haarlem in 1628. Works : Two Archery-Pieces (1642, 1644), Haarlem Museum ; Laocoon and his Sons, Cassel Gallery. — Bode, Studien, 110 ; Kramm, v. 1545 ; Van der Willigen, 266.
SOWER (Le semeur), Jean Fra^ois Mil- let, William H. Vanderbilt Collection, New York. A sturdy peasant, bony and swart, with a bag of grain about his waist, is strid- ing along sowing grain on a hill-side ; on the other side of the slope a last ray of sun shows a pair of oxen and a man at the end of their furrow. The gesture of the sower, says Theophile Gautier, is " so beautiful that Triptolemus, guided by Ceres, on some Greek bas-relief, could not have more maj- esty." Painted in 1850 ; Salon, 1850. The first Sower (1849), Q. A. Shaw, Boston, was laid aside by Millet because the canvas was too short, and the present one painted for the Salon. Etched by Maris. — Art Treas. of Amer., iii. 86.
SOYER, PAUL, born in Paris ; contem- porary. Genre painter, pupil of L. Cogniet. Medals: 1870; 2d class, 1882. Works: Card Party (1883) ; Head of Old Peasant (1884) ; Foundry at Antoignc, My Gardener (1885) ; Interior of Forge (1886).
SPADA, LIONELLO, born in Bologna in 1576, died in Parma, May 17, 1622. Bo- lognese school ; first colour-grinder, and then pupil of the Carracci ; after executing a few works in Bologna, went to Rome and became the pupil of Caravaggio, whom he followed in all his travels. After his master's death (1609), Spada returned to Bologna, where his vanity and arrogance won him the
SPAENDOtfCK
r
hatred of other artists ; but his real talent is proved by bis St. Dominick burning the Heretical Books, in S. Domenico. Ra- nuccio, Duke of Par- ma, invited him to his court, and he spent the rest of his days there. Other works: Prodigal Son, -33neas and Anchises, Concert, Martyrdom of St. Christopher, Louvre; Melchisedec blessing Abraham, Bologna Gallery : Painter's Portrait, Uffizi, Florence ; Chastity of Joseph, Lille Muse- um ; Christ crowned with Thorns, Naples Museum ; Christ before Pilate, Parma Gal- lery.— Malvasia, ii. 73 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole bo- lonaise ; Burckhardt, 7C4, 788, 790, 803. SPAENDONCK, GERARDUS VAN, born atTilburg,March23, 1746, died in Paris, May 11, 1822. Dutch school ; flow- er painter, pupil of Herreyns ; went to Paris about 1770, and became minia- ture painter to the king in 1774. His flower and fruit-pieces are almost equal to the best by Huysum. Professor of iconog- raphy at the Jardin des Plantes and mem- ber of the Institute (1781). Works : Flow- ers and Fruits (1789), Louvre. His brother, Cornells (1756-1840), distinguished in the same branch, painted especially for the por- celain factory at Sevres. — Ch. Blanc, £cole hollaudaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 101.
SPAGNA, LO, born in 14— died about 1530. Umbrian school ; real name Giovan- ni di Pietro, but commonly called, from his nationality, Lo Spagna (the Spaniard). Called by Vasari, Giovanni Spagnuolo. Art education wholly Italian, under Perugino and Pinturicchio. Was the companion of Raphael in the school of Perugino, and his
manner is a mixture of the Peniginesque and Raphaelesque without the high quali- ties of either. Appears first as an inde- pendent master at Todi, but usually lived at Spoleto. Among his early works are the feeble Nativity, at the Vatican, called the Madonna della Spineta, and the Adoration of the Magi, Berlin Museum (attributed to Raphael). They are Peruginesque in dis- tribution and drawing, and Raphaelesque in accompaniments of type and drapery, and are of great interest as showing how Lo Spagna combined the methods of his master and comrade. This is further illustrated in the Madonna with Saints in the Perugia Gallery, and the Madonna in the Rovigo Gallery, assigned to Perugino. Fine fres- cos by him still exist at Todi, Trevi, Spoleto, Narni, Perugia, and Assisi. In 151G Lo Spagna received the freedom of the city of Spoleto, and the following year he was elected captain of the guild of St. Luke. With none of Pinturicchio's hardness, pure and simple in style, Lo Spagna is, after Raphael, the most sympathetic of Peru- gino's scholars. Other works : Nativity, Louvre ; Nativity, Vatican ; Ecce Homo, National Gallery, London ; Madonna En- throned, in lower church, S. Francesco, As- sisi ; Coronation of the Virgin, Mtinicipio, Narni ; Madonna, Palazzo Pubblico, Spoleto. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 303 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xi. 53 ; ed. Mil., iii. 593 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ombrienue ; Burckhardt, 574, G49 : Lttbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 444.
SPAGNOLETTO, LO, born at Jativa, Spain, Jan. 12, 1588, died in Na- ples in 1656. Va- lencian and Nea- politan schools. Real name Josef de Ribera ; pupil in Valencia of Francisco Ribal- ta ; went when ( quite young to Rome, and lived, while study- ing, on the charity of his comrades, who nick-
207
SPAGNUOLO
named him Spagnoletto (little Spaniard). A cardinal took pity upon him, clothed him, and attached him to his household, but Spagnoletto soon ran away, declaring that he needed the spur of poverty to make him a good artist. After studying under Cara- vaggio he went to Parma, where the grace of Correggio temporarily influenced him; but he soon returned to the style of Cara- vaggio, which he even exaggerated. Hav- ing settled in Naples, where he married the daughter of a rich picture-dealer, he was appointed court painter by the Spanish viceroy, his fellow-countryman, and soon
knighted by Innocent X. in 1644. Bermu- dez repudiates the story that he disappeared from Naples on account of the seduction of his daughter, Maria Blanca, who was also a good painter, by Don John of Austria. Among his numerous works are : Madonna, Beggar, Louvre, Paris ; Dead Christ, Shep- herd with a Lamb, National Gallery, Lon- don ; Diogenes with the Lantern (1637), St. Mary of Egypt (1641), Deliverance of Peter (1642), Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew, do. of St. Sheep, Susanna and
Lawrence, Jacob tending Laban's seven others, Dresden Museum ; the Elders, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; his Portrait, St. Jerome, Uffizi, Florence ; Mathematician, Philosoph- er, Palazzo Brignole, Gen- oa ; Martyrdom of St. Bar- tholomew, Palazzo Spinola, ib.; Martyrdom of St. Se- bastian, St. Jerome, Silenus and Satyrs, Naples Muse- um ; Communion of the Apostles, and Descent from the Cross, S. Martin e, Na- ples ; Twelve Apostles, Par- ma Museum ; St. Jerome, Quirinal, Rome; St. Jerome, Academy of St. Luke, ib. ; St. Stanislas with Infant Jesus, Palazzo Borghese, ib. ; St. Jerome, St. Bartho- found himself possessed of wealth and hon- ' lomew, Palazzo Colonna, ib.; Death of Ado- ours, which enabled him to live like a nis, St. Jerome, Palazzo Corsini, ib. ; Hercu-
Spalatro, Washington Allston, H. R. Bishop, New York.
grandee and entertain nobles and princes in his palace. Notwithstanding his supreme position he was jealous of the advancement of others, and became chief of the infamous
les and Antaeus, Turin Gallery ; Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, two St. Jeromes, and St. Procopius, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; St. Bartholomew, Jacob's Dream, Martyrdom
cabal of Naples to make war, even to the of St. Bartholomew, St. Francis, Hermit at
knife, on painters of rival schools employed in Naples. By the aid of his tools (Corren- zio and Caracciolo), Annibale Carracci, Ca- valiere d' Arpino, Guido, Gessi, and Domeni- chiiio were successively driven away, while Domenichino's death was probably hastened by poison. Eibera was made a member of the Academy of St. Luke in 1630, and was
Prayer, Conception, and fifty others, Madrid Museum ; Joseph in Prison, Escorial. — Ceau Bermudez, iv. 184 ; Lanzi, ii. 32 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole espagnole ; Burckhardt, 767, 774 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1882), xxv. 40.
SPAGNUOLO. SPALATRO,
See Spagna. or Vision of the Bloody
Hand, Washington Allston, H. R. Bishop,
208
SPANGENBERG
New York ; burned in 18 — . Scene from Mrs. Radcliffe's novel, "The Italian." Sche- doni, a monk, who has engaged the fisher- man Spalatro to murder Ellena, the heroine of the story, is conducting him with a lamp through the vaults, when Spalatro is seized with terror at the vision of a bloody hand. Considered by Allston his best picture. Painted in 1832 for H. S. Ball, of Charles- ton, S. C. ; passed to John Taylor Johnston, of New York, at whose sale (187G) sold for $3,900 to H. R. Bishop; burned at his country-seat on the Hudson.
SPANGENBERG, FRIEDEICH, born at Gottingen, Dec. 3, 1843, died on Mount Vesuvius, June 25, 1874. History painter, pupil in Munich of Ramberg, then (1861) in Venice of Pauwels ; returned to Munich, where he received marks of distinction from the Union for Historical Art, and, provided with the great stipend, was about to com- plete his studies in Italy, when he was struck down by paralysis of the heart while ascend- ing Mount Vesuvius. Works : Triumph of the American Union, Capitol, Washington ; Vandals Plundering ; Geiserich's Departure from Rome. — Kunst-Chronik, ix. 627.
SPANGENBERG, GUSTAV (ADOLF), born in Hamburg, Feb. 1, 1828. Histo- ry and genre painter, pupil in Hamburg of Hermann Kauffmann, in Hanau of Pellis- sier, then of Antwerp Academy (1848-50), and in Paris (1851- 57) of Couture and the sculptor Triqueti ; copied in the Louvre, visited England and Holland, and in 1857-58 Italy, and settled in Berlin. Professor ; member of Berlin, Vienna, and Hanau Academies. Medals : Cologne, 1861 ; Berlin, 1868, 1876 ;. Vienna, 1873. Works : Amsterdam Orphan Girls (1851), Donkey Driver's Siesta (1855), Wal- purgis Night (1862), Hamburg Gallery ; Rat Charmer of Hameln ; St John's Eve in Co-
logne ; Luther as Squire George ; Luther making Music at Home (1866), Leipsic Mu- seum ; Luther and Melanchthon (1867), Mr. Probasco, Cincinnati ; Luther translating the Bible (1870), Procession of Death (1876), National Gallery, Berlin ; Luther's Entry into Worms (1875), Konigsberg Museum ; Allegory of Labour and Vice (1878) ; Will o' the Wisp (1879) ; Three Marys at Christ's Tomb (1880). In fresco : The Four Facul- ties (1885), University, Halle. — Jordan (1885), ii. 219 ; Leixner, Mod. K, ii. 82 ; Muller, 499; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 225 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 345 ; D. Rund- schau, ix. 324 ; xvii. 301 ; xxi. 147 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 144 ; xii. 292.
SPANGENBERG, LOUIS, born in Ham- burg in 1824. Landscape and architecture painter, pupil in Munich of Emil Kirchner, then studied in Brussels ; travelled in France, England, Italy, and Greece, and settled in Berlin in 1857. Member of Ber- lin Academy. Works : Citadel of Corinth ; Acropolis of Athens (several times) ; Uglei Lake in Holstein ; Village in Burgundy ; Farmyard in Oldenburg (1862) ; The Regen- stein in the Hartz Mountains ; Fishermen's Hut on the Baltic (1866) ; Theatre of Her- odes Atticus at Athens (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
SPANISH MARRL\.GE. See Marriage.
SPASIMO DI SICHJA, Raphael, Madrid Museum ; wood transferred to canvas, H. 9 ft. 10 in. x 7 ft. 6 in. Christ, on the way to Calvary, has sunk under the weight of the cross, which Simon of Cyrene offers to carry ; an executioner, at left, endeavours to drag him along by a rope, while another raises his spear to strike him ; but, regardless of his own sufferings, he turns consolingly to the Virgin, who, kneeling with outstretched arms, is supported by St. John and Mary Magdalen ; behind them follow other wom- en and a procession of Roman soldiers and citizens from the city gates ; in the back- ground, a mounted standard-bearer is turn- ing towards Calvary, seen in distance. The word Spasimo (spasm) is in allusion to the
209
SPARMANN
spasm or fainting fit of the Virgin. Painted in Home between 1516-18 for monks of Monte Oliveto, S. M. dello Spasimo, Paler- mo ; vessel wrecked on way to Palermo, and picture, packed in a tight case, floated into Gulf of Genoa, and was picked up and taken to Genoa, where the people were delighted with their acquisition, but the Pope com-
Spasimo di Sicilia, Raphael, Madrid Museum.
pelled them to give it up to its rightful owners ; sold by monks in 1661 to Philip IV. and taken to Madrid ; carried to Paris 1813 ; returned in 1819. Numerous
in
copies by Antonello da Palermo and others. Engraved by Agos. Veneziano (1517) ; Dom Cunego (1781) ; Ferdinand Selma (1808) ; Charles Normaud (1813); P. Toschi ; and many others. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv, 357;
Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 462 ; Passavant, ii. 244 ; Miintz, 523 ; Madrazo, 187 ; Reveil, vi. 373.
SPAKMANN, KAEL CHRISTIAN, bom at Meissen, Saxony, in 1805, died at Dresden in 1865. Landscape painter, pupil of Johaun Samuel Arnold (1766-1827) at Meissen, and of Dahl in Dresden; became in 1824 drawing- master at Arenenberg, near Constance, of Prince Louis Napoleon, who, when emperor, gave him a pension ; spent his winters in Rome, returned home in 1826, and visited Switzerland and Tyrol in 1828. Works : The Sustenpass ; Heath near Dresden (1843), View near Dessau (1844), Dresden Art Union ; View of Dresden (1841), Harrach Gal- lery, Vienna. — Nagler, xvii. 116.
SPECKTEE, ERWIN, born at Hamburg, July 18, 1806, died there, Nov. 23, 1835. His- tory painter, pupil of Corne- lius in Munich, where he was also much influenced by Over- beck and Genelli ; returned to Hamburg, and in 1830 went to Italy, where he adopted the style and colouring of the old Venetian masters. Works : Christ and the Wroman of Sa- maria (1829) ; Three Marys at the Sepulchre (1829), Alba- nian Woman with Jug (1831), Roman Woman (1832), Kunst- halle, Hamburg ; Samson and Delilah (1834), Leipsic Museum. — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1820-34) ; Nagler, xvii. 123 ; N. Necrol. der D. (1835), ii. 1049.
SPERANZA, GIOVANNI, Venetian school, first half of 16th century. Said by Vasari to have been pupil of Mantegna, with whose style his own has an affinity, like that of his countryman, Bartolommeo Montagna, whose work his own closely resembles, as,
210
SPERLING
e.g., a Madonna in Casa Agosti at Belluno. Two altarpieces by him exist : one, a Virgin Enthroned, in S. Giorgio, Velo ; the other, an Assumption, in the gallery of Vicenza. Other specimens of his work are in S. Coro- na and S. Chiara, Vicenza, and in the Casa Piovene, Padua.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 420 ; Burckhardt, 604.
SPERLING, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, born at Halle, Saxony, in 1691, died at Ans- pach in 1746. Portrait painter, son and pupil in Hamburg of the portrait painter Johaun Heinrich Sperling, then pupil of Leipsic Academy. Court painter in Ans- pach in 1710. Later went to Rotterdam ; became one of the best pupils of Adriaan van der Werff, many of whose pictures he copied. Works : Pomona and Vertumnus in the Form of an Old Woman (1719), Dres- den Gallery ; Head of a Persian (1743), Gotha Museum. — Nagler, xvii. 138.
SPERL, JOHANN, born at Buch near Nuremberg, Nov. 3, 1840. Genre painter, pupil at the Industrial Art School in Nu- remberg under Kreling, then of the Mu- nich Academy under Anschiltz and Ramberg. Works : The New Suit ; Looking for a Bride ; Going to Baptism ; Suabian Peas- ant Wedding ; On Furlough. — Muller, 499.
SPHINX, QUESTIONER OF THE, Eli- hu Vedder, Martin Brimmer, Boston. The Sphinx, covered to the chin with the desert sand, as it was before the excavations of Captain Caviglia ; an old Arab, bending for- ward and partly kneeling, has placed his ear to the imperturbable lips, as if he ex- pected the mystery of the ages to answer his questions.
SPIELBERG (Spilberg), JOHANNES, born at Dttsseldorf, April 30, 1619, died there, Aug. 10, 1690. Dutch school. Por- trait and history painter, pupil of Govert Flinck in Amsterdam. Court painter in Cologne, where he portrayed many princes and princesses. Works : Archer's Banquet (1650), Amsterdam Museum ; Lady's Por- trait (1648), Darmstadt Museum ; Juno giv- ing lo to Argus, Liechtenstein Gallery,
Vienna ; Portrait of Prince Johann Wilhelm of the Palatinate, and Portrait of a Lady (both attributed), Munich Gallery. — Immer- zeel, iii. 104.
SPIERINCKX, PEETER, born at Ant- werp, Aug. 30, 1635, died there, buried Aug. 30, 1711. Flemish school ; land- scape painter, mostly self-taught ; went in 1660 to Italy, and returned to Antwerp in 1666, having meanwhile painted also in France, for Louis XIV. Works : Two Land- scapes, St. Augustine's, Antweqj ; do., Mad- rid Museum ; View in Paris, Germanic Mu- seum, Nuremberg ; Landscapes with Fig- ures, etc. (2), Oriental Seaport, Schleissheim Gallery. — Van den Branden, 1073.
SPIES, RETURN OF THE (L'automne, Autumn), Nicolas Ponssin, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. In a valley, with a height and fortifications of a city on right, a woman mounted upon a ladder gathers fruit from a tree ; in fore- ground, the two spies sent by Moses into Canaan bear suspended from a polo im- mense bunches of grapes as evidence of the fertility of the soil. One of a series of four painted in 1660-64 for the Due do Riche- lieu, whence passed to Louis XTV. En- graved by J. Pesne.— Filhol, iv. PI. 238.
SPIESS, HEINRICH, born in Munich, May 10, 1832 (1831), died there, Aug. 6 (8), 1875. History painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Voltz and Kaulbach. As- sisted Schwind in the Wartburg frescos ; with his brother August painted the Villa Feodora in Lieben stein after L. Richter's designs. Works : Two Scenes from Life of Henry the Lion, National Museum, Munich ; allegorical representations of the Sciences (with his brother August), in Arcades of Maximilianeum, ib. — Dioskureu (1875), 262 ; Kunst-Chronik, x. 810.
SPILNBERGER (Spielberger), HANS, bora at Kaschau, Hungary, in 1628, died in 1679. History painter, supposed to have studied in Italy. Court painter in Augs- burg, then in Vienna. Works : St. Peter's Pentecostal Sermon, Church of Holy Cross,
211
SPINELLI
Augsburg ; Death of St. Benedict, St. Em- meram's, llatisbon ; Assumption, St. Ste- phen's, Vienna.
SPINELLI, PARRI, born in Arezzo in 1387, died there in 1452. Florentine school; son of Spinello Spinelli, and probably his pupil, but an imitator of Lorenzo Monaco. He was a third-rate artist, below the Gerini in talent, though Vasari, his townsman, saw fit to praise him. Some of his frescos, much overpainted, exist in S. Domeuico, in S. Maria della Misericordia, and in S. Fran- cesco, Arezzo. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 25 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 198 ; iii. 144 ; ed. Mil., ii. 275 ; Siret, 880 ; Burckhardt, 493.
SPINELLI, SPINELLO, born at Arezzo about 1333, died there, March 14, 1410. Florentine school. Son of Luca Spinelli, of a Ghibelline family that took refuge at Arezzo about 1308 ; commonly called Spi- nello Aretino or d' Arezzo. Pupil of Jacopo di Casentino, and at twenty a better painter than his master. He was of great merit, following the style developed by Jacopo and by Bernardo Daddi, but rose above them and represented the spirit of Giotto's school at the close of the 14th century better than any other artist of his time. He had, in- deed, many of the qualities of Giotto, though compared with him he is a bold decorator, careless of form and of detail. The Florence Academy has a Madonna with Saints and Angels, signed and dated 1391 ; and a church in Arezzo his Madonna della Rosa ; but he is seen at his best in his frescos, especially Life of St. Benedict (1385), Sacristy of S. Miniato, near Flor- ence ; History of SS. Ephesus and Potitus (1391), Campo Santo, Pisa ; Barbarossa and Pope Alexander HI., Palazzo Pubblico, Siena; and Lucifer and the Rebel Angels (fragment belonging to Sir A. H. Layard, England), in S. Francesco, Arezzo. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 7 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mou., ii. 185 ; ed. Mil., i. 677 ; W. & W., i. 477 ; Burckhardt, 493, 495, 498, 504.
SPITZER, EMANUEL, bom at Papa, Hungary, Oct. 30, 1845. Genre painter,
mostly self-taught; worked in Paris in 1864-67, for "L'Art pour tous," settled in Munich in 1871, and is one of the contribu- tors to "Fliegeude Blatter." Works: Fisher Boy (1873) ; Girl at the Well, Girl playing among Flowers (1875); Little Darling, Sur- prise for Papa (1877) ; Sweet Gossip (1878); Permission for Dancing (1884) ; They are coming! (1885). — Wurzbach, xxxvi. 186; Allgem. K. Chr., viii. 587.
SPITZWEG, KARL, born in Munich, Feb. 5, 1808, died there, Sept. 13, 1885. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Hanson ; for several years illustrator for the comic paper "Fliegende Blatter." His pictures are marked by genuine humour, and he has been called the Jean Paul of painters. Order of St. Michael in 1865. Works : Sunday Hunter (1844) ; Widower (1845) ; Policeman catching Flies (1852) ; Bookworm (1853) ; Writer cutting Pen (1854) ; Schoolmaster serenading his Sweethenrt, Old Gentleman in Favourite Spot, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; School Children (1859), Itinerant Dramatic Com- pany resting ; Librarian, Biblical Interpreta- tion (1860) ; Portrait Painter (1862), Prague Art Union ; Women of Dachau at Forest Chapel, Letter-Carrier (1862) ; Mail Coach, Meeting of Old Friends (1863) ; Geologist, Astrologer (1864) ; Turkish Coffee-House (1862), Hermit playing the Violin, Group of Alpine Herdswomen, Hypochondriac exam- ining the Weather, Lovers Parting, Serenade from Barber of Seville (1865), Schack Gal- lery, Munich ; Ascent of Alp, Descent from do. (1870); In the Garret (1882), Two Her- mits, New Pinakothek, Munich. — Allgem. K. Chr., is. 777, 1001 ; Graph. K, v. 44 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. 24 ; Mtiller, 500 ; Reguet, ii. 268 ; Schack, Meine Gemiildesammlung (1884), 194 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 115 ; xxi. 77. SPOSALIZIO. See Virgin, Marriage of.
212
SPRANGER
SPRANGER, BARTHOLOMEW, born in Antwerp, March 21, 1546, died in Prague about 1627. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of Jan Mandyn and of Cornelis van Dalen. In 1565 he went to Paris, and thence to Milan, Parma, and Rome, where he re- mained until 1575. Recommended to Maximilian H. in 1575, he executed for him and his son, Rudolph H., important decora- tive works, and resided as court painter in Prague, whither he returned after a visit to his native country in 1602. Ennobled by Rudolph IL, he called himself Spranger van den Schilden. Despite many good qualities, his works show the want of early training. Works : Magdalen, Antwerp Museum ; Su- sanna justified by Daniel, Brussels Museum ; Holy Family, Brunswick Gallery ; Banquet of the Gods, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Diana and Acteon, Christiania Gallery ; Diana and Nymphs, Stockholm Museum ; Venus served by the Graces, Hermitage, St. Pe- tersburg ; Resurrection (attributed), Berlin Museum ; Circumcision, Descent from the Cross, Old Piuakothek, Munich ; Cupid and Psyche, Oldenburg Gallery ; Apollo, Mydas, and Marsias, Lot and Daughters fleeing from Sodom, Susanna and the Elders, Schleissheim Gallery ; Cupid and Psyche, Stuttgart Museum ; Ulysses with Circe, Mercury surprising Venus and Mars, Venus and Mercury with Genii, Apollo and Muses, Vulcan and Maia, Triumph of Wisdom, Al- legory on Virtues of Rudolph H., Hercules
and Omphale, Mars with Ve- nus and Cu- pid, portraits of Artist and his Wife, Vi- enna Museum. — Ch. Blanc, ficole flainande ; Fetis, Artistes beiges a 1'etranger, L 389 ;
i
V
.
Immerzeel, iiL 104 ; Eramm, v. 1551 ; Mi- chiels, vi. 3 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 31.
SPRING, Nicolas Poussin. See Paradise.
SPRING-TIME, Pierre Auguste Col, D. T. Lyle, Brooklyn, N. Y.; canvas, H. 8 ft. x 4 ft. A young man and a girl, life-size, sitting in a swing among the trees of a garden. Painted in 1873 ; bought by John Wolfe, New York ; at his sale (1878) to Mr. Lyle. Replica, smaller, Dr. Marcy, New York ; two more in Europe. — Photogravure in Art Treasures of America, i. 54.
SPRINGER, CORNELJS, born in Am- sterdam, May 25, 1817. Architecture paint- er, pupil of Kasper Karsen, whom he greatly surpasses in conception of his subjects and in powerful colouring. Member of Rotter- dam Academy in 1856 ; gold medal, Hague, 1857 ; Orders of Oaken Crown (1861) and of Leopold. Works : City Hall at Middle- burg (1859) ; do. and Market at Veere (1861), City Hall at Cologne (1874), Muse- um, Amsterdam ; City in Winter, Market in Haarlem, View in the Briel, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Town Hah1 and Market at Naarden, Rot- terdam Museum ; Leyden Cathedral ; City Halls at The Hague, Brussels, Bremen, Brunswick, Miinster, Cologne, and Lflbeck ; Market Place in Ulm. — Immerzeel, iii. 106 ; Kramm, v. 1553.
SPROSSE, KARL, born in Leipsic, June 11, 1819, died there, Jan. 1, 1874. Land- scape and architecture painter, pupil of Leipsic Academy under Brauer and Schnorr. Visited Saxony and the Rhine country in 1836-37 ; went in 1844 to Rome ; spent many years there and in Venice, but made occasional visits home ; visited also Greece. Gold medal in 1854. Works : Roman Fo- rum ; St. Mary's Church in Nuremberg ; Cathedral of Ratisbon ; St. Mark's in Ven- ice ; Castle of Merseburg ; Cathedrals of Erfurt and Worms ; Series of Views in Rome and Venice ; many churches and castles in Germany ; Rear View of Ratisbon Cathedral (1857), The former Moat at Leipsic (1858), Tombstones of the Scaligers, Leipsic Muse- um.—Andreseu, i. 76; Kuubt-Chrouik, ix. 252.
218
SPRUYT
SPRUYT, CHARLES, born at Brussels, July 2G, 1769, died there in 1827(?). History and genre painter, son of and first instruct- ed by Philip Spruyt (1727-1801), then pupil of Ghent Academy, where he won the first prize in 1790 ; went to Rome in 1815, and returned to Brussels in 1821. Member of Ghent Academy. Works : St. Theresa pray- ing to the Virgin ; Disciples at Einmaus (in America) ; Interior of Grotto in Franciscan Monastery ; Shop Interior (1824) ; Jan I. Duke of Brabant in the Prison of his Sister Maria Queen of France (182G), formerly in Haarlem Pavilion ; Francesco Francia dying while looking at one of Raphael's Pictures (1829) : Interior of Subten-anean Church in Rome ; One of the Sette Salle, ib. (1833) ; Refectory in St. Gertrude's Convent ; Land- scape in Sunset (1836). — Immerzeel, iii. 107.
SQUARCIONE, FRANCESCO, born in Padua in 1394, died there in 1474. Paduan school ; in 1422 he inherited enough from his father, Giovanni, a notary, to enable him to set up a tailor and embroiderer's shop. Embroidery being akin to the art of design- ing, he was attracted to the study of paint- ing. In time he opened the earliest Italian art academy in his native city, where, as he says, 137 pupils were taught ; and thus ac- quired the name of " father of painters." He travelled much and made a large collec- tion of casts from the antique, pictures, and other objects of art for the benefit of his pupils. Though the founder of a school, he was himself comparatively unskilled as a painter, and the work from his studio was chiefly done by his disciples. His name first appears in the lists of the Paduan guild in 1441. He contracted to decorate the chapel of S. Cristoforo at the Eremitani, and intrusted the execution to Pizzolo, Manle- gna, and others. He took part in decorating the Santo and the cloisters of S. Francesco, Padua, and painted an altarpiece and a Ma- donna for the Lazzara family, still extant. Besides Pizzolo and Mantegna, he numbered among his pupils Marco Zoppo, Dario of Treviso, and Ansuino. — C. & C., N. Italy, i.
294 ; Burckhardt, 128, 403, 575 ; Siret, 882 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 384 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 456.
STAAFF, KARL THEODOR, born in the Province of Herjedalen, Sweden, June 28, 1816. Portrait painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy in 1831. Began with historical painting, then changed to portraits. Also illustrated some of Jegner's writings. Mem- ber of Stockholm Academy in 1856. Works : King Oscar I., Drottningholm Castle near Stockholm ; Charles XV. ; President Asker ; Gen. Akrell ; and others. — Miiller, 501.
STACHOWICZ, MICHAEL, bom at Cra- cow, Aug. 14, 1768, died there, March 26, 1835. History painter, pupil of Molitor (probably Franz Iguaz, who died at Cracow in 1794) and of Kasimir Molodzinski (died at Cracow, Jan. 28, 1795) ; painted at first biblical scenes for churches, but after 1794 episodes of national history, and scenes from popular life, in oil and fresco. He was the first among the Polish painters to pursue a national tendency in art. Professor at the St. Barbara Lyceum, Cracow, in 1817. Member of Cracow Academy of Sciences. Works : Fettering of St. Peter (1789) ; Kos- ciuszko on the Ring Square in Cracow in 1794, Episcopal Palace, Cracow ; Battle of Raclawice ; Martyrs of Sandomir, St. Cath- arine, Bishop Erasmus, St. Sophia, Descent from the Cross, Dominican Church, Cracow ; St. Helen, Franciscans, ib.; Divine Provi- dence, Entombment, St. Barbara's, ib.; Ma- donna of Loreto, Capuchins, ib.; Entry of Prince Poniatowski into Cracow in 1809 ; Taking of Cracow by Warsaw Troops un- der Poniatowski ; Vision of Sainted Poles in the Clouds, Episcopal Palace, Cracow. In fresco : Views of Cities and Representa- tions of Popular Customs in Poland (1816- 17), ib. ; The Sciences and Arts, Polish Schol- ars (33 medallions in 11 groups), Eleven Episodes in History of Cracow University (1820-21), Jagellonic Hall, University, ib. Many others in oil and fresco in churches, monasteries, and on the estates of Polish , uobles. — Wurzbach, xxxvi. 314.
214
STACK
STACK, JOSEF MAGNUS, born at Suml in 1812. Landscape painter, pupil of Stock- holm Academy, and studied later in Munich. Visited the Tyrol and Italy. Works: Elf Valley in Dalecarlia, Stockholm Gallery ; View of Genzano ; Munich and Bavarian Highlands, Royal Palace, Stockholm.
STADEMANN, ADOLF, born at Mu- nich in 1824. Landscape painter, pupil of Munich Academy ; paints chiefly winter scenes, often by moonlight or rainy weather. Works : Winter Landscape (1837), New Pi- nakothek, Munich ; do., Schack Gallery, ib.; View on Ammer Lake (1857) ; Winter Scene (1860) ; Bain and Sunshine (I860) ; Village in Winter. — Cotta's Kunstbl., 1840; D. Kunstbl., 1856-58 ; Dioskuren, 1860-62.
STADING, EVELINE, born at Stockholm in 1803, died in 1829. Landscape painter, pupil of Fahlcrantz, then copied from 1824 in Dresden after Euisdael and studied from nature, and went in 1827 through Salzburg and Tyrol to Rome. Works : View from Villa Chigis Park near Ariccia, Park and Castle of Rosersberg, Christiania Gallery ; View of the Hockstein near Dresden ; Castle, Lohmen ; Loch Mill ; View of Dresden.
STADKEUS, Greek painter, pupil of Ni- costhenes, mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 40 [146]) as a worthy artist. Possibly identi- cal with the sculptor of the same name, master of Polycles.
STAELBENT. See Stalbemt.
STAG AT BAY, Sir Edwin Landseer, Lord Godolphin. Stands in the shallow of a lake, near the shore, with head erect ; one of the two dogs that have followed him lies on his back howling, while the other gives tongue to announce the whereabouts of the game. Royal Academy, 1846. Engraved by C. Mottram.— Art Journal (1870), 144.
STAG FIGHT (Combat de Cerfs), Gus- tave Courbet, Louvre, Paris. Two noble stags, with locked horns, are contending for supremacy in a wood. Salon, 1861. Pur- chased at Lepel-Cointet sale for 49,100 fr.
STAG HUNT, Velasquez, Lord Ashbur- ton, London ; canvas, H. 6 ft x 8 ft Philip
IV. and hia courtiers hunting stags in an arena enclosed by canvas walls, in the Pra- do, a royal hunting-seat two leagues from Madrid ; among the personages are the King, Queen Isabel, Olivarez, Velasquez standing uncovered in foreground, and Alonso de Espinar, aide to Don Balkisar Carlos. Painted before 1629 ; purchased by Mr. Baring from ex-King Joseph Bona- parte, who took it from the Royal Palace, Madrid.— Curtis, 24 ; Waagen, iii. 347.
By Philips Wouvxrman, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. An open country divided by a river, with huntsmen in distance driving a stag into the water, on which are people in boats ; on left bank of river, a terrace and gardens ; opposite, a clump of trees with a picnic party, horses, and musicians. — Smith, ix. 182.
STAIGG, RICHARD M., born in Leeds, England, about 1820 ; died at Newport, It L, Oct. 11, 1881. Portrait and genre painter ; came to America in youth, after studying drawing in an architect's office in Leeds, and settled in Newport, It. I., where he began to paint miniatures on ivory, un- der the advice and assistance of Washington Allston. In 1861 he was elected a member of the National Academy, New York ; was in Paris in 1867-69, and again in Europe in 1872-74. After his return he painted por- traits, and occasionally landscapes and genre pictures, some of the last of which were much admired. His miniatures, when ex- hibited at the Royal Academy, London, and the Salon, Paris, received favourable notice. Works : First Steps, The Lesson, St. Jerome, (1870) ; Italian Chestnut Gatherer (1875) ; Empty Nest, Cornice Road — Italy, Italian Peasant Knitting (1876) ; Italian Girl's Head (1877) ; Margaret, Boy's Head (1878) ; Pet Squirrel (1880).
STALBEMT (Staelbent), ADRIAEN VAN, born in Antwerp, June 12, 1580, died there, Sept. 21, 1662. Flemish school ; landscape painter, if not pupil of, certainly influenced by Jan Brueghel. Master of the guild in 1609, its dean in 1618, called to
215
STALLAERT
London by Charles L about 1622, and worked there until 1642. His landscapes are enriched with buildings, biblical and mythological figures, and animals. Works : Wood Landscape, Antwerp Museum ; do., Amsterdam Museum ; Landscape, Kirmess, Cassel Gallery ; Kirmess, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; do., Vienna Museum ; Banquet of the Gods (1622), Judgment of Midas, Dresden Gallery ; Adoration of the Shep- herds (1622), Stag Hunt by a Lake, Berlin Museum ; Wood Landscape, Schwerin Gal- lery ; Triumph of David -toftyTALBEMT over Goliath (with P. F A9 1 622.' Brueghel, 1619), Madrid Museum. — Kramm, v. 1556; Michiels, ix. 118; Kooses (Reber), 411 ; Van den Brandeu, 625.
STALLAEET, JOSEPH, born at Merch- tem, Brabant, in 1825. History painter, pupil of Brussels Academy under Navez ; took the prize for Rome in 1848 ; then spent four years in Italy, France, and Germany. His pictures are in tasteful antique style. Medals at Brussels (1860), Vienna (1873), Philadelphia (1876) ; Order of Leopold (1863) ; Officer (1881) ; Order of Francis Joseph of Austria. Principal professor of design and of painting in Royal Academy, Brussels. Works : Penelope (1859) ; Hero and Leander (1861) ; Death of Dido, Brus- sels Museum ; Cellar of Diomedes in Pom- peii (1862) ; Ulysses (1863) ; Medea ; Polyx- ena sacrificed to the Manes of Achilles, Ghent Museum ; Cellar of Diomedes (1879). In fresco : Ceilings, Palace of Count of Flan- ders ; Four Celestial Regions, Elements and Gods, in Brussels National Bank. — Muller, 501 ; D. Rundschau, xx. 471.
STAMMEL, EBERHARD, born at Diiren in 1832. Genre painter, pupil of Diissel- dorf Academy under Sohn, then studied in Antwerp, Paris, and Munich, and settled at Dusseldorf in 1859. Works : Morning af- ter Bout ; Bookworm, Royal Collection, Ber- lin ; Cavalier and Usurer, Villa Borsig, ib. ; Gentlemen's Room, Barmen Art Union ; Village Artist ; Everything Lost ; Peasants
at the Museum ; Art Amateur ; Afternoon Pipe.— Dioskuren, 1865-66.
STANDAART. See Bloemen, Pieter van. STANFIELD, GEORGE CLARKSON, born in London, May 1, 1828, died at Harnp- stead, March 22, 1878. Landscape and marine painter, son and pupil of William Clarkson Stanfield, and student of the Royal Academy, to the exhibitions of which he was a contributor from 1844 to 1876. He painted principally Continental landscapes and views of towns. Works : Church of St. Michael— Ghent (1860); Saarburg Castle (1861); On the Lahn (1863) ; Amphitheatre at Verona (1864) ; Angers (1868) ; Dunbar Castle (1872) ; Entrance to Harbour of La Rochelle (1875) ; On the Nile (1876).
STANFIELD, WILLIAM CLARKSON, born at Sunderland, Durham, in 1793, died at Hampstead, May 18, 1867. Be- gan life as a sailor in the royal navy; be- came a scene painter when still young, and soon turned his at- tention to landscape and marine painting, in which he won suc- cess ; exhibited first at Royal Academy in 1829 ; became an A.R.A. in 1832 and R.A. in 1835. After his first visit to Italy in 1813, painted many Italian views. He ex- celled in mountain and river scenery, and in naval battle scenes and seaport views. Works : Market Boats on the Scheldt (1826); Wreckers off Fort Rouge (1827); Mount St. Michael (1830) ; Fishermen of Honfleur, View of Venice (1831) ; Opening of New London Bridge, Portsmouth Harbour (1832); Battleof Trafalgar (183Q); Viewnear St. Malo, Amalfi, Avignon, Ancona (1840) ; Castle of Ischia, Pozzuoli (1841); Isola Bella, Kitchen of Inn — Amalfi (1842); Mazerbo and Lu- cello, Ducal Palace — Venice, Ischia (1843) ; Oude Scheldt, Day after the Wreck (1844) ; Trajan's Arch — Ancona, Capture of Spanish Frigate El Gamo (1845); Ponte Rotto—
216
STAKGE
Rome (1846); Dordrecht, French Troops scape (1861), New Pinakothek, Munich
fording the Magra (1847) ; Am alii. Mola de Gaeta (1848); Tilbury Fort, Lago Maggiore (1849) ; Battle of Roveredo (1851) ; Bay of Baire, Port of Eochelle (1852) ; The Victory towed into Gibraltar (1853); Last of the Crew, Hulks in the Medway (1854) ; Siege of Sebastian (1855); The Abandoned, Guarda Costa off Bidassoa (1856) ; St. Jean de Luz, Calais Fishermen (1857) ; Fortress of Sa- vona, Castle of Ischia (1858) ; On Coast of Brittany, Maltese Xebec on Bocks, Brodick Castle (1859) ; Angers, Vesuvius, Outward Bound (1860); Capture of Smuggled Goods, Homeward Bound (1861); Stack Rock, Race of Ramsay, Nieuwe Diep, Coast of Norman- dy, Coast of Brittany (1862); Coast of Cala- bria, The Defence and her Prize on Morning after Trafalgar, Oude Scheldt, Shakespeare's Cliff— Dover, Worms Head— Bristol Chan- nel (1863) ; Mew Stone— Plymouth Sound, War, Peace, On the HoUands Diep (1864) ; Bass Rock, Vale of Narni (1865) ; Tintagel
Evening Bell, Night in Venice, Schack Gal- lery, ib.— Regnet, ii. 277 ; Kuust-Chronik, xvi. 166.
STANHOPE, R SPENCER, born in Eng- land ; contemporary. Belongs to Pre-Raph- aelite school ; paints highly elaborated dec- orative pictures akin in style to early Flor- entine art. Lives in Florence (1884). Works : Flight into Egypt (1862) ; Rizpah (1863) ; The Mill, Beauty and the Beast (1865); Footsteps of the Flock (1868); Rape of Proserpine (1869) ; Eve Tempted, Love and the Maiden, Banks of the Styx (1877) ; The Shulamite, Cupid and Psyche (1878) ; Waters of Lethe (1880) ; Autumn (1881) ; The Shulamite (1882); Charon and Psyche (1883) ; Patience on a Monument (1884) ; Birth of Venus (1885) ; Why seek ye the Living among the Dead ? (1886).
STAN/IONI, MASSIMO, Cavaliere, born in Naples in 1585, died there in 1656. Ne- apolitan school ; pupil in Naples of Fabrizio
Castle, Pic du Midi d'Ossaiu — Pyrenees . Santafede, of Caracciolo, and Corenzio ; af- (1866); Skirmish off Heligoland (1867, his ; terwards studied in Rome works of Anni- last work). — Art Journal (1857), 137 ; (1867), bale Carracci and of Guido, and succeeded 171 ; Portfolio (1879), 124, 135 ; Gentle- in imitating the colouring of the latter so
man's Mag., July, 1867 ; Sandby, ii. 149.
STANGE, BERNHARD, born in Dres- den, July 24, 1807, died at Sindelsdorf, Oct. 10, 1880. Landscape painter, pupil of Rott- mann in Munich in 1830 ; also influenced by Rahl. Visited Venice iu 1849 ; in his latter yeai-s lived as a farmer in the coun- try. Deep feeling for the poetry of nature and history pervades his pictures. Order of St. Michael in 1858. Works : Morning Bell (20 replicas) ; Evening in the Alps (1835) ; Alpine Valley (1837) ; Mountain Valley at Twilight (1838); Autumn Evening on Lake (1841) ; Celebration of German Union (1849) ; Moonlight (1851), Hamburg Gallery ; Foundation of Venice — Morning ; Arrival of Admirals after Battle of Lepan- to — Noon ; Singers on the Canal — Night (1854-57), Queen Victoria ; Ships in Gulf of Venice (1853), Evening from Tower Win- dow, Burial of Doge (1852), Moonlight Land-
well that he was called Guido Reni di Na- poli. His reputation won him the enmity of Spagnoletto, who persecuted him bitterly. Works : Lucretia, Naples Museum ; Cleo- patra, Palazzo Cassaro, Naples ; Deposition of Christ, over entrance inside Church of S. Murtino, Naples ; St. Sebastian, Louvre ; Madonna, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Lanzi, ii. 38 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole napolitaiue ; Lavice, 223.
STAPLEAUX, MICHEL GHISLAIN, born in Brussels, June 26, 1799, died in 1881. History and portrait painter, pupil of David ; won grand prizes in Antwerp (1822), Brussels (1823), and The Hague (1829), and became professor iu the Brus- sels Academy. Works: Return of Prodi- gal Son, Prague Gallery ; Death of Cleo- patra ; Napoleon at St. Helena ; many por- traits of princely personages. — Irnmerzeel, iii. 108.
817
STAKKENBOEGH
STAEKENBORGH, JACOBUS NICO- LAAS, Baron TJAEDA VAN, born at Wehe, GrOniugen, in 1822. Landscape painter, self-taught ; studied old Dutch masters un- til 1819, when he visited America. Settled in Diisseldorf iu 1852, whence he made sketching tours to Thuringia, Switzerland, and England. Member of Amsterdam Acad- emy. Medals: The Hague, 1857, Lyons, 1865. Works : Invitation to Kirmess ; Har- vest ; Water Mill.— Mtiller, 502.
STAR OP EMPIRE, Emanuel Leutze, Capitol at Washington ; mural painting on staircase landing, House of Representatives. "Westward the star of empire takes its way." Represents an emigrant train cross- the Rocky Mountains. Painted in 18 — , for $20,000.
STARK, JOSEF (AUGUST), born at Gratz, Styria, March G, 1782, died there, July 23, 1838. History and portrait paint- er, pupil of Vienna Academy under Maurer, then under Caucig and Lampi ; became di- rector of the Gratz Academy in 1817, and of the newly erected gallery in 1819. Vis- ited Italy in 1817 and 182C. Works : Su- sanna at the Bath (1816) ; Maximilian I. on the Martin Wall, Magdalen iu the Des- ert (1826) ; Cimon taking his Father's Place in Prison (1828) ; Hylas and the Nymphs (1832) ; Baumkirclmer defending the Neu- stadt Gate at Gratz in 1452, Venus, Count Attems, Gratz ; St. John the Baptist, Chapel of the Joaimeum, ib. ; Christ bearing the Cross, City Parish Church, ib. ; Christ in the Temple, Chapel of the former Ferdinan- deum, ib.— Hormayr's Archiv (1822), 696 ; (1823), 724 ; (1827), 179 ; Wurzbach, xxxvi. 217.
STARNINA, GHERARDO, born in Flor- ence in 1354 (?), died there in 1408 (?). Florentine school ; pupil of Antonio Vene- ziano, with whom he spent some years ; set- tled in Florence, where, in spite of rude manners and a hot temper, he found pat- rons. In 1378 he became involved in the disturbances of the Ciompi, and fled for his life to Spain, where he acquired wealth in
the exercise of his art. In 1387 he was again in Florence and took the freedom of the painters' company, appearing as Gherar- do d' Jacopo Starna. He was painting there in 1406, after which there is no trace of him. None of the pictures attributed to him by Vasari remain, though some of the frescos in the Chapel of the Duomo at Prato, a se- ries completed by Antonio Vite, the pupil of Stamina, may be his work. — C. & C., Italy, i. 493 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 177 ; ed. Mil., ii. 5 ; Burckhardt, 491, 497.
STARVATION COVE (Bai des Todes, Bay of Death), Julius von Payer ; canvas, H. 12 ft. x 14 ft. The final scene in Sir John Franklin's Polar expedition ; one of a series of four pictures projected by the painter. Seven of the last survivors lie dead in their boat, which is seen in its whole length in the moonlight ; Captain Crozier, the only living one, bareheaded and musket in hand, is leaning forward fixedly watching a bear, whose head is seen at right watch- ing the corpses ; in the distance, two other bears ; at left, an expanse of ice. Painted in 1883.— London Times, Jan. 29, 1884; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 110, 123, 157 ; xx. 335 ; Allgem. K. C., viii. 601.
STATTLER, ALBERT CORNEL, born in Cracow in 1800, died in Rome after 1870. History and portrait painter, pupil of Lampi in Vienna, and in 1817 of St. Luke's Academy in Rome, where he was in- fluenced by Canova and Thorwaldsen, later by Overbeck, Joseph Hyzler, and Joseph Craffonara. Painted portraits of Czartory- ski family in Vienna ; became professor in Cracow in 1831 ; soon after 1850 settled in Rome. Gold medal, Paris, 1844. Works : Moses on Mt. Sinai, Abel, Holy Family, St. Joachim with SS. Anna and Mary, Cracow ; Maccabees ; Madonna and Angels ; Madon- na di Neve ; Crucifixion ; Baptism of Christ ; Madonna surrounded by Angels ; Holy Family (1870); and many portraits. — Wurz- bach, xxxvii. 242.
STAVEREN, JOHAN ADRIAENSZ VAN, born at Leyden, died there after 1668.
218
STEARNS
Dutch school ; genre painter, painted her- mits, old men and women, in a highly fin- ished style like that of Gerard Dou, whom he closely imitated. Works : Scholar in his Study, Louvre, Paris ; Hermit, Old Man in Prayer, Schoolmaster, Amsterdam Museum ; St. Jerome Praying (1690), Copenhagen Gallery ; St. Francis in his Hermitage, Ol-
denburg Gallery; Herring Seller, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 412.
STEARNS, JUNIUS BRUTUS, bora in Burlington, Vt., in 1810, died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 16, 1885. Portrait and figure painter. Elected N. A. in 1849. Works: Washington as a Soldier, a Statesman, a Farmer, and In Death (4 pictures), formerly in Abbott Collection in Spingler Institute, New York.
STEELL, GOURLAY, born in Edinburgh ; contemporary. Animal painter, younger brother of Sir John Steell the sculptor. Exhibits at the Royal Academy, London, and at the Royal Scottish Academy, Edin- burgh, of which he is a member. He was appointed, after the death of Landseer in 1873, animal painter in Scotland to the Queen. Several of his pictures have been engraved.
STEEN, JAN, born in Leyden in 1626, died there, bur- ied Feb. 3, 1679. Dutch school; genre painter, pu- pil at Utrecht of Nicolas Knupfer, and at the Hague of Jan van Goyen, whose daughter he married in 1649 ; developed under the influence of Frans Hals and Adri- aan van Ostade. Lived for some time in Haarlem before 1648, when received into the guild of Leydeii ; went to The Hague
in 1649, lived there until 1653, then again at Leyden until 1658 or 1659. Said to have kept a brewery at Delft, where he lived for a short time, probably between 1650 and 1G52. At various times from 1661 to 1669 he resided at Haarlem, in constant difficul- ties with creditors. Probably after his fa- ther's death, in 1669, he returned to Leyden, where, in 1672, he applied for a license to keep a tavern. His first wife having died in Haarlem in 1669, he married a widow, Maritje Herculens, in 1673. He standsfore- most among the greatest Dutch painters of familiar life, which ho illustrated with rare mastery, lashing the follies and vices of his day with keen satire. Works : Music Mas- ter, National Gallery, London ; Girl with Spaniel (1663), Party of Eleven at Cards and Music, Country People in Tavern, Twelfth Night, Riotous Mirth before an Inn, Four Men and a Woman at Cards, Buckingham Palace, ib. ; Fishmonger, School Room, Bridgewater Gallery, ib.; Jovial Party in Ale-House, Playing at Skittles, Lord Ash- burton, ib.; The Glutton (1661), A Christen- ing, Merry Party by Village Inn, Mr. Hope, ib.; Family Scene, Interior, Love in the Country, three others, Mr. Munro, ib. ; Wedding, Painter singing to his Lute, Phy- sician writing Prescription, School Boys playing Tricks (1672), four others, Mr. Ba- ring, ib.; Physician feeling Pulse of a Girl, Family taking Advantage of Mother's Nap, two companion pictures witli Riotous Par- ties, Apsley House, ib. ; Bad Company, Feast in a Tavern (1674), Louvre, Paris ; Benedic- ite, Comte Henri de Greffulhe, Paris ; Art- ist's Portrait, Return from Festival, Woman Scouring, A Baker, A Quack (2), St. Nicho- las's Day, Game of Tric-Trac, Peasant Wed- ding (1672), Banquet, The Dupe, Dancing Lesson, Jolly Inmates (1668), Sick Lady, Drinking Couple, Family Scene, Orgie, Van der Hoop Museum, Amsterdam ; Eating Oysters, Wedding (1653), Six Collection, ib. ; Artist courting Maritje Herculens, Physician feeling Lady's Pulse, Prodigal Son, Van Loon Collection, ib.; St. Nicholas's Day,
-'HI
STEENWYCK
Surgical Operation, Tobias healing his Fa- ther, Old Man Cutting Pen, Rotterdam Muse- um ; Dentist, Menagerie (1660), Sick-Room, similar subject, Steen's Family, The Inn, Hague Museum ; St. Nicholas's Day, Sur- gical Operation, Rotterdam Museum ; do., Twelfth Night, Gallant Proposal, Rhetori- cians, Museum, Brussels ; Marriage of Cana, Arenberg Gallery, ib. ; Samson insulted by Philistines, Country Wedding, Antwerp Mu- seum ; Artist's Portrait, Suermondt Muse- um, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Philosopher Reading, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Jan Steen in a Tav- ern Garden, Quarrel at Play, Frivolous Par- ty, Berlin Museum ; Wedding Contract, Merry Party, Brunswick Museum ; Tavern Garden, Carlsnihe Gallery ; Feast of the Bean, Tavern Scene, Cassel Gallery ; Miser surprised by Death, Triumphal Entry of Saul into Jerusalem (1671), Copenhagen Gallery ; Morning after Wedding, Gallery, Dessau ; Boy and Dog, Old Woman and Dog, Amalienstift, ib. ; Marriage at Cana, Woman feeding Child, Expulsion of Hagar, Dresden Museum ; Moses striking the Rock, Man joking with Servant Girl, Alchemist, Fish Market at Leyden, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Jolly Company, Gotha Museum ; Peasants in a Landscape, Interior with mer- ry Peasants, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Coveted Tid-Bits, Konigsberg Museum ; Quarrel be- tween Card Players (1664), Doctor's Visit, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Music Assembly in Open Air, Oldenburg Gallery ; Lovesick Maiden, Tavern Scene, Schwerin Gallery ; Peasant Wedding, Dutch Interior (1G63), Museum, Vienna ; Devotee, Baron Roths- child, ib.; Peasant Party, Schonborn Gal- lery, ib.; Esther and Ahasuerus, Doctor's Visit, Musical Entertainment in a Garden, Game of Tric-Trac (1667), Tavern Scene, Wedding, Gouty Old Man, The Drinkers, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Young Violin- ist, Peasants at Table, Uffizi, Florence ; The Old Rat comes to the Trap at last, Dutch Kirmess, Metropolitan Museum, New York. — Ch. Blanc, £cole hollandaise ; Bode, Stu- dien, 193 ; Burger, Musees, i. 104, 252 ; ii.
107, 262 ; Dohme, lii. ; Gower, Figure Paint- ers, 49 ; Graph. K, iii. 28 ; Immerzeel, iii. 110; Kramm, v. 1562; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 401 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 267, 283, 574 ; Nederlandsche Kunstbode (1881),
225; EieSe1' Bei- trage, ii. 326 ; Wed- more, Masters of Genre Painting, 106 ; Westrheene, Jan Steen (Hague, 1856); Zeit- schr. f. b. K, iii. 190 ; v. 228 ; viii. 353 ; xiv. 253, 315, 343.
STEENWYCK, HENDRIK VAN, the elder, born at Steenwyck about 1550, died at Frankfort in 1604. Flemish school ; ar- chitecture painter, pupil of Jan Fredeman de Vries ; master at Antwerp in 1577. Went to Germany in 1579. Painted chiefly church interiors, generally with figures by some of the Francken family. The first to repre- sent the effect of the light of torches and tapers on architectural forms. Works : Vesti- bule Interior, National Gallery, London ; Il- luminated Cathedral, Amsterdam Museum ; Buildings, Hague Museum ; Interior of St. Peter's at Louvain, Brussels Museum ; A Market (1598), Brunswick Gallery ; Court- Yard of a Palace (1588), Amalienstift, Des- sau ; Interior of Aix-la-Chapelle Cathedral (1573), Schleissheim Gallery ; Liberation of St. Peter (1604), Gothic Church Interior, Vi- enna Museum ; Prison of St. John the Bap- tist, Uffizi, Florence ; others in Aschaffen- burg (2), Cassel (5), Christiania, St. Peters-
Hetir.V.
burg (3), and Stuttgart Galleries. — Kramm, v. 1568 ; Michiels, vi. 203 ; Riegel, Bei- trage, ii. 34 ; Siret (1883), ii. 294.
STEENWYCK, HENDRIK VAN, the younger, born in Amsterdam (?) or in Frank- foi-t about 1580, died in London, after 1649. Flemish school ; architecture painter, son
330
STEFANO
and pupil of Hendrik van Steenwyck the el- der ; fellow scholar with Pieter Neefs. Paint- ed architectural backgrounds for many of Van Dyck's pictures. Worked first nt Antwerp ; after 1629 in England, when Charles I. ordered several pictures from him. Works : Christ be- fore the High Priest, Peter's Denial, Ma- drid Museum ; Jesus with Martha and Mary (1620), four Church Interiors, Louvre, Paris ; View of a Public Square (1614), Hague Mu- seum ; Interior by Candle-Light, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Liberation of Peter (2), Gothic Church Interior, Bruns- wick Gallery ; A Prison (1649), Berlin Mu- seum ; Liberation of Peter (2, one dated 1631), Darmstadt Museum ; Terrace before Vestibule of Renaissance Building (1618), Leipsic Museum ; Italian Palace (1623), In- terior of Sacristy (1634), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Interior of Renaissance Palace (1611), three others, Schwerin Gallery ; three Church Interiors (1609, 1611, 1614), Hall of Castle (1637), Dresden Gallery ; Liberation of Peter (1621, 1633), Church Interior, do. (1605), Vienna Museum ; Gothic Church Interior, Copenhagen Gal- lery ; do., Gotha Museum ; St. Peter in Prison, Church Interior, and others, Hamp-
ton Court. — Ch. Blanc, l5cole flamande ; Kramm, v. 1568 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 35, 73 ; Siret (1883), ii. 294.
STEFANO DA FERRARA, born in Fer- rara in 14 — , died there, Jan. 17, 1500. Lombard school ; real name probably Ste- fano Falzagalloni ; pupil of Squarcione. His decorations of a chapel in S. Antonio,
Padua, mentioned in 1445 by Michele Sa- vonarola as a marvel of art, were destroyed in 1500. He also painted the Madonna del Pilastro on one of the pillars of the same church. Two pictures attributed to him in Brera, Milan : one, Madonna with Saints, is in the manner of Turn ; the other, Madonna Enthroned between Saints, is rather attrib- utable to Rondinello.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 528; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., v. 179 ; ed. Mil., iii. 407 ; Lanzi, iii. 189 ; Ch. Blanc, tfcole ferraraise.
STEFANO DI GIOVANNI, first half of 15th century. Sienese school ; commonly known as Sassetta. He imitated the formal arrangement, painful minuteness of out- lines, and the softer curves of draperies which distinguish Ugolino and Segua. The Birth of the Virgin, in the sacristy of the Duomo at Asciano, the Madonna with Saints (1436), in the Osservanza outside Siena, and a similar one, in S. Domenico, Cortona, are by him.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 74.
STEFANO DA VERONA. See Stefano da Zevio.
STEFANO DA ZEVIO, the elder, flour- ished in latter part of 14th century. Veron- ese school ; painted frescos in the choir of tli e Basilica of S. Zevio, Verona ; Crucifixion, near the door of the sacristy there ; Madonna Enthroned (fresco), over an altar in the church at Illasi. — Bernascoui, 220.
STEFANO DA ZEVIO, the younger, born at Zevio, near Verona, in 1393, died in 1450. Veronese school ; called also Ste- fano da Verona. He was the contemporary and perhaps pupil of Vittor Pisano, but he was far from equalling him in grace, draw- ing, and expression. He is praised by Va- sari, but the examples he has left show that he followed in the beaten track of the min- iaturists, and cared more for minute finish than for drawing and modelling. Works : Fresco, Madonna and Saints, Casa Sona, Verona ; Prophets, etc., over small door, S. Eufemia, Verona ; Adoration of the Magi (1435), Brera, Milan.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 458 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vi. 86 ; Lanzi, ii. 88 ; Bernasconi, 226.
sti
STEFFAN
STEFFAN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED, born at Wiidenswyl, Switzerland, Dec. 13, 1815. Landscape painter, pupil of the Mu- nich Academy under Cornelius, after study- ing lithography. Devoted himself to land- scape in 1841, taking Kottmann for model. Made excursions to Bavarian and Swiss Alps, Upper Italy, and with Friedrich Voltz to Par- is. Medals in Berne and Vienna. Works : Woodland near Berchtesgaden, two others, Basle Museum ; View near Meiringen (1852), Approaching Storm in Canton Glarus, Berne Museum ; Autumn Morning, View on Brienz Lake, St. Gall Museum ; Mountain Brook, Zu- rich Gallery ; Reichenbach Fall (1853) ; Among Higher Alps, NewPinakothek, Munich ; Four Seasons in four Swiss Landscapes (1857) ; View on Vierwaldstatter Lake (1860) ; Moun- tain Brook ; Chillon on Lake of Geneva (1862); Waterfall in Norway, Provinzial Mu- seum, Hanover ; Autumn in South Germany (1864), Konigsberg Museum ; Valley of the Elm in Canton Glarus (1865) ; View in Ba- varian Highlands (1866) Leipsic Museum ; Rocky Gorge of Aare (1870) ; Gmunden Lake (1873) ; Heights of Brienz Lake (1877) ; Autumn Day in St. Gallen Alps (1878), Dresden Gallery ; View of Ramsau (1879) ; Ravine and Torrent on Glarner Alp, Waterfall after Storm (1882) ; Gorge at Ro- senlaui Glacier (1885).— Miiller, 503 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 853.
STEFFECK, KARL, born in Berlin, April 4, 1818. Ani- mal painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Krtiger and Begas, of Delaroche in Paris in 1839, and studied in Italy in 1840-42. Be- gan with animal pict- ures, but soon com- bined history and genre with them ; paints also good portraits, especially eques- trian. Director of Konigsberg Academy since 1880. Member of Berlin and Vienna Academies. Medals : Berlin, Paris, 3d class,
1855, and Philadelphia ; L. of Honour, 1878 ; Prussian Crown Order, 2d class, 1885. Works: Godfrey of Bouillon rescuing Hermit from Bear (1838) ; Span of Buffaloes (1849), Kon- igsberg Museum ; Capture of a Standard by Margrave Albrecht Achilles (1848), Span- iels fighting for Sun-Shade (1850), Mare with Colts (1877), National Gallery, Berlin ; Horse Pond ; Dead Colt ; Hare, Fox on the Watch (1859) ; Work Horses (1860) ; Catch- ing Wild Horses ; King Wilhelm at Sadowa (1867), Royal Palace, Berlin ; Scene in An- teroom, Ravene Gallery, ib. ; String of Horses (1872) ; Racing (1874) ; Gypsy Boy riding through a Wood (1876); Stag Hunt in Grii- newald, Meet, Stettin Museum ; Portraits of Emperor Wilhelm, Crown Prince, and Field Marshal Manteuffel. In fresco : Epi- sode after Battle of Sedan (1884), Arsenal, Berlin. — Andresen, v. 104 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 220; Muller, 504; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 886 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 289 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1876), ii. 197 ; Leixner, Mod. K, ii. 115 ; Land und Meer (1883), ii. 260. STEINBRUCK, EDUARD, bom at Mag- deburg, May 3, 1803, died at Landeck, Si- lesia, Feb. 3, 1882. History and genre painter, pupil of Wach in Berlin in 1822- 29 ; went to Diisseldorf in 1829, then to Rome, and returned to Berlin in 1833. Af- ter a long residence in Dttsseldorf, settled in Berlin in 1846, but retired to Landeck, Silesia, in 1876. Member of Berlin Acad- emy in 1841 ; professor in 1854. Works : Expulsion from Paradise, Angel at the Gate of Heaven (1825); Hagar in the Desert (1829); Roman Woman hunting as a Nymph ; Ma- donna and Child ; Children Bathing (1834), Mary among the Elves (1840), National Gal- lery, Berlin ; replica of latter, Raczynski Gallery, ib.; St. Genevieve (1835), Darm- stadt Museum ; Thisbe listening at the Wall (1836) ; Red Riding Hood and Wolf ; Adoration of Shepherds and Kings ; Undine (1839) ; Elfin Dance (1842) ; Parable of the Sower (1842); Lord's Supper (1844); Christ on the Cross, Entombment, St. Jacob's, Magdeburg ; Adoration of Shepherds, Hed-
222
STEIXER
wig Church, Berlin ; Episode in Magde- burg's Destruction ; Hylas carried off by Nymphs ; Guardian Angel and Water- Sprites (1870) ; Lorelei, Rilbezahl (1872) ; Erl-King's Daughters (1874). In fresco : Ceiling Medallions, New Museum, Berlin ; Resurrection, Angels, Chapel of Palace, ib. ; Christ on Mount of Olives, Church of Peace, Potsdam.— MUller, 504 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 222 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 51 ; Wolfg. MttUer, Dttsseldf. K, 186 ; Wiegmann, 144.
STEINER, JOHANN NEPOMUK, born at Iglau, Moravia, May 16, 1725, died in Vi- enna in 1792. German school ; history and portrait painter, self-taught ; went to Rome, where he took Raphael Mengs for his model. In 1751 visited Venice ; then lived in Iglau, j until the Empress Maria Theresa called him to Vienna as court painter about 1755. Member of Academy in 1767. Works : Death of St. James ; St. Aloysius, Ignatius Loyola, Martyrdom of Stephen ; St. Joseph, A Chemist, Vienna Academy. Portraits of Maria Theresa, Joseph II., Prince Kau- nitz, Field-Marshal Loudon, the Poet Me- tastasio. Fresco paintings in different churches. — Wurzbach, xxxviii. 69 ; Nagler, xvii. 286.
STEINFELD, FRANZ, born in Vienna, May 26, 1787, died at Pisek, Bohemia, Nov. 3, 1868. Landscape painter, pupil of his father and of Prokop in sculpture, then of Vienna Academy in painting. Appointed chamber painter by Archduke Anton in 1815 ; became corrector at Vienna Academy in 1837, professor in 1838. Travelled much in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Holland, Belgium, and France. Gold medal in 1848. His style sometimes recalls Ruis- dael. He probably painted about 800 pict- ures. Works : Rocky Landscape near Ba- den (1820); Hallstadt Lake (1834); Swampy Wood and Deserted Mill (1846), Vienna Museum ; Day-Break (1847) ; Gastein 44 Years ago (1857). — Wurzbach, xxxviii. 81 ; Kunst-Chronik, iv. 84 ; Nagler, xvii. 288.
STEINFURTH, HERMANN, born in Hamburg in 1824, died there, Feb. 7, 1880.
History and portrait painter, pupil in Dlls- seldorf of Karl Sohn, and of the Academy under Schadow in 1845-52 ; returned to Ddsseldorf after having visited Italy, and settled in Hamburg. Works : Entombment (1844) ; Education of Jupiter (1846), Co- logne Museum ; Abduction of Hylas (1847) ; Resurrection of Christ, Peter, Paul, St. Pe- ter's, Hamburg ; Diana sur prised by Actse- on (1847), Tithonus abducted by Eos, Tar- tarus, Bacchantes, Portraits of Hermann Kauffmann, Ludwig Kuaus, of himself, and three others, Kunsthalle, ib. — Kuust-Chro- nik, xv. 386 ; Graph. K., ii. 60.
STEINHAUSEN, WILHELM, born at Sorau, Feb. 2, 1846. History painter and illustrator, pupil of Berlin Academy in 1863 -66, and of Carlsruhe Art School until 1869. Resided in Berlin ; spent a year in Rome, and settled in Frankfort in 1876 ; illustrates especially religious subjects. Works: Pe- ter's Deliverance from Prison ; History of the Birth of Our Lord (1872) ; Labourer in the Vineyard (1881). In fresco : Decora- tions of Ravenstein House, Frankfort. — M(U- ler, 505.
STEINHAUSER, PAULINE, n6e Frank, died in 18 1C. History painter, wife of the sculptor Karl Steiuhiiuser. Works : Queen Esther, Schloss Bellevue, Berlin ; Iphigenia, Fhiulein von Waldenburg, ib. ; Christ and the Woman of Samaria, Infant St. John (1846), Archangel Michael, Schwerin Gnl- lery ; Genius of the Vine (1848) ; Madonna (1862).— Cotta's Kuustbl., 1848; D. Kuust- bl., 1857 ; Dioskuren, 1802.
STEINHEIL, LOUIS CHARLES AU- GUSTE, born at Strasburg, June 26, 1814, died in Paris in May, 1885. Genre, portrait, and flower painter, pupil of Decaisne. Has latterly devoted himself to glass painting and church decoration. Medals : 3d class, 1847 ; 2d class, 1848 ; 3d class, 1851 ; L. of Honour, 1860. Works : Consolations, Le- onora (1836) ; Young Virgin presented to Christ (1840) ; St. Philomena (1841) ; Ma- terfamilias, My Finger told me so (1845) ; Fruit and Wine, Interior (1846) ; Mother
SS3
STEINICKE
(1847), Nantes Museum ; Soap - Bubbles (1847); Young Mother, Morning (1848) ; Woman and her Child, Gillyflowers (1849). — Larousse ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 589.
STEINICKE, HEINKICH, born at Leer, East Friesland, May 5, 1825. Landscape painter, pupil of Hanover Polytechnic School ; then studied at The Hague, and since 1852 in Diisseldorf ; has made frequent sketch- ing tours to Holland, Norway, Bavaria, Aus- tria, Switzerland, and Italy. Works : Fjord in Norway (1855) ; Chiem Lake, Bavarian Mountain Landscape (1858), Stettin Muse- um ; Ober Lake (1859), Courtray Museum ; Approaching Storm (1860) ; Evening in Mountains (1862), Emperor Wilhekn ; Even- ing on the Heath (1864), Provinzial Muse- um, Hanover ; Noon Rest on Mountain Lake ; German Landscape. — Mtlller, 505.
STEINKOPF, GOTTLOB FRIEDRICH YON, born in Stuttgart in 1779, died there in 1861. Landscape and history painter, son and pupil of Johann Friedrich Steinkopf (1737-1825, court painter in Stuttgart in 1801). Went to Vienna in 1 799, and to Rome in 1807, where he was intimate with Koch, Schick, and Overbeck, and took Claude Lor- rain and Poussin for his models ; lived in Vienna in 1814-21, then in Stuttgart, where he became instructor at the Art School in 1829, professor in 1833, director in 1845, and retired in 1855. Honorary member of Berlin Academy in 1825, of Vienna Acad- emy in 1836. Wtirtemberg Crown Order. Works : Morning of Sacrifice (1810) ; Re- turn of Hercules from Liou Hunt (1812); Italian Vintage, Ulysses and Nausicaa (1818 -20) ; Evening in Italy (1828) ; Cleobis and Biton (1833) ; Suabian Spring (1839) ; Ely- sian Fields (1843), Stuttgart Museum ; Views near Stuttgart (1827), Villa Rosen- stein near Stuttgart. — Wurzbach, xxxviii. 106.
STEINLE, EDUARD, born in Vienna, July 2, 1810, died at Frankfort, Sept. 19, 1886. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy and of Kiipelwieser ; went in 1828 to Rome, where Overbeck arid Veit befriend-
ed him ; returned in 1834, visited Frankfort in 1837, studied fresco painting in Munich under Cornelius in 1838, settled in Frankfort in 1842, and became pro- fessor at the Stiidel In- stitute there in 1850. Next to Overbeck, with whose style he has iden- tified himself, and to Fdhrich, he is the most distinguished represent- ative of religious art in Germany. Member of Berlin, Vienna, Mu- nich, and Hanau Academies. Gold medal for art and science ; gold medal, Paris, and L. of Honour, 1855 ; Order of Leopold, 1860 ; do. of Francis Joseph, etc. Oil paint- ings : St. Luke painting the Virgin (1840), Basle Museum ; Solomon's Judgment (1840), Emperors Albrecht I. and Ferdinand HI. (1841), Romer, Frankfort ; Sibylla Tibur- tina (1848), Stiidel Gallery, ib. ; Madonna (1854), St. Leonard's, ib. ; Visitation (1841), Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; do. (1848), Carls- ruhe Gallery ; Madonna Fontana (1854), Vi- enna Museum ; Castle Ward (1854), Weimar Museum ; Madonna (1856), Speyer Cathe- dral ; St. Joseph (1859), St. Mary's, Aix-la- Chapelle ; Warder of Tower (1858), Fiddler in Tower (1862), Lorelei (1864), Adam and Eve (1867), Schack Gallery, Munich ; Ado- ration of the Cross (1885). Water-colours : Madonnas, Saints, and many biblical and religious subjects ; illustrations to German Fairy Tales (1861-74) ; do. to Dante (1835), Shakespeare (1868-72) ; do. to Wolfram von Eschenbach (1875) ; five scenes from Par- cival (1884) ; allegories, landscapes, etc. In fresco : The Eight Beatifications (1838- 40), Chapel of Castle Rheineck, Rhenish Prussia (cartoons for do., Stadel Gallery, Frankfort) ; Choir of Angels (1843-46), Co- logne Cathedral (cartoons in Carlsruhe Gal- lery) ; ceiling and wall paintings (1857-58), St. Egidius, Milnster ; scenes in History of Art and Civilization in Cologne (1860-63), Staircase, Cologne Museum ; seven pictures
224
STELLA
on Dogma of Immaculate Conception (1865), St. Mary's, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Coronation of the Virgin, Choir of Angels, Saints, etc. (1876), MUnster Cathedral ; about fifty col- oured and other cartoons (1833-79) ; two (1846, 1868), National Gallery, Berlin.— Art Journal (1865), 204 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 223 ; Graph. K., iv. 77 ; Kunst-Chronik, six. 557 ; xxii. 137 ; Wurzbach, xxxviii. 108 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 24, 54 ; Allgem. K. Chr., viii. 501 ; Schack, Meine Gemaldesammlung (1884), 86.
STELLA, FRANCOIS, born at Lyons in 1603, died in Paris, July 26, 1647. French school ; history painter, younger brother and pupil of Jacques Stella, whom he fol- lowed to Italy, returning with him to Paris in 1634. He was not the equal of Jacques, but was painter in ordinary to the king and executed works for the oratory of the queen at Saint-Germain. The Orleans Museum possesses a Holy Family, and St. John pre- senting a Cross to Infant Jesus, by him.— Mnriette, Abecedario, v. 257 ; Bellier, ii. 524 ; Jal, 1149.
STELLA, JACQUES, born at Lyons in 1595, died in Paris, April 29, 1657. French school ; his- tory painter, son of Franyois Stella (1563-1605), a Flemish artist, who left a number of able works in the churches and con- vents of Lyons;
went to Florence in 1616, was employed by Cosmo II de' Medici, and in 1623 to Rome, where he studied Raphael and the old mas- ters, and was especially attracted by Pous- sin, whom he imitated. Returned to Paris in 1634, obtained a pension through Riche- lieu, became first painter to the king, and chevalier of St. Michael (1644), and trained a number of able artists. Works : Christ receiving the Virgin in Heaven, Minerva vis- iting the Muses, Louvre ; Holy Family, An-
gers Museum ; Jesus and the Samaritan Woman, Rachel and the Messenger of Jacob, Grenoble Museum ; Madonna (2), Cavalry Charge, Havre Museum ; Adoration of Magi, Pastoral, Portrait of Artist, Lyons Museum ; Samaritan Woman, Montpellier Museum ; Assumption, Peasants' Dance, Nantes Mu- seum ; Bacchanal (2), Marriage of Virgin, Christ giving the Communion to St. Peter, Holy Family, Rouen Museum ; Holy Fam- ily, Nimes Museum ; Sunset, Montaubau Museum ; Diana and Nymphs, Infant Christ adored by Angels, Oldenburg Gallery ; An- nunciation, Holy Family, Venus and Adonis, Hermit- age, St. Petersburg ; Judg- ment of Solomon, Vienna Museum. — Mariette, Abe- cedario, v. 256 ; Em eric David, Notices historiques . . . peinture moderne (Paris, 1854) ; Bellier, ii. 524 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole franyaise ; Jal, 1149.
STEPHAN, MEISTER. See Meiater Ste- phan.
STEPHEN, ST., MARTYRDOM OF, Charles Lebrun, Louvre ; canvas, H. 13 ft. 1 in. x 10 ft. 2 in.; signed, dated 1651. St. Stephen, stoned to death by the Jews (Acts vii). He is lying on his back in the fore- ground, with hands outstretched and eyes upraised, while the rabble are stoning him ; in background, left, the walls and gate of the city ; at right, spectators ; above, God the Father, Christ, and angels with the crown and palm of martyrdom. Painted for the guild of jewellers and placed in Notre-Dame. Engraved by G. Edelinck ; E. Picart ; Gerard Audran ; Brissart ; Du- flos ; Bazin ; Gautrel ; Tardieu. — Re-veil, ii. 76.
By Tintoretto, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Venice ; canvas. The saint, in a prelate's dress, kneel- ing in foreground, the stones flying thickly about him and covering the ground ; in the middle of the picture, several men throwing stones, and behind them a confused crowd ; Paul seated on ground in front of them ;
225
STERN
above, Christ, the Father, and St. Michael. Beside Stephen is a book crushed by stones, which have torn out one of its leaves ; typi- cal of the blind rage of the Jews, who vio- lated their own law in murdering Stephen. — Euskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 303 ; Zanotto, 633. Subject treated also by Pietro da Cortona,
Martyrdom of St. Stephen, Charles Lebrun, Louvre.
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Anuibale Car- racci, Louvre, Paris ; Rubens, Valenciennes Museum; Bernardo Gaddi, S. Croce, Flor- ence ; Giulio Romano, S. Stefano, Genoa ; Domenichino, National Gallery, London ; Domenico Passignani, S. Spirito, Florence ; Albrecht Altdorfer, Maurice Chapel, Nu- remberg ; Guercino, Dresden Museum ; Al- essandro Turchi, ib. ; Ludovico Cigoli, Uf- fizi, Florence ; Bartholomeus Brunbergh, Louvre ; Eustache Lesueur, Hermitage, St.
1 Petersburg ; Eugene Delacroix (1853), Ar- ras Museum ; Alphonse Legros (1866), Av- ranches Museum ; Jean Baptiste Pierre, Marseilles Museum.
STERN, IGNAZ, called Stella, born at Ingolstadt in 1698, died in Rome in 1746. Italian school; history painter, pupil of Ci- gnani in Bologna. Resided later in Rome. Works : Madonna and Cherubim, do. and St. John, Germanic Muse- um, Nuremberg; Madonna and Child, Vienna Museum ; Annuncia- tion, Church of Annunciation, Pia- cenza ; several altarpieces, St. Eliz- abeth's, Rome.
STETTEN, KARL VON, born at Augsburg ; contemporary. History and portrait painter, pupil of Jules Lefebvre, Boulanger, Courtois, and Dagnan. Studio in Paris. Works : Death of Cleobis and Biton (1884) ; The Evening (1885) ; Portraits (1886).
STEUBEN, ALEXANDRE JO- SEPH, Baron de, born in Paris, June 22, 1814, died there, June 7, 1862. Figure and portrait painter, son and pupil of Charles de Steu- ben, and pupil of Ingres. He spent ten years in Russia, where he paint- ed for the Cathedral of St. Isaac, by order of the emperor, Jacob blessing his Children. He lived also three years in Rome. Medal, 3d class, 1840. Works: Rubens (1840); Episode of the Youth of Milton (1842); Bath at the Fountain, Wom- en of the Environs of Rome (1845). — Bel- lier, ii. 526.
STEUBEN, CHARLES, Baron de, born at Bauerbach, Baden, April 19, 1788, died in Paris, Nov. 21, 1856. French school ; history and portrait painter, son of an offi- cer in the Russian service, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy, and in Paris of Ge- rard, Robert Lefebvre, and Prudhon. Mem- ber St. Petersburg Academy, 1833. Di- rector of drawing in Paris Polytechnic
STEVAERTS
School in 1837. Resided in Russia in 1844- 54, then returned to Paris. Medal in 1819 ; L. of Honour in 1828 ; Order of Red Eagle, 1841. Works : Peter the Great in Storm on Lake Ladoga (1812), Ainieus Museum ; St. Germain giving his Property to the Poor (1819), Church of St. Germain-des-Pres ; Mercury putting Argus to Sleep, Palace of Compiegne, Tell springing from Gessler's Boat (1822), Oath on the Grfltli (1824), de- stroyed in Palais Royal in 1848 ; Episode of Youth of Peter the Great (1827), Valenci- ennes Museum ; Innocence taking Refuge with Justice, Ninon de L'Enclos giving her Library to Voltaire (1827) ; Rousseau's First Interview with Mme. de Warens ; Return from Elba; Battle of Waterloo (1835); Jeanne la Folle awaiting her Husband's Resurrection (1836), Lille Museum ; Defeat of Abderahman by Charles Martel (1838), Versailles Museum ; Esmeralda and Quasi- modo (1839), Nantes Museum ; Christ stripped of his Vestments on Calvary, Ju- dith, Napoleon with the King of Rome (1841) ; Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, Sam- son and Delilah (1843) ; Battle of Ivry, and Portraits, ceiling in Louvre ; Portraits of Charles H., Louis HI. and Carloman, Louis IV., Hugues Capet, Anne of Austria, Louis de Luxembourg, General Desaix, General Pichegru, Louis de France — Due d'Anjou, Louis de France — Due d'Orluans, Marquise de Pompadour, Versailles Museum ; As- sumption, Strasburg Cathedral ; Resurrec- tion, Joachim and Anna, Assumption, Birth of St. John Baptist, Entry of Christ into Jerusalem, Crucifixion, Virgin at the Tomb, Cathedral of St. Isaac, St. Petersburg. His wife, Mme. la baronne de Steuben (nee Eleonore Anne Trolle), born in Paris, Dec. 25, 1788, died there, Dec. 29, 1869, was a good portrait painter, pupil of her hus- band and of Robert Lefebvre. — Revue uni- ver. des Arts, iv. 286 ; L' Artiste (1843), iv. 21 ; Revue fra^aise (1856), vii. 440 ; Bel- lier, ii. 525 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch., 432.
STEVAERTS. See Palamedesz.
STEVENS, ALFRED, born in Brussels, May 11, 1828. Genre painter, pupil of the Paris Ecole des B. Arts, then in Brus- sels of Navez, and in Paris of Roque- plan ; has acquired great fame with his graceful repre- sentations of ele- gant modern inte- riors, enlivened with women's and children's figures. Medals : Brussels, 1851 ; Paris, 3d class, 1853 ; 2d class, 1855 ; 1st class, 1867, 1878 ; Order of Leopold, 1855 ; Officer, 1863, afterwards Commander ; L. of Honour, 1863 ; Officer, 1867 ; Command- er, 1878 ; Commander of Austrian Order of Francis Joseph, and of Bavarian Order of St. Michael. Works : Discouragement of Artist, Love of Gold (1853); Masquerade on Ash Wednesday (1853), Marseilles Museum ; What is called a Vagabond, First Day of Devotion, Meditation (1855) ; Consolation (1857), Raveno Gallery, Berlin ; At Home, Summer (1857) ; A Mother, The Bouquet, A Widow, News (1861); The Visit, Return from the Assembly, Innocence, Miss Fauvette, etc. (1867) ; Lady in Pink (1867), Brussels Mu- seum ; Lady in Studio (1878) ; Conversa- tion (1881), Morgan sale, New York, 1886, $3,500 ; By the Shore (1882), Seney sale, ib., 1885. In fresco : Allegories on Four Seasons, Royal Palace, Brussels. — Illustr. Zeitg. (1874), i. 203 ; (1876), ii. 269 ; (1877), i. 16 ; (1882), ii. 601 ; Larousse, xiv. 1100; Zeitschr. f. b. K., x. 310 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1878), xvii. 160, 335.
STEVENS, JOSEPH, born in Brussels in 1822. Genre and animal painter, brother of preceding; self-taught, studying in Paris; first exhibited in Brussels in 1844 ; in Paris, 1847. Medals : Paris, 2d class, 1852, 1855, 1857; Order of Leopold, 1851; Officer, 1865; L. of Honour, 1861. Works : Bitch and her Companion, The Mendicants, Faithful rather than Happy, etc. (1844-46) ; Torture
STEVER
of Tantalus (1849) ; Prisoner's Dog (1850) ; Surprise, Bull pursued by Dog (1853) ; Street in Brussels in the Morn- ing (1851), Eouen Mu- seum ; Episode in Dog- Show at Paris (1855), Brussels Museum ; Hap- py Moment, Monkey stealing Dainties (1859); Prestidigitator, Melan- cholia of First Pipe (1857); Dog and Fly (1878), etc. — Larousse, xiv. 1100 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1880), xxii. 360. STEVER, GUSTAV CURT, born in Riga, May 16, 1823, died in Diisseldorf, March 17, 1877. History and genre painter, pupil of Berlin Academy in 1847 ; went to Stock- holm in 1850 to paiut portraits for court and University of Upsala ; in 1845 studied in Paris under Couture ; settled in Hamburg in 1859, in Diisseldorf in 1865. Professor ; Mecklenburg House Order. Works : Death of the Wend King Gottschalk ; Abishag and David (1860), Schwerin Gallery ; Transfig- uration ; Adoration of the Angels ; Last Sup- per ; Page and Waiting Woman (1868) ; Resurrection (1870) ; Dutch Family Life (1871) ; Christ and Peter on the Sea (1873) ; Adam and Eve beside Abel's Body (1874) ; Jean Mabuse painting his Sleeping Child ; Adam van Noort surprising Rubens at his Private Studies ; Van Dyck at the Easel ; Noble Lady of Old Germany ; Cavalier sing- ingwithLute(1875). — Blanckarts, 131 ; Mey- er, Conv. Lex., xvii. 858 ; Kunst-Chro- nik, xii. 434 ; Zeit- schr. f. b. K, vi. 150. STEWART, JULIUS L., bom in Philadelphia ; con- temporary. Genre painter, pupil of Za- maco'is, of Girome, and of Raimundo de Madrazo. Mention honorable, Paris Salon, 1885. Works : Reading, La Maja (1878) ;
Portrait (1879) ; Summer (1882) ; Court in Cairo (1883) ; Five o'clock Tea (1884) ; Hunt Ball (1885) ; Full Speed (1886), James Gordon Bennett.
STIELER, JOSEF KARL, born in Mentz, Nov. 1, 1781, died in Munich, April 9, 1858. Portrait and history painter, pupil of Fiisel in Wiirzburg, and of Fiiger in Vi- enna. Visited Poland in 1805, and painted portraits in Warsaw and Cracow ; then stud- ied under Gerard in Paris ; went to Frankfort in 1808, to Milan in 1810, and proceeded as far as Rome. Called to Munich in 1812 to paint the royal family ; to Vienna for like purpose in 1816. Court painter in 1820. Works : Liberation of St. Leonard from Dungeon, St. Leonard's, Frankfort ; Por- traits of Goethe, Beethoven, Tieck, Hum- boldt, Schelling, Kings Max and Ludwig, of himself, his Daughter, and many others ; Gallery of Beautiful Women ; Portrait of Goethe (1828), Emperor Francis I. of Aus- tria (1817), Empress Caroline Auguste, Por- traits of Bavarian Princes and Princesses (9), Female Portrait, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Gen. Tettenborn (1815), Hamburg Gallery. — Nagler, xvii. 348.
STILHEID. See Lin.
STILKE, HERMANN, born in Berlin, Jan. 29, 1803, died there, Sept. 22, 1860. History painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Kolbe. In 1821 went to Munich, then to Diisseldorf with Cornelius to learn fresco. After working in Coblentz and Mu- nich, visited Italy in 1827, and returned in 1833 to Diisseldorf to join Schadow. Was employed in the Castle of Stolzenfels in 1842-46, and from 1850 resided in Berlin. Professor in 1854. Works : Crusaders' Watch (1834) ; St. George and Angel ; Sons of Edward IV., National Gallery, Berlin ; Pilgrims in the Desert (1834), Raczynski Gallery, ib. ; Maid of Orleans (1837) ; Last Christians in Syria (1841), Konigsberg Mu- seum ; Tristan and Isolde ; Judith and Hol- ofernes ; Amazons ; Last Judgment (with Sturmer), Hall of Assizes, Coblentz. In fresco : Six Virtues of Chivalry (1842-46),
243
STILLMAN
|
Castle of Stolzenfels ; Royal Palace, ] Theatre, Dessau. His wife, Hermir Peipers, 1808-69), was a land- scape and flower painter. — Jor- , dan (1885), ii. 224 ; Wolfg. /. |
3erli e (u IA |
D ; ee s |
|
rsl |
Mttller, Diisseldf. K, 78; Wiegmann, 155.
STILLMAN, MARIE SPARTALI; con- temporary. Daughter of a Greek merchant of London, and wife of W. J. Stillman. Sub- ject painter, pupil of Ford Madox Brown. Exhibits at Grosvenor Gallery. Works : Lady Fray's Desire (1867); Christina (1868); Brewing the Love Philter (1869) ; St. Bar- bara, Mystic Tryst (1870) ; Sir Launcelot disguised as a Fool (1873) ; Moua Lisa (1875) ; Last Sight of Fiammetta (1876) ; Roses and Lilies (1877) ; Gathering Orange Blossoms, Fiammetta Singing, Peusierosa (1879) ; Beatrice (1880) ; Among the Wil- lows of Tuscany, Meeting of Dante and Beatrice (1881) ; Crown of Wind Flowers, Legend of Fair Women (1882) ; Childhood of St. Cecilia (1883) ; Madonna, By a Deer Well (1884); Garland Makers (1885). —Port- folio (1870), 117.
STIMMER, TOBIAS, born at Schaffhau- sen in 1534 or 1539, died in Strasburg in 1582. German school ; painted house dec- orations at Schaffhausen, Strasburg, and Frankfort (1554), and portraits for the Mar- grave of Baden. Principal work an illus- trated Bible, which Rubens valued very highly. Portraits of Man and Wife (1564), Basle Museum ; Massacre of the Innocents, Solomon's Judgment (?), Hohenzollern Mu- seum, Sigmaringen ; Portrait of Hen- von Schuyz and his Wife, Waagen Collection, Munich.— Kugler (Crowe), i. 270 ; WTolt- mann, D. Kunst im Elsass, 316.
STIRRUP CUP (La Coupe de 1 etrier), Jean Louis Ernest Mtdssonier, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart., Hertford House, London. Two cavaliers have stopped in front of an inn, at right ; one, mounted on a white horse, is drinking, while the other receives a glass from a man-servant. Painted in 1865 ; purchased by Marquis of Hertford
at Prince Paul Demidoff sale, Paris (1868). Never engraved.
By Jean Louis Ernest Hfrixgonier, Sir Richard Wallace, London. Called La halte (The Halt). Three cavaliers, mounted re- spectively on a white, a bay, and a black horse, have stopped in front of an inn, in the door of which stand a man, smoking a pipe, and a child ; the cavalier at left is drinking, while a maid-servant offers the second one a glass from a tray ; at right, a cart, fowls, and village street with figures. Painted in 1862 for the Due de Moray, and afterwards enlarged at his request ; at his sale (1865), purchased by Marquis of Hert- ford ; passed by inheritance to Sir R. Wal- lace. Etched by Flameng before the en- largement.
By Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier, J. W. Mackay, New York. Called Sans dcbrider (Without Dismounting). Two cavaliers have stopped to drink in front of the inn, and are attended by a man-servant and waiting- maid ; in background, a gallant takes his ease under shelter of the inn balcony. Painted in 1876 ; John Wilson sale, Paris (1881). Etched by Lalauze.
Meissonier has treated this or a similar subject, with one, two, or three horsemen, several times. One, called A tournebride (At the Inn), painted in 1860, represents three cavaliers served by a man-servant. Another, painted in 1862, belongs to C. F. H. Bolckow, Marton Hall, near Middles- borough, England. A third, called Halte a 1'auberge (Halt at the Inn), painted in 1864, represents a single horseman drink- ing in front of an inn, a man holding a tray, and a woman and child at the inn door to left. Pictures bearing this title are owned by William J. Stewart, Paris, and in the United States by J. H. Stebbins and D. O. Mills, New York.
STITES, JOHN RANDOLPH, bora in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1836. Landscape painter ; self-taught Has painted in Chicago, New Orleans, and New York. Works: The Grave Robbers (1870) ; The Young Natural-
STOBBAERTS
ist (1875) ; Arctic Pastime (1878) ; West Farms — Autumn Study, Thomas B. Clarke, New York ; Autumn (1880), Erwin Davis, ib.; More Snow, E. J. Chaffee, ib.; Little Runaway, Dr. John Carr, ib. ; The Veteran, Four-year-old Soldier (1884), W. H. Fal- coner, ib.; Convalescent (1882); Valencia Oranges (1884) ; An Upland Ranch, Boston Art Club.
STOBBAERTS, JEAN BAPTISTE ; con- temporary. Animal painter, settled in Ant- werp. Medal at Vienna in 1873. Works : Cattle Market ; Work and Rest ; Right of the Strongest ; Meal-Time ; Dog Shearer ; Antwerp Slaughter House ; At the Stand ; Kitchen of a Lover of Animals. — Mfiller, 507.
STOBER, FRANZ, born in Vienna in 1760, died in Speyer, Oct. 4, 1834. Land- scape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Brand. Visited the Netherlands, and settled in Speyer, where Baron von Hut- ten zu Stolzenburg made him inspector of his gallery. Works : Falls of the Rhine at Schaffliausen ; Ruins of St. Jacob's Church in Speyer (1787), Vienna Museum. — Wurz- bach, xxxix. 74 ; Nagler, xvii. 382.
STOCKLER, EMANUEL, born at Nik- olsburg, Moravia, Dec. 24, 1819. Land- scape and genre painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Joseph MOssmer and Thomas Euder. Travelled in Italy and the Orient ; appointed court painter in Russia ; visited Venice in 1878. Francis Joseph Order in 1879. Works : Hall of the Assunta ; Baptistery of St. Mark's ; Ruins of Palace of Belisarius in Constan- tinople (1849), Vienna Museum ; Rococo Lady ; Page ; Girl sewing Wedding Dress, Madonna della Salute — Venice, Emperor of Austria ; Duino near Trieste (1852) ; To- phana in Constantinople (1855) ; In Mon- tenegro (1869) ; and many water-colours. — Allgem. Kunst-Chrouik, is. 166 ; Wurzbach, xxxix. 100.
STOHL, HEINRICH, born in Vienna in 1826. Landscape, architecture, and genre painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, then
studied in Munich. Visited Bohemia, Up- per Austria, Munich, and Upper Italy. Suc- cessful in oil, but most of his pictures are water-colours in the possession of the Austrian imperial family and aristocracy. Works: Antechamber in Doge's Palace (1854); Interior of San Marco (1855) ; Portal of St. Zeno's in Verona (1856) ; Room from Golden Age of Venice (1858) ; Market in North Italy (1862); etc.— Wurzbach, xxxix. 130.
STOLTENBERG-LERCHE, VINCENT, born at Tonsberg, Norway, Sept. 5, 1837. Genre and interior painter, pupil of Dfis- seldorf Academy, then studied for some time in Venice. Visited the Rhine countries, Holland, France, and Scandinavia. Works : Interior of St. Lambertus in Ddsseldorf (1862) ; Studio of Monk Painter ; Sacristy of St. Gereon in Cologne ; Cloister near Bornhofen ; Interior of Carmelite Church at Boppard ; Cloister of Kanep ; Repast in Monastery ; Beggars in Monastery ; Infal- lible Bowl (1870); Convent Library (1872) ; Collection Day at Monastery (1873), Chris- tiania Gallery ; Visit of a Cardinal at Mon- astery ; Tavern in Cologne at Time of Oc- cupation by the French (1880) ; Dinner at Mtlnchausen's (1882). — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xx. 627 ; Miiller, 333 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1882), i. 407.
STONE, FRANK, born in Manchester, Aug. 22, 1800, died in London, Nov. 18, 1859. Genre painter, self-taught ; went to London in 1831 ; joined the old Water Col- our Society in 1832 ; exhibited at Royal Academy in 1837, and afterwards painted mostly in oil-colours. Elected an A.R.A. in 1851. In 1856 he visited the French coast, and afterwards painted many French subjects. Works : Legend of Montrose (1840) ; Philip van Artevelde, Prince Charles and the Infanta (1841) ; The Last Appeal (1843) ; Course of True Love (1844) ; Im- pending Mate, Mated (1847) ; Christ and the Sisters of Bethany (1848) ; A Girl of Brittany, Alice (1849) ; Sympathy, Garden- er's Daughter (1850) ; Merchant of Venice
S30
STONE
(1851); Old, Old Story (1854); Bonjour — Messieurs (1857) ; Missing Boat (1858). Many of bis works are engraved. — Art Jour- nal (1856), 333 ; (I860), 9.
STONE, MARCUS, born in London, July 4, 1840. History and genre painter, son and pupil of Frank Stone ; exhibited first picture, Best, at Boyal Acad- emy in 1858 ; elected an A.R.A. in 1877. Has drawn many book illustrations. Works : Claudio accuses Hero (18G1) ; From Waterloo to Paris (1863) ; Royalists seeking Refuge in the House of a Puritan (1864) ; Stealing the Keys (1866) ; Nell Gwynne (1867) ; Interrupted Duel (1868) ; Princess Elizabeth forced to attend Mass (1869) ; Henry VHI. and Anne Boleyn (1870) ; Royal Nursery (1871) ; Edward H. and Piers Gaveston (1872) ; Le Roi est mort— Vive le Roi ! (1873) ; My Lady is a Widow and Childless (1874) ; Sain et sauf (1875) ; Appeal for Mercy (1876) ; Sacrifice (1877) ; Post Bag, Time of Roses (1878) ; In the Shade, Summer Time (1879) ; Mar- ried for Love (1881) ; Bad News (1882) ; Offer of Marriage, Asleep (1883) ; Fallen Out, Reconciled (1884) ; Gambler's Wife (1885) ; A Peace Maker (1886).— Meynell, 211 ; Art Journal (1869), 33.
STONE, WILLIAM OLIVER, born at Derby, Conn., Sept. 26, 1830, died in New- port, R. I, Sept. 15, 1875. Portrait painter, pupil of N. Jocelyn in New Haven ; re- moved to New York in 1851 ; elected an A.N.A. in 1856, and N.A. in 1859. Works : Portraits of Bishops Williams of Connecti- cut (1858),Littlejohn of Long Island (1858), and Kip of California (1859) ; Mr. Corcoran (1865) ; James Gordon Bennett (1871) ; Moses Grinnell (1871).
STONE AGE, Fernaud Cormon, St. Ger- main Museum ; canvas. Return from a bear-hunt in the Stone Age. In centre, at entrance to a rude domicile built of huge
tree-trunks, sits an aged chieftain, knife and flint axe in hand ; before him lies the car- cass of a bear, which a group of skin-clad hunters, with half-tamed wolves for dogs, have brought in ; at right, the women and children of the tribe. — Salon, 1884.
STONE-BREAKERS (Casseurs do pier- res), Gustavo Courbet, Louvre, Paria Two peasants at work beside a dusty road ; one is breaking stones with a hammer, while the other is carrying away the fragments in a wicker basket. Salon, 1851. — Gaz. des B. Arts (1878), xvii. 518 ; Century Mag. (1884), xxvii. 487.
STOOP, DIRK, born probably at Utrecht in 1610, died there in 1686. Dutch school ; painted cavalry skirmishes, hunts, seaports, and genre pieces ; son and pupil of the glass painter Willem Jansz van der Stoop ; entered guild of Utrecht in 1638 ; formed himself after Esaias van cle Velde and Jan Maris the younger ; for some time court painter at Lisbon, whence called Roderigo Stoop ; about 1662 he accompanied the In- fanta Catharine of Portugal to London ; re- turned to Utrecht in 1678. Works : Hunt- ing Party (1645), Amsterdam Museum ; Halting-Place before Inn, Haarlem Muse- um ; View of Convent near Lisbon, Hague Museum ; Halt by Hostelry, Rest by Foun- tain, Brussels Museum ; Cavalry Skirmish (1650), Berlin Museum ; Huntsmen with Dogs and Horse, Dresden Gallery ; Reunion after Hunt (1639), Copenhagen Gallery ;
Officers by their Horses, Schwerin Gallery. — Kramm, v. 1577 ; Fetis, Cat. Brussels Mu- seum, 467 ; Meyer, Gemiilde kongL Mus., 444.
STORCH, FREDERIK LUDVIG, born at Kjerte in Fiinen, July 21, 1805, died in Copenhagen, Sept. 2, 1883. Genre painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy. Went in 1832 to Munich, where he remained twenty
XII
STORELLI
years, excepting 1845-46, passed in Italy, and returned home in 1852. Professor at Copenhagen Academy. Works : Oscar's Death (1828) ; Cupid and Psyche in Boat ; Venus after Bath (1844) ; Psyche's Abduc- tion ; Elfin Dance ; Sakuntala ; King Hej- mer and Aslang ; Scenes from Scandinavian and Italian Life ; portraits ; altarpieces. — Miiller, 508 ; Weilbach, GG3 ; Kunst-Chro- nik, xviii. 728.
STORELLI, FELIX MAEIE FERDI- NAND, born in Turin, Italy, in 1778, died in Paris, June 19, 1854. Landscape and history painter, chiefly in water-colours ; pupil of Palmerius. He lived in France after 1800 ; was painter and professor of design to the Duchesse de Berry. Medal, 1st class, 1824 ; L. of Honour, 1825. Paint- ed chiefly views in France and Italy, but occasionally a figure-piece. Works : Battle of Abendsberg in 1809, Combat of Zuaim in 1809, Portrait of Marshal Schomberg, Versailles Museum ; Waterfall in Landscape, Palais de Trianon. — Bellier, ii. 527.
STORELLI, FERDINAND (MICHEL), born in Paris ; contemporary. Landscape and genre painter, chiefly in water-colours ; son and pupil of Felix Marie Ferdinand Storelli. Medal, 3d class, 1839 ; 2d class, 1840. Works : View of Chateau de Pierre- fonds (1870), Comte de Pont ; Environs of Romilly-sur-Seiue (1875) ; La fontaine La- gaurre (1877) ; The Two Brothers (1878). His son and pupil, Andre (born in Paris), who paints similar subjects, studied also under Questel and Justin Ouvrie. — Bellier, ii. 527.
STOREY, GEORGE ADOLPHUS, born in London, Jan. 7, 1834. Genre painter ; studied in Paris and in London, where he was a pupil of J. M. Leigh, and of the Roy- al Academy schools in 1853 ; exhibited in Royal Academy, Family Group (1852), Ma- donna (1853), and Holy Family (1854) ; vis- ited Spain in 1863 ; elected an A.R.A. in 1876. Works: Meeting of William Sey- mour and Arabella Stuart (1864) ; Royal Challenge (1865) ; Breakfast (1866) ; After
Whiphand (1875) ing Lesson (1876)
You! (1867); Saying Grace, Shy Pupil (1868) ; Going to School, Sister, Old Soldier, Children Fishing (1869); Duet, Only a Rabbit (1870); Rosy Cheeks (1871); Little Buttercups, Course of True Love (1872); Mistress Dorothy, Love in a Maze (1873); Grandma's Christmas Visitors (1874) ; Caught, The My Lady Belle, Dane- Old Pump Room at Bath, Judgment of Paris, Christmas Eve (1877) ; Sweet Margery (1878) ; Orphans, Lilies, Oleanders and Pinks (1879); Late for Church, Follow my Leader, Daphne (1880); Coral Necklace (1881) ; Coracles on the Dee, Out for a Walk (1882); Sunflower, Connois- seur (1883) ; Shy Lover, Peace Maker, Art and Nature (1884) ; Zeuxis and the Maid- ens of Crotona (1885) ; On Guard, Violin Player (1886).— Art Journal (1875), 173 ; Portfolio (1871), 19.
STORK (Storck), ABRAHAM, the elder, born in Amsterdam before 1650, died about 1710. Dutch school ; marine painter, pu- pil of Backhuysen ; pictures truthful and spirited, but inferior to his master's in com- position and elegance of touch. Works : View of the Dam at Amsterdam (1675), Italian Harbour, Marines (2), Amsterdam Museum ; Calm Sea, Ghent Museum ; do., and The Beach (1683), Hague Museum; Italian Port, Dutch Seaport in Winter, Rot- terdam Museum ; A Lock (1667), Gisignies Collection, Brussels ; Sea-Battle, Berlin Mu- seum ; Amsterdam Harbour (1689), Dres- den Gallery ; Stormy Sea (1686), Copen- hagen Gallery ; others in Aschaffenburg, Darmstadt, Gotha (3), Konigsberg (2), Oldenburg, Schleiss- .. . ^ . i. p
heim (2, one dated * - bTQT :K-r 1688), Schwerin.— O." / & JJ Immerzeel, iii. 116; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 505 ; Burger, Musees, ii. 309 ; De Stuers, 149.
STORY
STORY, GEORGE HENRY, born in New Haven, Conn., Jan. 23, 1835. Portrait and genre painter, pupil in New Haven of Professor Bail, and of Charles Hine, por- trait painter ; studied in Europe one year and sketched in Cuba. Elected an A.N.A. in 1875. Studio in New York. Ideal works : Echoes from the Sea (1876); Student of Nat- ure (1878) ; Young Mother (1879) ; Indian Encampment — Orchard Beach (1881); Elec- tion Returns (Smith's College), Winning Hand (1883) ; Broken Vase, Still Trusting (1884) ; Our Father who art in Heaven (1885) ; The Fishermen (1886). Portraits : Whitelaw Reid, Lotus Club, New York ; Governor of Villa-Clara, Villa-Clara Gal- lery, Madrid, Spain ; Mrs. Ann S. Stephens (1879).
STOTHARD, THOMAS, born in Lon- don, Aug. 17, 1755, died there, April 27, 1834. Apprenticed in 1770 to a designer for brocaded silks, then tried book il- lustration, and in 1777 entered schools of Royal Academy ; elected A.R.A. in 1791, and R.A. in 1794, and in 1810 was appointed librarian. Although best known by his book illustra- tions, of which he made upwards of 5,000, he painted some good subject pieces, the most ambitious of which is Intemperance, on the staircase of Burghley House, Northamp- tonshire. Other works : Greek Vintage, Woodland Dance, Cupid and Calypso, Di- ana and Nymphs, Cupids preparing for the ^M• J. / £—>k Chase, Myth of Nar- • V *^>*-y <*~~V cissus, Canterbury Pil- •*^ grims, National Gal-
lery. — Bray ; Life (London, 1851) ; Ch. Blanc, ficole anglaise ; Redgrave ; Sandby, ii. 303.
STOTT, WILLIAM, born at Oldham, England ; contemporary. Portrait and genre painter, pupil in Paris of Gorome. Medal,
3d class, 1882. Works: Midday Dream, Knitter (1881); Ferryman, Bathing (1882); Children's Round, Grandpa's Study (1883) ; The Two Sisters (1884); My Father and My Mother, Moonrise (1885) ; Spring Day (1886).
STOTZ, OTTO, born at Ludwigsburg, Wflrteinberg, in 1805. Animal painter, studied in Munich. Settled in Stuttgart, later in Vienna. Works : Review in Stutt- gart ; Racing at Cannstadt ; Catching Horses in Wallachia (1841), Vienna Museum ; Ara- bian full-blooded Horses (1852) ; Horses in Stable, Return from Hare Hunt (1853) ; Arab Horses in Stud at Babolua (1854) ; English Stallions, Horses from Imperial Stud at Kisbcr (1858); Horses in Stable (1870) ; etc.— Wurzbach, xxxix. 202.
STRACK, LUDWIG PHILIPP, born at Hayna, Aug. 10, 1761, died in Oldenburg, Jan. 27, 1836. Landscape painter, pupil in Cassel of Tischbein, copying chiefly Ruis- dael and Wouverman. Entered service of Duke of Oldenburg in 1783 ; returned to Cassel in 1786 ; visited Italy in 1788 ; be- came court painter iu Cassel in 1794 ; went to Eutin in 1797, and to Oldenburg in 1803. Works : Sicilian Landscape (1796), Olden- burg Gallery ; Ruins of Ancient Theatre in Taormina, Ruins of Piestum (1803) ; Land- scape with Shepherds, do. with Ruins (2), Cassel Gallery. — Nagler, xvii. 439 ; N. Necr. der D. (1836), i. 86.
STRADANUS, JAN, born at Bruges in 1523 (1530?), died at Florence in 1605. Flemish school. Real name Johannes or Hans van der Straet. History painter, first instructed by his father, then pupil of M. Franck and Pieter Aertszen ; then went to Italy, and in Rome studied especially Raph- ael and Michelangelo, vying with Daniele da Volterra and Salviati iu the execution of some pictures for the Belvedere. Called to Naples by Don Juan d'Austria, he decorated his palace with paintings, and accompanied him to Flanders, but soon returned, and settled at Florence, where he was called Giovanni della Strada, and worked con-
STRAEHUBER
jointly with Vasari in the ducal palace. After his pictures 388 engravings were made. Works : Scourging of Christ, Ban- quet of the Gods, Vienna Museum ; Christ on the Cross, and several other scenes from the Passion, S. Annunziata, Florence ; Mar- tyrdom of the Thousand Saints, San Fi- renze, ib. ; Christ and the Money Changers, S. Spirito, ib.; Scenes in Life of Christ (frescos), Oratorio S. Clemente, ib.; others in churches and palaces in Rome and Na- ples.— Immerzeel, iii. 118 ; Kramm, v. 1581 ; Nagler, xvii. 444.
STRAEHUBER, ALEXANDER, born at Mondsee, Salzkammergut, Feb. 28, 1814, died in Munich, Dec. 31, 1883. History painter, pupil of Munich Academy and of Schnorr. Executed most of Kaulbach's cartoons in colours. Professor and honor- ai-y member of Munich Academy. Works : Two Scenes from Charlemagne's Life — af- ter Schnorr's designs, Munich ; cartoons for glass windows, Glasgow and Ratisbon Ca- thedrals ; illustrations, which have done most to make him known. — Miiller, 509 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 284.
STRAET. See Stradanm.
STRAFFORD, EARL OF, portrait, An- ton van Dyck, Blenheim Palace ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 4 f t. G in. Lord Strafford, hold- ing a letter in his hand and dictating an answer to his secretary, Sir Thomas Main- waring ; seen to knees. — Waagen, Treas- ures, iii. 130.
STRAFFORD GOING TO EXECU- TION, Paul Delarochc, Duke of Sutherland ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 8 in. x 10 ft. 3 in. Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, Minister of Charles I., while being taken from the Tower of London to the place of execution (1641) stops beneath the dungeon of Arch- bishop Laud to ask his blessing. He is represented kneeling before the prison wall, with halberdiers and pikemen on each side of him, looking up to the window above, through the iron grating of which the prel- ate is putting out his hands in the act of benediction. Painted in 1835 ; Salon, 1837.
San Donato sale, in Paris (1870), 30,000 francs.
STRASSGSCHWANDTNER, ANTON, born in Vienna in 1827, died there, March 5, 1881. Genre and animal painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Steinfeld and Kupelwieser. First painted landscapes, then riding and hunting pictures, and mil- itary genre. Works : Plundering Cossacks (1847), Vienna Museum ; Uhlan Outpost (1847), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Cavalry Skir- mish (1861) ; Stone Cart (1870) ; Wallen- stein's Cavalry in Ambush (1874). — Wurz- bach, xxxix. 279.
STRASZYNSKI, LEONHARD DE, born at Tokarowka, near Kiev ; contempo- rary. History painter, pupil of Markow. Works : King Stanislaus in Baccianelli's Studio (1859) ; Wallenstein in Bohemia (1862) ; Murder of Bishop of Liege (1863).
STRATONICE, Dominique Ingres, Due d'Aumale, Chantilly ; canvas. Antiochus Soter, son of Seleucus Nicator, King of Syria, having fallen seriously ill, Erasistra- tus, the King's physician, suspecting the cause, orders the ladies of the palace to come in one by one, and discovers by the beating of his patient's heart that he is in love with his beautiful step-mother, Queen Stratonice. The King, rather than lose his son, broke the bonds which bound him to Stratonice and permitted Antiochus to mar- ry her. In the picture, Erasistratus is stand- ing beside the bed of Antiochus, with his left hand upon his patient's heart, the other slightly raised in astonishment as he gazes at Stratonice, standing at left with her face averted. King Seleucus, kneeling beside his son's couch, with his head buried in the drapery, sees nothing of the drama before him. Ordered in 1834 by Due d'OrlcSans ; finished in Rome in 1840 ; acquired in 1853 by Prince Demidoff for 63,000 francs ; sold to Due d'Aumale. Replica (1860), with changes, ComtesseDuchfitel ; another (1866), with changes, Montpellier Museum, bought from Mme. Ingres for 20,000 francs. Orig- inal sketch, Louvre, Paris. Engraved by
334
STRAUCH
Leopold Flameng (1869).— Gaz. des B. Arts (1881), xxiv. 322, 329; Cb. Blanc, Ingres, 114 ; Larousse, xiv. 1136.
Subject treated also by Gerard de Lairesse, Amsterdam Museum ; Adrien van der Werff, Louvre, Paris. — Filhol ; Landon, 2d Col., iii. 13.
Strawberry Girl, Sir Joshua Reynold:, Sir Richard Wallace, London,
STRAUCH, GEORG.born at Nuremberg, Sept. 17, 1613, died July 13, 1675. German school ; portrait and history painter, pupil of Johann Hauer. Works : Immaculate Conception, Vienna Museum ; two Portraits, Prague Gallery ; Female Portrait (1664), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg. — Nagler, xvii. 465.
STRAUCH, LORENZ, born at Nurem- berg in 1554, died there in 1630. Portrait painter of distinction, and also known through a number of fine prospects of Nu- remberg. Works: Male Portraits (10, 1581, 1591, 1593, 1594, 1596, 1597, 1602, 1604, 1615, 1620), Female do. (1593, 1597, 1605), Child's Portrait (1603), Germanic Museum,
Nuremberg ; Female Portrait, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; do. (1591), Male Portrait (1605), Schleissheim Gallery. — Nagler, xvii. 467.
STRAWBERRY GIRL, Sir Joshua Re y- nolds, Hertford House, Sir Richard Wallace, London ; canvas. A little girl, three-quar- ters length, standing with folded hands, with an odd turban-like head-dress, and a strawberry pottle on her right arm. Sir Joshua declared this to be one of the "half- dozen original things " which no man ever exceeds in his life-work. Painted in 1773 ; sold for 50 guineas to Earl of Carisford ; bought at Rogers's sale (1856) by Marquis of Hertford for 2,100 guineas. Repetitions : Lansdowne House ; Lord Normanton. En- graved by T. Watson (1774) ; S. Cousins (1873).— Leslie & Taylor, Life, ii. 3, 20 ; Pulling, 46 ; Redgrave, Century, i. 141 ; Stephens, Eng. Children by J. R.
STREATElt, ROBERT, born in London in 1624, died there in 1680. Pupil of Du- moulin ; painted history, portraits, land- scapes, and still-life. Was sergeant painter to Charles II. ; painted ceilings at White- hall, destroyed by fire, and the ceiling of the theatre at Oxford, still extant. — F. de Conches, 58 ; Redgrave.
STREEK, JURIAAN VAN, born at Am- sterdam in 1632 (?), died there, June 12, 1678. Dutch school ; portrait and still-life painter, about whose life no particulars are known. Worts : Fishmonger Woman, Schleissheim Gallery ; Breakfast Table (2, one dated 1649), Schwerin Gallery ; Still- Life, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; (1642), Breakfast, Liechtenstein
Vanitas Gallery,
Vienna. His son and pupil, Hendrik (1659- 1713), who painted architecture and still-life,
STREITT
was also n, pupil of Emanuel de Witte. By him is a Breakfast Table, in the Schwerin Gallery, and a Gothic Church Interior (?), in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Schlie, 605.
STEEITT, FRANZ, born at Brody, Galicia, in 1839. Genre painter, pupil of Cracow Art School and Vienna Academy under En- gerth ; settled in Munich in 1871. Medal, London, 1884. Works : Abduction of Prin- cess Halszka ; Kathariua Jagiellonika in Prison ; Counted Moments ; Favourite of the Family ; Forbidden Fruit ; Incredulous Listener ; Signal of Distress, Gypsy Boy playing Violin (1884). — Allgem. Kunst-Chro- nik, viii. 530, 876, 1035 ; ix. 130.
STEETES (Streetes), GUILLIM, British painter of 16th century, probably born in Holland. Painter in 1551 to Edward VI., who, Strype records, paid him 50 marks for two portraits of himself, one now at Windsor, the other at Petworth, and a third of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, be- headed in 1546-47. The last named, now at Knole, a full-length, life-size picture, is more Italian than Dutch in style, and much resembles the work of Girolamo da Treviso. — Wilmot-Buxton, 16.
STEIGEL, BERNHAED, born at Mem- mingen in 1460 or 1461, died there before June 23, 1528. German school ; history and portrait painter, mentioned in documents as living in Memmingen between 1516 and 1528, in Augsburg about 1517, in Vienna about 1520, 1522, and 1525 ; identical with Master of the Collection Hirscher. In his altarpieces he appears influenced by Zeit- blom, although his figures are less ele- vated in form and bearing ; he was an ex- cellent colourist. Works : Four Pictures with Saints, Elizabeth of Thuringia and Em- peror Henry H., Four Altar Wings (1515) with Nativity, Visitation, etc., Christ parting with Mary, Christ before the Crucifixion, Jo- hannes Cuspinian and Family (1520), Berlin Museum ; Pieta, Mocking of Christ, Annun- ciation, Washing of Feet, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Portrait of Imperial Family, Museum, Vien-
na (attributed to Grtinewald) ; Married Cou- ple, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Altar Panels, National Museum, Munich ; do. (4), David with the Head of Goliath, Portraits of a Pa- trician and his Children (1517), Emperor Maximilian I., Male Portrait, Old Pinako- thek, ib. ; Altar Panels (6), Madonna, Two Portraits, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; Portrait of Margaret of Austria, Schwerin Gallery ; Four Altar Wings, Archaeological Union, Stuttgart.— Allgem. Zeitg. (1881), 1771, 1775; Kunst - Chronik, xvi. 329; Schnaase, viii. 457 ; W. & W., ii. 454 ; Jahr- buch der preuss. Kunstsammlungen, ii. 54, 59 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xxii. 38.
STEOBERLE, JOAO GLAMMA, born at Lisbon in 1708, died at Oporto in 1792. Portuguese school ; history painter, pupil St. Luke's Academy in Rome under Maria Benefial. After an absence of almost twenty years, returned to Lisbon, where he deco- rated Eoyal Theatre. Settled in Oporto, but visited London and Lisbon. Works : Last Supper, St. Nicolao Church, Lisbon ; Altar- pieces, S. Joao Nova and Senhara da Victo- ria, ib. ; Earthquake of Lisbon.
STEOMEYEE, HELENE (MAEIE), bom at Hanover, Aug. 26, 1834. Flower painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy, and in Carls- ruhe of Gude ; was much influenced by Lessing and Vasberg. Lives at Carlsruhe. Works : Morning Greeting ; Forgotten ; Gretchen's Eoses ; Flower Baskets in a Boat (1884) ; Garland and Willow Tree (1884).— Miiller, 510 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 125, 349.
STEOOBANT, FEANZ, born in Brussels in 1819. Architecture painter. Illustrated works on Belgian art and architecture. Gold medal in Brussels, 1854 ; Leopold Or- der in 1863. Works : San Giorgio in Ven- ice ; Brussels Houses of the Guilds, Brussels Museum ; Entrance to Old City in Prague ; Palace Interior in Cracow ; Entrance to Heidelberg Castle. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 860.
STEOZZI, BEENAEDO, born in Genoa in 1581, died in Venice, Aug. 3, 1644. Gen- oese school ; called also II Cappuccino and
236
STItOZZI
H Prete Genovese. Pupil of Pietro Sorri, and one of the most remarkable followers of Caravaggio ; be- came early a monk of Order of St. Francis. Left it to sup- port aged moth- er and sister, and refusing to re- turn on the death of the one and the marriage of the other, was sentenced to three years' im- prisonment ; but escaped to Venice and lived there as a secular priest the rest of his life, executing many works for churches and palaces. He was an excellent colourist, though not always correct in design, and enjoyed a good reputation in his day. Among his best works are : Copy of Cambia- so'sCaritas, Incredulity of St. Thomas, Palaz- zo Brignole, Genoa ; Virgin and St. Felix, Ca- puccini, Genoa ; Three Philosophers, Palaz- zo Adoruo, Genoa ; SS. Joseph and John, Palazzo Walli, ib. ; A Bishop, Palazzo Du- razzo, ib.; The Samaritan Woman, Palazzo Faragina, ib. ; Saint, Palazzo Pallaviciui, ib. ; A Monk, Susanna, Palazzo Spinola, ib. ; A Monk, Turin Gallery ; Sculpture, Ceiling in Royal Palace, Venice ; St. Jerome, Venice Academy ; Bathsheba, Dresden Gallery ; Christ and the Pharisees, Old Pinakothek, Munich. — Lauzi, iii. 266 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole gonoise ; Burckhardt, 760, 768, 788, 800, 803 ; Lavice, 51, 84, 89, 90.
STROZZI, FILIPPO, portrait, Titian, Vi- enna Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. G in. x 2 ft. 7 in. Much overpainted, but looks as if it had once been a fine picture by the master. Painted about 1540.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 426.
STRUDEL VON STRUDELSDORF, PETER, Baron, born at Cles, Tyrol, in 1648, died in Vienna in 1714. German school ; his- tory painter, son and pupil -of Jacob Strudel, and in Venice pupil of Carlo Lotti. Settled in 1680 in Vienna, where he was made court
painter in 1689. Was also a sculptor. En- nobled in 1693 ; first director of the newly founded Vienna Academy in 1704. Works : Jupiter and Antiope, Susanna at the Bath, Dresden Gallery ; Hngar, Cassel Gallery ; Bacchanal, Ddsseldorf Gallery ; Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, Satyr bound by Zephyr and a Boy, Children Playing, Bath of Diana, Schleissheim Gallery ; Genii with Festoons (4), Pieta, Vienna Museum. — Nagler, xvi. 496.
STRUDWICK, JOHN MELHUISH, born in England ; contemporary. Genre painter ; exhibits chiefly at the Grosvenor Gallery. Works : Love's Music (1877) ; Peona, Pass- ing Days (1878); My Beloved, Isabella (1879) ; Marsyas and Apollo (1880) ; St. Cecilia (1882) ; The Ten Virgins, A Story- Book (1884) ; A Golden Thread, Thy Tune- ful Strings wake Memories (1885) ; Isabella, Circe and Scylla (1886).
STRUYS, ALEXANDRE (THEODORUS HONORE), born at Berchem, Jan. 24. 1852. Genre and history painter, pupil of Ant- wei-p Academy. Visited London and Paris. Professor at Weimar Art School in 1878 ; resigned and removed to The Hague in 1882. White Falcon Order. Works : Two Sacrifices, Dordrecht Museum ; Birds of Prey ; Disillusion ; Alone at the Rendez- vous ; Seduced (1885) ; six historical pict- ures for the Luther Hall of the Wartburg (with Willem Linnig, Jr.).— Mtlller, 510 ; Allgem. K. Chr. ix. 838.
STRY, ABRAHAM VAN, born at Dor- drecht, Dec. 31, 1753, died there, March 7, 1826. Genre painter, brother of the follow- ing, pupil of Joris Ponse (1723-83) ; found- ed at Dordrecht in 1774 the society Pictura, which formed several excellent artists, and of which he was the first president. Mem- ber of Institute of the Netherlands, and in
.r
1818 of Antwerp Academy. Works : Draw- ing Lesson, The Housewife, Kettle Scourer,
237
STEY
Amsterdam Museum ; Well-Supplied Table, Village Inn, Rotterdam Museum. — Immer- zeel, iii. 120 ; Kramm, v. 1582.
STEY, JACOBUS VAN, born at Dor- drecht, Oct. 2, 1756, died there, Feb. 4, 1815. Landscape and animal painter, pu- pil of Andreas Cornelia Lens at Antwerp Academy, then formed himself chiefly through the study of Paulus Potter and Aelbert Cuyp. Works : Landscape, Milk- ing Time, Evening in the Country, Going to Market, Museum Amsterdam ; Cattle resting on lliver Bank, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Cows and Sheep by Farm Buildings, Leip- sic Museum ; Cows in Pasture, Czernin Gallery, Vienna. — Immerzeel, iii. 119 ; Kramm, v. 1583.
STEYOWSKI, WILHELM, born in Dant- zic in 1834. Genre painter, pupil of Schadow in Diisseldorf. After visiting Galicia, Hol- land, and Paris, settled in Dantzic. Medal in 18G4. Works : Washerwomen surprised by Eain (1854) ; Sunday Afternoon in the Country (185G) ; Polish Sailors before the Evening Fire ; Boatmen Besting (I860) ; Little Wire-AVorker ; Dancing Cossack (1861) ; Skaters ; Polish Jews in Syna- gogue (18G2) ; Jews Praying ; Eendezvous on Eoofs of Dantzic ; Wedding Procession of Galician Jews (1874) ; Landscape on Vis- tula (1882).— Miiller, 511.
STUART, GILBERT, born in Narragan- sett, Ehode Island, Dec. 3, 1755, died in Boston, July 27, 1828. After some unaided efforts, he received instruction from Cosmo Alexan- der, a Scotch portrait painter, whom he ac- companied to Scot- land in 1772. The death of his master
left Stuart to shift for himself, and after struggling a while at the University of Glas- gow, he returned home. In 1775 he went again to England and found a friend and
master in Benjamin West, who employed him as an assistant. In 1785 he set up a studio of his own with great success, getting high prices. In 1788 he visited Dublin and painted several portraits. In 1792 he re- turned to America. Soon after his arrival in New York, the Duke of Kent offered to send a ship of war for him if he would go to Nova Scotia and paint his portrait ; but unwisely, as he afterwards thought, he de- clined the offer. After working for two years in New York, Philadelphia, and Wash- ington, Stuart settled in Boston, where he resided the remainder of his life. His por- traits show great insight into character, and are remarkable for their simplicity of means. They have great individuality, ex- cellent balance of light and shade, and gen- erally pure colour. Among the best are those of Washington, of whom Stuart was the painter par excellence. \Vorks : Por- trait of Washington (1796), Martha Wash- ington (1796), Washington at Dorchester Heights, General Henry Kuox, Josiah Quincy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston ; Washington, John Adams, Jefferson, Madi- son, and Monroe, T. Jefferson Coolidge, ib. ; Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Mr. and Mrs. David Sears, Mrs. William Amory, ib.; Mr. and Mrs. Paul Revere, John Eevere, ib. ; Jared Sparks (1827), Mrs. Parks, Cam- bridge, Mass.; Judge Joseph Story, Har- vard University, ib. ; Mr. and Mrs. Josiah Quincy (1806), Edmund Quincy, Dedham, Mass.; Eev. William Ellery Churning, George G. Channing, Milton, Mass.; Mr. and Mrs. George Gibbs, Colonel George Gibbs, Wolcott Gibbs, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. Samuel William Johnson (1792), Mrs. William Bellamy, Dorchester, Mass.; Com- modore O. H. Perry, Oliver H. Perry, Lowell, Mass. ; Sir John Temple, Mrs. Eliza B. Temple Winthrop, Eobert C. Winthrop, Brookline, Mass.; Presidents Washington, John Adams, and Jefferson, and Egbert Benson (1807), Historical Society, New York ; General Horatio Gates, John E. Stevens, ib.; Commodore Macdouough, A.
238
STUBBS
R. Mficdonough, ib. ; Josiah Ogclen Hoff- man, Mrs. Ogden Hoffman, ib. ; Mrs. Robert Morris, Lenox Gallery, ib. ; John Jacob As- tor, J. J. Astor, ib. ; Governor and Mrs. Winthrop Sargent (1805), Mrs. W. Butler Duncan, ib.; John Jay, Augustus Jay, ib.; John Jay, Steven Van Rensellaer, Hon. John Jay, Bedford, N. Y.; Robert Morris, Mrs. Morris, Bay Ridge, N. Y.; John R. Morris (1800), John R. Morris, Mount Morris, N. Y.; Commodore Stephen Decatur, Ly- ceum of Navy Yard, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Madi- son, Monroe, A. A. Low, ib.; Washington (full-length), do. (bust), Mrs. Blodgett, Mrs. Elizabeth Willing Jackson, Pennsyl- vania Academy, Philadelphia, Pa.; Com- modore John Barry, Mrs. Dr. Leiper, ib. ; Horace Binney (1800), Miss Susan Binney, ib.; Bishop William White (1798), Mrs. George H. White, ib.; General Thomas Mifflin, F. E. Dixon, Bridgewater, Pa.; Madame Patterson Bonaparte, Charles Jo- seph Bonaparte, Baltimore, Md. ; Jefferson, Madison, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. ; Thomas Callender, John Callender, Miss Calleuder, Newport, R. I.; Chief Justice Shippen of Pennsylvania, Corcoran Gal- lery, Washington ; John Singleton Copr ley, Lady Lyndhurst, London ; W. Grant of Congalton — skating in St. James's Park (ascribed to Gainsborough), Lord Charles Pelham Clinton, Moor Court, Stroud ; Sir Joshua Reynolds (1784), Lord Inchiquin ; Sir Edward Thornton (2), Sir Edward Thornton, England ; Benjamin West, Na- tional Gallery, London. — -Mason, Life and Works of G. S. (New York, 1879) ; Tucker- man, Book of the Artists ; Scribner's Mag., March, 1879 ; Atlantic Monthly, Dec., 1868, Reminiscences by John Neale.
STUBBS, GEORGE, born in Liverpool in 1724, died in London, July 10, 1806. Son of a surgeon, from whom he inherited a love of anatomy, the study of which, in connection with art, was the occupation of his life. He was the first of the English painters to give life and motion to the pict- ures of animals. About 175-4 he visited
Italy; on his return settled in London, where he became noted as an animal painter, especially of horses, and an anato- mist. In 1773 he was president of the So- ciety of Artists ; elected an A. R. A. in 1780, and R. A. in 1781, but declined the latter honour. Works : Fall of Phaeton ; Lion killing Horse ; Tiger in his Den. — Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 342 ; Sandby, i. 244.
STUCKELBERG, ERNST, born at Basle in 1831. Landscape and genre painter, pupil in his native city of Dietler, and in Antwerp of Dyckmans and Wappers. Studied the old masters in the Louvre in Paris ; travelled over Switzerland and Upper Italy in 1853 ; remained some time in Munich ; from 1856 lived ten years in Rome, and settled in Basle. Gold medal in Munich in 1869. Works : Forest Spring in Sabine Moun- tains ; Lady-Day in Sabine Mountains, Elijah and the Widow, Marionettes, Artist's Chil- ren, Basle Museum ; Legend of Foundation of Convent of Ober-Schonthal ; Return of St. Gall Citizens after Battle of Grandson, St. Gall Museum ; Charcoal Burners in Jura Mountains, Zurich Gallery ; Service of Chil- dren of God (1867) ; City and Country Children ; Youthful Love ; Fortune Teller ; Hermit of Maranno ; Gypsy ; Fortune Teller, Children from Abroad, Last Rha1- tian (1883). In fresco : Tell's Chapel.— Miiller, 511 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 739 ; six. 231.
STUHLMANN, HEINRICH, born in Hamburg, Dec. 28, 1803, died there, Oct. 23, 1886. Landscape and genre painter, pu- pil of Gerdt Hardorff, then of Copenhagen Academy under Gebauer, and in Dresden of Dahl. Works : Storm Landscape (1830) ; Village in Winter (1837) ; Blankenese Fish- ermen (1838) ; Village Landscape on the Trave ; Village Life in Holstein, Hamburg Gallery. — Andresen, iii. 60.
STUHR, JOHANN GEORG, born in Hamburg in 1640, died there, May 8, 1721. German school Landscape and marine painter, and also painted some historical
STUNTZ
pictures. Works: Sacrifice of Iphigenia, Royal Palace, Berlin ; Harbour View, Cassel Gallery ; do., Gotha Museum ; Naval Bat- tles (2), Schwerin Gallery.— Nagler, xvii. 519 ; Schlie, 610.
STUNTZ. See Freyberg, Elektrine von. STUELEE, FRANZ ADOLF VON, born in Paris, Feb. 28, 1802, died at VersaiUes, Sept. 16, 1881. History painter, pupil of Ingres, went in 1831 to Florence, where he remained over twenty years, zealously studying the old masters; in 1853 he re- turned to Paris, and then settled at Ver- sailles. Medal, third class, 1842. Works : Death of Brunhilde, Death of Suetonius (1835) ; Lady of Florence (1835), Madrid Museum ; Cimabue and Giotto (1838) ; Moses on the Mountain, Wrestlers (1842) ; Incredulity of Thomas (1844), Ministry of Interior, Paris ; Cimabue's Madonna carried in Procession in Florence, 1270 (1859) ; Twelve Allegories on the Events of 1870- 71 ; One hundred and eight illustrations to Dante's Divine Comedy. — Ischarner, Die bild. K. in der Schweiz (1884), 59.
STURM, FRITZ, born at Rostock, May 17, 1834. Marine and landscape painter ; pupil of Berlin Academy in 1859-61, of Eschke, and at Carlsruhe of Gude in 1865- 70. Made sketching tours in Sweden, Nor- way, Switzerland, Holland, and Italy. Lived in Diisseldorf in 1870-75, then moved to Berlin. Medal, London, 1872. Works : Norwegian Coast (1863), Wismar from the Sea (1864), Tempest on the Sea (1866), Ship- wreck (1868), Schwerin Gallery ; Hamburg Harbour (1866) ; Life Boats going to a Wreck (1867) ; Pilot Boat returning Home ; Crew deserting Sinking Ship ; Brig on the
Norwegian Coast ; Baltic, Mediterranean Sea, National Gallery, Berlin. — Jordan (1885), ii. 225 ; Muller, 511.
STURMER, KARL, born in Berlin in 1803, died in March, 1881. History painter, son and pupil of Johanu Heinrich Stiirmer
(1774-1855), and in Diisseldorf of Cornelius, whom he accompanied to Munich and in 1842 to Berlin. Works: Friedrich I. of Brandenburg takes Pope John XXIH. Pris- oner (1856) ; Auto da Fe of Spanish Inquisi- tion (1872). In fresco : Barbarossa's Rec- onciliation with Pope Alexander, Helldorf Castle, near Dfisseldorf ; Defeat of Ottokar at Mtthldorf, Taking of Bel- grade, Arcades of Court Garden, Munich ; Deeds of Hercules and Theseus, Old Museum, Berlin. — Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 249 ; Mailer, 511.
STUVEN, ERNST, born at Hamburg in 1657, died at Rotterdam in 1712. Dutch school. Flower and fruit painter, pupil in Amsterdam, whither he went in 1675, of Jan Voorhout, Willem van Aelst, and Abra- ham Mignon. Was twice imprisoned in Amsterdam, then banished from the city, and settled at Rotterdam. Works : Two Fruit-Pieces with Insects, Schwerin Gallery. — Immerzeel, iii. 120 ; Schlie, 612.
SUAEDI, BAETOLOMMEO. See Bra- mantino.
SUBLEYEAS, PIERRE, born at Uzes (Gard), in 1699, died in Rome, May 28, 1749. French school. History painter, pupil of his father Mathieu and, at Toulouse, of Rivalz. Won the grand prix de Rome in 1727 ; went to Rome, where he married and set- tled for life. Member of Academy of St. Luke, 1740. Works : Brazen Serpent (1727), Christ in the House of the Pharisee (1739, also original sketch), Martyrdom of St. Hippolytus, Martyrdom of St. Peter, Mass of St. Basil, Emperor Theodosius receiving the Blessing of St. Ambrose, St. Benedict reviving a Child, Brother Philip's Geese, The Falcon, The Hermit, Louvre, Paris ; St. Stephen and St. Francis appearing to the Penitent, Moutpellier Museum ; Theodosius
340
SUESS
Kneeling, Hermit, Nantes Museum ; Camal- dolensian Monk (2), Orleans Museum ; St. Joseph carrying Infant Christ, Coronation of Louis XV., Joseph interpreting the Dreams, Annunciation, Joseph's Dream, Circumcision, St. Peter Healing the Lame, Still-Life, Male Portrait, Toulouse Museum ; Portrait of Benedict XIV., Versailles Mu- seum ; Cardinal Bentivoglio, Eouen Mu- seum ; Ecce Homo, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Temptation of St. Anthony, Zdrich Gallery ; Homage to St. Januarius, Berlin Museum ; Death of Magdalen, Cassel Gallery ; Christ in the House of Simon, Dresden Museum ; A Bishop blessing a King, St. Norbert re- storing a dead Child to Life, Portrait of a Bishop, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Priest in Vestments, A Monk, Schleissheim Gallery ; The Three Magi, Adoration of the Shep- herds, Czernin Gallery, Vienna ; Emperor Valens fainting at the Mass of St. Basil (1745), Carthusian Church at Termini, Sicily ; replica in the Louvre ; do., Her- mitage, St. Petersburg; do. (in mosaic),
Crucifixion,
Brera Gallery,
Milan.— Vfflot, *\
Cat. Louvre ;
Bellier, ii. 530 ; Cb. Blanc, Ecole francaise ;
Biog. universelle.
SUESS, HANS. See Eulmbach, Hans von.
SUEUR. See Le Sueur.
SUHRLANDT, (JOHANN) HEINRICH, born at Schwerin in 1742, died at Ludwigs- lust, Jan. 1, 1827. History, portrait, land- scape, animal, and still-life painter, pupil of the court painter Lehmann, then took up sculpture under Busch, but was induced by
difang 178'
Findorff (1722-72, court painter) to return to painting. Works : Portrait of Findorff
(1773), Dogs (2, one dated 1773), View of Altona (1789), Still-Life (1799), Schwerin Gallery.— Schlie, 93.
SUHRLANDT, KARL, born at Schwer- in ; contemporary. Animal painter, son of Rudolf Suhrlandt, pupil in Paris of Ary Scheffer ; travelled for many years in Russia, where he was employed by the court, and became member of St. Petersburg Academy. Professor in Schweriu in 1874. Works : Russian Horse Dealers ; Smugglers on Rus- sian Frontier ; Regiment of Uhlans march- ing (1870) ; Cattle Herd (1874) ; Drunken Peasant driving ; Galileo in Prison (1853), Schwerin Gallery. — Miiller, 512; Illustr. Zeitg. (1877), ii. 515.
SUHRLANDT, RUDOLF (FRIEDRICH KARL), born at Ludwigslust, Mecklenburg, Dec. 19, 1781, died at Schwerin, Feb. 2, 1862. History and portrait painter, son and pupil of Heinrich Suhrlandt, then studied in Dresden under Schenau and Grassi, and in Vienna under Fiiger and Maurer ; went to Rome in 1808, was in Naples in 1812-15, and while there was made Mecklenburg court painter, and after his return in 1817, professor. Works : Maiden in the Grotto, Sleeping Youth (1808), Cupid and Psyche (1809), Venus teaching Cupid to bend the Bow, Venus, Vulcan, and Mars (1810), Por- trait of a Physician (1817), do. of Artist's Father (1825), Copies after Old Masters (7), Schwerin Gallery. His daughter Mrne. Pauline Sol- a\ r \ I i .
tau, at first JtJilAKttndl J»*l
his pupil, vAoma l8lO
then of Dubufe in Paris, was a genre and
portrait painter.
SULLY, THOMAS, born at Horncastle, Lincolnshire, England, June 8, 1783, died in Philadelphia, Nov. 5, 1872. Portrait paint- er; taken to Charleston, S. C., by his par- ents, who were comedians, in 1792 ; was first instructed by M. Belzons, a French minia- ture painter who had married his sister. In 1799 he joined his brother Laurence, a miniature painter, in Richmond, Va., and painted there and at Norfolk until Lau-
241
SUMMER
rence's death in 1804. In 1806, having married his brother's widow, he removed to New York and lived there, excepting a short visit to Boston for instruction from Gilbert Stuart, until 1808, when he re- turned to Philadel- phia. In 1809 he went to London, studied several months under Benjamin West, and coming back in 1810, settled permanently in Philadelphia. He again visited England in 1837-38, and in the latter year painted from life a full-length portrait of Queen Vic- toria. Between 1820 and 1840 he exhibited ten portraits at the Royal Academy. Works: Com- modore Decatur, City Hall, New York ; Thomas Jef- ferson (1821), Military Academy, West Point; George Frederick Cooke as Richard III., Pennsyl- vania Academy ; Queen Victoria (1838), St. George Society, Philadelphia; Charles Kemble, Frances Ann Kemble, Rembrandt Peale, Mrs. Joseph Harri- son, ib.; Lafayette, Inde- pendence Hall ; Reverdy Johnson ; Charles Car- roll ; Dr. Benjamin Rush ; Washington crossing the Delaware, Boston Museum ; Girl offering Flowers at a Shrine, Woman at the Well, Mrs. M. O. Roberts, New York ; Isabella, Child and Dog, Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Philadelphia. — Duulap, ii. 101; Tuckerman, 158 ; Appleton's Journal (1872), viii. 693 ; Hours at Home, x. 69.
SUMMER, Nicolas Poussin. See Ruth and Boaz.
SUMMER STORM, Titian, Buckingham Palace ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9A in. x 3 ft. 1£ in. An August squall on the borders of the
Alpine country near Cadore. Painted in 1534. Probably the best of Titian's land- scapes extant— C. & C., Titian, i. 396 ; Gil- bert, Cadore, 37.
SUN AND MOON, CREATION OF, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceiling.
SUONATORE. See Violinist.
SUPPER AT EMMAUS, (Luke xxiv. 30, 31). Michelangelo da Caramygio, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 7 in. x G ft. 5£ in. Painted for Cardinal Scipio Borghese ; from Palazzo Borghese came into possession of Lord Vernon, who pre- sented it in 1839 to National Gallery. En- graved by A. Testa ; B. Vaillant ; G. Gio- vane. — Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., i. 615, 621.
By Carpaccio, S. Salvatore, Venice ; can-
Supper at Emmaus, Titian, Louvre, Paris.
vas, figures life-size. Christ seated at table, with a disciple wearing a turban at his left, another at his right ; at each end of table a pilgrim. Painted about 1510. Commonly attributed to Giovanni Bellini, but one of the finest and most characteristic of Carpac- cio's works.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 208.
By Moretto, Tosi Collection, Brescia ; can- vas, life-size. Christ behind the table, in a gray hat which overshadows his brow, is breaking the bread, while an apostle at right gazes intently at him ; a second apos-
sri'I'KU
tie sitting by ; at the left, the host descends ! hand, and a youth, with a plate of meat,
a flight of steps, and at the right, a girl in fanciful cap and bodice carries a dish; a dog under the table. Painted about 1540. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 406.
By Rembrandt, Louvre; wood, H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 2 in. ; signed, dated 1G48. Christ seat- ed behind a table in front of a niche between two pilasters ; at left is seated one of the disciples, seen from behind, and at right another, side view ; behind the latter a servant bearing a plate. Sale of Collection
are waiting upon them. Formerly in Esco- rinl. Engraved by Van Somplin (1G43) ; in reverse by Swanenburg and C. Van Tienen ; with changes, A. Lonimeliu. — Smith, ii. 131 ; ix. 294.
By Titian, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 5 ft. (5 in. X 8 f t. ; signed. Christ seated with Luke behind a table in a marble court, with Cleopas at the right ; at the left a page with a tureen, and behind, a servant with sleeves rolled up ; under the table a dog growling
Supper at Emmaus, Paolo Veronese, Louvre, Pans.
of Burgomaster W. Six (1734), 170 florins ; M. Randon de Boisset sale (1777) to Louis XVI., for 10,500 livres. Engraved by Baron Denon ; De Frey in Musee fran£ais. Sim- ilar subject (1648), Christiansborg Museum. —Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, viii. PI. 507 ; East- lake, Louvre, 183 ; Smith, vii. 44 ; Vosmaer, 214, 476.
By Rubens, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft. 1 in. The Saviour seated at further side of a table, with one disciple seen in profile, the other with back to spec- tator ; an old woman, with a glass in her
at a cat. According to tradition Luke is Charles V., Cleopas Cardinal Ximenes, and the page Philip II. Painted in 1547 ; went from Gonzaga Collection, Mantua, into Col- lection of Charles I. ; thence to Jabach, who sold it to Louis XIV. The original picture, of which this is a replica, was presented in [ 1547 by Alessandro Contarini to the Signo- ria of Venice, and was in existence at end of last century. Copies of Louvre canvas in Turin and Dresden Galleries. Engraved by F. Chauveau (1656) ; Masson.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 152 ; Zanetti, Pitt. Ven., 165 ;
S43
SUPPER
Landon, Musee, iii. PI. v.; Mtindler, 208; Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne.
By Velasquez, Earl of Breadalbane, Perth- shire, Scotland ; canvas, H. 4 f t. x 5 ft. 2 in. Christ seated with two disciples at a ta- ble. From King Louis Philippe sale ; pur- chased from a canon at Seville for £235. — Curtis, 7.
By Paolo Veronese, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft, 11 in. x 5 ft. 11 in. From Modena Gallery. Restored by Palmaroli.
By Paolo Veronese, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 6 in. x 14 ft. 8 in.; signed. Christ, seated between the two disciples behind a ta- ble spread in a vestibule adorned with col- umns, raises his eyes to heaven and blesses the bread ; behind are three domestics bear- ing dishes. The painter is said to have rep- resented himself and part of his family in this picture ; but it is undecided whether he is the figure at the extreme left or extreme right ; his wife stands at the left, with an infant in her arms, and two other of his children are near her ; in front, two children play with a large dog. From collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by Thomassin.— Cab. Crozat, ii. PL 15 ; Landon, Musue, xiii. PI. 17 ; Felibien, i. 730 ; Sauval, Antiquites de Paris, ii. 169.
By Paolo Veronese, Stafford House, Lon- don ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. Christ, seated at table between the two disciples, blesses the bread ; a woman and two men behind ; in front, a cat and a child play with a dog. From Orleans Gallery ; £200. —Stafford Gal., ii. PL 21 ; Waagen, Treas- ures, ii. 60, 498.
SUPPER, LAST. See Last Supper.
SUPPER OF ST. GREGORY, Georgio Vasari. See Gregory.
By Paolo Veronese, Convent of Monte Be- rico, Vicenza ; canvas, H. about 18 ft. x 28 ft. ; dated 1572. Wantonly mutilated by Austrian soldiers, who hacked it to pieces with their swords while occupying the con- vent after the bombardment of Vicenza in 1848. The fragments were afterwards put together and the picture restored by Profes-
sor Tagliapietra, of Venice. — Guida di Vi- cenza, 112 ; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 35.
SUS, GUSTAV, born at Rumbeck near Rinteln on the Weser, June 10, 1823, died in Dilsseldorf, Dec. 24, 1881. Genre and animal painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Acad- emy under Karl Sohn in 1850-51. Was also an illustrator and writer. Works : First Thought; Two Mothers; Duck Per- secution ; Cock Fight ; Domestic Joy and Sorrow ; Evening Song (Chickens and Pig- eons), Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Three Philosophers ; Great Event ; Stable Tragedy (1882).— Kunst-Chronik. xvii. 224 ; Mtlller, 512 ; Wolfg. Muller, Diisseldf. K., 370 ; H- lustr. Zeitg. (1883), i. 448 ; ii. 168.
SUSANNA, Lodovico Carracci, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 3
Susanna, Lodovico Canacci. National Gallery, London.
ft, 7 in. Scene from apocryphal Book of Susanna. Susanna, surprised by the two elders while preparing to bathe in the gar- den of Joachim at Babylon, crouches to hide her person, while they attempt to remove her drapery. Formerly in Orleans Gallery ; then in Angerstein Collection, whence purchased in 1824.— Rosiui, vi. 20 ; Reveil, vi. 3G8.
244
SUSANNA
By Domenichino, Munich Gallery ; Susan- na, seated on a step of the bath, which is surrounded by a marble balustrade, is sur- prised by the two old men. Fountain in middle of bath, and behind it a splendid palace in a grove. One of the painter's best pictures for composition, drawing, and ex- pression. Figures life-size. Copy, with va- riations, Devon House, England. — Waagen, ii. 91.
By Anton van Dyck, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft. 6 in. Susanna, nude, seated near a fountain surmounted by a statue of Cupid, en- deavours to shroud herself with crimson drapery ; be- hind, the two elders, one pulling her drapery, the other touching her shoulder with his hand. Engraved by Ch. de Muchel ; litho- graphed by S. Braun. — Smith, iii. 22 ; Guiffrey, 243 ; Eastlake, Notes, 65.
By Luca GiQrdano, Dres- den Gallery ; canvas ; 5 ft. 11 in. x 8 ft. 5 in. ; signed. Susanna, nude, sitting on a bench near a fountain, en- deavours to cover herself upon the approach of the old men. Engraved by J. F. Beauvarlet. — Gal. roy. de Dresde, ii. PL 38.
By Guido Reni, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 11£ in. Bought in 1845 from Penrice Collection ; formerly in Palazzo Lancellotti, Rome. Engraved by Corn. Visscher and by P. Beljambe for the Galerie du Palais Royal. — Waagen, Treas- ures, i. 338.
By Rembrandt, Hague Museum ; wood, H. 1 ft. 6£ in. x 1 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated 1637. Susanna, nude, about to enter a stream, is alarmed at the sound of some one approaching, and endeavours to cover her loins with some drapery ; behind, in bushes, the face of one of the elders. Collection of Prince of Orange-Nassau in 1770. A similar
subject, engraved by Earlom, formerly be- longed to Sir Joshua Reynolds. — Smith, vii. 16 ; Vosmaer, 421.
By Rembrandt, Youssoupoff Collection, St. Petersburg; signed, dated 1633. Susanna surprised at the bath by the old men. — Waagen, Russia, 414 ; Vosmaer, 34, 430.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 4^ in. Susanna, with her back to the elders, is covering her bosom with her hands ; one of the old men is re- moving her covering and the other is extend- ing his hand to touch her back. Engraved
Susanna, Tintoretto, Louvre, Paris.
by Pontius ; Vosterman ; Michel Lasne ; Jegher ; Spruyt ; Simon. Sketch in Louvre. Repetition, by a scholar, in Berlin Museum. —Smith, ii. 73, 105.
By Jean Baptiste Santerre, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. Susanna, nude, near the bath, with one foot in the water ; in background, the old men behind a wall. Painted in 1704. Engraved by Gandolfi ; Porforati. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, viii. PI. 555 ; Musce royal.
By Tintoretto, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. 10 in. Susanna, seated near a basin under trees, with one attendant cut- ting the nails of her feet, another combing her hair ; in background, the two elders sit- ting at a table ; frogs, ducks, and other ani-
845
SUSTERMAN
mals in grass and on the water. From col- lection of Louis XIV.— Landon, Musue, xiii. PI. 56 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Tintoretto, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 1 in. Susanna coming out of the bath is watched by the two elders hidden in the garden. Similar picture in Madrid Museum. Engraved by J. Miinsel.
By Paolo Veronese, Dresden Gallery ; can- vas, 4 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Acquired in 1742 from Carignau Collection, Paris, for 4,500 livres.
By Paolo Veronese, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, 6 ft. C in. square. Susanna, seated near the bath, envelops herself in her garments upon the approach of the old men ; at her feet a little dog. Copy, without the dog, in col- lection of Duke of Devonshire. Formerly in Casa Bonaldi, Venice ; bought of Jabach by Louis XIV. Engraved by E. Smith. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Paolo Veronese, Madrid Museum ; can- vas, H. 5 ft. x 5 ft. 10 in. Susanna at the
Susanna, Paolo Veronese, Madrid Museum.
bath, in a garden with a marble palace in background, hastens to cover herself with a brocaded cloth at the approach of the old men. Collection of Philip IV. — Cat. Madrid Museum ; Reveil, xiv. 979.
Subject treated also by Guercino, Madrid Museum and Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; An- nibale Carracci, Munich Gallery ; Giovanni Biliverti, Florence Academy ; Spagnoletto,
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Guido Cagnacci, Count de Briihl ; Domenico Robusti, Dres- den Gallery ; Bernardo Strozzi, Palazzo Spi- nola, Genoa ; Sir Peter Lely, Burleigh House, England ; Murillo, Madrazo Collec- tion, Madrid ; Albrecht Altdorfer (1526), Maurice Chapel, Nuremberg ; Willem van Mieris, Brussels Museum ; Pieter de Stru- del, Dresden Museum ; Noel Coypel, Mad- rid Museum ; Autoine Coypel, Louvre, Paris ; Theodore Chasseriau (Salon, 1839) ; Alexandre Longuet (Salon, 1841) ; Philippe Auguste Jeanron (Salon, 1852) ; Jean Jacques Henner (Salon, 1865) ; Frederick Goodall (Royal Academy, 1886).
SUSTERMAN, LAMBERT. See Lom- bard.
SUTTEE, JOSEF, born at Linz, Upper Austria, in 1782, died after 1843. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Fiiger, but became a strong adherent of Overbeck, whom he followed to Rome, and thence went to Munich about 1818 ; assisted Cornelius in the Glyptothek and Pinakothek, and Heinrich Hess in the Basilica. Visited Rome again before 1825 and was back in Munich before 1835. Works : Death of Mat- tathias (1809) ; The Three Divine Virtues (1816) ; Emperor Albrecht's Dog ; St. Luke (1818) ; Herodias with the Head of St. John (1825), Hagar in the Desert (1836), Stift Kremsmiinster, Upper Austria. His son and pupil Daniel, born in Vienna in 1810, became also a history painter, went with him to Munich, where he continued his studies at the Academy under Heinrich Hess, and assisted his father in the Basilica. — Wurzbach, xli. 5.
SUTTERMANS (Sustermans), JUSTUS (Joost), born in Antwerp, baptized Sept. 28, 1597, died in Florence, April 23, 1681. Flemish school ; portrait painter, pupil of Willem de Vos, then in Paris of Frans Pour- bus, the younger, where he spent three years before going to Italy. At Florence he was patronized by the Grand Dukes Co- simo H. and HI. and Ferdinand II. At Vi- enna (1623-24) he was warmly received by
240
SUVEE
the emperor, whose portrait he painted, as also portraits of members of his family. Called to Home in 1C27, he painted Pope Urban VEL ; was in the emperor's service at Innsbruck in 1652-53, and returned to Florence in 1653. Friend of Rubens and Van Dyck. Works : Portraits of Vittoria della Rovere, Ferdinand II. de' Medici, Ele- onora Gonzaga (1620), Christian V. of Den- mark as Crown Prince, Emperor Ferdinand II., Prince Mattias de' Medici, Margherita de' Medici, Grand Duke Cosimo in. as a Child, Pandolfo Ricasoli, Artist's own Por- trait, Grand Ducal Family as Holy Family, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Penitent Magdalen, St. Margaret, War and Peace (1638), The Florentine Senate swearing Allegiance, Male Portrait in Swiss Costume, Portraits of Gali- leo (1636), of Puliciani, of Claudia de' Med- ici, Uffizi, ib. ; Portrait of Vittoria della Rovere, Turin Gallery ; Archduchess Clau- dia, Vienna Museum ; Portrait of Young Lady, Berlin Museum ; Portrait of Galileo, Trinity College, Cambridge ; do., Lord Methuen, Corsham Court, England ; Portrait of Alessandro Farnesc, Royal Institute, Edin- burgh. His brother Jan was his pupil, and accompanied him to Vienna, where he set- tled and was patronized by the emperor. Work : Portrait of a Matron, Vienna Mu- seum. Another brother, Cornells, was al- so in the emperor's service. — Baldinucci, Opere, xii. 13 ; Fetis, Les Artistes beiges, i. 257 ; Kramm, v. 1588 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 300 ; Michiels, ix. 25 ; Rooses (Reber), 375 ; Van den Branden, 960.
SUVEE, JOSEPH BENOIT, born in Bruges, Jan. 3, 1743, died in Rome, Feb. 9, 1807. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of Matthias de Visch, then in Paris at the old St. Luke's corporation and at the Academy under Bachelier ; won the 2d grand prix de Rome in 1768, and the 1st in 1771 in competition with David, and stud- ied in Rome (1772-78) under Vien ; after his return to Paris he was made member of the Academy in 1780, adjunct professor in 1781, professor and director of the French
Academy in Rome in 1792, but being im- prisoned during the revolutionary disturb- ances did not enter upon this position until 1801. Works : Death of Admiral Coligny (1787), Louvre ; St. Francis de Sales, Ver- sailles Gallery ; Tancred wounded recog- nizes Clorinda, Amiens Museum ; Portrait of M. Trouard, Besanyon Museum ; Tancred rescued by Clorinda, Nantes Museum ; In- vention of Drawing (1798), Artist's Portrait, two other portraits, Bruges Academy ; Mi- nerva among Rus- tics (1776), Ghent 7X3 Museum; Vestal J L>' making Fire de- scend from Heav- en ; Birth of the Virgin ; Mother of the Gracchi. His wife (nee Charlotte Louise Rameau) painted figures and min- iatures.— Immerzeel, iii. 122 ; Michiels, x. 538 ; Weale, Cat. Bruges Acad., 89 ; Bellier, ii. 534 ; Jal, 1159.
SUYDAM, JAMES A., born in New York in 1817, died at North Conway, N. H., Sept. 15, 1865. Landscape painter, studied under Minor C. Kellogg, with whom he travelled through Greece and Turkey ; on returning to America worked in the studios of Durand and Kensett. Elected N.A. in 1856. He was instrumental in building the present Academy in New York, and was its treas- urer until his death. He bequeathed to it the pictures known as the Suydam Collec- tion. Works : View on Long Island, Will- iam A. Reese ; Hook Mountain on the Hud- son, S. Clift ; New London Lighthouse — Twilight, Olyphant Collection. — Tucker- man, 540.
SVOBODA, EDUARD, born in Vienna, Nov. 14, 1814. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Academy and of Friedrich Schilcher ; in great demand as a portrait painter in Vienna ; has decorated in fresco several churches in Bohemia and Hungary. Works : Va banque, Vienna Museum ; Dis- tribution of Wood (1845) ; Protest (1847) ;
»47
SVOBODA
Family Festival (1862) ; Disagreeable Visit (1867); Distribution of Prizes (1872).— Wurzbach, xli. 61.
SVOBODA, KARL, born at Planic, Bo- hemia, in 1823, died in Vienna, Sept. 12, 1870. History painter, pupil of Prague Academy under Euben ; visited Croatia and Slavonia to study the life of the southern Slavs, and settled in Vienna in 1851. Works : Henry IV. at Canossa (1845) ; Wenceslaus H, Coronation of Albrecht II., Joseph II. in Prague, Death of King Wenceslaus the Saint, Belvedere, Prague ; Foundation of Prague University (1855); Retreat of Charles V. (1859), Vienna Museum ; Conquered Mil- anese before Barbarossa (1863) ; Cycle (10) from Iphigenia in Tauris (1869), Loggia, Opera House, Vienna. — Wurzbach, xli. 67.
SWANENBURGH, JACOB ISAAKSZ, born in Leydeu, died in Utrecht in 1639. Dutch school ; history painter, studied in Rome and lived in Naples ; notable as the first teacher of Rembrandt. Work : Pro- cession in St. Peter's Square (1C28), Copen- hagen Gallery. — Kramm, v. 1592 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt, ses precurseurs, 50 ; do., Rem- brandt, sa vie, etc., 379.
SWANEVELT, HERMAN, born at Woer- den, near Utrecht, about 1600, died in Paris (?) in 1655. Dutch school ; landscape paint- er, went early to Paris and thence to Rome, where he studied under Claude Lorrain. In 1653 made member of the Royal Acad- emy ; in 1654, with Patel, decorated a room in the Hotel Lambert at Paris. Works : Three Landscapes, Hampton Court ; do., Madrid Museum ; Wooded Landscape, Sun- set, three others, Louvre ; Italian Landscape (1650), Hague Museum ; do., and Wooded
Landscape with St. Anthony (1653), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; three do., Brunswick
Gallery ; Joseph relating his Dream, Basle Museum ; others in Munich, Dresden, Ham- burg, and Copenhagen Galleries. — Kramm, v. 1593 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 490 ; Ch. Blanc, 35cole hollandaise ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 360. SWART, JAN, born at Groningen in 1469, died at Gouda in 1535. Dutch school; history and landscape painter ; formed himself after Scorel, and in Italy, where he lived, espe- cially at Venice. Works: Adoration of the Magi (at- tributed), Munich Gallery ; do., Cologne Museum ; do., Brussels Museum. — Kramm, v. 1594 ; Zeit- schr. f. b. K, ii. 43.
SWEBACH, BERNARD EDOUARD, born in Paris, Aug. 21, 1800, died at Ver- sailles, March 2, 1870. History and genre painter, son and pupil of Jacques Fran§ois Joseph Swebach, and student of the £cole des Beaux Arts. Accompanied his father to Russia. Works : Hunting Scene, Cher- bourg Museum ; Capture of a Spy by Hus- sars, Besan9on Museum ; Horse Market at Moscow, Winter Travel in Russia (1822) ; Summer Travel in Russia (1823) ; Retreat from Russia (1838).— Bellier, ii. 537.
SWEBACH, JACQUES FRANQOIS JOSEPH, called Fontaine, born at Metz, March 19, 1769, died in Paris, Dec. 10, 1823. History and genre painter, pupil of J. Silfrede-Duplessis. Usually painted bat- tle scenes and landscapes with figures. In 1810 he was appointed chief painter at Sevres ; in 1815-20 held same position in porcelain manufactory in St. Petersburg. Crowned at the Exhibition of the Place Dauphine in 1784 ; 2d prize in 1791 ; grand
medal, 1801, 1810. Works : Battle of Ma- rengo, Battle of Zurich (1802) ; Napoleon
248
SWERTS
crossing the Danube (1810), Horse Races, Cherbourg Museum ; Shipwreck, Travellers Resting, Pozzo di Borgo Gallery ; Stag Hunt (1822), Marseilles Museum ; Caval- cade, Montpellier Museum. — Biog. univer- selle ; Bellier, ii. 536.
SWERTS, JAN, born in Antwerp, Dec. 25, 1825, died at Marienbad, Bohemia, Aug. 11, 1879. History painter, pupil of Ant- werp Academy under N. de Keyser, and intimately allied with Guffens in raising Belgian art to its high standard ; became director of the Prague Academy in 1874. Honorary member of Munich and Dres- den Academies, and of German Art Union in 1859 ; of Amsterdam Academy, 1861 ; corresponding member of the Institut de France, 1873. Gold medal, Brussels, 1854 ; Order of Leopold, 1855; Officer, 1869; Prussian Order of the Red Eagle and Ba- den Order of Zilhringer Lion, 1860 ; Dutch Order of Oaken Crown, 1861 ; Weimar Order of White Falcon, 1865 ; Papal Order of Gregory, 1871. Works : Baptism of Clovis ; Delivery of Keys to St. Peter ; Van Schoonbeck and his Contemporaries ; The Labourers (from Lamartine's "Jocelyn"); Festival Day ; Italian Woman with her Children ; Arrival of Venetian Embassy at Antwerp. In fresco : Seven Sorrows of the Virgin (1855-70), Notre Dame at St. Niko- laes, near Antwerp; Scenes from Life of Christ (1859-71), St. George's, Antwerp ; Episodes in History of Flanders (1861-6'J), Town Hall, Ypres ; Scenes from Local His- tory (1873-75), Town Hall, Courtray ; Dec- oration of St. Ann's Chapel in St. Vitus' Cathedral, Prague (1878).— Chronique des Arts (1879), 240 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1868), xxv. 74 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1872), i. 227 ; Jour- nal des B. Arts (1878), 188 ; Riegel, Wand- malerei in Belgien, 3, 10-14, 42, 46-62, 105, 247 ; Vlaamsche school (1879), 149 ; Wurz- bach, xli. 25.
SWERTSCHKOFF, NICOLAI, born in St. Petersburg in 1818. Genre and animal painter of distinction, self-taught in Paris, and travelling in Germany and the Nether-
lands ; paints especially horses in a masterly manner. Gold medal, Weimar ; Bavarian Order of St Michael, Hessian Order of Philip the Magnanimous ; L. of Honour, 1863. Professor at St Petersburg Acad- emy. Works: Czar Alexis Michailovich reviewing his Troops ; Kibitka (Russian vehicle) in the Snow ; Village Wedding ; Horse Market in Russia, Station for Post- Horses, Return from Bear Hunt (1863) ; Sleigh pursued by Wolves, Russian Travel- lers meeting in the Woods (1864). — Mailer, 513.
SWORD, JAMES BRADE, born in Phil- adelphia, Pa., Oct. 11, 183'.). Landscape painter, pupil of Christian Schussele, after- wards of William T. Richards and of Asher
B. Durand. Studio in Philadelphia. First exhibited in National Academy, New York, in 1863. Works: Trenton Falls (Centennial Exhibition, 1876), James Huglehurst, Brook- lyn, N. Y.; Peep into Lake George, James
C. Beach, New York ; Silver Thread Falls, Mr. Morris, Bloom field, N. J.; The Fort Cove, James S. Whelen, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Shores of Rhode Island, Edward Long- streth, ib.; Something in the Wind, Duck Shooting, C. E. Longley, Providence, R. I.; Newport Harbour (New Orleans Exhibition, 1885) ; In Full Cry, A Cool Spot (1886) ; Shores of Conanicut (1887).
SYBRECHTS. See (Wx-rechts.
SYLVESTRE, JOSEPH NOEL, bora at Beziers (Hcrault). June 24, 1847. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Cabauel. Took 3d prix de Rome, 1869. Medals: 2d class, 1875 ; 1st class, 1876 ; Prize of the Salon, 1876. Works : Shepherds Playing (1873) ; Death of Seneca (1875) ; Locusta and Nero (1876), Luxembourg Mu- seum ; Last Moments of Vitellius Caesar (1878) ; Long, Long Ago (1879) ; Ducar the
349
SYMPATHY
Gaul beheads Flaminius at Thrasymene I background, young men armed with bows ; (1882); Trencavel (1884) ; Christ (1886).— ' -1 ^ * J ~ •—"--*—
Bellier, ii. 537 ; Larousse, Supplement.
SYMPATHY, Briton Riviere, Holloway Institute, Egham, near London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 2 in. A little girl with a sad face, seated on the stairs, with a dog beside her, rubbing his face against hers in sympathy. Royal Academy, 1878 ; bought by Thomas Taylor, "Wigan, for 800 guineas ; Taylor sale (1883), £2,725.
SYMPHORIEN, ST., MARTYRDOM OP, Dominique Ingres, Cathedral of Autun. The martyrdom at Augustodunum of a young
with a little book returned
Houston
Paris :
Syndics of the Arquebusiers, Bartholomew van der Heist, Amsterdam Museum.
Gaul who had refused to adore the old gods and whom the edict of Diocletian con- demned to death. Salon, 1834. Studies : Isaac Pereire, and Messrs. Haro, Stilrler, and Gatteaux.— Ch. Blanc, Life, 101.
SYNDICS OF THE ARQUEBUSIERS, j Bartholomew van der Heist, Amsterdam Museum ; canvas, H. 5 ft, 9 in. x 8 ft. 8 in. ; signed, dated 1G57. The four syndics of the archery guild of St. Sebastian of Am- sterdam, dressed in black, are seated round a table covered with a rich cloth. Three of them hold prizes ; the fourth addresses his colleagues. In middle distance, a woman bearing a silver-mounted drinking-horn ; in
at left, foreground, a hunting-dog. Study (1 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 2 in., dated 1653), Louvre, Paris. Engraved by Hulmer. — Reveil, xii. 808 ; Filhol.
SYNDICS OF THE CLOTH HALL, Rembrandt, Amsterdam Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. x 9 ft.; signed, dated 1661. Five syndics of the Staalhof (Cloth Hall) of Am- sterdam, dressed in black, gathered around a table, with their servant waiting upon them ; four are seated and one is standing in his hand. Taken to in 1815. Engraved by J. W. Kaiser. Etched by De Frey ; Un- ger (1876). Lithographed by Zimmerman. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 369 ; Cat. Am- sterdam Mus.; Mollett, Rembrandt, 72 ; Vosmaer, 309, 495 ; Smith, vii. 61 ; Mag. of Art (1886), ix. 257. SZEKELY DE ADAM- AS, BERTALAN, born at Klausenburg, Transylva- nia, in 1835. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Ftihrich, Rahl, and Waldm tiller, lat- er in Munich of Piloty, and studied in Brussels, Antwerp, and Paris. Or- der of Francis Joseph, 18G7. Works : Flight of Charles VH., National Museum, Munich ; Doboczy killing his Wife, Ladislaus V. and his Tutor, Pesth Museum ; Finding of Body of Louis H. of Hungary (1860) ; Battle of Mohiics (1866) ; Portrait of Francis Deak ; Women of Erlau defending City against the Turks (1867) ; The Orphan, Leda, The Nun (1871) ; Storm, The Widow (1872) ; Flight of Emmerich Tokoly, Rendezvous, Sisters of Charity at Sick-Bed (1873) ; The Dancer, Zriny at Szigetvar (National Exhibition, Buda-Pesth, 1885). — Wurzbach, xlii. 16 ; Allgem. K Chr., ix. 623.
250
TABAR
TABAR, FRANCOIS (GERMAIN POLD), born in Paris in 1818, died at Argenteuil, March 29, 1869. His- tory painter, pupil of Delaroche. Medal, 1867. Works: Niobe and her Children (1842) ; Good Samaritan (1847) ; Bacchus and Ariadne (1848), M. Goury, Belleville ; St. Sebastian (1851) ; Phryne before the Areopagus (1852) ; Punishment of Queen Brunhilde (1853), Rouen Museum ; Epi- sode of Campaign in Egypt (1855), Bor- deaux Museum ; Campaign in the Crimea, Horde of Barbarians (1857) ; War in the Crimea (1859), Ministry of State ; Attila massacring his Prisoners (1861), belonged to Napoleon HL; Fete of Heliogabalus (1863) ; Joshua commanding the Sun (1863), Ministry of State ; Convoy of Wounded (1864), Saumur Museum ; Hyperides de- fending Phryne (1865); Solferino (1866); March from Saragossa (1867) ; Burning of Scutari (1868).— Bellier, ii. 537.
TABOR, MOUNT, Claude Lorrain, Gros- venor House, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 6 in. x8 ft. 5 in.; signed, dated 1656. Called by Waagen, Sermon on the Mount. Liber Veritatis, No. 138. Sketch, Duke of Devon- shire. Engraving in Grosvenor Gallery. Companion to Golden Calf. Painted for Signer Monpiore ; bought of W. E. Agar in 1806.— Pattison, Claude Lorrain, 218, 235 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 171 ; Smith, viii. 266.
TACCONI, FRANCESCO, of Cremona (1464-90). Lombard school. He and his brother Filippo described in a decree of 1464 as famous painters of Cremona, wor- thy of praise for their success in painting the loggia of the public palace. A Ma- donna by Francesco, dated 1489, National Gallery, London, shows a tendency to imi- tation of the Vivarini ; but in his pictures on the shutters of the organ of S. Marco, Venice (1490), now in the lumber room, the style is feeble Squarcionesque. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 439 ; Siret, 901 ; Burckhardt, 611.
TACKE, LUDWIG, born at Brunswick, Dec. 6, 1823. Architecture painter, pupil
of Dilsseldorf Academy (1849-51), and in Munich of Piloty. Works : Gothic Arcades of City Hall in Brunswick, Halberstadt Cathedral (1850) ; Interior of Cologne Ca- thedral (1851), Bamberg Gallery; The Entrance Hall of a Westphalian Peasant House (1851), Darmstadt Museum ; Mediae- val Council Chamber, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Mediieval Council Room (1854) ; Council Meeting in Thirty Years' War (1856) ; Faust in his Study (1863) ; Choir of Roman Church near Brunswick (1867) ; The Imperial Councillors thrown from the Window in Prague in 1618 (1869), Kiinigs- berg Museum ; Nuremberg in Diirer's Time. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 865.
TADEMA, ALMA. See ^ma-Tadema.
TAFI, ANDREA, of Florence, born in 1213 (?), died in 1294 (?). According to Vasari's doubtful account, he went to Venice and induced one Apollonius, a Greek, to re- turn with him to Florence to teach him the art of mosaic. The Baptistery there was adorned by them in common, one figure alone, the colossal Saviour in the cupola, being the unaided work of Tafi. It shows that he was a feeble artist, who combined the defects of the Italo-Byzantine school of the period. — C. & C., Italy, i. 195 ; Meyer, Kiinst-Lex., i. 690 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., i. 281 ; Burckhardt, 488.
TAGPRET, PETER, flourished at Ra- vensburg, Wilrtemberg, about 1489. Ger- man school ; history painter in the manner of Zeitblom ; several of his works are in all probability attributed to other masters. Works: St. John the Evangelist, Nicode- mus and a Bishop, Pope Gregory the Great, Joseph of Arimathea and Mary Magda- len, Stuttgart Museum. — Nagler, xviii. 88 ; Schnaase, viii. 460.
TAILLASSON, JEAN JOSEPH, born at Blaye (Giroude) in 1746, died in Paris, Nov. 11, 1809. History painter, pupil of Vien ; won third grand prize for painting in 1769 ; went to Rome in 1773 and re- mained there four years. Member of Acad- emy, 1784. Works : Birth of Louis XHI.
251
TAIT
(1782) ; Ulysses and Neoptolemus (1784), Louvre, Paris ; Virgil reading the J3neid to Augustus, M. Dufresnoy ; Sabinus and Epo- nina discovered by Soldiers of Vespasian (1787); Cleopatra (1791); Sappho, Nero saves the Wife of Seneca (1793), Nantes Museum ; Leander and Hero (1798) ; Olym- pias (1799) ; Andromache (1800) ; Rhada- mistus and Zenobia (180G). He was the author of several works on art. — Bellier, ii. 538.
TAIT, ARTHUR FITZWILLIAM, born at Livesey Hall, near Liverpool, Aug. 5, 1819. Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Royal Institution, Manchester, but chiefly self-taught. Went to New York in 1850, and was elected N.A. in 1858 ; visited Eu- rope in 1874. Studio in New York City. Works : Duck and her Young (1868) ; Gor- don Setter, Charles Stewart Smith, New York ; Snowed In, Judge Hilton, ib. ; Halt on the Carry (1871) ; Racquette Lake (1873); There's a Good Time Coming (1878) ; Thoroughbreds (1879) ; October Sport, A. E. Orr ; Intruder — Motherly Protection (1880), G. D. Cochran ; Still-Hunting in the Adirondacks, Anxious Time — Study from Nature (1881), C. R. Flint ; Good Hunt- ing Ground — Adirondacks (1882); Tres- passers (1883) ; Ruffed Grouse at Home, Summer, Little Pets, Happy Family at Home — Adirondacks, Maternal Affection — Summer in the Adirondacks (1884) ; Our Pets, Pleasant Memories of the Adirondacks (1885) ; Woodcock Shooting (188G).
TAIT, JOHN ROBINSON, born in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834. Landscape painter ; graduated at Bethany College, Virginia, in 1852, and spent the following three years in Europe, chiefly in Florence ; visited Europe a second time in 1859, and studied at Dtisseldorf under August Weber and Andreas Achenbach until 1871 ; made a third visit in 1873, and worked several years in the Bavarian Tyrol and in Munich under Adolf Lier and Hermann Baisch, under whom he studied cattle painting.
He spent altogether fourteen years in Ger- many, during which his pictures were dis- posed of at the cyclical exhibitions. Medals : 1871, 1872, Cincinnati Exhibition. Studio in Baltimore. Works : Waterfall in Pyre- nees, James Caird, Gourock House, Green- ock on the Clyde ; Meyringen, James Staats Forbes, Wickham Hall, Kent ; Waterfall, Prince Heinrich XVHI. of Reuss ; Lake of Wallenstadt, William Groesbeck, Cincin- nati ; Westphalian Landscape (figures by Ludwig Kuans), C. S. \Volff, Philadelphia ; A Mill (figures by Munkacsy), William H. Davis, Cincinnati ; Evening in Norway, George R. Vickers, Baltimore ; Evening on the Lake, Tyrolese Idyl, Summer (1876) ; Willowy Brook (1879); Cattle Resting, Watering Place (1880) ; After the Shower, Fisher Huts— Sconsett (1882) ; Summer Afternoon — Upper Potomac (1883).
TAMAGNO. See Vincenzo da San Gimi- gnano.
TAMAR, Alexander Cabanel, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. X 8 ft. 1 in. Il- lustration of episode described in 2 Sam- uel xiii. Tamar, daughter of David, having been outraged by her brother Amnon, goes to her other brother Absalom and complains of the crime. Tamar, her hair dishevelled and her garments in disorder, is seated on a divan beside Absalom, across whose knees she has thrown herself in despair ; Absalom, who is dressed in a white tunic embroidered with gold, and a green and red turban, is raising his right hand in anger. A negress, standing with her head against the wall, ap- pears to partake of her mistress's shame and grief. Salon, 1875. — Larousse, xv. 43.
TAMING THE SHREW, Charles Rob- ert Leslie, South Kensington Museum ; can- vas, H. 1 ft. 8£ in. x 2 ft. 4 in. Petruchio thrusts back the gown to the frightened tailor ; Katherine sits at left ; Hortensio in background. One of Leslie's best pictures. Royal Academy, 1832. Replica, Petworth.
TAMM, FRANZ WERNER, surnamed Dapper, born in Hamburg in 1658, died in Vienna in 1724. German school ; fruit and
858
TANCREDI
flower painter, pupil of Theodor van Soesten and Johann Pfeiffer. Studied in Borne un- der Mario Nuzzi, and when called to Vienna painted for the imperial court, in the style of Jan Weenix and Melchior Hondecoeter. Works : Flower-Piece, Flowers and Fruits (3), Dead Game and Dog (1706), Poultry and Rabbit, Huntsmen with Booty, Muse- um, Vienna ; Flower- and Fruit-Pieces (1715 [3]), Dead Fowl (1706 [2]), Dead Game (1707, 1716 [2J, 1717), nine others, Liech- tenstein Gallery, ib. ; Doves, Hen with Chickens, Dead Woodcock and other Birds, Pheasants and Dove, Dresden Gallery ; Turkish Duck attacked by Fox (1718), Dead Fowls (2), Turtle Doves Feeding, Fruit- Pieces (2, one dated 1712), Gotha Muse- um ; Fruit-Piece, Germanic Museum, Nu- remberg ; Dead Birds (2, 1705), two others, Schleissheim Gallery ; Doves Billing (1724), Schwerin Gallery. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 533 ; Wurzbach, xliii. 37.
TANCREDI, RAFFAELE, born at Re- sina, near Naples, in 1838. History painter, pupil of Mancinelli in Naples ; went in 1869 to Florence, where he competed for the first historical prize. Order of Italian Crown. Works : Camoens with his Negro in Prison ; Buoso da Duero insulted by his Fellow- Citizens (1868), bought by the State ; Ad- miral Caracciolo hanged by Order of Nelson, King of Italy ; Ferdinand IV. of Naples re- turning from the Chase. — Mailer, 515.
TANNHAUSER AND VENUS, Otto Knille, National Gallery, Berlin ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 10 in. X 9 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated 1873. Tannhiiuser, the minnesinger, hav- ing become sated with pleasure during his visit to the Venusberg, determines, notwith- standing the entreaties of Venus, to return to Lisaura, whose love he had won at Man- tua. He is represented as starting up from the flower-strewn couch in the crystal grotto, with one hand on his lyre and the other pressing his forehead, while Venus, rising nude from her draperies, endeavours to detain him by seizing his shoulder ; above, two cupids hold him by his mantle ;
at left, one shoots an arrow at Tannhiiuser, while another gazes reproachfully, and in front a fifth has rolled off the couch ; in the background, all manner of enchanting splen- dours.
TARAVAL, HUGUES, born in Paris in 1728, died there, Oct. 19, 1785. History painter, son and pupil of Thomas Raphael Taraval (portrait painter to King of Sweden, died at Stockholm in 1750). He won the 1st prix de Rome in 1756 ; member of Academy, 1769 ; professor, 1785 ; sub-in- spector of the Gobelins. Works : Job re- proached by his Wife (1756), Marseilles Museum ; Venus and Adonis (1765), Comte de Kreutz ; Repast of Tantalus (1767), Cha- teau de Belle- Vue ; Triumph of Bacchus (1769), Gallery of Apollo, Louvre, Paris ; Marriage of St. Louis (1773), Chapel of Ecole Militaire ; Triumph of Amphitrite (1777), Louvre; Cumsean Sibyl (1781), Chapel of Fontainebleau ; Artist's Portrait, Stockholm Museum. — Bellier, ii. 541.
TARDIEU, JEAN CHARLES, called Cochin, born in Paris, Sept. 3, 1765, died there, April 3, 1830. History painter, son of Jacques Nicolas Tardieu (engraver, 1716- 91), and pupil of J. B. Regnault. Won 2d grand prix de Rome in 1790. Works : Tarquin and Lucretia (1793) ; Death of Correggio (1806) ; Napoleon receiving the Queen of Prussia at Tilsit (1808), Henry IV. before Paris, Halt of French Army at Syene in Egypt, Versailles Museum ; Allegory on Birth of Due de Bordeaux (1822), Rouen Museum ; Trophenius and Agameda, Be- sancon Museum ; Ulysses recognized by Euryclea, Marseilles Museum ; Susanna at the Bath, Havre Museum.— Bellier, ii. 543.
TARQUIN AND LUCRETIA. See Lu- re tia.
TASSAERT, JAN PETER, born at Ant- werp, March 7, 1651, died there, Sept. 29, 1725. Flemish school ; history and genre painter, Master of the guild in 1690, dean in 1701. For the guild room of the dia- mond polishers he painted eight scenes from the lives of SS. Peter and PauL Li
253
TASSAERT
the Antwerp Museum is a capital genre scene: The Philosophers.— Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 379 ; Van den Branclen, 1037. TASSAEET, (NICOLAS FRANgOIS) OCTAVE, born in Paris, July 26, 1800, died there, by sui- cide, April 22, 1874. History and portrait painter, pupil of Pierre Girard, Guil- lon Lethiere, and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Medals: 2d class, 1838; 1st class, 1849 ; 3d class, Exposition universelle, 1855. Works : Death of Correggio (1834) ; Vicar of Wakefield (1835) ; Death of Heloise (1838) ; Diana at the Bath (1842) ; Christ in the Garden of Olives (1844) ; Erigone, Slave Merchant (184G) ; Temptation of St. Anthony (1849) ; Unhappy Family (1849), Luxembourg Museum ; Gardens of Armida (1850); Communion of Early Christians in Catacombs (1852), Bordeaux Museum ; Sleep of Jesus, Son of Louis XVI. in the Temple (1855) ; Magdalen, Pygmalion and Galatea (1857) ; Funeral of Dagobert in St. Denis (1838), Louis X., Portrait of Gaspard de Saulx, do. of Charles le Blanchefort, do. of Philippe de Comines, Versailles Muse- um ; Heaven and Hell (1850), Artist's Por- trait, Ariadne, Convalescent Mother, Young Woman with Glass of Wine, Painter's Studio, Suicide, Return of Prodigal Son, and others, Montpellier Museum. Alexandre Dumas lias forty-five of Tassaert's pictures anc sketches, and many others are owned in Paris.— Clare tie, Peintres, etc. (1882), i. 25 Bellier, ii. 544; Gaz. des B. Arts (1886) xxxiii. 28.
TASSI, AGOSTINO, born in Perugia in 1566, died in Rome in May, 1644. Roman school. Real name Buonamiei, but adoptee' that of the Marquis Tassi, whose page h< had been ; pupil of Paul Brill, under whose care he became an excellent landscape painter. He was a man of infamous char
xcter, who paid the penalty of his crimes n the galleys at Leghorn ; when the part if his sentence condemning him to hard abour had been remitted, he soon made limself known throughout Italy as a paint-
of marine views. After his liberation he was employed in painting frescos in the Quirinal and in the Palazzo de' Lancel- otti. Tassi was the master of Claude Lor- :ain. — Lanzi, i. 484 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole om- jrienne.
TATKELEFF, VOGISNT, born in Rus- sia, about 1813. Battle painter, son of a serf in the Borissov Government ; attracted ;>y his sketches the attention of his mas- ter, who educated him, but was forced by lie successor in the estate into the army, where he served fifteen years ; in 1854 took part in the Crimean War ; drudged for his livelihood until 1870, when a tourist, who saw his sketch-book, induced him to paint some pictures for the Exposition in Moscow in 1873. These, which represented scenes in the Crimean War, brought him into prom- inence, and they were bought for 60,000 rubles for the Winter Palace of St. Peters- burg.
TATTEGRAIN, FRANCIS, born at Pe- ronne (Somme) ; contemporary. Genre and portrait painter, and engraver ; pupil of C. Crauck, Lepic, Jules Lefebvre, and Bou- langer. Medals : 2d class, Paris and Mu- nich, in 1883. Works : Herring Fishing, Coup d'epaule (1879) ; Return from Fish- ing (1880) ; Femme aux epaves, Artist's Portrait (1881) ; We are Lost, Landing the Herrings (1882) ; The Mourners at Etaples (1883) ; Convalescent (1884).
TATJNAY, NICOLAS ANTOENE, born in Paris, Feb. 10, 1755, died there, March 20, 1830. History and landscape painter, pupil of Brenet, Casanova, and Lepicie. Won grand prix de Rome in 1784, and spent three years there with the help of his patron, M. Angiviller. Won grand medal, and became member of Academy in 1796. Medal, 1803; L. of Honour; Order of Christ in Portugal. In 1816 he went with
264
TAURISCUS
Lebreton and Montigny to found an Acad- emy of Art in Rio de Janeiro, and returned in 1824. Works : St. John Preaching, Mili- tary Hospital in Italy (1789), Peter the Her- mit preaching First Crusade, Taking a City (1800), Louvre, Paris ; Battle of Nazareth, Crossing the St. Bernard, Napoleon I. enter- ing Munich, Battle of Ebersburg, Halt on the Slope of the Alps, Bonaparte visiting the Battle Field of Lodi, Versailles Mu- seum ; Woman taken in Adultery, Grenoble Museum ; Ball Play, Village Fete, Shepherds Reposing, Montpellier Museum ; Shepherds competing for the Prize of Pan, Clorinda with the Herdsmen, The Lion of Androcles, Brother Philip's Geese, Proclamation of Henry of Burgundy as first King of Portu- gal (Lisbon and Rio ._ de Janeiro) ; Military ^CWhfiyt Camp, Hermitage, St. *~T *+ Petersburg. Many of \jC(JUUt/JCt^\J his works have been / engraved. — Bellier, ii. 546 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole franyaise ; Biog. uni- verselle ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Jal, 1176 ; Meyer, Gesch., 138.
TAURISCUS, painter, date unknown. Pliny names (xxxv. 40 [144]) among his works a Discobolus, a Clytsemnestra, a Pan, a Polynices claiming the Sovereignty, and a Capaneus. Possibly identical with Tauris- cus of Tralles, the sculptor. — Pliny, xxxvi. 4 [33] ; Sillig, 434 ; Brunn, ii. 287.
TAVARONE, LAZZARO, born in Genoa in 1556, died there in 1641. Genoese school ; favourite pupil and assistant of Luca Cambiaso ; went with his master to Spain, and continued in the Escorial the works left unfinished by him at his death (1585). Returned to Genoa in 1594, and painted many frescos in the cathedral and other churches, and in various palaces, espe- cially the Palazzo Adorno, where he exe- cuted a fresco on the ceiling, The Doge Adorno receiving the Pope. He left but few oil pictures. — Lanzi, iii. 248 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole genoise ; Lavice, 89.
TAVERNTER, PAUL, born in Paris ; con- temporary. Animal, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Cabanel and Guillaumet. Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works: Cafe in Algiers (1878) ; Arabs Bathing Horses in the Sea (1879) ; Hallali (1880) ; The Model (1881) ; An Inquiry (1882) ; Stag Hunt, The Chase (1883) ; Bat 1'eau, Wild Boar Hunt (1884) ; The Stag at Bay, A False Start (1885) ; Amazone aux ecoutes, Rentree des poulinieres (1886).
TEERLJNK, ABRAHAM, born at Dor- drecht in 1777, died in Rome in June, 1857. Landscape painter, pupil of Michiel Ver- steeg, of Jan Kelderman (1741-1820), and of Arie Lamme ; then studied in Paris under David in 1808-9, and thence went to Rome. He ranks among the more esteemed of modern landscape painters. Order of Lion, 1839. Member of Amsterdam Academy. Works: Italian Landscape (1823), Falls of Tivoli (1824), Amsterdam Museum ; View of Aricia near Rome (1855), New Pinako- thek, Munich. — Immerzeel, iii. 129 ; Kramni, vi. 1606.
TEICHS, FRIEDRICH ADOLF, born at Brunswick in 1812. Historical genre paint- er, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy in 1834-36, after having studied while travelling in Hun- gary, North Italy, and Tyrol. His pictures show great feeling for noblo forms and fine grouping, but are rather weak in drawing and colouring. Works : Albrecht Diirer painting (1834) ; Singer on the Battlement of a Castle (1835) ; Auerbach's Cellar, Wood Gatherer by Forest Chapel (1836) ; Portrait of Emperor Otto H. (1836), ROmer, Frank- fort ; Greek Prisoners guarded by Mame- lukes (1837), Mr. Geisberg, Miinster ; Libera- tion of Christians through Crusaders (1837); Henry the Lion taking Leave of his Wife ; Scene in Hamlet (1840) ; Richard Coaur de Lion taking Corsair's Ship (1840) ; .Charles V. denying Exhumation of Luther (1845) ; Last Banquet of the Girondists (1849), Stettin Museum. — Cotta's Kunstbl., 1835— 45 ; Elustr. Zeitg., 1849 ; Nagler, xviii. 160.
255
TELEPHANES
TELEPHANES, painter, of Sicyon, early period. Mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 5 [16]) in connection with Ardices of Corinth as first to use shading lines within outline drawings.— Sillig, 436 ; Brunn, ii. 4.
TEMfiRAIRE, FIGHTING, Joseph M. W. Tamer, National Gallery, London ; can- vas, H. 2 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 11 in. The Tume- raire.a three-decker, mounting 98 guns, capt- ured from the French in 1759, had acquired the title of " Fighting " before she took so conspicuous a part at Trafalgar. She was put out of commission soon after the peace of 1815, and, being condemned as unservice- able, was sold in 1838 and towed to Rother- hithe to be broken up. The picture repre- sents her in tow of a tug, the sun setting in a blaze of glory behind. One of the finest of Turner's later works. Royal Academy, 1839. Engraved by J. T. Willmore. — Art Journal (1864), 108 ; Hamerton, Life ; Cat. Nat. Gal.
TEMPEL, ABRAHAM VAN DEN, born at Leeuwarden in 1622 or 1623, died in Amsterdam, May 13, 1672. Dutch school. Real name Abraham Lambert Jacobse. Por- trait painter, pupil of his father, Lamberts Jacobse, and in Leyden of Joris van Schoo- ten, but followed more the later manner of Van der Heist. A light and pleasing colour- ing and broad treatment characterize his pictures. Works : Three Portraits, Amster- dam Museum ; Portraits of Man and Wife (1660), Hague Museum ; Regents of the Orphan Asylum (1669), Three Allegories, Leyden Museum ; Portraits of an Admiral and his Wife (1671), Rotterdam Museum ; Portrait of Hendrik van Westerhout, Man and Wife in their Park, Berlin Museum ; Female Portrait, Cassel Gallery ; Dutch Patrician Family (1672), Hamburg Gallery. — Immerzeel, iii. 130 ; Kramm, vi. 1607 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 362 ; Havard, A. & A. holl., ii. 85, 180 ; Burger, Musues, ii. 124 ; Jahrb. d. preuss. Kunstsammlg., iv.
TEMPERELLO, IL. See Caselli, Cristo- foro.
TEMPESTA (Tempesti), ANTONIO, born in Florence in 1555, died in Rome,
Aug. 5, 1630. Roman school ; pupil of John Stradanus, and of Santo de Titi ; af- terwards worked in company with Cigoli. About 1575 went to Rome and painted in the Vatican, the Palazzo Giustiniani, and other public buildings. Painted chiefly battles, cavalcades, hunting scenes, and other figure pieces ; and left more than
1,500 etchings. — Ch. Blanc, ICcole ombri- enne ; Burckhardt, 185, 757 ; Siret, 905.
TEMPESTA, CAVALIERE. See Molyn, Pieter.
TEMPLE OF JUPITER PANHELLE- NIUS, Joseph M. W. Turner, Mr. Goupil (?) ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 9 in. x 7 ft. 9 in. The Tem- ple of Jupiter at 2Egina restored on the general plan of the Athenian Acropolis, which is seen in the distance, at left ; in foreground, peasants dancing the Romaika. Royal Academy, 1816. Bought by Moon, Boys & Graves, who sold it to Wynn Ellis ; at his sale (1876), £2,100. Engraved (1828) by John Pye ; J. B. Allen, in Turner Gal- lery.
TEMPTATION AND FALL, Michelan- gelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceil- ing.
TENIERS, DAVID, the elder, bom in
Antwerp in 1582, died there, July 29, 1649. Flemish school ;
history, genre, and land scape painter, pupil of his elder brother Juliaen (1572-1615), of Ru- bens, and in Rome of Adam Elsheimer ; master of Antwerp guild in 1606 ; painted chiefly peasant scenes, combined with land-
256
TENIERS
scape, but occasionally biblical and mytho- logical subjects ; his earlier works are heavy tone and crude in colour, while in his
in
later pictures he approached, in freedom of treatment and harmony of colour, the man- ner of his famous son. Works : Rocky Landscape, Conversation, Playing at Bowls, National Gallery, London ; Christ on Mount of Olives, Seven Works of Mercy, St. Paul's, Antwerp ; Transfiguration (1615), Church at Dendermonde ; Landscape, Brussels Mu- seum ; do. with Castle, Brunswick Gallery ; Bleachery, Interior of Peasant Boom, Bam- berg Gallery ; Temptation of St. Anthony, Berlin Museum ; Peasant's Frolic by a Tav- ern, Cassel Gallery ; do., Darmstadt Muse- um ; Dutch Kirmess (2), Landscapes (4), Dutch Bleachery, Dresden Gallery ; Smoker and Tippler, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Kocky Ravine with Figures, Peasant carry- ing a Pole, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Tav- ern Interior, Oldenburg Gallery ; Tempta- tion of St. Anthony, Gypsy Women in a Ravine, Schwerin Gallery ; Smoking Room (2), Stockholm Museum ; A Painter at his Easel (1641), Two Landscapes, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Pan with Nymphs and Sa- tyrs, Vertumnus outwitting Pomona, Juno demanding lo of Jupiter, Mercury putting Argus to Sleep (1638), Landscapes (4), Vi- enna Museum ; Physician with a Bottle, Uffizi, Florence ; Temptation of St. An- thony, Dutch Kitchen, New York Museum. — F. J. van den Branden, 752; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Immerzeel, iii. 130 ; Kramm, vi. 1608 ; vii. 145 ; Michiels, vii. 428 ; Rooses (Reber), 385 ; Van den Branden, 750.
TENIERS, DAVID, the younger, born in Antwerp, baptized Dec. 15, 1610, died at Perck, near Brussels, April 25, 1690. Flem- ish school ; genre, landscape, and portrait painter, son and pupil of David the elder ; developed under the influence of Rubens, and especially of Brouwer. Master of Ant- werp guild in 1632, its dean in 1644-45, was made court painter to Archduke Leopold I Wilhelm, governor of the Netherlands, and j
settled, between 1648 and 1652, in Brus- sels, where he was received into the guild in 1675. He was the prime mover in the foundation of the Antwerp Academy in 1663. Equally favoured by Leopold Wil- helm's suc- cessor, Don
Juan of Austria, who is said to have studied under him ; he received important commis- sions from Philip IV. of Spain, and marks of esteem from Queen Christina of Sweden and the great in England and other coun- tries. The Count of Fuensaldana sent him
I to England to buy works by the Italian masters. He holds the first position among the genre painters of Flanders. Picturesque arrangement, exquisite harmony of colour- ing in all details, and a light and sparkling touch characterize his pictures, in which
! two periods may be distinguished — the ear- lier, up to 1640, in which a somewhat heavy brown tone prevails, gradually attaining, up to 1644, a luminous golden tone, and the later, up to 1660, in which he changed into a cool silvery hue ; after that he again adopted a decided golden tone. In 1660 he published in Brussels a work containing about 200 engravings of pictures of the Italian and Flemish schools in the Arch- duke's gallery, executed from small copies made by himself from the originals. Of these copies 120 were sold in the Blenheim Palace sale (1886) for £2,002 10s. Works : Music Party, Boors Regaling, The Money- Changers. Players at Tric-Trac, eleven oth- ers, National Gallery, London ; Boors Danc- ing (1645), Frolic in Village Courtyard (1649), Detachment of Civic Guard (1657), seven others, Buckingham Palace, ib.; Al- chemist, Village Festival, five others, Bridge- water Gallery, ib. ; Landscape (1649), Farm- er's Family, two others, Grosvenor Gallery,
»7
TENIERS
ib. ; Witch before Cauldron, Group of Ducks, Stafford House, ib.; Village Fute, Apsley House, ib.; Seven Works of Mercy, Artist's Portrait, three others, Lord Ashburton, ib.; five, Mr. Baring, ib.; do., Mr. Holford, ib.; three, Mr. Phipps, ib.; do., Lord Colborne, ib.; two, Lord Ward, ib.; Marriage of Ten- iers, Alfred de Rothschild, ib. ; Prodigal Son (1644), Denial of St. Peter (1646), Seven Works of Mercy, Temptation of St. An- thony (2), twenty-nine others, Louvre ; Fish Market, Mendicant, Comte Henri de Gref- fulhe, Paris; Temptation of St. Anthony, Lille Museum ; do., Kirmess (masterpiece, 1652), The Five Senses, Interior of Arch- duke Leopold William's Gallery, four oth- ers, and (with Lucas van Uden) Preparing for the Market, Brussels Museum ; Pano- rama of Valenciennes, four others, Antwerp Museum ; Guard Room (1641), Kirmess, Rustic Pursuits, four others, Amsterdam Museum ; The Good Table (1644), Alche- mist, Hague Museum ; Musicians in a Tav- ern, three others, Basle Museum ; Smoker, Musi3e Rath, Geneva ; Mountainous Land- scape, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Daniel in Lions' Den (1640), Soldiers at Dice, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Repast (1630), Temptation of St. Anthony (masterpiece, 1647), Flemish Kirmess, Artist with his Family, four others, Berlin Museum ; Al- chemist, four others, Brunswick Museum ; Supper in the Barn (1634), Doctor's Visit (1640), Country Physician, Caiisruhe Gal- lery ; Barber Shop, Entry of Archduchess Isabella into Vilvoorden, do. into Brussels, five others, Cassel Gallery ; Temptation of St. Anthony, Gallery, Copenhagen ; do., and Rustic Flemish Interior (1640), Do- mestic Occupation (1660), Unpleasant Dis- covery (1667), Kitchen Interior (1674), Moltke Collection, ib.; Old Scholar (1637), Darmstadt Museum ; Village Fair (1641), Peasants playing Dice (1646), Peasants at Dinner (1648), twenty-one others, Dresden Museum ; Landscapes with Figures (3), St. Jerome in the Desert, three others, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Peasant's Frolic, five
others, Gotha Museum ; Interior with Peas- ants, Landscape by Moonlight, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Kitchen Interior, Ferdinande- um, Innsbruck ; Landscape, Konigsberg Museum ; Gypsy Family (attributed, but probably by David, the elder), Leipsic Mu- seum ; Tavern Scenes (6, three dated 1643, 1645, 1650), Peasant's \Vedding (1651), Al- chymist (1680), Great Fair near Florence, Views in the Gallery of Archduke Albrecht at Brussels (4), fifteen others, Old Pinako- thek, Munich ; Village Festival (1649), Ol- denburg Gallery ; Guard Room (1642), Archers of Antwerp (1643, masterpiece), Kitchen Interior (1646), Village Festival (2, one dated 1648), Wedding Dinner (1650), Flemish Amusements (1654), thirty-three others, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Fifteen Scenes in Life of the Virgin, Holy Family, Schleissheim Gallery ; Company in Artist's House, Daniel in Lions' Den (1649), six others, Schwerin Gallery ; Peasants at the Inn, Stuttgart Museum ; Peasant Wedding (1648), Robbers plundering Village (1648), Shooting at the Shawfowl in Brussels (1652, masterpiece), Village Festival (masterpiece), Abraham's Sacrifice (1653), Room in Gallery of Archduke Leopold William at Brussels, thirteen others, Museum, Vienna ; Tavern Scene (1670), thirteen others, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; six pictures,Harrach Gallery, ib. ; three, Czernin Gallery, ib.; two, Schunborn Gallery, ib. ; four, Stockholm Museum ; St. Peter Weeping, Uffizi, Florence ; Peasant Wedding (1637), History of Ewaldo and Armida, and forty-one others, Madrid Mu- seum ; Marriage Festival, Judith with Head of Holofernes, Museum, New York ; Incan- tation Scene, Village Fete (2), Boors Regal- ing, Charles V. leaving Dort, Parable of the Labourer, Landscape, Historical Society, ib. His brother Abraham (1629-71) and his son David HL (1638-85) were his pupils and imitators. By Abraham are, in the Madrid Museum : A Guard Room, and a Depository of Arms ; in the Hermitage at St. Peters- burg : A Prelate's Library ; in the Harrach Gallery at Vienna : Monkeys as Shoemakers
258
TENIERS
,__ i^
.
F f
in the Shop, and do. as Tailors ; in the Tu- rin Gallery : A Guitar Player. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 382 ; Dohme, li. ; Im- merzeel, iii. 130; Journal des B. Arts (1864), 171 ; Kramm, vi. 1609 ; vii. 145 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 7-^ 321; Messagerdes Ls - sciences hist. (1854), 381; (1868), 263; (1878), 331; Michiels, vii. 441 ; viii. 3 ; Rooses (Reber), 385 ; Van cleu Branden, 981 ; Vermoelen, Teniers le jeune, etc. (Antwerp, 1865) ; Vlaamsche school (1864), 173 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 258.
TENIERS, MARRIAGE OF, David ren- ters, Alfred de Rothschild Collection, Lon- don ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 10 in. ; dated 1651. A pleasure garden, adorned with trees, bowers, and a fountain, through which Teniers and his bride are being con- ducted to their chateau by a procession of about twenty persons, attended by youths bearing refreshments ; at left, a man playing a guitar. Collection of Paignon Dijonval, 1821 ; sold to T. Emmerson ; then in collec- tion of John Lucy, Esq., Charlcote. — Art Journal (1885), 242 ; Smith, iii. 382.
TEN KATE, HERMANN. See Kate.
TEOCALLI, STORMING OF THE, Emanuel Leulze, Amos Binney, Boston, Mass. The attack by Cortes on the great teocalli or temple of Huitzilopotchli, in the city of Mexico, as narrated by Fresco tt in his " Con- quest of Mexico " (v. cap. 2). It represents the Spaniards forcing their way up the great stone steps of the pyramid in spite of the heroic valour of the Aztecs. Loaned to Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1883.
TEPIDARIUM, IN THE, Laurenz Alma- Tadema. A girl, nude, reclining on a mar- ble bench covered with a wild beast's skin and with cushions, in the tepidarium (warm- ing room) of a Roman bath, resting before proceeding to the calidarium, or hot bath ;
in one hand she holds a feather fan, in the other a strigillus for scraping the skin ; at her feet is a pot of flowers. Painted in 1881.
TERBRUGGHEN (Terbrtlggen), HEN- DRIK, bora at Deventer in 1588, died at Utrecht, Nov. 1, 1629. History and genre painter, pupil of Abraham Bloemaert, then studied in Italy, where Rubens knew him ; in 1614 he was in Milan and returned in the same year to Utrecht, where he became master of the guild in 1616. Works : Four Evangelists (1621), Town Hall, Deventer ; Two Flute Players (1621), Cassel Gallery ; Man at Breakfast (1627), Augsburg Gallery ; Esther and Vashti (1628), Cologne Museum ; Christ Crowned with Thorns, Gallery, Co- penhagen ; Angel appearing to St. Peter in Prison, Moltke Collection, ib. ; do. (1629), Schwerin Gallery. — Immerzeel, iii. 132 ; Krarnrn, vi. 1613 ; Schlie, 624.
TERBURG (Ter Borch), GERARD, born at Zwolle, probably between 1613 and 1617, died at Deven- ter, Dec. 8, 1681. D u t c h school; genre paint- er ; received his first instruction from his father, Geert Terburg (1584-1662, who had studied in Rome), then formed himself in Amsterdam and especially in Haavlem, where he entered the guild in 1635, under the influence of Frans Hals, and through independent study of the masterworks by Titian, Rembrandt, and Velasquez ; trav- elled through Germany, Italy, Spain, Eng- land, and France, and painted everywhere portraits and genre pieces. In 1646-48, at Milnster, he became, through the favour of the Spanish envoy, the painter of the diplo- matic circle and executed the famous por- trait group of the Peace Congress ; followed the Spanish envoy to Madrid, where he
TEKN1TE
painted the king and many courtiers and ladies ; returned via England and France to bis native country, and settled at Deventer, where he obtained the citizenship in 1655, and afterwards became burgomaster. He was the inventor of the interiors, and of the satin gown, so much used by Mieris and Metsu ; a first-rate and thoroughly original master. Works : Peace of Miinster (1648), Guitar Lesson, National Gallery, London ; Girl reading Letter to her Mother, Girl at Table inviting Gentlemen to drink, Buck- ingham Palace, London ; Paternal Counsel, Bridgewater Gallery, ib. ; Girl with Guitar and Two Gentlemen, Lord Ashburton, ib. ; Military Man by Fireside, Officer Writing, Music Lesson, Mr. Hope, ib. ; Group of Three, Girl Drinking, Mr. Munro, ib. ; Girl Writing, Girl Drinking, Mr. Baring, ib. ; Officer and Girl, Music Lesson (1660), Con- cert, Assembly of Priests, Reading Lesson, Louvre, Paris ; Mandolin Player, Antwerp Museum ; Paternal Advice, Boy with Dog, Portrait of Artist and his Wife, Museum, Amsterdam ; Card Players, Van Loon Col- lection, ib. ; Musical Couple, Six Collec- tion, ib. ; Two Portraits, Haarlem Muse- um ; The Dispatch (1655), Artist's Portrait, Hague Museum ; Large Group Portrait, Town Hall, Deventer ; Lady at Toilet, Goth- ic Church Interior, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Players at Tric-Trac, Bre- men Gallery ; Portraits of Man and Wife, Old Widow Lady, Copenhagen Gallery ; Young Lady with Lute, Music Lesson, Cas- sel Gallery ; Paternal Exhortation, Knife Grinder's Family, Smoker, Consultation (1635), Four Portraits, Berlin Museum ; Officer Writing, Young Woman washing her Hands, Music Lesson, Lady Standing by Table, Dresden Gallery ; Young Woman with Glass of Wine, Stiidel Gallery, Frank- foil ; Messenger waiting for Answer, Gotha Museum ; Portrait of a Burgomaster of Am- sterdam, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Boy with Dog, Trumpeter bringing letter to a Lady, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Glass of Lemonade, Musical Jew, Rustic Messenger,
, t •^
Lady reading Letter, Duet, Barmaid, Por- trait of a General, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg ; Two Couples (1658), Young Man read- ing, Violin Player, Schwerin Gallery; Young Woman peeling Apple, Museum, Vienna ; Portraits in Liechtenstein and Czemin (2) Galleries, ib. ; do. in Stettin, Uffizi, Flor- ence, and Turin Galleries (2) ; Artist's Por- trait, Museum, New York ; Portrait of Will- iam of Orange, two others, Historical So- .*~j ciety, ib. ; Degustation
( TT T '"TT (Narischkine sale,
\J3. L~D iCiy. Paris, 1883). — Ch. * /• Blanc, £cole hollan-
&TOI/WO daise ; Bode, Studien, s — S 176, 614 ; Burger, Musees, i. 118, 244 ; ii. 102, 256 ; Dohme, lii. ; Immerzeel, iii. 132 ; Jahrb. der Kongl. pr. Kunstsammlg., ii. 144 ; Kramm, v. 1612 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 394 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iv. 141 ; v. Ill ; vii. 196 ; x. 36 ; xii. 84 ; xviii. 350, 370, 406 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1886), xxxiv. 388 et seq.
TERNITE, WILHELM, born at Neustre- litz, Mecklenburg, in 1786, died in 1871. History and portrait painter, pupil of Gros in Paris after having been an officer during the wars of independence, 1813-15 ; went in 1823 to Rome and Naples, where he made excellent copies of the frescos at Pompeii. He was aulic councillor and, from 1826, in- spector of the Royal Gallery at Potsdam. Works : St. John the Baptist, Schloss Belle- vue, Berlin ; Portrait of Emperor Francis I. of Austria (1837), Royal Palace, ib. ; do. Queen Louise in Riding Habit (1827) ; do. on her Death-Bed ; do. of the Composer Spon- tini ; do. of Prof. Ottfried Miiller.— Cotta's Kunstbl., 1829-38 ; Nagler, xviii. 248.
TERWESTEN, AUGUSTINUS, called Snip, born at The Hague in 1649, died in Berlin, Jan. 21, 1717. History painter, pu- pil of Nicolaas Wieling (died in Berlin in 1689), and of Willem Doudyns (1630-97), then studied for six years in Rome and Ven- ice after Raphael, Titian, and Tintoretto, and after his return, via Germany, painted many ceilings and other decorative works
860
TESCI1ENDORFF
with subjects from Ovid, and from history, sacred and profane. In 1682-83 he did much towards the revival of the Academy of Design at The Hague, and in 1690 was called as court painter to Berlin, where he decorated the electoral palaces, helped to found the Academy, and became professor. In the Royal Palace at Berlin is his Death of Adonis. His brothers and pupils, Eli- as (1651-1729) and Matheus (1670-1757), painted — the former, flowers and animals at The Hague and in Rome, where he died ; the latter, history and portraits, studied also un- der Doudyns and Daniel Mytens, then as- sisted his brother in Berlin, and completed his studies in Rome and Venice. — Immer- zeel, iii. 134 ; Kranim, vi. 1615 ; Nagler, xviii. 251.
TESCHENDORFF, EMIL, born in Stet- tin in 1823. History, genre and portrait painter, pupil in Munich of Piloty ; at first painted realistic scenes from life of Luther, then in Berlin portraits ; executes especial- ly single figures in picturesque attitudes. Assistant secretary at Berlin Academy since 1877. Works : Conradin's Farewell of his Mother (1868) ; Husband's Bequest ; Juliet with the Potion ; Cleopatra ; Ariadne ; (Edipus and Antigone (1879) ; Pastime (1880).— Mtiller, 516 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), ii. 257 ; Land und Meer (1883), ii. 700.
TESCHNER, ALEXANDER, born in Berlin in 1816, died there, Aug. 9, 1878. History painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Herbig, with Wach, after whose death he devoted himself to religious art in the style and under the influence of Cornelius ; visited Rome in 1857. Great gold medal of Hohenzollern, 1865. Works: Ecce Homo (1853), church at Perleberg ; Pieta (1878), Emperor William, Berlin ; cartoons for stained-glass windows in Cathedrals of Mag- deburg, Stralsund, Aix-la-Chapelle, etc.— Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 247.
TESTA, PIETRO, born in Lucca in 1611, died in Rome in 1650. Florentine school ; supposed pupil at Lucca of Pietro Paolini. Went to Rome when young, and studied un-
der Domenichino and afterwards under Pie- tro da Cortona. He was of a morose and melancholy dispo- sition, and made many enemies by his adverse criti- cism of the works of other painters. His body was found floating in the Tiber, but whether he was _ murdered or committed suicide
LJ " is unknown. Among his works are : Joseph sold by his Breth- ~"~ ren, Capitol Museum, Rome; Death of Dido, Uffizi.— Lanzi, i. 236 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole florentine.
TESTAMENT, OLD AND NEW, or Tri- umph of Religion, Garofalo, Ferrara Gal- lery ; fresco transferred to canvas, H. 21 ft. 4 in. x 26 ft. 11 in. A quaint allegorical composition, illustrating the victory of Chris- tianity over the Mosaic dispensation. In the middle is Christ on the cross ; at his right hand is the New Testament, at his left the Old, the latter placed on an ass ; from the cross proceed arms, which place a crown on the New Testament, hold the keys of Paradise, deliver the patriarchs from hell, and slay the Old Testament. Through the hands of a figure representing religion flow streams of blood, which fall on the sacra- ments, and opposite to these are seen the sacrifices of the Old Testament. Solomon's temple has also a place in the composition, and opposite to it is the preaching of St. Paul. Over the whole is the Almighty seated on a rock. Painted in 1524 on the wall of the refectory of S. Andrea, Ferrara ; trans- ferred to canvas in 1841 by the painter Pel- legrino Succi, by order of Gregory XVI. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 466 ; Baruffaldi, i. 332.
TESTFTJN (Tettelin), HENRI, born in Paris in 1616, died at The Hague, April 17, 1695. French school ; history and por- trait painter, brother of Louis Testelin, and pupil of Vouet. He became one of the
961
TESTELIN
founders of the French Academy in 1648, secretary in 1650, professor in 1658 ; bore the title of first painter to the king, with lodgings in the Gobelin factory, of which he was superintendent until the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1681), when, being a Protestant, he fled to Holland. Works : Portrait of Louis XTV. (2), do. of Pierre Seguier, Versailles Museum ; Time clipping
the Wings of Love. — Bellier, ii. ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole franjaise ; Biog. universelle ; Jal, 1179.
TESTELIN (Tettelin), LOUIS, born in Paris in 1615, died there, Aug. 19, 1655. French school ; genre painter, pupil of his father Gilles Testelin (court painter to Louis Xni.), of Vouet, and imitator of Le Brun. Did much decorative work in the Palais Royal, the Luxembourg, Fontainebleau, and other public and private buildings. Member of Academy, 1648 ; professor, 1650. Works : Resurrection of Tabitha (1652), Rouen Mu- seum ; Flagellation of St. Paul and St. Silas, Notre Dame, Paris ; Passage of the Rhine in 1672, Keys of Marsal delivered to the King, Marriage of Louis XIV., Capture of Dole in 1668, Versailles Museum ; Magda- len, Grenoble Museum ; Syrinx and Pan, Rennes Museum. — Bellier, iL; Ch. Blanc, £cole fran§aise ; Jal, 1179.
TETAR VAN ELVEN, PIERRE, born in Amsterdam in 1831. Architecture and land- scape painter, son of the engraver Johan Baptist Tetar van Elven ; pupil of Jacobus E. J. van den Berg, then studied in Paris, where he settled, after having lived for
several years in Turin. Italian Order of Maurice and Lazarus. Works : View of Westminster ; Interior of the Lateran in Rome ; View of Genoa ; Interior of St. James's, Liege ; Place de 1'Opera in Paris (1880), Amsterdam Museum. By his father (born in 1805) : Old Skipper with Bottle, Ruins of Church at Lisbon (1870), Ham- burg Gallery. — Kramm, vi. 1618 ; Kunsfc- Chronik, xviii. 578.
TEXTOR, FRANZ JOSEF, born in Sua- bia, died at Innsbruck, Nov. 9, 1741. Ger- man school. Real name Weber, translated into Latin. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, then set- tled at Innsbruck ; he was an unusually gifted artist of great versatility, and painted in the manner of the best old masters, so that many of his works were taken for pro- ductions of Callot, Brueghel, Teniers, etc. Works : Seven Works of Mercy, Fair in Holland (2), Genre Scenes (2), Card Players, Dice Players, Conversation (3), Peasants' Frolic, Monkeys at Cards, Monkeys at School, Still-lives and Landscapes (10), Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck. — Nagler, xviii. 289; Wurzbach, xliv. 104.
THALES, painter, of Sicyon, mentioned by Diogenes Laertius (i. 38) as a man of no- ble birth.— R. R, Schom, 414 ; Sillig, 438.
THANN, MORITZ VON, born at O'-Becse, Hungary, in 1828. History and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Fiihrich and Rahl, visited Belgium and Paris in 1855, then studied in Rome (1856- 59) ; greatly influenced by Cornelius, Over- beck, Riepenhausen, and Wagner ; returned to Hungary, and with Karl Lotz painted frescos in the Museum, besides others in public buildings, at Pesth. Order of Fran- cis Joseph in 1867 ; medal, Vienna, 1873. Works : Episode in Conquest of Szolnok in 1552 (before 1855) ; Ulysses and Nausicaii, Ulysses and Penthesilea (1857-59), Baron Sina, Vienna ; Angelica and Medor, Tragedy of Man, Fata Morgana (1867), Recruiting, Meeting of King Ladislaus IV. and Rudolph von Hapsburg after Battle at Marchegg,
262
THAYER
King Emerich taking his Brother Prisoner, St. Cecilia, and others, Pesth Museum ; Scenes from Hungarian Legends, The Four Great Rivers of Hungary, Attila's Banquet, Redouten Saal, Pesth. In fresco : Episodes in^ Hungarian History, National Museum, ib.; Portraits of Emperor Francis Joseph and Empress Elizabeth (1868), Council Room, ib.; Portrait of Francis Desik (1877), Academy of Sciences, ib. ; many altarpieces for churches in Hungary. — Wurzbach, xliv. 168 ; Graph. K, v. 16 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xii. (Mittheilungen, v. 12).
THAYER, ABBOTT HENDERSON, born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 12, 1849. Animal and landscape painter, pupil in Boston of Henry D. Morse, in Brooklyn of J. B. Whittaker (1867-68), and in Paris in the Ecole des Beaux Arts under Lehmann and Gerome (1875-79). Studio at Cornwall-on- Hudson. Works: Young Lions of Central Park ; Cows coming from Pasture ; Feeding the Cows ; Boy and Dog ; Shamming Sick (1876) ; Autumn Cornfield ; View on the Seine ; Alderney Herd in Guernsey ; Moun- tain Pasture ; Sleep, Childhood (1878) ; Autumn Morning on the Housatonic, Por- trait of O. H. Palmer (1880).
THEODORICH OF PRAGUE, or Meis- ter Dietrich, flourished in Prague during the reign of the Emperor Charles IV. (1348 -78), as one of his court painters. German school. Probably of Czech rather than Ger- man origin, judging from the pictures attrib- uted to him, which are of a Bohemian type. His name is mentioned as master of the guild as early as 1348, and again in a document of 1367. Ho evidently had a long and influ- ential career, and may be considered as one of the founders of the school of Prague. Works : St. Augustine, St. Ambrose, Vi- enna Museum ; series of one hundred and twenty-five half-length figures of Saints, Apostles, etc., Chapel of Karlstein, near Prague; two half-length Saints, University Library, Prague. — Kugler (Crowe), i. 38 ; Schnaase, vi. 438 ; W. & W., i. 396 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1873), vii. 148.
THEODORUS, painter, of Samos or Ephesus (?). Mentioned by Theophanes in his essay on painting, according to Diogenes Laertius (ii. Arist., xix.). Two other paint- ers of this name are spoken of by Diogenes, one as mentioned by Polemo and the other by Menodotus as of Athena — Sillig, 439.
THEODORUS, painter, of Samos, pupil of Nicosthenes, mentioned by Pliny (xsxv. 40 [146]) as of some reputation. — Sillig, 443.
THEODOTUS, Greek painter of common subjects, lived at Rome first half of third century B.C. Mentioned in a comedy by Nsevius as the painter of a rude picture of the Lares at play on an altar. — Nscvius, in Festus (p. 250, ed. Mailer) ; Brunn, ii. 503.
THEOLOGY, llaphael, Camera della Se- gnatura, Vatican ; fresco, medallion on ceil- ing. Allegorical figure seated on clouds, with book in left hand. Two little genii, on either side, holding tablets, inscribed "Knowledge of Divine Things." Painted in 1512 ; shows hand of a pupil. Engraved by B. Audran ; R. Morghen. — Passavant, ii. 88 ; Mttntz, 311, 316, 350 ; Perkins, Essay, 120.
See, also, Dispute of the Sacrament.
THEOMNESTUS, Greek painter, 4th century B.C. Pliny says (xxxv. 36 [107]) that Mnasou, tyrant of Elatea, paid twenty minaj apiece for his pictures of the heroes. —Brunn, ii. 256.
THEON (Theorus, Theodorus), painter, about 360 B.C. Pliny mentions (xxxv. 40 [138]) among his works : A Man anointing himself ; Murder of jEgisthus and Clytem- nestra by Orestes ; Cassandra, in the Tem- ple of Concord, Rome ; Leontium, Mistress of Epicurus, in Meditation ; King Deme- trius ; and a series of pictures of the Trojan War, in the Portico of Philippus at Rome. Brunn (ii. 255) thinks him probably identi- cal with Tlieon of Samos.
THEON, a famous Greek painter, of Sa- mos, contemporary of Apelles, 4th century B.C. Pliny mentions (xxxv. 40) among his works, The Frenzy of Orestes — which Plu-
363
THEORUS
tarch says (De And. Poet., 3) represented Orestes slaying his mother— and a Thamy- ris playing the Lyre. Quintilian (xii. 10, 6) gives him credit for a prolific fancy, and ^lian, speaking (V. H., ii. 44) of his picture of a Soldier rushing to Battle, says that Theon sought theatrical effect by having trumpets blown before drawing the curtain from before it.
THEORUS, painter. See Theon.
THEOTOCOPULI. See Greco.
THERBUSCH. See lAscewska, Anna Dorothea.
THERIMACHUS, painter and sculptor, about 350 B.C. No works known. — Pliny, xsxv. 36 [78] ; Sillig, 198.
THESEUS, pictures. See Aristolaus, Eu- phranor, Micon, Pancenus, Parrhasius.
THEVENIN, CHARLES, born in Paris, July 12, 1764, died there, Feb. 21, 1838. History painter, pupil of Vincent. In 1793 won the 1st grand prix de Rome ; was direc- tor of the French School of Art in Rome for a number of years, and later keeper of Prints in Royal Library, Paris. Member of Acad- emy, 1825 ; L. of Honour, 1825. Works : Capture of the Bastilo (1793) ; Auguereau on the Bridge of Arcola (1798), Versailles Museum ; (Edipus and Antigone (1799) ; General Hey taking Gaeta (1800) ; Passage of St. Bernard (1806) ; Preparations for crossing St. Bernard (1808) ; Battle of Jena, Attack on Ratisbon, Taking of Ratisbon (1810), Surrender of Ulm (1815), Versailles Museum ; Henri IV. giving Audience to the Professors of the Royal College (1827) ; Martyrdom of St. Stephen (1827), S. Eti- enne du Mont ; Joseph recognized by his Brethren, Angers Museum ; Justification of Susanna, Douai Museum. — Larousse ; Bel- lier, ii. 557 ; Cotta's Kunstblatt (1838).
THEVENIN, MARIE ANNE ROSALIE, born at Lyons ; contemporary. Portrait and figure painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet and of Joseph Paris. Medals: 3d class, 1849, 1859, 1861. Works: Flora Mac Ivor and Rose Bradwardine (1848) ; Portrait of Abbe Jacquet (1859) ; Portrait of a Lady (1881).
THEVENOT, ARTHUR FRANCOIS,
born in Paris ; contemporary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of iSmile Bin, Caba- nel, and of Lequien fils. Medal : 3d class, 1885. Works : Death of Antigone and Hremon (1878) ; After the Bath (1882); Mis- ery (1883) ; Portraits (1884) ; Le dejeuner, A Philosopher (1885) ; Portrait (1886).
THIELE, ARTHUR, born in Dresden, June 11, 1841. Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Dresden Academy, then of Julius Hiibner and of Ludwig Richter ; studied also in Munich, and in 1868-72 at Diisseldorf. Works : Deer on Autumn Morning ; Deer in Winter ; Stag before Hunter's Statue ; Dead Hare (1864), Winter Hunt, Wood Clearing with Deer (1881), Dresden Gallery. — Kaulen, 251.
THIELE (Thielen), JOHANN ALEX- ANDER, born at Erfurt, March 26, 1685, died in Dresden, May 22, 1752. Landscape painter ; at first a soldier ; studied from nat- ure, and painted in water-colours. After- wards instructed in oil painting by C. L. Agricola and Manyocki, and settled in Dresden, where, in 1747, he was appointed court painter to King Augustus of Poland. Works : Landscape with Cattle and Herds- men, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Castle on Fire, Bamberg Gallery ; View in Saxony (1740), Gotha Museum ; Evening Landscape, Kunst- halle, Hamburg ; Landscapes (15, three dated 1745, 1746, 1749), Views of Dresden (3, one dated 1747), View of Meissen (1747), Two Views in Mecklenburg (1750), Herd driven through River, Schwerin Gallery ; Landscapes (2), Rocky Cavern with Monu-
ments, Animal-Pieces (3), Weimar Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 566 ; Schlie. 625.
THIELEN, JAN PHILIP VAN, called Rigouldts, born at Mechlin, baptized April
964
TIIIERRIAT
1, 1618, died at Boisschot in 1667. Flem- ish school ; flower painter, pupil of Theodor Bombouts, and of Daniel Seghers in Ant- werp, where he was master of the guild in 1641. Like Seghers, he painted garlands and flowers to enframe subjects by other artists. Works much esteemed by the King of Spain. Works : Bouquet, Lille Museum ; Garland, do. with Madonna (16G7), Antwerp Museum ; Flowers around Statuette of St. Jacob, Ma- drid Museum; Madonna with Garland (1648), Flowers (2), Vienna Museum ; Flower-Pieces in Amsterdam and Hermannstadt (1661)
.. /660
Museums, and ft \.\ Liechtenstein JJY Gallery, Vienna A .
(2, 1659). -ch. ya%
Blanc, Ecole fla- Jj?
mande ; Kugler v
(Crowe), ii. 347 ; Immerzeel, iii. 137 ;
Kramm, vi. 1623 ; Van den Brandon, 1132.
THIERRIAT, AUGUSTIN ALEXAN- DEE, born at Lyons, March 11, 1789, died there, April 17, 1870. Genre, landscape, and flower painter, pupil of Revoil. Medals : 2d class, 1817, 1822. In 1827 became professor in Lyons, and gave up painting. Works : Interior of Old Cloister of St. Andre-le-Bas (1817) ; Bunch of Flowers (1820) ; Recrea- tion ; Soldier Retreating ; Religious Festi- val; Funeral of a Monk (1827). — Larousse.
THIERRY, JOSEPH (FRANQOIS DE- SIRE), born in Paris, March 13, 1812, died there, Oct. 11, 1866. Landscape painter and decorator, pupil of Gros, later of Phi- lastre. He is best known as a scene paint- er in partnership with Cambon, at the Grand Opera and the Opera Comique. Medals : 3d class, 1844 ; L. of Honour, 1863. Works : Party of Workmen picking up a Drunkard, Police Patrol (1853) ; Edge of a Forest, Car- avan Road (1855) ; Wandering Jew (1857) ; The Story (1859) ; Arrival of the Wedding Party, Fairies' Kingdom (1863) ; Ruins of a Temple (1865); Faust (1866).— Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch., 275, 417, 510.
THIERSCH, LUDWIG, born in Munich, April 12, 1825. History and genre paint-
er, pupil of Munich Academy, at first in sculpture under Schwan thaler, then in paint- ing under Heinrich Hess, Schnorr, and es- pecially under Karl Schorn ; went to Rome, and in 1852 to Athens, where he painted frescos in St. Nicodemus ; returned in 1855 ; the year following was called to Vienna to decorate the Greek church there, and in 1860 to St. Petersburg to paint pictures in the chapels of Grand Dukes Nicholas and Michael and in St. Catharine's Church. Member of St. Petersburg Academy ; Ba- varian Order of St. Michael ; Greek Order of the Redeemer ; Russian Order of Stanis- laus. Works : Sakuntala (1848) ; Camisard Scene ; Charon, Entry of Bacchus into Grove of Colonos, Lament of Thetis, Baron Sina, Vienna ; Daughter of Jairus, Christ at Geth- semane (1865) ; St. Paul Preaching (1866), City Hall, Athens ; Christ at Pool of Be- thesda ; Ceres seeking her Daughter ; Christ in the Desert (1874) ; Alaric as Victor in Athens (1879); Temptation of Christ— Mey- er, Conv. Lex., xvii. 894 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 435.
THIRION, EUGfcNE ROMAIN, born in Paris, May 19, 1839. History and portrait painter, pupil of Picot, Fromentin, and Cabanel. Paints chiefly religious pictures. His work is admired for good modelling and fine colour. Medals : 1866, 1868, 1869 ; 2d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1872. Works : Death of St. Mary the Egyptian (1863), Li- sieux Museum ; St. Sylvain (1864), Tours Museum ; The Levite of Ephraim cursing the City of Gaba (1865), Perpignan Muse- um ; St. Vincent (1866), Bordeaux Museum ; Perseus (1867) ; St Paul the Hermit and St. Anthony (1868) ; St. Severin distribut- ing Alms (1869) ; Eruption of Vesuvius (1872) ; Judith's Return to Bethulia (1873), Tours Museum ; Rebekah at the Well (1874); St Sebastian (1875), Ministry of Fine Arts ; Joan of Arc (1876) ; Euterpe (1880) ; Orien- tale (1881); Poet at the Source (1882); L'fipave du vengeur (1883) ; Napolitaine (1884) ; Exposure of Moses (1885), Luxem- bourg Museum. He has painted also mural
265
TIIISBE
pictures in the Church of the Trinity and decorative panels in the Ministry of War. — L'Art (1878), xiii. 144 ; Bellier, ii. 565.
Incredulity of St. Thomas, Cima da Conegllano, Venice Academy.
THISBE, Edwin Long, Gibbs Collection, England. The tragic amour of Pyramus and Thisbe, in Bablyon, has been immortal- ized by Ovid in his "Metamorphoses " (IV.), and burlesqued by Shakespeare in "Mid- summer Night's Dream." Royal Academy, 1884 ; at William Graham sale, London, 1886, to Gibbs for 840 guineas. Engraved by G. Bertinot (1886).
THOM, JAMES CRAWFORD, bom in United States ; contemporary. Landscape and genre painter, pupil in Paris of iDdou- ard Frere ; first exhibited at the Royal Academy, London, in 1864. Works : Re- turning from the Wood (1864) ; Love in the Kitchen ; Return of the Conscript ; Go- ing to Church, Christmas Eve (1876) ; Le jour de la Toussaint (1878) ; Watering his Horse, Morning Ride (1880) ; Rustic Sport,
Summer Afternoon (1882); Old Farm House, South River, River Bank (1884) ; The Pets (1885).
THOMAS, ADOLF, born at Zittau, Sept. 28, 1834. Landscape painter, pupil of Dres- den Academy and of Ludwig Richter ; then studied in Munich, where he was greatly influenced by Lier and Friedrich Voltz. Works : View near Brannenburg (1866), Dresden Gallery ; Landscape (1867) ; Even- ing in Capri (1872); Landscape with Mytho- logical Figures. — Mailer, 519.
THOMAS, ALEXANDRA born at Mal- medy, Belgium, in 1820. History painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy. Officer of Order of Leopold. Works : Judith ; Chil- dren of Edward ; Solomon's Judgment ; Descent from the Cross ; Judas on Night before the Crucifixion (1854), Barabbas at the Foot of Calvary (1857), Brussels Mu- seum.—Muller, 519.
THOMAS, CHARLES ARMAND, born in Paris; contemporary. Still-life painter, pupil of Leclaire. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : June Flowers (1880) ; Corner of the Conservatory (1881) ; The Cellar of Pere Jacquemin (1882) ; Gay Morning (1883) ; Still-life (1884) ; At the Studio (1885) ; Eve of Festival (1886).
THOMAS, GEORGE HOUSMAN, born in London, Dec. 17, 1824, died at Boulogne, France, July 21, 1868. History and por- trait painter, began as a wood engraver in London and afterwards in Paris, whence he went to New York to aid in illustrating a pictorial journal. In 1848 he returned to Europe and went to Italy to study ; was in Rome during its siege by the French, of which he furnished sketches to the Illus- trated London News ; and represented that paper in the Crimea in 1854. On his re- turn to London he obtained the patronage of the Queen, for whom he painted Mar- riage of the Prince of Wales at Windsor, Marriage of the Princess Alice at Osborne, The Princess Royal at the Coronation of the King of Prussia, Distribution of the Victoria Medals, and others. He illustrat-
266
•
THOMAS
ed, among other books, Wilkie Collins'H " Armadale " and Mrs. Stowe's " Uncle Tom's Cabin. " — Redgrave.
Incredulity of St. Thomas, Guercino, Vatican, Rome.
THOMAS, JAN, born at Ypres, baptized Feb. 5, 1617, died in Vienna in 1673. Flem- ish school ; history and genre painter, pu- pil of Rubens ; master of Antwerp guild in 1641 ; visited Italy, and in 1662 became court painter to Emperor Leopold I. Works : St. Francis adoring Madonna, Carmelite Church, Antwerp ; Madonna and Penitent Sinners, Ypres Museum ; Painter's Studio, Physician in his Study, Gotha Museum ; Triumph of Bacchus (1656), Museum, Vi- enna ; Alchemist, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Beaching for the Purse (2, 1661), Harrach Gallery, ib. ; others in Berlin and Kiel Gal- leries.— Immerzeel, iii. 138 ; Kramm, iv. 1625 ; Michiels, viii. 239.
THOMAS, ST., INCREDULITY OF, (John, xx. 25).
By Cima da Conegliano, Venice Academy ; wood, H. 6 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 7 in. Christ, standing under an arched portico, with St. Thomas touching his wound ; on other side, St. Magnus ; background, landscape with a horseman. Formerly in the Scuola de' Mu- ratori at Venice.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 242 ; Zanotto, Pinac. dell' Accad., PI. 16 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 665.
By Guercino, Vatican, Rome ; canvas, life- size, half-length. Thomas placing his finger on Christ's wound ; in background, three
disciples. Carried to Paris ; returned in 1815. — Landou, Musee, xii. PI. 4 ; Pistolesi Vaticano, vi. PL 67.
By Johann Friedrich Overbeck, Beresford Hope, London ; canvas, H. 10 ft. x 5 ft. ; signed, dated 1851. Christ and Si Thomas, figures life-size, standing in a landscape, with a mountain in background ; the for- mer, with arm uplifted, is speaking to Si Thomas, who approaches reverently but doubtingly. Painted for Church of St. Thomas, Leeds, but not giving satisfaction was sold for £300 to present owner. Ex- hibited at Royal Academy in 1853, and at the Manchester Exhibition in 1857. — Atkin- son, 79.
By Rembrandt, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg; wood, H. 1 ft. xll in. Painted in 1634. — Waageu, Hermitage, 176 ; Vosmaer, 436.
By Cecchino del Kalviati, Louvre, Paris ; wood transferred to canvas, H. 8 ft. 10 in. x 7 ft 6 in. Christ, at right, standing amongst
Incredulity of St. Thomas, Cecchino del S»lviati, Louvre.
the apostles, shows his wounds to Si Thom- as, who kneels before him. Carried to France by Tommaso Guadagni, and placed hi Chap-
THOMAS
el of the Florentines at Lyons. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon, xiv. PL 41.
Subject treated also by Girolamo Muzi- ano, Louvre, Paris ; Simone Cantarini, Mu- nich Gallery ; Gerard Honthorst, Madrid Museum ; Bernardo Strozzi, Palazzo Bri- gnoli sale, Genoa ; Padovannino, Eremitani, Padua ; Salvator Rosa, Church della Morte, Viterbo ; Santi di Tito, Cathedral of Borgo San Sepolcro ; Cavaliere Calabrese, Dresden Gallery ; Anton van Dyck, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Rubens, Antwerp Museum ; Cinia da Conegliano, National Gallery, Lon- don ; Alphonse Masson (Salon, 1839) ; Louis Lamothe (1855).
THOMAS AQUINAS, ST., TRIUMPH OF, Benozzo Gozzoli, Louvre ; wood, H. 7 ft. G in. x 3 ft. 4 in. Above, Christ in glory, surrounded by cherubim, witli St. Paul at his right holding a book and a sword, Moses at his left with the tables of the law, and the Evangelists in front ; in the middle, St. Thomas seated between Aristotle and Plato, with Guillaurne de St. Amour, doctor of the University of Paris, below them, overcome by St. Thomas's eloquence ; in lower part, Pope Alexander IV., assisted by two cham- berlains, presiding over the assembly held in 125G, concerning the mendicant orders, which were attacked by St. Amour and de- fended by Thomas Aquinas. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 50 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
THOMAS OF VILLANUEVA, ST., Mu- rillo, Lord Ashburton, London ; canvas, H. G ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. The saint, represented as a boy six or seven years old, is taking off his garments to supply the wants of four ragged boys ; background, a street with buildings and figures. Painted about 1G78 for Convent of St. Augustine, Seville ; sold by Monks to the Prince of the Peace, who presented it to General Sebastiani ; pur- chased in 1814 by Mr. Baring, an ancestor of present owner. One of the finest Muril- los in England. Sketch, Lord Ashburton, The Grange, Hants. Copies : Cadiz Cathe- dral ; Due de Montpeusier ; Condesa de la Mejorada ; Don Rodrigo de Quirios, Seville.
— C. Bermudez, ii. 60 ; Buchanan, Memoirs, ii. 264 ; Ponz, Viage, ix. 136 ; Jameson, Monastic Orders, 202 ; Curtis, 269 ; Waa- gen, ii. 101.
By Murillo, Earl of Northbrook, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. The saint, wearing a mitre and accompanied by an at- tendant with a crozier, stands in an archway giving alms to a kneeling beggar, who is surrounded by other beggars ; above, the Virgin, seated on clouds, with Jesus in her arms and two children clinging to her lap ; on left, a church, seen through an opening. Painted about 1678 for Chapel of St. Thom- as in Convent of St. Augustine, Seville. Louis Philippe sale (1853), £710, to Thom- as Baring, uncle of Earl of Northbrook. Ford calls it " one of the finest sketches of Murillo in existence." Lithographed by A. Pin yon. — Curtis, 270; Athenaeum (1853), 655 ; Gaz. des B. Arts, April, 1875 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 4 in. The Archbishop of Valencia, with mitre and pastoral staff, standing front under a Grecian portico, dropping a coin into the hand of a kneeling beggar ; in foreground, on left, an old wom- an seated, with a boy standing at her knee ; at right, two other beggars and a nun ; at left, an open book on a table ; background, architecture, with columns wreathed above with a curtain. Painted about 1676 for Capuchin Convent, Seville. Murillo called this his own picture, and it is one of his finest works. — Curtis, 268 ; Jameson, Mo- nastic Orders.
By Murillo, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart., London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. The saint, wearing a skull-cap, is giving money to a half-naked beggar sitting on a stone ; he is attended by an ecclesiastic holding a mitre, and another holding a crook ; before him, a boy examining a coin ; at right, a group of beggars ; and at left, architecture. Second manner. Bought by Mr. Irvine from Capuchin Convent, Genoa, and sold to Mi-. Wells, of Redleaf, for £1,000 ; sold
368
THOMPSON
at William Wells sale (1848) to Marquis of Hertford for .£2,992 10s.— Curtis, 270.
THOMPSON, ALBERT, born at Woburn, Mass., in 1853. Landscape and animal painter ; pupil of W. E. Norton. In 1872 and in 1874 he visited Europe, travelling through Great Britain, France, and Italy, and studying in the art galleries of the Con- tinent. Exhibits at the Boston Art Club. Works : Landscape and Cattle ; Summer Afternoon ; Apple Orchard — Summer ; Cat- tle on a Hillside ; Lake Winnipiseogee from Wolfborough ; Wood Interior ; Study of Italian Boy.
THOMPSON, CEPHAS GIOVANNI, born in Middle borough, Mass., Aug. 3, 1809. Portrait and figure painter, sou and pupil of Cephas Thompson, but mostly self-taught. He has painted in Boston, Providence, Phil- adelphia, New York, and in other cities in the United States. In 1852 visited Lon- don, Paris, Florence, and Rome, where he spent seven years. In I860 he returned to America, and has since lived in New York. An associate of the National Acad- emy. Works: Guardian Angel, C. H. Rog- ers, New York ; Prospero and Miranda, Mr. Wales, Boston ; St. Peter delivered from Prison, Ex - Governor Padelford, Provi- dence ; Spring and Autumn, C. Sprague. Portraits : Sebastian Cabot (after Hans Hol- bein), Charles Fenno Hoffman, Historical Society, New York ; Dr. Francis ; Haw- thorne ; Dr. Matthews, New York Univer- sity ; Henry T. Tuckerman ; William C. Bryant ; Mrs. Bryant.
THOMPSON, ELIZABETH. See Sutler.
THOMPSON, HARRY, born in London ; contemporary. Genre and landscape paint- er, pupil in Paris of Charles Frau9ois Mar- chal and Charles Busson. Medal, 3d class, Paris, 1884. Works : Tea a la russe (1876) ; Sheep (1878) ; Sheepfold, View at Allery (1879) ; Flock in Valley of the Somme, Landscape (1880) ; Corner of the Orchard, Cross Road (1882) ; Among the Dunes (1883) ; Old Road in Picardy, A Calvary- Sheep (1884) ; Corner of the Fortifications
of Paris (1885) ; Old Cemetery at Hocquin- court (1886).
THOMPSON, JEROME, born in Middle- borough, Mass., Jan. 30, 1814, died at Glen Gardner, N. J., May 2, 1886. Landscape and figure painter ; studied for a short time under his father, Cephas Thompson, and with Morse and Jarvis. Elected an A.N.A. in 1850. Painted in England and France in 1851-52. Works : Land of Beulah ; Voice of the Great Spirit ; Woodman, spare that Tree (1871) ; Valley of Baca (1875) ; Dakota Cafion (1880) ; Gates Ajar (1881) ; Spring Trap (1882) ; Fallen Oak (1883) ; Indian Prayer (1884) ; Study from Nature (1886).
THOMPSON, WORDSWORTH, born in Baltimore, Md., May 26, 1840. Genre and history painter, pupil of Charles Gleyre, Lambinet, and Passini, in Paris, 1861-64. Has sketched in Morocco, Algiers, and Spain. Elected an A.N.A. in 1873 and N.A. in 1874. Studio in New York. Works : Moorlands of Au-Fargi (1865); Annapolis in 1776, Academy of Fine Arts, Buffalo ; View of Mt. Etna (1869); Desolation (1873); Mid- summer's Day on Long Island (1876) ; By the Sea— Mentone (1877); Review at Phila- delphia in Aug., 1777 (1878) ; The Depart- ure— Episode of Colonial Life in Virginia (1879) ; May-Day in Fifth Avenue — New York (1880) ; Halt of a Diligence (1881) ; Pass- ing the Outposts, Union League Club, New York ; Old Stone Church — Sleepy Hollow (1882), T. B. Clarke, ib. ; Market Place- Biskra, Moorish Hunters returning to Tan- gier (1884) ; Winter Morning's Ride, Ad- vance of the Enemy (1885) ; In the Port of Algiers (1886).
THOMSEN, AUGUST, bom at Glflcks- burg, Sept. 3, 1813, died at Copenhagen, Sept. 6, 1886. History painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy, where he won medals in 1837 and 1838. Works : Presentation in the Temple (1841) ; Christ among the Doc- tors (1843) ; Hans Tausen preaching the Gospel, Church of the Holy Ghost, Copen- hagen. — Weilbach, 676 ; Kunst-Chrouik, xxi. 750.
THOMSON
THOMSON, HENKY, born at Portsea, July 31, 1773, died there, April 6, 1843. Son of a purser in the navy ; pupil of Opie and student in 1790 at Royal Academy ; travelled and studied in Italy, and in Vi- enna and Dresden in 1793-99 ; became A.RA. in 1801, and R.A. in 1804. In 1825 succeeded Fuseli as keeper of Academy, but resigned in 1827. Painted historical and fancy subjects and portraits. Works : The Dead Eobin (1809), National Gallery ; Christ raising Jairus's Daughter (1820) ; Mi- randa's First Sight of Ferdinand (1822) ; Juliet (1825).— Art Union (1843), 147 ; Cat. Royal Academy ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Redgrave ; Sandby, i. 326.
THOMSON, Rev. JOHN, born at Dailly, Ayrshire, Sept. 1, 1778, died at Dudding- ston, Oct. 20, 1840. Called Thomson of Duddingston. Amateur landscape painter, pupil of Alexander Nasmyth ; first exhibited in 1808, with the Society of Associated Ar- tists, Edinburgh, to which he contributed one hundred and nine pictures, from 1808 to 1840, inclusive. He was made an hono- rary member of the Royal Scottish Academy, having refused actual membership on ac- count of his profession. Work : Loch-an- Eilan at Rothiemurchus — Inverness-shire (1835), National Gallery, London.— Art Journal (1883), 78.
THON, SIXT ARNIM, born at Eisenach, Nov. 10, 1817. Genre painter, pupil of Leipsic Academy, then in'Weimar of Prel- ler, with whom he visited the Isle of Riigen (1837), the Thuringian Forest (1840), Nor- way, and the Netherlands ; afterwards studied for one year in Antwerp, and after his return to AVeimar became instructor at the Grand-ducal School of Design and at the Sophienstift. Works : Adventure of Travel in Norway ; Gleaner AVoman ; Girl with Pitcher ; Two Citizens of Antwerp ; Musicians in Winter ; Sleeping Boy, Chris- tiania Gallei-y. — Andresen, iv. 62.
THORBURN, ROBERT, born in Dum- fries, March, 1818, died at Tunbridge Wells, Nov. 2, 1885. Portrait and figure
painter, pupil of Royal Institute, Edin- burgh, and of Royal Academy, London, where he first exhibited in 1837 ; elected an A.R.A. in 1848. Was a successful minia- ture painter, having among his sitters the Queen (1846) and other members of the royal family, but on introduction of photog- raphy painted life-size portraits and ideal figures. Works : The Orphans (1866) ; Un- dine, Country Life (1869) ; John Baptist, Catherine of Aragon (1870) ; Concealment of Moses (1871) ; Rebekah at Well (1873) ; In the Meadow on the Hillside (1874); Christian descending the Hill Difficulty (1876); Slough of Despond (1878); The Two Marys at the Tomb (1879) ; Redi- viva (1880) ; Bonbons, The Fates, Eastern Water Carrier, Angel's Whisper (1882) ; Queen Catherine on the Eve of her Di- vorce, Babes in the Wood, Game of Chess (1883).— Athen., Nov. 7, 1885, 610 ; Sand- by, ii. 221.
"THOREN, OTTO VON, born in Vienna in 1828. Animal and landscape painter, studied in Brussels and Paris, taking up painting in 1857, after having served in the Austrian army in the campaigns of 1848-49 ; returned to Vienna in 1865 and afterwards settled in Paris. One of the best of living animal painters. Member of Vienna and St. Petersburg Academies. Medals : Paris, 1865 ; Munich, 1869 ; Vienna, 1882. Order of Francis Joseph ; Russian Order of Vladi- mir. Works : Death of Gustavus Adolphus at Liitzen (1856) ; Horse in Stable, Cleaning the Horse (1857) ; Mare with Foal (1858), Ki'migsberg Museum ; After Battle (1859) ; Cows at Pasture, Horses Ploughing (1861) ; Cattle Thieves, Horse Thieves (1865) ; Au- tumn Morning in Flanders, Ploughing Oxen in Slovenia (1866) ; Near the Wolf (1870), Vienna Academy ; The Forsaken Ones, Ap- proaching Storm, Too Late (1867) ; Pasture in Normandy (1873); Cows attacked by Wolves, Museum, Vienna; Wood Land- scape with Hungarian Oxen, Two Hun- garian Peasants on Horseback, Czernin Gal- lery, ib.; Equestrian Portrait of Emperor
270
THORNDYKE
Francis Joseph (1866). — Wurzbach, xliv. 261 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 114 ; vi. 213 ; is. (Mittheilungen, ii. 11).
THORNDYKE, GEORGE QUINCY, born in Boston in 1825. Landscape and marine painter ; studied in Paris in 1847. Pro- fessional life spent in Newport. An associ- ate of the National Academy, but rarely exhibits. Works : Lily Pond ; Swans in Central Park ; The Dumplings — Newport ; Wayside Inn ; View near Stoekbridge — Mass.; Longwood Marshes (1885).
THORNHILL, Sir JAMES, born at Mel- combe Regis in 1676, died at Thornhill, near Weyrnoutb, May 13, 1734 Pupil in London of Thomas Highmore ; was patron- ized by Queen Anne, who made him her sergeant painter. When foreign painters, such as the Riccis, Laguerre, and La Fosse, were patronized, and native talent decried, he decorated walls and ceilings of public and private buildings with mythological and historical compositions, for which he was but poorly remunerated at so much per square yard. Of these the most important are eight compartments of the cupola at St. Paul's, the great hall at Blenheim, the ceil- ing and walls of the hall at Greenwich Hospital, and a saloon and hall at Moor Park, Herts. His Finding of the Law, an easel picture, is at All Souls' College, Ox- ford. His portrait of Sir Isaac Newton in his Old Age belongs to Lord Portsmouth. In 1720 he was knighted by George I., the first native painter, it is said, to receive that distinction. In 1724 he endeavoured to found a Royal Academy of Art, and failing, opened a drawing academy in his own house. — Taylor, Fine Arts in Great Britain (London, 1841) ; Redgrave ; Sandby, i. 13 ; Portfolio (1872), 66.
THREE AGES, Lorenzo Lotto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 2 ft. x 2 ft. 6 in. Three figures, half-length, the middle one a youth in a black cap, with a sheet of music in his hand ; to right, a middle-aged bearded man ; to left, a bald-headed, gray-bearded man. Look like portraits ; handled with
Giorgionesque skill. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 502 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PL 47.
By Titian, Bridgewater House, London ; canvas, figures less than life-size. A shepherd lover beneath a tree is taught by a maiden crowned with flowers to place his fingers on the stops of the reed-pipe ; in the middle ground Cupid stepping over the forms of two sleeping children ; in the distance an old man dreaming over a pair of skulls on the ground. Painted about 1518 for Gio- vanni di Castelli, a gentleman of Faenza ; passed through the hands of the Cardinal of Augsburg into the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden ; thence into the Or- leans Collection, from which purchased by the Duke of Bridgewater. Copies in Pa- lazzo Doria and Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; another belonging to Earl Dudley. En- graved by Ravenet. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 435; C. & C., Titian, i. 204; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 31 ; Cab. Crozat, ii. PI. 145.
THREE VIRTUES, Raphael. See Pru- dence., Fortitude, and Temperance.
THUILLIER, PIERRE, born at Amiens, June 17, 1799, died there, Nov. 19, 1858. Landscape painter, pupil of Watelet and of Gudin, and a close student of nature. Medals : 3d class, 1835 ; 2d class, 1837 ; 1st class, 1839 ; L. of Honour, 1843. Works : Valley of the Drac, Ruins of Castle of Champ (1835), Amiens Museum ; Entrance to a Forest in the Ardennes (1836), Lyons Museum ; Rocks of Freilly (1836), Amiens Museum ; Timber near Chateau Ronard, Boulogne-sur-Mer Museum ; Ancient Abbey of Doue (1837), Due d'Aumale ; Castle and Bridge of Voute-sur-Loire (1838), Puy Mu- seum ; Ancient Tiburtine Road near Tivoli (1843); The Puyen-Velay (1844); River Duralle near Thiers (1845), Lyons Museum; Elbiar near Algiers, Spring in the Moun- tains of the Var (1848) ; Pasture in the Mountains of Dauphiny (1853), bought by Napoleon HI. ; Lake of Annecy (1854), Geneva Museum ; Valley of Thuily in Dau- phiny. His daughter Louise (Mme. Mor- nard), born at Amiens in 1829, is also a
2T1
THULDEN
landscape painter. Medal, 3d class, 1847. Works: Entrance to Desert; Views in North Africa ; Fog on Coast of Normandy (1857) ; Portraits of Arab Sheiks.— Meyer, Gesch., 767.
THULDEN (Tulden), THEODOKUS VAN, born at Bois-le-Duc, baptized Aug. 9, 1G06, died there about 1G76. Flemish school; history and genre painter, pupil of Abraham Blyenberch and of Kubens ; master of Antwerp guild in 1G25, its dean in 1G39-40 ; spent some time in Paris (about 1632-34 and 1647), worked at Lux- embourg and Fontainebleau ; returned to Antwerp in 1635, and married the daughter of Henry van Balen ; called to The Hague in 1G48, to decorate the Palace in the Wood. Works : Christ appearing to the Virgin, Louvre ; do. (1GGO), Copenhagen Gallery ; Time and the Fates, Mystical Subject (1647), Grenoble Museum ; Martyrdom of St. Adrian, St. Michael's, Ghent ; Mother's Jewels (1647), Museum, Tournay ; Christ on his Way to Calvary, Cathedral, ib. ; Two Sketches for Triumphal Arch, Antwerp Mu- seum ; Christ at the Pillar, Flemish Wed- ding, Brussels Museum ; Triumph of Gala- tea, Berlin Museum ; Game Vender, Peasant Woman with Fruit Basket (both with Jan Fyt), Darmstadt Museum ; Marriage of St. Catherine, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; Thetis wreathing Peleus (1664), Amalien- stift, Dessau; Finding of Moses, David bringing the Head of Goliath to Jerusalem, Schwerin Gallery ; Reconciliation of Jacob and Esau, Visitation, Allegory (1654), Muse- um, Vienna ; A Tri- umphal Progress, o C7 Herodias with Head TvT. M.**?. of St. John, Liech- T v cun T« u&) w, tenstein Gallery, ib. ; • lCj2. Christ in the House
, . of Simon, Wiesba- u.Ue* den Gallery ; Or- <y«x. </\c'-'4$JJ pheus charming the
Animals, Discovery
of Purple, Madrid Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Kramm, vi. 1620 ; Kugler
, jX/J^ ,
(Crowe), ii. 311; Michiels, viii. 116; Van den Branden, 771 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xiv. 342.
THUMANN, PAUL, born at Tschacks- dorf, Lusatia, Oct. 5, 1834. Genre painter and illustrator, pupil of Berlin and (under Julius Hiib- ner) Dresden Academies ; worked in Leipsic as an illustrator in 1860-63, then studied in Weimar under Pauwels ; visited Italy (1865), England (1866), and France (1867), and became professor at the Weimar Art School in 1866, at Dresden Academy in 1872, and at Berlin Academy in 1875. Gold medal, Berlin, 1879. Works : Departure of the Bride (1868) ; Luther's Wedding, Barn- berg Art Union ; Squire George with the Swiss Students at Jena ; Four Scenes in Life of Luther, Wartburg near Eisenach ; Return of the Germans after Battle in Teu- toburg Forest (1883), Baptism of Wittekind (1884), Gymnasium, Minden ; Inattentive Scholar, Stettin Museum ; Illustrations to Goethe's "Wahrheit und Dichtung," Cha- misso's and Heine's Poems, Voss's "Luise," Shakespeare's " Midsummer Night's Dream," Tennyson's "Enoch Arden." — Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 314 ; Graph. K., ii. 49, 94 ; Kunst-Chronik, xxi. 4 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., six. 19 ; xxi. 38.
THUSNELDA. See Germanicus. THYS (Tyssens), PEETER, the elder, born in Antwerp in 1624, died there between June 2, 1677, and Feb. 14, 1679. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter, in man- ner of Van Dyck, pupil of A. Deurwaerder. Master of the guild in 1644-45, and dean in 1660. His historical pictures also show the influence of Gaspard de Craeyer. Was painter to the Emperor Leopold. Works : Apparition of Christ, Apparition of the Vir- gin, St. Francis receiving Indulgence, Icarus and Daedalus, Two Portraits, Antwerp Mu- seum ; Adoration of the Host, St. James's
272
TIARINI
Church, Antwerp ; Martyrdom of St. Bene- dict, and Portrait, Brussels Museum ; Temp- tation of St. Anthony, Conversion of St. Hubert, Consolation of St. Sebastian, Ghent Museum ; Pieta, Basle Museum ; Marriage of St. Catherine, Copenhagen Gallery ; Achilles with Lycomedes, Stockholm Muse- um ; Portrait of David Teniers the young- er, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Venus bewail- ing Adonis, Vienna Museum ; Vulcan and Venus surrounded by various Weapons, Va- rus with do., Hermannstadt Museum ; Mer- cury and Herse (1664), Worlitz Gallery. His son, Pieter Paul (born, 1652), was also a painter. — Kramm, vi. 1629 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 309 ; Michiels, ix. 13 ; Rooses (Reber), 329 ; Van den Branden, 934 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiv. 319.
TIARINI, ALESSANDRO, born in Bo- logna, March 20, 1577, died there, Feb. 8, 1668. Bo- lognese school ; pu- pil in Bologna of Prospero Fontana, and of Bartolom- meo Cesi ; fled, on account of a quar- rel, to Florence, where he studied with Passignano and assisted Poccetti. Af- ter painting in Pisa, Pescia, and other places, returned to Bologna, and improved his style by studying the works of the Carracci. His Miracle of St. Dominic, in S. Domenico, and his Presentation in the Temple, in S. M. de' Servi, established his reputation, and he soon had many commissions in Reggio, Modena, Cremona, Ferrara, and other cities, which brought him fame and fortune. His early pictures are in the style of Passignano ; his later ones show the influence of Lodo-
vico Carracci. He was of a melancholy dis- position, and his subjects are generally pa- thetic and treated in sombre colours, but admirably harmonized. Among his best easel pictures are : Marriage of St. Cather- ine, St. Catherine in Ecstasy, Madonna in Glory and Saints, Deposition, Bologna Gal- lery ; Deposition, Brera, Milan. — Malvasia, ii. 119 ; Lanzi, iii. 117 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole bolonaise ; Burckhardt, 764, 785, 788, 791 ; Lavice, 16, 154.
TIBALDI, PELLEGRINO, Marquis of Valdelsa, born at Val- delsa, near Milan, in 1532, died in Milan in 1592. Bolognese school ; real name Pellegrino di Tibaldo de' Pellegrini ; some- times called Pellegri- no da Bologna ; son of a poor mason, who removed to Bologna when his son was young. After studying in Bologna, Pellegrino went to Rome in 1547 and assisted Perino del Vaga in the Castle of St. Angelo, and Da- niele da Volterra in Trinita de' Monti. He studied carefully the works of Michelangelo, and imitated his style so successfully that he was called by the Carracci, Michelagnolo Riformato (the reformed Michelangelo). In 1550 he returned to Bologna, where he ex- ecuted some admirable works in the Palazzo Pozzi (now Palazzo dell' Institute) and in various churches, and won reputation both as a painter and an architect. In 1586 he went, on the invitation of Philip II., to Spain, where, during the following nine years, he executed a great number of mural paintings in the Escorial, the pictures of Federigo Zucchero having been expunged to make room for them. Ho returned to Milan wealthy and ennobled by the King. Domenico Tibaldi (1541-83), painter, en- graver, and architect, was his brother, and not his son, as Malvasia says. Works : St. Cecilia, Museum, Vienna ; Adoration of the Shepherds, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Mar-
S73
TIBERIO
riage of St. Catherine, Bologna Gallery.— Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 416 ; Malvasia, i. 133 ; Burckhardt, C8, 761 ; Ch. Blanc, iScole bolo- naise.
TIBERIO D' ASSIST, beginning of 16th century. Umbrian school ; probably pupil of Perugino, but not mentioned by Vasari. A painter of less power than Eusebio di San Giorgio. His best fresco, a Madonna, is in S. Martino, near Trevi. He painted also a Madonna and Saints (1510), in S. Fran- cesco, Montefalco, and a Madonna with An- gels and Saints, in S. Domenico, near Assisi. The latest date connected with him is 1524. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 342 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne.
TIDEMAND, ADOLF, born at Mandal, Norway, Aug. 14, 1814, died in Christiania, Aug. 25, 1876. Genre paint- er, pupil in 1832-37 of Copenhagen Academy, ! then of Diisseldorf Acad- emy under Hildebrandt and Schadow ; went in 1842 to Munich, thence to Rome, and returned during the same year to Norway, where he executed several orders from the King, and painted portraits for the University of Christiania ; in 1846^8 he lived again in Diisseldorf, where he settled permanently in 1849, spending the summer months usu- ally in Norway. Contributed essentially by his excellent works to the fame of the Diis- seldorf school, and was made professor. Member of Christiania, Stockholm, Copen- hagen, Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam Academies. Medals in Ber- lin, 1848 ; Paris, 1855 ; Besan§on ; Vienna, 1873, etc. Swedish Order of Vasa ; Nor- wegian Order of Olaf ; Prussian Order of Red Eagle ; L. of Honour. Works : Gus- tavus Vasa addressing the Dalecarlians, (1841); Norwegian Christmas Custom, Fam- ily Scene, Peasants' Church (1846); Catechis- ing in Country Church, Sad News, Domestic Scene (1847) ; The Haugians (1848), Diis-
seldorf Gallery ; replica (1852), Lonely Old Couple (1849), Christiania Gallery ; Bridal Sail on Hardanger Fjord (1848), Christiania Art Union ; replicas, Lord Ellesmere, Lon- don, and Dr. Lessing, Berlin ; Norwegian Peasant Life (cycle of ten, 1850), Castle Oscarshall near Christiania ; Evening on Norwegian Lake (1851), National Gallery, Berlin ; Farewell of Norwegian Emigrants (1851), Leipsic Museum ; Night Fishing (1851), Vienna Art Union ; Funeral on Sogne Fjord (1852), Marquis of Lansdowne (last three, together with Hans Gude) ; Neigh- bour's Advice, Letter from America (1852) ; Norwegian Sunday (1851), Wolf Hunter re- lating his Adventures (1853), Funeral in Norway (1854), Kavene Gallery, Berlin ; Wolf Hunter (1855), Hamburg Gallery; Grandmother's Tale, Wounded Bear Hunter (1856), Vienna Museum ; Visitation of the Sick (1860), Christiania Gallery ; Adorning the Bride (1860) ; Grandmother's Spectacles (1861) ; Last Communion of Old Norwegian Peasant (1863), Konigsberg Museum ; Duel at Wedding Feast (1864) ; Grandmother's Bridal Crown (1865), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Fa- natics (1866) ; Baptism of Christ (1869), Trinity Church, Christiania ; Four Scenes from Popular Life (1870) ; Resurrection (1871) ; Farewell of a Dying Man (1872) ; Wedding Procession crossing Brook (1873), Mr. Forbes, London ; Laplanders hunting Reindeer (1873); Christ (1875); Landing of Colonel Sinclair at Romsdaelen in 1612 (1876, the landscape by Morten Miiller). — Blanckarts, 117 ; Cat. Christiania Gallery (1885), 98 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1876), ii. 337 ; Kunst-Chronik, xii. 5 ; Graph. K, i. 60 ; Land und Meer (1874), ii. 766 ; Wolfg. Mtll- ler, Diisseldf. K., 305 ; Springer, Gesch., 165 ; Wiegmann, Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiv. 393. TIDEY, HENRY F., born at Worthing, Jan. 7, 1815, died in London, July 21, 1872. Portrait and subject painter in wa- ter-colours ; son and pupil of John Tidey, who kept an academy at Worthing. Began as a portrait painter in oils, having among i his sitters members of the royal family and
274
TIEPOLO
other noted persons ; afterwards devoted himself to water-colours, and in 1858 be- came ;ut associate and in 1859 a full mem- ber of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours. Works: Feast of Roses (1859, bought by Queen) ; Queen Mab (1860) ; Dar Thule (1861) ; Christ blessing Little Children, Saxou Captives at Rome (1863) ; Night of the Betrayal (1864) ; Sardanapalus (1870) ; Seaweeds, Flowers of the Forest (1871); Castles in the Air (1872). His brother, Arthur Tidey (born, 1808), is a miniature painter.
TIEPOLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, born in Venice, April 16, 1696, died in Ma- drid, Mar. 27, 1770. Venetian school; pupil of Gregorio Lazzarini; after- wards influenced by Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, and still more by Paolo Vero- nese, whose equal he was reputed to be, in the decadence of Vene- tian art, though he was very far from being so as a colourist. But he has been rightly called the last great decorative painter of the Venetian school. After painting frescos in Milan and other Italian cities, he went to Wurzburg in 1750, and on his return to Venice (1753) was appointed first director of the Academy of Painting. In 1761 he was called to Spain by Charles in., became a favourite at the court of Madrid, and exe- cuted, with the assistance of his son, Gio- vanni Domenico (born, 1726, died after 1777), frescos in the royal palace with such success as to excite the jealousy of Raphael Mengs, then court painter. Tiepolo pro- duced some showy pictures, of which one of the best is the Banquet of Cleopatra, Her- mitage, St. Petersburg. Other works : Last Supper, Louvre ; Martyrdom of St. Agatha, three others, Berlin Museum; Christ institut- ing the Eucharist (1753), Copenhagen Gal- lery ; Baptism of Clovis, Darmstadt Muse-
um ; Presentation in the Temple, Dresden Museum ; Wedding of Noble Lady, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Adoration of the Magi (1753), Two Scenes in the Story of Iphige- m'a, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Conception,
Last Supper, Car of Venus, Madrid Muse- um ; Glory of Spain, Royal Palace, Madrid ; Triumph of Aurelian, Turin Gallery ; Crown- ing with Thorns, Triumph of Ferdinand HI., New York Museum ; Finding of Moses, National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Saints in Adoration, Verona Gallery ; Ferdinand over- throwing the Moors, Buda-Pesth Gallery ; Diana and Apollo on Clouds, Diana on Clouds, Angels floating on Clouds, Dul- wich Gallery. — Ch. Blanc, ficole venitienne ; Dohnie, 2iii.; Burckhardt, 270, 751, 776, 799; Cat. Dulwich Gal. (London, 1880), 164 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xi. (Mittheilungeu, iv. 43) ; xiv. 161, 198 ; xviii. 232.
TEESENHAUSEN, PAUL VON, Baron, born at Idser, Esthouia, Jan. 10, 1837, died in Munich, Nov. 24, 1876. Marine painter, pupil in Munich of Milluer, then of the Academy and of Lier. Works: Sea Har- bour at Nightfall, Stuttgart Museum ; Ebb- Tide ; Norse Night ; View in Heligoland ; Coast of Esthouia ; Agitated Sea ; Bomar- sund ; Ebb in North Sea. — Illustr. Zeitg. (1876), ii. 488 ; Kuust-Chronik, xii. 364.
TIFFANY, LOUIS COMFORT, born in New York, Feb. 18, 1848. Figure, laud- scape, and decorative painter pupil of, In- ness, Colman, and in Paris of Loon Belly ; he has sketched and painted in Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Africa, France, and England. Member of Society of American Artists. Elected an A.N.A. in 1871 ; N.A., 1880. Studio in New York, where he devotes himself largely to decorative painting. Works in oil : Dock Scene— Youkers (1869);
S75
TILBORCH
Fruit Vender — under the Sea- Wall at Nas- sau (1870) ; Street Scene in Tangier (1872); Market Day outside the Walls — Tangier (1873) ; Study at Quimper— Brittany (1877); Duane Street— New York (1878) ; Algerian Caravan, F. Harper, New York ; Harvesting (1879) ; Bow-Zarea — Algiers ; Gray Day — Mentone (1880) ; Eeaper (1881) ; Old Fort — St. Augustine, Study at St. Augustine (1883). Water-colours: Meditation (1872) ; Merchant of the East (1874); Shop in Switzerland, Old and New Mosques at Cairo, Lazy Life in the East (1876) ; Pal- ace of the Pasha Ali Ben Hassein — -Algiers (1877) ; Cobblers at Boufarik, Market Day — Morlaix (1878).— Sheldon, 177.
TILBORCH (Tilborgh, Tilburg), EGIDI- US or GILLES VAN, born in Brussels in 1G25, died about 1G78 (?). Flemish school ; genre painter, supposed pupil of David Teniera the younger ; master of the Brus- sels guild in 1654, its president in 1663 -64. He was a close imitator of Brouwer. Works : Cavalcade of Princes, Brussels Mu- seum ; Village Fete, Lille Museum ; Eepast of Painters, Hague Museum ; Flemish In- terior, Rotterdam Museum ; Cobbler's Re- past, Copenhagen Gallery ; Boy stealing Purse from Man's Pocket, Darmstadt Mu- seum ; Dutch Wedding, Dresden Gallery ; Bagpiper, Hautboy Player, Gotha Muse- um ; Peasants at the Inn (1657), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Tavern Scenes (2), Old Pinako-
thek, Munich; Repast in Open Air, Oldenburg Gallery ; Guard- Room ; Company °f Peasants, Smoker, Rustic Meal, Hermitage, SL Petersburg ; Old Woman with Basket, Czernin Gallery, Vienna. — Charles Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Kramm, vi. 1633 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 329 ; Michiels, is. 183.
TILENS (Tilen), JAN, born in Antwerp, baptized April 6, 1589, died there, July 25,
H
1630. Flemish school ; landscape painter, in the manner of Lucas van TJden, probably identical with Hans Tielens, master of Ant- werp guild in 1612. Works : Valley with Diana and Nymphs, Berlin Museum ; Moun- tainous Landscape, Vienna Museum. — Meyer, Gemiilde kongl. Mus., 463 ; Van den Brandeu, 657.
TILIUS, JAN VAN, born at Bois-le-Duc, beginning of 17th century, died after 1681. Dutch school ; genre painter, pupil of P. van Slingelandt and of Caspar Netscher. Works : Woman offering a Rose to a Man, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Bagpiper (1680), Vienna Museum ; Young Woman Sewing (1681), Dresden Gallery.— Kramm, vi. 1633.
TILTON, JOHN ROLLIN, born in Lou- don, N. H., in 1833. Landscape painter, self-taught. Professional life spent in Italy, where he has studied chiefly the Venetian masters. Has exhibited in London (1871), New York, and Boston. Studio in Rome. Works : Venetian Fishing Boats ; Palace of Thebes (1873) ; Lagoons of Venice (1876) ; Como, Venice, Martin Brimmer, Boston ; Rome from the Aventine (1878), Corcoran Gallery, Washington ; Island of Philse, Sam- uel Hawk Collection, New York. — Tucker- man, 558 ; Graves, 234.
TIM^NETUS, painter, date unknown. His pictures of a Wrestler, and a Water- Carrier, in a building near the Propylaea, Athens, are mentioned by Pausanias (i. 22,
n
TIMAGORAS, Greek painter, of Chalcis, latter half of 5th century B.C. He defeated Pancenus in a pictorial competition at the Pythian Games, and celebrated his victory in a poem. — Pliny, xxxv. 35 [58].
TIMANTHES, a celebrated Greek paint- er, contemporary and rival of Zeuxis and Parrhasius, native of Cythnus, about 400 B.C. Pliny says (xxxv. 36 [74]) that his pict- ures suggested more than they actually ex- pressed, and showed a genius even greater than the art with which they were paint- ed. Five only of his works are known : The
276
TIMANTIIES
Contest of Ajax and Ulysses for Arms of Achilles, with which he won the prize in competition with Parrhasius ; The Death of Palamedes ; a Hero preserved in the Tem- ple of Peace at Borne ; Sleeping Cyclops, a small picture in which the subject was made to appear gigantic by the introduction of some satyrs measuring his thumb with a thyrsus ; and the Sacrifice of Iphigenia, one of the most famous of ancient paintings. In this picture, which was painted in competi- tion with Colotes of Teos, the artist repre- sented Agamemnon veiled, because, most critics say, he felt a father's grief to be be- yond the power of his art ; but it seems more reasonable to believe that he did so in obedience to that truly Greek sentiment which demanded a certain dignity and re- serve in treating the most tragic subjects. The features of the King, distorted with grief, would have violated this feeling, and an impassive countenance would have ex- posed the painter to the charge of coldness. Wiseh/, then, he hid it from sight and left its workings to the imagination. This pict- ure is spoken of by Cicero (Orat, 22), by Quiutilian (ii. 13), and by Valerius Maximus (viii. 11, ext. 6). Timanthes probably took the hint of veiling Agamemnon from Euripi- des (Iphig. Aul., 1550). A supposed imita- tion of this picture was found on a house wall at Pompeii (Mus. Borb., iv. 3).
TIMANTHES, painter, of Sicyon, 3d cen- tury ac. Plutarch praises (Arat., 32) his picture of the Battle of Pelleni, in which Aratus won a victory over the JStolians (240 B.C.).
TIMARETE, painter, daughter of Micon the younger. She painted a Diana, pre- served at Ephesus, said by Pliny (xxxv. 40 [147]) to have been in a very ancient style of art.
TIMBAL, LOUIS CHARLES, born in Paris in 1822, died there, Nov. 20, 1880. Sacred history painter, pupil of Drolling. Medals : 2d class, 1848, 1857, 1859 ; 1st class, 1861 ; L. of Honour, 1864. Works : Christ carried to Tomb, Virgin and Magda-
len at Foot of the Cross (1848) ; Christ's Agony on Mount of Olives (1849); St. John the Apostle at Ephesus (1851); Captive Jews in Babylon, Resurrection of Jairus's Daugh- ter (1852); Madonna (1853); Christ bearing his Cross, and Portrait of Cardinal Donnet (1855); The Church Triumphant, Pierrefitto (1857) ; Obsequies of a Christian Martyr (1857) ; Madame d'Oseville, and Virgin at Foot of Cross (1858) ; Mass at St. Peter's (1859); St. John at Ephesus, Lyons (1860) ; The Studio (Princess Mathilde), St. Rose of Viterbo (1861); Chapel of St. Geuevieve at St. Sulpice (18G2-64) ; Chapel of the Cate- chism at St. I5tienne du Mont (1865) ; A Venetian (1865) ; The Muse and the Poet (1866), Louvre ; The Agony of our Lord (1867), Luxembourg Museum ; mural paint- ings (1873-76), Church of the Sorbouno ; four pictures (1877), Chnpel of the Novi- tiate, Rennes ; Burial of our Lord (1878) ; Presentation of the Virgin, Church of Incar- ville, Euro ; Portraits of Vicomte Delaborde, Church Levcque, £mile Saisset, Duke and Duchess do la Rochefoucauld, Duchess de Mirepoix, and M. G. des Seguins. — Meyer, Gesch., 364 ; Larousso ; L'Art (1880), xxiii. 216 ; Ch. Timbal, Notes et causeries sur 1'Art, with a notice of his life and works by the Vicomte H. Delaborde (Paris, 1881).
TIMOCLEA BEFORE ALEXANDER, Domenichino, Louvre ; canvas, oval, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 11 in. Alexander, on a throne before a tent, surrounded by guards, gives her freedom to Timoclea, who is led be- fore him by a Thraciau soldier, and re- stores her children to her ; in background, at right, Alexander's troops entering Thebes (Boeotia). Collection of Louis XIV., who bought it in 1685. Engraved by Delignon. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Musee franyais, i. Part 1 ; Filhol, ix. PI. 643 ; Landon, Vies, PI. 111.
TIMOMACHUS, a famous Greek painter, of Byzantium, probably 1st century B.C., though some place him earh'er. Pliny says (xxxv. 40 [136]) that Julius Cffisar bought his two pictures, Ajax, and Medea, for
TIMOTEO
eighty talents, and placed them in the Tem- ple of Venus Genetrix. The Ajax depicted the hero in his madness, in a sitting posture, contemplating suicide (Philos., Vit. Apol., ii. 10 ; Ovid., Trist., ii. 525). In the other, which is highly praised by the ancient writ- ers, Medea was represented meditating the murder of her children, but hesitating be- tween the impulses of revenge for her wrongs and of pity for her offspring. Other works of Timomachus mentioned by Pliny (1. c.) are an Orestes (Anthol. Gr., iv. 183, 306), an Iphigenia in Tauris, a Lecythion, and the Gorgon (Medusa slain by Perseus).
TIMOTEO DA UEBINO. See Vile, Ti- moteo.
TINOSO, EL. See Elizabeth of Hun- gary, St.
TINTI, GIAMBATTISTA, born in Parma about 15GO, died before 1G20. Lombard school ; pupil of Orazio Sarumacchini, but studied Pellegrino Tibaldi, and when he returned to Parma took as his models the works of Correggio and of Parmigianiuo. He was the last of the painters of the old school at Parma. Works : Magdalen, Parma Gallery ; Mystery of the Passion, Louvre. — Lanzi, ii. 412 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole lombarde ; Lavice, 256.
TINTOEETTA, LA, born in 1560, died 1590. Venetian
in
school. Marietta Eo- busti, daughter and pupil of Jacopo Eo- busti, called Tinto- retto. Acquired a considerable reputa- tion as a portrait p a i n t e r . — E i d o 1 fi, Marav., ii. 259 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole vt-niti- enne.
TINTOEETTO, DOMENICO, born in Venice in 1562, died there in 1637. Vene- tian school ; son and pupil of Jacopo Eobusti, called Tintoretto. Followed in his father's footsteps, but was inferior to him in inven- tion and in colouring. More successful in portraits than in historical painting, but
executed some large commissions in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; among them, Naval Battle at Salvore, Conquest of Constantino- ple by Crusaders (1204), and Surrender of Zara. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne.
TINTOEETTO, JACOPO, born in Venice,
Sept. 29, 1518, died there, May 31,1594. Ve- netian school. Eeal name Jacopo Eo- busti ; son of a silk dyer
-XY^ - Y ..// / (tintore), whence
called II Tintoretto. Pupil of Titian, who is said to have discharged him because he feared in him a future rival ; but this is not probable, as Titian was nearly sixty years old at the time. Adopting as his motto Titian's colouring and Michelangelo's draw- ing, Tintoretto won a reputation second to none in his time ; but whether he actu- ally attained the high standard of excellence which he had set for himself is a question on which critics are divided. All, however, unite in regarding him as one of the great- est of masters in composition, drawing, and colour, and Euskin places him above Titian and beside Michelangelo. Eecognizing the unequal merit of his works, the Venetians said that there were three Tintorettos — one of bronze, one of silver, and one of gold ; and Annibale Carracci said that, if some- times equal to Titian, he was often inferior to Tintoretto. With a rapidity of execution which procured him the nickname of II Furi- oso, he covered walls and ceilings with vast compositions, some of which are so slight in treatment and wanting in finish that they are little more than decorations, though often grand in design and marvellous in ef- fects of light and shade. His Paradise, Pa- lazzo Ducale, is the largest picture on canvas in existence. One of his most famous pict- ures is the Miracle of St. Mark, in the Venice
278
TINTORETTO
Academy. Tintoretto often treated sacred themes with a coarse realism unworthy of religious art, as in The Pool of Bethesda, and The Last Supper, in the Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; but his mythological pict- ures are conceived more in harmony with their subjects. He was fond of painting the nude, and his female figures are charming. His portraits are masterly, rich in colour, and (those of old men especially) life-like. Many of the pictures assigned to him in European galleries are not genuine. Venice contains many undoubted originals, among which are : Bacchus and Ariadne, Mercury and Graces, Minerva repelling Mars, Forge of Vulcan, SS. Andrew and Jerome, St. George and Dragon, Siege of Zara, Triumph of Venice, Battle of Lepanto, Paradise, Pa- lazzo Ducale ; Death of Abel, Expulsion from Eden, Academy; Annunciation (2), Ascen- sion, Assumption, Pool of Bethesda, Christ in the Garden, Baptism of Christ, Circumcision of Christ, Christ before Pilate, Temptation of Christ, Procession to Calvary, Crucifixion, Ecce Homo, Elijah at Brook Cherith, Ezeki- el's Vision, Fall of Man, Flight into Egypt, Sacrifice of Isaac, Jacob's Dream, Jonah, ' Joshua, Last Supper, Raising of Lazarus, Magdalen, Adoration of Magi, Fall of Manna, ' St. Mary of Egypt, Massacre of Innocents, ' Miracle of Loaves and Fishes, Moses strik- ing the Rock, Plague of Serpents, Resurrec- tion, St. Roch, St. Roch in Glory, St. Roch in Heaven, St. Sebastian, Adoration of Shep- herds, Visitation, Scuola di S. Rocco ; Mar- tyrdom of St. Agnes, Last Judgment, Moses on the Mount, Presentation of Virgin, do. of Jesus, S. M. dell' Orto ; Temptation of St. Anthony, Last Supper, S. Trovaso ; As- cension, Christ with Saints, S. M. Zobenigo ; Baptism of Christ, S. Silvestro ; Christ wash- ing Disciples' Feet, S. Moise ; Presentation, Circumcision, S. M. del Carmine ; Discovery of Cross, S. M. Mater Domini ; Crucifixion, Resurrection, Descent into Hades, S. Cassi- ano ; Crucifixion, Madonna with the Camer- lenghi, SS. Giovanni e Paolo ; Martyrdom j of SS. Damian and Cosmo, Fall of Manna,
Last Supper, Coronation of Virgin, Resur- rection, Martyrdom of St Stephen, S. Giorgio Maggiore ; St. Demetrius, S. Felice ; En- tombment, S. Francesco della Vigna ; Land- scape, St. Roch in the Desert, St. Roch in Campo d' Armata, Finding Body of St. Roch, St. Roch in the Hospital, St. Roch before the Pope, Church of S. Rocco ; St. Mark res- cuing a Saracen, Removal of Body of St. Mark, Libreria Vecchia ; Marriage at Cana, S. M. della Salute. Among the works of Tintoretto in other cities are : Baptism of Christ, Procession to Calvary, St. Jerome, Muses on Parnassus, Susanna at the Bath, Vienna Museum ; Christ on the Cross, Tu- rin Gallery ; Concert of Women, Fallen An- gels, Knight and Two Women, Madonna with Saints, Madonna with Saints, Muses and Graces on Parnassus, Woman taken in Adultery, Dresden Gallery ; Deposition from Cross, Madonna, Resurrection, Venus with Cupid and Vulcan, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Entombment, Parma Gallery ; Ecce Homo, Munich Gallery ; Esther and Ahasuerus, Muses in Olympus, Hampton Court, Eng- land ; St. George and Dragon, National Gallery, London ; St. George and Dragon, Birth of John Baptist, Perseus and Androm- eda, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, Finding of Moses, Judith, Baptism of Christ, Tarquiu and Lu- cretia, and portraits, Madrid Museum ; Leda and Swan, Norton Collection, England ; Luna and the Hours, Madonna, St. Mark, Berlin Museum ; Milky Way, Cobham Hall, England ; Paradise, Susanna at the Bath, Tintoretto (portrait), Louvre, Paris. Tinto- retto painted many fine portraits, one of the best of which is that of a young Vene- tian in the gallery at Cassel. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xi. 331 ; xiii. 109 ; ed. Mil., vi. 587 ; Dohme, 2iii.; Ch. Blanc, tfcole ve- nitienne ; Burckhardt, 743, 751 ; Ruskin, Stones of Venice ; C. & C., Titian, i. 437 ; Seguier, 170 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, ii. 171 ; Galanti, Tintoretto, Venice (1876); Osier, Tintoretto, London (1879); Nord u. Sttd, xi. 141 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vii. 366 ; xiv. 228.
279
TINTOEETTO
TINTOKETTO, JACOPO, portrait, Tin- toretto, Louvre ; canvas, H. 2 f t. x 1 ft. 8 in. ; signed. Full face, short Lair, and long white beard ; in a black dress bordered with fur. Painted in his old age. — Villot, Cat. Louvre (1875), 214 ; Filhol, v. PL 299.
TINTORETTO PAINTING HIS DEAD DAUGHTER, Loon Cogniet, Bordeaux Mu- seum. Tintoretto, his hair white with age, his eyes filled with tears, is painting the por- trait of his dead daughter, Maria Robusti, whose beautiful features and blonde tresses, lighted by a lamp concealed behind a red curtain, make her appear rather asleep than dead. The face of Tintoretto is from his portrait in the Louvre, but that of Maria is much more beautiful than her portrait pre- served at Florence. Engraved by Achille Martinet. Lithographed by Aug. Lemoine. — Larousse, xv. 218.
TIRATELLI, AURELIO, born in Rome in 1842. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Accademia di S. Luca, where he at first studied sculpture and won fourteen medals ; in 1873 took up painting. Medals : Rome, Vienna, Chili. Works : Cattle Mar- ket in the Campagna ; Railroad Accident ; Buffalo Team, Trieste Museum ; Harvest in the Campagna, New York Museum ; Land- scape (1878) ; The Charlatan, Sheep, View near Rome (1879) ; Hermit in the Campa- gna, Buffalo Fight, Buffalo Herd in Swamp (1880).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 920.
TISCHBEIN, AUGUST ANTON, born at Rostock, Mecklenburg, in 1805 or 1806. Genre painter, pupil of Cassel Academy, then studied in Dresden and Munich, at the latter place in 1832-37 ; he went thence to Italy, spent some time in Venice, and afterwards settled at Trieste. Works : Al- pine Cowherd and Huntsman in Bavarian
Highlands (1831), do. (1833), Domestic Scene, ib. (1836), Young Peasant Woman in a Gothic Church (1835), Tyrolese Girl
Praying (1845), Schwerin Gallery. — Schlie,
100!
TISCHBEIN, JOHANN FPJEDRICH (AUGUST), born at Maestricht, March 9, 1750, died at Heidelberg, June 12, 1812. Portrait painter, pupil at first of his brother Wilhelm, then in Cassel of his uncle, Johann Heinrich Tischbein the elder. Went to Paris in 1780, and thence to Italy. On his return he became court painter to the Prince of Waldeck, and in 1800 professor and director of Leipsic Academy. In 1806 -09 he was at St. Petersburg, where he painted the imperial family. Works : Por- traits of Princes and Princesses of Orange- Nassau (9, one dated 1789), Amsterdam Museum ; do. (2), Hague Museum ; Lute Player (1786), National Gallery, Berlin; Portraits of Man and Wife, Stildel Gallery, Frankfort ; Portrait of Schiller (1804), Leip- sic Museum ; Family Groups of Princes of Nassau, of Prince of Orange, Baron von Arnim, etc. ; Portrait of the Painter and his Family, Dr. Pinder, Berlin. — Immerzeel, iii. 140.
TISCHBETN, JOHANN HEINRICH, the elder, born at Hayna, Hesse-Cassel, Oct. 3, 1722, died in Cassel, Aug. 22, 1789. His- tory and portrait painter, first instructed by the court painter, Freese, in Cassel ; went to Paris in 1743 and studied five years un- der Carle van Loo, but was also greatly in- fluenced by Boucher and Watteau. In 1748 he went to Venice, where he studied under Piazzetta, and after visiting Florence, Bolo- gna, and Rome, returned to Germany in 1751 and became court painter to the Land- grave William VHI. of Hesse. In 1776 he was appointed director of the Academy of Arts, then founded in Cassel. Works : Por- trait of Katharina Treu, Bamberg Gallery ; Portrait of Lessing (about 1760), National Gallery, Berlin ; Augustus and Cleopatra, Antony dying before Cleopatra, Jupiter and Callisto, Acis and Galatea, Venus adorned by her Maids, Cassel Gallery ; Resurrec- tion of Christ, Church of St. Michael, Cas- sel ; Ecce Homo, Catholic Church, ib. ; The
280
TISCIIBEIN
Triumph of Arminius, Chateau Pyrmont ; Heraclius (1776), Democritus (1784), Ar- chimedes (1786), Belisarius (1786), Olden- burg Gallery; Portrait of a Landgrave of Hesse, Schleissheim Gallery ; Hermit in a Grotto (2), Schwerin _J <~S Gallery ; Portrait of a 7" / / Lady (1777), do. ot/LSCOO Young Girl (1778), '7 % '
Weimar Museum. — Kngler (Crowe), ii. 554 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 419.
TISCHBEIN, WILHELM, bora at Hay- na, Feb. 15, 1751, died at Eutin, June 2G, 1829. History, portrait, and landscape painter, nephew and pupil in Cassel of Jo- hann Heinrich Tischbein the elder ; went in 1766 to Hamburg, where he restored old pictures, copied after Berchem and Wouwerman with great truthfulness, and then devoted himself to portrait painting ; in 1771-73 studied in Holland after the old masters, returned to Cassel, went to Berlin in 1777, and to Rome in 1779. Two years later we find him in Ziirich, mak- ing drawings for Lavater, in 1782 at Milan, and in 1783 again in Rome, whence he went with Goethe to Naples in 1787, and was made director of the Academy there in 1789. After the invasion by the French in 1799 he returned to Cassel, then moved to Ham- burg, and in 1808 settled at Eutin, where he painted much for his patron, the Duke of Oldenburg. "Works : Arminius Deliverer of Germany ; Conradin of Suabia hearing his Sentence (1784), View near Frascati, Portrait of a "Warrior, Gotha Gallery ; Gdtz von Berlichingen ; Entrance of General Benningsen into Hamburg (1816), Hamburg Gallery ; Portrait of himself, do. of Young Man, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Ama- zons setting out for the Chase (1788), Bash- kirs on Horseback (1814), Italian Landscape, Idyls (43, 1819-20), Gallery, Oldenburg; Rape of Helen, Hector and Andromache, Hector's Farewell, Achilles and Penthesilea, Ajax and Cassandra, Ulysses and Nausicaii, Amazons setting out for Battle, Christ and
the Children, Si Cecilia, Sicilian Landscape, Grand-Ducal Palace, ib. ; Hermit in Cave, Hermit Kneeling, Grand - Ducal Palace, Schwerin ; Portrait of a Painter, do. of a Boy, "Weimar Museum. — F. von Alteu, Aus T.'s Leben (Leipsic, 1872); Andresen, ii 1 ; N. NecroL der D. (1829), 516.
TISI, BENVENUTO. See Garofalo.
TISSOT, JAMES, born at Nantes, Oct. 15, 1836. Genre painter, pupil of Flan- drin and Lamothe ; at first imitated the Dutch masters. His later works are good in colour and composition, and carefully executed. Has not exhibited in the Sa- lon since 1870. Studio in London. Medal in I860. Works : Meeting of Faust and Marguerite (18G1), Luxembourg Museum ; Young Woman in Church, Confessional (1866) ; Young Woman singing accompa- nied by Organ, Confidence (1867) ; Break- fast, Retreat in the Garden of the Tui- leries (1868) ; Young Women looking at Japanese Articles (1869) ; Girl in a Boat, Party of Four (1870) ; Interesting Story, Farewells (1872) ; Captain's Daughter, Last Evening, Too Early (1873) ; London Visit- ors, "Waiting, Ball on Shipboard (1874) ; Bunch of Lilacs, Hush! (1875); The Thames, Convalescent (1876) ; Faust and Marguerite, Mrs. H. E. Maynard, Boston ; In the Louvre, Morgan sale, New York (1886), $1,600.— Meyer, Gesch., 665 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 215.
TITANEA AND BOTTOM, Sir Edwin Landsefr, private gallery, England. Scene from Shakespeare's " Midsummer Night's Dream." Titauia is fondling Bottom's ass's head, on which is the coronal of flowers with which she has crowned him mon- arch of her affections ; before him stands Mustard-seed ; on the right, Pease-blossom rides on a supernatural white rabbit, while Cobweb, Moth, and other fairies are in at- tendance. Royal Academy, 1851 ; sold to Mr. Quilter (1884), £7,000.
TITIAN or TIZIANO, born at Pieve di Cadore in 1477, died in Venice, Aug. 27, 1576. Venetian school. Real name Tiziano
381
TITIAN
Vecelli or Vecellio. Learned rudiments of painting at Cadore, where a Madonna in fresco, at the Casa Vallenzasco, is pointed out as his first work; went to Venice at the age of nine or ten, and was apprenticed by his uncle, Antonio Vecelli, to an un- known artist, per- haps Seb. Zuccato. After frequenting the workshops of Gentile and Giovanni Bellini, where he met Palma and Giorgione, he began to decorate house fronts and to paint Madonnas. A small Madonna of this time, in the Vienna Muse- um, though eclectic, is individual, while the Man of Sorrows, in the Scuola, and the Christ bearing his Cross, in the Church of S. Rocco, Venice, show that Giorgione then influenced him, as Palma Vecchio did when he painted the Sacred and Profane Love (1503 ?), Palazzo Borghese, Rome. Other early works are : Madonna with St. Anthony (1511), Uffizi, Florence ; and portraits of the Doge Niccolo Marcello (1505-8), Vatican Gallery, Rome, and of Marco Barberiyo, Palazzo Giustiniani, Padua. In 1508, either in competition or in association with Giorgi- one, Titian decorated the Fonclaco de' Te- deschi, Venice, with now destroyed frescos, of whose style some idea may be formed from the rapidly executed, masterly, and brilliant frescos of Joachim and Anna, in the Scuola del Carmine, and of Three Miracles by St. Anthony (1511), in the Scuola del Santo, Padua. In this year Titian entered the service of Alfonso I., Duke of Ferrara, for whom he painted the Christ of the Tribute Money (1514), Dresden Gallery, and the Bacchus and Ariadne (1523), National Gallery, London. Between the frescos at Padua and the Bacchus, he also produced the Madonna with Saints (1512), in the sacristy of the Salute, Venice ; Assumption (1518), in Venice Academy ; Annunciation,
in S. Niccolo, Treviso, and the Scuola di S. Rocco (1525), Venice ; a Madonna with Saints (1520), S. Domenico, Ancona ; Al- tai-piece of Brescia, in five compartments (1522), SS. Nazaro e Celso, Brescia; Ma- donna di S. Niccolo (1523), Vatican Gallery, Rome ; and the Entombment, Louvre, Paris. This and the St. Peter Martyr are examples of Titian's powers at their height. The life of Titian was not marked by any striking incidents or vicissitudes, and was spent in unceasing labour in Venice, Mantua, Fer- rara, and Padua, etc. In 1530, and again in 1532, he went to Bologna, where he met Charles V.,who created him Count Palatine and Knight of the Golden Spur by letters patent, bestowed many high privileges upon him, and then, as afterwards, sat to him for his portrait. The finest among his pictures of the Emperor is Charles V. at Miihlberg (1548), Madrid Museum, once, one of the great masterpieces of painting. Among Titian's earlier works are : Flora (1520), Uffizi, Florence ; Laura Dianti at her Toi- let (1523), Louvre ; Madonna di Casa Pe- saro (1526), S. M. de' Frari, Venice ; Mag- dalen (1531 ?), Bella di Tiziano (1534), Pa- lazzo Pitti, Florence ; Venus of the Tribune (1537), Uffizi. In 1537 Titian decorated the great Hall of the Ducal Palace with the Battle of Cadore (burned in 1577) ; in 1539 he painted the Presentation of the Virgin, Venice Academy, and in 1545 produced the Dana'e of the Naples Museum. When paint- ing, Titian covered his canvas with low- toned opaque colour, glazed everything, and in some instances spent years over a pict- ure. " Unlike the early Flemish painters, he and the other great Venetians," says Hamerton, " worked independent of drawn lines, and in this gave evidence of greater technical advancement. They took things by the middle and developed them in mass, with a thorough study of modelling in light and shade." Taken in their totality, Titian's pictures fairly entitle him to be called the greatest of all painters; for while others may have surpassed him in single qualities,
282
TITIAN
none have equalled him in general mastery. Ill landscape as in figure painting, in sacred as in profane subjects, in ideal heads as in portraits, in frescos as in oils, he is "facile princeps ; " and whether we chiefly prize grace, tenderness, character, and dramatic power, or drawing, composition, texture, colour, and chiaroscuro, we are sure to ob- tain the highest satisfaction in studying his works. The following are works not previ- ously mentioned : Annunciation, Transfigu- ration, S. Salvatore, Venice ; Pietro Aretino, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; do., Palazzo Gius- tiniani, Padua ; do., Historical Society, New York ; Ariosto, Cobham Hall, England ; do. (?), National Gallery, London ; Assump- tion, Duomo, Verona ; Bacclianal, Madrid Museum ; Beccadelli, Uffizi, Florence ; Del- la di Tiziano, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; do., Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; do., Palazzo Sciarra, Borne ; do., Vienna Museum ; Pie- tro Bembo, Palazzo Barberini, Rome ; do., Nardi Collection, Venice ; Twelve Ccesars ; Charles V., Madrid Museum ; do. (1548), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Supper at Em- maus, Louvre ; Christ in the Garden, Es- corial, Spain ; Christ bearing the Cross, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; Christ appear- ing to Virgin, S. Maria, Medole ; Christ crowned with Thorns, Louvre ; do., Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Christ of Tribute Money, National Gallery, London ; Caterina Cornaro, Uffizi, Florence ; Giorgio Cornaro, Castle Howard, England ; Cornaro Family, Alnwick Castle, England ; Luigi Cornaro, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Crucifixion, S. Domenico, Ancona ; Danae, Madrid Muse- um ; do., Naples Museum ; Allocution of Alfonso d' A DO/OS, Madrid Museum ; Alfonso d' Avalos, Louvre ; Cleopatra in a Grotto, Holy Family, Alfonso d' Avalos, Cassel Gal- lery ; D' A valos and his Page, Hampton Court ; Diana and Actteon, Bridgewater House, London ; Diana and Callisto, ib. ; Si Dominick, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; Ecce Homo, Madrid Museum ; do., Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; do., Vienna Museum ; Entombment, Alfonso d' Este, Madrid Muse-
um ; Isabella d' Este Gonzaga, Vienna Mu- seum ; Europa, Rape of, Cobhain Hall, England ; Alessandro Farne.se, Naples Mu- seum ; Pier' Luigi Farnese, ib. and Palazzo Reale, Naples ; La Fede, Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; Francis I, Louvre ; do., Palazzo Giustiniani, Padua ; Nicholas Granvelle, Besauyon Museum ; Antonio Grimani, An- drea Oritti, Palazzo Giustiniani, Padua ; Holy Family, Louvre ; Homme au Gant, Louvre; Empress Isabella, Madrid Museum ; St. James of Compostella, S. Lio, Venice; Jansenius, Palazzo Doria, Rome ; St. Jerome, Brera, Milan ; do., Louvre ; John Freder- ick, Vienna Museum ; St. John the Alms- giver, S. Giovanni Elemosinario, Venice ; St. John in Wilderness, Venice Academy ; Jupiter and Antiope, Louvre ; Last Supper, Escorial, Spain ; Martyrdom of St. Law- rence, ib.; do., S. M. Assunta dei Gesuiti, Venice ; do., Historical Society, New York ; Allegory of Lejianto, Madrid Museum ; Lu- cretia, Vienna Museum ; Madonna of An- cona, S. Domenico, Ancona ; Madonna of Burleigh House, Burleigh House, England ; Madonna of Cadore, Church of Cadore ; Madonna of the Cherries, Vienna Museum ; Madonna del Couiglio, Madonna with Saints, Louvre ; Madonna with SS. John and Cath- erine, National Gallery, London ; Madonna witli Roses, Uffizi, Florence ; Madonna with S. Bridget, Madrid Museum ; Madonna di S. Niccolo, Vatican ; Madonna with Saints, Vienna Museum ; do., Louvre ; Madonna of Serravalle, S. Andrea, Serravalle ; Ma/lonna of Zoppo, Church at Zoppu ; Cristoforo Ma- druzzo, Salvador! Collection, Trent ; Magda- len, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; do., Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Adoration of Magi, Knight of Malta, St. Margaret, Madrid Museum ; St. Mark, S. M. della Salute, Venice ; Mater Dolorosa, Madrid Museum ; Ippolito de' Medici, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Giovanni Moro, Berlin Museum ; Nativity ; St. Nicho- las, S. Sebastiano, Venice ; Noli Me Tan- gere, National Gallery, London ; do., Ma- drid Museum ; Omnia Vanitas, Accademia di S. Luca, Rome ; Pope Paul HI, Paul HI.
TITIAN
and his Grandsons, Naples Museum; Jacopo Pesaro, Antwerp Museum ; Philip II., Pa- lazzo Giustiniaui, Padua ; do., Madrid Mu- seum ; do., Naples Museum ; Pietd, Venice Academy ; Mare Antonio liezzonico, Spedale Maggiore, Milan ; Eleonora della Rovere, Francesco della Eovcre, Uffizi, Florence ; Salome, Madrid Museum ; Fabricio Salvare- sio, Vienna Museum ; Saviour, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; St. Sebastian, Harrach Collection, Vienna ; do., Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Filippo Strozzi, Vienna Museum ; Summer Storm, Buckingham Palace ; Supper at Ein- maus, Louvre ; Tarquin and Lucretia, Hert- ford House, London ; Three Ages, Bridge- water House, London ; Titian (portrait), Berlin Museum ; do., Madrid Museum ; do., Vienna Museum ; Titian's Doctor, Vi- enna Museum ; Titian s Uncle, Hampton Court ; Tobias and Angel, S. Marcelliuo, Venice ; Transfiguration, Marc Antonio Tre- visani, Sterne Collection, Vienna ; Trinity or La Gloria, Madrid Museum ; Benedetto Varchi, Vienna Museum ; Lavinia Vecelli, Berlin Museum ; do., Dresden Gallery ; Venus of the Tribune, Uffizi, Florence ; Venus and Adonis, Aluwick Castle, Eng- land; do., Madrid Museum ; Venus Anadvo-
c
mene, Bridgewater House, London ; Ven us and Cupid, Uffizi, Florence ; Venus equip- ping Cupid, Palazzo Borghese, Home ; Darmstadt Venus, Darmstadt Gallery ; Toilet of Vmus, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg ; Venus with Organ Player, Madrid Museum ; Venus Worship, Madrid Museum ; Andrea Vesalius, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Woman in Adult- ery (attributed to Titian), S. Afra, Brescia.— C. & C., Life of Titian ; Burckhardt, 714, 722 ; Lerinolieff,
&K 5
/ L
C£S. *f I tt| I ' vii. 425 ; Wornum,
J ' ' Epochs, 250; Ch.
Blanc, ficole venitienne ; P. G. Hamertou,
Art Essays, Atlas Series, No. 14 ; Northcote,
Titian (London, 1830) ; Bergmann, Tizian (Hanover, 18G5) ; M. F. Sweetser, Titian, Artist Biographies (1877) ; B, F. Heath, Ti- tian (1879); Eidolfi, Maraviglie dell' Ai-te (Padua, 1835, 1837) ; Eastlake, Five Great Painters (London, 1883) ; Graph. K, iii. 79 ; Kuust-Chrouik, xii. 601 ; xvii. 286 ; xviii. 110 ; xix. 624 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 196 ; xii. 9 ; xiii. 257, 305 ; xix. 102 ; Art Journal (1886), 85, 132.
TITIAN, portrait, Titian, Berlin Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. Half- length, in a close-buttoned doublet, with shoulders covered by a pelisse of brown cloth with fur collar, and black skull-cap. Painted later than the Vienna picture. In bad condition till regenerated in 1874 by Pettenkofer process. Probably the original of the portrait in the Uffizi, from the en- graving of which by Agostino Carracci the common pictures of Titian are taken. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 60 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 446, 458.
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 1 in. Almost in profile to the left ; dressed in doublet, pelisse, and black skull-cap, his beard and hair white. Painted in 1562 (?) ; was in the Alcazar, Madrid, as early as 1621. Engraved by Alphonse Fran§ois from a replica in Paris. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 62.
By Titian, Vienna Museum ; wood, H. 1 ft. 7 in. x 1 ft. 4 in. Bust picture, in fur pelisse and black skull-cap. So repainted as to show no trace of Titian's hand. Copy by Teniers at Blenheim. Engraving by Vors- terman in Teniers's Gallery ; another in Haas's Galerie de Vieniie. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 60.
TITIAN'S DAUGHTEE. See Vecelli, Lavinia.
TITIAN'S DOCTOR, Titian, Vienna Mu- seum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. A beardless old man in black-silk robes. Per- haps picture called Parma by Ridolfi in his Maraviglie (i. 220). A masterly portrait, but treatment unlike that of Titian. En- graving in Teniers's Gallery. — C. & C., Ti- tian, ii. 425.
284
TITIAN'S MISTRESS
TITIAN'S MISTRESS. See Bella di Ti- ziano.
TITIAN AND HIS MISTRESS. See Di- iin/i, Laura.
TITIAN'S UNCLE, Titian, Hampton Court ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. 2 in. Half-length, dressed in black, standing at a table, a book in one hand, a golden apple in the other. Named as above between 1842 and 1854, but for what reason is not appar- ent Perhaps a portrait of Parteuio, a poet and friend of Titian, who wrote verses on his pictures. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 429 ; Law,
XTV. Engraved by Reindel ; L. Desploces ; A. Girardet — Musee royal, i. Part 1 ; Fil- hol, x. PL 704 ; Landon, Musce, xiv. PI. 61 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ro- maine ; Cab. Crozat, i. PI. 50.
TKADUK. See Kadllk.
TOBAR, Don ALONSO MIGUEL DE, born at Higuera, near Aracena, in 1678, died in Madrid in 1758. Spanish school ; pupil in Seville of Juan Antonio Fajardo, a mediocre painter ; afterwards improved his style by copying the works of Murillo, and became the most noted of his imitators.
Probably much of his work passes under
In 1720
Hist. Cat. Hampton Court, 38.
TITIAN, VISIT TO, Daniel Huntington, I the name of his great exemplar. Samuel Hawk Collection, New York ; canvas. Clem- ent VH. and Charles V., seated in centre, with court- iers standing behind ; at right, ladies seated ; at left, Titian standing, uncovering his picture of the Entomb- ment, now in the Louvre ; in background, through the window, are seen the tow- ers of Bologna. Scene in 1530, when Titian went to Bologna to paint the por- traits of the Pope and the Emperor. — Art Treasures of America, ii. 25, 28.
TITUS AND VESPA- SIAN, TRIUMPH OF, Giulio Romano, ' he became a familiar of the Holy Office, Louvre, Paris ; wood, H. 4 f t. x 5 ft. 7 in. Ti- and in the same year executed for the Ca- tus and Vespasian, crowned with laurel, in a thedral of Seville his most famous original chariot drawn by four horses, marching in a work, Nuestra Sefiora del Consuelo (Virgin procession which is passing under the tri- of Consolation), which won him the favour umphal arch erected to commemorate the of Philip V. and the appointment (1729) of conquest of Judea ; above, the Goddess of court painter. Other works : Madonna, Vir- Victory flies down to crown them ; in front gin appearing to St. Francis, Academia S. of the chariot a Roman officer holds by the Fernando, Madrid ; Virgin in Contempla- hair a Jewess — the personification of con- tion, Portrait of an Infanta, Heirs of Don quered Judea ; he is preceded by a soldier Sebastian, Pau ; St. Joseph and Infant Je- bearing the seven-branched candle-stick, sus, Berlin Museum. Copies after Murillo : Painted for Duke of Mantua, from whom Portrait of Murillo, Museo del Prodo, Ma- acquired by Charles I. of England ; sold af- drid ; Virgeu de la Fajn, Cadiz Museum ; ter his death to Jabach, who sold it to Louis Good Shepherd, Infant St. John, S. Isidore,
Triumph of Titus and Vespasian, Giulio Romano, Louvre, Paris,
TOBIAS
Seville ; Boy blowing Soap Bubbles, Her- mitage, St. Petersburg. — Stirling, iii. 1302 ;
Ch. Blanc, Jicole espagnole ; Viardot, 227 ; Curtis, 333 ; Madrazo, 577.
TOBIAS AND THE ANGEL, Murillo, William C. Cartwright, Aynhoe, Northamp- tonsliire, England ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. 7 in. The angel in a plum-coloured robe, Tobias in a yellowish cloak with a fish in his left hand, both bearing staves, walk- ing in a rocky landscape beside a river ; a dog looks up at the angel. — Curtis, 124.
Jl w
Tobias and we Angel, Salvator Rosa, Louvre, Paris.
By Antonio Pollajuolo, Turin Gallery; H. 5 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 10 in. The archangel clad in antique costume, and Tobias in cap, mantle, buskins, and hose ; a shaggy dog trots before the archangel ; in background, a city and castle, near a river, and two naked men preparing to bathe. Painted for Or' S. Michele, Florence. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 292 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 393.
By Salvator Rosa, Louvre, Paris ; wood, H.
11 in. x 8 in. The angel Raphael, with a wand in his hand, commands Tobias to seize the fish, which the latter, kneeling, is taking from the water. Engraved by Guttenberg. — Musue franyais ; Landon, Musee, vii. PI. 7 ; Filhol, ii. PI. 111.
By Andrea del Sarto or his school, Vienna Museum ; wood, arched, H. 5 ft. 8 in x 4 ft. 10 in. The angel Raphael leading Tobias by the hand ; on other side, St. Lawrence and a kneeling donor ; above, Christ with his cross, in clouds. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 580 ; Galerie de Vienne, i. PL 11 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole florentine.
By Titian, S. Marcellino, Venice ; canvas, figures life-size, seen to elbows. The angel and Tobias moving toward the foreground ; a spotted dog in front of them ; St. John Baptist kneeling at foot of a tree. Painted in 1539. Old copy in Dresden Gallery. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 430 ; C. & C., Titian, ii. 29.
TOBLER, VIKTOR, born at Trogen, Switzerland, Jan. 13, 1846. History and genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy, and of Wilhelm Lindenschmit. Studio in Munich. "Works : Disputation of Zwingli at Zurich ; Checkmate ! (1877), Berne Mu- seum ; Market Scene (1879) ; Wedding in Amper Valley, Zurich Gallery ; Cradle Song (1885).— Miiller, 523.
TOCQUE (Tocquet), LOUIS, born in Par- is, Nov. 19, 1C96, died there, Feb. 10, 1772. French school ; portrait painter, son of an architecture painter, pupil of Nicolas Berlin and Nattier. Member of the Academy, 1734; councillor, 1744. Invited to St. Petersburg by the Empress, and remained there from 1757 to 1758 ; then visited Stockholm and Denmark, and returned to Paris in 1760. In 1769 he revisited Denmark, and was elected associate of the Copenhagen Acade- my. Was an excellent painter of stuffs, good draughtsman, and agreeable colourist. Works : Maria Leczinska, Louis of France (1739), Mme. de Graffigny, M. Dumarsais, Louvre ; Due de Richelieu, Rothan Gallery ; Empress Elizabeth and Royal Family, Co-
880
TOJETTI
penhagen Gallery ; Empress Elizabeth of Russia, four others, Versailles Museum ; oth- ers in Marseilles, Nantes, Amiens, and Ba- yeux Museums. — Bellier, ii. 578 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficolo fran9aise; Jal, 1186; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 364.
TOJETTI, VIRGILIO, born in Rome, Italy, in 1849. Figure painter ; studied in Paris under Gcrome and Bouguereau. Re- moved to America in 1870. First exhibited at National Academy in 1881. Studio in New York. Works : Richelieu (1881) ; Sleep- ing Cupid, Sorrow (1882) ; Veiled Prophet of Khorassan (1883) ; Out of the Gates of Paradise (1884) ; Love's Temptation (1885) ; The Favourite, A Little Accident (1886).
TOKEN, LAST. See Last Token.
TOL, DOMINICUS VAN, born at Bode- graven between 1631 and 1642, died at Ley- den, buried Dec. 26, 1676. Dutch school ; genre painter, nephew and pupil of Gerard Dou, whose manner he imitated so closely that his pictures were frequently attributed to that master. He is, however, generally colder in colour. Works : Three Children with Cat and Mouse Trap, Family Scene (after Dou), Male Portrait (1673), Amster- dam Museum ; Woman frying Pancakes, Leyden Museum ; Herring Seller, Old Man lighting Pipe, Portrait of Gerard Dou, Rot- terdam Museum ; Old Man eating Herring, Old Woman winding Yarn, Dresden Gallery ; Girl with Chicken, C a s s e 1 Gallery ; Scholar in his Study, Copenha- gen Gallery ; Two Children with Birds' Nests, Lace Maker at Cradle, Hermit- age, St. Petersburg. — Kramm, vi. 1636 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 412.
TOLEDO, Capitan JUAN DE, born at Lorca in 1611, died in Madrid in 1665.
Dt/.Toc-
Spanish school ; pupil of his father, Miguel tie Toledo ; became a captain of cavalry in the wars in Italy, and made there the ac- quaintance of Michelangelo Cerquozzi, un- der whom he finished his artistic education. Established himself at Granada, on his re- turn to Spain, and painted many military, marine, and battle scenes, and some relig- ious subjects, in which he was less success- ful The last part of his life was spent in Madrid. Works: Three Naval Engage- ments, Madrid Museum. — Stirling, ii. 817 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole espaguole ; Viardot, 140 ; Madrazo, 578.
TOLLES, SOPHIE MAPES, born in New York ; contemporary. Portrait, genre, and still-life painter ; pupil of P. F. Eothermel in Philadelphia, of the National Academy and Cooper Institute in New York, and for two years of Lumiuais in Paris ; vice-president of the Ladies' Art Association. Exhibits at the National Academy ; studio in New York. Works : Cottage Door (1877) ; Portrait of Linda Gilbert; In Memoriam(1878); Chrys- anthemums (1883).
TOM, JAN BEDYS, born at Boskoop, March 4, 1813. Landscape painter, pupil of Andreas Schelf hout. Works : On the Heath (18Gf>), Museum, Amsterdam ; Flat Country with Cattle, Museum Fodor, ib.
TOM DIECK, AUGUST, born at Olden- burg, March 23, 1831. History painter, pupil of Dresden Academy under Adolf Wichmann and Julius Schnorr ; went in 1857 to Italy ; studied in Florence after the old masters, then for four years in Rome. Works : St. Cecilia (1854) ; Two Marys at the Sepulchre (1859) ; Christ on Mount of Olives (1862); Crucifixion (1863); Group by the Cross (1871) ; Transfiguration of Christ ; St. Cecilia (1877), Dresden Gallery. —Midler, 523.
TOMA, MATTHIAS RUDOLF, born in Vienna in 1792, died there in 1845. Land- scape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works : Rocky Landscape with Peasants, Woodland with Two Boys (1831), Vienna Museum ; Views in the Prater (1834, 1835) ;
S87
TOMMASI
The Watzmann near Berchtesgaclen (1836) ; The Great Eiger in Switzerland (1839) ; View on the Danube (1841). — Wurzbach xlvi. 34.
TOMMASI, NICCOLA, of Florence, 14th century. Florentine school ; his name ap- pears, with that of Andrea Orcagna and others, in 1366 in the list of the council of S. Maria del Fiore, and in 1371 in the guild of painters, Florence. His picture of St. Anthony, dated 1371, in S. Antonio Abate, Naples, shows that his style was not unlike that of Orcagna.— C. & C., Italy, i. 335, 460.
TOMMASO DA MODENA, born in Tre- viso, lived latter half 14th century. Bolo- gnese school ; though a feeble second-rate painter, he was the first of any note in Mo- dena ; style, a mixture of the Gubbian and Bolognese. A St. Catherine in the Venice Academy, dated 1351, ascribed to him, is of the close of the 15th century (C. & C.). An altarpiece by him, in six parts, in the Modena Gallery, is much repainted. In 1357 Tommaso went to Prague, where he painted a Madonna with Saints, now in the Vienna Academy. He is supposed to have decorated the Castle of Carlstein for Charles TV., after 1357, and an Ecce Homo and a Madonna, still there, are attributed to him ; also an altarpiece in the Modena Gallery, and a wall painting in S. Niccolo, Treviso. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 218 ; Burckhardt, 519.
TOMMASO DI STEFANO. See Giot- tino.
TOMPKINS, CLEMENTINA M. G, born in Washington, D. C. ; contemporary. Portrait and figure painter, pupil of the School of Design and of Bonnat in Paris. Has exhibited at the Paris and Brussels Salons. Works : Little Musician (1876) ; Rosa— la fileuse, Little Artist (1878).
TOMYRIS, Rubens, Earl Darnley, Cob- ham Hall, England ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 8 in. X 11 ft. 9 in. Seventeen figures. Tomyris commanding the head of Cyrus to be im- mersed in blood (Herod., i. 205). The Queen, in a white-satin robe embroidered
with gold, accompanied by a lady on her left, and three others and two pages behind her, stands at right on a dais, observing the executioner, who, bending on one knee, holds the head of Cyrus over a golden charger filled with blood ; several courtiers and soldiers look on. Orleans Collection ; bought by Earl of Darnley for 1,200 guin- eas. Engraved by P. Pontius ; Ragot ; Du- change ; Launay. — Waagen, Treasures, iii. 23 ; Smith, ii. 207.
By Rubens, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. The Queen, in a satin robe and mantle lined with ermine, on a throne at right, with two female attendants at her left, an elderly female behind, and a minister of state and two soldiers at her right ; on the opposite side, an execu- tioner holding the head of Cyrus over a brazen vase, and a man in a crimson robe looking on. Valued in 1816 at 100,000 francs. — Cat. Louvre ; Smith, ii. 117.
TOORENVLIET, JACOB, born at Ley- den in 1641, died there in 1719. Dutch school ; history, genre, and portrait paint- er ; studied in Leyden and in Rome, whith- er he went in 1670 ; also lived for several years in Venice. Works : Old Woman Spin- ning (1667), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Butcher Shop (1677), Museum, Vienna ; Men with Books (6, five dated 1675, 1677), Man be- fore Mirror (1676), two others (1679), sev- eral, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Woman Singing and Organ Grinder (1678), Fish- Seller at Window (1679), Jew with Book, Man giving Flower to Woman (attributed), Dresden Gallery ; Company of Four with Books, Brunswick Gallery ; Peasant hold- ing Vessel, Woman looking out of Window, Cassel Gallery ; Peasant between two kinds of WTine, Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ; Benediction being read in a Synagogue, The Curse do., Christiania Gallery ; Soldiers at Cards (1682), Old Woman placing Candle in a Lantern, Darmstadt Museum ; Old Man with Book, Gotha Museum ; Melon Vender, Poultry Vender, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; The Quack Doctor, Schleissheim Gallery ;
TOPI1AM
Smoker, Landsknecht on Guard, Schwerin Gallery ; Holy Family, Young Man in Cui-
J.
rasa, Hermannstadt Museum. — Kramm, vi. 1640 ; Quellenschriften, xiv. 349.
TOPHAM, FRANCIS WILLIAM, born at Leeds, Yorkshire, April 15, 1808, died at Cordova, Spain, March 31, 1877. His- tory and landscape painter, in oil and water- colours ; began in Leeds as an engraver ; removed in 1829 to London, and became a member of the Society of Water- Colour Painters in 1848. He drew his subjects chiefly from Ireland, Scotland, Spain, and Italy. Works : Deserted Village, Rustic Bridge— Hkley (1843); Pilgrims to the Holy Well — Ireland (1845) ; Mavoumeen ! Mavourneen! (1846); St. Patrick's Day (1847) ; Irish Courtship ; Spanish Gypsies ; Welsh Cabin ; Preparing for the Fight, Waiting by the Stile (1872) ; Bird's Nest, Love Letter (1873) ; Leaving Church — Charity (1874) ; Wayfarers, Welsh Stream
(1875) ; Blackberry Gatherers, Haymaking, Loiterers by the Sea (1876) ; Venetian Water Carriers, Eve of the Festa (1877).— Art Journal (1876), 210; (1877), 187; (1880), 21 ; C. Carr, Essays, 198.
TOPHAM, FRANCIS W. W., born in London in 1838. History painter, son and pupil of Francis William Topham, and pupil of the Royal Academy ; has lived in Italy and France. Works : Fall of Rienzi
(1876) ; Relics of Pompeii ; Dinner Time
(1877) ; Drawing in Italy for Military Ser- vice (1878); Taming the Shrew, Home after Service (1879) ; Renouncing the Vanities by Order of Savonarola (1881) ; Content, Mes- senger of Good Tidings (1882) ; Roman Triumph, Love and Labour, First Com- munion (1883); Thank Offering, Sonata, Festa dei Morti (1884) ; Sunday in Pom- peii, Queen of the Tournament (1885) ; God and Mammon, Rest, Quiet Harbour (1886).
TORBroO, FRANCESCO, first half of 16th century ; living in 1546. Venetian school ; commonly called II Moro. Ac- cording to Vasari, he went as a youth to Venice to study under Giorgione, but in consequence of a quarrel had to return to Verona. He gave up his profession for a time, but finally became a pupil of Libe- rale, who made him his heir. Throughout his career he imitated various painters, though always revealing himself. Second- rate when most original. In his Venetian style he resembles Pompon io Amalteo or Cariani ; and when he works on Giulio Ro- mano's cartoons he is Raphaelesque. Among his works in Verona are a Madonna with Saints, in S. Zeno, altarpieces in S. Eufemia and S. Fermo, and the frescos of the Na- tivity, Presentation, and Assumption of the Virgin (1534), in the choir of the Duomo. The latter are from cartoons by Giulio Ro- mano. Torbido was also an engraver. — C. & C., N. Italy, i. 508 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vi. 107 ; vii. 87 ; ix. 170, 180 ; Burckhardt, 192, 607, 746.
TORRENTS, STANISLAS, born at Mar- seilles ; contemporary. Portrait and fig- ure painter, pupil of Couture. Medal, 3d class, 1875. Works : Bacchante (1864) ; The Repetition (1872) ; Death (1875), Mar- seilles Museum ; Vierge au lis (1876) ; The Test (1885) ; Investigation about Trichinte, Man's Head (1886).
TORRES, MATIAS DE, born at Espino- sa de los Monteros in 1631, died in Madrid in 1711. Spanish school ; pupil in Madrid of his uncle, Tomas Taurino, an obscure painter, and of Hen-era el Mozo ; painted chiefly large, coarse pictures for processional decorations, but was quite successful in landscapes and battles. — Stirling, iii. 1024.
TORSSLOW, STEN HARALD, born in Stockholm, Sweden, Feb. 10, 1838. Land- scape painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy, then in Ddsseldorf of Gude, and studied nature in Dalecarlia, Lapland, Austria, and Tyrol (1864), and Norway (1874). Fellow of Stockholm Academy in 1869. Works :
TOtJDOUZE
View in Stockholm Shiirengarclen ; View in Lapland ; Saturday Dance in Dalecarlia. — MOller, 524.
TOTJDOUZE, fiDOUARD, bom in Paris in 1844. History and genre painter, pupil of Auguste Leloir, Pils, and of the ficole des B. Arts, where he won the grand prix de Home in 1871. Medals : 3d class, 1876 ; 2d class, 1877. Works: Pirates Embark- ing (1867) ; Death of Jezebel (1868) ; Tort- ure of Brunhilde, Two Friends (1869); Eros and Aphrodite (1874) ; Murder of Agamemnon by Order of Clytemnestra (1876) ; Lot's Wife changed into Salt (1877) ; Beach at Yport (1878) ; Guardian Angels (1879), Caen Museum ; Country Recreation (1880); Coquetry (1881); Di- ana's Triumph (1882). — Larousse, Supple- ment.
TOULMOTJCHE, AUGUSTE, born in Nantes, Sept. 21, 1829. Genre painter, pu- pil of Gleyre. Subjects generally piquant scenes from daily life ; paints satins and velvets with great skill. Medals : 3d class, 1852, 1859 ; 2d class, 1861 ; 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1870. Works : Curl-Papers (1849) ; Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, A Girl (1852); After Breakfast (1853), Princess Mathilde ; First Step (1853), Empress Eu- genie ; The Lesson (1855), Nantes Museum ; The Terrace (1855) ; A Kiss (1857); Prayer, A Lesson, Card-House (1859) ; First Cha- grin, Sleep, Watch, Letter (1861) ; A Snub, At Rest, The Hearth (1863); Confidence, The Day after the Ball (1864) ; Forbidden Fruit (1865), Sir Richard Wallace, London ; First Visit (1865) ; A Marriage for Conveni- ence (1866), E. Matthews; White Lilacs, Waiting (1867) ; Last Glimpse, A Festival (1868) ; Love-Letter, Morning Toilet (1869) ; The Appointed Time, Woman Reading (1870) ; Winter (1873) ; Serious Book, The Reply (1874) ; Flirtation, Summer (1876) ; The Rose (1878); The Letter, In the Grasp (1883) ; Tcte-a-Tete (1884) ; In the Library, The Adieu, W. H. Vanderbilt Col- lection, New York ; Hour of Return, Samuel Hawk Collection, ib.; In the Garden, Love-
Letter, Forbidden Fruit, New York, William Astor, ib. — Bellier, ii. 582 ; Meyer, Gesch., 681, 696.
TOUR. See La Tour.
TOURNEMINE, CHARLES EMILE VA- CHER DE, born at Toulon, Oct. 25, 1814, died there, Dec. 22, 1873. Landscape painter, pupil of Isabey. At first painted views of Brittany and Normandy. In 1854 he went to the East, after which his pict- ures were chiefly of Oriental subjects. As- sistant custodian of the Luxembourg ; L. of Honour, 1853. Works : Souvenir of Con- carneau, River Oust (1846) ; Environs of Vannes, Low Tide, Sunset (1847) ; Breton Horsemen, A River, A Meadow, A Brook (1848) ; Batz, Low Tide at Croisic, Breton Pasture, Environs of St. Martin (1849) ; A Village, Low Tide (1850) ; Beach in Brit- tany, Environs of Croisic, Pasture near Smyrna (1852) ; Beach at Low Tide, Bretons driving Cattle (1853); Girl Tending a Flock, Turkish Shepherd, The Danube (1855); Turkish Cafe, The Road to Smyrna, Turkish Horsemen, Lake on the Borders of Tu- nis, Souvenir of Asiatic Turkey (1857) ; De- parture of Caravan, Dwellings near Ada- lia, Souvenir of Tyr-Syria (1859) ; Cafe at Ad alia, Views on Lower Danube (3), Envi- rons of Rosette — Egypt (1861) ; Gambols of Fishing Birds in Egypt (1863) ; Dwelling at Adana — Asia Minor (1863), Prefecture, Nantes ; Promenade of Turkish Women (1863),Montpellier Museum ; Street leading to Bazaar at Chabran-el-Kebir (1865), Toulon Museum ; Return from the Chase in India (1868), Marseilles Museum ; Festival in In- dia, Hunting Episode in Africa (1869) ; View of Luxor during Inundation (1870) ; Elephant attacked by Lions, Sacred Lake in Hindostan (1872) ; Ruins of a Temple in Central India, Camp in Asia Minor (1873). — Athenffium (1873), i. 56 ; Bellier, ii. 583 ; Claretie, Peintres (1874), 278.
TOURNEUX, JEAN FRANCOIS EU- GENE, born in Banthouzel, Oct. 6, 1809, died in Paris, June 26, 1867. Genre paint- er, pupil of Marechal in Metz. Medal, 3d
290
TOURNIERES
class, 1843. Works : Hall of Gypsy Fam- ily (1852), Metz Museum ; Point d'orgue (1859), Grenoble Museum ; Faust and Wag- ner (1861) ; Solitude (1864) ; Gypsy Woman, Sunset (1865) ; Castle of Godfrey de Bouil- lon, Good Adventure (1866). He published several volumes of poetry. — Bellier, ii. 584 ; ! Larousse.
TOURNIERES, ROBERT LEVRAC, born at Ifs, near Caen, in 1668, died at Caen, May 18, 1752. French school ; genre and portrait painter, pu- pil of Lucas de la Haye and of Bon Boullogne. Made rapid progress in his art ; admitted to
Academy as portrait painter in 1702, and as history painter in 1716. Became assistant professor in 1725, but after a quarrel with his colleagues retired to Caen in 1750, and gave up painting. Works: Daughter of Dibutades drawing the Portrait of her Lover (1716), Louvre; Portraits °f Racine and
Caen; in Ver.'
sailles and Nantes Museums. — Bellier, i. 1041 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole francaise ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF, William Clarkson Stanfield, Senior United Service Club, London ; canvas. Scene in centre of combined fleet, at half-past two o'clock, about an hour and a half after Nelson received his death-wound ; the Victory, the flag-ship, is in the act of disengaging herself from the Redoubtable, French 74, at that time lashed alongside the Tumoraire, British 98, at the moment when the Fougueux, French 74, became the prize of the latter. Royal Academy, 1836 ; original sketch in National Gallery, painted in 1833. En- graved by J. Cousen, in Art Journal. — Art
Journal (1851), 287 ; Cat. Nat Gal. and R. Acad.
TRAIN!, FRANCESCO, 14th century. Florentine school Vasari calls him a pupil of Andrea Orcagna, but he was already a full master when he entered Orcagna's work- shop in 1349. The earliest record of him is of 1341, and his only extant pictures are
Transfiguration, Lodovtco Carracci, Bologna Gallery.
the St. Thomas, in S. Caterina, Pisa, and the St. Dominick (1345), in the Pisa Academy. In these he shows a mixture of the Floren- tine and the Sienese manner. — C. & C., It- aly, i. 455 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 136 ; Burckhardt, 497, 511 ; W. & W., i. 459 ; Bonaini, Memorie inedite iutorno alia vita, etc., di Fr. Traini (Pisa, 1846).
TRANSFIGURATION (Matt, xvii. 1; Mark, ix. 2 ; Luke, ix. 28).
By Giovanni Bellini, Naples Museum ;
891
TRANSFIGURATION
wood, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. ; signed. Christ, between the prophets Moses and Elias, is rising from the ground ; below, the wonder-stricken apostles just roused from sleep. Painted about 1475-80 ; for- merly in Farnese Collection, Parma.— C. &
Transfiguration, Raphael, Vatican, Rome.
C., N. Italy, i. 159 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 415 ; Museo Borbonico, iii. PL 34.
By Lodovico Carracci, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 13 ft. 4 in. x 8 ft. 2 in. Christ in glory, between Moses and Elias ; below, three apostles gazing upward in awe. For-
merly in Church of Convent of S. Pietro Martire, Bologna. — Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 11 ; Reveil, x. 656.
By Raphael, Vatican, Rome ; wood, H. 13 ft. 4 in. x 9 ft. 3 in. In two parts : 1. The Transfiguration. Christ floating in a glory of light, with Moses on his right and Elias on his left ; below them the summit of a mountain (Tabor?), on which lie prostrate Peter, James, and John, dazzled by the light from above ; at left, SS. Julian and Law- rence, kneeling in adora- tion, supposed to have been added at the request of Giulio tie' Medici in hon- our of his father and uncle, who were named after them. 2. The Demoniac Boy (Matt., xvii. 14 ; Mark, ix. 14 ; Luke ix. 37). At the base of the mountain, at right, a confused crowd of men and women is bring- ing a boy possessed of an evil spirit to be cured by the disciples, the remain- ing nine of whom are grouped at left, expressing by various gestures their inability to aid the sufferer, who is held by his father. Raphael's last work, begun in 1519 for Cardinal Giu- lio de' Medici, who intend- ed it for the Cathedral of Narbonne, France, in his bishopric, and who ordered at the same time the Rais- ing of Lazarus, from Se- bastiano del Piombo. Raphael finished only the upper part ; the lower part was painted by Giulio Romano from the mas- ter's designs, after his death. The picture hung over Raphael's body, as it lay in state, and was carried to the Pantheon in
294
TRAUT
the funeral procession. Cardinal cle' Med- ici, who became Clement VII. in 1523, sent Sebastiano's picture to Narbonne and placed the Transfiguration over the high altar in S. Pietro in Montorio, whence the French took it in 1797 to Paris, where it was cleaned and restored ; returned in 1815 and placed in Vatican, where it hangs oppo- site the Last Communion of St. Jerome, by Domenichino. Many reproductions ; copy in black chalk, by Casanova, in South Ken- sington Museum. Many studies ; several sketches in Oxford Collection. Engraved by J. Chereau ; C. Cort ; N. Dorigny ; A. P. Tardieu ; B. Eredi ; E. Morghen ; S. Thomassin ; S. Vallu ; Desnoyers ; and oth- ers.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 371 ; Passavant, ii. 290 ; Milntz, 537 ; Jameson, History of Our Lord, i. 342 ; C. & C. Raphael, ii. 486 ; Springer, 359 ; Liibke, Rafael, 142 ; Gut- bier, i. PI. 91 ; Filhol, x. PI. 715 ; Musue fran.9ais, i. ; Landon, Musee, iii. PL 69 ; Perkins, 189 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole ombri- enne.
By Titian, S. Salvatore, Venice ; canvas, figures life-size. Christ just leaving the earth, which his right foot still touches ; Moses on left, Elias on right, and three apostles watching in foreground. Painted about 1565. Shows marks of assistants ; injured by repainting. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 449 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. 267 ; C. & C., Titian, ii. 352.
TRAUT, HANS, 15th century in Nurem- berg. German school ; mentioned in the burgher roll of 1477. He was a follower of Wolgemuth, though his style differed less than his from that of the earlier Nu- remberg school. Work : St. Sebastian, Uni- versity of Erlangen. — Thausing (Eaton), i. 91 ; W. & W., ii. 123.
TRAUTMANN, JOHANN GEORG, bom at Zweibrilcken in 1713, died in Frankfort in 1769. German school ; history, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of F. F. Bellon, then in Frankfort of Schlegel and of Kiese- wetter ; became court painter to the Elec- tor Palatine in 1761 ; painted jolly peas-
ant scenes in the manner of Brouwer, Ostade, Teniers, etc., and bearded heads in Rem- brandt's style. Works : Conflagration, Male Head with Turban, Female do., Casscl Gal- lery ; Conflagration, Stiidel Gallery, Frank- fort ; do., Augsburg Gallery. — Nagler, xis. 54.
TRAVI, ANTONIO, born at Sestri, near Genoa, in 1613, died in Genoa in 1668. Genoese school ; sometimes called from his deafness II Sordo di Sestri. Colour-grinder to Bernardo Strozzi, who gave him instruc- tion ; afterward studied under Gottfried Waals or Waels, a Flemish landscape paint- er settled in Genoa. Acquired considerable reputation as a landscape painter in Genoa, where most of his works are. — Lanzi, iii. 272 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise.
TRAYER, JEAN BAPTISTE JULES, bora in Paris in 1824. Genre painter, pupil of his father and Le- quien. Paints fami- ly scenes in which the heads are of su- perior merit. Med- als: 3d class, 1853, 1855. Works : Last Bunch of Grapes, Empty Basket, Last Look, Interiors (1848) ; Shakespeare listen- ing to the reading of one of his Plays in the Crown Tavern, Leonardo da Vinci and his Pupils (1850) ; Girl Sewing, Woman Spinning, The Lesson in Embroidery (1853) ; Sewing School, Too much Work (1855) ; Retinue, Grain Market (1857) ; Se- renity (1859) ; Tapestry, Prayer, Anxiety (1861) ; First Sighs, Public Garden (1863) ; Gathering Mussels at Dieppe (1864) ; Inte- rior in Savoy, Twins (1865) ; Pancake Seller (1866), Luxembourg Museum ; Alphabet (1868) ; Girls' School, Two Sisters (1869) ; Sisters of Charity (1870) ; Seamstresses of Ponfc-Aven (1872) ; A Little Sunlight (1873) ; Seamstresses (1874) ; Young Woman and Child (1875) ; Treport Fishwives waiting for Low Tide (1879) ; Dozing (1882) ; Cou-
293
TKEES
carneau Cloth Shop on Market Day (1883) ; At Concarneau (1884) ; Bag Market (1886) ; Young Lady cutting her Nails, Ravene Gal- lery, Berlin.— Bellier, ii. 588 ; Meyer, Gesch., G35, 693.
TEEES AND PLANTS, CREATION OF, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceiling.
TREGO, WILLIAM THOMAS, born at Yardley, Bucks County, Penn., Sept. 15, 1859. Figure painter, pupil of the Penn- sylvania Academy, where he was awarded the first Charles Toppan prize in 1882 and the Temple silver medal in 1883. Studio in Philadelphia. Works : United States Cavalrymen, T. B. Clarke, New York ; Bat- tery en Route (1882), Pennsylvania Acad- emy, Philadelphia ; The Pursuit (1884), Je- rome B. Wheeler, New York ; Battery — Halt ! (1886), Mr. Gibbons, ib.
TREIDLER, ADOLF, born in Berlin in 1846. Genre painter, pupil of Berlin Acad- emy under Daege, and of Julius Schrader ; won the prize for Rome in 1872, and trav- elled in Germany and Italy in 1873-74. Medal, Vienna, 1873. Works: Electress Elizabeth taking Communion after Protes- tant Rite (1872) ; Francis I. declining Con- ditions of Peace by Charles V. (1877) ; In Ischia (1884) ; Love Song (1885).— Rosen- berg, Berl. Malersch., 250 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ix. 64 ; xx. 41 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 748.
TREML, FRIEDRICH, born in Vienna, Jan. 8, 1816, died there, June 13, 1852. Military genre painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Fendi ; worked from 1849 almost exclusively for the Emperor Francis Joseph, who possesses his best pictures. Works : Procession of Corpus Christi (1841) ; Marching out of Garrison (1844) ; Reception of Consecrated Church Bell (1846) ; Smug- glers in danger of Discovery (1847) ; Old Peasant dreaming of Battle of Aspern (1849), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Recruit (1851) ; Return from Golden Wedding (1852) ; Old Peasant dreaming of Battle of Aspern, Munich Gallery. — Wurzbach, xlvii. 120.
TREMOLLIERE (Trimolieres), PIERRE CHARLES, born at Cholet in 1703, died in Paris, May 11, 1739. French school ; genre painter, pupil of Jean Baptiste van Loo. Won the sec- ond grand prix de Rome in 1726 ; after living in Rome six years returned and painted altarpieces for Lyons, and met with much success. Became a member of the Academy (1737), and assistant professor. Works : Adoration of the Shepherds, Lyons Museum; Springtime, Au- tumn, Hermitage, * f St. Petersburg. — D f T Bellier, ii. 590 ; Ch. 1 • <~ • if^nW I Blanc, licole fran9aise ; Mariette, Abeceda- rio, v. 345.
TRENKWALD, JOSEF MATHIAS, born in Prague in 1824. History painter, pupil of Ruben at Prague and Vienna Academies, also influenced by Rahl, then studied in Rome, 1856-62, after the masters of the 15th cen- tury ; became director of Prague Academy in 1865 and professor at Vienna Academy in 1872. Member of Vienna Academy in 1866. Order of Francis Joseph, 1879; Papal Order of Gregory. Works : Peasants in Flight (1845), Scene in Peasants' War (1848), Gallery, Prague ; Death of Charles XH. (1847), Count Clam-Gallas, ib. ; Battle of Lippa (1849) : SS. Cyril and Methodius (1861) ; Annunciation and Assumption, in Missale Romanum for Pope Pius IX. (1863) ; Defence of Last Wagon-Bulwark by the Hussites (1868) ; Entry of Leopold the Glo- rious into Vienna in 1219 (1872), Vienna Museum ; Transfiguration of Christ ; Life of Mary (1883). In fresco : Arrival of St. Adelbert's Relics in Bohemia (1852), Abdi- cation of Vladislav (1854), Foundation of Prague University (1855), Battle of the Hus-
294
TREU
sites (1862), Belvedere, Prague ; Christ in Glory, Mary with the Apostles, Scenes in Life of St. Pascalis (1864-65), Burial Chapel, Baron Revoltella, Trieste ; Theological Vir- tues, and Fathers of the Church (1865-67), Academic Gymnasium, Vienna ; Cycle (1869 -77), Karolinenthal Church, Prague. In tempera : Development of "Worship of Mary (1883-85), Choir Chapels, Votivkirche, Vien- na.— Wurzbach, xlvii. 156 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 59 ; xx. 380 ; Oesterr. K. Chr., i. 23, 152 ; ii. 26 ; iii. 14.
TREU (Trey), (JOHANN) NIKOLAUS, boru at Bamberg in 1734, died at Wtlrzburg in 1786. German school ; history and por- trait painter, son and pupil of Marquard Treu, then in Paris pupil of Carle Van Loo and of Pierre ; returned to Wtlrzburg, then spent several years in Rome, where he painted Pope Pius VI. and won a prize of the Acade- my of San Luca. Court painter at Wiirzburg. Works : Romulus killing Remus, Little Boy firing Pistol, St. Francis in Prayer, Portrait of his Sister Katharina, Child with Fruits and Bouquets (flowers and fruits in last two by Katharina), Bamberg Gallery ; Abraham and Sarah, Dominican Church, Wurzburg ; do., and Judith before Holof ernes, Gallery, ib. — Nagler, xix. 73.
TREU, (JOSEF) CHRISTOPH, born at Bamberg in 1739, died there in 1798. Ger- man school ; landscape and marine painter, son and pupil of Marquai'd Treu. Having won considerable reputation at Stuttgart in 1765, he was called to Bruchsaal by the Prince Bishop von Hutten, for whom he painted at the castles in the principality of Speyer ; then studied, travelling in Germany, Flanders, and Holland ; became court paint- er to the elector at Cologne, returned to Bamberg in 1771, and in 1780 was made inspector of the Pommersfelden Gallery. "Works : River Landscapes with Cattle, etc., View of the Rhine near Bingen, Harbour with many Vessels, Dead Birds in a Land- scape, Bamberg Gallery. — Nagler, xix. 72.
TREU, KATHARINA, born at Bamberg in 1742, died at Mannheim in 1811. Ger-
man school ; flower and still-life painter, daughter and pupil of Marquard Treu (1712-96), painted already at ten years of age, then studied at the DUsseldorf Acad- emy, became court painter to the Elector Charles Theodore at Mannheim in 1769, and professor at DUsseldorf Academy in 1776. Works : Fruit and Flower-Pieces (5), Bam- berg Gallery ; Fruit-Piece, Carlsruhe Gal- lery ; do., Darmstadt Museum ; do., Stutt- gart Museum. — Nagler, xix. 71.
TREU (Trey), MARQUARD, born at Bamberg in 1712, died there in 1796. Ger- man school ; history, portrait, landscape, animal, and still-life painter, pupil of Niko- laus Grooth (died in 1797), and of Lorenz Theisinger ; became inspector of the Pom- mersfelden Gallery in 1766. Works: Grapes and Flowers, Augsburg Gallery ; Three Chemists around a Table, Three Scholars instructing a Boy by a Globe, Bamberg Gal- lery.— Nagler, xix. 73.
TREVISANI, FRANCESCO, born at Capo d'Istria, April 9, 1650, died in Rome, July 30, 1746. Venetian-Roman school ; history and portrait painter, son of Antonio Trevisani (architect), and pupil at Venice of Antonio Zanchi. He went to Rome about the close of the 17th century and lived there the remainder of his life. Works : Sleep of Jesus, Louvre, Paris ; Repose of Diana, Rennes Museum ; The Dead Christ carried by Angels, Vienna Museum ; Massacre of Innocents, Holy Family, Repose in Egypt, Madonna and St. John, Madonna and St. Elizabeth, Christ in Garden of Olives, St. Anthony of Padua, St. Francis in Ecstasy, Dresden Museum ; Magdalen Penitent, Leip- sic Museum ; St. Sebastian, Old Pinako- thek, Munich ; Holy Family, Oldenburg Gallery ; Diana and Endymiou, Triumph of Galatea, do. of Venus, Artist's Portrait, Cassel Gallery ; Archangel Michael overthrowing Satan, Portrait of a Bishop, Schleissheim Gal- lery ; Madonna, Uffizzi, Florence ; Antony and Cleopatra, Palazzo Spada, Rome. — Ma- riette, Abecedario, v. 348 ; Reale gall, di Firenze, iv. 147.
ate
TKEVISANI
TREVISANI, MARC ANTONIO, Doge, portrait, Titian, Sterne Collection, Vienna ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 10 in. Painted in 1553 ; replica of original, burned in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice, in 1577.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 226.
TREZEL, PIERRE PfiLTX, born in Paris, June 16, 1782, died there, June 16, 1855. History painter, pupil of Lemire and Prud'hon, in whose manner he painted some large pictures. Medals : 3d class, 1822 ; 2d class, 1830 ; L. of Honour, 1855. Works : Death of Marcus Aurelius (180G), bought by State ; Death of Zopira (1808) ; First-Born (1810) ; Hector's Parting from Andromache (1819), Bordeaux Museum ; Death of Moth- er and Sister of Gustavus Vasa (1822) ; Thetis plunging her son Achilles into the Styx (1830) ; Portrait of the Seigneur de Lautrec, Versailles Museum ; Cain fleeing after his Crime (1855) ; Phaedra judged in Hell, Angers Museum ; St. John writing the Apocalypse, Church of St. John, Toulouse ; Souls in Purgatory rising to Heaven, Cathe- dral of Toulouse. — Bellier, ii. 590 ; Meyer, Gesch., 163 ; Larousse.
TRIBUTE MONEY (Matt., xxii. 19; Luke, xx. 24).
By Rembrandt, Hope Collection, England ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. ; dated 1645. Interior of a temple ; in foreground twelve persons, among whom is a Pharisee showing Jesus a piece of money. Robit Collection (1801), 8,850 francs ; sold in 1840 for 600 guineas. Engraved by McArdell. — Vosmaer, 469 ; Smith, vii. 47.
By Huberts, Mr. Emerson, England (?) ; wood, H. 5 ft. x 6 ft. Nine figures, life- size, seen to knees. Christ holds the piece of money in his left hand and raises the right above his head. Van Loo Collection, Amsterdam (1713), 1,150 florins ; Lord Cour- tenay Collection (1816), 490 guineas ; John Webb (1821), 441 guineas ; G. J. Cholmon- deley sale (1831), 252 guineas.
By Titian, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. ; signed. Cristo della Moneta. Christ, full-face, turns towards the question-
ing Pharisee, who stands in profile with the coin in his hand. A masterpiece of the ar- tist. Painted, according to Vasari, about 1514, for Alfonso I. of Ferrara, on the panel of a cabinet ; afterwards in gallery of the Duke of Mod'ena, whence it passed in 1746 to Dresden. Restored by Palmaroli ; no original replica, but copies in the galleries of Dresden and Parma, in the Uffizi, the Grosvenor Collection in London, and in the Accademia di S. Luca, Rome. Engraved
Tribute Money, Titian, Dresden Gallery.
by G. Eilers.— C. & C., Titian, i. 116 ; Va- sari, ed. Mil., vii. 435 ; Hubner, Dresden Gal., i. 11.
By Titian, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft, x 3 ft. 4£ in. ; signed. Christ, turned to left, points upwards with right hand as the Pharisee presents the coin ; behind the latter is a man wearing goggles. Bought in 1852 at sale of Mar- shal Soult, who brought it from Spain. Perhaps the picture painted in 1568 for Philip H., but crude and unsatisfactory in treatment (C. & C.). Engraved by Martin
296
TRIEBEL
Rota. Acquired by National Gallery in 1852.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 388.
By Valentin, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 5 ft. At right, Christ with right hand extended, as if speaking ; at left, a Phari- see, wearing spectacles, presents the piece of money, to which a second one, standing in centre, points interrogatively. Figures half-length. Collection of Louis XIV. En- graved by Baudet ; by Claessens in Musce francais. — Boveil, vi. 424.
TRIEBEL, KARL, born at Dessau in 1823, died at Wernigerodo in the Hartz, Sept. 16, 1885. Landscape painter, pupil of Beck, then in Berlin of Karl Schulz, Krause, and Biermann ; visited repeat- edly Bavaria, Tyrol, Swit- zerland, and North Italy. Court painter to Duke of Anhalt, 1851 ; made pro- fessor by King of Prussia, 1855. Works:OnSt.Goth- ard Road ; Hintersee in the Ramsau ; The High Goll ; Thun Lake ; Landscapes in the Hartz Mountains ; Lake of Brienz ; The Dachstein ; The Kyffhiiuser in Thurin- gia ; Alpine Landscapes (2, one dated 1854), Leipsic Museum ; Landscape, Stet- tin Museum ; Swiss Land- scape, Lake of Luzerne, Wiesbaden Gallery.— Muller, 526 ; Kunst- Chronik, xxi. 34.
TRIGT, HENDRIK ALBERT VAN, born at Dordrecht, Oct. 22, 1829. Genre painter. Works: Service in Lutheran Church in Norway (1866), Baptism in Norway (1875), Amsterdam Museum ; Last Days of Eras- mus (1879), Rotterdam Museum.
TRINITY, Mariotto Albertinetti, Florence Academy ; wood. Christ on the Cross in a glory of angels ; above, the Dove and God the Father, with right hand in act of benediction and left holding an open book, with the Alpha and Omega upon it. Paint-
ed about 1510 for S. Giuliano, whence re- moved to Academy. — Vasari, ed. Mil, iv. 222 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 488 ; GalL Accad. di Firenze, PL 56.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 7 in. The Father and the Son, represented by majestic figures, the former with a sceptre, the latter with a cross, both seated on clouds, with their feet on a globe borne by three angels ; above, the Dove, hovering in a flood of light. Formerly altarpiece in the Angus- tin Church, Munich. Engraved by Voster- man, and anonymous. Lithographed by
Tribute Money, Valentin, Louvre, Paris.
| Piloty. Same subject, with saints below,
in England. — Smith, ii. 75, 267.
By Titian. See Gloria.
TRINITY, ADORATION OF, Albrecht
Dilrcr, Vienna Museum ; wood, arched at
top, H. 4 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. ; signed, dated
1511. God the Father enthroned, with the
Dove above in a glory of seraphim, holds
before him Christ crucified ; on each side
is a choir of angels with the instruments of
the Passion, and below them the saints —
on the left the martyrs of the New Testa-
1 ment, led by the Virgin, on the right the
i heroes of the Old Testament, led by John
urn
TRINITY
Baptist ; below, the members of the Church Militant— on the left the Pope and the clergy, on the right a cardinal encouraging the donor Landauer, who kneels with the female members of his family behind him, and the Emperor and laity ; at the bottom, a coast landscape, with the figure of Diirer himself standing at right. Painted for an altarpiece for the chapel of the Landauer
TRINITY, DISPUTE OF THE, Andrea del Sarto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. ; signed. SS. Au- gustine, Lawrence, Peter Martyr, and Fran- cis, standing, and SS. Sebastian and Mary Magdalen (likeness of Andrea's wife), kneel- ing ; above, the symbol of the Trinity in the clouds. Painted about 1517 for the convent of S. Agostino without the San
Cloister, Nuremberg, which was dedicated , Gallo gate ; removed to S. Jacopo tra'
Fossi in 1529, where it was damaged in the inundation of 1555 ; transported to Pitti in first half of 17th century ; copy by Ottaviano Vannini substituted for it in S. Jacopo. Engraved by Lorenzini ; Mam. — Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 27 ; C. & C., It- aly, iii. 562 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iv. PL 112 ; Rosini, iv. 206.
TRTNQUESSE, L. R., flourished in Paris and at The Hague, second half of 18th century. French school ; portrait and figure painter, pupil of Largilli- ere ; was received into the guild at The Hague in 1767; rejected twice by the Academy in Paris ; exhibit- ed there as late as 1793. Works : Portrait of Young Lady with Music Leaf (1774), Berlin Museum; Portrait of Washington to All Saints ; hence the picture is some- (1779) ; Promenade in a Park, Two Women times called All Saints. Sent by Nurem- and a Man in Doric Temple before Statue of berg Council in 1585 to Emperor Rudolph Cupid, Morning, Afternoon (1782) ; Oath to
Adoration of the Trinity, Albrecht Diirer, Vienna Museum.
. at Prague, whence removed to Vienna. Original carved frame, made by Durer, still in Nuremberg. Copy by Johann Christian Ruprecht at Chateau of Laxenburg, near Vi- enna. Engraved in E. Forster's Denkmaler der deutschen Kunst (vi. 13) ; lithographed by Jutie Primisser. — Thausing (Eaton), ii. 29 ; Forster, vi.
Cupid, Offering to Cupid, Mother Reproach- ing Young Man (1785) ; First Kiss of Cupid (1787); Conversation in a Landscape, Couple offering their Child to Cupid (1791) ; Senti- mental Conversation in a Park, Lessons of Young Mothers (1793).— Bellier, ii. 592 ; Kramm, vi. 1644 ; Meyer, Gemalde der kongl. Mus. (1883), 466/563.
898
TRISTAN
BRIS on the pedestal ; tit the base, seated on :i stone, a pious hermit teaches chil- dren ; in front, kneeling, a knight in adora- tion ; at left, two German warriors stand- ing, a huntsman reclining asleep, and a woman cooking, and in background, the chase ; at right, monks engaged in plough- ing and in felling trees, and in background a church and other buildings. — FUrster, x. 28.
TRISTAN, LUIS, born near Toledo in 1586, died in Toledo in 1640. Spanish school ; pupil of El Greco, whom he excelled in design and equalled in execution. In 1616 he painted a series of pictures for the Church of Yepes, considered his best works. Velasquez greatly admired him and left the studio of Pacheco to study his pictures, many of which are in Toledo. Works : St. Anthony and others, Cathedral ; St. Louis giving Alms, S. Pedro Martir ; Last Supper, Convent de la Sisla ; Male Portrait, Madrid Museum ; Portrait of Lope de Vega, Hermitage, St. Pe- tersburg.— Stirling, i. 439 ; Viardot, 169 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole espagnole ; Madrazo, 579.
TRIUMPH OF C^SAR. See Cce- sar.
TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY, Philipp Veil, Stadel Institute, Frank- fort; fresco, H. 9 ft 4 in. x20 ft; wings, each, H. 9 ft. 4 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. The introduction into Germany of Art through Christianity. In centre, a female figure representing Chris- tianity, with an angel behind holding an open book, offers a palm branch to the people at right, who are lis- tening to St. Boniface, who stands with one foot on the Druid oak, just felled ; in front a bard, the strings of his harp broken, is sitting deject- edly, turning his head from Chris- tianity ; at the left, a group repre- senting Chivalry, Poetry, and Music, with children learning to read ; and behind, Architecture, Sculpture, and Paint- TRIUMPH OF THE CHURCH, Jan van
Di>pute of the Trinityi Andre, <,.,
Ptlalo Plttl, Fio.«nce.
ing ; the city in background is Frankfort, where the German emperors were elected. — FUrster, ix. 25.
TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY IN GERMANY, Josef Fiihrich, Schack Gallery, Munich ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 5 in. x 8 ft. 8 in. The introduction of Christianity into Ger- many. In centre, between two great trees, a statue of the Virgin enthroned, holding the child, with the inscription LUX IN TENB-
Eyck, National Museum, Madrid ; wood, H. 5 ft. 6 in. (independent of central projection) x 5 ft. In three parts. In the upper part the Almighty, enthroned under a Gothic canopy, holds a sceptre in the left hand and raises the right in benediction ; on one side sits the Virgin reading, on the other St. John the Evangelist writing ; at the foot of the Almighty lies the Immaculate Lamb. Be- low, a stream of water, in which sacramental
S99
TKIUMPH
wafers are floating, representing the offering for the sins of the world, flows into the sec- ond part, representing a flower garden, where six angels play on musical instruments ; be- yond these, on each side, are singing angels under Gothic canopies. In the third or lower part, the water finally flows into a Gothic fountain in the centre foreground, with the blessed on one side, headed by the Pope, who directs the attention of the Em- peror, kneeling beside him, to the fount as the source of salvation ; on the other side, the High Priest, his eyes bound and holding a broken standard, endeavors to prevent a kneeling Jew from paying adoration ; beside these are other Jews, in attitudes of horror and despair. Dr. Waagen ascribes this picture to Hubert van Eyck, but the pre- ponderance of opinion is against him. It is called also the Fount of Salvation. — Kugler (Crowe), i. G8.
TRIUMPH OF DEATH. See Death ; Crescenzio, Antonio.
TRIUMPH OF FLORA. See Flora.
TRIUMPH OF LOVE, Domenichino, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 4 in. Love, seated in a chariot, drawn by doves, holds a bow in his right hand and drives with his left ; near him a cupid scatters flowers, while another takes them from the crown of Love ; the whole surrounded by a garland of flowers, painted by Daniel Se- ghers. Came from Villa Ludovisi, Rome, to Due de Mazariu ; thence to collection of Louis XIV. When placed in the gallery at Versailles the garland was detached from the main picture, and it was long supposed to be lost, but it was found in 1858 and is now restored to the picture. Engraved by C. Randon ; Potrelle. — Villot, Louvre ; Musee francais ; Filhol, is. PL 591 ; Landou, Vies, PI. 59.
TRIUMPH OF PETRARCH. See Pe- trarch.
TRIUMPH OF RELIGION. See Dispute of the Sacrament ; Testament, Old and New.
TRIUMPH OF RELIGION IN THE ARTS, Johann Frieclrich Ouerbeck, Studel
Gallery, Frankfort ; canvas, H. 14 ft. x 12 ft. The Madonna, with the Infant in her arms, sits enthroned in mid-heaven, surrounded by prophets, evangelists, and saints ; on the earth below are some sixty painters, sculpt- ors, and architects ; in the centre a foun- tain, its upper waters rising into the sky, emblematical of the heavenward direction of Christian art as opposed to the idea of the ancients, who represented the stream as flowing downward from Parnassus, its lower waters falling into two basins, one of which reflects heaven, while the other receives earthly objects, thus indicating the twofold character of art. Sometimes called the Christian Parnassus and the Magnificat of Art. Painted in 1831-1840 ; cartoon in Carlsruhe Gallery. Engraved by Amsler. — Atkinson, 65 ; Overbeck, Religion Glorified by Fine Arts (translated by Macray, Oxford, 1850) ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1864), xvii. 135.
TRIUMPH OF TITUS AND VESPA- SIAN. See Titus.
TRIVA, ANTONIO, born at Reggio in 1626, died at Munich in 1699. Lombard school ; history painter, pupil of Guercino, whom he imitated successfully ; distin- guished himself in various cities of North Italy, including Venice, and finally was called to Munich by the Elector Ferdinand Maria of Bavaria, for whose castles he painted mythological and historical pict- ures ; is said to have worked with either hand equally well. Work : Cupid wiping the Feet of Venus, Dresden Museum. — Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 364 ; Nagler, six. 10.
TROGER, PAUL, born at ZeU, Tyrol, Dec. 30, 1698, died in Vienna in 1777. German school ; history and portrait paint- er, pupil at Fleims, South Tyrol, of Giuseppe Albert! (1664-1730), then studied in Venice and Bologna. Piazetta, G. Crespi, Solime- na, and S. Concha are named as his masters. Probably about 1728-30 he went to Vienna, where his works at once attracted attention and he was made court painter. Temporary director of Vienna Academy in 1751-59. Works : Christ 011 Mount of Olives, Vienna
800
TROOST
Museum ; St. James, St. Philip, Christ and the Adulteress, Solomon's Judgment, Salz- burg Museum ; Solomon's Idolatry, Abi- gail, Christ aiid St. John as Children, Cor- pus Christi, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; St. Francis in Prayer, Hermannstadt Gallery ; Many altarpieces and fresco paintings in churches at Vienna, Salzburg, and in abbeys of Lower and Upper Austria ; Portraits of Imperial Family, of Raphael and Mathias Donner.— Tyrol. K. Lex., 252 ; Wurzbach, xlvii. 227.
TROOST, CORNELIS, born in Amster- dam, Oct. 8, 1697, died there, March 7, 1750. Dutch school; genre and portrait painter, pupil of Arnold Boonen, but owed his development principally to his own studies after good masters and from life. Excelled in genre, guard-house, and private-life scenes, and in illustrations of plays of the time. Painted chiefly in gouache and pastel. Was called the Dutch Hogarth. Works : Portrait Group of Four Children with an Ape (1723), Regents' Piece with Six Portraits (1724), do. with Eight (1729), Anatomy Lesson (1728), Three Mem- bers of Surgeons' Guild (1731), Alexander the Great in Battle on the Granicus (1737), Artist's Portrait (2), Amsterdam Museum ; Portraits of Man and Wife (1744), Haarlem Museum ; Nine Scenes from Dutch Comedies (1737-41), Five Convivial Scenes (1739-40), Epiphany Singers, Love Song (1745), Ar- tist's Portrait (1745), Hague Museum ; Ly- ing-in Room in Holland, Rotterdam Muse- um ; Victory of Constantino over Maxentius, Naval Battle, Bamberg Gallery ; Eating his Breakfast (1740), Schwerin Gallery.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollaudaise ; Burger, Musues, i. 285 ; Immerzeel, iii. 144 ; Kramm, vi. 1644.
TROOSTWYCK, WOUTER JOANNES VAN, born at Amsterdam in 1782, died
there in 1810. Landscape, animal, and por- trait painter, pupil of Juriaan Andriessen (1742-1819), but studied chiefly from nat- ure, and was much influenced by tho mas- ters of the 17th century, notably by Potter. Works : Landscapes in Gelderland (2), Am- sterdam Museum ; Landscape with Animals, Rotterdam Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 146 ; Kramm, vi. 1648.
TROTTER, NEWBOLD HOUGH, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 4, 1827. Animal painter ; had no special mastei-, though ho derived aid and instruction from William T. van Starkenborg, cattle painter, at The Hague ; studied chiefly from nature in this country. Has painted in Boston and in Phil- adelphia, where his studio now is. Works : The Fading Race (1877), owned in London ; Wounded Bison pursued by Wolves, Tho Last Stand, After the Combat, Grizzly Bears on the March, Indian Camp near Powder River, painted for Gen. William T. Sherman for War Department, Washington ; Bison Fighting, Herd of Elk in Winter, A. Padel- ford, Philadelphia ; Pictures (3) represent- ing progress of transportation in Pennsyl- vania during fifty years, Henry H. Houston, Pennsylvania Railroad ; Fifty Years Ago, El Mahdi (lion asleep), In tho Soudan (lion and lioness), owned in Philadelphia ; Jersey Beauties (1880) ; Elk and Twins, Rocks at Newport (1881) ; September (1883) ; Victo- rious (1886) ; Range of the Bison (1887).
TROTTI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, Cava- liere, born in Cremona in 1555, died after 1607. Lombard school ; called II Malosso because when Agostino Carracci painted in competition with him, at Parma, he said that ho had found a hard bone (mal osso) to crack. Favourite pupil of Bernardino Campi, whoso niece he married and of whom ho became the heir. Studied also Correggio and Ber- nardo Gatti, whose manner ho exaggerated. He had a rich imagination and great facility of execution, and painted many works for churches in Cremona, Piacenza, and Parma. His most noted works are frescos in the Palazzo del Giordino, and in the cupola of
301
TEOY
S. Abondio, Parma, and Entombment, Bre- i-a, Milan. His nephew, Cavaliere Euclide Trotti, was his pupil and imitator. He was convicted of high treason when young, and is said to have died of poison in prison.— Lanzi, ii. 445 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole lombarde ; Lavice, 154.
TROY, FRANgOIS DE, born at Tou- louse in February, 1654, died in Paris, May 1, 1730. French school ; history and por- trait painter, son and pupil of Nicolas de Troy (portrait painter at Toulouse in 17th century) and brother of Jean de Troy (his- tory and portrait painter at Toulouse, born 1640, died 17 — ) ; pupil also of Nicolas Loir and of Claude Lefebvre. Member of Academy in 1674, professor in 1693, direc- tor in 1708, and adjunct-rector in 1722. Works : Portraits of Duchesse d'Orleans, Jules Mansart, and Nicolas Belle, Versailles Museum ; Bathsheba, Angers Museum ; Woman and Child, Grenoble Museum ; Woman Reading, Marseilles Museum ; Ariad- ne and Bacchus, Montpellier Museum ; Por- trait of Duchesse de Maine, (Moans Muse- um ; Nunc Dimittis, Assumption, Ascen- sion, Kouen Museum ; Magdalen, Dream of St. Joseph, Guardian Angel, Toulouse Mu- seum ; Parting of Hector and Andromache, Troyes Museum ; Portrait of Due de Maine (1716), Dresden Museum.— Bellier, ii. 597. TEOY, JEAN FRANgOIS DE, born in Paris, baptized Jan. 27, 1679, died in Rome, Jan. 26, 1752. French school ; genre painter, son and pupil of Franyois de Troy. Having failed to gain the prix de Rome (1702) his father sent him at his own expense to Italy, where he was pensioned by the king, for three or four years, and divided his time between work and amusement un- til he was forced to return home in 1706.
Member of Academy, 1708 ; assistant pro- fessor, 1716 ; professor, 1719 ; in 1727 he shared with Lemoine a prize competed for by members of the Academy ; in 1737 he was appointed secretary to the king, and in 1738 director of the French Academy at Rome. Prince of the Academy of St. Luke. Works : Henri IV. holding the First Chap- ter of the Order of the Holy Ghost (1732), Swooning of Esther (1737), Toilet of Es- ther (1738), Male Portraits (2), Louvre; Portrait of Marquis de Marignan, two others, Besan9on Museum ; Pilate washing his Hands, Dijon Museum ; Apollo and Diana destroying the Children of Niobe, Montpellier Museum ; Diana at the Bath, Nancy Museum ; Punishment of Psyche, and others, Nimes Museum ; Portrait of Abbe Desfriches, Orleans Museum ; do. of Duchesse de la Force, Rouen Museum ; Plague of Marseilles, Marseilles Museum ; Martyrdom of St. Stephen, Christ in the Garden, Chapel of St. Suaire, Besanjon ; Lady at Breakfast in a Park (1723), Berlin r^y —*— • Museum ; Lot and
£ I rOy his Daughters, Su- sanna and the Elders (2), Portrait of Ar- tist's Wife, Hermit- age, St. Petersburg. —Bellier, ii. 597 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole franjaise ; Jal, 1207 ; Vil- lot, Cat. Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 350 ; Wurzbach, 17.
TROY, WAR OF, ancient pictures of. See Calliphon, Cleanthes, Polygnotus, Theodorus. TROY, WAR OF, Peter Cornelius and assistants, Glyptothek, Munich ; frescos on ceiling and walls of the Trojan Hall (Tro- janischer Saal). Ceiling : Centre picture, circular, Marriage of Peleus and Thetis, painted by Schlotthauer ; around this, in a circle, are stucco reliefs, by Schwanthaler, of the twelve great gods and goddesses of Greece. Beyond these are four pictures of similar shape and size : Judgment of Paris, Marriage of Menelaus and Helen, Rape of Helen, Sacrifice of Iphigenia, all painted
302
TROYON
by Schlotthauer and Zimmermann. Beyond these are eight pictures of similar size and shape : Achilles with the Daughters of Ly- comedes (painted by Zimmermann), Mars and Venus wounded by Diomed (Schlott- hauer), Agamemnon's Dream (id.), Venus protecting Paris against Menelaus (Zimmer- mann), Ajax overcoming Hector (Cornelius), Nestor and Agamemnon awakening Diomed (id.), Priam begging the Body of Hector (Zimmermann), Farewell of Hector and An- dromache (Schlotthauer). The arabesques about these pictures were painted by Eb- erle and Neureuther. Walls : On the three walls are large paintings with colossal fig- ures. 1. Assembly of the Greeks and An- ger of Achilles ; 2. Combat over the Body of Patroclus ; 3 Destruction of. Troy, all painted by Cornelius, aided by Zimmer- mann and Schlotthauer. Painted in 1825- 30.
TROYON, CONSTANT, born at Sevres, Aug. 28, 1810, died in Paris, Feb. 21 (March 20, ?), 1865. Landscape and animal paint- er, pupil of Rio- creux and Poupart and influenced by Roqueplan to study nature, for which he showed an individual feeling in first exhibited works, 1836. Visited Holland in 1847 and completed his education. After 1848 intro- duced cattle into his landscapes. Rose to be one of the greatest, if not the first, of modern French landscape painters. Medals : 3d class, 1838 ; 2d class, 1840 ; 1st class, 1846, 1848, 1855; L. of Honour, 1849. Works : Colas House at Sevres, Festival at Sevres, Bit of Park of St. Cloud (1833) ; View at Sevres, Palace of St. Cloud, Slopes of St. Cloud (1835) ; View near Argenton (1836) ; View at La Ferte-St-Aubiu (1837) ; St. Cloud, Black Road at St. Cloud, Land- scape near St. Cloud, Country Fair in Li-
mousin (1838) ; Studies of Breton Scenery, View near Orleans (1840) ; Tobias and the Angel (1841) ; Women Bathing (1842) ; View near Vannes (1843) ; Forest of Fon- tainebleau, Below the Forest (1844) ; View near Fontainebleau, View at Caudebec (1845) ; Valley of Chevreuse, Clearing in the Woods, A Poacher, Beneath the Woods at Fontainebleau (1846) ; Forest of Fontaiue- bleau, Hollow Road in Normandy, Envi- rons of Amsterdam, Environs of The Hague (1848) ; Sezanne, Village of Corfelia, The Mill, Studies of Sheep, Landscape near Paris (1849) ; Flock of Sheep, Drinking- Place (Montpellier Museum), Cattle Mart, Storm at Monton-Gluine (1850) ; Cows in Pasture (1851), Leipsic Museum ; Valley of La Tonque (1853), Comtesse Lehou ; Drinking-Place at La Tonque (1853), Mont- pellier Museum ; Hollow Road (1853) ; Dogs in Leash (1854), Cattlepiece (1855), Ravene Gallery, Berlin ; Cattle and Sheep driven across Meadow (1855), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Oxen going to Work (1855), Louvre ; Cows at a Drinking-Place, Dogs Running, Dogs Let Loose, Dogs in Leash, White Cow, Red Cow (1855) ; Return to Farm (1859), Louvre ; Going to Market, Cow in Pasture, Cows going to Fields, Study of Dog (1859) ; View in Park of Neu- illy, Amiens Museum ; Labouring Oxen, Bordeaux Museum ; Flock of Sheep in a Landscape, Sunset, Havre Museum ; View in Forest of Fontainebleau, Lille Museum. Works in United States: Autumn Woods with Cattle, Cattle, On the Road, Cows in Landscape, William H. Vanderbilt, New York ; Cow at Brook, Charles F. Woerishof- fer, ib.; Sheep, T. A. Havemeyer, ib.; Hol- land Landscape and Cattle, Cow, Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib.; Cattle Drinking, do. Grazing, Water-Cart, A. Belmont, ib.; Normandy Cattle, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Cow and Sheep, R. Hoe, ib.; Coming Storm, J. P. Morgan, ib.; Under the Master's Eye, William Astor, ib.; Repose, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Cattle, Feeding Chickens, Borie Collection, Philadelphia ; Crossing the Ford, H. C.
303
TRUMBULL
Gibson, ib.; Landscape, Q. A. Shaw, Bos- ton ; do., Boston Museum ; and many others. Sales: The Bridge (16,000 francs, Everard sale, 1881); The Pond (31,500 francs, Wilson sale, 1881); Shepherd and his Flock (25,500 francs, ib.); A Pasture (40,600 francs, ib.) ; Drinking- Place (80,000 francs, Narischkine sale, 1883) ; Way to Mar- ket (42,500 francs, ib.). At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold: Keturu from the Farm (1852), $6,550 ; Cow chased by Dog, $9,100 ; Cattle and Horses, $1,050 ; Coast near Villiers, $8,100 ; The Pasture, $7,100, Knoedler & Co.; Going to the Fair, $2,550; Pasturage in Normandy, $6,350, Mr. Kimball, Boston.— Bellier, ii. 598; Ch. Blanc, Artistes de mon Temps, 313 ; Hamer- ton, French Painters, 46 ; Meyer, Gesch., 757 ; Larousse ; Leclercq, Caractures, 195.
TRUMBULL, GUKDON, born at Ston- ington, Coun., in 1841. Landscape painter, pupil of F. S. Jewett in Hartford, and of James Hart in New York. He is noted for his paintings of fish. Studio in Hartford. Works: Plunge for Life, Over the Falls (1874) ; Critical Moment (1876) ; Moorish Watch-Tower on the Coast of Spain.
TEUMBULL, JOHN, born at Lebanon, Conn., June 6, 1756, died in New York, Nov. 10, 1843. History and portrait painter ; served in the War of Inde- pendence in 1775 as aide-de-camp to Washington, and in 1776 as deputy adjutant - general
under Gates ; retired from service in 1777 with rank of colonel. Went to London in 1780 to study under Benjamin West, but was imprisoned eight months, and returned home in 1782 ; went again on the conclu- sion of peace and resumed his studies. His Battle of Bunker Hill (1786, engraved by J. G. Miiller) was the first of a series of his-
torical works illustrating the War of the Revolution. It was followed by the Death of Montgomery (engraved by F. Clemens), and the Sortie from Gibraltar (engraved by Sharpe). Returned to America in 1789, ac- companied Mr. Jay to England in 1794 as secretary of legation, and was engaged sev- eral years in diplomatic work ; painted in England in 1808-15, and was engaged in 1817-24 in painting four pictures (H. 12 ft. x 18 ft.) for the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington, for which he received $32,- 000. Trumbull was president of the Acad- emy of Fine Arts in New York from 1816 to 1825. Most of his pictures (54) are in the Art Gallery of Yale College. Works : Declaration of Independence, Surrender of Burgoync, Surrender of Cornwallis, Resig- nation of Washington at Annapolis, Capi- tol, Washington ; original sketches of these, Battle of Bunker Hill, Death of Montgom- ery (1781), Battle of Princeton, Battle of Trenton, Death of General Mercer, por- traits of Washington (1792), do. (1793), Ham- ilton (1792), Governor Trumbull, Rufus King (1800), Duke of Buckingham, Duke of Wellington, and others, Yale College Art Gallery.— Amer. Art Rev. (1881), 181, 221.
TRUPHEME, AUGUSTE JOSEPH, born at Aix (Bouches-du-Rhone), Jan. 23, 1836. Genre painter ; pupil of S. Cornu, H. Flan- driu, and Henner. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Education of Daphne (1865) ; Young Christian Martyr (1874), C. Hayem ; Fawn frightened by a Viper (1875), F. Caire ; Marguerite's First Step (1879) ; Pupils of Communal School at Chutillon-sous-Ba- gneux exercising with the Chassepot (1880) ; Ploughing at Chatfflon (1881) ; Wedding at Chatillon (1882) ; Manual Labor in School (1883) ; Singing Lesson in Public School (1884) ; Cutting and Sewing at Girls' School (1885) ; Breakfast in Public School (1886). —Bellier, ii. 600.
TRUTH (La Verite), Jules Joseph Lefeb- vre, Luxembourg Museum, Paris; canvas, H. 8 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. A female figure.
304
others, Yale Ait Rev. (188
TRYON
full-length, nude, standing in a dark rocky niche or cell, the symbolic well, with water and flags at her feet, the left hand grasping a rope extending from above, the right raised on high above her head holding a mirror which blazes with light Salon, 1870. Replica in small (18 in. x 7 in.), S. A. Coale, Jr., St. Louis. Photogravure in Art Treasures of America. — Art Treas. of Amer., iii. 51.
TEYON, D WIGHT WILLIAM, born in New York, Aug. 13, 1849. Landscape and figure painter ; pupil of Jacquesson de la Chevreuse, Daubigny, and A. Guillemette in Paris. Sketched in Holland, Italy, and the Channel Islands. Studied abroad, 1876- 81. Studio in New York, where he first exhibited in the National Academy in 1872. Works: On the Maas — Holland, Harvest Time in Normandy (1881) ; Hay Making — Westchester ; Dordrecht on the Maas (1883) ; Twilight — Connecticut, Early Morning — Dartmouth, October Evening (1884). Water-colours : Twilight — Brit- tany, Waning Moon, Connecticut Valley (1884) ; October Afternoon, Gray Day in October (1885).
T'SCHAGGENY, CHARLES PHILO- GENE, born in Brussels, May 26, 1815. Animal, landscape, and genre painter, pupil of E. Verboeckhoven ; excels in represent- ing the horse, which plays a prominent part in his pictures. Painted in London and at Oxford in 1848-50. Gold medal, Brussels, 1845. Order of Leopold, 1851; Officer, 1875. Works : Labourers at Rest (1845) ; Mowers (1851), Cow Doctor, Royal Collec- ! tion, Osborne ; Cart Horses before Tavern (1854), Leipsic Museum ; Transportation of Horses (1855) ; Flemish Wedding in Seven- teenth Century (1855), Neuchatel Museum ; Mail Coach in the Ardennes (1862), Brus- sels Museum ; Smugglers on Franco-Belgian Frontier ; Episode on Battlefield, South Kensington Museum ; Post detained by Snow, Flemish Team (1867) ; Before the Storm (1878) ; Rest at Blacksmith's Shop (Latham sale, New York, 1878). —Art j
Journal (1866), 334; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 941.
T'SCHAGGENY, EDMOND, born in Brussels in 1818, died there, Sept 5, 1873. Genre and animal painter, brother of pre- ceding, pupil of E. Verboeckhoven ; espe- cially successful iu characterizing the indi- vidual traits of the different animal species. Works: Bull Pursuing a Woman (1849), Neuchatel Museum ; Herd Resting, Leipsic Museum ; Paul Potter Studying (1850) ; Mounted Freebooters in Ambush (1851) ; Giotto drawing Sheep (1852) ; Herd in Storm (1861) ; New-Born Lamb (18G2) ; Sheep at Pasture, Horse in Burning Stable ; Arabs marching with Cattle ; Anatomy of Cattle (100 water-colours, 1865) ; Resting Herd, Leipsic Museum.
TSCHAUTSCH, ALBERT, born at See- low, Brandenburg, Dec. 21, 1843. Paints exclusively subjects from German legends and fairy tales ; pupil of Schrader in Berlin, where he settled after having visited Rome. Works: Sleeping Beauty (1872) ; Snowdrop, Titania and Oberon (1874) ; Undine (1876) ; Cinderella (1879).— Rosenberg, Berl. Ma- lersch., 321.
TUCKERMAN, S. SALISBURY, born in Massachusetts ; 'contemporary. Landscape and marine painter ; pupil of William M. Hunt, Boston, and studied in Paris. Rarely exhibits. Studio at The Hague since 1882. Works : Beach at Hastings, U. S. Frigate Constitution escaping from British Fleet in 1812(1876); Dutch Fishing-Boats beach- ing in a Gale (1882).
TULDEN. See Tliulden.
TUNICA, HERMANN, born in Bruns- wick, Oct. 9, 1826. History painter, son of and first instructed by the portrait painter Johann Christian Tunica, then pupil of Brandes ; studied the horse from nature, then in Paris, copying Horace Vernet's bat- tlepieces ; visited Brussels, Berlin, Dresden, and Munich, and finally settled in Bruns- wick. Works : Portraits and battle scenes in life of Brunswick Princes, Grand-ducal Palace, Brunswick ; Great Parade near
305
TUKA
Nordstemmen ; Reception of Henry the Lion by Sultan of Iconium.
TUBA, COSMO (Cosmo or Gosme), born in Ferrara between 1420 and 1430, died between 1494 and 1498. Lombard school. Passed the greater part of his life in the service of the Duke of Ferrara, who made him his court painter in 1458. Va- sari calls him the pu- pil of Galasso, who worked with him at the ducal seat of Belriguado, where Tura deco- rated a chapel in 1471. Previously he had furnished patterns for tapestry, and worked in the clucal studio (1457). His works of 1456 and 1468 have disappeared, but the doors of the organ (1469), representing the Annunciation, and St. George and the Dragon, now hang in the choir of the Duomo, Ferrara. Other works by Tura are SS. Jerome and Girolamo, Costabili Collec- tion, Ferrara ; Pietii, Correr Museum, Ven- ice; Entombment, Madonna Enthroned, St. Jerome, The Virgin in Prayer, National Gallery, London ; and a Madonna with Saints, Berlin Museum, which exhibits all the marked peculiarities of his style, such as extreme length of limb, violent contrasts of colour, sharp and angular drapery folds, and eccentric ornament. Tura recalls Man- tegna and Piero della Francesca in his use of perspective, his treatment of architect- ure, and his extravagance of gesture, but he has neither the refined elegance and passion of the first nor the delicate quaintness of the second. He was an accomplished, vigor- ous, and painstaking artist, but he had a taste for ugliness which displays itself in forms and features. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iii. 42 ; ed. Mil., ii. 143 ; C. & C., N. Italy, i. 516; Cittadella, Ricordi, etc., Vita di Cosimo di Tura (Ferrara, 1869).
TUECHI, ALESSANDRO, born in Vero- na in 1582, died in Rome in 1650. Vene-
tian school Commonly called L'Orbetto, be- cause when a child he had served as guide to a blind man ; or, as some say, be- cause he was blind of one eye. Also called Alessandro Veronese. Pupil in Verona of Brusa- sorci the younger, afterwards in Ven- ice of Carletto Cagliari. Later he visited Rome, where by studying the great masters he formed a mixed style, combining Roman design with Venetian colouring. Of- ten compared by his contemporaries to An- nibale Carracci, but inferior to him. Most of his pictures are small ; some painted on marble and highly finished, equal care being bestowed on all the figures. Works : Death of Cleopatra, Deluge, Samson and Delilah, Woman taken in Adultery, and Marriage of St. Catherine, Louvre ; Nativity, Simeon in the Temple, Venus finding Adonis Dead, do. with Body of Adonis in her Lap, Judg- ment of Paris, four others, Dresden Gal- lery ; Death of Portia, Leipsic Museum ; Forty Martyrs, S. Stefano, Venice ; Dead Christ, La Misericordia, Venice ; Madonna della Neve, Magdalen Reclining, Brera, Milan ; Madonna and St. Joseph, S. Lo- renzo in Lucina, Rome ; Magdalen, Salome, Madrid Museum ; Christ bearing the Cross, Bacchus and Ariadne, Hermitage, St. Pe- tersburg ; Samson and Delilah, Saturn, Mars, Venus, and Cupid, Stuttgart Muse- um ; Christ in Purgatory, Entombment, Adoration of the Shepherds, Descent from the Cross, Vienna Museum. — Cli. Blanc, ficole venitienne ; Bernasconi, Studii, 363. TURNER, CHARLES YARDLEY, born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 25, 1850. Figure painter, pupil of National Academy and Art Students' League, New York ; later studied under Laurens, Munkacsy, and Bonnat in Paris. First exhibited at National Academy in 1882 ; elected an A.N.A. in 1884. Studio
sue
TURNER
in New York. Works: Scene on Grand Canal — Dordrecht, Nooning (1882) ; Merry Milkmaid, T. B. Clarke, New York ; Gone a-Milking, Harvest Meal, Preparing for Yearly Meeting (1883) ; Woman tending Flowers in a Garden, Sunday Afternoon, Ruth Huckaback, Courtship of Miles Stan- dish (1884) ; Half Hours with the Poets, Emblem of Mortality (1885) ; Bridal Pro- cession, Queen of the Montauks (1886).
TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILL- IAM, born in London, April 23, 1775, died there, Dec. 19, 1851. Son of a hairdresser, in whose rooms his draw- ings were first exhib- ited ; entered schools of Royal Academy in 1789, studied perspec- tive under Thomas Malton, and architect- ure drawing with Hardwick ; also worked with Girtin and others, in house of Dr. Monro, the art pat- ron, for whom he made drawings. He fre- quently made excursions into the country, sketching views and making studies of riv- er scenery, many in water-colours, but some in pencil. In 1799, when he became an A.RA.,he had exhibited works from twenty- six different counties in England and Wales. He became an R.A. in 1802, and about the same time visited Scotland, France, and Switzerland. Some of his best pictures in oil were exhibited after his return. In 1807 he became professor of perspective in the Roy- al Academy, and began his Liber Studiorum, a book of sketches in monochrome, in imi- tation of the Liber Veritatis of Claude, in emulation of whose style he painted about this time. Turner visited Italy three times — in 1819, in 1829, and in 1840. After a life of almost unrivalled success, in which he won all the honours his art could give, and accumulated a large fortune, he died un- married, leaving his pictures to the nation and his funded property to found an institu-
tion for decayed artists. Thus the National Gallery came into possession of more than a hundred of his finished pictures, two of which, Sun rising in a Mist, and Dido building Carthage, were bequeathed on condition that they be hung between two Claudes. Previous to 1802 Turner was most remarkable in water-colour painting, the development of which is largely due to him. Between that time and his second visit to Italy he was distinguished for masterly execution and brilliant colouring. Most of his finest works belong to this period. During the last twenty years of his life he sacrificed form to colour ; light, with its prismatic variations, seeming to have engrossed all his attention. "He went," says Ruskin, " to the cataract for its iris, to the conflagration for its flames, asked of the sea its intensest azure, of the sky its clear- est gold." Turner exhibited 257 paintings and drawings at the Royal Academy, besides which he left many sketches, etchings, and book illustrations. His "Southern Coast Scenery," " England and Wales," " Rivers of France," and " Rogers's Italy," are mon- uments of his genius and taste. Works : Moonlight (1797), Buttermere Lake (1798), Morning on Conistou Fells (1798), 2Enea,s with the Sibyl (1800), Mountain Scene (1800), View in Wales (1800), Fishing Boats in a Breeze (1801), portrait of himself (1802), Clapham Common (1802), Tenth Plague of Egypt (1802), Jason in search of Golden Fleece (1802), Calais Pier (1803), Holy Family (1803), Destruction of Sodom (1805), Shipwreck (1805), Goddess of Dis- cord (1806), Blacksmith's Shop (1807), Sun rising in Mist (1807), Death of Nelson (1808), Spithead (1809), Garreteer's Peti- tion (1809), London from Greenwich (1809), Harvest Dinner (1809), Bligh Sand (1809), St. Mawes (1809), Ruin (1809), Abingdou (1810), Windsor (1810), Apollo killing Py- thon (1811), Hannibal crossing the Alps (1812), Cottage destroyed by Avalanche (1812), Frosty Morning (1813), Deluge (1813), Dido and .Eneas (1814), Apuleia in
307
TUKPILIUS
search of Apuleius (1814), Crossing the Brook (1815), Dido building Carthage (1815), Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius (1816), Decline of Carthage (1817), Field of Waterloo (1818), The Meuse (1819), Rich- mond Hill (1819), Home from the Vatican (1820), Borne-Arch of Titus (1820), Bay of BaicB (1823), Carthage (1828), Scene from Boccaccio (1828), Ulysses deriding Polyphe- mus (1829), Loretto Necklace (1829), Orvie- to (1829), Vision of Medea (1829), Eegulus (1829), Pilate washing his Hands (1830), Ca- ligula's Palace and Bridge (1831), Watteau Painting (1831), Lord Percy (1831), Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1832), Landing of Prince of Orange at Torbay (1832), Shad- rach, Meshach, and Abednego (1832), Venice —the Dogana (1833), do., Canal of the Giu- decca (1834), Lake Avernus (1834), Heidel- berg Castle in Olden Time (1835), Apollo and Daphne (1837), Parting of Hero and Leander (1837), Phryne going to the Bath as Venus (1838), Landing of Agrippina (1839), Fighting Temeraire (1839), Bacchus and Ariadne (1840), New Moon (1840), Venice— Bridge of Sighs (1840), Burial of Wilkie (1842), Exile and Rock Limpet (1842), Snow -Storm (1842), Shade and Darkness (1843), Light and Colour (1843), Opening of the Walhalla (1843), Approach to Venice (1843), Sun of Venice (1843), Fishing Boats and Disabled Ship (1844), Eain, Steam, and Speed (1844), Venice (1844), Venice Quay (1844), Venice at Noon (1844), Whalers (1845), Venice at Sunset (1845), do. at Evening (1846), do. in Morn- ing (1846), Whalers (1846), Whalers in Ice (1846), Queen Mab's Grotto (1846), Undine giving Ring to Masaniello (1846), Angel in the Sun (1846), Hero of a Hundred Fights (1847), .ZEneas relating his Story to Dido (1850), Mercury sent to admonish JEneas (1850), Departure of Trojan Fleet (1850), Visit to the Tomb (1850), and others, Na- tional Gallery, London ; Landscape (1821), East Cowes Castle (1828), Vessels in Dis- tress off Yarmouth (1831), St. Michael's Mount (1834), Line-Fishing off Hastings
(1835), Venice (1840), South Kensington Museum, ib. ; Venice — Grand Canal, Earl Dudley, London ; Sea Storm, Bridgewater Gallery, ib. ; Vintage at Macon (1803), Wreck of the Minotaur (1810), Lord Yarborough, ib. ; Echo and Narcissus, Jessica, Thames at Eton, do. at Weybridge, do. at Windsor, and others, Petworth House ; Views of Lowther Castle (2), Earl of Lonsdale ; Van Tromp's Shallop (1832), Holloway Institute, Egham ; Scene on French Coast (1831), Staffa (1832), Lenox Library, New York ; Norham Castle, Fountain of Indolence, William H. Vander- bilt, ib. ; Slave Ship, Thornton Lothrop, Boston ; Cicero's Villa (1839), Hermon sale, 1882, £1,890.— Monkhouse, Turner (1883) ; Burnet, Turner and his Works (London, 1853) ; Watts, Liber Fluviorum, etc. (1853) ; Art Journal (1856), 297 ; (1857), 1, 33, 226 ; Athenaeum, Dec., 1851 ; Jan., 1852 ; Red- grave ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Dutton Cook, 317 ; Ruskin, Mod. Painters, v. 303, 358 ; G. W. Thornbury, Life (1862) ; Ham- erton, Life ; Portfolio (1876), 28 et seq. ; (1877), 44 et seq. ; (1878), 2 et seq. ; Sandby, i. 316 ; Waagen, Art Treasures.
TURPILIUS, Roman painter, of Venetia, 1st century A.D. He was a knight, and Pliny mentions him (xxxv. 7 [20] ) as an ex- ception to the low condition in life of the painters of his day. He painted with hia left hand.
TURPIN DE CRISSti, LANCELOT THEODORE, Comte de, born in Paris in 1781, died there in 1859. Landscape and architecture painter, son of the Marquis de Turpin, who, forced by the Revolution to leave France, died in America, leaving his family without resources. Lancelot took up painting, and after studying in Rome re- turned to Paris, where he was patronized by Napoleon and Josephine and by Prince Eu- gene. He formed an art collection which he bequeathed to the Angers Museum. Works : Temple of Vesta at Tivoli, Angers Museum ; Views of Tivoli (2), Dijon Muse- um ; View at Roquebrune, Marseilles Mu- seum ; Entry of Emperor of Austria into
TDSCHER
Venice, Grand Canal, Nantes Museum ; Pom- peii, Temple at Paestum, Lyons Museum. — Bellier, ii. 602 ; Larousse, xv. 598 ; Nagler, xix. 166.
TUSCHER, KARL MARCUS, born at Nuremberg in 1705, died at Copenhagen in 1751. German school ; history painter, pu- pil of Johann Daniel Preissler (1666-1737), then studied in Italy ; went in 1741 to France, Holland, and England, where he made the acquaintance of the Danish trav- eller H. von Norden, for whose work on Egypt he made 158 etchings ; this brought him in 1743 to Copenhagen, where he be- came court painter and professor at the Academy. Work : Sappho and Cupid (1748), Copenhagen Gal- lery.— Nagler, xix. 171 ; Weilbach, 718.
TUSQUETS, RAMON, born in Catalonia ; con- temporary. Genre paint- er, pupil of Fortuny in Rome, whither he went in 1864. First prize in Madrid in 1865 ; medal, 1871. Works : The Beggar (1865) ; Field Labourers (1871); Farm Yard (1875); Arab before his House ; Lady undressing after Ball ; Women at the WelL —La Bustracion, 1877.
TWACHTMAN, JOHN H., born in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1853. Landscape painter, pupil of Duveneck, of the Academy, and of Professor Loefftz in Munich in 1875 -77 ; studied in Venice one year. Visited Europe again in 1880. Member of Society of American Artists. Studio in New York. Works : Italian Scene (1878) ; Dry Docks at Venice, Campo Marti — Venice (1879); South Cove— Jersey (1880) ; Boat Yard (1882) ; Summer (1883) ; Meadow Brook (1884).— Am. Art. Rev. (1881), 45.
TWELFTH NIGHT, Jacob Jordaens, Vi- enna Museum ; canvas, H. 8 ft X 9 ft. 7 in.
Called also Feast of the Bean or of the Bean King, and The King Drinks (Le Roi boit). A company of men and women around a well-spread table, at one end of which the crowned king of the feast is seat- ed in an arm-chair. The repast is nearly ended, but the drinking is at its height. Other representations of the same subject, by Jordaens, are in the Louvre, Paris, Lille Museum, Munich Pinakothek, Bruns- wick Museum, Cassel Gallery, and Berne Museum.
TYE, GABRIEL, born at Saint-Paul-de- Mons (Haute-Loire), Feb. 19, 1817, died at
Twelfth Night, Jacob Jordaens, Vienna Museum.
Saiut-E"tieune (Loire), Feb. 16, 1868. His- tory and portrait painter, pupil of Victor Orsel, whom he aided for twenty years in the decoration of the Chapel of the Holy Virgin at Notre Dame de Lorette. Works : Old and New Testament (1850), Ministry of the Interior ; Guardian Angel (1855), Christ among the Doctors, Puy Museum ; Girl with Sistrum (1859), Head of Christ, St. Etienne Museum. — Bellier, ii. 603 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1860), viii. 345 ; (1863), xiv. 283 ; Rev. des Deux M. (1851). TYSSENS. See Thys.
309
UBERTI
UBERTI. See Fariwto. UBERTINI, FRANCESCO, called Bacchiacca, born in Florence, March 1, 1494, died there, Oct. 5, 1557. Floren- tine school ; called after his father, Frances- co d' Ubertino ; family name, Verdi. His- tory painter, pupil of Pietro Perugino and of Francia Bigio ; further developed under the influence of Andrea del Sarto ; visited Rome, probably after 1524 ; excelled in pict- ures with numerous small figures. Works : Baptism of Christ, Berlin Museum ; The Three Pretenders to the Throne, Dresden Gallery. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 454.
UCCELLI or UCCELLO, PAOLO, born in Florence in 1396-97, died there, Dec. 11, 1475. Florentine school ; real name Paolo Doni or di Dono, but called Uccello from his fondness for painting birds. Appren- tice of Lorenzo Ghiberti the sculptor, who began his career as a painter. Paolo de- voted himself to the study of perspective with passionate fervour, and like Mantegna, whom he knew at Padua, pushed its use to the verge of excess. He drew with a hardness of line which shows familiarity with sculpture, but his studies are corrected by the study of nature ; and though his works show the crudeness of early art, they had a very great influence upon his contem- poraries and successors. In his frescos in S. Maria Novella, Florence, principally sub- jects from Genesis, he imitated bas-relief by the use of dead colour and by the distribu- tion of the scenes into distinct parts with in given spaces. Of easel pictures by him there remain three out of four panels rep- resenting battle scenes one in the Louvre, one in the Uffizi, Florence, and one in the National Gallery, London; the last, The Bat- tle of St. Egidio. In the Louvre is also a portrait group, and in the Duomo, Florence, a portrait of the English Condottiere, Sir John Hawkwood, painted about 1436. The pictures attributed to Uccelli in the Munich and Prato Galleries are not genuine. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 283 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iii. 87 ; ed. Mil., ii. 203 ; Burckhardt, 494, 536,
576, 622 ; Ch. Blanc, l5cole florentine ; Gaye, Carteggio, i. 146. TJCHTERVELT. See Ochteruelt. UDEN, LUCAS VAN, born in Antwerp, Oct. 18, 1595, died there, Nov. 4, 1672. Flem- ish school ; land- scape painter, son and probably pupil of Artus van Uden (master of Antwerp guild in 1587, died in 1627-28); devel- oped under the influence of Rubens, in whose pictures, as well as in those of Ten- iers, he often painted the backgrounds, while both masters supplied his landscapes with figures. Master of the guild in 1626- 27. Van Dyck painted his portrait. "Works : Mountainous Landscape, Rocky do. with Hebe and Jupiter's Eagle (figures by Jor- daens), Madrid Museum ; Rape of Proser- pine, Ceres and Cyane, Louvre ; Landscape in picture by Teniers, Brussels Museum ; View of St. Bernard's Abbey, Mill, Land- scape with Figures, Antwerp Museum ; Five Female Figures in a Landscape, Apollo, Marsyas and Midas, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Castle on High Rock, Brunswick Gallery ; Hilly Landscape (figures by Teniers the elder), Berlin Museum ; Woodland Scene (with figures by Teniers), Christiania Gal- lery ; Landscape with River (1656), two Landscapes with figures by Teniers, one with figures by Pieter Bout, five others, Dresden Gallery ; Landscape at Sunset, Feast of the Gods before a Grotto, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Landscape with fig- ures by Teniers, two others, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Banquet of the Gods, Christ on Lake of Tiberias, -J^y VDEfl '650- Landscapes (4), /• ,&/ «O 7 Liechtenstein Gal- LvUL^Van l/#gft lery, Vienna ; others in Cassel, Darmstadt, Frankfort (2), Schleissheim, and \Veiinar
310
UDINE
(2). — Cat. Antwerp Mus. ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Kramm, vi. 1654 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 299 ; Michiels, viii. 180 ; Rooses (Reber), 263 ; Van den Brandon, 687.
UDINE, GIOVANNI DA. See Giovanni da Udine.
UDINE, GIOVANNI DI MARTINI DA. See Giovanni di Martini da Udine.
UDINE, MARTINO DA. See Pellegrino da San Daniele.
UFFENBACH, PHTLTPP, born in Frank- fort in 1570, died in 1640. German school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of Adam Grimmer ; formed himself after the old German masters, and was the teacher of Adam Els- heimer. Works : Ascension (1599), City Hall, Frank- fort ; Annunciation (1600), Vienna Museum. — Nagler, six. 212.
UGGIONE or UGLONE. See Oggione, Marco d".
UGOLINO, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Earl Amherst, Knole Park, England. Sub- ject from Dante's " Divina Commedia." Count Ugo- lino della Gherardesca, who had betrayed the Pisans in their struggle with the Gen-
ways followed the manner of Cimabue rather than that of Giotto. No authentic picture by him is left in Italy, but an altarpiece in seven compartments, executed for S. Croce, Florence, afterwards in the Ottley Collection, England, and now scattered among private owners, shows a colour and technical ex- ecution like those of Duccio and Simone. A colossal Madonna, in the tabernacle of Or San Michele, formerly supposed to be his work, is more Florentine than Sienese in style. The wonder-working Madonna, which he painted on a pilaster of the origi- nal granary which Orcagna transformed into
oese, was overcome in 1288
Ugolino, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Earl Amherst, Knole Park, England.
by the Archbishop Ruggie- ro Ubaldini, and imprisoned, with his sons and grandsons, in Pisa in the Gualandi tower (afterwards called Torre di fame, Fam- ine Tower) and left to starve to death. Painted in 1773 ; sold to Duke of Dorset for 400 guineas. Engraved by J. Dixon ; A. Raimbach. — Art Journal (I860), 359 ; Northcote, i. 278 ; Beechey, i. 196.
UGOLINO DA SIENA, 13th and 14th century, died in 1339 (?). Sienese school ; probably identical with Ugolino Neri, who appears in Sienese documents in 1317. Dis- ciple of Duccio. Vasari says he painted many pictures and decorated various chapels in different parts of Italy ; and that he al-
a church, probably perished in the fire of 1370. A Betrayal of Christ, and a Proces- sion to Calvary, are in the National Gallery, London. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 53 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 20 ; ed. Mil, i. 453 ; W. & W., i. 433.
UGRUMOFF, GREGOR IVANOVICH, born about 1764, died in 1825. History and genre painter, pupil of Lossenko, after- wards professor and rector of St. Petersburg Academy. Works : Conquest of Kasan, Accession to the Throne of the Romanoff Family, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
UHDE, FRITZ, born at Wolkenburg, ! Saxony, May 22, 1848. History and genre
811
UITEWAAL
painter, pupil in Paris of Munkacsy in 1879 -80, having until 1877 served as officer in the Saxon cavalry ; studied industriously the Dutch masters of genre painting, and settled in Munich. He paints in the man- ner of the modern French realists. Medal, Paris, 3d class, 1885. Works : The Singer, (1880) ; Family Concert (1881) ; Wise Dogs (1881) ; Seamstresses (1882) ; Dutch Tavern Eoom ; Arrival of the Organ Grinder, Drum Practice of Bavarian Soldiers (1883) ; Christ and the Children (1884), Leipsic Museum. — Allgera. K Chr., ix. 585 ; L'Art (1882), iii. 62-70 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. 207, 219 ; Kunst- Chronik, xviii. 673 ; xxii. 10 ; Meyer, Couv. Lex., xxi. 920 ; Zeitschv. f. b. K., xvii. 100, 143 ; xix. 260 ; xx. 93.
UITEWAAL (Uytenwael, Wte Wael, Wttewael), JOACHIM, born at Utrecht in 1566, died there, Aug. 13, 1638. Dutch school ; history painter, pupil of his father Antonie Wttewael, and of Joost de Beer ; painted mythological subjects in the manner of Bartholomeus Spranger, and of Cornelis van Haarlem, but on account of the reduced scale more pleasing than either. At Padua he made the acquaintance of the Bishop of St. Malo, in whose service he remained four years in Italy and two in France. Works : Meeting of David and Abigail (1597), Am- sterdam Museum ; Mars and Venus sur- prised by Vulcan (1603), Hague Museum ; Fruit Seller, Portraits of Artist and Wife, Utrecht Museum ; Lot and his Daughters, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Re- past of the Gods (1602), Brunswick Gallery ; St. John Preaching (1618), Copenhagen Gal- lery ; Lot and his Daughters, Berlin Muse- um ; Parnassus (1596), Dresden Gallery ; Madonna (1608), Gotha Museum ; Ceres, Bacchus, Venus and Cupid, Hermannstadt Museum ; Marriage of Peleus and Thetis, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Diana and Actseon (1607), Adoration of Shepherds (1607), Vi- enna Museum; do., Madrid Museum; Judg- ment of Paris, Historical Society, New York. — Immerzeel, iii. 149 ; Kramm, vi. 1656 ; Eiegel, Beitrilge, ii. 170.
ULFT, JACOB VAN DEE, bora at Go- rinchem in 1627, died there after 1688.
Dutch school; landscape and architecture painter, c h i e fl y painted views in and about Eome, numerous and well-grouped fig- ures, also Dutch scenery; com- bined good draw- ing with warm and powerful, though some- times heavy, colouring. Execution free and spirited. Probably studied under Both ; visited Italy, where he painted many land- scapes and ruins. Works : Eoman Ruins, Mr. Hope's Collection, London ; Square with Antique Buildings, Fortified Town, Louvre ; Roman Troops Marching (1671), Hague Mu- seum; Italian Harbour, do. City, do. Mar- ket, Museum, Amsterdam ; View of New Town Hall of Amsterdam (1667), City Hall, ib. ; Forum of Nerva — Rome, Haarlem Mu- seum ; Continence of Scipio (1674), Rotter- dam Museum ; Trajan's Forum in Rome (1671), Berlin Museum ; Seaport, Chris- tiania Gallery ; Roman Buildings, Darm- stadt Museum ; Landscape with Ruins and Figures, Dresden Gallery ; View in Roman Campagna, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Dutch Harbour, Oldenburg Gallery ; Triumph of
Scipio, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Immer- zeel, iii. 150 ; Kramm, vi. 1658 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 510.
ULLIK, HUGO, born in Prague in 1838. Landscape painter, pupil of Prague Acad- emy under Haushofer ; worked as a deco- rative and scene painter at Pilsen, Prague, and Pressburg, then was instructor at the industrial school in Prague, and settled at Munich in 1874 ; has repeatedly visited the
313
ULRICH
Bavarian Highlands, Tyrol, and Switzerland. Works : Oaks (1860) ; View of Bosig (1868) ; View in the Ramsau ; do. near Kuhpolding ; Evening on the Lake, etc. Many in private collections in Prague and other cities of Bohemia. — Wurzbach, xlix. 1.
ULMANN, BENJAMIN, born at Blotz- heim, Alsace, May 24, 1829, died in Paris, Feb. 25, 1884. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Drolling and Picot. Won the grand prix de Rome in 1859. Medals : 3d class, 1859; medal, 1866; 2d ckss, 1872 ; L. of Honour, 1872. Works : Dante in Hades (1855); Junius Brutus (1859), Melun Museum ; Sylla and Marius (1861) ; Patroclus and Amphidnmas, Le Mans Mu- seum ; Samson and Delilah (1863) ; A De- feat (1864); Ora del Pianto a Piperno (1867), Marseilles Museum ; Ariadne (1869) ; Return of Charles V. to Paris (1870) ; The Bell-Ringers of Nuremberg (1872), Luxem- bourg Museum ; El Ochavito del Jueves a Burgos, Education (1873) ; Gitanos of the Albaycin of Granada (1874) ; Cain's Re- morse (1875) ; Lorelei on the Rhine, The Great Rattle of Nuremberg during the Ab- sence of the Bells on Holy Thursday (1878) ; Sylla and Marius (1878), Luxembourg Mu- seum ; Cato dragged from the Senate (1879) ; Marguerite in Prison (1881) ; three decorative paintings for the Palais de Jus- tice, and one for the Palais Royal. — Bel- lier, ii. 604 ; Revue des Deux Mondes (1859) ; Claretie, Peintres, 213, 335, 386 ; Meyer, Gesch., 604 ; Kunst-Chronik, six. 349, 397.
ULRICH, lay brother in the monastery at Maulbronn, early part of the 15th cen- tury. German school ; executed in 1424 two large wall paintings in the church at Maul- bronn, in which the life-size figures are well modelled and the expression of the Virgin and Child is pleasing. — Schnaase, vi. 467.
ULRICH, CHARLES FREDERICK, born in New York, Oct. 8, 1858. Figure painter, student of the National Academy ; later, pupil of Lofftz and Lindenschmidt in Mu- nich. Studied abroad in 1873-81. Elected an A.N.A. in 1883. Member of Society of
American Artists. Studio in New York. Works: The Engraver, Spinner (1882); Glass Blowers, Amateur Etcher (T. B. Clarke, New York), Carpenter at Work (1883) ; In the Land of Promise— Castle Garden (William T. Evans), Symphony (1884); Relics of Bygone Days, Waifs (1885).
ULRICH, HANS JACOB, born at Andel- fingen, Canton Zurich, about 1798, died at Zurich in 1878. Marine, landscape, and animal painter ; was at first a merchant, but took up art in Paris, and thence went to Italy in 1828 ; having won reputation and success at Naples, where he was made hon- orary professor at the Academy, he returned to Paris in 1831, visited England and the Netherlands, and subsequently became pro- fessor at the Polytechnic Institute in Zurich. His pictures are distinguished for beautiful light effects, and supplied with well-drawn and characteristic figures. Works: View of Rotterdam Harbour at Evening (1844), Berne Museum ; Morning on Sea Shore, St. Gall Museum ; Coast at Trouville, Forest Brook, Garda Lake, Marine (last work), Zurich Gallery ; Burning Steamship on Stormy Sea, Lake of Lucerne (1845), Leip- sic Museum.
ULYSSES, ancient pictures. See Athe- nian, Euphranor, Nicomachu*, PamphUua, Parrhasius, Polygnoius, Timanthes.
ULYSSES AND NAUSICAA, Claude Ijor- rain, M. H. Arnot, Elrnira, N. Y. ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated Rome, 1658. A seaport ; on right, trees, and beyond, part of a city with a fleet at anchor ; in foreground, centre, Nausicaii, her attention arrested by Ulysses, who is
: issuing cautiously from behind a tree (Homer, Od., vi.). Painted for Francesco Alberici ; passed to M. Faruese, Humphrey Morris, Earl of Ashburnham, and Duke of
I Hamilton ; Hamilton sale (1882), £840. Engraved by F. Vivares. Liber Veritatis,
j No. 139. Picture called also Bacchus and Ariadne. — Hamilton Cat., 149; Pattison,
I Claude Lorrain, 78, 218.
313
ULYSSES
By Rubens, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 4 ft. 1 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. A mountainous landscape, with the palace of Alcinotis at left, and the city of Phteacia at right, near the sea ; in the foreground, Ulysses, nude, partly concealed by a bush, imploring aid of Nausicaii, who is passing with several women and attendants, two of whom are taking clothing from a car ; above, Minerva, protector of Ulysses, complaining to Jupi- ter of the persecutions of Neptune. Taken to Paris ; returned in 1815. Engraved by Parboni.— Smith, ii. 144 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PI. 86.
ULYSSES DERIDING POLYPHEMUS, Joseph M. "W. Turner, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 7 in. Ulysses, whose galley is on the point of put- ting off from the island where Polyphemus dwelt, is deriding the monster, who is sprawling his huge bulk on the top of the cliff, tearing his hair with impotent rage. Close in shore are the remains of the fire where Ulysses and his companions heated the staff with which they put out the one eye of the cyclops. Eoyal Academy, 1829 ; Turner Collection. Engraved by E. Goodall. — Hamerton, Life ; Cat. Nat. Gal.
ULYSSES, EETUEN OF, Primaliccio, Castle Howard, England. Penelope relat- ing to Ulysses what has happened to her during his absence. One of the most im- portant works of the master ; the charac- ters are noble, the drawing and modelling correct and careful, but the colouring fee- ble.— "Waagen, Treasures, iii. 322.
UMBRICHT, HONORfi, born at Obernai, Alsace ; contemporary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Bonnat, Feyen-Perrin, and Hector Leroux. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works: Portrait of the Artist, do. of his Mother (1880) ; St. Sebastian (1881) ; In the Vosges Mountains (1884) ; In the Woods in Lorraine (1885) ; Old Wheelwright (1886).
UNCLE TOBY AND WIDOW WAD- MAN, Charles Robert Leslie, National Gal- lery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 10 in. The two seated in the sentry-box ;
Uncle Toby, said to be a portrait of Bannis- ter the comedian, examining the widow's eye. Royal Academy, 1831 ; replica (1832), South Kensington Museum. Engraved by Danforth; L. Stocks. — Cat Nat. Gal.; Blackburn, Pictures at S. Kensington ; Art Journal (1853), 33.
UNGER, JOHANNA, born in Hanover, March 6, 1837, died in Pisa, Feb. 11, 1871. History and portrait painter, daughter of the etcher William Unger, pupil in Diisseldorf of Karl Sohn and of Bethel, then of Leutze ; went to Munich, where she followed the school of Piloty and was also active as a teacher. Works : Sleeping Beauty (1863) ; Jephthah's Daughter ; Two Marys at Christ's Tomb (1864) ; Joan of Arc ; Deborah ; Cin- derella's Sisters. — Blanckarts, 18.
UNKEB-HENNING-LUTZOW, KARL HINDRICK D', born in Stockholm, May 5, 1829, died in Dusseldorf, March 24, 1866. Genre painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under Karl Sohn, then studied in Paris and Amsterdam. Honorary member of Stock- holm Academy ; Swedish court painter ; pro- fessor. Gold medal, Amsterdam. Works : Policeman's Report (1857), National Gallery, Berlin ; Female Prestidigitator astound- ing Peasants, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; The Toast ; Custom House Office ; Circus- Rider's Wardrobe ; Waiting Rooms of 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th Class ; Playroom. — Jordan (1885), ii. 54.
UNTERBERGER, CHRISTOPH, born at Cavalese, Tyrol, May 27, 1732, died in Rome, Jan. 25, 1798. German school ; his- tory and genre painter, nephew and pupil of Franz (1706-76), and in Vienna of Michael Angelo Unterberger ; won first prize in 1753, then studied in Venice and under Cignaroli in Verona ; went in 1758 to Rome, where he became a pupil of Raphael Mengs, studied especially after Domenichino and Pietro da Cortona, assisted his master in the decora- tion of the library in the Vatican, and be- came one of the most celebrated artists in Rome ; employed by Pope Clement XTV. and Prince Borghese. Works : Madonna
314
UNTERBERGER
with St. John, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Martyrdom of St. Pontianus, Spoleto Cathe- dral ; Assumption, Loreto Cathedral ; St. Julian, St. Agnes, Brixen Cathedral ; Kitch- en Scene, Cellar Scene, Cleopatra, Liechten- stein Gallery, Vienna. — Wurzbach, xlix. 79.
UNTEBBERGER, FRANZ, born at Inns- bruck, Aug. 15, 1838. Landscape painter, pupil of Munich Academy, then in Milan of Albert Zimmerinann and in Diisseldorf of Andreas Achenbach ; in 1860 visited Nor- way, and settled in Brussels, where he fol- lowed the Belgian school, and whence he visited Southern France and Italy and several times the coasts of England and Scotland. Several medals. Order of Fran- cis Joseph. Works : View near Chiavenna (1859) ; Sogne Fjord in Norway (1861) ; View near Innsbruck (1862) ; Norwegian Landscape (1863) ; Moonlight (1864) ; View in Oetz Valley (1865) ; View near Naples (1868) ; View in Capri (1870) ; Achen Lake in Tyrol (1872); Palermo (1878).— Wurz- bach, xlix. 83.
UNTERBERGER, IGNAZ, bom at Cava- lese in 1748, died in Vienna, Dec. 4, 1797. German school ; history and genre painter, brother and, in Rome, pupil of Christoph Unterberger, having at first been instructed by his uncle Franz in his native place. In Rome he was benefited by intercourse with Mengs, Battoni, Maron, and others, but was especially influenced by the works of Correggio, whose style he imitated so suc- cessfully that some of his copies were taken for originals, even by competent judges, and sold as such by art dealers. In 1776 he returned home, and thence went to Vienna, where his exhibited works were well re- ceived and he was made a member of the Academy, and subsequently court painter. In great favor with Prince Kaunitz, he received numerous commissions both at home and abroad. Works : Picture of Ma- donna carried by Angels, Italian Church, Vienna ; two Pictures with Genii, Palais Auersperg, ib. ; Nativity ; Hebe offering Nectar to Jupiter's Eagle (bought by the
Emperor Francis) ; Hymen ; Allegory on Peace and Love ; Descent of the Holy Ghost, Koniggratz Cathedral; Portrait of Count von Heister, Ferdinandeum, Inns- bruck.— Wurzbach, xlix. 84.
UNTERBERGER, MICHAEL ANGELO, born at Cavalese, Aug. 12, 1695, died in Vienna, June 27, 1758. German school ; history painter, pupil of Giuseppe Alberti, then in Venice of Piazetta ; painted for some time at Passau, and in 1738 went to Vienna, where he amassed a considerable fortune, was much esteemed by the Empress Maria Theresa, and from 1751 was director of the Academy alternately with Paul Tro- ger. Works : Expulsion of Hagar (1739), Vienna Academy (?) ; St. Anthony of Padua receiving into his Arms the Infant Christ, St. Stephen's, Vienna ; St. Anthony of Padua and St. Michael, SL Michael's, ib. ; Death of the Virgin (1749), Brixen Cathe- dral ; Diana and Endymion (?), Ferdinan- deum, Innsbruck. — Wurzbach, xlix. 93.
URBAN VI., VENGEANCE OF, Jean Paul Laurens, John G. Johnson, Philadel- phia. Pope Urban VI., in his purple cape embroidered with gold, stands in a dungeon or torture-chamber, grimly gloating over the blood-stained bodies of the cardinals who had plotted against him in 1384, which, clad in their red gowns, lie in a ghastly row against the wall.
URBINO, DUKE AND DUCHESS OF. See Rovere.
URLAUB, GEORG, born in St. Peters- burg in 1845. History and genre painter, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy, where he won a gold medal, then in Berlin of Alexan- der von Werner. Member of St. Peters- burg Academy. Works : Job's Sufferings ; Daughter of Jairus ; Merry Company (1882). — Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvii. 232, 336.
URLAUB, GEORG KARL, born at Ans- bach, Bavaria, in 1749, died at Marburg, Hesse, in 1809. Genre, battle, and portrait painter, studied in his native town, then travelled extensively ; lived successively at Wurzburg, Schweiuf urth, Hauau, and finally
815
UESULA
at Marburg, where he grew blind in 1804. Works: Taking of Frankfort by Hessian Troops in 1792, Cassel Gallery ; House- keeper's Account (1798), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort.
URSULA, ST., EMBARKATION OF, Claude Lorrain, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 11 in. Seaport, with ships ; at left, the saint and her vir- gins coming down the steps of a magnifi- cent temple, for the purpose of embarking.
cation after Death, H. 12 ft. 1 in. x 12 ft ; signed, dated 1491. 3. Her Dream, H. 8 ft. 10 in. x 8 ft 8 in. ; signed, dated 1495. 4. Interview with the English Prince, H. 9 ft. x 20 ft ; signed, dated 1495. 5. Parting Audience of English Envoys with King Maurus, H. 9 ft. x 8 ft. 1 in. ; signed. 6. Return of Envoys to England, H. 9 ft. 9 in. X 17 ft. ; signed. 7. Meeting of Ursula and Virgins with the Pope, H. 9 ft. 9 in. x 10 ft. ; signed. 8. Reception of English
Embarkation of St. Ursula, Claude Lorrain, National Gallery, London.
Painted in 1646 ; Liber Veritatis, No. 54. Engraved by Armytage, in National Gallery ; by J. Fittler (1787), in Angerstein Gallery ; and by Le Keux (1839).— Waagen, Treas- ures, i. 339 ; Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Pattison, Claude Lorrain, 44, 228 ; Ruveil, xi. 749.
URSULA, ST., HISTORY OF, Vittore Carpaccio, Venice Academy ; nine canvases. Scenes from legend of St. Ursula, painted without regard to chronological order of legend. 1. Arrival at Cologne, H. 9 ft. x 8 ft. 4 in.; signed, dated 1490. 2. Glorifi-
Envoys by King Maurus, H. 9 ft. x 19 ft. ; signed. 9. Death of Ursula, H. 9 ft. 2 in. x 11 ft. 8 in. Begun in 1490 ; painted for Scuola di S. Ursula, Venice. These works, painted on canvas with an oil medium, show Carpaccio's great skill in perspective, his ability in managing large compositions containing many groups and figures, with rich architectural landscapes and back- grounds, and illustrate his affinity to Gen- tile Bellini, whose lead he followed. En- graved by Giovanni del Pian ; Galiberti.
316
USSI
Injured by restorations made in 1623 and 1752.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 199 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 640 ; Zanotto, I. PI. 24
By Hans Memling, Hospital of St. John, Bruges. A series of pictures on the Shrine of St. Ursula, a Gothic chapel in miniature. The long sides (H. 1 ft 8 in. x 3 ft.) are each divided into three arched spaces, containing : 1. The Fleet arriving at Cologne. 2. Dis- embarkation of St Ursula and her Maidens at Basle. 3. The Pope receiving them at Rome. 4. The Pope accompanying them back to Basle. 5. The Attack upon them on
1849 - 1853 ; afterwards visited Egypt. Member of and professor at Florence Acad- emy. Medal : Of Honour, Paris, 1867 ; medal, Vienna, 1873. Works: Good Sa- maritan (1843) ; Death of Bayard (1846) ; Raising of Lazarus (1849) ; Expulsion of Duke of Athens (1867), National Gallery, Florence ; Departure of Great Caravan for Mecca (1873), Khedive of Egypt ; Scene in Dante's Vita Nuova ; Marco Visconti with the Standard ; Bianca Capello's Attempt to poison Cardinal de' Medici. — Milller, 529 ; Land und Meer (1869), ii. 842.
Reception of English Envoys, History of St. Ursula, Vittore Carpaccio, Venice Academy.
the Banks of the Rhine. 6. Martyrdom of St. Ursula. Gables (H. 1 ft 8 in. x 1 ft.) : 1. St. Ursula sheltering the Virgins under her Cloak. 2. The Virgin worshipped by Nuns. Sis medallions on the cover contain : Cor- onation of the Virgin, Glory of St. Ursula, and four angels. Painted about 1486. Well- composed groups, great minuteness of fin- ish, rich and well contrasted in colour. "More precious than a shrine of silver," says Van Mander.— W. & W., ii. 50 ; Van Mander, 205 ; C. & C., Flemish Painters, 283. USSI, STEFANO, born in Florence in 1822. History painter, pupil of Florence Academy under Pollastrini ; won prizes in 1843, 1846, and 1849, studied in Rome in
UTRECHT, ADRIAEN VAN, born in Antwerp, Jan. 12, 1599, died there, Oct. 5, 1652. Flemish school ; still-life and poul- try-yard painter, pupil of Harmen de Neyt ; master of Antwerp guild in 1625, travelled exten s i v e 1 y in
France, Italy, and Germany, and was much employed by the German Emperor and the King of Spain. Works: Still-Life (figures by Jordaens), Dead Game and Fruit, Fruits
817
UTKECHT
and Vegetables, Madrid Museum ; Kitchen Interior, Brussels Museum ; Still-Life, Mu- seum, Antwerp ; Arrival of Cardinal Infant Ferdinand, City Hall, ib. ; Fish - Seller's Shop, Ghent Museum ; Cock Fight, Lille Museum ; Table with Fruit and Provisions, Amsterdam Museum ; Poultry-Yard (1643), Berlin Museum ; Lady among Kitchen Sup- plies and Utensils (figure by Thulden), Carls- rulie Gallery ; Still-Life, Cologne Museum ; Fruit and other Eatables (1647), Dresden Gallery ; Poultry (1G52), Leipsic Museum ; Kitchen Interior (1629), Cassel Gallery ; do., Weimar Museum ; Fruit-Piece (1647), Co- penhagen Gallery; do., Hermitage, St. Pe- tersburg ; Dead Game, Leuchtenberg Gal- lery, ib. ; Breakfast -Table (2), Schwerin Gallery ; Fruit Festoon (1644), Vienna Mu-
l&it
7647
seum. — Ch. Blanc, Kcole flamande ; Burger, Musees, ii. 157 ; Kramm, vi. 1661 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 338 ; Michiels, ix. 187 ; Eooses (Reber), 422 ; Van den Branden, 1082.
UTEECHT, CHEISTOPH VAN, born at Utrecht in 1491 (or 1498 ?), died at Lisbon in 1550 (or 1557). Dutch school ; history and portrait painter, supposed pupil of An- tonis Moro (?), with whom he is said to have gone to Spain, and thence to Lisbon, where he painted altarpieces for churches, and highly-esteemed portraits, and was much honoured by John III. of Portugal. — Kramm, i. 232 ; Nagler, xix. 268 ; Kaczynski, Arts en Portugal, 255.
UTEECHT, JACOB VAN, flourished at Utrecht about 1523. Dutch school ; por- trait painter, possibly the same who was re- ceived master of the guild at Antwerp in 1506. Signed himself Jacobus Trajectensis. Works : Male Portrait (1523), Berlin Muse- um ; do. (1524), Baron Minutoli's Collec- tion, Schloss Fridersdorf, Silesia. — Meyer, Gemiilde der kongl. Mus. (1883), 471 ; Zeit- schr. f. b. K, xxi. 324.
UWINS, THOMAS, bom at Pentonville,
near London, Feb. 25, 1782, died at Staines, Aug. 25, 1857. Apprenticed to an engraver, but became a student at Eoyal Academy in 1798 ; began as a water-colour painter and illustrator of books. In 1814 he visited the South of France and took up subject paint- ing in oils ; studied in Italy in 1826-31, and on his return established a reputation by his Italian scenes ; became A.R.A. in 1833, R.A. in 1838, librarian in 1844, surveyor of the Queen's pictures in 1845, and keeper of the National Gallery in 1847. "Works : Vin- tage in South of France, Chapeau de Brigand, Sir Guyon fighting for Temperance (Faerie Queene, ii. 12), National Gallery. — Art Jour- nal, Sept., 1847; Oct., 1857; Cat. Eoyal Acad. ; Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Sandby, ii. 157 ; Mrs. Nevius, Eecollections of T. U. (London, 1858).
UYTENBEOECK (Wtenbrouck), MO- ZES VAN, surnamed Little Moses, born at Delft about 1590, died in The Hague about 1650. Dutch school ; landscape painter, in the style of Elsheimer and Bril, supposed pupil of Poelenburg ; master of the guild at The Hague in 1620 ; its dean in 1627 ; en- livened his pictures with scriptural and mythological scenes, which show a vivid im- agination, great skill in grouping, and knowl- edge of chiaroscuro. Works : Juno and Argus (1625), Augsburg Gallery ; Eaising of Lazarus, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Feast of Bacchus (1627), Jupiter and Mercury re- ceived by Philemon and Baucis, Brunswick Gallery ; Triumph of Bacchus, Landscape with Mars and Venus (attributed to Elshei- mer), Cassel Gallery ; Moonlight, Copenha- gen Gallery ; Bacchus and Ariadne, Prague Gallery; Landscape with dancing Shep- herds, do. with Nymphs, Museum, Vienna ; do. with Herd, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; do. (attributed to Elsheimer), Pesth Muse- um ; Lot and Daughters (1627), Count Bel- giojoso, Milan ; Landscape with Cascade, Uffizi, Florence.— Bode, Studien, 337 ; Im- merzeel, iii. 151 ; Kramm, vi. 1663 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 213 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt, ses precurseurs, 98.
318
VACCARO
VACCAEO, ANDREA, born in Naples in 1598, died there in 1670. Nea- politan school ; pupil of Girolamo Imparato ; followed first the style of Cara- vaggio and later that of Guido. After the death of Stanzioni he was considered the best painter in Naples, until Luca Giordano came to maturity. Pictures in churches in Naples, and Massacre of the Innocents, Bap- tism of St. Candidus, Naples Museum ; Christ appearing to Mary, Dresden Gallery ; Christ at the Column, Infant Christ sleeping in the Arms of St. John, Old Pinako- thek, Munich ; Christ on the Cross, Germanic Museum, Nu- remberg ; Magdalen Penitent, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Lanzi, ii. 42 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole napolitaine ; Burckhardt, 768, 792 ; Lavice, 224
VACHE BLANCHE (The White Cow), fimil van Marcke, Samuel F. Barger, New York ; canvas. A fine study of a white cow in a pleasing landscape, which, however, is subordinate to the figure.
VADDEB, LODEWYCK DE, born in Brussels, baptized April 8, 1605, died there, buried Aug. 10, 1655. Flemish school ; landscape painter, seems to have been in Italy and studied Titian. Master of the guild at Brussels, 1628. Excelled in ren- dering early morning mist and effects of light. Approached Rubens in richness and vivacity of colour. Works : Woodland Scene, Darmstadt Museum ; Two Land- scapes with Figures, Ferdinandeum, Inns- brack ; Horsemen
p&ssills through Ravine) Old Pina_
kothek, Munich ; Landscape, Stockholm Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 152 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 341 ; Kramm, vi. 1665 ; Kunst- Chronik, xxi. 523.
VAENIUS (Venius), OTHO, born at Ley- den in 1558, died in Brussels, May 6, 1629. Flemish school. Real name Octavio van Veen. History and portrait painter, pupil at Leyden of Isack Claesz Swanenburg, called Nicolai, and at Litge (1572) of Lamp-
sonius, then in Rome (1575-80) of F. Zuc- chero ; returned to Liege and in 1584 to Leyden; went to Antwerp in 1593 ; master of the guild there in 1594, its dean Jfc-J,
in 1602-3; be- came court painter to Al- brecht and Isa- bella, governors of the Nether- lands, who called him to Brussels as super- intendent of the mint ; received into the guild there in 1620. He was the master of Rubens, and a good poet and scholar. Works : Portraits (2), Madrid Museum ; Artist and his Family (1584), Louvre ; Cru- cifixion, Christ bearing the Cross, Marriage of St. Catherine (1589), Brussels Museum ; Raising of Lazarus, Ghent Cathedral ; Ser- pent on the Fig-Tree, Calling of St. Mat- thew, Charity of St. Nicholas, Miracle by St. Nicholas, St. Paul at Csesarea, Portrait of Jean Miraeus, Museum, Antwerp ; Christ and the Repentant Sinners, The Virgin nursing Infant Christ, Last Supper, Raising of Laza- rus, Raising of Widow's Son, Entombment, Cathedral, ib. ; Martyrdom of St. Andrew, St Andrew's, ib. ; Twelve Scenes in History of the Ancient Batavians (1613), Amsterdam Museum ; Descent from the Cross, Aschaffen- burg Gallery ; Allegory on Fall of Man, Barn- berg Gallery ; Assumption (1608), Brunswick Gallery ; Minerva protecting Youth, Stock- holm Museum ; Unadvised Youth, Cologne Museum ; Minerva and the Muses, Berlin Museum ; Triumph of Catholic Church (6), Fifteen Scenes in History of Christ and the Virgin, Schleissheim Gallery ; Rape of Pro- serpine, Stuttgart Museum ; Holy Family, Portraits of Archdukes Albrecht and Ernst, Vienna Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole fla- mande ; Van den Branden, 401 ; Immerzeel, iii. 157 ; Kramm, vi. 1679 ; Messager des sciences hist. (1868), 328; (1877), 313; Michiels, vi. 352, 468 ; Rooses (Reber), 148 ;
319
VAFFLAKD
Van den Branden, 401 ; Vlaamsche school (1862), 152.
VAFFLAED, PIEERE ANTOINE AU- GUSTIN, born in Paris, Dec. 19, 1777, died there after 1838. History and portrait painter, pupil of J. B. Regnault ; in 1824 he restored some of the paintings in the gal- leries at Versailles, and in the gallery of Diana in the Tuileries ; decorated several churches and palaces in oil and fresco. Court painter to the Due d' Orleans. Medal, 1824. Works : Last Honours to Bertram! Dugues- clin (1806), Eennes Museum; Column of Eosbach (1810), Versailles Museum ; Electra and Orestes (1814), Dijon Museum ; St. Mar- garet cast off by her Father (1817), Sainte Marguerite, Paris ; St. Ambrose saving an Arian Priest (1819), Saint Ambroise, ib.; Pythagoras inspired by the Muses (1819), Versailles Museum ; Death of St. Louis, (1819), Burial Chapel of Orleans Family, Dreux ; Henri IV. in Notre Dame on Day of his Entry into Paris (1819) ; Ulysses and Nausicaii (1822) ; Last Benediction of Bishop Bourlier of Evreux ; Communion of Mary Stuart ; Henri IV. and the Abbess of Mont- martre (1824).— Bellier, ii. 606. VAGA, PERINO DEL, born in Florence in 1500, died in Eome, Oct. 14, 1547. U m b r i a n school. Real name Buonac- corsi, but called del Vaga from a Floren- tine painter of that nnme who had given him instruction.
Sometimes called o' -
also Pierino. Pupil
of Andrea de' Ceri, of Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, and of Vaga, who took him to Rome. Em- ployed there by Raphael on the frescos in the Vatican, where he painted history of Joshua and of David. After death of Raphael, he aided Giulio Romano and II Fattore, whose sister he married, in com- pleting their master's works. Painted also in S. Marcello the Creation of Eve, which
ihows influence of Michelangelo. After the sack of Rome (1527), he went to Genoa, where he decorated the Palazzo Doria with frescos, now mostly destroyed. About 1542 he returned to Rome, where he painted frescos in Trinita de' Monti and in the Cas- tello S. Angelo. His later works were only designed by him and finished by his pupils. He was buried beside Raphael in the Pan- theon. — Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 587 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ombrienne ; Burckhardt, 8, 177, 179, 181.
VAILLANT, WALLERANT, born at Lille, baptized May 30, 1623, died in Am- sterdam, Aug. 28, 1677. Flemish school ; portrait painter, pupil in Antwerp of Eras- mus Quelliu ; painted in 1658 at the Coro- nation in Frankfort the Emperor Leopold, and then many sovereigns of Germany. Went with the Marshal de Grammout to Paris, where he painted the Queen, and many persons of distinction; returned home after four years, and settled in Amsterdam. His brother and pupil, Jacob (1628-1670), commonly called Leeuwerik (lark), was a successful history and portrait painter at the court of the Elector in Berlin ; most of his pictures are in the royal palaces of Ber- lin and Potsdam. Works : Portraits of Man and Wife (1674), Lady with two Chil- dren, Amsterdam Museum ; Managers of Orphanage (1671), Orphan Asylum, Amster- dam ; Portrait of Great Elector, Brunswick Gallery ; do., Royal Palace, Berlin ; Sacrifice of Iphigenia, Cassel Gallery ; Board with Letters Attached (1658), Dresden Gallery ; Male Portrait, Oldenburg Gallery. — Bellier, ii. 607 ; Immerzeel, iii. 152 ; Kramm, vi.
1667 ; Kugler, ii. 332 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 279.
VAINI, PIETRO, born in Eome in 1847, died in New York in 1875. Subject and portrait painter, studied and painted in
820
VALADON
Italy before settling in New York in 1872, where he committed suicide. His morbid nature shows itself in the sombre character of his more important works. Works : First Grief; After the War ; Veronica gaz- ing upon the Face of her dead Rival; Othello and the Handkerchief, Palette Club, New York.
VALADON, JULES EMMANUEL, born in Paris, Oct. 5, 1826. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Drolling, Cogniet, and Henri Lehmann. Medal, 3d class, 1880. Works: Brother and Sister, Two Friends (1874); Bouquet Seller (1875) ; Artist's Por- trait (1878), Orleans Museum ; During a Funeral Service (1879); Charity (1881), Ministry of Fine Arts (1881) ; Mary Magda- len (1883) ; A Diogenes, Poor Man's Revel (1884); Revery (1885); At Church, Old Man (1886).— Bellier, ii. 608.
VALCKENBORCH, FREDERIK VAN, born at Mechlin about 1570, died at Nurem- berg in 1623. Flemish school; genre and landscape painter, son and pupil of Lucas van Valckenborch, whom he accompanied to Nuremberg in 1566. Works : Annual Fair (1594), Kirmess Festival (1595), Vien- na Museum ; Woodland Scenes (2, 1622), Christiania Gallery ; Woodland with Nymphs and Animals, Fiirstenberg Gallery, Donau- eschingen. — Kramm, vi. 1670.
VALCKENBORCH (Valkenburg), LU- CAS VAN, born at Mechlin about 1530 or 1540, died in Germany about 1625. Flem- ish school ; landscape and portrait painter ; master of Mechlin guild in 1564 ; went in 1566 to Antwerp, where he seems to have studied under Pieter Brueghel, then with his brother Marten, and with Jan Frode- man de Vries to Ais-la-Chapelle and Liege, where they sketched many landscapes on the banks of the Meuse. In 1570 he fol- lowed the Archduke Matthias to Linz ; painted for him several years, was after- wards associated with Joris Hoefnagel, for whom he made drawings at Frankfort in 1594, and in 1597 was settled at Nuremberg, where Sandrart knew him in 1622. Works :
The Mines, Smithy, Camel Drivers, Arch- ducal Palace at Brussels, Madrid Museum ; Winter View of Antwerp (1559), City View (1593), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort; Rocky Landscape with Mill (1595), do. Landscape with Mineral Spring (1596) Brunswick Gal- lery ; Kirmess in Flemish Village (1574), Gotha Museum ; Tower of Babel (1568), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; View of Linz on the Danube (1594), Oldenburg Gallery ; Peas- ants' Brawl, Count of Burgau in Roman Armour (1580), Mountainous Landscapes (3, 1580, 1585), Summer (1585), Winter (1586), Ladies and Gentlemen in a Park (1587), Archduke Matthias Fishing (1590), Tavern Scene (1598), Museum, Vienna ; City on River in Mountainous Landscape, Liech- tenstein Gallery, ib. — F6tis, Artistes beiges a I'utranger, ii. 136 ; Kramm, vi. 1671 ; Michiels, vi. 146 ; Neefs, i. 223 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 21.
VALCKENBORCH (Valkenburg), MAR- TEN VAN, born at Mechlin in 1533 or 1542, died in Frankfort. Flemish school ; landscape, genre, and portrait painter, brother of Lucas, with whom he went to Germany ; afterwards settled in Frankfort. Works : Burning of Troy, Mardi Gras, Four Seasons, Frankfort Museum ; Flat Country with Waggon, Gotha Gallery ; Tower of Ba- bel (1595), Dresden Gallery ; Kinness, Mu- seum, Vienna ; Landscapes (11), Ambras
Collection, ib. ; Gillis van Valckenborch, painter of the Defeat of Sennacherib (after 1600), in the Brunswick Gallery, was prob- ably his son. — Kramm, vi. 1671 ; Nagler, xix. 310.
VALCKERT, WERNER VAN, flourished at Amsterdam first quarter of 17th century. History and portrait painter, supposed pupil of Hendrik Goltzius, in whose manner he painted ; circumstances of life unknown. Works : Four Members of Merchants' Guild (1622), Four Regents of Lepers' House (1624), Three do., Military Organization
3X1
VALDES LEAL
(1625), Reception of Children into Orphan- age (1626), Distribution of Money and Clothes by Regents of Orphanage (1627), three others, Amsterdam Museum ; Christ and the Children, St. Catharine's (1620), Utrecht; Mocking of Christ (1620), Uni- versity Library, Copenhagen. — Immerzeel, iii. 155 ; Kramm, vi. 1672.
VALDES LEAL, Don JUAN DE, born in
Cordova in 1631, died in Seville, Oct. 14, 1691. S p a n i s h school ; pupil of Antonio del Castillo, but did not imi- tate his style ; removed to Seville and became in 1660 an original mem- ber of the academy founded by Murillo, and afterwards (1663-66) president. After Mu- rillo's death Valdes was the principal paint- er in Seville, and executed many religious compositions. Works : Constantino Pray- ing, Christ and the Doctors, Presentation of the Virgin, Madrid Museum ; Miracle of St. Basco de Portugal, Dresden Gallery ; Ado- ration of the Shepherds, Baptism of Christ, Descent from the Cross, Young Woman, Her- mitage, St. Petersburg. His wife, Isabel Carasquilla, his son Lucas (1661-1724), and his daughters Maria and Luisa were also painters. — Cean Bermudez ; Stirling, iii. 1093 ; Ch. Blanc, 35cole espagnole ; Viardot, 204; Madrazo, 581; Washburn, Spanish Masters, 161.
VALENCIA, JACOPO DA. See Jacopo da Valentia.
VALENCIENNES (Devallenciennes), PIERRE HENRI, born iii Toulouse, Dec. 6, 1750, died in Paris, Feb. 16, 1819. His- tory and landscape painter, pupil of Doyen. Studied Claude and Poussiu in Italy. Style theatrical and wanting in nature. Nearly all the landscape painters during the Empire were his pupils. Member of Academy in
1787. L. of Honour, 1815. Honorary mem- ber, Toulouse Academy. Works : View of Trocene, Vale of Tempe ; Cicero discover- ing the Tomb of Archimedes (1787), Lou- vre ; Historical Landscape, Toulouse Muse- urn. — Bellier, ii. 609; Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran9aise ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
VALENTIN, LE, Jean de BouUongne, called, born at Coulom mi era (Seine - et-Marne), in January, 1591, died in Rome, Aug. 7, 1634. French school; history and genre painter, whose real name was for a long time un- known, and who was supposed to have been a pupil of Simon Vouet, with whom he was in Rome ; he formed himself, however, rather after Michelangelo and Caravaggio, and under the influence of Poussin. He ranks among the best French painters of his time. His career was cut short by a prema- ture death, caused by an ill-timed bath in the Tiber. Works : Recognition of Susan- na's Innocence, Judgment of Solomon, Trib- ute Money, A Concert (2), Fortune Teller, Tavern Scene, Louvre ; Soldiers at Play, Besan9on Museum ; St. John, St. Peter and the Angel, Dijon Museum ; Disciples at Em- maus, Nantes Museum ; Conversion of St. Matthew, Rouen Museum ; Judith with Head of Holofernes, two others, Toulouse Museum ; others in Museums of Avignon, Metz, Montpellier, Lille, Toulon, Tours (6), Valenciennes (2), and Versailles (2) ; Peter's Denial, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Cha- pelle ; do., Brunswick Museum ; A Prophet with a Folio Volume, Carlsruhe Gallery ; David with Head of Goliath, Cologne Muse- um ; Carnival Scene, Copenhagen Gallery ; Musical Party, Darmstadt Museum ; Blind Old Man playing Viol de Gamba accompa- nied by Boy singing, Dresden Museum ; Christ crowned with Thorns, Soldiers quar-
322
VALENTINIAN
relling over Game of Dice, Herminia and the Shepherds, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Three Apostles in Conversation, Oldenburg Gallery ; A Repast, National Museum, Pesth ; Christ driving the Money Changers from the Temple, Peter's Denial, Soldiers at Dice, A Concert, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; St. John the Baptist in Meditation, Stockholm Museum ; Moses with the Law Tables, Mu- seum, Vienna ; Musical Trio, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; St. Cecilia with two Holy Women and an Angel, Czernin Gallery, ib. ; " You see the Beam in your Neigh- bour's Eye," etc., Guitar Player, Mountain- ous Landscape with Figures and Animals, Uffizi, Florence ; Christ and the Doctors, Pinacoteca Capitolina, Rome ; Martyrdom of S. Processa and Martinian, Vatican, ib. (copy in mosaic, by Cristofori, St. Peter's, ib.) ; Joseph interpreting the Dreams, Palazzo Borghese, ib. ; Peter's Denial, Palazzo Cor- sini, ib. ; Roman Charity, St. John, Palazzo Doria, ib. ; Beheading of St. John, Rome Tri- umphant, Palazzo Sciarra, ib. ; Holy Family, Palazzo Spada, ib. ; Christ at the Column, Turin Gallery ; Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, Madrid Museum. - . — Bellier, i. 141 ; /Y\j . Ch. Blanc, £cole / \ 1 6 J fran Dauverg Valentin (Alma- nach du departm. de Seine-et-Marne, 18G2), 116 ; Emeric-David, Nat. hist, sur les chefs- d'oeuvre de la peinture, etc. (Paris, 1854), 278 ; Mariette, Abecedario, v. 357.
VALENTINIAN I., Roman Emperor (A. D. 364-375), was an amateur painter and mod- eller. — Aurel. Viet., Epit. de Cses., 45, 7; Ammianus Marcelliuus, xxx. 9, 4 ; Over- beck, Schriftquellen, 2135.
VALE OF REST, Sir John E. Millain, Bart., H. Tait, Streatham, England ; canvas. Illustrating an ancient Scottish superstition, that when a coffin-shaped cloud is seen in the sky it is a symbol of approaching death. Scene in a convent garden, at sunset ; amongst the hillocks of graves, with gray
lanc, £cole / \ 1 Jo
caise, i. ; \ / / .^ -/-'
ergne, Le \faJWM7l f
- '
headstones looking sad in the waning light, are two women, one, a novice, up to her knees in a grave from which she is vigor- ously throwing out the earth with a spade ; the other, an older nun, sitting on a pros- trate headstone holding a rosary, her face showing that she has seen the coffin-shaped cloud which hangs over the setting sun. Royal Academy, 1859. Graham sale (1886), £3,000. Indian ink sketch (1858), H. V. Tebbs.
VALERO, CRIST6BAL, born at Albora- ya, Valencia, died at Valencia, Dec. 18, 1789. Spanish school ; history and portrait paint- er, pupil of Evaristo Muiioz (1671-1737), then in Rome of Sebastiauo Conca ; after his return he became a priest, and soon after director of the newly erected Academy of S. Barbara (1754), which was afterwards made a royal institution under the name of S. Carlos (1768), with Valero as its presi- dent. Honorary member of San Fernando Academy, 1762. Works : Two Scenes from Don Quixote, Madrid Museum ; pictures in S. Francisco, S. Julian, S. Andrea, the Cap- uchins, the Trinitarians and the Miuimos, Valencia; Portraits of Prelates, Archbish- j op's Palace, ib.
VALKENBURG, DIRK, born in Amster- dam in 1675, died there in 1721. Dutch school ; still-life and animal painter, pupil of Jan Weenix, whose style he acquired so suc- cessfully that his pictures are frequently mistaken for his master's ; was also a good portrait painter, and in 1695 went to Ger- many, where he was employed by different princes, and long resided. Works : Dead [Hare and Poultry (1704), Stiidel Gallery, ; Frankfort ; Bear attacked by Dogs (1703), Gallery, Copenhagen ; Dead Game and Im- plements of the Chase, Moltke Collection, ib. ; Hunting Booty (4), Liechtenstein Gal- lery, Vienna; do. (5), Harrach Gallery, ib.; Immerzeel, iii. 154.
VALLANCE, WILLIAM F., born at Pais- ley, Scotland ; contemporary. Marine paint- er, pupil of Robert Scott Lauder and of the Royal Scottish Academy. Studio in Edin-
VALLEY
burgh. Elected an A.R.S.A. in 1875, and R.S.A. in 1881. Works : Sunday Morning ; Leisure Hours ; Loch Fine ; Largo Bay ; Fresh Breeze ; Reading the War News, Na- tional Gallery, Edinburgh.
VALLEY FARM, John Constable, Nation- al Gallery, London ; canvas, 4 ft. 9 in. X 4 ft. 1 in. A farm house on the bank of the Stour, near East Bergholt, Suffolk, property of the painter's father. Called Willy Lott's house from its former possessor. Painted in 1835. Vernon bequest, 1847. Engraved by J. C. Bentley.— Cat. Nat. Gal.; Brock- Arnold, Biog. Great Artists, 107.
VANAISE, GUSTAVE, born in Ghent ; contemporary. History and genre painter, pupil of Ghent Academy and of Cauneel. Mention honorable, Paris, 1883. Works : Louis XL and Olivier le Daim (1879) ; A Mother, The Painter Willem Key over- hearing Alva's Order for Execution of Eg- mont (1880) ; Magdalen at Christ's Tomb (1881) ; Young Girl at the Mirror (1882) ; St. Lievin (1883) ; Sunday Evening, Gamin with Pigeon (1884) ; Good Samaritan, Por- trait of Cesar de Cock (1885).
VAN BOSKERCK, ROBERT W., born in New Jersey in 1855. Landscape painter, pupil of A. H. Wyant. Studio in New York. Works: Landscape (T. B. Clarke, New York), Cedars at Saddle River (1880) ; October Landscape (1881) ; Jersey Road- way (1882), Midland Meadow (1883) ; Mid- summer (1884).
VANDERLYN, JOHN, born at Kingston, N. Y., October, 1776, died there, Sept. 23, 1852. Portrait and history painter, pupil of Gilbert Stuart in New York. Studied in 1796-1801 in Paris, where he painted from 1803 to 1815. Medal at Paris (1808) for his Marius among the Ruins of Carthage. Other works : Murder of Jane McCrea by the Indians ; Ariadne in Naxos, estate of Asher B. Durand, Orange, N. J.; Landing of Columbus, Rotunda of the Capitol, Wash- ington ; Portraits oi Washington, Monroe, Madison, Calhouu, and Clinton ; Zachary Taylor, City Hall, New York ; Study of
Head, Corcoran Gallery, Washington. He became involved in pecuniary difficulties by the exhibition of panoramas in a building erected by himself in City Hall Park, New York, and died in poverty.
VAN DYCK, Sir Antony. See Dijck.
VAN DYCK, LITTLE. See Coques.
VAN ELTEN. See Kruseman van Elten.
VAN MARCKE. See Marcke.
VANLOO. See Loo.
VANNI, ANDREA. See Andrea di Vanni.
VANNI, FRANCESCO, Cavaliere, born in Siena in 1563, died there, Oct. 25, 1609. Sienese school. Probably a pupil of his half-brother, Ventura Salimbeni ; went when sixteen years old to Rome, where he studied with Giovanni de' Vecchi. Afterwards worked at Parma, where he studied the works of Correggio and adopted the manner of Barocci. On his return to Rome he en- joyed the favour of Clement VHL, who made him a knight. His pictures are in several of the churches of Siena, especially in S. Quirico, S. Spirito, SS. Concezzione, and S. Agostino. Other examples : Repose of the Holy Family, Martyrdom of St. Irene, Louvre, Paris ; Holy Family, Dresden Gal- lery ; St. Francis in Ecstasy, Pitti, Florence ; Sons of Jacob buying Wheat of Joseph, Uffizi, ib. ; Holy Women at Tomb of Christ, Madrid Museum ; Innocence, Hermitage ; Fall of Simon Magus, St. Peter's, Rome (one of the few oil paintings in that basilica). — Lanzi, i. 314 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole floreutine.
VANNI, TURING DI, born in Pisa; flourished close of 14th century. Floren- tine school. A Madonna and Angels, signed by him, is in the Louvre ; an altarpiece, signed and dated 1397, in S. Paolo a Ripa, Arno ; and a Virgin with Angels and Saints, in the Convent of S. Martino, near Palermo. Had a brother, Nello di Vanni, who finished the history of Job, begun by Giotto in the Campo Santo. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
VANNUCCHI, ANDREA. See Andrea del Sarto.
VANNUCCI. See Perugino.
324
VANNUTELLI
VANNUTELLI, SCIPIONE, Cavaliere, born in Rome ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil in Vienna of Wurzinger, af- terwards in Paris of Heilbutb. Medal : Paris, 1864 Works : Carnival in Venice ; Gabrielle d'Estrees ; Italian Danae ; Tbe Nigbt ; Agreeable Reading ; Procession in Venice ; Novices in a Roman Churcb, Trio in tbe Garden (1883).
VARCHI, BENEDETTO, portrait, Titian, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. Painted about 1550. Repainted about tbe face.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 426.
VARGAS, LUIS DE, born in Seville in 1502, died there in 1568. Spanish school ; pupil of Diego de la Bar- rera ; went to It- aly about 1527, according to Cean Bermudez, and studied with Perino del Vaga (?) ; returned to Seville after an absence of twenty-eight years. He is remarkable for grandeur and simplicity of design, and for the purity and grace of his female heads ; his drawing too is correct, and his colouring good. Works : Nativity (1555), and La Gamba (1561), Ca- thedral of Seville.— Stirling, i. 307; Ch. Blanc, £cole espaguole.
VARIN, QUENTIN, born at Amiens in 1580, died about 1645. French school ; history painter, pupil of Gagex and Bona- veutura in Amiens and Beauvais, and then went to Paris, where he became an able painter, and the' master of Nicolas Poussin. Works : Christ in the Temple, St. Germain des Pros, Paris ; St. Charles Borromeo, St. Jacques de la Boueherie, ib. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole franyaise.
VARLEY, CORNELIUS, born at Hack- ney, near London, Nov. 21, 1781, died at Highbury, Oct. 2, 1873. Landscape paint- er in water-colours, brother and pupil of John Varley ; exhibited first at the Royal
Academy in 1803, and in the following year was one of the foundation members of the Water Colour Society. He painted chiefly views in Ireland and Wales and classical scenery. A younger brother, William Fleet- wood Varley (1785-1856), was a water-col- our painter and teacher of drawing at Ox- ford.
VARLEY, JOHN, born at Hackney, near London, Aug. 17, 1778, died Nov. 17, 1842. Landscape painter in water-colours ; stud- ied first under a portrait painter and then with an architectural draughtsman ; exhib- ited first, in 1798, View of Peterborough Cathedral. He exhibited at the Royal Acad- emy until 1804, when he became one of the foundation members of the Water Colour Society. He painted many views in Wales and on the Thames, was a successful teach- er, and the author of several drawing-books and other works. His son, Albert Fleet- wood Varley (1804-76), was also a water- colour painter and teacher.
VARONI (Varonne, Varrone), JOHANN, born at Bellinzona, Canton Tessiuo, Switzer- land, in 1832. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy and of Josef Hiiger ; set- tled in Vienna, whence he made frequent study trips into the Austrian Alps, to Italy, and Switzerland. Works : View of Ariccia, do. in Roman Campagna, do. near Olevano, Ruins of Psestum (1855) ; Pine Woods near Frascati (1856) ; Well in the Campagna, St. Gotthard (1858) ; Well near Grotta Ferrata, View of Vienna (1860) ; Nassfeld near Gas- tein, Temple of Coucordia near Girgeutc (1861); St. Bernardino, Switzerland (1862); Views in Austria, Salzburg, Tyrol, and Swit- zerland (1863-73) ; Koltschach Valley near Gasteiu (1877).— Wurzbach, xlix. 287.
VAROTARI, ALESSANDRO. See Pa- dovanino.
VASARI, GIORGIO, born at Arezzo, July 30, 1511, died in Florence, June 27, 1574. Florentine school ; pupil of his fa- ther, Antonio Vasari, and afterwards of An- drea del Sarto and of Michelangelo. Went to Rome with Cardinal Ippolito de' Medi-
VASS1LACCHI
ci, and laboured there several years with Francesco Salviati. He afterwards painted
in Florence, Pi- sa (1529), Bolo- gna (1539), Ven- ice (1542), and Naples (1544). In Florence he was patronized by the Medici, for whom he executed many works, both ar- chitectural and decorative. But he is best known by his "Vite de' piii eccellenti pit- tori, scultori, ed architetti " (Florence, 1550, 2d ed. 1568) — the first important history of modern art. As a painter he was a weak imitator of Michelangelo. He left many pictures, among which are : Ma- donna in Glory and Saints, Arezzo Gal- lery ; Supper of St. Gregory (1540), Bo- logna Gallery ; Conception, Lucca Gallery ; Holy Family, Palazzo Corsini, Rome ; Por- trait of Cosimo I. de' Medici, Berlin Mu- seum ; Pieta, Dresden Gallery ; Holy Fam- ily, Leipsic Museum ; do. (2), Old Pinako- thek, Munich ; do. (1), and Christ driving out the Money Changers, Vienna Museum ; Three Graces, National Museum, Buda- Pesth ; Angel's Salutation, Louvre ; Cari- tas, Madonna and Angels, Madrid Muse- um ; Three Saints, Liverpool Institute. — Ch. Blanc, ficole florentine ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., i. 57 ; Burckhardt, 94, 157, 221 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 562.
VASSILACCHI, ANTONIO. See Ali- ense.
VASTAGH, GYOEGY (George), born at Szegedin, Hungary, in 1834. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, after having fought as a honvud in the revo- lutionary war of 1848-49, and then wan- dered about under great privations, paint- ing portraits and studying national costumes and manners. His pictures, exhibited in Vienna in 1870, immediately attracted at- tention, and forthwith he won fame with
his scenes from gypsy life, for which he made studies in Transylvania and Rou- mania ; thence he moved to Pesth, where he has since become the favourite por- trait painter of the Hungarian aristocracy. Works : Group of Children (1871) ; Decla- ration of Love at the Hedge, Turkish Gyp- sies by a Bridge (1872) ; Gypsies resting in a Church Ruin, Roumanian Gypsies, For- tune Teller, Roumanian Gypsy Girl gather- ing Mushrooms (1873) ; Gypsies dancing and playing in Roumanian Peasant Room ; Moldavian Gypsies crossing Brook ; Woo- ing in Roumania ; Peasant Girl about to sell her Hair ; Gypsies at Cards in a Hut ; Sunday in Wallachia ; Portraits of Count Pochy (1872); Archduke Joseph; Arch- duchess Clotilde ; Archduchess Maria Doro- thea (1885).— AUgem. K. C., ix. 306, 622 ; Land und Meer (1873), ii. 504 ; (1875), i. 69 ; ii. 690 ; (1877), i. 29 ; (1879), ii. 964 ; (1880), ii. 949 ; N. illust. Zeitg. (1873), No. 43 ; Wurzbach, 1. 1.
VASTO, MARQUIS DEL. See Avalos, Alfonso d'.
VAUCHELET, THEOPHILE AU- GUSTE, born at Passy (Paris), March 7, 1802, died in 1873. History and portrait painter, pupil of Abel de Pujol and of Her- sent ; won the second prize in 1827, and the grand prix de Rome in 1829. Medals : 2d class, 1831 ; 1st class, 1846, 1861 ; L. of Honour, 1861. Works : Portraits of Mar- shals Prince Poniatowski (1834), Due de Choiseul (1835), Due de Croy, of General Lecourbe (1836), Capitulation of Magde- burg in 1806, Versailles Museum ; Death of the Virgin (1837) ; Martyrdom of St. Do- natus and St. Rogatus (1839), Ministry of Interior ; Battle of Ocana in 1809 (1839) ; Christian Charity (1846), Amiens Museum ; Man sustained by Religion (1868) ; Mode- ration, Power favouring the Good, Pru- dence hindering Evil, Palais du Senat, Paris ; Invocation of the Holy Spirit, Chap- el of do. ; Prophets Daniel and Ezekiel, Jeremiah and Isaiah, Saint-Germain 1'Aux- errois, Paris ; Decoration in Chapel of St.
VAUTIER
Agnes, Saint Eustache, ib. ; Decorations of one of the grand salons de reception in the Hotel de Ville (burned under the Commune); Ceiling of Victory in the Palace of the Tuil- eries (destroyed under the Commune). He made also designs for Gobelin tapestry for the Apollo Gallery, Louvre. — Bellier, ii. 638.
VAUTIER, BENJAMIN, born at Morges on Lake Geneva, April 24, 1829. Genre painter, pupil at Geneva of Robert and of Lugardon, then (1850) in DUsseldorf of the Academy and of Jordan ; studied peasant life in the Black Forest and in the Berne Highlands, then attracted by Knaus went in 1856 to Paris, and six months later settled in Diisseldorf, where he at once achieved a brilliant success with his Church Scene, exhibited at the historical exhibition at Munich in 1858, and has since attained a position by the side of Rnaus as one of the great painters of popular life. He has made also masterly illustrations to works by Auerbach and Immermann. Member of Berlin, Vienna, Munich, Antwerp, and Am- sterdam Academies. Professor in 186C. Gold medals: Berlin, 1864; Paris, 1865, 1866 ; 2d class, 1867 ; 1st class, 1878. Or- der of Francis Joseph, 1868 ; Order of Red Eagle; Order of St. Michael, 1869; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Church Scene (1858) ; Auction in Old Castle (1859) ; Sun- day Morning Toilet ; Women coming from Church find their Husbands at the Inn (1862), Leipsic Museum ; Sewing School ; The Tutor ; Peasant and Broker, Involun- tary Confession, Basle Museum ; Saying Grace, Berne Museum ; Peasants at Trial, Sick Mother, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Sunday in Suabia ; Peasants in a Picture Gallery ; Young and Old ; The Sisters ; Repast after Funeral, Cologne Museum ; First Dancing Lesson (1868), National Gallery, Berlin ; Antiquary in Peasant's Cottage ; Sail over Brienz Lake to a Funeral ; Farewell of Dy- ing Peasant Woman ; Interrupted Brawl (1869) ; Entrapped Rat, Stettin Museum ; Toast to the Bride (Rococo Costume, 1870),
Hamburg Gallery ; Ruse for Ruse, Public Dinner (1871); Burial (1872); Consulting his Lawyer, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Visit at the Fireside (1873); Quarrel at Chess; Invi- tation to the Dance ; Departure from Homo (1875) ; Before the Meeting (1876) ; Little Barefoot ; Intermission at Alsatian Wed- ding (1878), Dresden Gallery ; The May- or's Annual Dinner (Exposition universelle, 1878), John G. Johnson, Philadelphia ; Wait- ing Room at Post Station ; Arrest of Usurer (1879) ; Visit of Young Couple (1880) ; Ob- stinacy (1882), DUsseldorf Gallery ; Bota- nist, Alsatian Woman (1882).— niustr. Zeitg. (1878), ii. 463 ; (1879), ii. 274 ; (1881), ii. 10 ; (1882), ii. 531 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 229 ; Kunst-Chronik, i. 85 ; v. 94, 143 ; vi. 119 ; viii. 60, 627, 807 ; ix. 450, 578, 820 ; x. 139, 459 ; xi. 74, 273 ; xvii. 337 ; xviii. 740 ; Land und Meer (1869), i. 54 ; Br. Meyer, stud. u. Krit., 246; Mailer, 531; Pecht, iii. 351; Reber-Pecht, iii. 341 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iii. 166, 279 ; iv. 17, 177 ; vi. 148 ; ix. (Mit- theilungen, ii. 28) ; xii. 259 (Mit., v. 50).
VAYSON, PAUL, born at Gordes (Vau- cluse) ; contemporary. Genre and flower painter, pupil of Gleyre and Laurens. Medals: 3d class, 1875 ; 2d class, 1879 ; L. of Honour, 1886. Works : Hay Making in Provence (1868); Sheep in Provence (1879); Departure of the Herd (1880); Herds coming down from Mountains (1881) ; Herd Returning (1882) ; Fair of St. Triniti"; in Provence (1883) ; Threshing Corn ; Hunter of Camargue ; Sleeping Shepherd- ess ; Spring (1884) ; Truffle Gatherers, Bull in Pasture (1886).
VECCHIA, PIETRO DELLA, born in 1605, died there in 1678. Venetian school ; pupil of Alessandro Varotari, who imitated the style of Giorgione and of Pordenone so successfully that some of his pictures have been attributed to them. Most of his works
827
VECCHIETTA
are in Venice : In S. Caterina, two scenes [ from the Legend of St. Catherine and the Triumph of Virginity ; in S. Giustina, St. Justina, one of his best works ; in S. Maria del Pianto, a Madonna and Saints ; in S. Bartolommeo, the Death of the Virgin ; in S. Lione, a Crucifixion ; in S. Giovanni Evangelista, four pictures ; and in the Acad- emy, a Christ and the Money Changers. Portraits by him in Louvre and Dresden j Gallery ; Young Man and Young Woman, Berlin Museum. — Ch. Blanc, ficole veniti- enne.
VECCHIETTA, IL, born at Castiglione di Valdorcia in the Sienese territory in 1412 (?), died in Siena, June C, 1480. Sienese school. Real name Lorenzo di Pie- tro di Giovanni di Lando ; called II Vecchi- etta (the little old man), perhaps from the age of many of his habitual models. De- spite the dryness of his style he was highly esteemed during his lifetime, and stands among the best painters of the later Sienese i school. His masterpiece, an altarpiece in the Cathedral at Pienza, painted about 1447, is a noble work. It represents the [ Ascending Virgin, our Lord, Saints Cather- ine and Agatha, Popes Calixtus and Pius II. (who ordered the picture), and in the upper part, six saints, patriarchs, or prophets. • "In this work," says a late writer, " Vecchi- etta joins to the sweetness of the Sienese school a severity of drawing and a dramatic force worthy of Florence." Among his other works are frescos in the Hospital at Siena (1441) and a relic press (1445), also the decoration of several ceilings and part of the tribune of the Sienese Baptistery (1449-50), as well as an altarpiece, in the Sienese Academy and a Madonna and Saints in the Uffizi, dated 1457. Vecchietta also painted frescos in the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, of which a St. Catherine (1460), and a Virgin of Mercy sheltering the people under her mantle and attended by saints, still survive. Much gilding, stamped and cut out in patterns, according to the fashion of the time, marks these works, which are
most carefully elaborated in a precise, for- mal, and dry manner. This is also notice- able in Vecchietta's bronze and marble works, of which he executed many. He was also an architect and a goldsmith. — C. & C., Italy, iii, 59 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iv. 209 ; ed. Mil, iiL 75, 87 ; Mfiutz, Tour du Monde (1882), No. 1117; Mttntz, A travers la Tos- cane, 342 ; Perkins, Hist. Handbook Italian Sculpture (London, 1882), 67.
VECELLI (Vecellio), FRANCESCO, born at Cadore about 1475, died in 1560. Vene- tian school Brother, probably younger, of Titian ; went about 1487 to Venice, where he studied first under Zuccato, and later with Giovanni Bellini. Having left the school of the Bellini to become a soldier, he returned to Venice after the League of Cambrai and studied with his brother, whose jealousy he is questionably said to have aroused. His earliest picture is a Ma- donna, in the Genova Chapel at the Pieve di Cadore, which shows that he began to paint with almost as much promise as Titian him- self, but his later efforts proved that he was not of the stuff of which great painters are made, and he finally settled down to commercial pursuits at Cadore. In his Ma- donna with Saints, in S. Vito di Cadore, his style is vastly below that of Titian's. His frescos in S. Salvatore, Venice, and his pict- ures on the shutters of the organ (1530) show more power, more freedom of hand- ling, and greater spirit than any other of his extant works ; but they lack distinction, and the figures are strained in action and overweighted in muscle. His Nativity, in Casa Ponte at Fonzaso, near Belluno, has been assigned to Titian. Other pictures by him are in the Venice Academy and the galleries of Modena, Dresden, and Berlin. — C. & C., Titian, il 476 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne.
VECELLI, LAVTNIA, portrait, Titian, Berlin Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 £ in. x 2 ft 7^ in. A robust girl, dressed in a yel- lowish flowered silk, raises with both hands, to the level of her forehead, a silver dish of
VEOELLI
fruit and flowers, as she glances back at the spectator. Painted about 1555 for Niccolo Crasso ; bought in Florence, in 1832, for 5,000 thalers, from Abbate Celotti, for Ber- lin Museum. Replica in Lord Cowper's Collection, London, with a casket, instead of fruit and flowers, on the silver dish ; from the Orleans Gallery. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 13G ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 497 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. 253, 259.
By Titian, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. X 3 ft. 1 in. A young girl, dressed in white damask silk, her yellow hair strewed with pearls, and with car-rings and necklace of pearls, tucks up the train of her gown with one hand and waves a palmetto fan with the other. Painted about 1555 ; came to Dresden from Modena ; transferred in 1827 to a new canvas ; fairly preserved. Copy in the Cassel Museum ; another by Rubens in Vienna Museum ; study in Al- bertina Collection, Vienna. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 135.
By Titian, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, life- size ; signed. A lady of mature years, in dress of green velvet, standing in a room, waving a fan of plumes. The features arc different from those traditionally known as Lavinia's, and resemble those of Venus with the Whispering Cupid, in the Uffizi. Paint- ed in 1558 ; sold with the Modena Collec- tion to the King of Saxony. A masterpiece of portraiture (C. & C.). Engraved by Ba- san. Transferred to a new canvas in 182G. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 267.
VECELLI (Vecellio), MARCO, called Marco di Tiziano, born at Venice in 1545, died there in 1611. Venetian school ; his- tory painter, grand-nephew and favourite pupil of Titian, whom he accompanied in his journeys to Germany and Rome, and whose style, both in composition and colouring, he imitated most successfully, whence his sur- name. Works : Allegory on Peace of Bo- logna in 1529, Doge Leonardo Donato kneeling before Madonna, Victory of the Venetians in the Morea in 1148, several others, Palazzo ducale, Venice ; Christ illu-
minating the World, SS. Giovanni e Pao- lo, ib. ; Altarpieces in several other churches, ib. ; Crucifixion and two Episodes in Life of St. Catherine, Parish church at Cadore. His son Tiziano Vecellio, the younger, called Tizianello (born in 1570), degenerated under the influence of the mannerism prevailing at the beginning of the 17th century, but was much esteemed as a portrait painter. — Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 1G8 ; Nagler, six. 494.
VECELLI (Vecellio), ORAZIO, born in Venice, 1515, died there in 1576. Venetian school ; second son and pupil of Titian, whom he served constantly as an assistant. He accompanied his father to Rome, where he painted Battista Siciliano, a celebrated violin player, and other persons. His por- traits are praised by Vasari, but he no doubt had aid and advice from his father. Being rich, dissipated, and indolent, ho painted but little, and gained little distinc- tion. His Battle of Castle Sant' Angelo, painted in competition with Tintoretto and Paolo Veronese for the Great Council Hall in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice, was burned in 1574. His only known pictures are the shutters of the altar in S. Biagio of Calalzo, near Cadore.— C. <t C., Titian, ii. 484 ; Ch. Blanc, ftcole vi'nitienne ; Vasari, ed. Lo Mon., xi. 322 ; xiii. 36; Burckhardt, 73!).
VECELLI, TIZIANO. See Titian.
VEDDER, ELIHU, born in New York, Feb. 26, 1836. Genre painter, pupil of T. H. Matteson, Slier- bourne, N. Y., and of Picot in Paris. In 1856 he went to Italy, where he has worked many years. Occasionally exhibits at the National Acad- emy ; elected N. A. in 1865. Studio in Rome. In 1883-84 Vedder made a series of 56 illustrations for the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (Boston, 1884). Works : Ques- tioner of the Sphinx ; The Lost Mind ; Identity ; Lair of the Sea Serpent, Boston
/
VEEN
Museum of Fine Arts ; Young Medusa, Death of Abel (1869) ; Ideal Head (1871) ; Scene on the Mediterranean, Fote Champc- tre (1874) ; Greek Actor's Daughter (1876) ; Young Marsyas, Cuineean Sibyl, A Pastoral (1878) ; Sleeping Girl ; Venetian Model ; Golden Net, Waves off Pier Head (1882) ; Le Mistral— The Strong North- West Wind (1884) ; Nausicaii and her Companions, J. P. Morgan, New York ; Maiden, E. D. Mor- gan Collection, ib. ; Genius aud Fisherman, Martin Brimmer, Boston. — Am. Art Rev. (1880), 325, 369 ; Mag. of Art (1885), viii. 120.
VEEN, MARTIN VAN. See Heemskerk. VEEN, OCTAVIO VAN. See Vaenius. VEILLON, (LOUIS) AUGUSTS, born at Bex, Canton Wallis, Dec. 29, 1834. Land- scape painter, pupil in Geneva of Diday, studied in Paris and Rome and travelled in Switzerland, Holland, and Egypt ; lived two years in Venice. Works : Lake of Brienz (1866), Berne Museum ; Evening in Venice, Basle Museum ; View at Brunnen, Zurich Museum ; Two Views on Lake Geneva ; Evening on Banks of the Nile ; Arabian Camp ; Lake Geneva, Evening near Cairo (1882).— Miiller, 532 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 703, 741.
VEIT, PHILIPP, born in Berlin, Feb. 13, 1793, died in Meutz, Dec. 18, 1877. His- tory painter, pupil of Dresden Academy un- der Matthiii, then went to Vienna to his step- father, Friedrich von Schlegel; in 1813 he entered the German army as a volunteer, fought in the battles of Dresden, Culm, and Leipsic, and was decorated with the Iron Cross. In 1815 he joined in Rome the circle of Corne- lius, Overbeck, and Schadow, with whom he painted the frescos in the Casa Bartholdi and Villa Massimi ; in 1830 made director of the Stadel Institute at Frankfort ; re-
signed in 1843 and settled at Sachsenhau- sen, whence, in 1853, he moved to Mentz as director of the Gallery. One of the chief representatives of the religious-romantic school. Works : Triumph of Religion, Vat- ican Gallery, Rome ; Madonna in Glory, S. Trinita de' Monti, ib. (cartoon in Darm- stadt Museum) ; Judith ; Christ on Mount of Olives, Naumburg Cathedral ; Christ knocking at the Door ; Presentation in the Temple (1829); Simeon in the Temple ; Ger- mania ; Magnificat ; Repose in Egypt, Mary and Elizabeth, Portrait of Abbe Noirlieu, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Assumption (1846), Cathedral, ib. ; Charlemagne, Otto the Great, Frederic H., Henry VIL, Romer, ib. ; The Two Marys at Christ's Tomb, Na- tional Gallery, Berlin ; St. George ; Good Samaritan ; Egyptian Darkness. In fresco : Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, Allegory on the Seven Fruitful Years, Casa Bartholdi, Rome (cartoon in Stadel Gallery) ; Pictures to Dante's "Paradise," Villa Massimi, ib. ; Al- legory on Restoration of Coliseum, Museo Chiaramonti, Vatican, ib. ; Triumph of Christianity, Italia, Germania (1838), Stadel Institute, Frankfort (cartoons in Carlsruhe Gallery) ; Cartoons of Cycle (executed, 1868, by Settegast, Lasinsky, and Hermann), Mentz Cathedral. His elder brother Jo- hannes (died in Rome in 1852), studied in Vienna and from 1811 in Rome, where he was allied with Cornelius, Schadow, and Overbeck, and took especially Perugino for his model. In the Catholic Church in Ber- lin is an Adoration of the Shepherds by him. He painted also excellent portraits. —Art Journal (1865), 70 ; Dohme, K. u. K. des xix. Jahrh., i. and ii. ; Forster, iv. 221 ; v. 351 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 229 ; Kaulen, 31 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 19 ; Nagler, xx. 1 ; Reber, ii. 223 ; Riegel, Gesch. des Wieder- auflebens. der d. K, 322, 345; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv, 62 ; xv. 29, 73.
VELASCO, LUIS DE, died in Toledo, March 11, 1606. Spanish school. Was living in Toledo in 1564 ; became painter to the Chapter there in 1581. Best works :
330
VELASQUEZ
Incarnation, Madonna with Saints and An- gels, St. Damian, and St. Cosmo, the last three executed in 1585 by order of Cardinal Quiroga, whose portrait he painted. His son and pupil, Cristobal do Velasco, was painter to Philip IIL; he also left a son, Matias de Velasco, who painted some pict-
</ J
ures of merit at Valladolid. — Stirling, i. 275 ; iii. 1360 ; Cean Bermudez.
VELASQUEZ, portrait, Velasquez, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 10 in. Bust, three-quarters right ; with mous- tache, and long hair on shoulders, wearing a small skull-cap on back of head ; wide linen collar over dark habit. Engraved by G. Kossi ; C. Colombini. — Curtis, 81 ; Stir- ling, 1401.
By Velasquez, Uffizi, Florence; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. Sixty years old, half- length, standing, in black coat and cloak, white collar, and sword ; a medal with cross of Santiago on his breast ; left hand rests on a table ; right partly conceals a key in his girdle. Probably painted in 1659. En- graved by F. Cecchini ; with changes, Bias Amettler ; H. Adlard ; bust only, J. Min- gnet. — Ch. Blanc, I5cole espagnole ; Stirling, 1401 ; Curtis, 81.
By Velasquez, Valencia Museum ; less than life-size. Bust, turned partly to right ; al- most identical with bust of Uffizi picture of 1659. Etched by Fortuny for the Baron Ch. Davillier's " Momoire de Velasquez" (Paris, 1874).— Curtis, 82.
VELASQUEZ, CONVERSATION OF. See Artists, Meeting of.
VELASQUEZ, DAUGHTER OF. See Clara, St.; Francisca ; Velasquez, Family of.
VELASQUEZ, DIEGO RODRIGUEZ DE SILVA Y, born in Seville, baptized June 6, 1599, died in Madrid, Aug. 7, 1660. Spanish school ; pupil of Herrera el Viejo, and of Francisco Pacheco, whose daughter he married in 1618. Examples of his first
manner are the Water Carrier, at Apsley House and the Adoration of the Shepherds, National Gallery, London, in the style of Ribera. In 1622 he went to Madrid, hoping, but in vain, to be allowed to paint the king's portrait. After some months' study at the Prado and the Escorial he returned to Seville and painted a portrait of the poet Gclngora, which attracted atten- tion. In 1623 the Duke of Olivures called him back to Madrid, presented him to the king, whose equestrian portrait he painted, and by whom he was appointed court painter. In the same year Velasquez paint- ed a portrait of Prince Charles of England, never finished, and now lost. The visit of Rubens to Madrid, in 1628, excited the young painter's desire to visit Italy, for which he obtained the royal consent, and after finishing the famous picture of Los Jiorrachox, he embarked at Barcelona, July 22, 1629. After passing a year in Rome and some time in Naples, where he became intimate with Spagnoletto, Velasquez re- turned to Madrid early in 1631, to remain for the next eighteen years, during which ho painted many of his finest works. In 1649 the king sent him to Italy to collect pictures for the royal galleries, and for the Academy which he wished to found at Madrid. With his faithful servant and pupil Pareja, Velas- quez successively visited Genoa, Milan, Pa- dua, Venice, Parma, Rome (where he painted Innocent X.),and Naples, returning home in 1651. In the following year the king ap- pointed the great painter quartermaster- general of his household, an office which he held for eight years. During this period he painted, among other famous works, his pictures of Las Meninas (1656), and Las Hilanderas ; attended to the laborious duties of his office ; superintended the placing of
331
VELASQUEZ
pictures in the Royal Palace, Madrid, the Escorial, etc. ; accompanied the French am- bassador on his artistic journeys in 1659, and created a new school of painting with the magical works of his third style. In 1660 a meeting of the French and Spanish courts was fixed to take place on the Isle of Pheasants in the River Bidassoa, to celebrate the nuptials of Louis XIV. and the Infanta Maria Teresa. In March Velasquez was sent to erect a pavilion on the island, and prepare the Castle of Fueuterrabia for the royal reception. The fatigue consequent upon his great labours proved too much for his constitution. After his return to Ma- drid, July 31, he became alarmingly ill, and a week later, Friday, Aug. 7, breathed his last. The corpse lay in state for two days, habited in the full dress of a Knight of Santiago, and was then carried by night to the parish church of San Juan, where it was buried in the vault below the family chapel of the Fuensalidas. Works : Adora- tion of Magi, Christ on the Cross, Corona- tion of Virgin, Anthony the Abbot and Paul the Hermit, Los Ilorrachon, Forge of Vulcan, Las Lanzas, Las Hilanderas, Las Meninas, Mercury and Ai-gus, Portrait of Philip in., do. of Margarita of Austria, do. of Philip IV. (7), do. of Isabel of Bourbon, do. of Don Bal- tasar Carlos (3), do. of Coude de Olivdres, do. of Infanta Dona Maria, do. of Don Car- los, do. of Don Fernando, do. of Dona Mari- ana of Austria (3), do. of Dona Maria Teresa of Austria, do. of Luis de Gongora, do. of Dona Juana Pacheco, do. of Francisca— daughter of Velasquez, do. of Antonio Alon- so Pimentel, do. of Martinez Montanes, do. of Pablillos de Valladolid, do. of Pernia, do. of Don Juan de Austria, do. of El Primo, do. of Sebastian de Morra, do. of Don Antonio, do. of El Nino de Vallecas, do. of El Bobo de Coria, JEsop, Menippus, Mars, portrait of Alonso Martinez de Espinar, and other por- traits, Arch of Titus, Villa Medici (2), Fountain of Tritons, Lake at Buen Retiro, and other landscapes, Madrid Museum ; Coat of Joseph, Escorial; Water Carrier,
Royal Palace, Madrid ; Saint with Palm Branch, Portraits of Philip IV., his Queen, and seven others, two Landscapes, Salaman- ca Gallery, ib. ; Portrait of Dona Antouia de Haro, Duke of Alva, ib. ; Nativity, Still-Life (2), Landscape, Portraits (2), Seville Muse- um ; Young Cavalier, sketches for portraits of Philip IV. and Conde de Oliviires, Mont- pensier Gallery, ib.; Portrait of Velasquez, Valencia Museum ; Portrait of Infanta Ma- ria Margarita, do. of Philip IV., do. of Don Pedro de Altamira, Meeting of Artists, Lou- vre, Paris ; Portrait of Don Baltasar Carlos, Landscape, Hague Museum ; Portrait of Don Baltasar Carlos, Amsterdam Museum ; Portrait, Brussels Museum ; Portrait of Alessaudro del Borro, do. of Mariana — sister of Philip IV., Berlin Museum ; Portrait of Conde de Olivdres, Personages of Court of Philip IV., two male portraits, Dresden Mu- seum ; Portrait of Cardinal Borgia, do. of Infanta Margarita Teresa, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Portrait of Infanta Maria Tere- sa, do. of Velasquez (?), Male Portrait, Mu- nich Gallery ; Laughing Idiot, Family of Velasquez, Portrait of Philip IV. (2), do. of Don Baltasar Carlos, do. of an Infanta, do. of Infante Don Philip Prosper, do. of In- fanta Maria Teresa, do. of Infanta Margarita Maria, Vienna Museum ; Portrait of Philip IV. (2), Conde de Olivdres (2), Pope Inno- cent X., Peasant Laughing, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Portrait, Leuchtenberg Collec- tion, ib.; Portrait of Philip IV, Stockholm Museum ; Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Ve- lasquez, two Male Portraits, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Ve- lasquez, Bacchanalian Scene, Uffizi, ib. ; Ma- donna, Palazzo Cataneo, Genoa ; Portrait of Innocent X., Palazzo Doria, Rome ; Portrait of Philip TV., Turin Gallery ; Portrait of Philip PV. (2), Adoration of Shepherds, Boar Hunt, Dead Warrior, Praying Children be- fore Ecce Homo, National Gallery, London ; Portrait of Philip IV., Dulwich Gallery, ib.; Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Queen of Philip TV., Hampton Court Palace, ib.; Water Carrier, Fair with Gypsies, Fortified
332
VELASQUEZ
Town, Portrait of Innocent X., do. of Velas- quez, do. of Francisco de Quevedo, do. of n Cardinal, Apsley House, ib. ; Portrait of In- nocent X., Marquis of Bute, ib. ; Landscape (2), Portrait of Philip IV., Bath House, ib.; Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Velasquez, do. of Son of Conde de Olivares, Bridgewater House, ib.; Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Don Baltasar Carlos, Grosvenor House, ib.; Lady with Fan, Boar Hunt, Portrait of Don Ballasar Carlos (3), do. of Infanta, do. of Philip IV., do. of Conde de Olivures, Sir Richard Wallace, Hertford House, ib.; St. Clara, Dona Juaua Panheco, Dudley House, ib.; Field Marshal in Armour, Holford House, ib.; Duke of Gandia, St. Charles Borromeo, St. Francis Borgia, Landscape, Stafford House, ib. ; St. John Evangelist, Bartle Frere Collection, ib.; Slay Hunt, Lord Ashburton, ib. ; Portrait of Don Adrian Pulido Pareja, do. of Juan de Pareja, do. of Velasquez, Longford Castle, "Wilts ; Portrait of Don Adrian Pulido Pareja, male portrait, Woburn Abbey ; Portrait of Philip IV. (2), Virgin in Fjcstasy, Miles Collection, Leigh Court; Portrait of Pedro Alcantara, Duke of Northumberland ; Head of Girl, Earl Spencer, Althorp ; Portrait of Olivares, do. Innocent X. (?), Portrait of Velasquez, Child in Bed, Landscape with Cavaliers (2), Mar- quis of Lansdowne, Bowood ; Las Meuinas, Portrait of Cardinal Gasparde Borja, do. of Philip IV., Banks Collection, Kingston Lacy ; Lot and his Daughters, Northwick Park, Worcestershire ; Finding of Moses, Juan de Pareja, Earl of Carlisle, Castle Howard ; Portrait of Philip IV., Isabel of Bourbon, Conde de Olivdres, Mrs. Henry Huth, Wykehurst, Surrey ; Deliverance of St. Peter, Francis Cook, Richmond ; Venus and Cupid, Robert Morrit, Rokeby Park, Yorkshire ; Portrait of Mariana of Austria, H. B. Brabazon, Battle, Sussex ; Incident in Life of Pope Sixtus V., National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Supper at Emmaus, Earl of Breadalbane, Perthshire ; Portrait of Don Baltasar Carlos, Henry G. Marquand, New York ; Knight of Santiago, Aspinwall sale
(1886), ib.; Knight of Santiago, William P. Douglas, ib.; Philip IV. as David, Portrait of Infanta Margarita, Landscape, Still-Life, Portrait of Cinq Mars, St. John Baptist, Lady and Children, Historical Society, ib.; Fruits, Metropoli- tan Museum, ib. — Sir W. Stirling- Maxwell, Annals of Artists of Spain; Baron Davillier, Memoire de V. (Paris, 1874); W. Bttrger, Tresor d'Art en Angletcrre (Paris, 1868); Waagen, Treasures ; Madrazo, 586 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1879), xix. 415 et seq.; Quar- terly Rev., Oct., 1872 ; Stowe, Velasquez, (London, 1882) ; Curtis, Velasquez and Mu- rillo (New York, 1883); Washburn, Spanish Masters, 109 ; Kunst-Chrouik, xix. 175 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., v. 229 ; xi. 160 ; xviii. 389.
VELASQUEZ, FAMILY OF, Velasquez, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x 5 ft. 7 in. In a well-lighted room are twelve fig- ures, two-thirds life-size, commonly called Family of Velasquez ; in foreground, his wife Juaua, seated, with two children stand- ing at her knee ; on left, his daughter Fran- cisca with three other children ; on extreme left, J. B. M. del Mazo, husband of Fran- cisca, with a young man called a younger brother of Juaua ; in background, in an al- cove, Velasquez, his back to the spectator, painting a portrait of a lady, and a servant and child. Curtis thinks this depicts the family of Mazo instead of Velasquez. En- graved by J. Kovatsch ; etched by W. lin- ger.— Stirling, ii. 671 ; Haas, Gal. de Vi- enne ; Curtis, 15.
VELATA, LA See Donna Velata.
VELDE, ADRIAAN VAN DE, born in Amsterdam in 1635 or 1636, died there, Jan. 21, 1672. Dutch school ; landscape and an- imal painter, son and pupil of Willetn van de Velde, the elder, then pupil at Haarlem of Jail Wynants ; showed even as a boy an eminent talent, and after having left Wyn- ants, studied figure drawing under Philip
VELDE
Wouwerman, and further developed under the influence of Paulus Potter ; is almost
equally import- ant as a painter of figures in the landscapes of famous con- temporaries, like Van der Heyden, Wyn- ants, the Ruis- daels, Hobbe- ma, Frederik Moucheron, etc. Painted some religious and mythological subjects. Works : Farm Cottage (1658), Forest Scene (1658), Frost Scene (1668), three others, National Gal- lery, London ; Hilly Landscape with Shep- herdess (1659), Seashore at Scheveningeu (1660), Hunting Party (1666), four others (1664, 1666, 1668), Buckingham Palace, ib.; two, Lord Ashburton, ib. ; do., Mr. Hope and Mr. Munro, ib. ; Eendezvous de Chasse, Mr. Baring, ib. ; Strand of Scheveningen (1660), Three Landscapes with Animals (1661, 1664), Shepherd's Family (1668), Frozen Canal (1668), Louvre ; Landscape with Sheep, Antwerp Museum ; Herd Rest- ing (1665), Arenberg Gallery, Brussels ; Landscape with Animals (1663), View of Scheveningen (1665), Hague Museum ; The Ferry (1666), Artist and his Family in the Country (1667), Hunting Party (1669), The Hut (1671), Landscapes with Cattle and Shepherds (2), Amsterdam Museum ; View of Haarlem, Haarlem Museum ; Landscape with Animals, Smithy (1658), Rotterdam Museum ; Cows and Sheep, Basle Museum ; Pastoral Scenes (3, 1662, 1669, 1671), Carls- ruhe Gallery ; View near Scheveningen at Ebb Tide, Landscape with Cattle, Cassel Gallery ; Grazing Cows (1658), Wood Land- scape with Herd (1668), River Landscape, Berlin Museum ; Cottage and Grazing Cat- tle (1659), Woman Drinking (1661), Land- scapes (2, 1665, 1667), Winter Scene (1669), Cattle and Sheep, Dresden Gallery ; Deer Grazing (1658), Stag Hunt (1666), Shep-
herds with Flock by a Well (1668), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Horsemen starting from Inn, Leipsic Museum ; Herdsman driving Cattle (1660), Ferry with Peasants and Cat- tle (1667), Idyllic Landscape (1669), two others (1670, 1671), Old Pinakothek, Mu- nich ; Cattle driven by Herdsman in Rainy Weather, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Ro- man Ferry Boat (1659), St. Jerome in a Landscape (1668), Herd resting by a Brook (1670), Schwerin Gallery ; Officer question- ing Peasant (1659), Worlitz Gallery ; oth- ers in Galleries of Aschaffenburg (2), Gotha, Hamburg (1650), Innsbruck, Schleissheim ; in Museum, Vienna (2, one dated 1664), Liechtenstein (3, two dated 1663, 1665), and Czernin Galleries, ib.; Baron Roth- schild's Collection, ib. ; in Stroganoff Gal- lery (5), St. Petersburg ; Landscape with Animals, Historical Society, New York. —
Ch. Blanc,
A
A W
^Xt W
daise;Bur- ger, Musees, i. 135, 265 ; ii. 88, 259 ; Doh- me, lii. ; Havard, A. & A. holl., ii. 183; Immerzeel, iii. 162 ; Krarnm, vi. 1686 ; Rugler (Crowe), ii. 441 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 331.
VELDE, ESAIAS VAN DE, born in Am- sterdam about 1590, died at The Hague, buried Nov. 18, 1630. Dutch school ; land- scape and battle painter. Entered the Haar- lem Guild in 1612, and that of The Hague in 1618. Works : Diner Champetre (1614), Hague Museum ; Surrender of Bois-le-Duc (1629), Frolic on the Ice, Prince Maurice " bell-ing " the Cat (copy ?), Amsterdam Mu- seum ; Wooded Landscape, Haarlem Mu- seum ; Nocturnal Combat between Dutch Cavalry and Spanish Infantry (1623), Man on Horseback, Rotterdam Museum ; Cav- alry Skirmish (1622), Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Bulwark on Canal, Offi- cer's Portrait (?), Berlin Museum ; Sacking of Village at Night (1620), Moltke Collec- tion, Copenhagen ; Buildings and Ruins on Mountainside (1625), Christiania Gallery ; Two Battle-Pieces, Amalienstift, Dessau ;
334
VELDE
Two Skirmishes, Dresden Museum ; Battle of Prague, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Land- scape with Cattle (1625), Winter Landscape (1629), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Winter Scene with Skaters (1615 or 1635 ?), Leipsic Mu- seum ; Pleasure Party on the Ice in a City Moat (1618), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Cav- alry Fight, Museum, Vienna ; Stag Hunt, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Siege of Bois-le-
EVAAJDEN'VEtDE
Due, Schonborn Gallery, ib. — Ch. Blanc, £cole hollandaise ; Burger, Musees, ii. 203 ; Dohme, lii. ; Kramm, vi. 1687 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 358 ; Van der Willigen, 305 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vii. 154.
VELDE, JAN VAN DE, the younger, born in Haarlem about 1598 (?). Dutch school ; landscape, animal, and still-life painter, pupil of Jacob Matham, entered the Haarlem guild in 1614, probably visit- ed Italy ; better known as an etcher and engraver. Works : Still-Life (1655), Brus- sels Museum ; Landscape with Tobias and the Angel, Brunswick Gallery ; Landscapes with Figures (2), Christiauia Gallery ; do. (1), Gotha Museum.— Bode, Studien, 322 ; Havard, A. & A. holl., iv. 157 ; Kramm, vi. 1689 ; Rep. f. Kunstwissenschaft, v. 245 ; Van der Willigen, 303.
VELDE, WILLEM VAN DE, the elder, bom at Leyden in 1610, died at Greenwich, England, buried in London, Dec. 16, 1693. Dutch school ; began life as a sailor, but soon became known as a nautical draughts- man, in which capacity he was employed by the States of Holland. Charles H., who had known him in Holland, invited him to England in 1675 "to make draughts of sea fights," with a salary of .£100, which was continued by James H. There is a series of twelve naval battles and seaports by him at Hampton Court. He was known in Eng- land as Old Vandevelde, to distinguish him from his son Willem, the younger. In the
Hermitage, St. Petersburg, are two Views of a Roadstead in Holland, by him.
VELDE, WILLEM VAN DE, the young- er, born in Am- sterdam in 1633, died at Green- wich, April 6, 1707. Dutch school ; marine painter, son and pupil of Willem van de Velde, the elder, and pupil of Simon de Vlie- ger. Accompanied his father on his sea voyages, and entered with him, in 1675, the service of Charles IL of England. In 1686 he returned for a short period to Holland, but was called again to England by James H. He is the greatest marine painter of the Dutch school. Works : Ship- ping in a Calm (1657), Coast Scene (1661), Storm at Sea (1673), twelve others, National Gallery, London ; Sea Coast (1669), Fish- erman Putting off (1G71), two others, Buck- ingham Palace, ib.; Dutch Coast (1656), Scene from Naval Battle, five others, Bridge- water Gallery, ib.; La petite flotte, Lord Ashburton, ib.; two, Mr. Hope, ib.; four, Mr. Munro, ib. ; two, Mr. Baring, ib. ; Fish- ing Boats in a Calm, Engagement between English and Dutch Fleets, National Gal- lery, Edinburgh ; Flag-Ship, Dutch Fleet, Calm Sea with Vessels, Louvre ; Calm Sea, Antwerp Museum ; View of the Zuyder Zee, Brussels Museum ; View of the Y, Calm Sea with Vessels, Hague Museum ; Flag-Ship Prince Royal striking her Col- ours, Four Meu-of-War in same Action, Agitated Sea with Sailing Vessels, View of Amsterdam (1686), Calm Seas (3), Coast of Scheveningen, Breeze, Ship firing Volleys, Amsterdam Museum ; Harbour of Texel (1673), Rotterdam Museum ; Four Vessels (1653), Calm Sea, Cassel Gallery ; do., and Marine View with Storm passing off, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Dutch Frigates, Man- of-War Filing, Berlin Museum ; Agitated
338
VELY
Sea with Vessels, Darmstadt Museum ; do., Dresden Gallery ; do., and Calm Sea, Stii- del Gallery, Frankfort ; Calm Sea with Ves- sels, Gotha Museum ; do. (1653), two oth- ers, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Storms at Sea (2), Landscape at Night, Hermannstadt Museum ; Calm Sea, Leuchtenberg Gal- lery, ib. ; Calm Sea with many Vessels (1661), four others, Weimar Museum ; oth- ers in Germanic Museum, Nuremberg, Stutt- gart Museum, Wiesbaden Gallery, Vienna Academy, Czernin, Harrach, and SchOnborn Galleries, Vienna ; Marine Views (3), Ar- rival of Dutch Fleet at Amsterdam, His- torical Society, New York. His son, Cor- nelius, also a marine painter, is remem- bered only as a copyist. — Ch. Blanc, tfcole hol-
rr
sees, i. 155, 274; ii. 148; Dohme, lii. ; Immerzeel, iii. 160 ; Kramm, vi. 1691 ; Kugler (Ci'owe), ii. 497 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 283 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 331 ; xi. 215 ; De Stuers, 174.
VF.LY, AN AT OLE, born at Ronsoy (Somme), Feb. 20, 1838, died in Paris, Jan. 11, 1882. History and genre painter, pupil of Valenciennes Academy, and in Paris of Signol, and the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Med- al, 3d class, 1874 ; 2d class, 1880. Works : Death of Abel (1866); Mater Dolorosa (1868) ; Temptation (1869), Amiens Muse- um ; Country Women ; Magdalen (1872) ; Speaking Well (1873), New York Museum ; Lucia di Lammermoor (1874), Narbonne Museum ; Meditation (1875) ; First Step (1876) ; Love and Money (1878) ; Awaken- ing of the Heart (1880).— Bellier, ii. 646 ; Larousse.
VENETIAN EMBASSY AT CONSTAN- TINOPLE, Gentile Bellini, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 6 ft. 7 in. The embassy re- ceived by the Grand Vizier, who sits on a divan in the court of his palace ; on steps to right and in the court are groups of tur- baned persons, some of whom are on horse- back, with tame deer and an ape. Painted
in 1479-80, during Gentile's visit to Con- stantinople. Carried into France by Raph- ael Dufresne.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 127 ; Villot, Louvre ; Mtindler, 36.
VENEZIANO, ANTONIO. See Antonio Veneziano.
VENEZIANO, BONIFAZIO. See Boni- fazio Veneziano.
VENEZIANO, DOMENICO. See Do- menico Veneziano.
VENICE— THE DOGANA, Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gallery, London ; wood, H. 1 ft. 8 in.X 2 ft. 8 in. Showing the Do- gana, Campanile of S. Marco, Palazzo Ducale, Bridge of Sighs, etc. Royal Academy, 1833. Engraved by J. T. Willmore ; T. A. Prior. —Art Journal (1849), 260 ; Monkhouse, 125.
VENICE, AND DOGE SEBASTIAN VENIER, Paolo Veronese, Palazzo Ducale, Venice. " An unrivalled Veronese ; far finer even than the Europa." — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 297.
VENICE ENTHRONED, Paolo Veronese, Palazzo Ducale, Venice. The Apotheosis of Venice, in Sala del Maggior' Consiglio. " One of the grandest pieces of frank colour in the Palazzo Ducale." — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 297 ; Zanotto, 140.
VENICE— GRAND CANAL, Joseph M. W. Turner, Earl Dudley, London. The canal covered with gondolas and gaily dressed shipping ; at right, S. M. dell' Salute ; at left, Palazzo Ducale and Campanile. Sold at Mendel sale (1875), to Messrs. Agnew for £7,350 ; to Earl of Dudley for 8,000 guineas. Another, painted in 1835, in Munro Collec- tion. Another (1844), different view, Na- tional Gallery, London. — Art Journal (1850), 92 ; (1862), 192.
VENICE, TRIUMPH OF, Tintoretto, Pa- lazzo Ducale, Venice. Above, Venice, draped in blue, is surrounded by flying figures ; be- low, Doge da Ponte and his senators receive the homage of the conquered. — Ch. Blanc, ficole venitienne.
VENIUS. See Vaenius.
VENNE, ADRIAAN VAN DER, born at Delft in 1589, died at The Hague, Nov. 12,
VENNEMAN
1662. Dutch school ; landscape, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of the goldsmith Si- mon Valck, after having received a classical and scientific education at Leyden ; master of St. Luke's guild at The Hague in 1625, and one of the founders of the new guild in 1656 ; painted historical and allegorical scenes, battles, hunts, conflagrations, into ah1 of which he introduced numerous well- drawn and finely executed figures, of a por- trait-like character in the historical pieces. Works : Truce Festival (1616), Louvre ; Peche aux ames (1614), Prince Maurice with his Brothers and Cousins on Horse- back (1618), Prince Maurice visiting Kir- mess at Eyswyk (1618), Prince Maurice and Frederik Hendrik on Horseback, King of Bohemia and Suite hunting (1627), Meeting of Boudewyn van Heusclen with English Ambassador, Prince Maurice lying in State, Amsterdam Museum ; Ronde de Gueux, Scuffle between Shopkeepers (1637), Hague Museum ; Prince Frederik Hendrik and Suite (1635), Rotterdam Museum ; Assem- bly before a Castle, Cassel Gallery ; Gypsy
Venus and Adonis. Guercino, Dresden Gallery.
Family in a Ruin, Brunswick Gallery ; Prince Maurice and Brothers on Horseback, Darm- stadt Museum ; Allegory on Poverty and Wealth, Gotha Gallery ; Summer and Win- ter (1614), Berlin Museum ; Market Scene,
Christiania Gallery ; Peasant having Tooth i extracted, Herinannstadt Museum ; Satyri- cal Scenes (2), Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck. — Archief voor ned. Kuustgesch., ii. 108 ; iii. 258, 272, 275 ; iv. 59 ; Immerzeel, iii. 165; Kramm, vi. 1696; vii. 152; Kugler (Crowe), i. 245 ; Kunstkronijk (1867), 82, 83, 85 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 207.
VENNEMAN, CHARLES FERDINAND, born in Ghent, Jan. 6, 1803, died in 1875. Genre, landscape, and animal painter, pupil of Ghent Academy, where he won several prizes, and in Antwerp of Braekeleer ; imitat- ed the old Dutch mas- ters. Medal, Antwerp, 1845. Works : Chicken Market, Interior with Figures (1837) ; Musical Party (1839) ; Peasants after the Chase (1842), Afternoon Nap (1844), Toper (1846), Konigsberg Mu- seum ; Dutch Peasant Scene (1847), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Card Players, Jolly Peasant, Stettin Museum ; Card Players (1850), Ghent Museum.— Immerzeel, iii. 105.
VENUS, ancient pictures. See Apelles, Artemidorux, Dvrotheus, Nearchus.
VENUS, Giovanni Jlellim, Vi- enna Museum ; wood ; H. 2 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 4 in. ; signed, dated 1515. Figure seen to knees, seat- ed on a cushion covered with a Turkish carpet. Engraved by J. A. von Prenner ; J. Popels. — C. <fe C., N. Italy, i. 193 ; Meyer, Kttnst. Lex., iii. 419.
By William Page, W. Bullard, Boston ; canvas, life-size. Full- length, standing in a shell which is drawn over the sea by doves. Painted in 1859. By Palma Veccbio, Dresden Museum ; canvas, H. 4 f t. x 6 ft. 6 in. Venus, nude, lying in a landscape. Bought in 1772 for £300.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 475.
337
VENUS
VENUS AND ADONIS, Francesco Albani,
Louvre ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 3 in.
A cupid conducts Adonis, holding a dog in leash, to Venus, who lies asleep on cushions in the shadow of trees, watched by other cupids ; still others bathe in a river, and two in the air are supporting a large white veil. Collection of Louis XTV. Engraved by Baudet; B. Audran.— Villot, Cat. Lou- vre ; Landon, Musee, 2d Col., iii. PL 64
By Guerdno, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 3 in. Venus finds the dead body of Adonis ; Cupid leads thither the boar by the ear. In Guercino's third
Venus and Adonis, Rubens, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
manner. Painted in 1647 for Cardinal Mazarin, who ordered it as a pendant to Cephalus and Procris ; belonged afterwards to Prince de Carignan. Engraved by L. S. Lempereur. Another (6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 10 in.) in Dresden Gallery. — Gal. roy. de Dres- de, ii. PL 23 ; He-veil, vii. 475.
By Rubens, Blenheim Palace ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 5 in. x 7 ft. 10 in. Venus, seated on a bank under a tree, endeavours to detain Adonis, who, spear in hand and his dogs by his side, is anxious to depart ; Cupid clings round Adonis's leg. A grand picture of the artist's middle period. Presented by Em-
peror of Germany to John, Duke of Marl- borough. Blenheim sale (1886) £7,200, to Agnew. — Waagen, Treasures, iii. 131 ; Smith, ii. 245.
By Rubens, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; wood, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 11£ in. Venus, just descended from her car, drawn by white swans, endeavours to detain Adonis, who, anxious for the chase with his attend- ant dogs, tries to remove her arm from his neck ; Cupid aids the goddess by clinging to Adonis's thigh. Engraved by Tassaert. Similar subject, Hague Museum ; engraved by Lerouge in FilhoL— Smith, ix. 302 ; Fil- hol, vii. PI. 470 ; Landon, Musee, ii. PL 16.
By Bube.ns, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. Venus, seated on a bank at foot of a tree, endeavours to detain Ado- nis, who, spear in hand, is ready for the chase ; Cupid embraces his knees, while the three Graces draw aside the crimson drapery which conceals her charms ; five other cupids play with Adonis's dogs. — Smith, ii. "l43 ; Lasinio, PI. 82 ; Larousse, xv. 882.
By Titian, Alnwick Castle, Eng- land ; canvas, H. 2 ft. G| in. x 3 ft. 4 in. Venus, half-lying, half-sit- ting, with her back to the specta- tor, on a brown-red cloth on a mound shaded by trees, clutches at Adonis, who, with a spear in one hand and a leash of three dogs in the other, is striding away to the field. Probably the original sketch of this subject, painted about 1560 ; formerly in the Cammuccini and Barberini Collections. The principal copy, long in the Farnese Collections in Parma and Rome, has disappeared. Oth- er copies with variations in Venice Acad- emy, Vienna Museum, and at Leigh Court and Cobham Hall, England. The Leigh Court copy (H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 6 ft. 8 in.), which once belonged to Benjamin West, was bought in at Leigh Court sale (1884)
838
VENUS
for 1,680 150.
guineas. — C. & C., Titian,
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. x 6 ft. 9 in. Variation of the Alnwick Ve- nus, with Cupid asleep under a tree. Paint-
ii. nelli, ib. ; Johann Rottenhfimmer, ib. ; Ales- sandro Turchi (2), Dresden Museum ; Nicolas
Poussin, Uffizi, Florence, Montpellier Muse- um ; Fran9ois Boucher, Barker Collection, London ; Narciso Diaz (Salon, 1848, 1859) ;
ed in 1554 as a companion-piece (though j Victor Muller (Salon, 1865).
larger) to the Danae of Madrid, and sent to London to Philip, Prince of Spain, with Titian's congratulations on his marriage to Queen Mary. Philip acknowledged its re- ceipt, Dec. 6, 1554, and complained of an injury to the canvas, which had been rolled and squeezed flat by acci- dent. The crease is still apparent. Titian was prob- ably aided by Orazio Ve- celli in it, and by others in the replicas in National Gallery, London, and in the collection of Lord El- cho. Modern copies in Nostitz Collection, Prague, and in Duhvich Gallery. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 237 ; Va- sari, ed. Mil., vii. 451.
By Paolo Veronese, Na- tional Gallery, Edinburgh ; canvas, H. 2 ft. x 2 ft. 8 in. — Waagen, Treasures, iii. 274.
By Paolo Veronese, Ma- drid Museum ; canvas, H. 7 ft. x 6 ft. 6 in. Adonis reclining on the sward asleep, with his head in the lap of the goddess ; Venus looks towards a cupid and a beautiful dog, anxious to de- part for the chase. Bought by Velasquez in Venice for Philip IV. A very fine example of the painter. — Madrazo ; Larousse, xv. 882.
Subject treated also by Moretto, Uffizi, Florence ; Paris Bordone, Vienna Museum ; Luca Cambiaso, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; Anton van Dyck, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Cornells Corneliszen, Caen Museum ; Joseph Heinz, elder, Vienna Museum ; Abraham Jaussens van Nuyssen, ib. ; Caspar Netscher, Louvre, Paris; Giovanni Francesco Roma-
VENUS AND ^SCULAPIUS, Edward J. Poynter, South Kensington Museum, Lon- don ; canvas, H. 6 ft. x 8 in. Venus, attended by the Graces, on one of whom she leans for support, is showing the thorn in her foot to .aSsculapius, who is seated in a garden un-
Venus and Adonis, Titian, Madrid Museum.
der a porch covered with honeysuckle, with a dog lying beside him and Hygieia stand- ing behind holding a box of medicaments ; doves and sparrows are flitting about ; in the background a gateway leads into the te- menos of the temple, and at right is a foun- tain, from which an attendant is dipping water for one of the Graces, who is holding out her hand for it. Royal Academy, 1880 ; purchased for Chantry Collection. En- graved by W. Ridgway. Water-colour sketch, J. P. Haseltine.— Art Journal (1885), 324, 340.
839
" .'1 "
TESTS AXADTOMEXE
tfce KBL See
_ - '._ -
Ll "L- '
fin m ISli— Y A C_ fcrfy; i renae. P_i4.
ImJX-
. -,-.. IL. __ :1- .
...... i: -:_ :_ J -
-•-.
*J-.-r--~
~ - : :-_ -
VEXU8
in a shell drawn by dolphins driven by By Sir Joshua Rey*Mt , Lord Castletown ; loves ; around her nymphs and tritons are canvas. Full-length, nude, reclining in aa f^ffiiiia in the wares, while above, the air is arbour under a red curtain in a wooded filled with a cloud of genii. landscape. Cupid peeps in on her through
By Alexandra CabantL, Luxembourg Mu- the boughs. Probably soggested by Tenn* senm, Paris ; canvas, H. 4ft3in.x7ft.4 of Titian. Painted in 1759 ; selected by in. The goddess, just born, is m^nUting Earl of Upper Oasory, when he had, by Rey- opon the foam, stretching, and half-opening nokk's will, choice of works in his studio. her dazzled eyes, which she shades with her Engraved by Raimha^H -( Collyer. — Leslie k. right arm ; above, five genii — two blowing Taylor, L 173 ; Potting, 22 ; Athen., Jan., conch shells, the others hovering over her 1875, 5*1
head. Salon, 1863 ; Exposition universelk, By Titian, Palazzo Borghese, Borne ; ean- 1867. Two replicas : Smaller one, ™««i* for engraving. H. C. Gib- son, Philadelphia ; the other, painted last, John Wotfe, New Tort En- graved by A. FraneoiB. Etched by L. Flameng. Photogravure in Art Treasons of America. — Art Tress. of Amer., L 56, 67 ; Larousse, XT. 882.
TEXTS AND CUPID, Lucas Cnotach, the elder, Berlin Museum ; wood, H-5ft.6in.x2ft. Te- nus, node, walking to right ; near her, Cupid, complaining of being
•»..«: stung by bees (Tbeoe..
Id, xix.). Another in Berlin Museum, Ye- vac, half-lengths, life-size. Venus, sitting,
DOS walking to left, with Cupid on a pedes- binding the eyes of Eros, who leans on her
taL — Meyer, Vmtftpn. 10L lap. while she tarns to listen to snouner
By William Etty. Henry BtckneD, Cam- eupid leaning on her tfm\A*r : two girls to
dish House, Clapham Common, London ; left — one carrying a quiver, the other a bow.
canvas. Tenus, nude, recumbent, with Painted about 1565; weD preserved. Ec-
Cupid near her. — Art Journal (London, graved several times. — BidoifL Maravigb>. L
1872), 9L 257 ; C k C., Titian, ii. 355 ; Heath. Titian,
By Gttido Beni, Dresden GaOery ; canvas, 71 ; B^veO, xiiL STL
H.4ft5m.x5ft,9in. Fall-length, node, By fihaa, UffizL Florence : canvas, fig-
reposing on a coach covered with white, nres life-sire. Tenus. node, lying on a
with a curtain in background ; she leans velvet couch -the cloth of which she holds,
upon her right elbow, and takes with her together with a bunch of flowers, in one
left hand a dart from Cupid, who stands on hand), tarns her head towards Cupid, who
the coach near her feet. Bestored by Palen. whispers as he looks over her shoulder : a
— Hubner, Dresden GaL, L 19. link dog at her feet saj& at an owl on the
VENUS
balustrade ; in the distance, a landscape with mountains. Painted about 1547 ; in Urbino Collection. The Venus with the Organ Player, Madrid, is in some re- spects a repetition of it. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 156.
By Velasquez, Robert Morrit, Rokeby Park, Yorkshire, England ; full-length, life- size. The goddess, nude, her back to the spectator, reclining on a purple couch, be- hind which hangs a green and crimson drapery ; her face is reflected in a mirror
da Pontormo, Uffizi, Florence ; Antonio Bellucci, Dresden Museum ; Jan Brueghel, Madrid Museum ; Luca Cambicaso, Palazzo Pallavicini, Genoa ; Girolamo Carpi, Dres- den Museum ; Carlo Cignani, Turin Muse- um ; Lucas Cranach, Palazzo Borghese, Home ; Christian Dietrich, Dresden Muse- um ; Guercino, Accademia di S. Luca, Koine ; Eustache Lesueur, Louvre, Paris ; Pietro Liberi, Vienna Museum ; Heinrich van Lim- borg, Dresden Museum ; Franyois Boucher, Berlin Museum ; Padovanino, Louvre, Paris ;
Festival of Venus, Rubens, Vienna Museum.
held by Cupid, who kneels on the couch near her feet. In Velasquez's latest man- ner. Formerly in Alcazar at Madrid (1666) ; then in possession of Duke of Alva (1776) ; bought from the Prince of Peace in 1813 by Mr. Morrit for £500. — Buchanan, Memoirs, ii. 243 ; Illust. Esp. y Amer., Nov. 8, 1874 ; Curtis, 20 ; Burger, Tresors, 121 ; Larousse, xv. 882.
Subject treated also by Lodovico Carrac- ci, Berlin Museum ; Vienna Museum ; Jaco- po Palma, younger, Cassel Gallery ; Jacopo
Georg Penckz, Munich Gallery ; Rem- brandt, Louvre ; Andrea Schiavone, Vienna Museum ; Paolo Veronese, Bordeaux Muse- um ; Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; Adriaan van der Werff, Dresden Museum ; Joseph Ma- zerolles (Salon, 1861) ; fidouard Toudouze (Salon, 1874).
VENUS AND CUPID, HISTORY OF,
1 Raphael, Bath-room of Cardinal Bibbiena,
Vatican ; frescos on walls. Seven large
compositions, on a dark red background :
1. Birth of Venus ; 2. Venus and Cupid
343
VENUS
borne by Dolphins ; 3. Venus, wounded, complaining to Cupid ; 4. Jupiter and An- tiope ; 5. Venus drawing a Thorn from her Foot ; 6. Venus and Adonis ; 7. Vulcan and Minerva. Corresponding to these are seven smaller compositions on a black back- ground, illustrating the Triumphs of Love. Designed by Raphael, and painted by his pupils about 1514. Engraved, in whole or iii part, by Marco da Eavenna ; Piroli ; Lan-
VENUS, CUPID, AND VULCAN, Tin- toretto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 2 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 4 in. Venus, nude, reclining i on a green carpet, caressing Cupid ; Vulcan, also nearly nude, kneeling and raising a white cloth which partly envelops Cupid ; in background, a landscape, with Mars in his chariot in the clouds, an allusion to the parentage of Cupid. — Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii. PI. 84.
Toilet of Venus, Francesco Albani, Louvre, Paris.
don ; A. Veneziano ; A. Campanella ; Pizzi ; Maestri.— Mtintz, 446 ; Passavant, ii. 231 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 469; Larousse, xv. 881. VENUS, CUPID, AND SATYRS, Domeni- chino, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; copper, oval, H. 11 in. x 1 ft. 1 in. The goddess, nude, lying on a stone, leaning on a cushion with one arm, and pressing Cupid to her bosom with the other. A figure in the background tries to rob the quiver of its arrows, while two satyrs look on from the other side. — Cat. Pal. Pitti.
VENUS, DARMSTADT, Titian, Darm- stadt Gallery ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 6 in. A young woman, nude, asleep on rose-strewn cushions, with one arm under her head, a red cloth, on which she lies, partly covering the ground and partly hang- ing from an oak tree ; landscape in distance, with a couple seated courting. Painted about 1523 ; history unknown ; considered by some of doubtful authenticity. Copies with variations in Apsley House, London ; Dudley House, ib. ; Fitzwilliam Museum,
843
VENUS
Cambridge ; Dulwich Gallery ; and Dresden Gallery. None of them by Titian. — C. & C., Titian, i. 273.
VENUS, FESTIVAL OF, Eubens, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 7 ft. x 11 ft. Votaries present offerings to a statue of Venus in a grove, while cupids dance around it, and others sport among the trees or float in the air with clusters of fruit ; at one side, two beautiful women advance with offerings, and at the other side, nymphs and satyrs dance ; in background, the temple of the goddess on a hill. Engraved by Preuner. — Smith, ii. 98.
VENUS AND MAES. See Mars.
VENUS WITH THE MIRROR. See Ve- nus, Toilet of, Titian.
VENUS WITH THE ORGAN PLAYER, Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. G in. Venus, nude, lying in same position as the Venus and Cupid of the Uf- fizi, but with different face ; instead of hold- ing flowers, she pats with her hand a lap-dog, the bark of which disturbs a man playing an organ at the foot of the couch. Painted about 1547, and probably taken to Augs- burg in 1548 and sold to Nicholas Gran- velle ; sold in 1GOO by the Count of Cante- croix to Emperor Rudolf H. ; said to have been in Collection of Charles I. of England ; in Spain since 1665. Repetitions, with changes, by followers of Titian, in Madrid and Dresden Museums, and in Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Other copies. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 158, 185 ; Morelli, 173 ; Hiib- ner, Dresden Gal., i. 13 ; Larousse, xv. 882.
VENUS DEL PARDO. See Jupiter and Antiope.
VENUS AU PETIT CHIEN. See Venus of the Tribune.
VENUS OF THE SHELL. See Venus Anadyomene, Titian.
VENUS, TOILET OF, Francesco Albani, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 3 in. Venus, seated in front of a Doric por- tico on the border of the sea, looking at herself in a mirror held by a cupid ; at left, three cupids near a table on which is a vase of flowers ; at right a fountain ; in back-
ground, a palace. Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by Baudet ; B. Audrau. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musec, 2d Col., iii. PI. 61 ; Reveil, xii. 878.
By Titian, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 3 ft. 4 in. Venus, partly draped, seated on a couch, with her head turned to look in a mirror held by a cupid, who, with his back to the spectator, staggers under the load ; Eros, with one hand on his mother's shoulder, tries with the other to crown her with a garland. Painted in 1562 ; came from Pomponio Vecelli to Barberigo
Toilet of Venus, Titian, Cobham Hall, England.
Collection, whence passed to Russia. Re- plicas made for Philip H. of Spain and for Niccolo Crasso, but both missing. Copy without Eros at Cobham Hall, from Orleans Gallery; others in Dresden and Augsburg Galleries, and an original sketch in Dresden. Another, in the Hermitage, classed as a school-piece, which came from the Malmai- son Collection, presents two cupids hold- ing the mirror ; replica lately in Lord Ash- burton's Collection, London. Autotype by Ad. Braun & Co., Paris.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 333 ; Ticozzi, 59.
Subject treated also by Jacob Jordaens,
344
VENUS
Uffizi, Florence ; Padovanino, Palazzo Bor- 1 Bauclet ; B. Audran. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ;
ghese, Rome ; Theodoras van Thulden, Jluis Landon, Must-e, 2d Col., iii. PI. 62.
ten Bosch, The Hague ; Antonio Triva, By Giulio Romano, Louvre, Paris ; wood,
Dresden Gallery ; Franc,ois Boucher, Stock- holm Museum ; Paul Baudry (1859), Bor- deaux Museum.
H. 14 in. x 9 in. Vulcan, seated beside Venus, embraces her with his left arm, while carrying a bundle of arrows on his shoulder with his right ; Venus is putting arrows into the quiver of a cupid who is bending his bow ; another cupid presents her a butterfly, and others bear a vase of flowers. Engraved by Morace. — Filhol, vii. PL 451 ; Museo fran- yais, i. Part 3 : Ch. Blanc, £cole romaine.
By Anton van Dyck, Louvre, Paris ; can- vas, H. 7 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. Venus dc-
VENUS OF THE TRIBUNE, Titian, Tri- bune of the Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, life- size. Supposed by some to be the portrait of a mistress of Guidobaldo IL, Duke of Urbino. Venus, nude, lies at the foot of a green hanging, on a muslin sheet that covers a red damask couch, one arm on her person, the other on the cushions, playing with a chaplet of flowers ; a little dog is curled up on the couch at her feet, and handmaids in distance are preparing lier dress. Painted in Venice about 1537 for Francesco Maria della Rovere (?), Duke of Urbino ; passed in 17th century as an heirloom to the Florence Gallery. Replica in Uffizi by a Venetian of Titian's time ; adaptations in But- ler-Johnstone and Hamp- ton Court Collections. En- graved by P. Soutman ; R. Gay wood ; A. Nargeot ;
S t r ft 11 f ft Vn.ST.ri cA Venus of the Tribune, Titian, Tribune of the Uffiii, Florence.
Mil., vii. 443 ; C. «fc C., Titian, i. 389 ; Gotti, \ manding of Vulcan arms for JEneas. The Gal. di Firenze, 103 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. goddess, nearly nude, preceded by a cupid 225 ; Law, Hist. Cat. Hampton Court, 51 ; bearing a sheathed sword, and sustained by Molini, Gal. di Firenze, i. 49. VENUS, TRIUMPH OF. See Venus,
Birth of.
VENUS AND VULCAN, Francesco Alba- ni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 3 in. Venus lying on a couch, with Vulcan reclin-
a second cupid, advances towards Vulcan, who has one knee upon a stone ; at left, above the head of Venus, another cupid with a bow and arrows ; in background, two cyclops with hammers. Collection of Louis XTV. ; formerly in Luxembourg. En-
ing at her feet ; two cupids present the god- • graved by Langlois ; C. Normand. — Cat. dess a buckler pierced with arrows ; at Louvre ; Filhol., iii. PI. 170 ; Landon, xi. right, cupids forge and sharpen arrows, oth- PI. 65 ; Guiffrey, 254 ; Smith, iii. 39 ; Musce ers make bows ; Diana, in the clouds, at- franyais.
tended by two nymphs, holds a javelin. By Anton van Dyck, Vienna Museum ; Collection of Louis XTV. Engraved by , canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. Venus receiv-
845
VENUS
ing from Vulcan the armour forged for ^neas. Vulcan, seated at right, extends his hand to Venus ; a cupid and a cyclops
edge of an undulating ground on which winged cupids swarm, some plucking the sacred apples, others tumbling, fighting, and dancing. Painted before 1518 for Duke Alfonso of Ferrara ; removed in 1598 to Rome, by Papal Legate Cardinal Aldobran- dini ; was in Palazzo Ludovisi until Cardinal Ludovisi sent it to Count Monterey, Spanish Viceroy at Naples, as a present to the King of Spain ; carried to Madrid by Monterey in 1638. Copy by Rubens in Royal Palace, Stockholm.— C. & C., Titian, i. 191 ; Sains- bury Papers, 238, 353.
VENUSTI, MARCKLLO, born in Mantua in 1515, died in 1576 or 1585. Roman school ; history painter, pupil of Perino del Vaga, afterwards of Michelangelo, whom he assisted in his works in Rome and Florence. He painted a great deal after that master's drawings, and is distinguished by a delicate
Venus and Vulcan, Giulio Romano, Louvre, Paris.
hold a breastplate before her bosom, while other cupids play with parts of the armour ; above, a cupid aims an arrow at Vulcan. Called also Minerva and Vulcan. Engraved by J. Axman ; Reveil. — Smith, iii. 27 ; Gal. de Vienue, iii. PI. 146 ; Guiffrey, 253 ; La- rousse, xv. 882 ; Reveil, xiii. 933.
Subject treated also by Pietro Liberi, Dresden Museum ; Frai^ois Boucher, Lou- vre, Paris ; Jan Brueghel, Palazzo Cambi- aso, Genoa ; Charles Joseph Natoire, Lou- vre, Bordeaux Museum ; Montpellier Muse- um ; Rubens, Brussels Museum.
VENUS WORSHIP, Titian, Madrid Mu- seum ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft. 9 in Subject from Philostratus (Eikones, i. 6) Veuus, a marble statue on a pedestal, with two nymphs at her feet, offering gifts ; stream at the base of the pedestal waters the
Venus and Vulcan, Anton Van Dyck, Louvre, Paris.
and neat execution. Works: Christ appear- ing to Souls in Purgatory, Colonna Gallery, Rome ; Copy of Last Judgment by Michel-
346
VERA
angelo, Naples Museum ; Nativity, Vienna Museum ; Holy Family (1563), Leipsic Mu- seum.—Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 386 ; Lubke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 140.
VERA, Don ALEJO, born at Vifiuela, Ma- laga ; contemporary. Spanish school ; his- tory and genre painter, pupil of Frederico de Madrazo ; studied afterwards in Rome ; contributed much to raising art in Spain to a higher standard. Medals : 1862, 1871 ; Philadelphia, 1876. Works : Burial of St. Lawrence in Catacombs of Rome (1862) ; Communion of Early Christians in the Cata- combs ; Pompeiian Lady at Toilet (1871) ; Old Roman Woman with Parrot ; Jewelry Store at Pompeii ; Heroism of Numantines (1881).
VERBEECK, FRANS, born at Antwerp, baptized Feb. 21, 1686, died there, May 28, 1755. Flemish school ; genre and battle painter, pupil of Jan Baptist de Bie ; master of the guild in 1710, and its dean in 1724, 1730, 1737, and 1746. He was also one of the directors of the Antwerp Academy. His only still known work is a Visit of the Ab- bot of St. Michael to the Fencers' Guild (1713), Antwerp Museum. — Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 526 ; Van den Branden, 1193.
VERBEECK (Verbeecq), PIETER (COR- NELISZ), born probably at Haarlem, flour- ished about 1638-50. Dutch school ; ani- mal and battle painter ; received as master into the guild at Alkmanr in 1635, and at The Hague in 1645. Works : Skirmish of Oriental Hoi-semen (1638), Berlin Museum ; Man and Woman on Horseback, Groom holding Horse, Halt before Tavern (2), Cas- sel Gallery ; Horse and Rider at Cistern (1642), Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ; Saddled Horse fastened to a Hedge, Old Pinakothek, Munich. — Immerzeel, iii. 167 ; Kramm, vi. 1701.
VERBOECKHOVEN, EUGENE JO- SEPH, born at Warneton, West Flanders, June 9, 1799, died in Brussels, Jan. 19, 1881. Animal painter, son and pupil of the sculp- tor Barthele mi Verboeckhoven ; visited Eng- land in 1826, Germany in 1828, France and
Italy in 1841, and settled in Brussels. Mem- ber of Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Amster- dam, and St. Petersburg Academies. L. of Hon- our; Commander of Or- ders of Leopold and Francis Joseph ; Bava- rian Order of Michael ; Portuguese Order of Christ; Order of Iron Cross (1830). Works: Arabian Stallion (1824); Horses attacked by Wolves (1836), Land- scapes with Cattle (2, 1824, 1825), Muse- um, Amsterdam ; Sheep and Lamb, Sheep in a Grove, Landscape with Resting Cat- tle, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Wounded Lion ; Horses in Roman Campagna ; Return from Market ; Market at Ghent ; Shepherd near Tivoli (1846), Bad Neighbours (1853), Herd driven to Pasture (1856), National Gal- lery, Berlin ; Bull in a Landscape (1829), Raczynski Gallery, ib. ; Cows in Pasture, Ravenc Gallery, ib. ; Sheep Stable, Carls- ruhe Gallery; do. (1841), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Woodland Scene with Cattle (1836), Christiania Gallery ; Sheep in Pas- ture (1838), Sheep Resting, Donkeys and Sheep (1839), Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; Man with Calf, Konigsberg Museum ; White Horse by Cottage (1837), Peasant Asleep with Horse watched by Dog (1839), Sheep Pictures (4, 1838, 1840, 1846, 1859), Cow and Goat in Stable (1841), Leipsic Muse- um ; Sheep Stable (1844), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Landscape with Animals (1846), Ghent Museum ; Sheep surprised by Storm, Souvenir of Roman Campagna, Brussels Museum ; Shepherdess in the Campine (1855) ; Sheep in Downs of Ostend (1878) ; Dead Sheep in Scottish Landscape, Scottish
ne
\JVH-
183}
Ponies, Bouquet (1880) ; Frightened Bull, J. J. Astor, New York ; Sheep — Interior, H.
847
VERBOECKHOVEN
E. Maynard, Boston. — Chronique des Arts (1881), 52 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), i. 143 ; Immerzeel, iii. 168 ; Kramm, vi. 1702 ; Kuust-Chronik, xvi. 341 ; Michiels, x. 579.
VERBOECKHOVEN, LOUIS, born at Warneton, West Flanders, Feb. 5, 1802. Marine painter, brother of preceding, first instructed by his father, then studied while travelling on coast of North Sea. Member of Amsterdam Academy. Medals at Brus- sels, Cambray, Arras, and Lille. Works :
Marines in
Court ray,
Antwerp (1839), and Leipsic (2). — Immer- zeel, iii. 169.
VERBOOM (van Boom), ABRAHAM, born at Haarlem, died after 1657. Dutch school ; landscape painter, imitated J. Ruisdael, and influenced by Waterloo. He excelled in painting trees, and his richly wooded land- scapes are good in aerial perspective, though somewhat heavy in colouring. Lingelbach, Adriaan van de Velde, and Philips Wouwer- man painted the figures in his landscapes. Works : Wooded Hill, Mr. Baring, London ; Departure for the Chase, Brussels Museum ; Wood Landscape with Huntsmen Resting (1657), Rotterdam Museum ; do. with Trav- ellers (figures by Lingelbach), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Village, Oak Wood, Dresden Gal- lery ; Village View (1656), Schwerin Gal- lery ; Landscapes (2), Copenhagen Gallery ;
do., Schleiss- heim Gal- lery; do., Historical Society, New York.— Immerzeel, iii. 169 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 480 ; Kramm, i. 121 ; vi. 1702.
VERBRUGGE, JEAN CHARLES, born at Bruges, Aug. 25, 1756, died there, June 4, 1831. Genre painter, pupil of Hubert de Cockq, then at the Bruges Academy of Jean Gaeremyn, and finally of Legillon. Works : Farm Interior (1790), do., and Sta- ble Interior, Bruges Academy. — Weale, Cat. Bruges Acad. (1861), 107.
.
A"T / / V&r O
VERBRUGGHEN, KASPER PEETER,
the elder, born at Antwerp, baptized Sept. 8, 1635, died there, April 16, 1681. Flem- ish school ; flower painter, pupil of Corne- lis Mahu in 1645 ; master of the guild in 1650. Works : Garland (1670), Lyons Mu- seum ; Flowers around Picture, Dunkirk Museum ; Flower-Pieces (2, 1651, 1679), Schleissheim Gallery. — Van den Branden, 1137.
VERBRUGGHEN, KASPER PEETER, the younger, born at Antwerp, April 11, 1664, died there, buried March 14, 1730. Flemish school ; flower painter, son and pupil of preceding ; master of the guild in 1677 ; its dean in 1691 ; worked also at The Hague, where he seems to have been settled in 1706-23. Works : Flower-Pieces in the Louvre, Galleries of Aschaffenburg and Schwerin (2), Museums of Antwerp, Cologne (2), Hermannstadt, Lille, Stock- holm, and Wiesbaden. — Cat. du Mus. d'An- vers, 529 ; Immerzeel, iii. 170 ; Kramm, vi. 1703 ; Van den Branden, 1139.
VERDE-DELISLE, Mme. MAREE EVE ALEXANDRINE (nee Perignon), born in Paris, April 29, 1805, died there in 1866. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Gros. Works : Reading the Bible (1830) ; Charles VH. and Agnes Sorel (1831) ; Rubens as a Child (1844) ; Meet (1846) ; A Thought, A Souvenir (1848). — Bellier, ii. 647 ; Larousse. VERDIER, FRANgOIS, born in Paris in 1651, died there, June 20, 1730. French school ; his- tory painter, pupil of Le Brun, whose niece he married, and with whom he worked upon the decorations of the Versailles and Tri- anon Palaces and the Gallery of Apollo in the Louvre. Won the gi-and prix de Rome in 1668. Member of Academy, 1678 ; assistant professor, 1681 ; professor, 1684. Works : Assumption, Lou-
348
VEKDIER
vre ; Cupid Fighting, Cupid at Rest, Tri- aiion Palace ; Orithyia carried off by Bo- reas, Mercury with the Head of Argus, Palais de Compiegne ; Jupiter and Antiope, Nantes Museum ; Flight into Egypt, Ni- obe's Children pierced by the Arrows of Diana and Apollo, Orleans Museum ; David and the High Priest, Kennes Museum ; Last Supper, Caen Museum ; Baptism of Christ, Mythologi- *~^*
cal Subject, X*T/^ ) ' Q
Hermitage, / &f (/ /JLJ/^-- St. Peters- burg.—Bellier, ii. 649 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole fran9aise ; Jal, 1250 ; "Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 183 ; iii. 272.
VERDIEE, MARCEL, born in Paris, May 20, 1817, died there, August, 1856. His- tory and genre painter, pupil of Ingres and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Medals : 3d class, 1837 ; 2d class, 1848. Works : Holy Family, First Criminal Thoughts (1837); Philip baptizing the Eunuch (1840) ; Peni- tent Magdalen, Death of Archimedes (1842); Women and a Secret, Neapolitan Woman (1847) ; See-Saw, Clairvoyante (1848) ; A Mother after the Revolution of 1848, Man between Two Ages and his Mistresses (1849) ; St. Lawrence, Flower Girl (1850) ; Artist's Discouragement, Conscripts Depart- ing (1852) ; Scene of Modern Outlawry in Clainecy (1853), Arras Museum ; Christ crowned with Thorns, Female Portrait, Montpellier Museum ; Male Portrait, Nimes Museum. — Bellier, ii. 649 ; Larousse.
VERDOEL, ADRIAAN, born at Over- mans in 1620, died in 1681. Dutch school ; animal painter ; said to have been instruct- ed" by Bramer and Jacob de Witte, as well as by Rembrandt, whose manner he followed. Mentioned as member of the guild at Haar- lem in 1649. His compositions are ingeni- ous, his drawing is correct, and his colour- ing powerful In the Schwerin Gallery are two pictures with Pigs in a Stable. — Ha- vard, A. & A., iv. 88 ; Schlie, 649 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt (ed. 1877), 232 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvii. 127.
VERDDSSEN, JAN PEETER, born prob- ably at Antwerp, died at Avignon, March 31, 1763. Flemish school ; battle painter of considerable renown, was director of the Art School at Marseilles until 1744, when he went to Turin, accompanied the King of Sar- dinia in his campaigns, and after visiting several other courts, returned to France and settled at Avignon. Works: Siege of Saint Guilhain in 1746, Versailles Museum ; Charge of Cavalry (2), Marseilles Museum ; Italian Landscape with Herd (copy after Berchem), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Army Bag- gage attacked by the Enemy, Horse Fair, Schleissheim Gallery. — Bellier, ii. 650 ; Kramm, vi. 1707.
VERDUSSEN, PEETER, born at Ant- werp, baptized Feb. 10, 1662, died there (?). Flemish school ; landscape and animal paint- er, pupil of his father, Jacob Verdusseu ; master of the guild in 1697. Works : Land- scape with Battle of Eeckereu, City Hall, Antwerp ; Mountainous Landscape, Mu- seum Plantijn, ib. ; Meet of Huntsmen near Roman Ruins, Augsburg Gallery. — Van den Branden, 1080.
VERELST (van Elst), PIETER, born at Antwerp in 1614, died after 1668. Dutch school ; genre and portrait painter, flour- ished about 1648-66 at The Hague, where he settled in 1642 ; was one of the found- ers of the new guild in 1656, and is men- tioned in documents as late as 1668, when, full of debts, he fled from his creditors. Works : Farm Interior (1643), Copenhagen Gallery ; Portrait of Old Lady (1648), Seam- stress, Berlin Museum ; Lady's Portrait, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Card Players, Cassel Gal- lery ; Old Man by Coal Fire, Man Reading, Dresden Gallery; Dutch Family (1665), Haarlem Mu- seum;Peas- ants Carous- ing, do. Smok- ing, Male Por- traits (2), Vienna Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 171 ; Kramm, vi. 1708 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 389.
VERELST
VEEELST, SIMON, born at The Hague, died in London (?) about 1721. Dutch school ; flower, fruit, and portrait painter ; perhaps son of Pieter Verelst ; mentioned as master of The Hague guild in 1666. Works : Female Portrait, Louvre ; Flower- Piece, Cassel Gallery ; do., Brunswick Gal- lery ; Man in Armour (attributed), Dresden Gallery; Still-Life, Old Pinakothek, Mu- nich ; Flowers, Schleissheim Gallery ; do., New York Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 171 ; Kramm, vi. 1707 ; Eiegel, Beitriige, ii. 441.
VEEENDAEL (Veerendael), NICOLAAS VAN, born in Antwerp, baptized Feb. 19, 1640, died there, buried Aug. 11, 1691. Flemish school ; still-life painter, son and pupil of Willem van Verendael ; approached Seghers in careful detail and capital draw- ing, but is greatly his inferior in power and clearness of colour. Master of Antwerp guild in 1656. Works : Eucharist, Ant- werp Museum ; Flowers, etc., around Cru- cifix (1686), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Dead Game and Flowers (figures by Teniers), Mon- keys at Table (1686), Bouquet, Dresden Gal- lery ; Garland around Belief of Madonna (1670), Berlin Museum; Festoon (1662), Schwerin Gallery ; Garland around Bust of Pomona, Fruits around Bust of Flora, Still- Life, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Four Bou- quets around Madonna (1662), Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Festoon around do., Na- ples Museum ; Flower-Pieces in Museums at Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, Innsbruck ; Gal- lery at Carlsruhe (2) ; Uffizi, Florence. —
Kramm, vi. 1709 ; Michiela, ix. 210 ; Booses (Eeber), 433 ; Van den Brandon, 1141.
VEEESCHAGIN, BASIL, born at Tcher- epovets, government of Novgorod, Eussia, Oct. 14 (26), 1842. Battle and genre paint- er, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy, where he won a medal with his first picture ; after a visit to Paris, the Pyrenees, and Germany, went to the Caucasus to study Oriental sub-
jects, and in 1864 to Paris to study under Geroine and at the ficole des Beaux Arts, spending his vaca- tions in the Cau- casus and on his paternal estates, where he studied the manners of Bus- sian peasantry. In 1867-70 he accom- panied General Kaufmann to Turk- estan, and after a summer spent at Antwerp and Brussels, went to the East as far as China ; in 1874- 76 visited India, and on his return settled in Paris. Joined the Eussian army dur- ing the Eusso-Turkish War, was severe- ly wounded, but after recovery reached Plevna in time to see the fortress stormed. After assisting as secretary in the peace ne- gotiations he returned to Paris, whence he again visited India in 1882 and 1884. The realistic painter par excellence of the ter- rors of war, he paints his pictures in cycles, which he will not allow to be broken up. Divided into two main groups — those treat- ing of scenery and genre, and those dealing with war scenes — his principal works are classified by himself in three sections, deal- ing with India, with Turkestan, and with the Eusso-Turkish War. Works : Unexpected Attack ; Opium Eaters ; Before Victory ; After Defeat ; Defence of the Citadel ; Look- ing at the Trophies ; Assault on Plevna ; After the Assault ; Apotheosis of War ; For- gotten ; Wounded Eeturning ; Our Prison- ers ; Victors ; Vanquished ; All Quiet at Shipka ; Snow Trenches on the Shipka ; Cycle from Campaign in Turkestan, do. (20) from Kusso-Turkish War, Moscow Muse- um ; Cycle (20) from History of India. A series of large paintings is in the Tretjakoff Collection at Moscow ; Frescos in the Church of the Eedeemer, ib. In 1885 he exhibited in Vienna 83 paintings, among which were : Suppression of Indian Eevolt, Entry of Prince of Wales into Jeypoor, Pearl Mosque
850
VEK1IAAGEN
at Agra, Reception Hall in Palace at Agra, Tomb of Abraham, do. of Joseph, do. of Samuel, Dead Sea, Well of Jacob, Gilgal, Valley of Esdraelon, Source of Gideon, Cave of Endor, Wall of Solomon, Place where Christ was Baptized, Road to Jordan, Mount Tabor, Mount of Temptation, Hermits on the Jordan, Holy Family, Christ in the Des- ert, do. on Lake Tiberias, The Prophecy, Resurrection. — Allgem. K C., ix. 833, 855, 873, 880, 901, 996 ; Art Journal (1885), 9, 38 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1880), xxi. 164 ; H- lustr. Zeitg. (1882), i. 71, 111 ; Kunst-Chro- nik, xvii. 49, 276, 387 ; xxi. 273 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. 201 ; Nord u. Slid, xxv. 359 ; Reber- Pecht, iii. 173 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvii. 195.
VERHAAGEN, JORIS. See Hagen.
VERHAEGT (van Haecht), TOBIAS, born in Antwerp about 1561, died there iu 1631. Flemish school ; landscape and archi- tecture painter, master of Antwerp guild in 1590, its dean in 1595-96 ; went to Italy, where he painted in fresco at Florence and Rome. Notable as the first master of Ru- bens. Works : Mountainous Landscape with River (1613), Suermondt Museum, Aix- la-Chapelle ; Hunting Adventure of Emper- or Maximilian L (1615), Brussels Museum.
— Immerzeel, iii. 172 ; Rramm, vi. 1710 ; Michiels, vi. 343 ; Riegel, Beitrage, i. 274 ; Rooses (Reber), 151 ; Van den Branden, 383. VERHAGHEN, PIERRE JOSEPH, born at Aerschot, March 19, 1728, died at Lou- vain, April 3, 1811. History painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy under Beschey, but formed himself chiefly by studying the works of the great masters of the 17th century. In 1744 he settled at Louvain ; in 1771 ap- pointed painter to Prince Charles of Lor- raine, and sent to France and Italy by the Empress Maria Theresa ; well received in Vienna on his return in 1773 from Rome, where he had been much distinguished by
Pope Clement XTV., but could not be in- duced to stay, and returned to Louvain. He was remark- able as a colourist. Works: Hagar and Ishmael, Ant- werp Museum; Adoration of Ma- gi, Brussels Mu- seum ; Presenta- tion in Temple (1767), Ghent Mu- seum; St. Stephen, King of Hungary
receiving Envoys of Pope Sylvester H. (1770), Vienna Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Immerzeel, iii. 173 ; Kramm, vi. 1711 ; Michiels, x. 492.
VERHAS, JAN, born at Termonde ; con- temporary. Genre painter, especially of scenes from child life. Medals at Philadel- phia, 1876 ; Brussels, 1878 ; Paris, 2d class, 1881 ; Vienna, 1882 ; Berlin, 1884, 1886. Order of Leopold, 1879 ; L. of Honour, 1881. Studio in Brussels. Works : May I come in ? Mother's Portrait ; Seashore at Blan- kenberghe (1876); Inundation, Studio (1877); Girl in the Corner ; Procession of School Children (1880), Brussels Museum ; Preco- cious Master - Painter, Ghent Museum ; Heyst-sur-Mer (1883); Ride on Shore of Sea Resort (1884) ; On the Landing Bridge at Blankenberghe (1885). His brother, Frans, paints in a similar manner. Work : The Lion (1874), Ghent Museum.— Miiller, 534 ; D. Rundschau, xx. 471 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvii.
VERHEYDEN, FRANCISCUS, born at Louvain, March 18, 1806. Genre painter, pu- pil in Paris of Je- rome Langlois. Medals : Ghent, 1844 ; Brussels, 1845 ; Order of Leopold. Works : Harvest Festival ; Dealer iu Plas-
361
VEKHEYDEN
ter Figures ; Parson's Maid ; Young Peas- ant Woman ; The Dancers (1842) ; Eaves- dropper (1850) ; Grape Thieves ; The Arri- val (1860) ; Boys' School ; Girls' School.— Immerzeel, iii. 174 ; Kramm, vi. 1712.
VERHEYDEN, JAN HENDRIK, born at Utrecht, Dec. 22, 1778, died there, buried Jan. 16, 1846. Landscape painter, first in- structed by Osti, a painter of ornaments at Utrecht ; then formed himself chiefly by careful study of nature and copying after Jan van der Heyden and the two Berck- Heyde ; painted mostly city views, which are to be found in many private collections. Member of Amsterdam Academy in 1822. Works: Fish Market in Utrecht (1818); Geertekerk in Utrecht, City View, Rotter- dam Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 175 ; Kramm, vi. 1713 ; Nagler, xx. 106.
VERHOEVEN - BALL, ADRIEN JO- SEPH, born in Antwerp, Aug. 7, 1824. Genre painter, pupil of Leys and of Ant- werp Academy. Several Medals. For ten years president of section of Fine Arts in Cercle artistique at Antwerp. Works : Foundation of Brotherhood in Antwerp ; Letter to Godfather (1856) ; Card Players (1861) ; Weenix in his Studio ; Return from Mexico ; Still-Life (1873).— Miiller, 534. VERHULST. See Hulst. VERKOLJE, JAN, born in Amsterdam, Feb. 9, 1650, died at Delft, buried May 8, 1693. Dutch school ; por- trait a 11 d genre painter, pupil of Jan Lievens, but nevertheless a painter of high fin- ish. He composed with taste, his drawing is tolerable, his colour warm and clear, and his execution is tender and soft. Works : Mother and Child (1675), Louvre ; Sportsman (1672), Rotterdam Museum ; Mu- sical Assembly (1673), Amsterdam Muse- um ; Portraits of Willem HI. and Consort
(attributed), Haarlem Museum ; Lady and Trumpeter (1678), Old Fruit Vender and Boy, Dresden Gallery ; Musical Assembly, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Lady and Mu- sician at Piano (1674), Schleissheim Gallery ; Cupid and Psyche, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Musical Assembly (1673), Vertum- nus and Pomona (1678), Worlitz Gallery. — Immerzeel, iii. 177 ; Kramm, vi. 1723 ; Ku- gler (Crowe), ii. 414 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiv. 319.
VERKOLJE, NICOLAAS, born at Delft in 1673, died in Amsterdam, Jan. 21, 1746. Dutch school; history, genre, and portrait painter, son and pupil of Jan Verkolje ; imitated the style of Van der Werff in his his- torical pictures. Works : Proserpine
culling Flowers, Louvre ; Male Portrait, Amsterdam Museum ; Declined Booty, Ber- lin Museum ; Toilet of Herse, Copenhagen Gallery ; Return from the Chase, Christi- aiiia Gallery. — Immerzeel, iii. 178 ; Kramm, vi. 1724.
VERLAT, CHARLES, born in Antwerp in 1824. History, portrait, and animal painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy and of Nicaise de Keyser ; studied in Paris, became director of the Weimar Art School in 1869, afterwards professor at Antwerp Academy, and in 1885 was appointed its director. Visited the East in 1875-77. Ranks high as an animal painter. Medals : 3d class, Paris, 1853 ; 2d class, 1855, 1861 ; 1st class, 1878; L. of Honour, 1868. Order of Leopold, 1855 ; Officer, 1866. Works : Godfrey de Bouillon in Sight of Jerusalem (1855) ; Ma- donna ; Mater Dolorosa (1866) ; Marriage at Cana ; Vox Populi, Vox Dei ; Holy Fam- ily (1868) ; The Jews Crying for Barabbas ; Portraits of Himself, of Friedrich Preller (1870), of Franz Liszt (1871), Weimar Mu- seum ; of Grand Duchess of Saxe- Weimar ;
382
VERIJNDE
Rabbit Hunt (1866) ; Dog at Bay (1869) ; Avidity ; Bad Neighbours ; Quarrelling over the Booty ; Wolf Hunt ; Monkey shaving before Mirror ; Dogs waiting for the Start ; Shepherdess with her Flock ; First Snow ; Not Invited ! Reynard in Hope ; Reynard Deceived ; Storming of Jerusalem, Dog de- fending Herd against Eagle, Brussels Mu- seum ; Buffidoes attacked by Tiger, Zoologi- cal Garden, Amsterdam ; Dog and Parrot, Rooster and Chickens disturbed by Fox, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Ecce Homo, Cruci- fixion (1885) ; Lost the Track, Boar Hunt
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1870), i. 270 ; Kunst-Chronik, v. 74 ; xiii. 329 ; Mailer, 534 ; Reber-Pecht, iii. 95 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 25, 104 ; xx. 570, 700.
VERLINDE, PETRUS ANTONIUS, born at Winoxbergen, France, January, 1801. History painter, pupil of Bruges Academy under Ducq, of Antwerp Academy under Van Bree, and in Paris of Gueriu ; settled in Antwerp, where he became professor at the Academy in 1829 ; painted the great tri- umphal arch for the Rubens festival in 1840, for which the city of Antwerp award- ed him a medal. Member of Royal Society of Fine Arts in Antwerp in 1830, of Royal Society of Sciences and Arts in 1834. Works: Interior of Studio (1827) ; Death of St. Louis ; Repose in Egypt ; Christ and the Woman of Samaria ; Blind Man led by his Daughter. — Immerzeel, iii. 179.
VERMAY or VERMAYEN. See Ver- meyen.
VERMEER (van der Meer van Delft), JOHANNES, born at Delft, baptized Oct. 31, 1632, died there, buried Dec. 15, 1675. Dutch school ; portrait, genre, landscape, and still-life painter, pupil of Karel Fabri- tius, and further developed under the influ- ence of Rembrandt. Master of the guild of
Delft in 1653, and was its dean in 1662- 63 and 1670-71. One of the greatest col- ourists, excelling in admirable light effects. Works: Music Lesson (attributed to Jan Steen), Woman peeling Fruit (attributed to Pieter de Hooch), Lord Hertford, London ; Lace Maker, Louvre ; Soldier and Laugh- ing Girl, Double Collection, Paris; Pearl Weigher, Perier Collection, ib. ; Geographer, do. (1665), Pereire Gallery, ib.; Portrait of Young Girl, Arenberg Gallery, Brussels ; Guitar Player, Cremer Collection, ib. ; View of Delft, Hague Museum ; Woman Reading, Amsterdam Museum ; Milkmaid, House in Delft, Six Gallery, ib. ; Entrance to Forest (attributed to Jacob van Ruisdael), Basle Museum ; Girl with Wineglass (La Co- quette), Brunswick Gallery ; Rustic Cottage (now claimed for D. J. van dor Laen, 1759- 1829), Boy blowing Bubbles, Young Lady with Pearl Necklace, Berlin Museum ; Cour- tesan (1G56), Girl reading Letter, Dresden Gallery; Geographer (1669), Stadel Gal- lery, Frankfort ; Woman peeling Apple for Child (attributed to Terburg), Still- Life (1659), Museum, Vienna ; The Prome- nade, Academy, ib. ; Family Reunion, Artist in his Studio (attributed to Pieter do Hooch), Entrance to Grove, Czernin Gal- lery, ib. ; Landscapes (2), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Tavern Interior with Soldiers (attributed to Jan Le Ducq), Borghese Gal- lery, Rome.-
daise ; Burger, Musees, i. 272 ; ii. 67 ; Dohme, Iii.; Gaz. des B. Arts (1866), xxi. 297, 458, 542 ; (1883), xxvii. 389 ; xxviii. 213 ; Kramm, vi. 1725 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 381 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 68 ; xxi. 234 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., ii. 167 ; iii. 262 ; iv. 140, 360 ; x. 34 ; xi. (Mittheilungen, iv. 11).
VERMEERSCH, IVO AMBROS, born at Maldeghem, near Ghent, Jan. 9, 1810, died in Munich, May 24, 1852. Architecture painter, pupil of Ghent Academy under P. F. de Noter ; settled in 1841 at Munich, whence he visited Italy several times.
363
VERMEHREN
Works: Fish Market in Ghent (1826); Dominican Church and Monastery, ib. (1829); Ruins of St. Macarius', ib.; do. of St. Bavon's Abbey, ib. (1830) ; Market Square at Brunswick ; Views in Bruges, Mentz, Limburg, etc.; View in Venice, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Harbour View (1842), Canal Grande in Venice (1851), City Gate of Perugia (1850), Street in Italian Town (1845), Tower and Bridge at Andernach (1846), New Pinakothek, Munich ; City Gate and Bridge at Coblentz, Stuttgart Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 180 ; Kramm, vi. 1728 ; N. Necrol. d. D. (1852). VEEMEHEEN, JOHAN FREDRIK, bom at Eingsted, Zea- land, May 12, 1823. Genre, landscape, and portrait painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy; took part in the campaign of 1848; visited Italy in 1855, 1857, and 1862, Holland and France in 1862, and became member of Copenhagen Academy in 1864 and professor in 1873. Danebrog Order, 1869. Works: Cobbler in his Kitchen ; Woman Spinning ; Peasant Wom- an bringing Coffee to her Mother (1851) ; Bread Seller (1851, 1852) ; Jutland Shep- herd (1853) ; Farewell of Eeserve Soldier (1849), Street in Italian Town (1857), Sow- ers (1859), Domestic Occupation (1860), Beggar Children in Farm Kitchen (1861), Farmyard (1865), Copenhagen Gallery ; Portrait of the Painter Sonne (1870) ; Man filling his Pipe (1882); Young Man of Eighteenth Century (1883) ; Portrait of General Jonquieres (1883), Frederiksborg Gallery.— Sigurd Miiller, 365; Weilbach, 734.
VERMEULEN, ANDEIES, born at Dor- drecht in 1763, died at Amsterdam in 1814. Landscape and marine painter, son and pupil of Cornelia Vermeulen (1732-1813) ; painted especially winter scenes enlivened
by many figures, and of pleasing colouring. Works : Winter Day on Dutch River with Skaters, Copenhagen Gallery ; do. (1800), Winter Sunday in a Village (1800), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Boat with Load of Pigs crossing Frozen River, Gotha Museum, where is also a Landscape with Cows and Sheep by his father. — Immerzeel, iii. 130 ; Kramm, vi. 1728.
VERMEYEN (Vermay, Vermayen), JAN COENELISZ, called El Mayo, and Juan de Barbalonga, born at Beverwyck, near Haar- lem, in 1500, died in Brussels in 1559. Flemish school ; history, portrait, and land- scape painter ; in the service of Margaret of Austria in 1529 ; summoned to Spain in 1534 by Charles V., whom he accompanied to Tunis, where he drew the Siege of Tunis and other events of the campaign. From these drawings he executed several pictures, now in the Castle of Coburg, and ten large coloured cartoons (for tapestries), now in the Vienna Museum. Afterwards he visited, with Charles V., Naples, Germany, and Flanders. His pictures in the Brussels Ca- thedral were ruined by the Iconoclasts, and various highly esteemed landscapes, in the Palace of the Prado, Madrid, were burned in 1608. In the gallery of Marchese Mansi at Lucca are : Battle of Pavia (1525), Taking of Eome (1527), and Siege of Tunis (1535).— Engerth, Gem. der Belvedere Gal., ii. 522 ; Immerzeel, iii. 181 ; Jahrb. der Kunsthist. Sammlg. des Allerhochsten Kai- serh., ii. 145 ; Kramm, vi. 1729 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 236 ; Siret (1883), ii. 368 ; Wau- ters, Peinture flam., 138.
VEENANSAL, GUY LOUIS, born at Fontainebleau, July 12, 1648, died in Par- is, April 9, 1729. French school ; history painter, pupil of Le Brun ; received into the Academy in 1687, adjunct professor in 1695, professor in 1704 ; travelled for several years, painted in 1716 at Bonn for the Elector of Cologne, then in Italy, chiefly at Padua, where several of his works may still be seen. Works : Eenovation of the Edict of Nantes (1687), Versailles Museum ;
354
VEIiNET
Daughter of Jairus (1689), formerly in the Louvre ; St. Maurice and Companions, An- gers Museum ; St. Bathilda sold to the Mayor of Archambault Palace (1700), Feast in Olympus (1709), Bacchus consigned to the Nymphs, Bacchus crowning Ariadne (attributed), Orleans Museum ; Jurispru- dence (allegory), Kenne Museum ; Immacu- late Conception (fresco), San Canziano, Padua ; Birth of the Virgin, Presentation of the Virgin, St. Ann's, ib. ; Nativity, Presen- tation of the Virgin, Santa Clara, ib. ; Scourging of Christ, The Paradise (ceiling), San Gaetano, ib. ; Christ on Mount of Olives, San Leonardo, ib. ; Christ on the Cross healing a Wound of St. Pellegrino Lariosi, Servites, ib. ; Birth of the Virgin (1720), Nativity (1722), Church of Torresino, ib. ; Magdalen (2), S. Maria de' Miracoli, Rome. — Bellier, ii. 652; Biog. univ., xliii. 190.
VEBNET, (ANTOINE) CHARLES (HORACE), called Carle, born at Bor- deaux, Aug. 14, 1758, died in Paris, Nov. 27, 1836. History and ani- mal painter, son and pupil of Joseph Vernet and pupil of Lepicie; won second prize in 1779, for his Abigail bearing Presents to David, and first prize in 1782, for his Prodi- gal Son. In Italy he became a prey to melancholy and wished to become a monk, but being called back to France, resumed the brush and painted the Triumph of Paulus .iEmilius (1789), in which he broke with tra- dition and represented horses as lie saw them. Under the Directory he painted mili- tary scenes ; accompanied the First Consul to Italy and painted the Battle of Marengo (1804), and the Morning of Austerlitz (1808), both in the Versailles Museum ; and under the Restoration produced hunting scenes, genre pictures, and landscapes. Member of Academy, 1789 ; member of Institute,
1809 ; L. of Honour, 1808 ; Officer, 1831 ; Order of St Michael, 1827. Works: Char- iot Races at Funeral of Patroclus (1793); Conqueror in the Chariot Races returning Home (1800) ; Bombardment of Madrid (1810), Versailles Museum ; Battle of Rivoli (1810) ; Exercises at Francoui ; Review iu the Place du Carrousel ; Imperial Hunt (1812) ; Portrait of the Due d'Angouleme, Louis XVHL hunting at Rambouillet (1818) ; Stag Hunt of Due de Berry at Sevres, De- livery of Vienna by Sobieski (1819) ; Due d'Enghien's Dog (1821) ; Capture of Pam- peluna (1824), Versailles Museum ; Deer Hunt in Woods of Meudon (1827), Louvre ; Greek Horseman fighting a Liou, Amiens Museum ; Cossacks in Bivouac, Neufchatel Museum. — Bellier, ii. 656 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole franyaise, iii. ; Durande, Joseph, Carle et Horace Vernet (Paris, 1865) ; Jal, 1256 ; Journal des Artistes (1836), xx. 378 ; Larousse, — 399 ; Lemounier, Notes biog. sur Carle et Horace V. (Paris, 1864) ; Meyer, Gesch, 137 ; ^••» » t
Nagler, xx./^ y/^ \A ft^n, 137; Qua-V^t'tx1-11- tremore de Quincy, Notice hist, sur la vie, etc. (Paris, 1837).
VERNET, (CLAUDE) JOSEPH, born at Avignon, Aug. 14, 1712, died in Paris, Dec. 23, 1789. French school; marine painter, son and pupil of An- toine Vernet (1689- 1753, decorative painter), and pupil of Adrien Mang- lard ; went to Rome in 1732 and studied with Fergioni, Panini, and Solimena. He became the first marine painter in Europe, and was patronized by many courts. After an absence of twenty years he returned to Paris in 1753, became a member of the Academy the same year, and a councillor in 1766. Commissioned by the King to paint all the seaports of
BB
VEKNET
France, he completed fifteen of the twenty, when he became wearied of travelling and settled in Paris. Works : Entrance to Port of Marseilles (1754), Interior of do. (1754), Gulf of Bandol (1755), New Harbour of Toulon (1756); City and Eoadstead of Tou- lon (1756), Old Harbour of Toulon (1756), Eoadstead of Antibes (1756), Port of Cette (1757), City and Port of Bordeaux (1758), do. from Castle of Trompette (1759), City and Port of Bayonue (1761), do. from Bouf- fler's Road (1761), Port of La Rochelle (1762), Port of Rochefort (1762), Port of Dieppe (1765), Cascades of Tivoli, Environs of Rome, Environs of Marseilles (2), Bridge ' and Castle of St. Angelo in Rome, Ponte Rotto in Rome, and many others, Louvre ; Hunt on Lago di Patria near Naples (1749), Versailles Museum ; others in Palais de Compiegne (4), in Museums of Aix, Angers, Besangon, Bordeaux, Caen, Chartres, Cher- bourg, Dijon, Lille, Lyons, Marseilles, Mont- pellier (4), Nantes (6), Nimes, Orleans, Rouen (3),Toulon, The Hague (2) ; Shipwreck (1780), Basle Museum ; Temple of the Sibyl at Ti- voli (1751), Berlin Museum ; Fishermen and Washerwomen (1737), Harbour of Marseilles, Gotha Museum ; View of an Inlet (2, 1748, 1760), do. of Imperial Palaces in Rome at Evening, Harbour in the Mist at Sunrise, Seapoi't Town burning by Moonlight (1748), Storm at Sea (2, 1760, 1770), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Italian Seaports (6, three dated 1758, 1761, 1769), Shipwreck (1763), Storm at Sea (2, 1765, 1778), Death of Virginie (scene from " Paul et Virginie," 1789), seven others (three dated 1761, 1769), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; View of Rome, Vienna Mu- seum ; others in Galleries and Museums of Aschaffenburg, Bamberg, Carlsruhe (2), Cas- sel, Christiania, Cologne, Dresden, Hamburg (2, one dated 1787), Nuremberg, Schleiss- heim (3), Stuttgart (2), Madrid (5), Liech- tenstein (4), Harrach (6, 1750, 1751, 1752), and Czernin Galleries, Vienna ; Uffizi, Flor- ence ; Accademia di S. Luca, Rome ; Palazzo Borghese, ib. (8) ; National Gallery, Lon- don (2), and Dulwich Gallery. -L'Art (1876),
iii. 254, 307 ; (1877), viii. 73 ; Bellier, ii. 652; Biog. univ., xliii. 199; Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran9aise, ii. ; Colburn's New Monthly Mag., cxxxiii. 344; Durande, as above; fimeric-David, Not. hist, sur les chefs- d'oeuvre, etc. (1862), 309 ; Houssaye, Hist. de 1'art fr. au xviii. siecle, 284 ; Jal, 1256 ; Lagrange, Jos.V. et la peint. au xviii. siecle,
Joseph
(Paris, 1864) ; Nouvelle biog. gen., xlvi. 3 ; Portfolio, iii. 98 ; Rev. des Deux Mondes (1852), xiv. 109.
VERNET, (EMILE JEAN) HORACE, born in Paris, June 30, 1789, died there, Jan. 17, 1863. History and genre painter, son and pupil of Carle Ver- net, and pupil of Moreau and Vin- cent When fifteen years old he sup- ported himself by his drawings. In 1810 he exhibited his Capture of a Re- doubt, in which he gave up the classical style of David and thenceforth represented nature with great truth. In 1812 he won a first medal by his Taking of an Intrenched Camp. In 1814 Napoleon decorated him with the Cross of the Legion of Honour for gallant conduct at the defence of the Bar- riere de Clichy, which he subsequently painted (1820). Notwithstanding his Bona- partist tendencies he received many honours after the Restoration, especially under Louis Philippe. In 1826 he became a member of the Institute ; in 1828-1839 he was director of the French Academy in Rome. Visited Algeria in 1833-35, St. Petersburg in 1836, 1838, and 1842, Algeria again in 1837, 1845,
356
VERNET
and 1853, and Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Turkey in 1839-40. Officer L. of Honour, 1825; Commander, 1842; Grand Officer, 1862 ; Medal of Honour, Paris Exhibition 1855. Vernet painted successfully military, oriental, and biblical scenes, but after 1836 be devoted himself chiefly to battle-pieces and pieces illustrative of Arab life in Al- geria. With wonderful facility of invention and execution, he had little imagination or depth of feeling. He is nevertheless to be classed among the great French painters on account of the change which he wrought from pseudo-classicism to that observation and close study of nature which characterize the modern schools. Works : Taking of In- trenched Camp at Glatz (1812) ; Dog of the Regiment ; Horse with the Trumpet (1814) ; Battle of Tolosa (1817), Versailles Museum ; Massacre of Mamelukes (1819) ; Defence of Paris in 1814 (1820), Louvre; Battle of Jemappes, The Working Soldier, Soldier of Waterloo, Last Cartridge, Camoens saving his Manuscripts from Shipwreck, Scenes from Moliere's Plays (5), Artist's Studio, Death of Poniatowski, Defence of Saragossa, Joseph Vernet bound to the Mast (1822) ; Review on Champ de Mars (1824), Versailles Museum ; Mazeppa (1825), Vaucluse Mu- seum ; Mazeppa (1826), Avignon Museum ; Last Hunt of Louis XVI. at Fontainebleau (1827) ; Julius H directing the Building of the Vatican (ceiling in the Louvre) ; Bridge of Arcole ; Escape of Lavalette, Edith searching for Body of Harold (1828) ; Mag- dalen Penitent (1828), Leipsic Museum ; Pope Leo XH. earned to the Basilica of St. Peter (1829), Versailles Museum ; Battles of Jemappes and Valmy, Brigands and Cara- bineers, Brigand Confessing, Hunting in the Pontine Marshes, Meeting of Raphael and Michelangelo, Arrest of the Princes by Order of Anne of Austria (1829) ; Judith and Holofernes (1830), Louvre ; Campaign in France ; Slave Market (1836), National Gallery, Berlin ; Soldier as Nurse, Ravene Gallery, ib. ; Portrait of the Emperor Nicho- las, do. on Horseback, Capture of Warsaw
(1842) ; The Carrousel in May, 1842, Capt- ure of Wola (1844) ; Capture of the Sinala of ylW-el-Kader (1844), Battle of Isly (1845); Capture of Rome (1851), Versailles Muse- um ; Joseph sold by his Brethren, Return from Lion Hunt, Hunting wild Sheep in Morocco, Mass in Kabylia (1852) ; Eques- trian Portrait of Napoleon HI., Incident of Crimean War (1855) ; Battles of Bouvines, Foutenoy, Jena, Friedland, and Wagram (1836), Siege of Constantino (3, 1838, 1839), French Fleet forcing Entrance into the Ta- jo, Attack of Citadel of Antwerp (1840), En- try of French Army into Belgium in 1831 (1841), Occupation of Ancona in 1832, Taking of Bougie, do. of Fort Saint Jean d'Ulloa (1841), seven others, Versailles Mu- seum ; Expulsion of Hagar (1839), The Dead Ride fast, Nantes Museum ; Portraits of Marshals Gouvion Saint Cyr (1824), Molitor (1833), Bosquet, Canrobert, Randon (1857), MacMahon, Versailles Museum ; Marshal Vaillaut, Dijon Museum ; General Drouot, Nancy Museum. His works number about 800. — Art Journal (1863), 52; L' Artiste (1842), i. 357; (1854), xiv. 62; (1857), ii. 177 ; Les Beaux Arts, vi. 3, 4, & 5, Livr. ; Bellier, ii. 657 ; Bertholon and Lhote, H. V. ;'i Versailles, au Luxembourg et an Louvre (Paris, 1863) ; Beulc', Eloge de H. V. (Paris, 1863); Biog. univ., xliii. 208; Ch. Blanc, ficole franyaise, iii. ; Claretie, Peintres, etc. (1874), 65 ; La critique francaise, Feb. 15, 1863 ; Durande, as above ; fitienne de Joux and Jay, Salon d'H. V. (Paris, 1822) ; Fine Arts Quarterly, ii. 12G ; Fourcault de Pa- vaiit, H V. (Versailles, 1863) ; Goupil-Fes- quet, Voyage en Orient fait avec H. V. (Paris, 1843) ; Hamerton, French Painters, 30 ; L'Ulustration, Dec. 25, 1847 ; June 10, 1848 ; Sept. 1, 1849 ; Feb. 21, 1851 ; Jan. 24, 1863 ; Jal, 1257 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 231 ; Journal des Debats, Jan. 24, 1863 ; Larousse ; Laurent, Lugendes d'atelier (Paris, 1859) ; Lomenie, Galerie des contemporains, H. V. (Paris, 1842); Meyer, Gesch., 188, 424; Mirecourt, Les Contemporains, H. V. (Paris, 1855-57) ; Mouiteur, Jan. 23, 1863 ; Nou-
357
VERNET-LECOMTE
velle "biog. gen., xlvi. 9; Pietsch, H. V. Album (Berlin, 1864) ; La Presse, Feb. 5, 1863 ; Rees, H. V. (London, 1880) ; Revue artistique et litteraire, Feb. 1, 1863, seq.; Rev. des DeuxMondes (1863), xliv. 76 ; Rev. du Nord de la France, iv. 312 ; Silvestre, Lettres intimes de H. V. (Paris, 1856) ; La- rousse ; Meyer, Gescli., 188 ; Fine Arts Quarterly, ii. 126 ; E. de Mirecourt, Horace Vernet (Paris, 1858).
VERNET-LECOMTE, EMILE, born in Paris in 1821. Genre painter, pupil of Horace Vernet and Leon Cogniet. Medals : 3d class, 1846, 1863 ; L. of Honour, 1864. Works : Appeal to Neptune, Lille Museum ; Agamemnon's Body-Guard ; Ajax ; Job and his Friends ; Enduring and Passing Love ; Fellah Girl ; Moorish Girl opening a Pome- granate ; Happy Future, Idyl of Mount Li- banus (1880).— Bellier, i. 958.
VERNIER, EMILE LOUIS, born at Lons-le-Saulnier (Jura). Landscape paint- er and lithographer, pupil of Collette. Paints in the style of Corot. Medals : 1869, 1870. Works : View near Besanpon, River Ain (1864) ; Park of Champigny (1865) ; Street in Champigny, View of Champigny (1866) ; River Doubs, Road in the Woods ( 1867) ; Vil- lage of Avane, River Loire (1868) ; View at Cluron, River Louc (1869) ; Farm at Vaucotte, Beach near Etretat (1870) ; Boat No. 774 of Yport, Beach of Yport (1872) ; Return to Yport, Low Tide (1873) ; The Martigues, Dry Dock in Marseilles, Cancale Boats (1874) ; Return of the Bas-de-1'Eau (1875) ; Tower of the Weeping Women, Country People of Wiessant (1876) ; Boats drying their Sails (1877) ; Before the Squall, Farm- yard at Attainville (1878) ; Women gather- ing Sea-Weed at Yport, The Seine at Bercy in Winter (1879) ; Selling Shells (1880) ; Gathering Sea-Weed at Concarneau, The Downs of Roscoff (1881) ; Shrimp Fishers of Grand Champ, Launch of a Sloop (1882) ; Breton Team, The Thames at London (1883) ; Low Tide at Concarneau, The Thames at London (1884) ; Spring-Tide in Cornwall, Morning, ib. (1885) ; Embarking of Fisher-
men, Return of Vessels in Stormy Weather (1886).— Larousse ; L'Art (1879), xvi. 310 ; Bellier, ii. 661.
VERONESE, ALESSANDRO. See Tur- chi, Alessandro.
VERONESE, BONIFAZIO. See Boni- fazio, Veronese.
VERONESE, PAOLO, born in Verona in
1528, died in Venice, April 19, 1588. Ve- netian school ; real name Paolo Caliari or Ca- gliari, son of Gabriele Calia- ri, a sculptor ; pupil of his un- cle Antonio Badile, according to Ridolfi, and of Giovan- ni Caroto, according to Vasari. After paint- ing in Verona and in Mantua he established himself in Venice, where he executed most of his works. In 1563 he visited Rome in the suite of the Venetian ambassador, but the study of the pictures of the great masters there did not affect his style. On his return to Venice he gained great reputation by many pictures and frescos painted in the Palazzo Ducale and in churches, especially in S. Sebastiano. As Titian was then very old, Veronese shared with Tintoretto the most important commissions. He received orders from the Emperor Rudolph H., the Duke of Savoy, and the Duke of Modena, and was invited by Philip H. to decorate the Escorial ; but preferring to remain in Venice, he sent Federico Zuccaro to Spain in his stead. With all his skill, splendid use of colour, and facile command of the resources of painting for decorative pur- poses, Veronese seems superficial when compared with Titian. He gives us the glitter, the pomp, the outward aspect of Venetian life, making it the medium for the representation of sacred as well as profane subjects ; but while he thus fascinates the eye he does not, like Titian, move the feel-
368
VE11ONESE
ings or reveal to the mind the hidden springs of character. He fills his canvases with men and women, in the rich costumes of the time, sitting or standing near heavy- laden banqueting tables, relieved against modern architectural backgrounds, and sur- rounded by musicians, pages, attendants, dogs, birds, and other objects, grouped in the foreground with masterly effect. His children are charming, his women models of sensuous beauty, his mythological sub- jects are especially well treated, and his por- traits are remarkably life-like. Among his works are : Rape of Europa, Venice En- throned, Venice with Justice and Peace, and others, Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; Supper of St. Gregory, Convent of Monte Berico, Vi- cenza ; Venice and Doge Sebastian Venier ; Feast in House of Levi, Annunciation, Vir- gin and St. Dominick, Madonna with Saints, Assumption, Venice Academy ; Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, Martyrdom of SS. Hark and Marcellinus, Madonna and Saints, Bap- tism of Christ, Two Marys, and others, S. Sebastiano, Venice ; Fall of Manna, SS. Apostoli, ib. ; Marriage of St. Catherine, S. Caterina, ib. ; Martyrdom of St. George, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Verona ; Martyrdom of St. Afra, S. Afra, Brescia ; Martyrdom of St. Justina, S. Giustina, Padua ; Baptism of Christ, Separation of Christ, Marys at the Sepulchre, Presentation in Temple, St. Bene- dict, Fercwese's Wife, Pitti, Florence ; Martyr- dom of St. Justina, Annunciation, Holy Fami- ly, Esther before Ahasuerus, Uffizi, Florence ; Feast in House of the Pharisee, St. Anthony, Marriage at Cana, Adoration of Magi, Brera, Milan ; Judith, Palazzo Brignole-Sale, Gen- oa ; Marriage of St. Catherine, Susanna, Accademia di S. Luca, Rome ; Rape of Eu- ropa, Magdalen, Capitol ; Venus and Cupid, John the Baptist, Palazzo Borghese ; St. Helena, Vatican ; Queen of Sheba and Solo- mon, Feast in House of Simon the Pharisee, Finding of Moses, Turin Gallery ; Adoration of Magi, Madonna with Saints, Marriage at Cana, Procession to Calvary, Susanna, Find- ing of Moses, Centurion before Christ, Sup-
per at Emmaus, Presentation in Temple, Leda and the Swan, Dresden Gallery ; Repose in Egypt, Adoration of Magi, Death of Cleo- patra, Munich Gallery ; Christ in House of Jairus, Adoration of Magi, Annunciation, Judith, St. Jerome, Vienna Museum ; Mar- riage at Cana, Jupiter destroying Crimes, Feast in House of the Pharisee, Supper at Emmaus, Rebekah (?), Esther before Ahasue- rus, Susanna, Lot and his Daughters, Ma- donna with Saints (2), Louvre ; Venus and Adonis, Christ and Centurion, Christ and Doctors, Magdalen, Madonna with Saints, Marriage at Cana, /Susanna, Cain and his Wife, Finding of Moses, Calvary, Woman taken in Adultery, and others, Madrid Mu- seum ; Repose in Egypt, Pietd, Mars and Venus, Holy Family and St. Catherine, Her- mitage, St. Petersburg ; Adoration of Magi, Vision of St. Helena, Family of Darius, Con- secration of St. Nicholas, National Gallery, London ; Mars and Venus, Venus and Ado- nis, National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Mercury and Herse, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge ; Hercules led by Wisdom, Veronese between Virtue and Vice, Hope Collection, London ; Leda and the Swan, Munro Butler-Johnstone Collection, ib. ; Death of Adonis, Judgment of Solomon, Bridgewater House, ib. ; Supper at Emmaus, Stafford House, ib. ; Adoration of Magi, Devonshire House, ib. ; Judgment of Paris, Earl of Wemyss, ib. ; Happy Love, Infidelity, Respect, Disgust, Cobham Hall, near Rochester, England. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ix. 185; xi. 249, 337 ; ed. Mil., vi. 369 ; Baldiuucci, ii. 431 ; Ridolfi, Ma- raviglie, ii. 1 ; Burckhardt, 82, 246, 745, 752 ; Dohme, 2iii. ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 196; xii. 357; xiii. 388 ; xiv. 64.
VERONESE BETWEEN VIRTUE AND VICE, Paolo Veronese, Hope Collection, London ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft. 2 in. A man, said to be Veronese himself, flees from a woman with the hands of a harpy, holding a pack of cards, to embrace Virtue, represented by a beautiful woman. From
ilium Ji;ui,
ft.
VEKOISTESE'S WIFE
Orleans Gallery ; sold in 1793 for £500. Engraved by L. Deplaces. — Cab. Crozat, ii. PI. 23 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 113, 498.
VERONESE'S WIFE, portrait, Paolo Veronese, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, oval, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 1 ft. 11 in. Bust, full face ; black dress, white embroidered veil, and pearl necklace. Half figure. — Cat. Pal. Pitti.
VERONICA, THE. See Ecce Homo, Murillo.
VERRIO, ANTONIO, born in Naples in 1634, died at Hampton Court, England, June 17, 1707. History painter ; after painting for a while at Toulouse, France, where he executed an altarpiece for the Church of the Carmelites, he went to Eng- land in 1671, at the invitation of Charles H., who employed him in the decoration of Windsor Castle. He was paid nearly £7,000 for his work there, in which he was contin- ued by James IT. In the great hall of Christ's Hospital is a work by him ninety feet long, representing the governor with the officers and children returning thanks to that mon- arch for the hospital charter. At the time of the Revolution he refused to work for William HI., but after employment at Chats- worth and at Burleigh he painted his well- known work, the great staircase at Hamp- ton Court. — Redgrave.
VERROCCHIO, ANDREA DEL, born in Florence in 1435, died in Venice, June 25, 1488. Florentine school ; real name An- drea da Michele di Francesco de' Cioni. Like Antonio Polla- juolo, he was a gold- smith, sculptor, and worker in bronze, as well as a painter. The only example of his pictorial work, the Bap- tism of Christ, in the Florence Academy, shows that he combined the peculiarities of Fra Filippo, of Andrea del Castagno, and of Domenico Veneziano. His modelling is
conscientious, but his drapery is lifeless. Verrocchio was the master of Leonardo da Vinci and of Lorenzo di Credi. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 400 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., v. 139 ; ed. Mil., iii. 357 ; Burckhardt, 134, 351, 357 ; Lttbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 316.
VERSCHAEREN, JOANNES ANTONI- US, born in Antwerp, April 28, 1803, died there, May 30, 1863. History, portrait, and landscape painter, pupil of Herreyns ; formed himself after old French and Italian masters in England, France, Germany, especially at Munich, and in Italy. Member of Antwerp Academy in 1837. Professor ; Order of Leo- pold, 1847. Works : Rebekah and Eliezer (1836) ; Ruth and Boaz (1840) ; Descent
from the Cross, St. Mi- chael's, Lou- vain ; Annun- ciation, Bois-le-Duc Cathedral ; Portrait of Herreyns, Antwerp Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 181.
VERSCHURINGH, HENDRIK, born at Gorinchem in 1627, drowned near Dor- drecht, April 26, 1690. Dutch school ; bat- tle and genre painter, pupil of Dirk Govertsz and of Jan Both in Utrecht ; continued his studies in Italy, and after his return to Hol- land in 1662 frequented armies and camps, where he sketched from life and painted a number of skirmishes, camps, guard-houses, etc., with great truth and felicitous inven- tion. Works : Shoeing a Horse (1667), Rot- terdam Museum ; Cavalry Skirmish, Bam- berg Gallery ; Riding School (1679), Trav- ellers attacked by Robbers, Distribution of Booty, Brunswick Gallery ; Scene by Sut- lers' Tents (1674), Berlin Museum ; Detach- ment of Army Starting (1670), Christ con- ducted to Golgotha, Dresden Gallery ; Halt of Travellers, Copenhagen Gallery ; Skir- mish between Troopers, Christiania Gal- lery ; Battle-Piece, Hermannstadt Museum ; Piazza Aracoeli in Rome, Leipsic Museum ; Dutch Coast View, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Warrior and Peasant busy with Horses, Ol- denburg Gallery ; Ships at Anchor near a
360
VERSCHUIER
City, Schleissheim Gallery ; Italian Land- scape, Schwerin Gallery ; Stag Hunt, Liech- tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Battle-Piece, Czer- nin Gallery, ib.; Cavalry Skirmish, Sea in Morning Light, Schonborn Gallery, ib. —
V\ V
Immerzeel, iii. 184 ; Kramm, vi. 1732 ; Kug- ler (Crowe), ii. 433 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 294.
VEESCHUIEK, UEVE, born in Rotter- dam about 1630 (?), died there, buried Dec. 17, 1686. Dutch school ; marine painter, pupil of Simon de Vlieger ; went afterwards to Italy to study nature in its light effects upon landscape and water ; painted a great number of sea-fights and water-views, en- livened with ships and boats. He was an imitator of Willem van de Velde. Works : Arrival of Charles Stuart in Rotterdam, Keelhauling of a Surgeon, Agitated Sea with Vessels, Amsterdam Museum ; View of Rotterdam, The Old Eastport — ib., Moun- tainous Landscape, Rotterdam Museum ; Harbour Scenes (2), Hermannstadt Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 183 ; Kramm, vi. 1733 ; Kugler (Crowe) ii. 504.
VERSCHUUR, WOUTERUS, born in Am- sterdam, June 11, 1812, died at Vorden, July 4, 1874. Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Pieter Gerardus van Os and of C. Steffelaar. Member of Amsterdam (1833) and Rotterdam (1862) Academies. Med- als : Amsterdam, 1831, 1832, 1838; The Hague, 1858, 1859 ; Officer Order of Oaken Crown, 1862. Works: Sleighing on the Zaan (1838), Stormy Weather (1872), Horse Fair, Amsterdam Museum ; Halt before Tiivern (1839); Stable, Horse at Plough (1840);
Landscape with Horses and Figures (1841) ; Dogs resting by Fireside, Freight Waggon and Horses in Stable, Museum Fodor, Am- sterdam ; Messenger on Horseback with Donkey, Goat, and Dog (1846), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Horses in Stable, Leipsic Mu- seum. — Immerzeel, iii. 183 ; Kramm, vi. 1733.
VERSPRONCK (Versprong), JAN, born in Haarlem in 1597, died there, buried June 30, 1662. Dutch school ; portrait painter, son of Cornells Engelszen Verspronck (by whom a Repast of Archers, 1618, is in the Haarlem Museum), pupil of Frans Hals ; master of Haarlem guild in 1632. Shows in his later pictures the influence of Rem- brandt. Works: Portraits of Man and Wife (1637), Male Portraits (2, 1641), Fe- male Portrait (1650), Regents of the Hos- pital (1642), Repast of Officers, Haarlem Museum ; Portrait (1641), Amsterdam Mu- seum ; Female Portrait (1653), Berlin Mu- seum ; do., Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Male Portraits (2, 1641, 1645), Female do. (1640, 1641), Oldenburg Gallery ; Young Couple (1634, 1636), Woerlitz Gallery; Portrait,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Bode, Studien, 107 ; Van der Willigen, 306 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiv. 320.
VERSTEEG, MAGGIEL, born at Dor- drecht, Aug. 30, 1756, died there, buried Nov. 14, 1843. Genre and landscape paint- er ; formed himself chiefly by copying the works of old masters, and painted at first landscapes, afterwards scenes from burgh- ers' life by lamp and candle light. In 1811 Napoleon I. and Marie Louise visited his studio at Dordrecht. Member of Antwerp Academy in 1818. Works : Musical As- sembly by Candle Light, Scullery Maid by
361
VERTANGHEN
Lamp Light, Museum, Amsterdam ; Kitchen Interior, Teyler's Museum, ib.; Old Wom- an Spinning, Eotterdam Museum ; others in Lille Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 186 ; Kramm, vi 1737.
VERTANGHEN, DANIEL, born at The Hague in 1598, died there in 1657. Dutch school ; history and landscape painter ; one of the best pupils of Poelenburg, whom he imitated most successfully in composition, colouring, and execution. Painted falcon hunts, bathing women, and dancing maidens in attractive landscapes. Works : Narcis- sus, Cassel Gallery ; Diana and Nymphs, Copenhagen Gallery ; do. (2), Bathing Girls surprised by Shepherds, Southern Land- scape, Schwerin Gallery ; Landscape with Bathing Nymphs, Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; Landscape with Diana and Dancing Satyr, Brunswick Gallery ; Adam and Eve driven
from Paradise, Dresden Gallery. — Immer- zeel, iii. 187 ; Siret (1883), ii. 372.
VERTUMNUS AND POMONA, Paris ftordone, Louvre ; canvas, round, 4 ft. 3 in. diameter. Life-size figures, half-length, i standing side by side, embracing. — Landon, Musee, 2d Col., iv. PL 24.
By Francesco Mehi, Berlin Museum ; wood, H. 6 ft. x 4 ft. 5 in. Pomona, sitting under an elm, in a rocky landscape, turns towards Vertumnus, who is disguised as an old woman (Ovid., Met., xiv. 623). For- merly attributed to Leonardo da Vinci. Original sketch at Windsor Castle. — Meyer, Museen, 280.
VERTUNNI, ACHILLE, Cavaliere, born at Naples ; contemporary. Landscape paint- er, pupil of Fergola ; visited Egypt and the East, and paints scenes in those countries, as well as in Italy, with remarkable power and brilliancy of colour. Medals : Vienna, 1873 ; Philadelphia, 1876 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Daybreak near Cape Mise-
no ; Torrent near Terni ; Ruins of Roman Villa ; Pine Forest near Ostia ; View in Austria ; Pontine Marshes ; Pool in Roman Campagna ; Ruins of Psestum, Fiirstenberg Gallery, Donaueschingen ; Seashore of Por- to d' Anzio ; Castello della Pietra ; Pyra- mids of Egypt ; The Sphinx ; Sunset at Cape Fusano ; On the Nile after Sunset (1879) ; Lake Avernus, Psestum (1868), H. P. Kidder, Boston, Mass.; Bay of Naples, William H. Metcalf, Milwaukee, Wis.— Art Journal (1870), 237; D. Rundschau, xx. 469.
VERVEER, SALOMON LEONARDUS, born at The Hague, Nov. 30, 1813, died there, Jan. 5, 1876. Genre and marine painter, pupil of Bartholomeus Johannes van Hove ; visited the Rhine countries and France, especially Normandy, and lived for some time in Paris. Medals : Brussels, 1842, 1851 ; Philadelphia, 1876 ; Order of Leo- pold, 1851 ; Officer Order of Oaken Crown, 1863 ; Order of Lion, 1874. Works : City View with Mail Steamship Starting (1836) ; Jewish Quarter at Amsterdam (1851) ; View of Katwijk-aan-Zee, Ghent Museum ; View of Noordwijk-aan-Zee (1865), View of Sche- veuingen in Rainy Weather (1873), City View, Museum, Amsterdam ; Kirmess at Scheveningen, Museum Fodor, ib.; After- noon at Katwijk-aan-Zee, Rotterdam Muse- um ; Winter Scene (1846), Landscape (with animals by Verboeckhoven), Kunsthalle, Hamburg. His brother and pupil Elchanon (born at The Hague, April 19, 1826), paints similar subjects ; studied also under Her- man Ten Kate. Works : Little Smoker, Chil- dren with Sleigh, Rotterdam Museum ; Re- turn from the Walk (1883). — Immerzeel, iii. 188 ; Kramm, vi. 1742 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 944.
VERWEE, ALFRED JACQUES, born at Brussels ; contemporary. Landscape and animal painter, son of Louis Pierre Verwc-e (born in Brussels, 1812), pupil of Eug&ne Verboeckhoven ; paints in Brussels with great success, and his pictures are to be found in most collections in Belgium.
362
Puri a F
VERWILT
Medals : Brussels, Paris (1864, 1878), Vien- na ; Order of Leopold, 1871 ; L. of Hon- our, 1881. Works : Banks of the Scheldt ; Horses at Pasture ; View in the Ardennes ; Zealand Team, Brussels Museum ; St. Se- bastian's Guild (1881) ; Ox and Bull Fight- ing (1884).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 998.
VEEWILT, FRANgOIS, born at Rotter- dam in 1598, died there in 1690 or 1691. Dutch school ; landscape, figure, and por- trait painter, pupil of Cornelia Dubois, then of Poelenburg, whose style he imitated. His works ai-e extremely rare. Works : Son of Admiral van Nes (1669), Amsterdam Muse- um ; Magdalen Penitent, Cassel Gallery ; Repose in Egypt, Czernin Gallery, Vienna. — Irnmerzeel, iii. 190 ; Kuust-Chronik, xx. 508.
VESALIUS, ANDREA, portrait, Titian, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 11 in. The eminent anatomist, author of "De Humani Corporis Fabrica" (Bade, 1543), when an old man. Other por- ti-aits of him differ from this in features. Engraved by T. Ver Cruys ; Paradisi. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 418 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iii. PI. 122.
VESTAL TUCCIA, Hector Leroux, Cor- coran Gallery, Washington ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 8 ft. 2 in. Tuccia, a vestal charged with want of chastity, stands on the banks of the Tiber, raising above her head with both hands a sieve, praying to Vesta to al- low her to bear it filled with water to her temple in proof of her innocence. Salon, 1874 ; Paris Exhibition, 1878.— Art Treas- ures of America, i. 6 ; Corcoran Gal. Cat.
VESTALS, SCHOOL OF, Hector Leroux, J. J. Astor, New York ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x 10 ft. Scene : Interior of Temple of Vesta, Rome ; in foreground, a bronze tripod with the never-dying fire, upon which the chief priestess pours a libation while a vestal, at her left, reads from a scroll ; in front, two priestesses of superior dignity sit upon rich chairs with footstools, and the novices stand around in a semicircle. Salon, 1880. Pho- togravure in Ail Treasures of America, ii. 5.
VESTIER, ANTOINE, born at Avallon (Yonne), April 28, 1740, died in Paris, Dec. 24, 1824. Portrait painter, pupil of Pierre ; received into the Academy in 1786 ; after travelling for a long time in Holland and England, settled in Paris. Works : Por- trait of Jean Baptiste Pierre (1786), Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris ; Artist's Wife (1787), Female Portraits (2), Louvre, ib. — Bellier, ii. 665 ; Jal, 1263.
VETSAJO, IL. See liembo, Gian Fran- cesco.
VETTER, HEGESIPPE JEAN, born in Paris, Sept. 21, 1820. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Steuben. Medals : 3d class, 1843, 1867; 2d class, 1847, 1848, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1855. Works : Bay- ard as a Child (1844); Moliere with the Bar- ber of Pezenas (1847) ; Alchemist (1848), Angers Museum ; Studying by Lamplight (1850) ; Quarter of an Hour with Rabelais, Master of Arms (1855) ; Smoker, Woman Reading, The Story (1857) ; Woman Dress- ing, Going out Walking (1859) ; Bernard Palissy, The Declaration (1861); Molttre. and Louis XIV. (1864), Luxembourg Mu- seum ; Mascarille presenting Jodelet to Ca- thos and Madelon (1865), Orleans Museum ; Mignon playing with a Cup and Ball (1866); In the Tavern (1867); Mazarin (1872), Lux- embourg Museum ; Flight into Egypt (1874); An Exquisite (1875) ; The Letter (1878) ; St. John the Baptist, Saint Jacques du Haut-pas, Paris; Two Angels, Saint Louis d'Antiu. — Bellier, ii. 665 ; Meyer, Gesch., 662 ; Larousse.
VEYRASSAT, JULES JACQUES, born in Paris in 1825. Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Lefman. Paints both in oil and water-colour. Medals : 2d class, 1872 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Drink- ing Cider, Harvesters (1850) ; View at M. Hereau's (1852); Manure Carts (1853); Peas- ants going to Fields (1855) ; Peasants din- ing in Fields, Gleaners, Meal in Shadow of MiU (1857); Tow-Horses on the Seine (1859), Pau Museum ; Tow-Horses in the Morning, Harvest near Morlair, Harvest near Paris,
363
VIAEDOT
Peasants destroying a Stack of Wheat, Black- smith shoeing a Horse, Shepherd Besting (1859) ; Tow-Horses, A Ferry, Relays of Horses, Harvest at Ezanville (1861); Drink- ing Place at St. Bernard Gate ; Horse Ferry, Cascarottes au Lavoir (1863) ; Horses at the Eiver, Fountain at Hendaye (1864) ; Low Tide at Grand-Champ, Washerwomen near St. Jean de Luz, Building Yard, Eeturn to the Yard (1865) ; Horses at Drinking Place (1866) ; Ferry at Valvin, Tow-Horses on "Upper Seine (1867) ; Horses Drinking, Vil- lage Blacksmith, Shepherd and the Sea (1868) ; Eeturn of Labourers, Watering Place at Samois (1869) ; Basque Women after the Bath, Village Street (1870) ; Be- lays of Horses for Towing, Village Smithy (1872) ; Summer, Vegetable Dealer (1873) ; Last Sheaves, Cart in a Wood (1874) ; Wa- tering Place, The Well, Street Carts in the Woods of Fontainebleau (1875); The Little Bridge at Samois, Eelays of Tow-Horses (1876) ; Carrieres ;\ Paves, Horse Ferry for Tow-Horses (1877) ; Fair of St. Catherine, Tow-Horses in Eelays (1878) ; Information, Market-Dues (1879) ; Tank for Tow-Horses (1880) ; Old Horse at Door of Blacksmith's Shop, Cock Crowing (1881) ; Early Wheat, Blacksmith (1882) ; Cadi's Escort, Arabs crossing the Chelif (1883) ; The Belay, Horse Ferry (1884) ; Arab Horsemen at the Fountain, Horse Dealers (1885) ; Vintage, Eiver in a Village (1886).— Bellier, ii. 666 ; Portfolio (1875), 162.
VIAEDOT, LfiON, born at Dijon, Dec. 1, 1805. History, portrait, and animal painter, pupil of Picot and Ary Scheffer. Medal : 2d class, 1835. Works : Corsican Woman, Sultan (a dog), Sword of Damocles, Eoebuck driving away a Fox, Dogs drink- ing after Hunt, Head of Little Spanish Dog (1836-65) ; Christ healing the Sick (1849) ; Christ and the Samaritan Woman (1859) ; Dog shaking a Partridge (1867) ; Hunting and Puppies (1868) ; Meeting (1874) ; Head of a Spanish Dog (1879) ; Spanish Dog (1882) ; Woman Beading, Head of a Little Girl (1883), Head of Setter Dog (1884) ;
Sweet Thought (1886).— Bellier, ii. 668 ; Larousse.
VIBEBT, JEHAN GEOBGES, born in Paris, Sept. 30, 1840. Genre painter, pupil of Picot and Barrias. Medals: 1864, 1867, 1868; 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1870. Works : Bepent- ance, Siesta (1863); Narcissus transformed into a Flower (1864), Bordeaux Museum ; Christian Martyrs in Lions' Den, Dead Sheep (1865) ; Daphnis and Chloo (1866) ; Entry of Bull Fighters (with Zamacois), Temptation (1867) ; Wan- dering Barber, Convent in Arms (1868) ; Paying the Tithe, Morning of Wedding (1869) ; Persistent (1870) ; Departure of Newly Married Couple in Spain (1873) ; A Beprimand, Coquelin as Mascarille, Monk picking Badishes (1874) ; Grasshopper and Ant, Painter Besting (1875) ; Monseigneur's Antechamber (1876) ; Serenade (1877) ; Toi- let of the Madonna, Apotheosis of Thiers (1878) ; Behearsing Amateur Theatricals, Studio in Evening (1881) ; At Best, Geor- gette (1882). Works in United States : Bep- rimand, Startling Confession, First-Born (1873), Selling Consecrated Palms, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York ; Spanish Diligence Station, First-Born, J. H. Stebbins, ib. ; Car- dinal's Menu, Morgan sale, New York (1886), Mrs. Arnott, Elmira, N. Y., for $12,500 ; Old Sherry, Calvin S. Brice, ib.; Committee on Moral Books, William H. Vanderbilt, ib. ; Model's Bepose, William Astor, ib.; Bou- quet, WThy comes he not?, W. Bockefeller, ib.; Sacred Concert, J. J. Astor, ib.; Pre- text for Conversation, B. G. Dun, ib. ; Pre- paratory Sermon, Dealer in Pottery, New Clerk (1877), On the Bamparts, Smoker, T. B. Butler, ib. ; Standard Bearer, Mrs. Paran Stevens, ib.; Theological Discussion, B. L. Stuart Collection, ib.; Night Watch, Sharp- ening Bull Fighter's Knife, D. O. Mills, ib.;
364
VICENTINO
Priest burning State Papers, C. P. Hunt- ington, ib. ; Captain's Letter, R L. Cutting, ib.; Missionary's Story (1883), Morgan sale, ib., 1886, $25,500 ; The Arrival (1886), W. Schauss, ib. ; Palm Sunday (1873), Morgan sale, 1886, $2,000 ; Eyes and Ears, Morgan sale, 1886, $3,500 ; Toreadors before enter- ing Arena, Gulliver and the Liliputians (1870), W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Roll-Call after Pillage (1867), H. C. Gibson, Phila- delphia ; and many others. — Bellier, ii. 668 ; Meyer, Gesch., 602 ; Larousse.
VICENTINO, ANDREA. See Andrea Michieli.
VICES, WISDOM VICTORIOUS OVER, Andrea Mantegna, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. Minerva and other god- desses expel the Vices from a garden, and welcome the approach of Justice, Force, and Temperance from heaven. Painted after 1492 ; one of a series of pictures for the boudoir of Isabella, Marchioness of Mantua ; carried off by the Germans at sack of Man- tua in 1630 ; passed into France ; for a time in palace of Due de Richelieu at Richelieu. — C. & C., N. Italy, i. 408 ; ViUot, Cat Lou- vre ; Milndler, 137.
VICTOR (Fictor), JACOMO, Dutch school, 17th century, alive in 1672. Paint- ed chiefly birds ; as learned as Hondecoe- ter, and even more original. Probably con- nected with Jan Victors. Lived in Venice about 1663, and, as Jacob van Ruisdael often painted the backgrounds for his pictures, he must have been settled in Amsterdam about 1670. Works : Domestic Birds (2), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Dove-Cote (landscape by Jacob van Ruisdael), Domestic Birds in the Woods, Copenhagen Gallery ; do. in a Park (landscape by Jacob van Ruisdael), Berlin Museum ; Chickens and Dove, Dres- den Gallery ; A Barnyard (attributed to Hondecoeter), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Rooster and Doves, Schleissheim Gallery. — Kramm, vi. 1751 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 458 ; Burger, Musees, ii. 39, 315.
VICTORS (Victoor, Fictoor), JAN, Dutch school, born about 1620, died at Amsterdam
after December, 1672. History, genre, por- trait, and landscape painter, pupil of Rem- brandt, probably about 1635-40 ; in his bibli- cal scenes adhered closely to the manner of his master. Works : Tobias blessing his Son, Bridge water Gallery, London ; Isaac blessing Jacob, Girl at Casement (1640), Louvre ; Village Wedding, Antwerp Museum ; Joseph explaining the Dream, Pork Butcher (1648), Dentist (1654), Museum, Amsterdam ; Mar- ket, Six Collection, ib.; Portrait of a Bur- gomaster (1661), Haarlem Museum ; Proph- etess Anna, Van der Schrieck Collection, Louvain ; Lady's Portrait, Death of David (1642), Jacob and Laban, Boaz and Ruth, Copenhagen Gallery ; Halt before Inn, Uni- versity, Gottiugen ; Esther and Hainan (1642), Capture of Samson, David anoint- ed by Solomon (1653), Brunswick Gallery ; Hannah and Samuel with Eli (1645), Berlin Museum ; Finding of Moses, Finding of the Cup in Benjamin's Sack, Dresden Gallery ; Boaz and Ruth, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Peasants in a flat Landscape, Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; Tobias mocked by his Wife, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Tobias recover- ing Sight (1651), Old Piuakothek, Munich ; Cyrus and Astyages, Oldenburg Gallery ; Continence of Scipio (1640), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Landscape with Peasant Cot- tage, Wiesbaden Gallery ; Mother and Child,
dan V/ctoors fee
Historical Society, New York.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Burger, Must'es, ii. 29, 179, 315 ; Immerzeel, iii. 191 ; Kramm, vl 1752; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 379; Riegel, Beitruge, ii. 270 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt, sa vie, 101.
VIDAL, VINCENT, born at Carcassonne (Aude), Jan. 20, 1811. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Paul Delaroche. Paints both in oil and water-colour. Medals : 3d class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1849 ; L. of Honour, 1852. Works: Frasquita, Needjme, Nocmi,
366
VIEN
Little Tony (1844) ; Oracle of the Fields, Inquisitive Little Girl, Self-Love, Fatinit- za (1845); Season for Hoses, Satisfaction, Woman Listening (1846) ; Season for Fruit, Daughter of Eve, Darling Sin, (1847); Fallen Angel, Tear of Repentance, Polyhym- nia (1849) ; Flowers and Jewels (1852) ; Portrait of the Empress Eugenie, Fancies (1853); Loves of the Angels (1855); Bre- ton Poacher, Rain in Brittany, Plouescat Peasants returning Home, Muse of Luxury (1857); Evening Prayer in Brittany, The Muse of Candour, Prayer (1859) ; Broken Thread, Flower Girl (1861) ; Farm in Brit- tany, Loves of the Angels (1866) ; Breton Trooper, Ferns (1868) ; Brittany in Autumn (1870); Fever -Stricken Bretons, Hasty- Pudding (1873) ; Edge of a Moor (1874) ; Pond in Quimerch (1875) ; Farm in Finis- terre, Pond in Quimerch (1879) ; The Hello, Pond in Quimerets (1880) ; Hollow Eoad in Brittany, A Heath (1881) ; Shore of a Pond, Mill of Losten-Vir (1882) ; Calm on a Pond, Ruins in an old Park (1883) ; Pike's Nest, Moor in Brittany (1884) ; Beech-Tree Offal, Autumn (1885) ; Glade, Beech-Tree Avenue (1886).— Bellier, ii. 670; Meyer, Gesch., 388 ; Larousse.
VIEN, JOSEPH MARIE, Count, born at Montpellier, June 18, 1716, died in Paris, March 27, 1809. French school ; histo- ry painter, pupil of Giral and of Natoire in Paris ; won grand prix in 1743, spent five years in Rome, and af- ter his return became member of the Acade- my, and adjunct professor in 1754, and pro- fessor in 1759. With Regnault, David, Vin- cent, and Suvee, he founded the modern clas- sical school. In 1775-81 he was director of the Academy at Rome, in 1781 became rector and in 1788 chancellor of the Paris Academy, in 1789 first painter to the king, and in 1795 member of the Institute. Or-
der of St. Michael, 1775. Napoleon made him a senator, count, and commander of the Legion of Honour. Works: St. Germain and St. Vincent (1755), Daedalus and Icarus (1754), Sleeping Hermit (1750), Cupids play- ing with Swans, Flowers and Doves (1758), Louvre ; Miraculous Draught of Fishes (1759), Marseilles Museum ; Christ with the Disciples at Emmaus (1759), Resurrection, Hermit Asleep (study for painting in the Louvre), Orleans Museum ; St. Germain giving a Medal to St. Genevieve (1761), Saint Louis, Versailles ; Rape of Proserpine (1763), Grenoble Museum ; Marcus Aurelius ordering Food to be distributed during a Famine (1765), Amiens Museum ; St. De- nis preaching the Gospel in France (1767), St. Roch, Paris ; St. Gregory (1767), Sacris- ty, St. Louis, Versailles ; The Magdalen (1775), Verdun Cathedral ; Briseis led from the Tent of Achilles (1781), Return of Pria- mus with the Body of Hector (1785), Angers Museum ; Circumcision, Bordeaux Museum ; Moses with the Law Tables, Douai Muse- um ; Lot and his Daughters, Havre Muse- um; Christ healing the Son of the Cap- tain of Capernaum, Marseilles Museum ; St. Gregory the Great, St. John in the Desert, Old Man Asleep, Academical Figure, Mont- pellier Museum ; Religion, Nancy Museum ; Christ on the Cross, Nimes Museum ; Anger of Achilles, Rouen Museum. His wife and pupil, Marie Therese, nee Reboul (born in Paris in 1728, died there, Dec. 28, 1805), was a good miniature painter, and received into the Academy in 1757. Their son, Joseph Marie (born in 1762, died in 1848), was a portrait painter, pupil of his father and of Vincent. Portraits of himself and his wife are in the Rouen Museum ; a portrait of his fa- ther is in the Mont- pellier Museum. — Bellier, ii. 672 ; Bi- og.univ.,xliii.357; Ch. Blanc, Ecole , iii. ; EmSric-David, Sur Vien (Pa- ris, 1809) ; Jal, 12G5 ; Le Breton, Not. hist.
J.V
VIEIIGE
sur la vio, etc. (Paris, 1809) ; Nouvelle biog. gen.,xlvi. 131 ; Revue univ. cles Arts, xvii. 20.
VIERGE AUX BALANCES. See Ma- donna of the Scalea
VIEKGE AU BAS-RELIEF. See Ma- donna of the Bas-Relief.
VIERGE A LA CEINTURE. See Ma- donna a la Ceinture.
VIERGE AUX CERISES. See Madonna of the Cherries.
VIERGE AU CHAPELET. See Madon- na with Rosary.
VIERGE AU CHARDONNERET. See Madonna del Cardelliuo.
VIERGE CONSOLATRICE. See Ma- donna of Consolation.
VIERGE A LA COQUILLE. See Holy Family, Domenichino.
VIERGE COUPEE. See Madonna, Mu- rillo, Lord Overstone.
VIERGE AU COUSSIN VERT. See Ma- donna of the Green Cushion.
VIERGE A LA CROIX. See Madonna della Tenda.
VIERGE AU DIADEME. See Madonna with Diadem.
VIERGE AU DONATAIRE. See Madon- na di Foligno.
VIERGE DE L'ECHELLE. See Pietd, Correggio.
VIERGE A LA GRAPPR See Madonna with the Grapes.
VIERGE AU LAPIN. See Madonna del Coniglio.
VIERGE AU LEZARD. See Repose in Egypt.
VIERGE AU LINGE. See Madonna with Diadem.
VIERGE DE LA MAISON D'ALBE. See Madonna della Casa d'Alba.
VIERGE AU PALMIER. See Holy Fam- ily of the Palm.
VIERGE AU PANIER. See Madonna della Cesta.
VIERGE AUX ROCHERS. See Madon- na among the Rocks.
VIERGE DE SEVILLE. See Holy Fam- ily, Murillo, Louvre.
VIERGE DE LA VICTOIRE. See Ma- donna della Vittoria.
VIERGE AU VOILE. See Madonna with Diadem.
VIGEE-LEBRUN. See Lebrun.
VIGER, (JEAN LOUIS) HECTOR, born at Argentan (Orne), Oct. 25, 1819, died in Paris, March 15, 1879. History painter, pupil of Monvoisin, Delaroche, and Drol- ling ; afterwards influenced by Lehmann. Works: St. Ann and the Virgin (1847), Saint Lazare, Paris ; The Virgin working in the Temple (1850), Saint Jean d'Angel, ib. ; Death of Virgil (1857), Langres Muse- um ; Christ on the Cross (1864), Palais de Justice, Paris ; Empress Josephine before the Coronation (1865), Marseilles Museum ; Martyrdom of St. Denis and his Compan- ions (1867), Saint Jacques duHaut-pas, Paris ; Pas de Gavotte (1868), Argentan Museum ; Les libellules (1870), Alencon Museum ; Je ne pars plus (1870), Unexpected Return (1872), Orleans Museum ; Corinne (1873), Argentan Museum ; A Visit to St. Peter's in Rome (1874), Cherbourg Museum ; First Distribution of the Legion of Honour in the Church of the Invalids, Palais de la Legion d'honneur, Paris. — Belliei', ii. 677.
VIGNE, FELIX DE, born in Ghent, March 16, 1806, died Dec. 5, 1862. Histo- ry and genre painter, son and pupil of Igna- tius de Vigne (1767-1840), and in Brussels of Paelinck ; was very successful in rendering the character and costumes of the middle ages ; distinguished also as a writer on art. Professor at the Academy and president of Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Ghent. Order of Leopold. Works : Mary of Bur- gundy interceding for the Ministers Hugo- net and Imbercourt ; Philip van Artevelde addressing People of Ghent ; Antiquity Cab- inet of H. Goltzius ; Three Stages in Life of Woman ; Market in 15th Century, Ghent Museum ; Wedding of the Painter Van der Meere at Ghent ; Abrocomas and Anthia, Brussels Museum ; Children by a Wine-Cel- lar, Pavilion, Haarlem. His brother, Edou- ard de Vigne (born in Ghent, Aug. 4, 1808,
387
VIGNON
died there, May 8, 1866), was a landscape painter, pupil of Ghent Academy and of Surmont de Volsberghe; visited Italy in 1836-38, and England in 1841. "Works: View of Subiaco, Capuchin Monastery at Cava (1838), In the Forest of Alife, Ghent Museum.— Immerzeel, iii. 192 ; Kramm, vi. 1754 ; Sunaert, 109, 131.
VIGNON, CLAUDE, the elder, born at Tours, May 19, 1593, died in Paris, May 10, 1670. French school ; history painter, pu- pil in Kome of Caravaggio, but rather fol- lowed the mannerism of his time, neglecting the study of nature and of antique models.
tre
Village Bride, Jean Baptiste Greuze, Louvre, Paris.
After his return to France, via Spain, about 1624, he was patronized by Maria de' Medi- ci, for whom he bought pictures and statues in Spain and Italy, by Louis XHL and Car- dinal Richelieu. Received into the Acade- my and made professor in 1651. Works : Baptism of the Eunuch (1638), Notre Dame de Paris ; Christ among the Doctors, Gren- oble Museum ; Adoration of the Magi, Lille
Museum ; Christ washing the Feet of the Bas.— Reveil, xii. 851.
Fran9ois (1634-1703), studied also in Rome, and was received into the Paris Academy in 1667. By him: The Daughter of King Polemon of Armenia delivered by St. Bar- tholomew of a Demon (1668), Notre Dame de Paris ; and a portrait of his father, in the £cole des Beaux Arts. — Bellier, ii. 681 ; Memoires inedits, i. 269.
VILLAGE BRIDE (Accordee de village), Jean Baptiste Greuze, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. X 3 ft. 10 in. An old man, seated at right, gives a purse, the dowry of his daughter, to a young man, standing in cen- the mother, seated at left, clasps the hand of her daughter, who stands beside her husband supporting a younger sis- ter leaning upon her shoul- der ; at right, foreground, a notary. Salon, 1761; pur- chased by Marquis de Ma- rigny for 9,000 livres ; at his sale (1782), bought for 16,650 livres. Engraved by J. J. Flipart (1770).— Reveil, vi. 407 ; Filhol.
VILLAGE FESTIVAL, David Teniers, younger, Vi- enna Museum ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. A kirmess or fe'te in a Flem- ish village. Scene in the court of an inn, from the window of which is dis- played a banner bearing the figure of the Archduke Leopold, Governor of the Low Countries. At the left, in foreground, a nu- merous company at table ; in background, many jovial drinkers ; in centre, peasants dancing ; at right, Teniers himself and his family arriving ; in background, another inn with a May-pole and dancers. One of Ten- iers's best works. Engraved by J. Ph. Le-
Apostles (1653), Nantes Museum ; Martyr- dom of St. Catherine, Rennes Museum ; Joseph in Prison, Rouen Museum ; St. Ce- cilia, Toulouse Museum. His son, Claude
By Sir David WHMe, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. 2 in. Formerly called Ale-House Door. Groups of villagers carousing in the yard of a vil-
368
VILLAGE
lage inn. Many small figures. Painted in 1811 for J. Aiigerstein, who paid for it 800 guineas ; bought with his collection in 1824. Engraved by C. W. Marr ; G. Mosse ; E. Smith; W. Finden; W. Greatbach; P. Lightfoot. — Cat. Nat. GaL ; Heaton, Works of Sir D. W. ; Cat. Angerstein Gal., No. 30. VILLAGE LADIES (Demoiselles du vil- lage), Gustave Courbet, Thomas Wiggles- worth, Boston ; canvas, H. G f t. x 7 f t. Three ladies, standing in foreground, giving alms
bach. — Heaton, Works of D. W. ; Painters of Georgian Era, 51 ; Redgrave, Century, ii. 257.
VILLAVICENCIO, Don PEDRO NU- NEZ DE, born at Seville in 1G35, died there in 1700. Spanish school ; pupil of Murillo, and though only an amateur, won distinc- tion. Becoming a knight of St. John of Jerusalem, went to Malta and studied there under H Calabrese ; on his return to Seville joined the Academy and resumed his friend-
Village Fettival, David Teniers, younger, Vienna Museum.
to a beggar girl ; a dog is beside them, and two cows at right ; background, a landscape of rolling hills. Painted in 1852 ; Paris Ex- hibition, 1855. — Art Treasures of America, iii. 84
VILLAGE POLITICIANS, Sir David Wilkie, Earl of Mansfield, England. A group of rustics in heated discussion around a table in a kitchen, with others near a fire in the background. Royal Academy, 1806 ; sold to Lord Mansfield for 35 guineas. Sketch at Hadzor. Engraved by A. Raim-
ly relations with Murillo, who died in his Painted historical and genre sub-
arms.
jects and portraits. Works : Boys playing Dice, Museo del Prado ; Infant Christ bear- ing a Cross, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la- Chapelle ; Two Boys playing Dice, Hermit- age, St. Petersburg. — Stirling, iii. 1104 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole espagnole ; Madrazo ; Cur- tis, 336.
VILLEGAS, JOSE"; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Mariaus Fortuny, whose manner he follows. Studio in Rome.
VILLEGAS
Works : The Christening, Dream of the Arabian Nights, William H. Vanderbilt, New York ; Armourer's Shop, Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib. ; Spanish Scene, August Belmont, ib.; Bull Fighters, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Rare Vase, Cornelius Vanderbilt, ib.; Turkish Shoe-Shop, J. P. Morgan, ib.; Devotional Scene, D. O. Mills, ib.; Armourer's Shop, E. L. Cutting, ib.; Poultry Market in Tan- gier, Cairo Slipper Merchant (1872), W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Marriage of Doge Fos- cari (1885).
VILLEGAS MAEMOLEJO, PEDRO DE, born in Seville in 1520, died there in 1597. Spanish school ; supposed to have studied
VINCENT, FRANgOIS ANDREA born in Paris, Dec. 30, 1746, died there, Aug. 3, 1816. History painter, son of Francois Elie Vincent (1708-90, miniature painter) ; pupil of Vien. Won the grand prix in 1768, and studied three years in Rome. Member of Academy in 1782, professor in 1792 ; chevalier of Legion of Honour, and pro- fessor in the ficole polytechnique. Works : Belisarius asking Alms ; Alcibiades and Socrates ; St. Jerome (1777), Montpellier Museum ; President Mole seized by Rioters (1779) ; Combat of Romans and Sabines in- terrupted by Sabine Women (1781), Angers Museum ; Ccecinna Pcetus exhorted by his Wife Arria to kill himself (1785), Amiens Museum ; Henri IV. meeting Sully wounded (1786), Zeuxis choosing Girls of Crotona for Models (1789), Louvre; William Tell upsetting the Boat conveying Gesler (1795), Toulouse Museum ; Lesson in Field Labour, Bordeaux Museum ; Por- trait of Bishop de Jarente (1787), Orleans Museum ; do. of the Painter Houe'l, Rouen Museum; David Victor over Goliath, Valen- ciennes Museum. His wife, Mme. Adelaide Vincent in Rome, as his pictures are reminiscent of (born, 1749, Labille des Vertus, married Raphael and of the best traditions of the first M. Guyard, and died, 1803), was a por-
Village Politicians, Sir David Wilkie, Earl of Mansfield.
Roman school. Among his works, which are rare, are : Visitation, Seville Cathedral ; St. Lazarus, Hospital of the Lazarists, near Seville ; Annunciation, Madonna, S. Lor- enzo, Seville. — Stirling, i. 319 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole espagnole.
VILLOLDO, JUAN DE, died after 1551. Spanish school ; pupil of his uncle, Alonzo Perez de Villoldo, a scholar of Juan de Bor- gofia. Painted in 1547-48 a series of forty- five works on sacred subjects for the Carba- jal Chapel in S. Andres, Madrid.— Stirling, i. 148.
trait painter of repute. — Bellier, ii. 690 ; Ch. Blanc, I5cole francaise ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Meyer, Gesch., 55, 78 ; Larousse.
VINCENT, ST., Fra Bartolommeo, Flor- ence Academy ; wood. Painted about 1515 for S. Marco, Florence. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 189 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 468.
VINCENZO DA SAN GIMIGNANO, born in San Gimignano, April 10, 1492, died there after 1529. Roman school. Real name Tamagno, son of Bernardo ; called by Vasari a disciple and friend of Raphael, whom he assisted in the Vatican about 1512.
370
VINCENZO
Won the commendation of Raphael and executed other works in Rome, none of which are existing. After Raphael's death he returned to San Gimignano, where he painted in 1522 a Madonna with Saints. He was again in Rome in 1527, when the city was sacked, and went thence to Montalcino, where he painted for the oratory of the con- vent of S. Rocco the Madonna del Soccorso, now in the Church of the Soccorso. In 1528 he painted for S. Stefano d" Ischia, near Grosseto, St. Joachim and St. Anna. His last known work, dated 1529, is a Ma- donna with Saints, in the Chapel of S. Nic- colo di Tolentino. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 489 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole ombrienne. VINCENZO DA TREVISO. See Catena.
VLNCHON, AUGUSTE (JEAN BAP-
TISTE), born in Paris, Aug. 5, 1789, died at Ems, Nassau, Aug. 1C, 1855. History and portrait painter, pupil of Gioacchino Serangeli, of David, and the £cole des Beaux Arts ; won the second prix de Rome in 1813, and the first in 1814. L. of Hon- our, 1828. Medal, 2d class, 1855. Works : Diagoras carried in Triumph by his Sons (1814), l5cole des Beaux Arts, Paris ; Devo- tion of young Mazet (1822), Lazaretto, Mar- seilles ; Death of Comola (1824) ; Jeanne d'Arc (1824), Orleans Museum ; Greek Sub- ject (1830), Amiens Museum ; Coronation of Charles VH. at Reims (1837), Entry of the French into Bordeaux— 1451 (1838), Opening of the Session of Chambers by Louis XVHL (1841), Enlisting of Volun- teers (1849), Two Portraits, Versailles Mu- seum ; Achille de Harlay (1843) ; The States General under Philip the Fair — 1302 (1846) ; Episode in History of Venice (1847), formerly in Luxembourg Museum ; Martyrs in the Time of Diocletian (1852) ; Achille de Harlay and the Due de Guise (1854) ; Grisailles in Salles 4, 7, 8, and 9 of Musee Charles X., Louvre, Paris ; Presenta- tion of the Virgin, Notre Dame de Lorette, ib.; Abundance rewarding Industry, Truth exposing Fraud, and six grisailles : City of Paris, Agriculture, etc., Palais de la Bourse,
ib. In fresco : Two Episodes in Life of St. Maurice, Angels decorating the Vault from which the Souls of the Thebaiau Legion soar to Heaven (1822), St. Maurice's Chapel, Saint Sulpice, Paris. — Ballard, Not. sur les peint. a fresque, etc. (Paris, 1822) ; Bellier, ii. 692 ; Meyer, Gescb,, 431 ; Rev. univ. des arts, i. 475.
VINCI, LEONARDO DA, born at Vinci, Val d' Arno, near Florence, *%••' in 1452, died at the Chateau de Clot or Cloux, near Arnboise, May 2, 1519. Florentine school. Natu- ral son of Sor Piero d' Anto- nio, Florentine notary ; pupil of Andrea del Verrocchio, with whom he was associated as late as 1476. The bright angel which he painted in his master's picture of the Baptism of Christ, Florence Academy, the Medusa Head, at the Uffizi (if indeed it be the original, and not, as has been conject- ured, the work of Lomazzo), are the only extant works of the earlier period of his life, which closed in 1483, when ho wrote the famous letter to Lodovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, whose statement of universal capacity was in his case literally true. It led to his appointment as court painter, director of the newly founded Academy of Arts, gen- eral organizer of fetes in which art played a conspicuous part, and manager of all enter- prises in which a knowledge of hydraulics, engineering, and general science was neces- sary. For the Duke he executed the famous wall-painting of the Last Supper (1495-98), in S. M. delle Grazie, and modelled an equestrian statue, never cast, of his father, Francesco Sforza, and with him he remained until Lodovico was overthrown by the French (1499), and sent to France to die in a dungeon at the Castle of Loches. Leo- nardo returned to Florence, but soon left it
371
VINCI
for Venice, and the year after (1502) to visit the fortresses of the principal cities of the Eomagna as military engineer to Csesar Bor- gia. Between 1503 and 1505 he produced the famous cartoon of the Battle of the Standard, from which he was to have paint- ed a fresco in the great Hall of the Palazzo Vecchio at Florence. It hung side by side with Michelangelo's cartoon of the Battle of Pisa, in the Hall, where both were studied as miracles of art by all the painters of the time until after 1518, though Vasari erroneously says it was cut to pieces in 1512. In Octo- ber, 1507, Leonardo once more established himself in Milan, where he remained, with the exception of two short visits to Florence in 1511 and 1513, until 1514, when he ac- companied Giuliauo de' Medici to Home to assist at the coronation of Leo X. Unless he had previously visited Rome, of which we have no proof, Leonardo must at this time have painted the admirable fresco of the Madonna with Donor, in a lunette in S. Ono- frio on the Janiculum. Leonardo went in January, 1516, to France, at the invitation of Francis I., and spent the last three years of his life in the King's service. But one of the many sides of this most many-sided of great men can be considered here, and that very imperfectly — namely, his work as a painter. Of this, unfortunately, very little which can be regarded as certainly authentic remains. His great mural painting of the Last Supper, at Milan, is in such a degraded and repainted condition that it is but a shadow of a shade, of the original perfection of which we can best judge by the fine drawing for the head of Christ, in the Brera, and to some extent by the copy by Marco d' Oggione, in the Royal Academy, London, and the well-known engraving by Raphael Morghen. His cartoon survives only in the drawing of one of its groups by Rubens, in the Louvre, a Flemish copy of which was probably used by Edelinck for his engrav- ing of the Battle of the Standard. Few of the easel pictures attributed to Leonardo have stood the test of modern criticism ;
one after another has been assigned to some of his numerous disciples, until those beyond dispute authentic are the following : La Belle Ferroniere (about 1497), Mono, Lisa (about 1500), Madonna with St. Anne, Ma- donna of the Rocks, Louvre, Paris, and Na- tional Gallery, London. Other works which pass under Leonardo's name are : Bacchus, St. John Baptist (probably authentic), Lou- vre ; Vanity and Modesty, Palazzo Barbe- riui, Rome (painted by Luini or Salaino) ; Madonna, Palazzo Belgiojoso, Milan ; Ma- donna of the Scales, Louvre (Salaino or Ce- sare da Sesto) ; Madonna and Infant St. John, Louvre (by Bernardino Luini) ; Por- trait of Charles d'Amboise, Louvre (by Beltraffio) ; Resurrection, Berlin Museum ; Salome with Head of John Baptist, Vienna Museum (by Cesare da Sesto) ; Male Por- trait, perhaps of Lodovico Sforza, Dresden Museum ; St. Jerome, Vatican ; The Gold- smith, La Monaca, Palazzo Pitti, Florence (at- tributed to Lorenzo di Credi) ; Portrait of Isa- bella of Aragon, Ambrosian Library, Milan ; Madonna della Caraffa, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; Portrait of Leonardo (?), Annuncia- tion (?), Adoration of the Magi (?), Uffizi, Florence ; Madonna, fresco, Villa Melzi at Vaprio ; Holy Family, Hermitage, St. Peters-
4 ~. j burg. — Vasari, ed.
1 /) L/ Mil., iv. 17 ; Burck-
<r£ hardt, 363, 625;
/* • MUndler, 112; Pater,
/ / "\ /. • Studies, 90 ; Dohme,
L i/o. Yt
Ch Blanc
florentine; Houssaye, Hist, de Leonard de Vinci (Paris, 1869); Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 347 ; GaUenberg, L. da Vinci (Leipsic, 1834) ; Archivio storico italiano, Series HI., Vol. 16 ; Amoretti, Memoire storiche ; Bossi, Cenacolo ; Carl Brun, Kunst und Kiinstler des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit ; Brown ; Heaton ; Richter ; Symonds, Renaissance ; Eastlake, Five Great Painters (London, 1882) ; Art Journal (1882), 33 ; Jahrbuch der preuss. Kunst- samml., v. 293 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 201,
372
VINCI
261 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvi. 133 ; xvii. 11 ; xviii. 88, 127, 154, 190 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1886), xxxiii. 357 et seq.
VINCI, LEONARDO DA, DEATH OF, Jean Francois Gigoux, Besancon Museum ; canvas. The painter dying at Foutainebleau in the arms of Francis I. Painted in 1835. A good picture, but historically incorrect, as Leonardo died at the Chateau de Clot, May 2, 1519, when the King was at St. Gerinain- en-Laye. — Larousse, xv. 1081.
By Dominique Ingres, Comte de Blacas, Paris. The painter dying at Fontainebleau in the arms of Francis I. Painted in 1819. Original sketch acquired by the Louvre in 1881.
VINCK, FRANS, born in Antwerp ; con- temporary. History and genre painter, pu- pil of Leys, whose style he adopted. Medals : Brussels, Vienna, Philadelphia. Works : Passion of Christ (14 pictures with Hen- drickx), Antwerp Cathedral ; Triumphal Return of Best Shot ; Flemish Burgher's Wife in 16th Century ; Confederates in Presence of Margaret of Parma. — Muller, 537.
VINCK-BOONS (Vinckeboons), DAVID, born at Mechlin in 1578, died in Amster- dam in 1629. Dutch school ; history, genre, and landscape painter, son and pupil of Philip Vinck-Boons (received into the Ant- werp guild in 1580, and died in Amsterdam in 1601) ; lived some time in Antwerp, but most of his life in Amsterdam ; painted chiefly on a small scale. Rottenhammer often supplied the figures in his landscapes. Works : Flemish Kirmess, Antwerp Muse- um ; Prince Maurice starting for the Chase (attributed, but probably by Pauwels van Hillegaert), Museum, Amsterdam ; Lottery by Torchlight, Old Men's Hospital, ib. ; Landscape with Tobias and the Angel, Su- ermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Wood Landscape with Castle on a River, do. with Hagar and the Angel, Aschaffenburg Gal- lery ; Popular Festival in Holland, Bamberg Gallery; Flemish Kirmess (1608), Land- scape with Wedding Procession, Tyrolese
Landscape, Brunswick Gallery ; Cattle sur- rounded by Water, Cassel Gallery ; Fair in Flemish Village, Hamburg Gallery ; Abra- ham and Hagar in a Forest, Copenhagen Gallery; Feeding the Poor, Landscape, Stockholm Museum ; Woodland Scenes (2, one dated 1618), Hermitage, St. Peters- burg ; do., Winter Palace, ib.; do. (2), Acad- emy, ib. ; Feeding the Poor, Berlin Muse- um ; do. and Kirmess, Robbers sharing Booty, Dresden Gallery ; Greut Landscape, Darmstadt Museum ; Madonna with Angels in a Landscape, Fdrstenberg Gallery, Do- nauesehingen ; Kirmess in a Village, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Annual Fair in Flemish Village, Baptism of the Eunuch, Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; Frolic in Dutch Village, Kunigs- berg Museum ; Christ bearing the Cross (1611), Old Pinakothek, Munich; Wood Landscape (1624), Schleissheim Gallery ; Rustic Love Couple (1629), Boys about Bird's Nest, Schwerin Gallery ; Crucifixion, Repose in Egypt, do. (figures by Rotten- hammer), Si Fulgentius in a Grotto, Muse- um, Vienna ; Wood Landscape, Liechten- stein Gallery, ib. ; Kirmess in Dutch Town, Harrach Gallery, ib. ; River Landscape, Wei- mar Museum ; Frolic on the Ice, Uffizi, Florence. — Charles Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Immer- zeel, iii. 194 ; Krainm, vi. 1756 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 250, 261 ; Michiels, vi. 187 ; Neefs, i. 238 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 66.
VINEA, FRANCESCO, born at Forli in 1846. Genre painter, pupil in Florence of Pallastrini ; paints mostly scenes in the cos- tume of the 16th and 17th centuriea Gold medal, Berlin, 1886. Works : First Visit to Grandmother, Cheers, Three Cheers ! Capitano Molena (1883) ; C' intendiamo, Painter before Easel, Cook plucking Hen (1884); Italian Dance Party, W. H. Vander- bilt, New York.— Dlustr. Zeitg. (1884), i. 31 ; ii. 495, 501 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 114.
VINNE, VINCENT LAURENSZ VAN DER, the elder, born in Haarlem, Oct. 11, 1629, died there, Aug. 26, 1702. Dutch school ; history, portrait, landscape, and
373
VINTAGE
animal painter, pupil of Frans Hals ; en- tered the guild in 1649, travelled in 1652-53 through Germany, Switzerland, and France. After his return he painted portraits in the vigorous style of his master. As few pict- ures by him are known, though he was very industrious, it is to be supposed that many of his works pass under the name of Frans Hals. Works : Organ Grinder, Museum, Vienna ; Itinerant Musicians, Old Man's Head, Old Woman's do., Liechtenstein Gal- lery, ib. ; Male and Female Portraits, New York Museum. His son Laurens (1658- 1729) was a landscape and flower painter, pupil of Berchem, whose manner he imitat- ed ; the latter 's son, Vincent Laurensz the younger, born in Haarlem, June 10, 1686, died there, May 16, 1742, painted the same subjects. By him : City Hall of Haarlem (1729), Haarlem Museum. Vincent Jans- zoon van der Vinne (bom in Haarlem, Jan. 31, 1736, died there, Jan. 15, 1811) was a nephew of the last named. By him : Mountainous Land- scape with River, Haarlem Museum. — Gaz.desB. Arts (1872), iii. 195 ; Kramm, vi. 380 ; Van der Wil-
vi. 477 ; Immerzeel, i: 1767 ; Siret (1883), ii. ligen, 314. VINTAGE FESTIVAL,
.dZma-Tadema,
Baron T. H. W. a sumptuous
Schroder, Paris. Scene in a sumptuous Bacchic Temple, Rome ; in centre, an altar, past which is mov- ing a procession led by a beautiful priest- ess, followed by maidens playing the double pipe, and by dancing girls beating tim- brels ; after these march priests bearing jars of wine. In the court of the temple are more dancers and timbrel-players of both sexes. Painted in 1870 ; Philadelphia Exposition, 1876. Engraved by Aug. Blan- chard.— Art Journal (1871), 147, 166 ; (1883), 34.
VINTAGE AT MACON, Joseph M. W. Turner, Earl of Yarborough, London ; can- vas. Festival at the opening of the Vintage at Macou, France. Male and female vintagers .
dancing under a group of trees on a terraced hill-side overlooking a wide champaign, with a smooth river flowing towasds the left ; in the mid-distance, a bridge connecting the two parts of the town, which lie on opposite sides. One of Turner's best pictures ; re- calls Claude and Poussin. Royal Academy, 1803.— Athen., Jan., 1875, 90 ; Waagen, Art Treasures, iv. 70 ; Hamerton, Life.
VINTON, FREDERICK PORTER, born at Bangor, Me., in 1846. Figure and por- trait painter, pupil of W. M. Hunt in Bos- ton ; in 1875 of Bonnat in Paris ; in 1876 of Duveneck, Dietz, and Wagner, in Munich ; and later of Jean Paul Laurens. Associate of the National Academy, New York. Stu- dio in Boston. Works : Celestina (1875) ; Italian Girl, Head of Neapolitan Boy, Head of Old French Peasant Woman (1878) ; French Peasant Woman, T. B. Clarke, New York ; Portraits of S. H. Russell (1880), Wendell Phillips (1882) ; Street in Toledo —Spain (1884) ; Portrait, T. G. Appleton, Boston.
VIOLANTE, Palma Vecchio, Vienna Mu- seum ; wood, H. 1 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 3 in. Bust of a beautiful girl, with rich tresses falling upon her neck ; dressed in blue bodice, showing plaited chemisette, and yeUow bro- cade sleeves. Same figure, holding a palm, in Palma's Madonna (attributed to Giorgi- one) at Madrid. From collection of Paolo del Sera.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 480 ; Boschi- ni, Carta del Navegar, 368.
VIOLINIST (Violinista or Suonatore), Raphael, Palazzo Sciarra-Colonna, Rome ; wood, dated 1518. Bust of a youth, about twenty years old, three-quarters face, wear- ing a black cap, from which his brown hair falls on his shoulders, and a green mantle, trimmed with black velvet, with a fur col- lar ; holds in left hand a violin bow and some laurel leaves and immortelles. Passa- vant believes it a portrait of Andrea Ma- rone, a famous improvisators of Brescia in time of Leo X. Engraved by J. Felsing. — Passavant, ii. 275 ; Miintz, 532, 536 ; Springer, 211.
374
VIOLLET-LE-DUC
VIOLLET-LE-DUC, ETIENNE ADOLPHE, born in Paris in 1817, died there in 1878. Landscape painter, pupil of Leon Fleury and of F. L. Franjais. Medals : 3d class, 1852, 1861 ; medal, 1870. Works: Valley of Jouy (1870) ; do. from Heights of Metz (1872) ; Isles of Hyeres, Environs of Cannes (1874) ; West Entrance to Ferme du Mont at fitretat, East do. (1875) ; Aqueduct of Buc (1876); Plateau of Amontat Etretat, Beach at do. (1877).
VIRGEN DE BELEN. See Madonna de Belen.
VIRGEN DE LA FAJA. See Madonna a la Ceinture.
VIRGEN DE LA MANZANA. See Ma- donna of the Apple.
VIRGEN DEL FEZ. See Madonna del Pesce.
VIRGEN DE LA SERVILLETA. See Madonna de la Servilleta.
VIRGIN, BIRTH OF, Annibale Carracci, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, arched, H. 8 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft The Eternal, in a glory of angels, presides over the birth of the Virgin, who is cared for by women in foreground ; in back- ground, St. Anna in bed aided by attend- ants ; near her, Joachim and two women. Painted for church of pontifical palace at Loreto ; later in Musee Napoleon. En- graved by R. V. Audenaerd. — Villot, Lou- vre ; Landon, Mus6e, xii. PL 10.
By Domenico Ghirlandajo. See Virgin, Life of.
By Murillo, Louvre, Paris; canvas, H. 6 ft. x 11 ft. 10 in. In a chamber, around n copper vessel prepared to bathe the babe, are two angels and four women, one of whom holds the infant while another brings linen ; to left of them two cherubs, one playing with a dog ; on extreme left, St. Anna sitting in bed, receiving St. Joachim and others ; on right, two women drying linen at a fire- place ; above, five cherubs in a glory. Painted in 1655 for Cathedral of Seville ; carried off by Soult ; bid in at Soult sale (1852) at 90,000 francs ; acquired by the government in 1858 at 150,000 francs. En-
graved by A. Martinet ; L. Massard ; A. Masson ; etched by Damman. — C. Bermu- dez, Carta, 59 ; Ford, Handbook, 180 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1875), xi. 180 ; Klass. der Ma- lerei, ii. PL 66 ; Curtis, 142 ; Ruveil, vii. 471.
Birth of the Virgin, Annibale Carracci, Louvre, Paris.
VIRGIN, CONCEPTION OF. See Con- ception.
VIRGIN, CORONATION OF, Fra An- gelica, Louvre ; wood, H. 7 ft. x 6 ft. 11 in. Christ, enthroned, crowning the Virgin in the presence of many angels and saints. In predella, seven scenes from life of St. Dom- inick, called the Miracles of St. Dominick. Painted for S. Domenico, Fiesole, whence taken by the French in invasion of 1812. Engraved by Ternite ; A Francois (1867) ;
875
VIEGIN
chromolithograph by Kellenhoven (1855) ; water-colour, J. Journy (Salon, 1861). — Va- sari, ed. Mil., ii. 511 ; A. W. Schlegel (Paris, 1816); C. &C., Italy, i. 584; Larousse, v. 363. By Fra Angelica, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, small figures. Christ places the crown up- on the head of the Virgin in the midst of a choir of angels, surrounded by a great num- ber of saints, male and female. Painted in 1433 for S. M. Nuova, Florence, whence re- moved to Uffizi in 1825. A masterpiece, magnificently composed. The predella, con- sisting of the Marriage of the Virgin, Death of the Virgin, and Birth of John Baptist, is
for S. Domenico, whence removed to S. Francesco. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 162 ; Ri- dolfi, Maraviglie, i. 95 ; C. & C., N. Italy, i. 158 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 404, 416.
By Sandro Botticelli, Florence Academy ; wood, H. 12 ft. 2 in. x 8 ft. 2 in. The Eter- nal crowning the Virgin in the heavens, sur- rounded by a choir of cherubs and dancing angels ; below, SS. John Evangelist, Augus- tine, Jerome, and Eloy. Painted about 1481 -84 for S. Marco, Florence. One of Botti- celli's best works. Engraved by F. Livy. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 312 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 420 ; Gall, di Firenze, PL 45.
Birth of the Virgin, Murillo, Louvre, Paris.
now separate in the Uffizi. The Marriage is one of the greatest of his compositions. —Vasari, ed. Mil., ii. 516 ; C. & C., Italy, i. 586 ; Lasinio, i. PI. 30, 105, 106.
By Giovanni Bellini, S. Francesco, Pe- saro ; wood, H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. 11 in.; signed. The Virgin and Saviour on a throne, the former bending to receive the crown ; SS. Peter, Paul, Jerome, and Fran- cis. Panel is in a rich frame, with pilaster niches on sides containing eight saints, and resting on predellas representing : Conver- sion of St. Paul ; Martyrdom of St. Peter ; Nativity ; St. Jerome Penitent ; St Francis receiving Stigmata. Painted about 1475
By Raffaellino del Garbo, Louvre ; wood, H. 9 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 4 in. Within a glory the Virgin, seated, receives the crown from Christ, while the Holy Spirit hovers over their heads ; four angels play a lute, a dul- cimer, a harp, and a viol ; below, at left, SS. Benedict and Salvi, Bishop of Verona ; at right, SS. Giovanni Gualberto Azzini, found- er of the brotherhood of Vallombrosa, and Bernardo degli Uberti, Cardinal and Bish- op of Parma. Painted for S. Salvi, Flor- ence ; carried to Paris in 1812. Much in- jured.—Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 238 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musee, 2d Col., iv. PL 1.
376
VIRGIN
By school of Domenico Ghirlandajo, S. Girolamo, Narni. Formerly attributed to Raphael and to Lo Spagna. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 310.
By Guido Reni, Bologna Gallery ; can- vas, H. 7 ft 5 in. x 5 ft 9 in. The Virgin, in a glory, crowned by the Son and the Father, with the Holy Ghost de- scending from above ; below, SS. Catherine, John Evangelist, John Baptist, and Bernard. Formerly in suppressed church of S. Ber- nardo of the Olivetan monks. Engraved by A. Marchi. — Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 68 ; Felsinor, Pit- trice, ii. 7 ; Lavice, 13.
By Guido Reni, National Gal- lery, London ; copper, H. 2 ft 2 in. x 1 ft. 7 in. A rich composi- tion with refined forms and beau- tiful heads. Probably of first pe- riod. Formerly in Madrid Gal- lery, whence passed to Sir Thomas Lawrence ; then to Mr. Wells, who in 1847 bequeathed it to Nation- al Gallery. — Waagen, Treasures, i. 337.
By Andrea Orcagna, National Gallery, London ; wood, tempera, H. 9 ft. 7 in. x 13 ft 1 in. Altar- piece in three parts : in centre, Christ crowning the Virgin, with two angels standing on each side and ten others below, some kneel- ing and some playing musical in- struments ; in each of side pict- ures, twenty-four saints kneeling ; on left is St. Peter, supporting on his knees the model of S. Pietro Maggiore, Florence, for which the picture was originally painted. Nine other pictures in National Gallery also formed part of this altarpiece. — Cat. Nat. Gal.
By Raphael, Vatican, Rome ; wood trans- ferred to canvas, arched at top, H. 9 ft. 2 in. x 5 ft. 2 in. Christ crowning the Virgin enthroned in the heavens, surrounded by
angels with musical instruments, and cher- ubs above ; below, the apostles around the empty tomb. Painted in 1503 at Citta di Castello for Maddalena degli Oddi, and placed in the Oddi Chapel of S. Francesco, Perugia ; carried thence in 1797 to Paris, where it was transferred to canvas ; re-
Coronation of the Virgin, Raphael, Vatican, Rome.
turned in 1815 and placed in Vatican. En- graved by E. Stolzel ; Graffonara ; CouchiJ fils. Copy, dated 1518, in church of Civi- tella Bernazzone, near Perugia. The pre- della, — the Annunciation, Epiphany, and Presentation, — also in Vatican, in separate frame.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 317 ; C. & C.,
377
VIEGIN
Raphael, i. 141 ; Giornale di Enid. Tosc., 235 ; Gruyer, Vierges de Eaphael, ii. 549 ; Miintz, 64 ; Passavant, ii. 12 ; Larousse, v.
363.
By Raphael, Giulio Eomano, and H Fat- tore, Vatican ; wood, H. 10 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. 8 in. In upper part, Christ crowning the Virgin in the heavens ; in lower, apostles around the tomb of the Virgin. Ordered of Eaphael in 1505 for the Convent of Monte Luce, near Perugia, but he had time to make only the study for it. Upper part finished, after Eaphael's death, by Giulio Eomano, lower by H Fattore. Carried to Paris in 1797 ; returned in 1815 and placed in Vatican. Engraved by J. Cappelh'.— Pungileone, Eaphael, 192 ; Passavant, ii. 309 ; C. & C., Eaphael, i. 235 ; Gruyer, Vierges de Eaphael, ii. 570.
By Rubens, Brussels Museum ; canvas, H. 12 ft. 11 in. x 8 ft, 2 in. The Virgin, kneeling upon an inverted crescent, with angels in clouds beneath, is crowned by the Father and the Son. Painted for Church of Eecollets, Antwerp. Carried to Paris, 1794 ; given to Museum of Brussels in 1802. Engraved by P. Pontius ; Van den Enden. Eeplica, with variations, Berlin Mu- seum ; another, burned in 1718 in Church of Jesuits, Antwerp. — Smith, ii. 15 ; ix. 247 ; Meyer, Museen, 388 ; Larousse, v. 364
By Lo Spagna, Church of Eiformati, Todi. Above, Saviour crowns Virgin under a can- opy, in centre of a company of angels, proph- ets, and sibyls ; below, SS. Jerome, Louis, Bernardino, John Baptist, and others. Imi- tated, with changes, from Florentine altar- piece at Narni. Painted in 1511. Eeplica (1511), with changes, S. Martino, near Trevi ; Magdalen and St. Catharine introduced be- low, and view of S. Francesco at Assisi in background.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 310, 312 Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 594.
By Tintoretto, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Ven- ice ; canvas. Above, the Virgin is crowned below are SS. Benedetto, Gregorio, Placido, Mauro, and five portraits. — Zanotto, 631.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas.
H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 4 in. The Virgin, en- ihroned in clouds, with her robe upheld by ;wo cherubs, is about to be crowned by the Father and the Son, while above hovers ;he dove ; beneath are four winged heads. Painted, probably after second visit to Italy, 'or the Queen's oratory in the palace at Ma- drid. Considered the best of his religious pictures. Engraved by Massard ; Nargeot ; tched and lithographed by several. — Ma- drazo ; C. Bermudez ; Jameson, Madonna, 23 ; Curtis, 3 ; Eeveil, xiv. 955.
Coronation of Virgin, Velasquez, Madrid Museum.
Subject treated also by Cosimo Eosselli, S. M. de' Pazzi, Florence, and Louvre, Par- is ; Eidolfo Ghirlandajo, Louvre ; Pinturic- chio, Vatican ; Girolamo da Santa Croce, Berlin Museum ; Giulio Eomano and H Fat- tore, Vatican ; Marco Palmezzano, Brera, Milan ; Girolamo da TJdine, Hospital at Udine ; Paolo Veronese, Venice Academy and Schleissheim Gallery ; Annibale Car- racci, Duke of Newcastle ; Giovanni Lan- franco, Louvre ; Padovanino, Venice Acad- emy ; Carlo Francesco Nuvolone, Passione, Milan ; Juan de Juanes, Madrid Museum ; Hans Memling, Hospital of St. John, Bruges ;
378
VIRGIN
Hans Holbein, elder, Augsburg Gallery ; Hans von Culmbach, Munich Gallery ; Hans Schauffelein, ib. ; Hans Baldung Grien, Fri- burg Cathedral ; Adriaen van der Werff, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Giotto, Church of S. Francesco d'Assisi ; Claudius Jac- quand, St. Philippe-du-Roule, Paris.
VIRGIN, DEATH OF, Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 12 ft. 1 in. x 8 ft. The Virgin on her death-bed, the apostles and their disciples in affliction ; in
Death of the Virgin, Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Louvre, Paris.
foreground, at right, a woman seated, her head upon her knees, weeping. Painted for S. M. della Scala in Trastevere, Rome ; bought by Duke of Modena, who sold it to Charles I. of England ; bought by Jabach, who sold it to Louis XIV. Engraved by S. Vallee ; H. Laurent ; Claessens ; Oortmann. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Musee royal, i. ; Fil- hol, viL PL 475 ; Landon, Musee, iv. PL 32 ; Meyer, Kttnst. Lex., i. 615 ; Cab. Crozat, ii. PL 91.
By Domenico Ghirlandajo. See Virgin, Life of.
By Martin Sckaffner, Pinakothek, Munich ; wood, H. 9 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 2 in. She kneels, supported by two of the apostles, while an- other, in priestly raiments, holds before her a book ; at the right, two kneeling are read- ing from a book and two others are visible in background ; at the right, two more are bringing a sprinkler and a censer ; above, the soul of the dying, borne upwards by angels to a glory, where it is received by Christ. On the reverse : Christ with the Apostles, and half of the Departure of Christ, the other half being on the back of another picture in the Pinakothek. These, and other panels, formed once the wings of the altar door of a convent at Weddenhau- sen, near TJltn. They came into possession of the Government in 1803, when the con- vent was broken up. Engraved by J. Bur- ger.— Fiirster, v.
VIRGIN, EDUCATION OF, Jean Jou- venet, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas. The Vir- gin, her hands joined, kneels before her mother, who points with her finger to let- ters on a paper spread out upon her knees ; Joachim leans upon a chair in which St. Anna is seated ; in background, young girls at work ; above, the heads of cherubim smil- ing hi the clouds. Engraved by Pierre Dre- vet. Several repetitions. — Larousse, vii. 215.
By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 7 ft 2 in. x 5 ft 5 in. St. Anna, seated on a bench with an open book in her lap, teach- es the Virgin, who stands on left ; above, two cherubs about to crown the latter with flowers ; on left, a marble column and a basket of linen ; in background, a balus- trade. Painted about 1674 ; figures thought to be portraits of wife and daughter of ar- tist. From Isabel Farnese Collection. Lith- ographed by F. Decraene ; H. Eichens ; Ja- cott ; and others. Study, Madrid Museum ; sketch, Edward A. Leatham, London. — Cur- tis, 143 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1875) ; Madrazo, 478.
By Rubens, Antwerp Museum ; canvas, H.
378
VIEGIN
6 ft. 4 in. x 5 ft. St. Anna, seated on a bench in front of a balustrade, teaches the Virgin, who stands beside her, to read from a book ; behind, left, St. Joachim, whose countenance shows delight at the progress of the pupil ; above, two angels with a crown of flowers. Painted for the Church of the Unshod Car-
Education of the Virgin, Rubens, Antwerp Museum.
melites, Antwerp. Engraved by Schelte ; Bolswert ; C. Waumans. — He-veil, x. 748.
VIRGIN IN GLORY WITH SAINTS, Simone Cantanni, Bologna Gallery ; can- vas, H. 7 ft. 5 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. The Virgin, seated upon clouds in a glory of angels, two of whom are about to crown her, with one foot upon the crescent moon ; below, SS. John Evangelist, Nicholas of Tolentino, and Euphemia. Engraved by G. Asioli. — Pinac. di Bologna, PL 20.
VIRGIN OF GRIEF. See Mater Dolo- rosa.
VIRGIN, HOLY, Guido Reni, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, H. 4 f t 3 in. x 3 ft. 1 in. Half-length, with drapery over her head and shoulders, her hands crossed upon her breast, and her eyes turned upwards. En-
graved by E. Beisson. — Wicar, i. Part 10 ; Molini, Gal. di Firenze, i. 141 ; Soc. Ed. and Paris, PI. 117.
VIRGIN, LIFE OF THE, Domenico Ghirlandajo, S. M. Novella, Florence ; fres- cos on the wall of the choir. Seven sub- jects : 1. Joachim's Expulsion from the Temple ; 2. Birth of the Virgin ; 3. Presen- tation in the Temple ; 4. Marriage of the Virgin ; 5. Adoration of the Magi ; 6. Mas- sacre of the Innocents ; 7. Death and As- sumption of the Virgin. Executed, with the aid of assistants, about 1490, by order of Giovanni Tornabuoni, to replace the dam- aged works of Andrea Orcagna. Engraved by Lasinio. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 260 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 476 ; Larousse, xv. 1028.
By Murillo, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart., London ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 1 ft. 10 in. The Virgin and Joseph, holding each other by the hand, accompanied by five male and three female attendants, stand before the High Priest ; above, the dove in a glory ; in background, architecture and a crimson cur- tain.— Curtis, 143.
By Pietro Perugino, Caen Museum, France ; canvas, life-size. Marriage of the Virgin and St. Joseph by the High Priest, in presence of a group of men on one side and of women on the other, in front of an octagon temple. A modification of the De- livery of the Keys to Peter, in the Sistine Chapel. Contracted for in 1495 for the Brotherhood of S. Giuseppe in Lorenzo, Perugia, but not painted until after 1500 ; carried to France in 1799 and not returned. Raphael probably had a hand in it, and his Sposalizio, at Milan, repeats the same con- secrated type. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 581 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 217 ; Miintz, 84.
By Raphael, Brera, Milan ; wood, arched at top, H. 5 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. ; signed, and dated 1504. Marriage of the Virgin and Joseph by the High Priest in the court of the temple ; group of men on one side and of women on the other side of priest. An adaptation from Perugino's Sposalizio at Fano and at Caen. Painted for S. Francesco
VIRGIN
of Citta di Castello, where it remained till June 28, 1798, when the municipal authori- ties gave it up to Gen. Giuseppe Lecchi, commander of a French brigade then in the town. Lecchi sold it in 1801 to Giacomo Saunazaro, of Milan, from whom the Milan Hospital inherited it in 1804 ; purchased by the State in 180G for 53,000 francs. Re- stored in Milan by Molteni, but somewhat discoloured. Copy, of 1506, by Giovanni Andrea Urbani, in sacristy of S. Giuseppe, Urbino ; another in S. Agostino, Cittii di Castello, a third in Berlin Museum ; modern copy in ficole des Beaux Arts, Par- is. Engraved by Longhi. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 323 ; Pungileone, Raph- ael, 282; C. & C., Raphael, i. 163; Passavant, ii. 18 ; Klas. der Maler- ei, i. PI. 31 ; Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, ii. 3, 21 ; Mttntz, 81 ; Kug- ler (Eastlake), ii. 413 ; Perkins, 59 ; Reveil, ix. 577.
VIRGIN OF MERCY. See Ma- donna della Misericordia.
VIRGIN AND ST. DOMINICK, Paolo Veronese, Venice Academy ; canvas. The Virgin in glory and St. Dominick distributing crowns of roses to a pope, an emperor, a king, a doge, etc. From S. Pietro Martire, Murano.
VIRGIN OF SORROWS (Vir- gen de las Augustias), Anton Van Dyck, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. The Virgin, seated, supports on her lap the body of Christ, whose hand the Magdalen kisses, while St. John stands near by. Larger repetition in Mu- seum of Arnbe'res. — Madrazo.
VIRGIN, SEVEN JOYS OF THE, Hans Memling, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; wood, H. 2 ft. 7 in. x5 ft. 11 in. An extensive landscape, in the centre of which is Jerusa- lem with many towers. In the foreground, middle, the Adoration of the Magi, on the left the Nativity, on the right the Resurrec-
tion ; in the background, The Annunciation to the Shepherds, the Journeying of the Magi and their Re-embarkation on the Sea ; their Visit to Herod, the Massacre of the Innocents, and the Flight into Egypt. On the other side the Women at the Sepulchre, the Appearance of Christ among the Women and Disciples, taking Leave of his Mother, his Ascension, the Death of the Virgin and
Marriage of the Virgin, Raphael, Brera, Milan.
her Reception in Heaven, and lastly, on the distant mountain peaks, the Three Magi, kneeling, gazing on the Star of Bethlehem. The title of this picture is misleading, as the design includes many incidents in the life of Christ and of the Virgin besides those called the Seven Joys. Weale calls it Christ the Light of the World, and Michiels the Triumphs of Christ. Painted for Pierre
381
VIRGIN
Bultynck, a currier of Bruges, who present- ed it to his guild in 1479 ; dedicated in 1480 in Chapel of the Tanners, Bruges, where it remained until about 1780, when it was presented to the Austrian Governor- General of Brabant ; passed in 1813 from the Brion family at Brussels to the Collec- tion of the Boisseree brothers ; acquired thence by the Pinakothek. Engraved by E. Schiiffer ; R. Peztsch in Forster's Denk- male. Lithographed by Strixner, Frey- mann. — Kugler (Crowe), i. 97 ; Eastlake, Notes, 139.
VIRGIN, SEVEN SORROWS OF THE, Hans Memling, Turin Gallery ; wood, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. The story of the Passion, in a landscape. In background, the Entrance of Christ into Jerusalem ; then the Saviour in the House of the Pharisee, and the Last Supper ; next, nearer the spectator, the Be- trayal by Judas, the Flagellation, the March to Calvary, the Crucifixion, the Descent from the Cross, the Resurrection, the De- scent into Limbus, the Appearance to the Magdalen, and the Supper at Emmaus. In the foreground, a donor and his wife are kneeling. There are hundreds of figures in this miniature, all of them delicately finished and brilliantly coloured. Probably the cen- tral part of an altarpiece, painted in 1477- 78, by order of Willem Vrelandt, for the booksellers' chapel in Bruges. The donors nre supposed to be Vrelandt and his wife. The picture was sold in 1624. Saved from the plunder of the Dominican Convent of Bosco, near Alessandria, Piedmont, in the French Revolution, and subsequently pre- sented to the king. The wings are sup- posed to be lost. — C. &C., Flemish Painters, 2G7.
VIRGINIA, DEATH OF, G. G. Lethiere, Louvre ; canvas, H. 15 ft. x 25 ft. 8 in. ; signed, dated 1828. Virginius, having slain his daughter, holds up the bloody knife and threatens Appius Claudius, the Decemvir. Salon, 1831 ; presented to Louvre in 1848 by M. Bayard. Original study in Salon of 1795.
VISCH, MATHIAS DE, born at Reninghe, West Flanders, in 1702, died at Bruges, April 23, 1765. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter, pupil at Bruges of Jo- seph van den Kerckhove ; was the first to win (1720) the prize at the newly founded Academy, went in 1723 to Paris and thence soon after to Italy, visiting Rome, Venice, where he studied under Piazzetta, then Parma and Piacenza; returned to Bruges after nine years' absence, established a suc- cessful life-model school in 1735, and be- came professor at the Academy in 1739. Works : Hagar consoled by the Angel, St. Jacques, Bruges ; Allegory of Fine Arts, Portraits of Himself (2, one dated 1740), do. of the Painter Suweyns (1740), Academy, ib. — Immerzeel, iii. 197 ; Weale, Cat. Bruges Acad., 91.
VISCHER, AUGUST, born at Waldan- gelloch, Baden, in 1822. History and genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Cornelius and Schnorr, and of Antwerp Academy under Wappers and Deitmann, then of De Block ; settled in Munich in 1850, visited Paris in 1853-54 ; became Ba- den court painter in 1864 and professor at the Polytechnic Institute in Carlsruhe in 1870. Gold medal, 1851. Works : Sailors' Dance in Dutch Tavern, Scene in Baden Revolution, Diana of Poitiers before Francis I. (1850); Capture of Olden Barneveld (1851), Coligny at St. Quentin surprised by the Spaniards (1852), Carlsruhe Art Union ; Capture of Gotz von Berlichingen ; Capture of Francis L at Pavia (1857) ; Berthold of Zahringen defeating the Milanese at Cassa- no in 1158 (1864), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Storm- ing of Rome by the Germans (1875). In fresco : Storming of Ofen by Elector Max Emanuel, Entry of Elector Max Joseph into Munich in 1799, National Museum, Munich. —Dioskuren (1870), 185 ; Kaulen, 310 ; Re- gnet, ii. 286.
VISITATION, Mariotto Albertinelli, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, small figures ; dated 1503. Visit of Mary to Elizabeth (Luke i. 39). The Virgin and Elizabeth meet under a dec-
382
VISITATION
orated portico ; in the preclella, Anmmcia tion, Nativity, and Presentation in Temple Painted for S. Martino, Florence ; passed
Visitation, Mariotto Aloertmelli, Uflizi, Florence.
in 1786 from the Florence Academy to the Uffizi. Albertinelli's masterpiece. The group is felicitous, the draperies are worthy of Fra Bartolommeo, and the low-keyed tone of colour is heightened by glazes ap- plied with consummate skill. Engraved by V. della Bruna.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 485 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 224 ; Molini, Gal. di Fi- renze, i. 69 ; Lasinio, L PL 21 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 219, 222 ; Etruria Pittrice, L PL 39 ; Bosini, iv. 47.
By Domenico Ghirlandajo, Louvre ; wood, H. 5 ft. 7 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. ; dated 1491. The Virgin receives the salutation of St. Eliza- beth, who kneels in presence of Mary Cleo- pas and Mary Salome. Begun for Church
of Cestello, now S. M. Maddalena de' Pazzi, Florence, by Domenico, and finished by his brothers, David and Benedetto. Carried to Paris in 1812, and left to the Musee Napo- 16on in 1815 by the Florentine Commission- ers.— Vasari, ed. MiL, iii. 258 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Palma Vecchio, Vienna Museum ; can- vas, H. 6 ft X 11 ft. 9 in. Joseph and Zach- arias witness the meeting of Elizabeth and Mary at outskirts of a village.— C. & C., N Italy, ii. 471.
By Sebastian del Piombo, Louvre, Paris ; wood, transferred to canvas, H. 5 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft 4 in. ; signed, dated 1521. Visit of Mary to Elizabeth ; in distance, a man an- nounces to Zacharias the coming of the Vir- gin. Painted for Francis I. Damaged by restorations.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 339 ; Vil- lot, Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, vii. PL 469 ; Lan- don, Musce, xiii. PI. 44.
Visitation, Sebastian del Piombo, Louvre, Paris.
By Raphael, Madrid Museum ; wood, ransferred to canvas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 9 n. Elizabeth advances from left to meet he Virgin and clasps her hand ; in back-
VISITATION
ground, baptism of Christ, with the Eternal blessing him from above. Painted about 1517 for Giovanni Battista Branconio of
Visitation, Raphael, Madrid Museum,
Aquila, who presented it to S. Silvestro at Aquila in the Abruzzi ; bought in 1655 by Philip IV. of Spain, who placed it in the Escorial ; carried to Paris in 1813 and trans- ferred to canvas ; returned in 1822. Al- most wholly by Raphael. Engraved by A. B. Desnoyers, and others. — Gruyer, "Vierges de Raphael, ii. 63 ; Passavant, ii. 247 ; Ma- drazo, 189 ; Reveil, i. 61 ; Larousse, •s 1116.
By Rembrandt, Grosvenor House, Lon- don ; wood, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 6 in. ; signed, dated 1640. Elizabeth embraces the Virgin at the bottom of the house steps, which the aged Zacharias, who is supported by a youth, is descending ; behind the Virgin, a negress, and farther back a servant housing an ass ; beside them a dog, a peacock, and a hen with chickens. Formerly in Collec- tion of King of Sardinia ; bought in Eng-
land in 1812. Engraved by 3. Burnet (1813).— Waagen, Art Treasures, ii. 165; Vosmaer, 455 ; Smith, vii. 22.
By Rubens, Antwerp Cathedral ; wood, H. 13 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 10 in. The Virgin is received by Elizabeth at the entrance of a house with a vast portico supported by col- umns, while Zacharias greets Joseph, who is mounting the steps ; behind the latter, a maid-servant with a basket on her head, and in foreground a man-servant unlading an ass. Painted on the interior of one of the wings of the Descent from the Cross. En- graved by P. de Jode ; Ragot.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Ven- ice ; canvas. The Virgin and Elizabeth, with Zacharias behind them leaning on his staff. " Painted in his very best manner ; exquisite in simplicity, unrivalled in vigour, well-preserved, and, as a piece of painting, certainly one of the most precious in Venice." — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 332.
Visitation, Rubens, Antwerp Cathedral.
Subject treated also by Pinturicchio, Vatican ; Cristofano Allori, Palazzo Strozzi, Florence ; Federigo Barocci, Vienna Muse-
384
VITALE
urn ; Carlo Bonone, S. M. in Vado, Ferrara ; Callisto da Lodi, S. M. Calchera, Brescia ; Lodovico Carracci, S. Domenico, Bologna ; Domeuichino, Cappella Nolfi, Fano ; Garo- falo, Palazzo Doria, Borne ; Luca Giordano, Vienna Museum ; Guercino, Rouen Muse- um ; Carlo Maratti, S. M della Pace, Rome ; Giovanni Maria Morandi, Uffizi, Florence ; Bernardino Naldini, Duomo, Florence ; Er- cole Procaccini, Naples Museum ; Andrea Vicentino, Uffizi, Florence ; Vicente Joanes, Madrid Museum, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Vin- cenzo Carducho, Madrid Museum.
VITALE DA BOLOGNA, early part of 14th century. Bolognese school. A Ma- donna signed and dated 1320 is in the Bo- logna Gallery. Another, engraved by D'A- gincourt, was dated 1345. A third, signed by him without date, is in the Museo Cris- tiano of the Vatican. He was a second- rate painter, who imitated the affected ten- derness and delicacy of the Umbrians and displayed the mechanical attainments of a miniaturist. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 207 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iii. 4t ; Ch. Blanc, £cole bolo- naise, Introd., vi. ; Burckhardt, 518.
VITALIS, PAPIRIUS, Roman painter, date unknown. — Fabretti, Inscr., 235, No. 622 ; R.-R, Schorn, 425.
VTTE, TIMOTEO, or Timoteo da Urbino, born in Ferrara in 1469, died in Urbino, Oct. 10, 1523. Urnbrian school ; son of Bartolommeo di Pietro Vite. Brought up a goldsmith, but painted with Francia in Bologna in 1491-95, and settled as a master at Urbino. About 1519, or perhaps a little before, he became Raphael's assistant in Rome, remaining there until Raphael's death (1520), when he probably returned to Urbino. The most important of his works is the altarpiece (1504), Duomo, Urbino. The outline and modelling are precise and careful in finish, and the drapery is good, but the effect is cold and chilling. Vite re- calls Francia and Pinturicchio, though, much inferior to them. A Madonna with Saints, Brera, Milan, is of this period. As he grew older he adopted the Raphaelesque style, as
shown in the figure of St. Apollonia in the Santissima Trinita, Urbino. As Raphael's assistant he painted the Prophets, in the Church of the Pace, Rome, and the draper- ies of Raphael's Sibyls below them. The Madonna di S. Luca, Academy of St. Luke, Rome, attributed to Raphael, is now as- cribed to him. To this period also belongs his Magdalen, Bologna Gallery. — C. & C., N. Italy, i. 567, 577 ; Burckhardt, 586, 660, 684 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mou., viii. 146 ; ed. MiL, iv. 489 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ombrienne ; Lttbke, Gesch. itaL Mai., i. 453.
VIVARINI or VIVARINO, ANTONIO. See Antonio da Murano.
VIVARINI, BARTOLOMMEO, Venetian school ; last half of 15th century. Associ- ated in 1450 with his brother Antonio da Murano, with whom he had probably studied, but soon left him and founded a separate studio. In his first works he signs himself Da Murano, but in 1459, when he produced his St. John Capistrano, now in the Louvre, he had taken the after- wards celebrated name of Vivarini. In 1465 he painted a Madonna with Saints, now in the Naples Museum, in which Venetian and Paduau elements are commingled, but the latter predominates in his later works. After the introduction of oil-painting into Venice by Antonello da Messina in 1470, Bartolommeo was the first to adopt the new method in two altarpieces, one of 1473 in SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (in parts, one in the transept and one in the sacristy), and the other, of 1474, St. Mark between Four Saints, in S. M. de' Frari, Venice. To paint these fine works he must have studied the best creations of Mantegna, whom he often resembles in accurate execution, though he is generally colder in colour. The later pictures of Bartolommeo show the hand of assistants and are of unequal value. Of these, the St. Ambrose between Four Saints (1477), in the Vienna Museum, is a good example. Between this and 1499 he exe- cuted many works, but never rose again to his best standard, and sank gradually into
VIVARINI
comparative obscurity. Among his later works is St. George and the Dragon (1485), Berlin Museum. — C. & C., N. Italy, i. 39 ; Burckhardt, 589, 590, 623 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole venitienne ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vi. 86, 102, 126 ; ed. Mil., iii. 666 ; Lermolieff, 397 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 514.
VIVAKINI, LUIGI or ALVISE, the elder, Venetian school, beginning of the 15th cen- tury. A Christ bearing His Cross, in the sacristy of S. Zanipolo, Venice, has his sig- nature, with the date 1414. The picture has been so much repainted that the authentic- ity of the inscription has been doubted by many. Lerniolieff and Crowe and Cavalca- selle doubt the existence of an elder Luigi, and the latter believe it to be the work of Luigi Vivarini who lived at the close of the 15th century, following in this Lanzi and others. Charles Blanc, however, who thinks the date authentic, and believes in the ex- istence of an elder Luigi, is supported in his belief by Bidolfi, Zanetti, and Zanotto. There are several single figures of saints at- tributed to the elder Luigi in the Venice Academy.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 19, 58 ; Va- sari, ed. Mil., iii. 159 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole vu- nitienne ; Lermolieff, 396.
VIVARINI, LUIGI, the younger, Vene- tian school, last of 15th century, died in 1503? He was a kinsman of Bartolom- meo Vivarini, and probably studied either under him or with Antonio da Murano, his elder brother. His style for many years is marked with the Muranese stamp, but when Bartolommeo's powers began to de- cline, Luigi crept up gradually to an imita- tion of the Bellini, and in many qualities soon rivalled Giovanni Bellini. One of the best examples of his earlier works is the Madonna with Saints (1480), now in the Venice Academy. It shows correct aerial and linear perspective and the proper dis- tribution of figures, and proves that he needed but a little more taste for colour, more delicacy of selection, and greater ver- satility, to equal his rivals. In 1488 he was employed with the brothers Bellini in the
decoration of the Sala del Gran Consiglio, but the fire of 1577 unfortunately destroyed his works. While engaged in this he also executed important private works, the three largest and latest of which are a Madonna with Saints, Berlin Museum ; Madonna with Saints and Angels (1501), same gallery ; and the Apotheosis of St. Ambrose in the Frari, Venice, finished after Luigi's death, by his pupil Basaiti. — C. & C., N. Italy, i. 52; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 159; Ch. Blanc, ficole venitienne ; Lermolieff, 398 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 517.
VIVIEN, JOSEPH, born at Lyons in 1657, died at Bonn, Dec. 5, 1735. French school ; portrait painter, especially in pas- tel, pupil of Le Brun in Paris, where he went in 1677. Acquired such reputation that all persons of note in Europe wished to be painted by him. His portraits are excel- lent likenesses and of fine execution. Mem- ber of Academy, 1701 ; Counsellor, 1703. Court painter to Elector of Cologne. Works : Adoration of the Magi (1698), Notre Dame de Paris ; Elector Max Emanuel of Bavaria, Duke of Burgundy, Sculptor Gi- rardon, three others, Musue des dessins, Louvre ; Portraits of Fenelon, and the En- graver Edelinck (attributed), Versailles Mu- seum ; Cardinal Joseph Clement of Bavaria, Elector of Cologne, Valenciennes Museum ; others in Museums at Metz and Rouen ; Duke Ferdinand Maria of Bavaria, Darm- stadt Museum ; Fenelon, The Artist, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Philip V. of Spain, Dukes Charles de Berry, Louis of Bur- gundy, Max Emanuel of Bavaria (2), eight others, Schleis s h e i m
I /nn-f I Gallery; Por-
I/W trait of him-
self, Uffizi, Florence.— Bellier, ii. 698 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole fran9aise, iii.; Jal., 1278.
VLERICK, PEETER, born at Courtrai in 1539, died at Tournai in 1581. Flemish school ; history painter, pupil of Charles
VLEUGHELS
d'Ypres, worked for awhile at Malines, then studied at Antwerp under Jacob Floris (brother of Frans Floris) ; went to Italy about 1559, and worked in Venice under Tintoretto ; in Home, where he studied the works of Michelangelo, he assisted Girolamo Muziano in the Vatican and in the Villa d'Este, painting the figures in his land- scapes. Having visited Naples, he returned home via Germany ; but in spite of his great skill met with no success, and died in poverty. He was the master of Karel van Mander, in whose time, even, his works were already rare. — Fetis, Lea Artistes beiges a 1'etranger, ii. 350 ; Michiels, vi. 125 ; Splen- deurs de 1'art en Belgique, 117.
VLEUGHELS. See Wleucjhels.
VLIEGER, SIMON DE, born in Rotter- dam about 1600, died in Amsterdam shortly before 1660. Dutch school ; marine and landscape painter, supposed pupil of "Willem van de Velde the elder ; entered guild at Delft in 1634, and became a citizen of Am- sterdam. He was the first to represent with great truth the ocean under its differ- ent aspects. He had a pure feeling for nature, and excelled in aerial perspective, freedom of touch, and softness of execution. Works : Coast of Scheveningen, Bridge- water Gallery, London ; Naval Battle on the Slaak (1633), Amsterdam Museum ; Slight- ly Agitated Sea (163-), Berlin Museum ; do. (1632), Baron Minutoli's Collection, Schloss Fridersdorf, Silesia ; Storm at Sea, Fort Bath on the Scheldt, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; River Maas with Vessels, Zuyder Zee with Vessels, Marine (1660), Copenha- gen Gallery ; Landscape with Hunters, Ma- rines, Stockholm Museum ; Calm Sea with Vessels (3, one dated 1654), Schwerin Gal- lery ; do. (1649), Museum, Vienna ; Wood Landscape (1640), Marines (2), Liechten- stein Gallery, ib.; Storm at Sea, Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Arrival of Prince of Orange at Vliessingen, Agitated Sea (1624), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Calm Sea (2), Peterhof ; others in the Louvre, in Museums and Gal- leries of Antwerp, Augsburg, Basle, Dres-
den, Frankfort, Gotha, Konigsberg, and Weimar. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 202; Kramm, vi. 1780 ; Kug- ler (Crowe), ii. 494 ; Zeitechr. f. b. K, xxi. 324.
VLIET, HENDRIK CORNELJSZ VAN (van der), born at Delft in 1611 or 1612, died there in October, 1675. Dutch school ; genre, portrait, and architecture painter, pupil of his uncle Willem van Vliet, and of Mierevelt ; painted church interiors with fine aerial and lineal perspective ; also por- traits, and genre pictures by lamplight, in the style of Schalcken. Works : Lady's Portrait (1671), Haarlem Museum ; Interior of Protestant Church (1666), Rotterdam Museum ; do. (1652), Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ; do. (1659), Schwerin Gallery ; Interior of Church in Delft, Hague Muse- um ; do. (1654), Amsterdam Museum ; do., Stockholm Museum ; Merry Old Soldier (1647), Copenhagen Gallery ; Monument to William of Orange (1663), Amalienstift, Dessau ; do., Stockholm Museum ; Return of Jephtha, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg. Interiors : Ghent Museum (2) ; Berlin Mu- seum ; Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Old Pinako- thek, Munich ; Vienna Academy ; Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg. — Burger, Husoes, ii. 312 ; Kramm, vi. 1780 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 513 ; Stuers, 176 ; Schlie, 667 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxi. 324.
VLIET, WILLEM VAN DER, born at Delft in 1586, died in 1644. Dutch school ; history and portrait painter, whose works are very rare. Works : Portrait of a Jesuit, National Gallery, London ; Male Portrait, Brussels Museum ; do. (1632), Leipsic Mu- seum ; Female Portrait (1624), Liechten- stein Gallery, Vienna. By Jan Joris van
387
VOELCKER
Vliet, born at Delft about 1610, pupil of Eembrandt, are portraits in the Museums at Rotterdam and Leipsic, and a Baptism of the Eunuch, in the Oldenburg Gallery.
VOELCKER, GOTTFRIED WILHELM, born in Berlin, March 23, 1775, died there, Nov. 1, 1849. Flower painter, pupil of Jo- hann Friedrich Schultze, whom he succeed- ed as director of the Royal Porcelain Factory. Member of Berlin Academy in 1811. Pro- fessor and privy councillor. Order of Red Eagle ; Hanover Order of Guelph. Works : Fruit in Glass Bowl (1827), Flower-Piece (1837), National Gallery, Berlin ; Flowers on a Table (1820), Raczynski Gallery, ib.; Flowers and Fruit (1834), Konigsberg Mu- seum ; do. (1842), Schwerin Gallery. His son, Friedrich Wilhelm (1799-1870), distin- guished himself in the same branch. Work :
'8*2.
Flower-Piece (1821), New Pinakothek, Mu- nich.— Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 351.
VOET, JACOB FERDINAND, born at Antwei'p, baptized March 14, 1639, died after 1691 (?). Flemish school ; portrait painter, formed himself under the influ- ence of Van Dyck, then in Rome under that of Carlo Maratti ; flourished about 1660-91, chiefly in Rome, under the Popes Alexander VH. and Clement IX., in Turin, Paris, and Antwerp. Works : Portrait of Cardinal Azzolini (1654), Berlin Museum ; do. of Pope Clement IX. (1667).— Kramm, vi. 1782.
VOET, KAREL BORCHAERT, born at Zwolle about 1670, died in 1745. Dutch school ; still-life painter, pupil of his broth- er and another unknown master ; entered, at the age of nineteen, the service of the Earl of Portland, and accompanied him several times to England. Finally lived at Dordrecht. Works : Memento Mori (1741), Kitchen Scenes (2), Schwerin Gallery. — Im- merzeel, iii. 203 ; Schlie, 669.
VOGEL, CHRISTIAN LEBRECHT, born at Dresden, April 4, 1759, died there, April 11, 1816. History and portrait painter, pu- pil of Schenau ; invited to Castle Wilden- fels in 1780 by his patron, Count Solms, he painted there many portraits and family groups of distinguished persons. Member of Dresden Academy in 1800, professor in 1814. Was especially successful with chil- dren's portraits. Works : Two Children playing with lighted Candle, Christiania Gallery ; Artist's Children with Picture Book, Dresden Museum. — Nagler, xx. 491.
VOGEL, HUGO, born at Magdeburg, Feb. 15, 1855. Historical genre painter, pupil of Wilhelm Sohn at Dusseldorf . Gold medal, Berlin, 1883. Works : Luther at the Wartburg preaching from his Translation of the Bible (1882), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Beethoven at the Piano (1883) ; Reception of the French Huguenots by the Great Elector (1884) ; Duke Ernst the Confessor taking Communion at Celle — 1535 (1885), Provinzial Museum, Hanover. — Kunst-Chro- nik, xviii. 549 ; xx. 753 ; xxi. 243 ; Kunst f. Alle, i.; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxi. 256.
VOGEL, LUDW1G, born at Zurich, July 10, 1788, died there, Aug. 21, 1879. His- tory and genre painter, pupil of Heinrich Fuessli and of Konrad Gessner, then of Vi- enna Academy ; went in 1810 with Over- beck to Rome, and, after having studied, at Florence and Orvieto, Perugia, Siena, Pisa, etc., the masterworks of Signorelli, Giotto, and other Pre-Raphaelite masters, returned to Zurich in 1813, and until 1820 studied Swiss types on trips through his native mountains. Works : Return Home of Swiss Warrior in 16th Century (1810) ; Return of Victors at Morgarten (1813) ; Struthan von Winkelried fighting the Dragon (1814) ; La Benichon (1819); Flight of Charles the Bold (1838) ; Ulrich Zwingli as Chaplain (1838) ; Arnold von Wiukelried at Sempach (1840, 1856) ; Capuchin Refectory (1852) ; Tell's Chapel, Woman of Grisons in Suabian War, Prayer at the Grave (1844) ; Reception of Zurich into Confederacy, Zurich Gallery ;
388
VOGEL
Zwingli's Return from Berne (1865) ; Death of Gessler (1867).— Andresen, ii. 250 ; Kuust- Chronik, xviii. 742 ; Nagler, xx. 495.
VOGEL VON VOGELSTEIN, KARL, born at Wildenfels, Saxony, June 26, 1788, died in Munich, March 4, 1868. History and portrait painter, son and pupil of Chris- tian Lebrecht Vogel (1759-1816), and pupil of Dresden Academy ; went in 1807 to Mem- el, Dorpert, and St. Petersburg, where he painted many portraits, and in 1813 to Italy, where he studied and copied after the old masters ; in 1820 he became professor at the Dresden Academy, and in 1824 court painter ; visited London in 1834, Rome again in 1840-42, and Venice in 1851-52 ; resigned his professorship in 1853, and soon after moved to Munich. Member of Berlin, Munich, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Flor- ence Academies ; ennobled by the King of Saxony in 1831 ; Order of Albrecht, 1853. Works : Temptation of Christ ; Annuncia- tion ; Baptism of Christ ; Susanna justified by Daniel ; Christ Crucified (1821), Naum- burg Cathedral ; St. Joseph of Calazans with the School Children ; Raising of Laza- rus ; Madonna, Portrait of the Landscape Painter Miville (1811), Basle Museum ; Dante in his Relation to the Divine Com- edy (1844), Palazzo Crocetta, Florence ; Christian Martyr Perpetua in Prison ; Frau- cesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta ; Fran- cesca at the Bath (1845-46) ; Scenes from Goethe's Faust (1852) ; replica, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Portraits of Pope Pius VH (1817), Kings Frederic August (1823) and John (1832) of Saxony, Dresden Gallery ; Lud- wig Tieck, National Gallery, Berlin ; do. (1834), and King Frederic August H, Leip- sic Museum ; Portrait of himself, Uffizi, Florence ; Thorwaldsen ; Lucien Bonaparte. In fresco : Ten Scenes in Life of the Virgin (1826-29), Royal Chapel, Pillnitz.— Andre- sen, ii. 101 ; Elustr. Zeitg. (1868), i. 267 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 232 ; Nagler, xx. 481.
VOILLEMOT, ANDRfi CHARLES, born in Paris, Dec. 13, 1822. Genre painter, pu- pil of Drolling and at the ficole des Beaux
Arts. His pictures, mostly ideal subjects, produce a charming effect at a distance, but on a close approach appear heavy in draw- ing and colouring. Medal, 1870 ; L. of Honour, 1870. Works: Zephyr, Cupid, Dream (1859); Gallant Festival, Cupid, Banquet of Stone (1863) ; Youth (1864) ; The Nest (1868) ; Velleda (1869) ; Grass- hopper and Ant (1870); Springtime (1873); Woman with Roses (1874); Twilight (1876); Innocence in Danger (1878); Revery (1880); Recalling the Lovers (1883) ; Fautaisie es- pagnole (1884). — Larousse.
VOIS, ARIE (Adriaan) DE, born in Ley- den in 1641, died there in 1698 (?). Dutch school ; history, portrait, genre, and land- scape painter, pupil of Nicolas Knupfer in Utrecht and of Abraham van den Tetnpel at Leyden ; further developed under influence of Gerard Dou and Frans van Mieris. He painted, with minute finish, chiefly half- length nude figures, in landscapes after the manner of Poelenburg, animated in concep- tion and clear and warm in colouring. A rich marriage led him into idleness for thir- teen years, until need compelled him to de- vote himself again to art. The pictures of his last period pass for his best. Works : Boy with Book, Bridgewater Gallery, Lon- don ; Woman cutting a Lemon, Two Male Portraits, Louvre ; Jolly Toper, Brussels Museum ; Old Lady, Antwerp Museum ; Huntsman, Hague Museum ; Jolly Fish- Seller, Violinist, A Lady, Peasant Smok- ing, Amsterdam Museum ; Drinker, Cassel Gallery ; Storm at Sea, Brunswick Gallery ; Old Man's Head, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Venus and Adonis (1678), Berlin Muse- um ; Lute Player, Gotha Museum ; Drinker, Smoker, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Man looking into a Mum-Glass, Shepherdess, Landscape with Nude Figures (1666), Dres-
den Gallery ; Peasants before their Cottage, Schwerin Gallery.— Ch. Blanc, ficole hollan-
VOLK
daise ; Immerzeel, iii. 203 ; Kramm, vi. 1784 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 413 ; Eiegel (Beitrage), ii. 408.
VOLK, DOUGLAS, born in Pittsfield, Mass., in 1856. Figure and subject paint- er; son of Leonard Volt, sculptor; pupil of Gc-rome in Paris, and studied in Home. Member of Society of American Artists. Studio in New York. Works : Vanity, In Brittany (1876) ; Domestic Life in Nor- mandy (1878) ; In the Studio — Portrait (1880) ; Puritan Girl (1881), T. B. Clarke, New York; Kept In (1882); Charity (1883).
VOLKEKS, EMIL, born at Birkenfeld, Jan. 4, 1831. Genre and animal painter, pupil in Dresden of Rietschel and Schnorr, and in Munich of Albrecht and Franz Adam ; studied the horse in the royal studs of Wiir- temberg, and settled in Diisseldorf in 1857 ; visited Bucharest in 1867 and Italy in 1869. Works : Four-in-Hand of Prince of Rou- mania ; Market at Reni ; Tavern Scene in Roumania ; Roumanian Peasants Resting ; Market Scene in Bucharest ; Scenes from Campaigns of 1866 and 1870, Duke of Ol- denburg.—Miiller, 539.
VOLKHART, GEORG WILHELM, born at Herdicke, Westphalia, June 23, 1815, died in Dusseldorf, March 14, 1876. His- tory and portrait painter, pupil of Diissel- dorf Academy ; studied in Italy (1846-47) after the old masters. Works : Christ the Good Shepherd (1834) ; Fritjof and Inge- borg (1836) ; Tancred and Erminia (1837) ; Raphael and the Fornarina (1838) ; Murder of Rizzio (1841) ; Abdication of Mary Stuart (1842) ; Mary Stuart on the Scaffold (1844); Leonardo and Blandine (1845) ; Death of Admiral Coligny (1846) ; Charles IX. and Catharine de' Medici visiting Coligny (1849) ; Duke of Alva's Breakfast at Rndol- stadt (1850) ; Wallenstein and Seni (1851) ; Scene from Peasants' War (1852) ; Death of Belshazzar ; Matathias overthrowing Altar at Modin. His son Max (born in Diisseldorf, Oct. 17, 1848) is a successful genre painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy and of Eduard von Gebhardt, then studied in Brussels, Ant-
werp, Bruges, and Ghent ; in 1878 visited North Italy, and in 1881 Holland. Works : Bandage Room at Gravelotte ; A Point of Honour ; Much Ado about Nothing ; Au- dience at the Burgomaster's ; Improvised Dinner Party; Rejected Suitor (1884).— Blanckarts, 102; Cotta's Kunstbl. (1839), 43 ; Kunst-Chronik, xi. 434 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 966 ; xx. 998 ; Wolfg. Miiller, Diisseldf. K, 152 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xviii. 36. VOLKMAR, ANTONIE, born in Berlin, April 24, 1827. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Julius Schrader, and in Paris (1853- 57) of Cogniet ; returned to her native city, where she won immediate success ; visited Italy in 1862-64. Works : Artist travelling (1847) ; Sale of the Last Jewel (1858) ; Ger- man Emigrants (1860) ; The new Governess (1868) ; Beginning of Artistic Career (1870) ; The Schoolmates (1880) ; Grandmother tell- ing Stories, Stettin Museum. — Miiller, 539. VOLLERDT, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, born at Leipsic in 1708, died at Dresden in 1769. German school ; landscape painter, pupil of Alexander Thiele in Dresden ; aimed at representing atmospheric effects in the style of Christoph Ludwig Agricola. Works : Winter Landscapes (3), Landscape with River, do. with Ruins (2), Cassel Gal- lery ; Thunderstorm, Rainbow in the Moun- tains, Winter in do., River Landscape in do., Schwerin Gallery.— Schlie, 671.
VOLLMER, ADOLF, born in Hamburg, Dec. 17, 1806, died there in 1875. Land- scape and marine painter, pupil of Suhr, then in Altona of Rosenberg and in Copen- hagen of Eckersberg ; studied in Munich in 1833-39, and travelled in Tyrol and Italy. In 1866 he became blind. Works : two Views of Heligoland, Woods near Reinbeck (1831) ; Harbour in the Baltic (1835) ; Sea in approaching Storm (1837) ; Lagoons in Venice (1839) ; Hamburg Harbour (1846) ; Marine (1836) ; Stangenmiihlen- Grund (1852), Hamburg Gal- lery ; Coast on Baltic Sea (1864) ; The Elbe at fiiankenese (1865).— Andresen, iii. 24.
390
VOLLMERING
VOLLMERENG, JOSEPH, born at An- holt, Westphalia, Aug. 27, 1810. Land- scape painter, pupil of the Amsterdam Academy in 1826-30 ; then travelled several years in Germany, studying after nature, especially in the valley of the Rhine ; from 1835 to 1844 studied with Barend Cornelia Koekkoek, with whom he made many sketch- ing trips in the Rhine, Moselle, and Neckar Valleys. Removed to America in 1847 ; elected an A.N.A. in 1852. Studio in New York. Works : Indian Falls — near Cold Spring, N. Y. (1848), painted for G. Kemble ; View on the Hudson, J. J. Astor, New York ; Holy Shrine at Sunset (1852), George I. Seney, ib. ; Study of Trees (1865), L. M. Rutherford, ib. ; Sunset Landscape (1869), Adirondack Mountains (1869), F. H. Delano, ib. ; The Hudson from Garrison's, C. de Rham, ib. ; The Hudson from Hastings, F. W. Lasak, ib. ; New York from Weehawken Heights (1872), A. Havemeyer, ib.
VOLLON, ANTOINE, born in Lyons, April 20, 1833. Genre, landscape, and flower painter, pupil of Ribot. Colouring harmonious ; in other respects variable. Medals: 1865, 1868, 1869; 1st class, 1878; L. of Honour, 1870; Officer, 1878. Works: Art and Gluttony (1864); Kitchen Interior (1864), Nantes Museum ; Return from Market (1866) ; Mon- key at the Accordeon (1866), Lyons Muse- um ; Grapes in the South, Sea Fish (1867) ; Old Fisherman, Curiosities (1868), Luxem- bourg ; After the Ball (1869) ; Comer of my Studio ; Sea Fish (1870), Luxembourg ; Luncheon (1871) ; New Year's Day (1872) ; The Kettle (1872), Lyons Museum ; Corner of the Market (1874) ; The Pig, Armure Fish (1875) ; Woman of the Pollet in Dieppe (1876) ; Helmet of Henri H., Spaniard (1878); Pumpkins (1880); Birds of the South, Pot on the Fire (1883) ; Cruche de
Marseille (1885) ; Pottery, View of Treport (1886); Still Life, Henry T. Chapman, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.— Claretie, Peintres (1874), 196 ; Meyer, Gesch., 630 ; Larousse.
VOLLWEIDER, AUGUST, born atEich- stetten, Baden, in 1835. Landscape painter, pupil in Carlsruhe of Schirmer ; visited Mu- nich and the Bavarian Highlands in 1858, Cologne, DQsseldorf, and Belgium in 1861, the Swiss Alps and Black Forest in 1865, and Paris in 1867 ; instructor at the Carls- ruhe Art School since 1855, and inspector since 1861 ; resigned in 1874 and settled at Berne. Works : Heidelberg Castle ; Spring under Oak Trees (1865), Oak Wood with Deer, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Storm Landscape (1866) ; German Oaks (1867) ; The Wetter- horn, Wflrzburg Art Union ; Rosenlaui Gla- cier ; Susten Pass in Switzerland ; Ancient Germans in Oak Wood.— Mttller, 540.
VOLMAR, GEORG, born at Mengen, Suabia, in 1770, died at Berne, April 27, 1831. Landscape painter, self-taught by study of nature ; painted especially Swiss scenery and costume pictures ; visited Italy in 1807, and became professor at the Art School in Berne. Works : Waterfall near Meiriugen, Berne Museum ; Mother and Child under a Tree near Battlefield, FUrst- enberg Gallery, Donaueschingen. His son Joseph (bom in 1795, died in Berne in 1865), pupil of Horace Vernet, also became pro- fessor at Berne. By him : Boar Hunt, Leonore (after Burger's ballad, 1829), Berne Museum. By another son, Rudolf (died in Berne, 1844), a View of the Giessbach, ib.
VOLTERRA, DANIELE DA, born in Volterra in 1509, died in Rome, April 4, 1566. Florentine school. Real name Dan- iele Ricciarelli ; pupil of II Sodoma, after- wards of Baldassare Peruzzi. When still young he went to Rome, where, after work- ing as assistant to Perino del Vaga, he be- came the pupil of Michelangelo. His chief works are in the Cappella Orsini in Trinita de' Monti, Rome, where he spent seven years in painting a series of frescos repre- senting the history of the Cross. The prin-
391
VOLTEEKA
cipal composition, the Descent from the Cross, is ranked among the great pictures of the world. As it is superior to any other work by Volterra, many think he was aided in the composition by Michelangelo. On the death of Del Vaga, in 1547, Volterra was ap- pointed superin- tendent of the works in the Vatican, but on the death of Paul HI. he lost the position, and the rest of his life was devoted chiefly to sculpture. After living in Florence and other places he finally returned to Rome, and was employed by Paul IV. to drape the nude figures in Michelangelo's Last Judg- ment, in the Sistine Chapel, whence he was nicknamed II Bracchettone (breeches-maker). Among his works are : Massacre of the Inno- cents, Uffizi, Florence ; Madonna and Saints, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Descent from the Cross, Madrid Museum ; Beheading of John Baptist, Turin Gallery ; David and Go- liath, Louvre. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii. 84 ; ed. Mil., vii. 49 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole florentine ; Burckhardt, 184, 048, 683, 756.
VOLTERRA, FRANCESCO DA, Floren- tine school, 14th century. Supposed dis- ciple of Giotto, but long settled in Pisa, where in 1346 he had already executed an altarpiece for the cathedral. Another work is The Crucified, Angels and Saints, Sac- risty of Ognissanti, Florence (1350). About 1370 he painted, according to lute authori- ties, the great frescos of the Trials of Job, in the Campo Santo, formerly ascribed to Giotto.— C. & C., Italy, i. 392 ; Burckhardt, 495, 497, 503.
VOLTRI, NICCOLO DA, Genoese school ; worked at Genoa in 1401 on an Annuncia- tion, for the Church of the Madonna delle Vigne ; also painted an altarpiece for S. Te- odoro, Madonna and Child holding a small Bird, with Kneeling Donor, inscribed Nico-
laus da Voltri, deposited in Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Shows study of German masters. — Soprani, 11 ; Siret, 984. VOLTZ, FRIEDRICH, bom at Nordling- en, Oct. 31, 1817, died in Munich, June 25, 1886. An- imal and idyl paint- er, son and pupil of the history and genre painter Jo- hann Michael Voltz (1784-1858); then studied at the Mu- nich Academy and
from nature in the Bavarian Alps ; visited Italy in 1843-45 and in 1872, and the Neth- erlands in 1846, afterwards Paris, Vienna, and Berlin. Professor at Munich Academy, member of Munich (1863), Berlin (1869), and Vienna ( 1870) Academies. Gold medals : Berlin, 1856, 1861 ; Wiirtemburg medal for art ; Orders of Red Eagle and of St. Micha- el, 1867. Most of his works— nearly 2,000 — are in private collections. Works : Men- agerie (1835), Cows Drinking (1868), Na- tional Gallery, Berlin ; Herd on Benedictine Wall in Bavarian Highlands (1852), Konigs- berg Museum ; Herdsman and Cows near a Village, Leipsic Museum ; Cow Stable, Schwerin Gallery ; Sunday Morning on the Alp, Stuttgart Museum ; Cows by the Wa- ter, Harrach Gallery, Vienna; Return of the Herd, St. Gall Museum ; First Storks (1859), Duke of Oldenburg; Pasture, En- dangered Meal in the Stable (1860) ; Herd Resting, Cologne Museum; Idyl (1862), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Cows in Stable, do. in Pasture, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Re- turn of Herd to Village (1863), New Pina- kothek, Munich ; Cow Stable (1884); Water ing Place for Cattle on Starnberg Lake in Approaching Storm, Siesta in the Pasture (1886).— Dioskuren (1861), 47, 55 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1857), i. ; (1870), i. 371 ; Regnet, ii. 294 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 660 ; xxi. 652 ; xxii. 38 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ii. 209 ; v. 160 ; vi. 247 ; xiii. (Mittheilungen, vi. 35).
392
VOLTZ
VOLTZ, LUDWIG, born at Augsburg in 1825. Landscape and animal painter, brother and pupil of preceding, having first been instructed by his father, and in 1843-45 pupil of Mu- nich Academy ; is es- pecially succes s f u 1 with horse portraits. "Works : Peasant with Ploughing Team, St. Gall Museum ; Stags Fighting ; After the Chase ; Horses in Past- ure ; Harvest Scene, Forester's Daughter feeding Deer (1860).
VONNOH, ROBERT WILLIAM, born in Hartford, Conn., Sept. 17, 1858. Portrait painter ; pupil in Paris at the Academie Julien, in 1881-82, under Boulanger and Lefebvre, where he won the prize for paint- ing the male torso. His portrait of John S. Con way, Milwaukee, Wis., was hung on the line in the Salon of 1882, and he was award- ed a gold medal at the Massachusetts Me- chanics' Charitable Association Exhibition in 1884.
VONWYL, JAKOB, born at Lucerne in 1595, died in 1621. Excellent painter in the manner of Holbein ; many of his best works were destroyed by fire ; his master- piece, The Dance of Death, in seven large panels and a small one, with twenty-four groups, is in the Canton Library at Lucerne. — Meyer von Knonau.
VOOGD, HENDRIK, born in Amsterdam in 1766, died in Rome, Sept. 4, 1839. Land- scape and animal painter, pupil of Amster- dam Academy and of Juriaau Audriesseu ; went in 1788 to Rome. Member of Am- sterdam Academy. Order of Lion. Works : Landscape with Buffaloes, formerly in Pa- vilion, Haarlem ; View of the Campagna (1809), Gotha Museum. — Immerzeel, iii 205 ; Kramm, vi. 1788.
VOORHOUT, JOHANNES, the elder, born at Uithoorn, near Amsterdam, in 1647, died before May 12, 1723. History and
' portrait painter, pupil at Gouda of C. Ver- ! bout, and at Amsterdam of Johan van Noordt ; -went in 1672 to Frederikstadt, thence to Hamburg, and afterwards returned to Amsterdam. Works : Annunciation of Samson's Birth to Manoah and Wife, Endym- ion and Luna, Venus and Cupid on Clouds, Good Samaritan (1698), Brunswick Gallery ; Lady with little Girl, Amalienstift, Dessau. — Iinmerzeel, iii. 205 ; Kramm, vi. 1789 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 309.
VOORT, CORNELLS VAN DER, born at Antwerp in 1576, died at Amsterdam, Nov. 2, 1624. Dutch school ; portrait painter, probably pupil of Cornells Ketel at Amster- dam, where he ranked among the distin- [ guished artists of his day. Works : Re- ' gents-Piece with six portraits (1618), do. with five, Archery-Piece with twelve (1623), | do. with twenty-one, Amsterdam Museum. Kramm, vi. 1790.
VOORT, MICHIEL FRANS VAN DER, jborn at Antwerp, baptized April 28, 1714, j died there, March 28, 1777. Flemish school ; history painter, son and probably pupil of Joseph van der Voort, or studied under one of his relatives, all of whom were artists. Dean of the guild in 1751-52. One of the directors of the Academy in 1752-62. Works : Entry of Prince Charles of Lorraine | into Antwerp (attributed to Jan Jozef Hore- j mans, the younger), City Hall, Antwerp ; Two allegorical Bas-reliefs, Museum, ib.- Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 437 ; Van den Bran- den, 1194.
VORSTERMANS, JAN, born at Bommel in 1643, died about 1699. Dutch school ; landscape painter, pupil of H. Saftleven ; painted especially Rhine views with numer- ous accessories, true in colouring and highly finished. Later he went to England, and painted a royal summer palace with many courtiers for Charles H., for which he de- manded so high a price that it was not ac- cepted. Works : Landscape with Fortifica- tions, Dresden Gallery ; Two Landscapes, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Immerzeel, iii. 206 ; Kramm, vi. 1792.
vos
VOS, CORNELIS DE, the elder, born at Hulst in the summer of 1585, died in Ant- werp, May 9, 1651. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of David Remeeus ; master of the guild of Antwerp in 1608, its dean in 1619-20. He formed several pupils, notably Jean Cossiers and Simon de Vos, with whom he is often confounded. Belongs to the school of Van Dyck, whose friend he was, and who painted his portrait. Works: Episode in Life of St. Norbert, Adoration of the Magi, Vow to the Virgin, several portraits, Muse- um, Antwerp ; Descent from the Cross, Ca- thedral, ib. ; Artist and his Family, Brussels Museum ; Portrait of Young Lady (1620), Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Alle- gory on Riches, Rotterdam Museum ; do., Brunswick Museum ; Male Portraits (2), Cassel Gallery ; The Hutten Family, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Cleopatra before An- tony at Tarsus, Portrait of a Lady (1617), Oldenburg Gallery ; Two Scenes in Life of St. George, Stuttgart Museum ; Married Couple on Terrace (1629), Painter's Daugh- ters, Berlin Museum ; Lady and Three Gen- tlemen at a Game, Stockholm Museum ; Family Group, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Solomon anointed King, Vienna Museum ; Portraits of Frans Snyders and Wife, Turin Gallery ; Triumph of Bacchus, Apollo and Python, Venus, Madrid Museum ; Portrait of Young Girl, New York Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 133 ; Kramm, vi. 1793 ; Michiels, viii. 293 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 92 ; Rooses (Reber), 347 ; Van den Branden, 639, 653.
VOS, MARTEN DE, the elder, born in Antwerp in 1532, died there, Dec. 17, 1603.
Vos
Flemish school ; history and portrait paint- er, pupil of his father, Pieter de Vos (born
in 1490), and of Frans Floris, af- terwards of Tin- toretto at Ven- ice. On his re- turn to Antwerp he established a school ; was re- ceived into guild of St. Luke in 1559, dean in 1572. He was one of the most prolific paint- ers of his time. Works : Raising of Lazarus, Samson and Delilah, Madrid Museum ; St. Paul stung by Viper, Louvre ; Crucifixion, Triptych with Incredulity of St. Thomas (1574), Temptation of St. Anthony (1594), thirty others, Museum, Antwerp ; several, Cathedral, ib. ; Portraits of Man and Wife, Brussels Museum ; Holy Family (1585), Ghent Museum ; Moses with the Law Tables (1575), Hague Museum ; Jesus on the Sea of Tiberias (1589) ; Prophet Jonah cast into the Sea (1589), Mythological Allegory, Su- sanna and the Elders, Israelites crossing the Red Sea, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Crucifixion, Schleissheim Gallery; do., and Portrait of the Artist, Museum, Vienna; Raising of Lazarus, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Pieta, Baptism of Christ, Harrach Gallery, ib. ; Hermit in Prayer, Wiesbaden Gallery ; Earthly Paradise, and several portraits, Uf- fizi, Florence. His son, Marten (born 1576), was also a paint- er. — Ch. Blanc, ficole flamande, Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 122; Immerzeel, iii. 207 ; Kramm, vi. 1797 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 239 ; Michiels, v. 420 ; Rooses (Reber), 101 ; Van den Branden, 216.
VOS, PAULUS DE, born at Hulst about 1590, died in 1678. Flemish school ; ani- mal painter ; most successful imitator of Snyders, his brother-in-law. Painted a
_ «^. /^ _
/ \~/\ /~\ I f- ^ VJUJ'jT
**^
394
vos
great deal for the Emperor, the King of Spain, and the Duke of Aerschot, his par- ticular patron. Master of the guild in 1620. Van Dyck painted his portrait. Works : Cats Fighting, Stags and Dogs, Bull pur- sued by Dogs, and 13 others, Madrid Mu- seum ; Death of the Roe Buck, Louvre ; Stag Hunt, Brussels Museum ; Boar Hunt (figures by Van Thulden), Suermondt Mu- seum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; do., and Bear Hunt, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Dog barking at Swans, Cassel Gallery ; Fight between Owls and Martens, do. between Birds, Still-Life (2), Hermannstadt Museum ; Bear Hunt, The Animals in the Garden of Eden, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Two Dogs Quarrel- ling (3), Roe pursued by Dogs, Schleissheim Gallery ; Horse pursued by Dogs, Horse torn by Wolves, Fight between Bears and Dogs, Stag Hunt, Fight between Leopard
and Dogs, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Ch. Blanc, ficole flamande ; Kramm, vi. 1798 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 335 ; Michiels, ix. 229 ; Rooses (Reber), 260 ; Van den Branden, 679. VOS, SIMON DE, born in Antwerp, Oct. 28, 1603, died there, Oct. 15, 1676. Flemish school ; history, genre, and por- trait painter, pu- pil of Cornells de Vos (1615) and of Rubens; received as master into the guild in 1620, when only seventeen years of age. Van Dyck painted his portrait. Works: Portrait of Young Man, Grenoble Museum ; Resurrection, Lille Museum ; do., Nantes Museum ; Portrait of the Painter, Antwerp Museum; Male Portraits (2, 1640, 1645), Rotterdam Museum ; Punishment of Cupid, Berlin Museum ; Abigail and David, Gotha
Museum ; Stag Hunt, Schleisaheim Gallery ; Spring, Autumn, and Winter (1635); Tavern Scene (1640), Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.
/
— Ch. Blanc, ficole flamande ; Kramm, vi. 1799 ; Michiels, viii. 301 ; Rooses (Reber), 327 ; Van den Brauden, 899.
VOUET, SIMON, born in Paris, Jan. 9, 1590, died there, June 30, 1649. French school ; history and por- trait painter, son and pupil of Laurent Vouet, a mediocre painter ; then studied nature and the great masters. Even in his fourteenth year he showed such skill that he was called to England to paint the portrait of a refugee, — a lady of high rank. Charles L in vain endeavoured to retain him, and he returned to France to follow (1611) the French Am- bassador Baron de Sancy to Constantinople, where he painted Sultan Achmet I. from memory. In 1612 he went to Venice, where he copied Titian and Veronese, and in Rome (1613), Caravaggio and Guido Reni. Called to Genoa by the Dorias, he remained there two years before returning to Rome, where he became director of the Accademia di S. Luca. In 1627 Louis XHL recalled him to France, whither several of his pupils accom- panied him. As first painter to the king, he executed many decorative works for the Louvre, the Luxembourg, %and the Palais Royal, for numerous churches and palaces in Paris, and painted portraits of the King and many of the nobles of his court. Works : Presentation of Christ in Temple, Madonna, Christ on the Cross, Entombment, Roman
VOYAGE OF LIFE
Charity, Portrait of Louis XIII , Allegory of Riches, Faith, Eloquence, Susanna and the Elders, Louvre ; Dead Christ, Presen- tation of the Virgin, Dijon Museum ; St. Stephen in Ecstasy, Douai Museum ; Temp- tation of St. Anthony, Repose in Egypt, Grenoble Museum ; Entombment, Havre Mu- seum ; Christ on the Cross, Lyons Muse- um ; Madonna, Marseilles Museum ; Wisdom, Montpellier Museum ; Nymph and Cupid, Cupids playing with the Arms of -ZEneas, Nancy Museum ; Apotheosis of St. Eus- tache (ceiling), Peace, Ave Maria, Nantes Museum ; St. Paul Baptizing, Nimes Mu- seum ; Nymph with Grapes watched by Youth, Orleans Museum ; Madonna with St. John, Renues Museum ; Apotheosis of St. Louis, Rouen Museum ; Christ sur- rounded by Angels, Strasburg Museum ; Portrait of a Lady as Cleopatra, Troyes Museum ; Finding of the Cross, The Brazen Serpent, Toulouse Museum ; St. Stephen in Prayer, Valenciennes Museum ; St. Charles Borromeo interceding for the Plague-strick- en at Milan, Brussels Museum ; Allegory on Glory of France, Madonna kneeling by a Column, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Apotheosis of St. Louis, Dresden Museum ; Holy Family, Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, Hermannstadt Museum ; Two Portraits of Princesses, Ma- drid Museum ; Madonna in a Landscape, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Madonna (2), Venus and Adonis, Death of Lucretia, Her- mitage, St. Petersburg ; Madonna, Scliwe- rin Gallery ; Annunciation, Uffizi, Florence ;
Allegory on Painting, Turin Gallery.— Bel- lier, ii. 702 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran9aise.
VOYAGE OF LIFE, Thomas Cole, Henry B. Plant, New York ; allegorical series of four pictures. 1. The child, with its guar- dian angel, in a boat heaped with flowers, is floating down the stream ; 2. The youth,
with hope in his aspect, is taking command of the helm ; 3. The mature man, his boat hurried onward by the rapids of the river ; 4. The aged navigator who is again joined by his guardian angel as he is about enter- ing the ocean of eternity. Painted in 1841 for Samuel Ward ; purchased after his death by the American Art Union, and drawn as a prize in 1848 by J. F. Bredt, Bingham- ton, of whom bought by Rev. Gorham D. Abbott ; passed next to John Taylor John- ston and sold at his sale (1876) for $3,100. Engraved by James Smillie. Replica, painted in 1843, owned in the West.
VRANCX, SEBASTIAAN, born in Ant- werp, baptized Jan. 22, 1573, died there, May 19, 1G47. Flemish school ; history, hunt, and battle painter, pupil of Adam van Noort, then went to Italy, and probably re- turned about 1600, when he became master of the guild at Antwerp ; was dean in 1612. He followed in the path of Jan Brueghel and Hendrik van Balen, enliven- ing his pictures with a multitude of well- grouped figures, brilliant in colouring, but somewhat stiff in drawing. Works : Camp of Ambrosius Spinola's Army near Ostend, Charge of Cavalry, Surprisal of a Convoy, Woodland with Vehicles and Travellers (landscape in last two by Jan Brueghel), Madrid Museum ; Siege of Wachtendonk by the Spaniards, Amsterdam Museum ; Pillage, Promenade (2), Madonna, Rotter- dam Museum ; Attack of Robbers, Caval- ry Skirmish, Brunswick Museum ; Skirmish about Travelling Coach (? attributed to Peeter Snayers), Darmstadt Museum ; Mil- itary Camp on Seashore, Cavalry Skirmish, three others (attributed), Gotha Museum ; Pilgrims encamped near a Town (1622), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Pharaoh perishing in the Red Sea, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Surprisal of Travellers, Interior of Jesuit Church at Antwerp, Vienna Museum. — Kramm, H. 509 ; vi. 1801 ; Michiels, vii. 268 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 48 ; Rooses (Reber), 153 ; Van den Branden, 470.
VRIENDT, ALBERT and JULIAN DE;
396
VRIENDT
contemporaries. History painters in Brus- sels, with an archaic tendency in opposition to the realism of the day. Order of Leo- pold. Works by Albert : Charles V. at San Yuste ; Jacobea of Bavaria interceding for her Husband ; Pope Paul HI. before Lu- ther's Portrait (Munich Exhibition, 1883). Works by Julian : St. Elizabeth expelled by Inhabitants of Eisenach ; Last Days of Vir- gin in Jerusalem, Palace Guard under Kings of Judea, St. Cecilia in Prison (Munich Ex- hibition, 1883).— MiiUer, 541 ; Kunst-Chro- nik, xix. 313.
VRIENDT, FRANS DE. See Floris.
VRIES, ABRAHAM DE, born at Rotter- dam, died at The Hague before or in 1662. Dutch school ; portrait painter, active at Amsterdam about 1632, when he appears to have been influenced by Dirck van Sant- voort and Thomas de Keyser, while after- wards he followed the manner of Rembrandt. Registered in the guild at The Hague in 1644. Works : Portrait of David de Moor (1640), Amsterdam Museum ; Portrait of a Burgomaster (1639), do. of Old Lady (1644), Rotterdam Museum ; Portrait, Berlin Muse- um ; Lady in Mourning (1692), Old Pin- akothek, Munich. — Meyer, Gemiilde konigl. Mus., 515 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xviii. 346.
VRIES, ADRIAAN DE, born in The Hague in 1601, died after 1643. Dutch school ; portrait painter. The frequently false signatures upon his pictures have rob- bed him of well-deserved fame. Rubens and Van Dyck, who were his friends, highly esteemed his talent Works : Portraits in Leyden, Got ha (1643), Dresden (1639), New York, and Vienna Museums, and Schleissheim Gallery. — Gaz. des B. Arts (1872), vi. 479 ; Kramm, vi. 1803.
VRIES, JAN FREDEMAN DE, born at Leeuwarden in 1527, died in 1608. Dutch school ; architecture painter. First appren- ticed for five years to the glass painter, Reyer Gerritszen, in Amsterdam. Being employed in 1569 on the triumphal arch
for the entry of Charles V. into Antwerp, he was led to study the works of Vitruvius and Serlio. He then painted in Mechlin, Frankfort, Brunswick, Prague, Hamburg, Dantzic, etc., many fine perspective views, enlivened with well-drawn figures. His compositions are ingenious and varied, and treated in a delicate, clear tone. Works : Ave Maria in a House Interior, Mr. Robin- son's Collection, London ; Interior of Ant- werp Cathedral (figures by Peeter Brueghel, the elder), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Interior of Cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle, Stuttgart Museum ; Gothic Church Interior, Architec- tural Pieces (4, two dated 1596), Vienna Mu- seum ; Allegories, Town Hall, Dantzic. — Im- merzeel, iii. 210 ; Kraiuni, vi. 1804 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 262; Engerth, Belved. Gal., ii. 540.
VRIES, ROELOF (or Reiuier) DE, 17th century. Dutch school ; landscape painter, in the manner of Jacob van Ruisdael, per- haps his pupil ; flourished at Haarlem about 1643-69. Works : The Hunt (with Barend Graat), Pigeon House, Coursing, New York Museum ; Stag Hunt, Brussels Museum ; Rustic Mansion, Amsterdam Museum ; A Herd, Hague Museum ; Castle Ruins on a River, Copenhagen Gallery ; Wooded Land- scape, Brunswick Gallery ; Ruins on the Water, Tower by Woods, Wooded Land- scape with Herd, Berlin Museum ; Mill in the Woods, Old Pinakothek, Munich. Oth- ers in Stildel Gallery, Frankfort (4) ; Augs- burg Gallery ; Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Fer- dinandeum, Innsbruck (?); Leipsic Museum (?) ; Schleissheim Gal- ~
lery ; Harrach, and f\//
Liechtenstein Gal- O\ Wi leries, Vienna ; Turin Gallery (3).— Archief vor nederl. Kunst- gesch., ii. 80 ; Meyer, Gemiilde konigl. Mus., 516 ; De Stuers, 180 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vii. 278.
VROMANS, NICOLAAS, called the Snake Painter, born 1655 (?) or 1660, died 1719. Dutch school ; painted plants and shrubbery, with frogs, snakes, mice, spiders, etc., with
£4 r . /
397
VEOOM
great truthfulness and careful execution. Work : Snakes, Koyal Palace, Berlin.
VKOOM, HENDRIK CORNELISZEN, born in Haarlem, in 1566, died there in 1640. Dutch school. Earliest known Dutch marine painter. Being employed by his stepfather in painting faience, which was not to his taste, he left Haarlem for Rotter- dam, visited Spain, traversed Italy in all directions, and profited there by his intimacy with Paul Bril. From Italy he travelled through France and Holland to Dantzic, where he studied perspective. After return- ing to Holland he revisited Spain, Portugal, and England, where he executed for tapes- tries ten sea battles between English and Spanish vessels, and made a drawing of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada for the Earl of Nottingham. From 1597 he worked in Haarlem. Works: Admiral Heemskerk sinking Spanish Galleys (1617), View of the Y, Amsterdam Museum ; Arrival of Leices- ter at Vlissingen, 1586 (1623), Burning of Spanish Flag Ship in Battle of Gibraltar, Ship sailing, View of Haarlem, Haarlem Museum ; Seaport with Vessels, Augsburg Gallery ; Woodland Scene, Christiania Gal- lery ; River Landscape (1630), Schwerin Gallery. By his son and probably his pupil, Cornel is (born at Haarlem about 1600, buried there, Sept. 16, 1661), is a Wood Landscape in the Berlin Museum. By another son,
Frederik, is
trait in the Darmstadt Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 211 ; Kramm, vi. 1814 ; Kugler, (Crowe), i. 261 ; Michiels, vi. 207.
VUEZ, ARNOULD DE, born at Saint- Omer, March 10, 1642, died at Lille in 1719 or 1720. French school ; history and por- trait painter, first instructed in his native place, then pupil of Claude Franfois (better known as Frere Luc 1615-85), in Paris, whence, three years later, he went to Venice, then to Rome in 1660. His marked success
there involved him in several duels, which caused his flight to Paris, where he assisted Le Brun ; forced to leave in consequence of another duel, he went to Constantinople with the French ambassador, and after his return was sent by Louvois to paint in a convent at Lille, which led to his settling in that city in 1692. Was received into the Academy in 1681. Works : St. Francis of Assisi receiving the Stigmata, Miracle of St. Anthony of Padua, Scenes in Life of St. Bonaventura (3), do. in Life of St. Augus- tine (2), Last Judgment, Christ and the Woman taken in Adultery, Judgment of Solomon, Death of Ananias, St. Gregory the Great, and many portraits, Museum, Lille ; The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, Annun- ciation, St. Andrew's, ib. ; St. Francis de Paula exhorting Louis XI. on his Death-Bed, Assassination of Thomas a Becket, Presenta- tion in the Temple, King David in Prayer, St. Roch, St. Magdalen receiving the Com- munion from St. Maximinius, Douai Muse- um ; St. Francis declining the Tiara, Valen- ciennes Museum. — Bellier, ii. 705. VUILLEFROY, (DOMINIQUE)
DE, born in Paris, March 2, 1841. Ani- mal and landscape painter, pupil of Hebert and Bonnat. Medals: 1870; 2d class, 1875 ; L. of Honour, 1880. Works : Coast of Grace (1867) ; Roe Bucks on the Snow, Deer in Autumn (1868) ; Spaniards on the Tagus, Team of Oxen (1869) ; Morning in Bas Breau, Environs of Chailly (1870) ; No- vember (1872) ; Queen Blanche's Oaks at Fontainebleau (1873) ; Mills in Plain of Chailly, Grass (1874) ; Allemagne Street, Free Market in Picardy (1875); Tending Cows in Cantal, Market Place of Montfer- rand (1876) ; Souvenir of Morvan (1877) ; Bad Weather on Cliffs of Dieppe, Bulls and Heifers (1878) ; Herd of Cows in Oberland
VULCAN
(1879); Return of Herd (1880), Luxem- bourg Museum ; Stream (1880) ; Relays of Dogs (1881) ; Field of the Fair, Breton Moor (1882) ; New Grass, In the Meadows (1883), Luxembourg Museum ; Summer Morning, Autumn Day (1884); Sale of Colts (1885) ; The Brook, De- parture of Colts (1886).— Bellier, ii. Larousse.
VULCAN, FORGE OF, Tintoretto, Pa- lazzo Ducale, Venice ; canvas. "A meagre and vulgar study of common models." -
w
Forge of Vulcan, Velasquez, Madrid Museum.
Ridolfi,
Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 297 Marav., ii. 216.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 5 in. x 9 ft. 6 in. Apollo, partly draped, with a wreath on his head, from which light scintillates, enters the smithy of Works Vulcan to tell him of the infidelity of Venus ; | (1807) Vulcan and four half-nude cyclops, who are aiding him, cease their work to listen. Painted in Italy in 1629-31, after same mod- els as Coat of Joseph. Engraved by Glairon ; Enriquez. Etched by Alabern y Fatjo.— Curtis, 21 ; Madrazo, 598.
AAGEN, ADALBERT, born in Mu- nich, March 30, 1834. Landscape painter, son of Karl Waagen (1800 -73), and brother of the art historian Georg Friedrich Waagen ; pupil of Albert Zirnmer- n inn n, whom he followed to Milan ; returned to Munich in 1859, and settled at Berchtes- gaden in 1869. The finest of his landscapes are in the possession of the Russian Prince Apraxin ; many, also, arc in England and America. Other works : The Obersee ; Val Sassina ; The High Gull ; View of the Bren- ner Railway near Gossensass ; Ruin of Kldi- bach near Bozen ; Villa Carlotta on Lake Como, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. —Midler, 541.
WACH, KARL WIL- HELM, born in Berlin, Sept. 11, 1787, died there, Nov. 25, 1845. History and portrait painter, pupil of Karl Kretzschmar and of Berlin Academy ; took part as an officer in the cam- paigns of 1813-15, then studied in Paris under Da- vid and Gros, and in 1817 went to Rome, where he aided in the revival of modern German art ; re- turned to Berlin in 1819, became member of and pro- fessor at the Academy, and established a school in Berlin, from which issued more than seventy scholars. Court painter in 1827 ; senator of the Academy in 1829 ; vice-director in 1840. Order of Red Eagle.
Christ Berlin
VULCAN AND VENUS. Vulcan.
See Venus and
Christ with SS. John and Matthew Portrait of Queen Louise (1811) ; Crucified (1815), Garnisonskirche, St. John Baptist (1816), Schloss Bellevue, ib. ; Male Head, Madonna En- throned (1826), Psyche surprised by Cupid, National Gallery, ib. ; Portrait of Countess Raczynski (1827), Head of the Virgin, Christ
and Disciples (1828), Raczynski Gallery, ib.; Three Divine Virtues (1828-30), Werder
399
WACHSMUTH
Church, ib.; Eesurrection (1819); Last Sup- per (1819), SS. Peter and Paul's, Moscow ; The Nine Muses (1820) ; Nymph (1835) ; Holy Family ; Judith (1838) ; St. John in the Desert ; Introduction of Christianity in Pomerania ; Finding of the Cross (1843) ; Bishop Otto iu Stettin converting the Wends, Head Studies (2), Stettin Museum. —Jordan, (1885), ii. 234 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 9.
WACHSMUTH, FERDINAND, born at Miihlhausen, Alsace, March 21, 1802, died at Versailles, Nov. 11, 1869. History and genre painter, pupil of Gros. Accompanied the Orleans princes to Algeria, and was for a time professor in the School of St. Cyr. Medal, 2d class, 1833. Works : Capture of Algiers, View at Staouele (1833, bought by State) ; Louis XI. and Francis de Paula, Politics of the Bar, Bonaparte at Valence, The Suicide, An Inundation (1833 to 1840); St. Thomas de Villanueva (bought by State), Sutler's Wife in Africa, St. Francis Xavier preaching in India (bought by State), St. Louis de Gonzague (1840 to 1847) ; Zurba- ran in his Youth, Giorgione (1848) ; Capture oftheTuileries(1849); Salvator Rosa (1850); Michelangelo in the Medici Garden (1857) ; The Green Mamelon the Day after its Capt- ure (1859) ; Siege and Capture of Fort St. Philippe in 1756 (1837), Capture of Fort 1'Empereur in Algiers (1838), Entry of Charles X. into Colmar, Portrait of Due de Luxembourg, and two others, Versailles Museum ; Spanish Market, Avignon Muse- um.— Bellier, ii. 707 ; Larousse ; Vapereau.
WACHTER, EBERHARD GEORG FRIEDRICH VON, born at Balingen, Wur- temberg, Feb. 29, 1762, died in Stuttgart, Aug. 14, 1852. History painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art School, then in Paris of David, whose classical style he abandoned, under the influence of Carstens, in Rome, whither he went in 1789. Having embraced Roman Catholicism, he went in 1798 to Vienna, where he inspired the younger generation of artists, and in 1809 returned to Stuttgart. His compositions are distinguished for po-
etical conception, great dignity and noble bearing of the figures, and fine grouping. Works : Job and his Friends, Choice of Hercules, Ship of Life, Bacchus Singing, Combat of Centaurs, The Lion in Florence, The Muse mourning on Ruins of Athens, Bacchus tendering the Cup to Cupid, Eros as Founder of Wedlock, Stuttgart Gallery ; Ulysses resisting the Sirens ; Belisarius at the Gate of Rome ; Women at Christ's Tomb ; Finding of Moses ; Charon ; Anac- reon ; Cato the Elder ; Cimon in Prison ; Andromache at Hector's Um ; Death of Socrates ; Julius Caesar in the Plain of Troy ; Hecuba ; Mourning Muse on Ruins of Greece ; Pietil. — Haakh, Beitrage, 10, 313 ; N. Necrol. d. D. (1852) ; Wagner, i. 464.
WAEL (Waal), CORNELIS DE, born in Antwerp, Sept. 7, 1592, died in Genoa in 1662. Flemish school ; history and battle painter, son and pupil of Hans de Wael (1558-1633) ; went early in life to Italy, and settled at Genoa before 1625. Painted scenes from military life after the manner of Peter Snayers. Employed by the Duke of Aerschot and Philip III. of Spain. Works : Arrival of the Prince Cardinal at Sint Jo- rispoort, City Hall, Antwerp ; The Trinity, Vision of St. John, St. Gertrude's Chapel, St. James's, ib. ; Venetian Mountebank, Cas- sel Gallery ; Passage through the Red Sea, Vienna Museum ; Dentist, Men drinking at Table, Nantes Museum ; Peter's Denial, S. -,._ Ambrogio, Genoa ; Cavalry Skir- AX/ mish, Palazzo Rosso, ib. — Immer- >L Zeel, iii. 212 ; Kramm, vi. 1818 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 340 ; Rep. f. K, vi. 244 ; Rooses (Reber), 409 ; Van den Branden, 664.
WAGENBAUR, MAX JOSEF, born at Markt-Griifing, Bavaria, in 1774, died in Munich, May 12, 1829. Animal and land- scape painter, pupil in Munich of Dorner and Mannlich, and studied nature in the Bavarian Highlands. Member of Berlin, Munich, and Hanau Academies. Court painter and, in 1815, director of the royal galleries. Works : View in Bavarian Alps, Cows at Pasture, National Gallery, Berlin ;
400
WAGNER
Landscape with Cattle, Raczynski Gallery, ib.; Shepherd Family with Cattle and Sheep Resting, Similar Subject (1812), Darmstadt Museum ; Inn Valley near Niederandorf, Ruin of Falkenstein (1828), View in Tyrol (1826), Kouigsberg Museum ; Herd with Boy (1823), Leipsic Museum ; Young Bull, Landscapes with Figures and Animals (5, three dated 1816, 1821, 1827), New Pinako- thek, Mu- nich ; Sheep and Cattle- Pieces (6, three dated 1810, 181G), View near Munich, Schleissheirn Gallery. — Jordan (1885), ii. 236.
WAGNER, ALEXANDER, born in Pesth, April 16, 1838. History and genre painter, pupil in Munich of Piloty. Won fame with his first large picture, Isabella Ziipolya's Farewell to Transylvania, belonging to the Hungarian Academy ; visited Spain, and is now professor at the Munich Academy. Works : Episode in Siege of Belgrade, Death of Titus Dugovich, Castle Vajda- Hunyad with Matthias Corvinus and Hunt- ing Suite, Pesth Museum ; Abduction of Women (1868) ; Csikos Race at Debreczin ; Picadores at Bull-Fight ; Spanish Mail at Toledo ; Chariot Race (1876), G. Kirchner & Co., New York. In fresco: Entry of Gusta- vus Adolphus into Aschaffenburg, Marriage of Otto of Bavaria, National Museum, Mu- nich ; Banquet of Attila, Tournament of Matthias Corvinus, Redouten Saal, Pesth. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 1013.
WAGNER, ELISE. See Puyroche.
WAGNER, FERDINAND, born at SchwabmOnchen, Bavaria, in 1819, died in Augsburg, June 13, 1881. History painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Cornelius, Schlotthauer, and Schnorr ; returned in 1848 to his native town, painted for differ- ent churches in Bavaria, and in succession the following works in fresco : Last Judg- ment, Church at SchwabmUuchen ; Homage of City of Augsburg to Rudolf von Haps- burg, Augsburg offering Protection to Louis
the Bavarian, Foundation of the Fuggerei, Anton Fugger interceding for Augsburg, Emperor Max at Augsburg (1860-63), Fug- ger House, Augsburg ; others at Constance (1864), and in the City Hall and Catho- lic Church at Breslau (1865-66); Palace at Monaco (1867) ; Church at Meminingen ; New City Hall at Munich ; Scenes from Life of Christ, Church at Friedberg, Suabia.— Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 618 ; Mttller, 543.
WAGNER, FERDINAND, born at Pas- sau, Jan. 25, 1847. History and genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy and of Quaglio ; visited Rome, and in 1876 Ven- ice ; an artist of great imagination and ex- quisite humour, and an excellent colourist. Works : Children's Ball, Architect Bare, Hamburg ; Lute Player; Evening Devotion ; Doings of Modern Art. In fresco : Tann- hiiuser Scenes (1873) ; Walls and Ceiling (1874), Rathskeller, Munich ; do., Cafe Roth, ib.; Five Senses (1881); Cycle of 17 pict- ures representing Influence of Ancient Gods on Aliments (1882) ; Hunting Train (1883), Drachenburg on the Rhine ; Two Female Figures (1883). — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 993 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 210, 739 ; xix. 183, 447 ; Ulustr. Zeitg. (1875), ii. 83 ; All- gem. K. C., viii. 547.
WAGNER, JOHANN MARTIN VON, born at Wiirzburg, June 24, 1777, died in Rome, Aug. 8, 1858. History painter, pu- pil of Vienna Academy (1797-82) under Fiiger ; won the first prize, and returned to Wiirzburg ; went in 1803 to Paris and in 1804 to Rome, whither he returned in 1810 after a sojourn in Munich of two years. In 1812-13 he visited Greece, by order of Crown Prince Louis of Bavaria, to buy antique works of art. Professor and secretary-general of Munich Academy. Commander of Order of Civil Merit and of St. Michael. Works : Holy Family, Holy Women returning from Christ's Tomb (1802) ; Council of Leaders before Troy (1808), Schleissheim Gallery; sketch to this in Darmstadt Museum ; Por- trait of Artist's Parents, Bearded Old Man, Mary on her Journey to Elizabeth, Christ
401
WAGNER
and Apostles taking Leave of Mary, Jupiter urging Agamemnon to Combat, AViirzburg University. — Audresen, i. 37 ; Cotta's Kunst- bl. (1836-47) ; Eaczynski, ii. 459.
WAGNER, MAEIA DOROTHEA, bom at Weimar in 1728, died at Meissen (?) in 1788. German school ; landscape and his- tory painter, sister of Christian Wilhelm Dietrich, whom she took for her model. Works : Valley with Brook and Mill, Dres- den Museum ; Landscape with Cottages and Figures (2), Gotha Museum. Her son, Johann Georg (1744-66), was also a land- scape painter of merit, pupil of his uncle Dietrich, and of Josef Roos. In the Chris- tiania Gallery are by him : The Defile, and Landscape with Hills and Woods.
WAGRAM, BATTLE OF, Horace Ver- net, Versailles Museum ; canvas. Battle fought on July 6, 1809. Napoleon, in the saddle, watching through a glass the cav- alry charge. Close behind him the horse of Bessieres, Duke of Istria, is struck down by a cannon-ball. Engraved by J. M. Fon- taine.— Gal. de Versailles, iv. No. 905.
WAGREZ, JACQUES CLEMENT, born in Paris ; contemporary. Genre and por- trait painter, chiefly in water-colours ; pupil of his father, of Farochon, Lenepveu, Pils, and Henri Lehmann. Medal, 3d class, 1879. Works: Francis I. and the Duchesse d'fitampes (1870) ; Etruscan Poet (1874) ; Eros, Lion of St. Mark (1876) ; War and Peace (1877) ; Education of Achilles, Diana (1878) ; Perseus, Dreams of the Cup- Bearer, and the Master of the Pantry (1879); Orestes (1880); Hesiod (1881); Cupid's Quadriga (1882) ; First Meeting (1883, 15th century scene in Florence) ; St. Clara of Assisi (1884); Wedding in St. Mark's— Venice in 15th Century (1885).
WAHLBERG, ALFRED, born in Stock- holm, Aug. 6, 1834. Landscape painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy, and in Paris of Corot and Daubigny. Member of Stock- holm Academy. Medals : Paris, 1870 ; 2d class, 1872 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1874 ; Officer, 1878 ; Order of Vasa. Works :
Winter Landscape (figures by Wallander), View in Kolmarden, Stockholm Museum ; Moonlight ; Sunset on the Coast ; Beech Wood near Copenhagen ; Harbour of Wax- holm at Night ; Coming Storm, Moonlight on River Bank, Seney Collection, New York ; Near Stockholm — Moonlight, Autumn Sun- set— Waxholm, Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib. ; Coast of Norway, J. J. Astor, ib. ; Cascade of Husq- varna— Sweden (1884).— Miiller, 543.
WALCH, JAKOB, born in Nuremberg, beginning of 15th century. German school ; excellent portrait painter, not to be con- founded with Jacob Walch, called Jacopo de' Barbari. Works : Portrait of Emperor Maximilian I., Munich Gallery ; do., Mu- seum, Vienna ; do., Emperor Frederic HI., and Male Portrait, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.
WALDENBURG, ALFRED VON, born in Berlin, Dec. 17, 1847. Landscape paint- er, pupil in Munich of Franz Adam and of Lier, and in Carlsruhe of Gude ; studied nature in Silesia, Bavaria, Tyrol, Switzer- land, Italy, and Southern France, and set- tled in Diisseldorf in 1879. Works : Chap- el near Amden, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Ziller Valley, Strasburg Gallery ; Pegli near Genoa ; On Chiem Lake ; Varenna on Lake Como ; Villa Andreossy, ib. ; View near Nice ; Road near Villafranca ; Oaks near Aisching. — Miiller, 544 ; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 58. WALDMULLER, FERDINAND (GEORG), born in Vienna in 1793, died there, Aug. 23, 1865. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Vi- enna Academy ; went to Presburg to paint portraits, thence as drawing teacher with Count Gyulai to Agrarn, where he mar- ried an actress, with whom he wandered through the provincial towns until she found an engagement in Vienna ; there he became professor and the custodian of the Lamberg
402
WALDO
Gallery, afterwards fused with the Academy, and acquired the reputation of the fore- most genre painter in Austria. In 1820 he visited Italy, in 1821 Dresden, where he copied after Ruisdael and Correggio ; thence to Leipsic, where he had great success with his portraits (1827); visited Italy and Sicily again in 1844. Order of Francis Joseph. Works : Old Woman in Arm-Chair (1822), Tyrolese Riflemen (1829), Beggar Boy on High Bridge in Vienna (1830), Vienna Mu- seum ; Child learning to Walk (1831) ; Rabbi teaching Girl ; Tyrolese Family Resting (1834) ; Travelling Beggar Family (1834) ; Return of Husbandman to his Family (1835); Dog beside Basket with Grapes (1840) ; Af- ter School (1841), National Gallery, Berlin ; Austrian Wedding ; New Life in Spring (1844) ; Return from Harvest ; Congratu- lation of Grandchildren, Pilgrims before Statue of St. John (1845) ; Ave Maria ; Evening Devotions in Peasant's Cottage (1846), Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Sun- day Afternoon (1846), Konigsberg Muse- um ; Harvest (1846) ; Supper in Peasant's Cottage ; Bay of Messina (1847) ; Convent Soup, Vienna Academy ; Spriug Landscape (1862) ; Portrait of Emperor Francis L (1836) ; do. of Centenarian, Pesth Museum. —Jordan (1885), ii. 237 ; Nagler, xxi. 90 ; Wurzbach, li.; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i. 35 ; iv. 91.
WALDO, SAMUEL, born in Connecti- cut in 1783, died in 1861. Portrait paint- er, first practised art in Charleston, S. C. ; painted in London in 1806-9, and spent the rest of his professional life in New York. Pictures in Historical Society, and in City Hall, New York.
WALDORF, ANTOINE, born at Huis iu 't Bosch, near The Hague, March 22, 1803, died in Amsterdam in 1866. Marine and city view painter, pupil of Brecken- heymer ; visited France in 1833, afterwards Germany and Belgium ; lived for several years in Amsterdam, and returned to The Hague. Member of Amsterdam (1836) and other Academies. Order of Leopold, 1845 ;
Order of Lion, 1847 ; Order of Oaken Crown, 1849. Works : View of Dordrecht (1836), Calm Sea, Museum, Amsterdam ; Draw- bridge over City Canal, Harbour in Calm Weather, View of Spaaruwoude, Interior of Protestant Church, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Es- cape of Hugo Grotius from Castle Loeve- stein, Rotterdam Museum ; View of Dutch City, Leipsic Museum ; do., Weimar Mu- seum ; Dutch Fishermen's Boats in Storm ; View of Jewish Quarter in Amsterdam ; Haarlem Sluice ; Calm in Zealand (1853) ; Boats Meeting (1861). — Immerzeel, iii. 214 ; Kramm, vi. 1823.
WALKER, FREDERICK, born iu Lon- don, May 24, 1840, died at St. Fillau's, Perthshire, June 5, 1875. Subject and landscape painter in oil and water-col- ours ; pupil in Lon- don of Mr. Baker, architect, and of the Royal Acad- emy; afterwards studied two years with Mr. Whymper, wood engraver. Exhibited first work, The Lost Path, at Royal Academy in 1863. Associ- ate of Water Colour Society, 1864 ; mem- ber, 1867 ; AR.A, 1871. Works in water- colour : Spring (1864) ; Autumn (1865) ; Wayfarers, The Street— Cookham (1866) ; Designs for Miss Thackeray's Jack the Giant Killer (1868) ; Fishmonger's Shop (1872) ; The Village (1873) ; The Fireside (1876). Works in oil : The Bathers (1867) ; Vagrants in the Glen (1868) ; Old Gate (1869); The Plough (1870); Harbour of Refuge (1872) ; Right of Way (1875). At William Graham sale, London, 1886 : The Bathers, £2,625; The Vagrants, £1,858; The Lilies, £1,365 ; Sunny Thames, £1,218 ; Stobhall Garden, £567.— Art Journal (1876), 300 ; Portfolio (1870), 35 ; (1875), 117.
WALKER, ROBERT, died in London about 1658. Studied the works of Van Dyck and became a portrait painter of great
403
WALLANDER
merit under the Commonwealth. He paint- ed the Protector and many of his princi- pal officers, and is known as "Cromwell's portrait painter." One of his portraits of Cromwell is engraved by Lombart, Godfrey, and Picart ; another is in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; a third at Warwick Castle. Portraits of himself at Hampton Court and at Oxford ; of Cromwell, Lambert, Ireton, and Faithorne, National Portrait Gallery, South Kensington ; Lord Brooke, Warwick Castle ; Admiral Blake, Wadham College ; Sir Thomas Browne, Bodleian Library, Ox- ford.— Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 45 ; Burg- er, Tresors d'Art, 358.
WALLANDER, JOSEF WILHELM, born in Stockholm, May 15, 1821. Genre painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy ; went in 1851 to Diisseldorf, whither he returned, after having visited France and Italy, until 1856 ; became professor at Stockholm Academy in 1867. Works : Market at Vingaker (1852) ; Wedding at Osteracker ; Sunday Morning in Silja, Dalecarlia ; Rendezvous at the Gate ; Spinning Company at Delsbo ; The Bride is Coming ; Moritz in a Strait, Mollberg with the Bottle, Ulla at Toilet.— Miiller, 544.
WALLER, FRANK, born in New York in 1842. Landscape and genre painter, pu- pil of J. G. Chapman in Rome in 1870 ; sketched in Egypt in 1872 ; student of the Ail League, New York, in 1874 ; former treasurer, and now president, of the League. First exhibited in National Academy in 18G6. Works : Tombs of the Caliphs near Cairo ; Sta. Maria del Sasso — Lago Maggi- ore, Parke Godwin, New York ; Ruins near Cairo ; On the Desert ; Harmony, Record of the Past (1880) ; Slave of the Shadoof (1881); Dream at Rye Beach — N. H. (1882) ; Eventide— Venice (1883) ; On the Mediterranean near Alexandria — Egypt, Hop Picking at Cooperstown — N. Y., At Coney Island (1884) ; Hop Pickers, Testing the Toledo, Lake Otsego (1885).
WALLER, SAMUEL EDMUND, born in Gloucester in 1850. Animal and figure painter ; educated at Cheltenham College ;
pupil in Gloucester School of Art, and stu- dent of his father in architecture ; pupil of the Royal Academy, London, in 1868. Mr. Waller has illustrated many books, and has for several years been attached to the staff of the Graphic. Works : Illustrious Stranger, Winter's Tale (1870) ; Jealous (1875) ; Way of the World (1876) ; Home (1877) ; King's Banner (1878) ; Empty Sad- dle (1879) ; Suspense (1879) ; Where there's a Will there's a Way (1880) ; King's High- way (1880); Success (1881); Sweethearts and Wives (1882) ; Day of Reckoning (1883); The Orphans (1884); Outward Bound (1885). His wife, Mrs. Mary L. Waller, paints portraits. — Art Journal (1881), 117.
WALSCAPELE (Walskapel, Wals-Kap- pel), JACOB, flourished about 1670-80. Dutch school ; flower and fruit painter, pu- pil of Cornells Kick ; lived in Amsterdam before 1667, and until 1717-18 ; formed his style after Jan D. de Heem, whom he so nearly approaches in arrangement, harmony, and truth of detail, that most of his pictures were attributed to that master. Works : Flowers, Insects, and Strawberries, National Gallery, London ; Festoon of Fruits and Flowers, Berlin Museum ; Bouquet in Vase (1677), Fruit-Piece, Stiidel Gallery, Frank- fort ; two pictures, Schwerin Gallery ; Flower-Piece in Glass Vessel, Dresden Gal-
lery (ascribed to J. D. de Heem). — Kramm, vi. 1825 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 519.
WALTHARD, FRIEDRICH, born at Berne in 1818, died in 1870. Genre painter, pupil of Barthulemy Menn (born 1815) in Geneva, and of Gleyre in Paris. Works : Scene from Goethe's Faust (1846), Wound- ed Rifleman of Berne bringing News of De- feat at Grauholz— 1798 (1854), Last Day of the old Republic of Berne (1867), Berne Museum ; Bernese Soldier of 1798, Neucha- tel Museum.
4111
WALTIIER
WALTHER, WILHELM, born at Neu- liiiiiscn. Saxony, in 1826. History painter, pupil of Dresden Academy under Julius Hdbner. Works : Christ appearing to the Magdalen (1848), Flight into Egypt, Dres- den Art Union. Sgraffito frieze : Festive Procession of Saxon Princes (1876), Koyal Palace, ib.— Kaulen, 209.
WALTON, FRANK ; contemporary. Landscape painter in water-colours. Studio in London. Works : From Unliarboured Heaths (1877) ; Evening at Dorking ; Near the Thames ; Regatta at Bournemouth ; Au- tumn, Copse on Furzefield Brow, Brick- makers (1881) ; Noontide's Hush, Happy Valley (1882) ; Gentle Autumn (1883) ; Among Whispering Woods, World of Mead- ows, Kynance Cove (1884) ; Surrey's Pleas- ant Hills (1885) ; Summer Tide of Blos- soming (1886).
WANING HONEYMOON, George H. Boughton, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; can- vas, H. 1 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; dated 1878. A young pair are seated under a tree in late autumn, the ground strewn with leaves ; he is reading a book and carelessly caressing his dog, while she is pouting prettily, but thinking no pretty things of him. — Royal Academy, 1878.
WAPPERS, GUSTAAF, Baron, born in Antwerp, Aug. 23, 1803, died in Paris, Dec. 6, 1874. History and genre painter, pupil at Antwerp Academy of L J. van Regemorter (1785- 1873), then of Van Bree and of Herreyns ; studied after Rubens, Van Dyck, and Jor- daens ; then in Amsterdam and The Hague the old Dutch, and in Paris the Venetian masters ; returned to Antwerp in 1830, be- came professor at the Academy in 1832, and was its director in 1840-53 ; made court painter and baron in 1845 ; settled in Paris in 1853. Meeting with great success at his
first appearance, he influenced modern Bel- gian art as the chief representative of roman- ticism, and formed many pupils ; his works are meritorious in composition, poetical treatment, and colouring. Member of sev- eral Academies. Many medals : L. of Hon- our, 1842 ; Officer, 1855 ; Order of lied Eagle, 1847; Officer Order of Leopold, 1855. Works : Van Dyck in Love with his Model (1827), View of Citadel of Antwerp (1830), Amsterdam Museum ; Self-Devotion of Burgomasters of Leyden (1830), Hague Museum ; Christ at the Sepulchre (1833), St. Michael's, Louvain ; The Populace of Brussels tearing down the Proclamation of Priuce Frederick (1835) ; Charles I. taking leave of his Children (1836) ; Charles IX. on St. Bartholomew's Night ; Temptation of St. Anthony ; Holoise and Abelard ; Charles VH. and Agnes Sorel ; Execution of Anne Boleyn ; Peter the Great at Saardam ; Ca- moens (1842) ; Genevicve of Brabant (1843), Windsor Castle, Defence of Rhodes by Knights of St. John (1848), Versailles Gal- lery ; Death of Columbus ; The Ommegauck at Antwerp ; Louis XL at Plessis les Tours ; Boccaccio and Joan of Naples ; Louis XVH. in the Temple Prison ; Charles I. on his way to the Scaffold, Episode of September Days of 1830, Brussels Museum ; Mother's Joy, Museum, Antwerp ; Invocation of the Virgin, St. Charles Borrorneo's, ib. ; Neuvaines of the Family of Eguiout (1866), Mr. Probas- co, Cincinnati. — Art Journal (1856), 124 ; (1860), 142 ; (1865), 268 ; (1873), 241 ; (1875), 76 ; Dioskuren (1875), 4 ; Immer- zeel, iii. 217 ; Kramm, vi. (1826) ; Roosea (Reber), 466 ; Van den Branden, 1390.
WAR, Sir Edwin Landsetr, National Gal- lery, London ; H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 4 f t. 4 in. A dying and a dead horse, with their fallen riders, lying among the burning ruins of a cottage. Companion to Peace. Royal Acad- emy, 1846. Engraved by T. L. Atkinson ; Lumb Stocks. — Art Journal (1854), 144.
WAR, HORRORS OF, Rubens, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 6 ft 5 in. x 9 ft. 3 in. Mai's, in armour and with sword and
405
WARD
shield, preceded by Plague and Famine and
torch,
dragged on rushes from
by Alecto bearing a
the open temple of Janus,
trampling down the Arts and Sciences in his progress ; Venus, Cybele, and Cupids in vain attempt to restrain his warlike ardour. Carried to Paris ; returned in 1815. En- graved by Avril ; Paradisi. — Smith, ii. 150 ; Landon, Musee, iv. PI. 9 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iv. PI. 88.
WARD, EDGAE M., born in Urbana, Ohio ; contemporary. Figure and genre painter, younger brother of J. Q. A. Ward, sculptor ; pupil of the National Academy, New York, of the £cole des Beaux Arts and of Cabanel, Paris. First exhibited in Na- tional Academy in 1871, and in the Paris Salon in 1876. ' Elected an A.N.A. in 1876 ; N. A. in 1883. Studio in New York. Works: Brittany Washerwomen (1876) ; The Sabot Maker, Venetian Water Carriers, Washing in Brittany (1878) ; Street Scene— Treport
Horrors of War, Rubens, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
(1879) ; Normandy Cooper (1880) ; Tobacco Field— Old Virginny (1881) ; Feeling the Edge (1882) ; Collar Shop (1883), T. B. Clarke, New York ; Street in Treport— Normandy (1884) ; The Cobblers, Eesting, The Blessing (1886).
WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW, born in London in 1816, died there, Jan. 15, 1879. History painter, pupil of Royal Academy in 1835 ; then worked nearly three years in
Rome, and after studying fresco painting under Cornelius at Munich returned to Eng- land and exhibited his Cimabue and Giotto. His Dr. Johnson reading the MS. of the Vi- car of Wake field (1843) first brought him into notice ; elected an A.R.A. in 1846, and R.A. in 1855. In 1852 and later, he executed eight historic pict- ures, six in fresco and two in water-glass, in the corridor of the House of Commons. In the National Gallery are : Dr. Johnson in the Anteroom of Lord Chesterfield (1845), Disgrace of Lord Clarendon (1846), South Sea Bubble (1847), James H. receiving News of Landing of Prince of Orange (1850). Other works : Charlotte Corday led to Ex- ecution (1852) ; Execution of Montrose (1853) ; Last Sleep of Argyll (1854); Ma- rie Antoinette parting with the Dauphin (1856); Na- poleon HL receiving Order of the Garter (1859); Night of Rizzio's Murder (1865) ; Earl of Leicester and Amy Robsart (1866); Landing of Charles II. at Dover (1873); William HI. and Mary re- ceiving the Lords and Com- mons at Whitehall (1874) ; Last Interview between Na- poleon I. and Queen Louisa of Prussia at Tilsit (1877).— Cat. Nat. Gal.; Jas. Dafforne, Life, etc. (London, 1879) ; Sandby, ii. 299.
WARD, HENRIETTA, born in London in 1832. Genre painter, granddaughter of James Ward, R.A., and wife of Edward M. Ward ; has exhibited at Royal Academy many years. Works : Mary Queen of Scots quitting Stirling (1863); Palissy the Potter (1866); Childhood of Joan of Arc (1867) ; Lady Jane
406
WARD
Grey (1868) ; Fortunes of Little Fritz (1871); Chatterton (1873); Defence of Lathom House (1874); Poet's First Love (1875); Ugly Duckling (1876) ; Princess Charlotte of Wales (1877) ; One of Last Lays of Burns (1878) ; Melody (1879).
WARD, JAMES, born in London, Oct. 23, 1769, died at Cheshunt, Nov. 17, 1859. Studied en- graving under J. R. Smith, and after- wards served an ap- prenticeship under his elder brother, - William James Ward, mezzotint engraver ; practised as an engraver several years, but soon began to paint, imitating the manner of George Morland, his brother-in-law. In 1794 he was appointed painter and engraver to the Prince of Wales, and shortly after- wards devoted his talent entirely to the painting of animals, especially horses and cattle, in which he attained eminence. Elected an A.R.A. in 1807, and R.A. in 1811 ; contributed to Academies 287 works. His masterpiece is the Alderney bull, cow, and calf (Landscape with Cattle, 1820-22), purchased by the National Gallery for £1,500, which is said to have been painted in emulation of Paul Potter's celebrated picture at The Hague. The National Gal- lery also possesses by him : Cattle-Piece (1807), View of Harlech Castle, Gordale Scar in Yorkshire. — Art Journal (1849), 179; (1862), 169; Redgrave; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Portfolio (1886), 8, 32, 45.
WARNBERGER, SIMON, born at Pul- lach, near Munich, in 1769, died there in 1847. Landscape painter, pupil of Munich Academy, and studied nature in Austria and Italy. Member of Munich Academy, 1824. Works : Beech Wood (1820), National Gal- lery, Berlin ; Morning Landscape, Ruins of Hermitage, Castle Falkenstein, Augsburg Gallery ; Italian Landscape, two others, Schleissheim Gallery. — Nagler, xxi. 126.
WARRIOR, DEAD, Velasquez, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5 in. x 5 ft. 5 in. Commonly called Orlando Muerto (Dead Roland). The Paladin Roland, killed at battle of Roncesvalles by Bernardo del Carpio, is lying in his armour on his back, a skull and bones near his feet ; above him is suspended a brass lamp, the flame of which has just gone out. Purchased at Pourtalus sale in 1865 for 37,000 francs. Authenticity doubtful. Old copy in collec- tion of M. Cremer, Brussels. — Stirling, ii. 680; Gaz. des B. Arts (1865), xviii. 98; Curtis, 17.
WASHINGTON, GEORGE, portrait, Charles Wilson Peale, Gen. G. W. C. Lee, Lexington, Va. Three-quarters length, in uniform of a colonel of Virginia militia — blue coat with scarlet facings, scarlet waist- coat and breeches, and purple scarf over left shoulder. Painted in 1772 ; the first life-size portrait of Washington. Bust study, Charles S. Ogden, Philadelphia. — Johnston, Portraits of Washington (Boston, 1882).
By Charles Wilson Peale, Corcoran Gal- lery, Washington (on deposit). Washing- ton at Princeton. Full-length, standing, in uniform of commander-in-chief, the left hand resting upon a cannon, the right, holding his chapeau, placed on his hip ; the conti- nental flag, a circlet of stars in a blue field, floats over his head, and captured British flags are on the ground beside him. Paint- ed in 1778-79 by order of Congress, but left in the hands of the artist ; taken to Europe ; purchased in Paris by Comte do Menon, who returned it. Replicas : H. Pratt McKean, Philadelphia ; Earl of Albe- marle ; Versailles Museum ; others. — John- ston, Portraits of Washington (Boston, 1882).
By Rembrandt Peale, Vice-President's room, Capitol, Washington. Bust, citizen's dress, head turned to left. Purchased by Congress in 1832. Many copies. — John- ston, Portraits of W.
By Rembrandt Peale., Mount Vernon. Washington before Yorktown. Mounted
407
WASHINGTON
on a white horse, riding to right, accompa- nied by his staff, rebuking a subordinate officer for neglect of duty. Painted for the rotunda of the Capitol, but left in the ar- tist's hands ; presented by his heirs, in 1873, to the " Ladies' Mount Vemon Asso- ciation."— Johnston, Portraits of W.
By James Sharpies, James Walter, Lon- don. Two bust portraits, one full-face, in continental uniform, the other profile, in civilian's costume. These, together with a portrait of Martha Washington, are said to have been executed about 1796 for Kobert Cary, of Gary & Co., London, mercantile agents for Washington. The full-face pict- ure was exhibited in New York in 1854, but returned to England ; in 1882 all three were taken to the United States and exhibited in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and other cities. In November, 1886, Ma- jor Walter presented to the Massachusetts Historical Society the evidence in support of the claim of these pictures to authentic- ity, with a view to obtain its aid in an ap- peal to the Government at Washington to purchase them for the nation ; and on Jan- uary 13, 1887, the committee of investiga- tion reported adversely both to the authen- ticity of the pictures and of the letters published in Major Walter's "Memorials." — Johnston, Portraits of W.; Walter, Me- morials of W. (New York, 1887) ; Nation (1887), xliv. 49.
By Gilbert Stuart, William F. Channing, Providence, R. I. Half-length, in citizen's dress, head turned to right, showing right side of face. Painted in 1795 from a sketch made in September of that year (destroyed by Stuart) for Col. George Gibbs ; sold to his sister, Mrs. William Ellery Channing, and descended to her son. Eeplicas : One painted for Samuel Vaughan, now in Harri- son Collection, Philadelphia ; another paint- ed for J. Vaughan and taken to England ; a third, owned by Mrs. Rogers, Lancaster, Penn. — Johnston, Portraits of W.
By Gilbert Stuart, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. Bust, citizen's costume, head
turned to left, showing left side of face. The head only is finished. Painted in 1796 ; retained by Stuart, and purchased of his widow and presented with its pendant, Mrs. Washington, to the Athenaeum, Boston, whence commonly called the Athenaeum picture. About fifty replicas. — Mason, G. Stuart, 103 ; Johnston, Portraits of Wash- ington.
By Gilbert Stuarl, John Delaware Lewis, London ; canvas, life-size. Washington as President. Full-length, standing beside a table, dressed in black-velvet suit and white ruffles, the right hand extended, the left holding a dress sword ; behind, right, an arm-chair ; in background, two rows of pil- lars and a drawn curtain. Painted in 1796 for Marquis of Lansdowne ; sold, at his de- cease, to Samuel Williams for £2,000 (an- other statement, £540 15s.) ; disposed of by lottery in 1824, forty tickets at 50 guineas each, and drawn by father of present owner. Exhibited at Centennial Exhibition, 1876, and returned to England. Replicas : Henry E. Pierrepont, Brooklyn ; Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia ; a third, painted for Gardner Baker, New York, was stolen and carried to England (possibly the one now owned by Russell Sturgis, of London) ; a fourth, State House, Providence, R. I.; a fifth, State House, Newport, R. I.; a sixth, State House, Hartford, Conn.; a seventh, with changes, Lenox Library, New York. — Johnston, Portraits of W.; Mason, G. Stu- art.
By Gilbert Stuart, deposited by city in Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Washing- ton on Dorchester Heights. Full-length, in uniform, standing beside a white horse, holding the bridle in his left hand and his chapeau in his right. Painted in 1806 ; presented to town of Boston by Samuel Parkman ; long in Faneuil Hall, where re- placed by Miss Jane Stuart's copy. — John- ston, Portraits of W.; Mason, G. Stuart.
By John Trumbull, City Hall, New York. Full-length, in uniform, standing by a white horse, leaning his arm upon the saddle ; in
408
WASHINGTON
background, British ships and boats leaving the shore, and Staten Island in the distance. Painted in 1790 by order of Common Coun- cil.— Johnston, Portraits of W.
By John Trumbull, Yale College ; canvas, life-size. Washington at Trenton. Full- length, military costume ; in background, an attendant with white horse. Painted in 1791 for city of Charleston, but the citizens preferring one in civil costume, Trumbull painted them another and retained this. A bust portrait by Trumbull, painted in 1793, also in Yale College Gallery. Trumbull painted in 1780 a full-length of Washing- ton, in military costume, for M. de Neuf- ville, Amsterdam, Netherlands ; supposed to be still in Europe. Cabinet portraits of General and Sirs. Washington, painted by Trumbull in 1794, are in the Patent Off- ice, Washington ; and a full-length cabinet, painted in 1790, belongs to Edmund Law Rogers, Baltimore. — Johnston, Portraits of W.; Amer. Art Review, ii. 190.
By Adolph Ulric Wertmilller, Charles A. Davis, New York. Bust, citizen's dress, with lace frill on shirt. Replicas : Mrs. Come- Ihis Bogart, New York ; office of Secretary of Interior, Washington. Painted in 1795. — Johnston, Portraits of W.
WASHINGTON, APOTHEOSIS OF, Constantino Jirumidi, canopy of the rotun- da of the Capitol, Washington. In centre, Washington seated in majesty, with God- dess of Liberty on his right and Victory on his left hand ; encircling this group are thirteen female figures, personifying the original States ; and around the border are six groups, emblematic of the Fall of Tyranny, Agriculture, Mechanics, Com- merce, the Marine, and the Arts and Sci- ences.
WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DEL- AWARE, Emanuel Leutze, Mrs. Slarshall O. Roberts, New York. The general, wrapped in his military cloak, standing in a theatri- cal attitude in the bow of a boat which men are forcing with oars and boat-hooks through floating blocks of ice.
WASHINGTON, RESIGNATION OF, John Trumbull, rotunda of Capitol, Wash- ington ; canvas, H. 12 ft. x 18 ft Washing- ton appearing before Congress at Annapo- lis, Dec. 23, 1783, to resign his commission as Commander-in-Chief of the Continen- tal Army. Among the spectators are Mrs. Washington and her grandchildren. Paint- ed in 1827 for $8,000. Original study in Yale College Gallery.
WATELET, LOUIS ETTENNE, born in Paris, Aug. 25, 1780, died there, June 21, 1866. Landscape painter ; studied nature deeply, and became one of the foremost ar- tists of his class. After having visited Italy in 1822, he began, with his Lake of Nemi, in 1824, a series of exquisite landscapes of realistic character, which won him fame at home and abroad. He was the master of Paul Delaroche, and influenced Troyon, Huet, Lapito, Corot, Aligny, and others. Medals: 2d class, 1818; 1st class, 1819; L. of Honour, 1825. Works : Herdsmen (1810); Napoleon in Ludwigsburg (1815), Versailles Museum ; Henri IV. in the Forest of Ailas (1819), Fontainebleau ; Romantic Landscape (1819), Amiens Museum ; St. Je- rome in the Desert (1822), Louvre ; Lake of Nemi (1824) ; Norman Village (1835) ; Val- ley of Gisors (1840) ; Flight into Egypt (1842), Palais de Saint-Germaiu-en-Laye ; Views in Tyrol (1848, 1850, 1857) ; View of Lyons, Aix Museum ; Landscapes in SIusc- ums of Bordeaux, Montpellier, Nimes, Neu- chatel, KOnigsberg (2, 1835, 1845) ; Rac- zynski Gallery, Berlin (1824). — Bellier, ii. 713; Jal, 1296 ; Journal of the Soc. of Arts (18G6) ; Sleyer, Gesch., 732 ; Larousse.
WATELIN, LOUIS VICTOR, born in Paris ; contemporary. Landscape painter, pupil of Diaz. Sledal, 3d class, 1876. Works : Artists' Path in Forest of Fontaine- bleau (1870) ; Views in Oise (1873, 1874) ; Mill at Gamaches, Communal Sleadow at Bouvaincourt (1875) ; Road of Lesuette (1876) ; Willows of Bourbel (1877) ; Port of Sevres (1878) ; Views in Gironde, Sornme, Picardy, and Normandy (1878-86).
WATER CARRIER
WATER CARRIER, Velasquez, Apsley House, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. A man in tattered brown doublet, with his left hand on a large earthen jar, hands a glass of water to a boy who stands beside a table on which is a smaller jar ; another boy drinks from a pot. Earliest recorded picture of Velasquez ; painted in Seville about 1620. Carried off by Joseph Bonaparte in his flight from Madrid, but captured in his carriage at Vittoria, and
Water Carrier, Velasquez, Apsley House, London.
afterwards presented by Ferdinand VIE. to the Duke of Wellington. Engraved by B. Amettler; outline, E. Lingee. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Klas. der Malerei ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1879), xx. 232 ; Stirling, 1396. WATERHOUSE, JOHN WILLIAM, born in Rome, Italy, of English parents, in 1849. Went to England in 1854 ; history painter, pupil of Royal Academy schools. First ex- hibited at the Royal Academy, in 1874, Sleep and his Brother Death. Revisited Italy in
1883. Elected an A.R.A. in 1885. Works: Miranda (1875) ; After the Dance (1876) ; Sick Child brought into the Temple of ^sculapius (1877) ; La Favorita (1879) ; Rival Roses, Sum- mer's Day (1881) ; Diogenes (1882); Fa- vourites of the Em- peror Honorius, Bub- bles (1883); Consult- ing the Oracle (1884); St. Eulalia's Crucifixion, By-way in Old Rome (1885) ; Magic Circle, Flower Market (1886).
WATER MILL, Meyndert Hobbema, for- merly in Hamilton Palace Collection ; wood, H. 2 ft. x 2 ft. 9£ in. On the right, a thick cluster of trees, the foliage of which partly conceals the cottages and overshadows the mill in the centre ; in foreground, the mill stream, fringed with bulrushes and aquatic plants, and with two pollard willows on the bank ; a man fishing, another looking on, and a third crossing a rustic bridge. Hamil- ton Palace sale (1882), to Sedelmeyer, Paris, £4,252 10s. Another in Dutuit Collection, Paris, bought at De Morny sale (1852), 105,000 francs. A third, Pereire sale, Paris (1872), 30,000 francs. Others in Bucking- ham Palace, Bute Collection, Bridgewater Collection, and National Gallery, London. — Smith, vi. 156 ; Larousse, xi. 634.
WATERING PLACE, Thomas Gainsbor- ough, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H.
I ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. Evening ; a wooded landscape, with village church in distance ; at left, a figure sitting under a wall ; at right, a man and dog, with cattle in a pool. Engraved by W. Miller. — Art Journal (1853), 184.
By Thomas Gainsborough, National Gal- lery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft.
II in. Evening ; a thickly wooded land- scape, with figures to left ; in foreground, to right, some cattle and goats standing in a pool. See, also, Brook. Presented in
410
WATERLOO
Worked in New York and Boston before he went to Europe in 1878. Was an A.N.A. Work : Gulliver in Lilliput (1876).
WATSON, GEORGE, born at Overmains, Berwickshire, in 1707, died at Edinburgh, Aug. 24, 1837. Portrait painter, pupil of Alexander Nasinyth and of Sir Joshua Rey-
1827 by Lord Farnborough. Engraved by W. Miller ; and in Jones's National Gallery ; etched by R S. Chattock in Portfolio.— Cai Nat Gal. ; Portfolio (1875), 49.
By Philips Wouwerman, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 1 ft. x 1 ft. 2 in. Men watering horses at the side of a river, which is seen to a great distance at right ; cattle are being ferried across. At left, an old wall, and a gateway from which a muleteer is issuing. Lith- ographed by F. Hohe. — Ro- veil, xiii. 898.
WATERLOO, ANTHO- NIE, born at Lille about 1618 (?), died at Amster- dam after 1673. Dutch school ; landscape painter, whose works are distin- guished for facile treatment and faithful representation of nature. His aorial per- spective is always good ; trees and plants are correct in colour and of great vari- ety. Landscapes in Muse- ums and Galleries of Am- Witeiing P|ace Phi|ipt Wouvvetman, Munich Glllery. sterdam, Dresden, Gotlia, (2), Hanover, Stuttgart, Munich, Wiesbaden, I nolds. He settled in Edinburgh, where he
and Florence. — Ch. Blanc, ficole hollan-
was long the rival of Sir Henry Raeburn. From 1808 to 1812 ho presided over the
daise ; Dioskur en Society of Associated Artists of Scotland,
(1860), 177, 185, 195, 202 ; Havard, A. & A. j aud on the foundation of the Royal Scottish
Academy, in 1826, he was elected president, and held that office until his death. Por-
hol., ii. 189. WATERLOW,
ERNEST A., London
contemporary. Landscape and genre paint- er. Works : Last of the Shower (1877) ; Close of Midsummer's Day (1879) ; Out- ward Bound, Bluebells (1881); Home Again, Sheep- Washing, Woodland Gleanings (1882) ; Beltein — Midsummer Eve in Cornwall, Fisherman's Garden (1883) ; Sand Dig-
traits of Benjamin West, Archibald Skirving, and of himself, National Gallery, Edin- burgh.
WATSON, JOHN, born in Scotland in 1685, died in New Jersey, Aug. 22, 1768. Portrait painter, pupil of Academy, Edinburgh. He
the Trustees' emigrated in
ging, Breezy Tintagel, Shepherd's Return 1 1715 to New Jersey, where he is said to (1884) ; Scant Fuel, From the Ferry (1885) ; ! have amassed a property by the practice of Sunny Hours, Waiting, Rough Sea (1886). his profession.
WATERMAN, MARCUS, born in Provi- WATSON, WILLIAM SMELLTE, born dence, R L; died in 1883. Genre painter, in Edinburgh in 1796, died there, Novem-
411
WATTEAU
f
ber, 1874. Portrait painter, son and pupil of George Watson ; studied also in the Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh, in the Royal Academy, London, and under Sir David Wilkie, whom he assisted in the Penny Wedding and other works. He was one of the original members of the Royal Scottish Academy. Work : The Student, National Gallery, Edinburgh.
WATTEAU, ANTOINE, born at Valenci- ennes, Oct. 10, 1684, died at Nogent-sur- Marne, July 18, 1721. French school; genre painter, first instructed by an obscure painter in Va- I enciennes ; went to Paris
in 1702, and entered the studio of Gillot, where he acquired a taste for the humorous subjects for which he was afterwards dis- tinguished. After a further apprenticeship under the decorative painter Claude Audran 3d, he exhibited two pictures for which he was received into the Academy in 1717. Meanwhile he had continued his studies in copying the masterpieces of Rubens and Paolo Veronese. His great reputation rests on a series of pictures of conventional shep- herds and shepherdesses, dancers and com- edians, painted with unrivalled freshness, grace, and charm. More than 563 plates after his pictures were engraved by Thom- assin, Cochin, and Cardon. Works : Em- barkation for Cythera (1717), Gilles of the Comedie italienne, L'indifferent, La finette, Assembly in a Park, Juggler, Jupiter and An- tiope, three others, Louvre ; Fete Champetre, Angers Museum ; Harlequin meeting Panta- loon, Pierrot, and Colombine, Foot Soldier Reconnoitring, Nantes Museum ; Monkey Sculptor, Orleans Museum ; Country Scene, Landscape, Troyes Museum ; Conversation in a Park, Portrait of the Sculptor Antoine
Joseph Pater, Valenciennes Museum ; Con- cert Champutre, Two Lovers Surprised, Buckingham Palace, London ; Rendez-vous at the Chase, Village Fete, Sir Richard Wallace, ib.; do., Sir T. Baring, ib.; French Pastoral, Fete Champetre, Toy Windmill, National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Love in French Comedy, do. in Italian Comedy, La Colation, Berlin Museum ; Assembly mak- ing Merry in a Park (2), Cassel Gallery ; Conversation on a Terrace, Company resting on a Lawn, Dresden Museum ; Tender Con- versation, Konigsberg Museum ; Young Girl with Sunshade, Schwerin Gallery ; The Minuet, The Savoyard, The Serenade, Fa- tigues of War, Alleviations of War, Hermit- age, St. Petersburg ; Guitar Player, Vienna Museum ; Lady and Cavaliers in a Garden, Uffizi, Florence ; Marriage Contract and Fete Champetre, Assembly in Park of St. vpi Cloud, Madrid Muse-
- W, urn.— Art Journal, iii.
77; Bellier, ii. 714; *«•* ^ Bentley's Mag., Ivii.
304; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole fran9aise, ii.;
(jo ; Leg peintres des fetes galantes (Paris, 1853); Cellier, Ant. Watteau (Paris, 1867) ; Cousin, Tombeau de W. (Paris, 1866) ; Denaux, Notice sur A. W. (Valenciennes, 1834) ; Dohme, 3 ; Du- mont, Ant. Wat. (Paris, 1866); Goncourt, Cat. raisonne (Paris, 1875) ; do., L'art du xviii. siecle, i. 1 ; Hedouin, Watteau, es- sai sur la vie, etc. (Paris, 1845) ; Houssaye, Hist., 161 ; Larousse, xv. 1287 ; Lecarpen- tier, Suite de la galerie des peintres celebres (Rouen, 1815) ; Portfolio, iii. 18 ; Stothert, 110 ; Wurzbach, Fr. Mai. d. xviii. Jahrh., 21 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xi. 86.
WATTIER, CHARLES EMILE, born in Paris, Nov. 17, 1800, died there, Nov. 22, 1868. Genre painter, pupil of Lafond and of Gros ; imitated the style of the masters of the 18th century, especially Watteau and Boucher. Works: Prayer at Church ; Com- ing from Church ; Ambuscade ; Ninon de L'Enclos ; Entering the Bath ; Dinner in
412
WATTS
XV.
the Bower ; First Spring Day ; From the History of Psyche ; Boudoir of Princess Galitzin. — Bellier, ii. 718 ; Larousse, 1289 ; Meyer, Gesch., 613, 665.
WATTS, GEORGE FREDERICK, born in London in 1818. Subject and portrait painter, pupil of Roy- al Academy, where he exhibited in 1837 ; first attracted notice in 1842 by his car- toon, Caractacus led in Triumph through the Streets of Rome, for which he was awarded a prize of £300 in the competition for the decoration of the Houses of Parliament. After studying some time in Florence, he won a prize, in 1847, of £500 for a cartoon of Alfred inciting the Saxons to prevent the Landing of the Danes by meeting them at Sea. He has painted some important frescos, chief of which is the School of Legislation, in the dining-hall of Lincoln's Inn. Mr. Watts has exhibited many ideal pictures, but his chief honours have been won in portraiture, in which he has few rivals. He is also noted as a sculp- tor. He was elected an A.R.A. in 1867, and R. A. in 1868. Medals : 1st class, Paris, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1878 ; 1st class, Antwerp Ex- hibition, 1885. Among his principal sub- ject pieces are : The Window-Seat, Sir Gal- ahad (1862); Virginia, Ariadne (1863); Esau (1865); Thetis (1866); Lamplight Study (1867); Wife of Pygmalion, Jacob and Esau (1868) ; Return of the Dove, Red Cross Knight and Una (1869) ; Daphne, Fata Morgana (1870); The Prodigal (1873); To all Churches (1875) ; By the Sea (1876) ; Love and Death The Dove, Lady Lindsay of Balcarres (1877) ; Britomart and her Nurse, Florence (1878) ; Paolo and Francesco, Orpheus and Eurydice, Enid and Geraint, Dorothy (1879); Psyche (1880) ; Dean's Daughter, Lucy (1880) ; Arcadia, Carrara from Pisa (1881) ; Katie, Condottiere of 15th Century, Rider on Pale Horse, do. on White Horse, do. on
Black Horse, do. on Red Horse (1883) ; Love and Life, Rain passing Away, Uldra, Alice, Happy Warrior (1884); Ararat (1885); Death of Cain, The Soul's Prism, Hope (1886). Among his portraits are those of Tennyson, Browning, Swinburne, William Morris, Car- lyle, Stuart Mill, Matthew Arnold, Dean Stanley, W. E. Lecky, Gladstone, Duke of Argyll, Leslie Stephen, Holinan Hunt, Burne- Jones, Millais, Leighton, Lord Lyndhurst, Sir Alexander Cockburn, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, Sir C. W. Dilke, Viscount Sher- brooke, Mrs. Frederick Myers, Marquis of Salisbury (1884), Earl Lytton (1884). A collection of his works was exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum, New York, in 1884- 85. Mr. Watts has lately announced that he will work hereafter for the nation only, and not for private individuals. — Meynell, 225 ; L'Art (1882), ii. 8 ; Portfolio (1870), 65 ; (1879), 129 ; Art Journal (1884).
WAUTERS, CHARLES AUGUSTIN, born at Boom, near Antwerp, April 23, 1811. History painter, pupil of Mechlin and Antwerp Academies ; then studied in Paris, and in 1836 returned to Mechlin. Member of the Amsterdam Academy, 1855. Medals : Brussels, 1836 ; Order of Leopold. Works : Unhappy Family, Death of Mary of Burgundy (1836) ; Episode in History of Mary of Burgundy (1839) ; Martyrdom of St. Lawrepce (1840) ; Glorification of St. Rombout ; Last Supper ; Peter the Hermit ; Crucifixion (1862) ; Calvaert instructing his Pupils in Anatomy ; Anniversary of Battle of Waterloo ; Entry of Great Council into Mechlin ; Fair Edith ; Gentleman compar- ing Time on his Watch with Clock, Carls- ruhe Gallery. — Irnmerzeel, iii. 222 ; Kramm, vi. 1833.
WAUTERS, £MILE, born in Brussels, Nov. 29, 1846. History painter, pupil of Portaels, then in Paris (1867) of Gerome ; visited Italy and Germany in 1868, and Egypt in 1869. Member of Brussels, Vien- na, and Madrid Academies. Medals : Par- is, 2d class, 1875, 1876 ; of honour, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1878 ; Orders of Leopold and of
413
WAVE
Francis Joseph. Works: Morning after Bat- tle of Hastings (1868) ; Mary of Burgundy interceding for her Min- isters (1870), Liege Mu- seum ; Madness of Hugh van der Goes (1871), Museum, Brussels; Mary of Burgundy's Oath to respect Privileges of the Commons (1876, origi- nal owned by John G. Johnson, Philadelphia), Citizens of Brussels de- manding Constitution of Duke John IV., City Hall, ib.; Scene in Cairo ; Burial of a Monk.— Miiller, 547.
WAVE, THE (La vague), Gustave Cour- bet, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. A strip of sandy, pebbly beach in foreground, with two fishing-boats drawn up at left ; in background, the sea, with a single sail in the offing and a long crested wave rolling inward and about to break on the shore. Salon, 1870.
WAY, A. J. H., born in Washington, D. C., in 1826. Still-life painter, pupil of J. P. Frankenstein in Cincinnati, of Alfred Miiller in Baltimore, and of Drolling in Paris (1850). Entered the Academy at Flor- ence in 1851. After four years' absence in Europe, he opened a studio in Baltimore, and became vice-president of the Maryland Academy, which he was instrumental in founding. Exhibits at the National Acad- emy, New York. Works : Christmas Morn- ing (1870) ; Purity, Flora and Pomona, Dr. Zollicoffer, Baltimore ; Prince Albert Grapes (1874), W. T. Walters, ib.; Black Grapes, White Grapes, E. P. C. Lewis ; Flamme de Tokay Grapes — California (1880); Pomona's Offering (1881) ; Ked Head Duck (1882) ; Cherries, Oysters, and Ale (1883); Gros Colmo Grapes, Canvas-Back Ducks (1884) ; Under the Vines (1885).
WEBER, ADOLPHE, born at Boulay (Lorraine), March 4, 1842. History and portrait painter, pupil of Laurent Marechal, of Cogniet, and of Cabanel. Medal, 1867.
Works : Child's Slumber (1866) ; Awaken- ing of Psyche (1867), Orleans Museum ; Venus carried by Zephyr to Cyprus (1868) ; Echo and Narcissus (1869), Metz Museum ; Mystical Marriage of St. Catharine (1870) ; Grandmother, Ischys and Coronis — Victims of Apollo's Jealousy (1872) ; Cupid and Psyche (1880) ; In the Country (1881) ; Psyche whipped by Order of Venus (1884) ; Temptation (1885) ; Legend of St. Herman of Steinfeld (1886).
WEBEE, AUGUST, born in Frankfort, Jan. 10, 1817, died in DUsseldorf, Sept. 9, 1873. Landscape painter, pupil of Rosen- kranz, then in Darmstadt of Schilbach, with whom he visited Switzerland ; then studied two years at the Stiidel Institute in Frank- fort, and one year at the Dilsseldorf Acad- emy. Cultivated ideal landscape painting and formed many pupils at Dilsseldorf, where he settled ; made professor by King of Prussia. Works : Westphalian Land- scape (1868), National Gallery, Berlin ; Ital- ian do. (1849), Evening do. (1851), Ravene Gallery, ib. ; do., Diisseldorf Gallery ; others in Museums of Cologne, Leipsic, Konigs- berg (1855), and Stettin.— Blanckarts, 67 ; Cat. Cologne Mus., 232 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 238 ; Wolfg. Miiller, Dusseldf. K., 327.
WEBER, OTTO, born in Berlin, killed in the war of 1870. Genre, landscape, and animal painter, pupil in Berlin of Steffeck, and in Paris of Couture ; settled in Milan. Medals : Paris, 1864, 1869 ; Utrecht, 1866. Works : Wedding in Brittany (1864) ; On the Bleachery ; Colts ; First Snow on the Alp (1866) ; In Fontainebleau Forest ; Cat- tle Grazing ; The Ploughing, Under the Chestnut Trees (1867) ; Deer Quarry, Ren- tree du Bois de Chauffage (1868) ; Ox-Team (1869) ; Springtime, Annunziata (1870) ; Hay Gatherers, Fete in Brittany, Mr. Wal- ters, Baltimore. — Hamerton, Painting in France.
WEBER, PAUL, born in Darmstadt in 1823. Landscape painter, pupil of Lucas, and in Frankfort of the Stiidel Institute ; went to Munich, where he studied chiefly
414
vtliora Saints. 1 J. H.. l>orh iu
made p
at!
WEBER
from nature, visited the East in 1846, then studied in Antwerp under Deichmann. In 1848-58 he travelled in America and lived in Philadelphia ; after his return, visited Switzerland, France, and Great Britain, and settled in Munich. Many of his pictures are in America. Works : Twilight ; Mill in Black Forest ; Storm on Chiem Lake ; View in Catskill Mountains ; Beech Wood with Farm House ; Forest Brook (1874), Darm- stadt Museum ; Herd returning from Past- ure (1880) ; Autumn Morning in Park of Darmstadt (1883) ; Morning at Berchtes- gaden (1884).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1865); Kunst- Chronik, xviii. 497.
WEBEE, THEODOR ALEXANDER, born in Leipsic, May 11, 1838. Marine and landscape painter, pupil in Berlin of Krause ; went in 1856 to Paris, where he studied under Isabey, and soon acquired great repu- tation ; went to London in 1870, and settled in Brussels in 1874. Member of Societas Artis et Amicitice, Amsterdam, and other European art societies. Medals : Rouen, 1866 ; Havre, 1868 ; London, 1871 ; Phila- delphia, 1876. Works : Mont Orgueil in Jersey ; Spreewald ; Sea View in Normandy ; Coast near iStretat ; Sassnitz in Rflgen ; Return in Winter ; Shipwreck near Dieppe ; Banks of Seine ; Sunrise ou Coast of Brit- tany ; Rock of Leide (1866); After the Storm ; Harbour of Fecamp ; Ebb at Ostend (1875) ; King of Belgium ; Mail-Ship be- tween Ostend and Dover ; Shipwreck in Bay of Douarnenez, Evrard Gallery, London ; Arrival of French Mail-Ship at Dover, Willis Gallery, ib.; In Harbour of Vlissing- en, Lemmo Gallery, Antwerp ; In Harbour of Ostend, Hauff Gallery, Paris ; Shipwreck near Troport, Avignon Museum ; Twilight on Seashore, Thiem Collection, Berlin.— Illustr. Zeitg. (1864) ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 1022.
WEBSTER, THOMAS, born in Pimlico, March 20, 1800, died in 1886. Genre painter, student in 1821 of Royal Academy, where he took the first prize for painting in 1825 ; elected an A.R.A. in 1840, and R.A.
in 1846 ; retired in 1877. In his pictures children are generally the principal actors. Works: Gunpowder Plot (1829); Village School (1833) ; Football (1839) ; Punch (1841); Sickness and Health (1843) ; Dame's School (1845) ; Village Choir (1847) ; Slide, See-Saw (1849) ; School Playground (1852); Hide and Seek (1856) ; Sunday Evening, Grace before Meat (1858) ; Autumn, Win- ter (1860) ; Politicians (1869) ; Volunteers at Artillery Practice (1871) ; Odd or Even (1872) ; Interested Adviser (1873) ; Wreck Ashore (1874) ; Youth and Age (1876) ; The Letter (1877) ; Released from School (1879). — Saudby, ii. 177 ; Art Journal (1886), 351.
WEDDED, Sir Frederick Leighton, Syd- ney Museum, New South Wales ; canvas. Two figures walking under the arches of a terrace, in glow of orange and purple ; back- ground of blue sea and sky. Purchased for £1,500.— R. Acad., 1882.
WEDDING-FEAST, RUSSIAN, Kon- stantin Makovski, Charles W. Schumann, New York ; canvas, H. 8 ft. x 13 ft. ; signed, dated 1883. The wedding-banquet hi tho house of a wealthy Boyar in the seventeenth century. The company, gathered around a splendidly appointed table, have turned to greet the bride and groom, who stand at the head of the table at right, and wait with filled cups to drink to their happiness when the young husband, who now sees his wife for the first time unveiled, shall have given her the husband-kiss ; at the left, a group are making merry over the bride's slipper, which they have secured and hidden ; an at- tendant is entering with a large dish, and others are looking through the doorway. Exhibited at the International Exposition, Antwerp, 1885, where it was awarded the medal of honour.
WEDDING-GOWN, CHOOSING THE, William Mulready, South Kensington Mu- seum ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 5 in. Scene suggested by opening passage in "Vicar of Wakefield." Royal Academy, 1846 ; Sheepshanks Collection. Engraved by F. A. Heath.— Art Journal (1869), 4.
415
WEDDING
WEDDING UNDER THE DIREC- TORY, Frederik Henclrik Kaemmerer, Jay Gould, New York; canvas. A gay wed- ding-party in the time of the Directory (1795-99), or government of the first French republic. Salon, 1879. Bought originally by Thomas A. Howell, Brooklyn, who sold it to Mr. Gould.
WEED GATHERERS, Jules Breton, Comte Duchatel, Paris. Sturdy peasants gathering seaweed. Painted in 1861. One of the painter's most characteristic works.
WEEKS, EDWIN LORD, born in Bos- ton in 1849. Landscape and figure paint- er, pupil in Paris of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Bonnat, and Gerome. Sketched and painted in Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and Tangier, and is particularly noted for pict- ures of Eastern life. Member of the Bos- ton Art Club. Honourable mention, Paris Salon, 1885. Works: Jerusalem from the Bethany Road ; Cup of Coffee ; Pilgrimage to the Jordan ; Scene in Tangier, T. G. Appleton, New York ; Alhambra Windows ; They toil not, neither do they spin ; Arab Story Teller (187G) ; Moorish Camel Driver (1878).
WEENIX (Weeninckx), JAN BAPTISTA, born in Amsterdam in 1621, died at Huis ter Mey, near Utrecht, before Oct. 31, 1664 Dutch school ; genre, landscape, and ani- mal painter, pupil of Jan Micker, then of Abraham Bloemart in Utrecht, and of Nico- laas Moeyaert, whom he closely imitated ; went to Rome in 1643, and was employed by Cardinal Pamfili, afterwards Pope Innocent X. After his return in 1647 he lived in Am- sterdam, then at Utrecht, where he appears among the managers of the guild in 1649. He represented equally well historical sub- jects, genre, landscapes, harbours, archi- tecture, and animals, with a warm and pleasing colouring and a free and ingeni- ous touch. Works : Italian Seaport, Fruit- Piece, New York Museum ; Figures among Roman Ruins, Stafford House, London ; Repulse of Pirates, Louvre ; Dutch Lady at Toilet (attributed), Brussels Museum ; Ital-
ian Seaport, Antwerp Museum ; do., Copen- hagen Gallery ; Tobias asleep under a Vine (1662), Rotterdam Museum ; Musical Party, Roman Ruins with Shepherd, Brunswick Gallery ; View of Venice, Carlsruhe Gal- lery ; Dogs by Fallen Horse, Partridge and Duck, Fruit-Piece, Cassel Gallery ; Erminia begging for Shelter, Berlin Museum ; Tink- er (1674), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Meet- ing of Jacob and Esau, Hen and Dog, Dres- den Gallery ; Peasants near Antique Ruins, Still-Life, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Carpet Seller, Huntsman with Game (1665?), Sleep- ing Girl with Tambourine, Knife Grinder, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Kitchen Interior, do. (1652), Shepherd Life in the Campagna, Merry Company on Seashore, Schwerin Gal- lery ; Shepherd resting by Antique Monu- ments, Dead Game, Stuttgart Museum ; Sea- port, Museum, Vienna ; Landscapes with Animals, Academy and Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Landscapes (2, one dated 1654), Dead Game Birds (2), Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Prog- ress of Abraham, Harrach Gallery, ib. ; Ital- ian Landscape with Sheep, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Seaport, Leuchtenberg Gal- lery, ib.; Milking a Goat, Dead Game, Pe-
terhof. — Ch. Blanc, ficole hollandaise ; Bode, Studien, 174 ; Dohme, lii.; Fetis, Cat. Brus- sels Mus., 495 ; Immerzeel, iii. 223 ; Kramm, vi. 1835 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 453 ; Meyer, Gemalde kongl. Mus., 522 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 379.
WEENIX, JAN, born in Amsterdam, Dec., 1640, died there, Sept. 20, 1719. Dutch school ; animal, landscape, still-life, and portrait painter, son and pupil of Jan Bap- tista, and, like him, painted also seaports, architecture, and figures with equal excel- lence. In 1702-12 he painted for the Elector John William, in his Castle Bens- berg, near Cologne, a series of hunting and animal pieces which belong to his most
AVEEPER
admirable productions. Most of them are now in Munich. Lived several years at Utrecht, where he is inscribed in records of guild in 1664 and 1668. His dead hares are famous for fine brush work. Works : Dead Game and Dog, Hunting Scene, National Gal- lery, London ; Dead Hare, Buckingham Palace, ib. ; Hare, Swan, Dog, and Parrot, Two Companion Game-Pieces, Mr. Hope, ib. ; ten first-rate specimens, Sir Richard Wallace, ib.; Seaport in Spain, Game-Piece, Blenheim sale, London, 1886 ; Game and Utensils of Chase (1671), Dog watching Dead Game (1696), Seaport (1704), Lou- vre, Paris ; Dead Game and Fruit (1705), Brussels Museum ; Roe and Swan, Dead Game, Hague Museum ; Dead Game (2), do. and Fruits (1704), Country House (1714), Dogs, Male Portrait (1682), Peacock and other Birds (1716), Rotterdam Museum ; Dead Hare and Weapons of Chase, Musee Rath, Geneva ; do. (1701), Dead Game and Dog, Copenhagen Gallery ; Elizabeth Char- lotte of Orleans (1697), Dead Game (2), Bouquet, Berlin Museum ; Dead Hare and Implements of the Chase (1681), Portrait of Dutch Merchant, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Dead Game Birds (1718), Genre Scene, Gotha Museum ; Dead Game (10, six dated 1665, 1702, 1703, 1706, 1708, 1712), Wom- an Asleep watched by Dog, Boar Hunt, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Dead Hare and Birds (1691), two others, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg; do. (1), Leuch- tenberg Gallery, ib. ; others, principally Dead Game-Pieces, in Galleries and Mu- seums of Bruns- wick, Carlsruhe (2, 1681, 1683), Cassel, Dresden (4, three dated 1689, 1690), Schleissheim (8, one dated
1714), Schwerin (2, one dated 1687), Vien- na (1690), Wiesbaden ; Academy, Czernin, Liechtenstein (4), and Schonborn (3) Galler- ies, Vienna. — Ch. Blanc, iCcole hollandaise ; Dohme, lii. ; Gool, i. 78 ; Immerzeel, iii. 224 ; Kramm, vi. 1835 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 456 ; Stuers, 180 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, x. 352.
WEEPER. See Eberliard.
WEERTS, JEAN JOSEPH, born at Rou- baix (Nord), May 1, 1847. History and portrait painter, pu- pil of Cabanel, Mils, and Pils. Medal, 2d class, 1875 ; L. of Honour, 1884. Works : Old Soldier's Repose (1869) ; Nazli (1873), Lima Muse- um, Fais ce quo dois (1873), Roubaix Mu- seum ; The Captive (1874) ; Descent from the Cross (1875) ; Legend of St. Francis of Assisi (1877, bought by the State) ; The Vir- gin fainting at the Foot of the Cross (1878) ; Assassination of Marat (1880) ; Joseph Bara (1882); Death of Joseph Bara (1883) ; St.
•7.J. WEERTS
Francis of Assisi borne to Santa Maria do Porciuncula (1884).— Bellier, ii. 719.
W'EGELIN, ADOLF, born at Cleve in 1810, died in Cologne, Jan. 18, 1881. Landscape and architecture painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under J. W. Schir- mer, then studied in Nuremberg and Mu- nich, and in 1836 settled in Cologne, where, after 1842, he was especially employed for Frederick William IV., by whose order ho visited Belgium and Holland to paint his- torical buildings. Court painter in 1861. rf IJ&' Almost all his works are C/Y fY in the Royal Collection at Berlin. Works : Mediaeval Castles (2), Co- logne Museum. — Kunst-Chrouik, xvi. 296.
WEGENER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, born in Dresden, April 20, 1812, died at Gruna, near Dresden, July 11, 1879. Ani- nial and landscape painter, pupil of Copen-
417
WEGMANN
hagen and Dresden Academies— at the lat- ter under Dahl ; afterwards travelled in Ger- many, Denmark, France, Switzerland, and North Italy. Saxon court painter in I860. Works : Fallow Deer (1847), National Gal- lery, Berlin ; Prairie Fire in America (1846), Stags crossing Water (1855), Dresden Gal- lery ; Principal Christian Feasts at Seasons. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 991.
WEGMANN, BEETHA, born at Soglio, Switzerland, Dec. 16, 1847. Genre and por- trait painter, pupil in Copenhagen of Fred- erik Helsted and Frederik Christian Lund ; went in 1867 to Munich, and there studied under Lindenschmit and Kurzbauer, having meanwhile spent a year in Florence ; then visited Paris. Mention honourable, 1880 ; 3d class medal, 1882 ; Thorvaldsen medal, Copenhagen. Works: Sick Child (1873); Widow with her Child (1877) ; Portrait of her Sister (1882) ; Artist's Studio, Young Mother with her Child in a Garden (1883) ; Portrait of herself (1885).— Sig. Milller, 369.
WEGUELIN, J. R, born in England ; contemporary. Genre painter, exhibits at Royal Academy and at Grosvenor Gallery. Works : Tired Dancer (1879) ; The Vintage (1880) ; The Fishers, Eoman Acrobat (1881) ; Evoii Bacche, Habet ! Feast of Flora (1882) ; Maidens' Eace, Libation to the Nymph, A Secret (1883) ; Herodias and her Daughter, The Bath (1884) ; Swing Feast, An Egyptian Difficulty in Time of Augustus (1885) ; Ob- sequies of an Egyptian Cat, Summer After- noon, The Fair Girl (1886).
WEIEB, JACOB, born in Hamburg (?), died there, May 8, 1670. German school ; history and genre painter, mentioned as master of the Maleramt at Hamburg in 1648. His works are extremely rare. Works : Crucifixion, Falcon Chase, Schwe- rin Gallery ; Crucifixion, Provinzial Muse- nm, Mtinster ; Capture of a Standard, Ky- burg Gallery, Switzerland. — Schlie, 687.
WEIGAND, KONEAD, born at Nurem- berg, Dec. 12, 1842. History painter, pu- pil of Munich Academy. Medal, Munich. Works : Eeligious Conversation between
Ulrich von Hutten, Franz von Sickingen, and Martin Bucer ; Luther's Entry into Worms (1879); Eobber Knight brought captive into Nuremberg in 1472 (1885). In fresco : Marriage of Albrecht Diirer and Agnes Frey. — Miiller, 550 ; D. Eundschau, xx. 460 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxii. 14. WEIE, JOHN FEEGUSON, born at West Point,N.Y.,Aug. 28, 1841. Subject and portrait painter, son and pupil of Eobert Walter Weir. Visit- ed Europe in 1868 ; in 1869 became di- rector of the Yale School of Fine Arts. Elected N.A in 1866. Studio in New Haven. Works : Culprit Fay ; Christ- mas Bell, D. 0. Mills, New York ; Gun Foundry (1867) ; Forging the Shaft (1868) ; West Point, E. L. Stuart, New York ; The Confessional (1876) ; Venice ; Tapping the Furnace ; An Artist's Studio ; Morning (1881) ; Theological Faculty of Yale College (1882) ; Portrait of S. Wells Williams, Pro- fessor of Chinese Language and Literature at Yale College (1883); A Shimmering Landscape, Pompilia (1886). — Sheldon, 175. WEIE, JULIAN ALDEN, born at West Point, N. Y., Aug. 30, 1852. Portrait painter, son and pupil of Eobert Walter Weir, and pupil of GcTome in Paris in 1872-76. Sketched and paint- ed in Spain and Hol- land. One of the founders of the So- ciety of American Artists ; exhibits at Paris Salon and National Academy, New York. Honourable mention, Paris Salon. Studio in New York. Elected AN. A. in 1885, N. A. in 1886. Ideal works : Scene in the Park (1878) ; Good Samaritan (1879) ; Flower-
A
,
418
WKIll
Piece (1881) ; Dutch Peasant (1883), Muse of Music, Metropolitan Museum, New York ; Breton Interior, The Mother, Flow- ers (1884). Water-colours : An Interior ; Sunday Morning, Portrait of Sleeping Dog (1884). Portraits : Robert Weir (1880) ; Warren Delano (1881); Richard Grant White (1883) ; Peter Cooper (1884) ; A Revery (1886).
WEIR, ROBERT WALTER, born in New Rochelle, June 18, 1803. History paint- er, pupil of Jarvis ; began to paint por- traits in 1821, and in 1824 went to Florence, where he studied with Ben- venuti ; afterwards studied nature and old masters in Rome (1825). Elected N.A. in 1829, and profes- sor of drawing at the West Point Military Academy in 1837, which position he held for forty-two years. Studio in New York. Works : Belle of the Carnival (1836) ; Land- ing of Hendrik Hudson (1842) ; Embarka- tion of the Pilgrims (1845), Capitol at Wash- ington ; Evening of the Crucifixion (1867) ; Virgil and Dante crossing the Styx (1869) ; Titian in his Studio, Christ in the Garden (1873) ; Our Lord on the Mount of Olives (1877) ; Columbus before the Council of Salamanca (1884).
WEIROTTER, FRANZ EDMUND, born at Innsbruck, May 11, 1730, died in Vienna in 1771. German school ; landscape paint- er, studied at Innsbruck, Vienna, and Mentz, then in Paris under the engraver Johann Georg Wille ; visited Italy, and became pro- fessor at the Vienna Academy in 1767. Land- scapes by him are in the Bamberg Gallery (2), the Ferdinandeum at Innsbruck (2), and the Stuttgart Museum. — Wurzbach.
WEISER, JOSEF (EMANUEL), born at Patschkau, Silesia, May 10, 1847. Genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Wilhelm Diez ; visited Germany, Austria,
and Italy ; paints with striking humour and keen satire. Works : Visit to Nunnery ; Theatre in Eighteenth Century ; Acquitted ; Harvest Festival in Silesia ; Defence of Monastery ; Full Glasses— Warm Heads ! Last Refuge, Dresden Gallery ; Church Militant (1879) ; Storming of Maidens' Cas- tle (1882) ; After the Surprise (1883) ; Plun- dering Scene in Thirty Years' War (1884) ; Outpost, Hay for the Monastery (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Allgem. K. C., viii. 378 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1877), ii. 9 ; (1884), ii. 37; (1885), i. 412 ; Kuust-Chronik, xv. 432 ; xvii. 632 ; xix. 630 ; xx. 744.
WEISHAUPT, VIKTOR, born in Munich, March 6, 1848. Animal painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Wilhelm Diez, after having served in the war of 1870-71. Gold medal, London. Works : Cattle Herd by a Windmill (1876) ; Wild Bull (1879) ; Water- ing Place for Cattle, Herd returning Home (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1880), ii. 72; Kunst-Cronik, xxii. 39 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xv. 224.
WEISS, FERDINAND, born at Magde- burg, Aug. 10, 1814, died in Berlin, Jan. 23, 1878. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Berlin and Diisseldorf Academies under Schadow. Made himself especially known through his excellent illustrations for his brother Hermann's splendid history of cos- tume. In the National Gallery at Berlin is by him : The Return of the Knight (1837). —Jordan (1885), ii. 239.
WEISS, JOSEF ANDREAS, born at Freising, Bavaria, in 1814. Architecture painter, first instructed by his father, an amateur, then pupil of Domeiiico Quaglio in Munich. Lived for some time at St. Pe- tersburg as court painter to the Duke of Leuchtenberg, travelled in Russia, then set- tled in Munich. Works : Views in Munich (4, 1873, 1877, 1879, 1884, two with military groups), New Pinakothek, Munich ; St. Isaac's in St. Petersburg ; The Kremlin in Moscow. — Mflller, 551.
WEISSENBRUCH, JAN, born at The Hague, March 18, 1822, died there, Feb. 15,
419
WEISZ
1880. Painter of landscapes and city views, pupil of Salomon, Leonardus Verveer ; travelled in Holland and Belgium. Mem- ber of Amsterdam Academy, 1846 ; of So- cieto beige des Aquarellistes, 1858 ; of So- ciotu des Artistes beiges, and of Rotterdam Academy, 18G2. Medals : Rotterdam, 1844 ; The Hague, 1857 ; Brussels, 1859. Officer of Order of Oaken Crown, 1861. Works : Market Square at The Hague, Stuttgart Art School ; St. Mary's in Utrecht, Societas Artis et Amicitirc, Rotterdam ; View of Leerdam, another City View, Amsterdam Museum ; View in Amsterdam, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Courtyard in Old Town ; Copper Gate at Amersfoort ; Views of "Waudrichem, Boxtel, Kuilenborg, etc. — Kramm, vi. 1838 ; Miil- ler, 551.
WEISZ, ADOLPHE, born at Budapest ; contemporary, naturalized Frenchman. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Jala- bert. Medals : 3d class, 1875 ; 2d class, 1885. Works : Mendicant Nun, Alsatian Fiancoe (1875) ; Young Mother watching her Sleeping Child, The First Tooth (1876) ; Jealousy, Moravian Fiancee (1877) ; Alsatian Centenarian, In 1815 (1878) ; Asking for Publication of Bans, Fiancee (1880) ; Her- cules and Omphale (1881) ; Rene and Bob (1882) ; Namouua (1884) ; Enamoured Lion (1885) ; Nymph Discovering the Head of Orpheus (1886).
WEITSCH, FRIEDRICH GEORG, born in Brunswick, Aug. 8, 1758, died in Berlin, May 30, 1828. History painter, son of the landscape painter Johann Friedrich Weitsch (1723-1803), pupil in Cassel of Wilhelm Tischbein ; visited Holland and Italy, re- turned to Brunswick in 1781, went as court painter to Berlin in 1787, and became di- rector of the Academy in 1797. In 1808 called to Stettin to paint Marshal Soult. Works : Abbot Jerusalem, Alexander von Humboldt as a Young Man (1806), National Gallery, Berlin ; Portrait of his Father (1797), Brunswick Gallery ; do. of the Ar- chrcologist Hirt (1785), Filrstenberg Gal- lery, Donaueschingeu ; do. of the Poet
Tiedge (1817), Kunsthalle, Hamburg. There are four landscapes (1763-93) by his fa- ther in Brunswick Gallery. — Jordan (1885), ii. 240 ; Nagler, xxi. 268 ; N. Necrol. der D. (1828), i. 439.
WELL-BRED SITTERS, Sir Edwin Landseer, private gallery, England. A large black dog, with a badger-hair brush in his mouth, sits, as if before an artist, a model of dignity and self-possession ; by his side a fawn-coloured dog is posed with great elegance ; in the foreground, several dead doves, a pheasant, and a purple-velvet cigar- case. British Institution (1864). Coleman sale (1881), £5,250.— Stephens, Sir E. L., 106.
WELLER, THEODOR LEOPOLD, born at Mannheim, May 29, 1802, died there, Dec. 10, 1880. Genre painter, pupil of Mannheim Art School, then of Munich Academy under Langer ; lived in Rome in 1825-33, and is now director of the Mann- heim Gallery. Works : Peasant Woman at her Boy's Sick-Bed, Visit to Prisoner (1835), National Gallery, Berlin ; -Italian Woman with Jug, Fortune Teller, Carlsruhe Gal- lery; Italian Field Labourers passing through Old Gate (1831), New Pinako- thek, Munich ; Old Peasant at Olevano ; Public Scribe.— Jordan (1885), ii. 240. WELLS, HENRY TANWORTH, born in London in 1828. Portrait and land- scape painter ; an eminent miniature painter, but since 1860 has contributed many large portraits and some ideal can- vases to the Royal Academy. Elected an A.R.A. in 1866, and R.A. in 1870. Works: Old Stone- breaker and Child, The Laurel Walk (1879) ; Picnic, Victoria Regina (1880) ; Ethel (1882);
WELTER
Quarry on the Hill, Leaving the Common (1883) ; Friends, Loading at a Quarry, An Old Crone (1884) ; Quarry Men of Purbeck (1885). Mrs. H. T. Wells (Johanna Mary Boyce 1831-61) was a genre painter of con- siderable skill.
WELTER, MICHAEL, born in Cologne in 1806. History painter ; studied in Berlin and in Paris, and devoted himself to deco- rative and monumental painting. Works : Frescos in the Temple House, Cologne ; Choir of Si Kunibert's, ib. (encaustic, 1856-59) ; religious pictures in the Chapel and life-size portraits of the old landgraves in the Rittersaal of the Wartburg, near Eisenach (1859-61) ; Life of St. Godehard (1861-63), Godehardi Church, Hildesheim. — Mttller, 551.
WENCKER, JOSEPH, born at Stras- bourg, Nov. 3, 1848. Genre painter, pupil of Gerome and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Won grand prix de Rome in 1876. Med- al: 2d ckss, 1877. Works : Intimacy (1873); Under the Leaves (1874) ; Girls putting on Flowers (1875); Stoning of St. Stephen (1876); Priam asking Achilles for Hector's Body (1876) ; St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1879) ; Saul consulting the Pythoness (1880) ; St. John Chrysostom Preaching (1882) ; Woman Bathing (1883). — Larousse.
WENETZIANOFF.ALEXEI GAVRTLO- VICH, born at Nejine (Nezheen) in 1780, died in the government of Tver, Dec. 5, 1846. Genre and portrait painter, pupil and afterwards member of St. Petersburg Academy. Works : Young Russian Peasant, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Peasant Girl at Communion, Prianishnikof Collection, ib. ; Interior of a Barn.
WENGLEIN, JOSEF, born in Munich, Oct. 5, 1845. Landscape painter, pupil of Munich Academy, of Steffan, and of Adolf
Lier ; paints well-conceived views in the high plains of Upper Bavaria, treating with es- pecial predilection old giant trees on the steep banks of the Isar. Royal Professor in Munich. Numerous medals. Works: Mountain Ridge with Ruin (1875) ; Siiusee in Upper Bavaria (1877); Spring Song, Lake Chiem, Autumn Landscape with Hunting Party, Winter Landscape on the Isar, Moor in Upper Bavaria (1880) ; Temple of Posei- don at Psestum (1882) ; Limestone Gather- ers in the Isar Bed (1883), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Isar Valley near Baierbrunn (1883) ; do. near Tiilz (1884), Cologne Museum ; Autumn Landscape, In the Moss (1884). — Mailer, 552 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 580 ; xx. 347; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 159 ; xx. 72.
WERESCHAGIN. See Vereschayin.
WERFF, ADRIAAN VAN DER, born at Kralinger-Am- bacht, near Rot- terdam, Jan. 21, 1659, died in Rot- terdam, Nov. 12, 1722. Dutch school ; history, genre, and por- trait painter, pupil of Cornelis Pico- lett, portrait painter ; then for four years of Eglon van der Neer. At seventeen years of age he painted his own portrait, and thenceforth worked independently. In the art cabinets of the wealthy amateur and collector Flinck, sou of Govaert Fliuck, and of the burgomaster Jan Six, in Amsterdam, 1692, he became ac- quainted with many masterpieces of Italian art which influenced his taste considerably. In 1696 the Elector Palatine John William visited his studio in Rotterdam and ordered his portrait and the Judgment of Solomon, made him court painter, and in 1703 he knighted him. Works : Lot and Daughters, Boy with Guinea-Pig and Girl with Kitten, Buckingham Palace, London ; St. Margaret, Lord Ashburtou, ib. ; Magdalen, Incredulity of Thomas, Lot and Daughters, Mr. Hope,
421
WEKFF
ib.; Repose in Egypt (1706), Grosvenor Gallery, ib. ; A Burgomaster and his Wife, National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Chastity of Joseph (1710), Dancing Nymphs (1718), Nativity (1720), Antiochus and Stratonice (1721), Adam and Eve, Finding of Moses (1722), Magdalen, Group looking at Antique Statues, Louvre ; Flight into Egypt (1710), Portrait (1G89), Hague Museum ; Entomb- ment (1696), Artist's Portrait (1699), Ve- nus and Cupid, Holy Family (1714), Shep- herd and Nymph (1718), Lovers (1694), Amsterdam Museum ; Allegory on Charity (1702), Entombment, Rotterdam Museum ; Holy Family, Pastoral Scene, Flora and Genii, Diana and Endymion, Children Ca- ressing, Genii Hovering, Cassel Gallery ; Chess Players, Dido Mourning (1687), Adam and Eve (1711), Portrait, Brunswick Gal- lery ; Young Girl before Flower Vase, Gal- lery, Copenhagen ; Fall of Man, Adam and Eve after the Fall, Moltke Collection, ib. ; Diana and Callisto, Bamberg Gallery ; Alle- gory of Painting (1710), Darmstadt Muse- um ; Pastoral Scene, Berlin Museum ; do., Artist and Family (1689), Lot and Daughters (1694), Venus and Cupid (1699), Hermit (1705), Magdalen (1711), Judgment of Paris (1712), Infant Christ and John (1715), An- nunciation (1718), Diogenes, Abraham cast- ing off Hagar, Chess Players, Dresden Gal- lery ; Girl and Boys with Bird (1687), Ecce Homo (1698), Sarah conducting Hagar to Abraham (1699), Portraits of Elector John William and Consort (1700), Expulsion of Hagar (1701), Repose in Egypt (1702,) En- tombment (1703), Diana and Callisto (1704), Magdalen Penitent (1705, 1707), sixteen scenes from Life of Christ and the Virgin (1705-15), Allegory (1716), Children playing at Night, Male Portrait, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Temple of Fine Arts (1694), Ve- nus and Cupid, Solomon's Judgment, Por- trait of Grand Duke Don Gaston of Tuscany, Schleissheim Gallery ; Portraits of Artist and his Wife (1679), Game of Chess (1679), Samson and Delilah, Schwerin Gallery ; The Magdalen, Girl playing Guitar, Stuttgart
Museum; Gentleman's Portrait (1694), Mu- seum, Vienna ; Entombment, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Christ and the Woman of Sa- maria, Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Woman in Prayer, Boy playing Cards, Schonborn Gal- lery, ib. ; Venus and Cupid, Wiesbaden Gallery ; Artist's Portrait, Engagement Ring (1678), Boy with Cat and Bird, Bathsheba conducting Abishag to David, Entombment (2), Immaculate Conception, Ecce Homo, Magdalen (1720), Adam and Eve chased from Paradise (1700), Holy Family, Hermit- age, St. Petersburg ; Girl Bathing, Leuch- tenberg Gallery, ib. ; Adoration of the Magi (1703), Judgment of Solomon, Uffizi, Flor- ence ; Portrait of Duke of Marlborough, Palazzo Pitti, ib.; CEnone and Paris (1707),
Death of Abel, Turin Gallery. — Ch. Blanc, £cole hollandaise ; Doh- me, lii. ; Immer- zeel, iii. 227 ; Kramm, vi. 1842 ; Kugler, (Crowe), ii. 426 ; Riegel, Beitrilge, ii. 342 ; Schlie, 689 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvii. 180.
WERFF, PffiTER VAN DER, born at Kralinger-Ambacht in 1665, died in Rotter- dam in 1718. Dutch school ; history and genre painter, brother and pupil of Adriaan van der Werff, whom he often assisted in his pictures. While there is milch resem- blance in the colouring of his works to those of Adriaan, they are lacking in feel- ing and spirit. Works : St. Jerome (1710), Girls crowning Statuette of Cupid (1713), Girl drawing Statue of Venus (1715), Young Hercules, Young Bacchus, Amsterdam Muse- um ; Magdalen Penitent, Portrait of Johannes Texelius (1718), do. of himself, two others, Rotterdam Museum ; Madonna with St. John, Boys playing with Birds, Girls with
ecit
1721
Flower Festoons, Cassel Gallery ; Girl throw- ing Mouse out of Window, Men at Table, St
422
WERNER
Jerome (1707), Dresden Museum ; Lot and his Daughters (1721), Schwerin Gallery ; Venus rising from her Couch, Liechten- stein Gallery, Vienna ; Children playing with Bird, Uffizi, Florence. — Immerzeel, iii. 229 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 539.
WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON, born in Frankfort-on-the- Oder, May 9, 1843. His- tory and genre painter and illustrator, pupil of Berlin Academy in 1859 -62, then in Carlsruhe of Lessing and Ad. Schrod- ter ; visited Paris in 18C7 and Italy in 1868-69 ; settled in Berlin, where he became director of the Academy in 1875. Has furnished mas- terly illustrations to the works of Josef Vic- tor von Scheffel, to Herder's "Cid," and to Schiller's dramas. Member of Venice and Caraccas (Venezuela) Academies ; court painter ; Officer of Order of Italian Crown ; several other orders and many medals. Works : Intimate Conversation, Quartette, Convent Life, The Suitor, Don Quixote with the Shepherds (1864-70) ; Luther be- fore Cajetan (1865), Conratlin in Prison (1866), Archbishop Hanuo of Cologne kid- napping Henry IV. (1867), Struggle and Victory (1871), Symbolic Picture of Battle of Sedan, Allegory of German Union, Molt- ke before Paris, Moltke in his Study, Proc- lamation at Versailles (1876), Royal Palace, Berlin ; Count von Moltke (1872), Kunst- halle, Hamburg ; Luther at the Diet of Worms, Stuttgart Museum ; Baptism in Artist's House, Berlin Congress (1878), Emperor's Entry into Saarbrdcken (1880) ; Moltke at Sedan (1883). In fresco: Lu- ther at Worms, Summons of Volunteers in 1813, Gymnasium, Kiel ; Proclamation at Versailles, Coronation of First King of Prussia (1884), Arsenal, Berlin. — Allgem. K C., ix. 292 ; Graph. K, i. 65, 68 ; iv. 23 ; Kunst-Chronik, ix. 345 ; xii. 430 ; xvi. 481 ; xix. 730 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. 193 ; Laud und
Meer (1875), i. 46 ; Leixner, Mod. K, i. 64 ; Nord u. Sttd, xviii. 185 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 234 ; D. Rundschau, viii. 432 ; ix. 474 ; xiii. 329 ; xxl 146 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iii. 182 ; iv. 16 ; vi. 174 ; xvi. 142 ; xx. 36 ; xxi. 36 ; xxii. 42 ; Art Journal (1887), 5. WERNER, FRITZ, born in Berlin, Dec. 3, 1828. Genre painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Daege, then of Menzel ; studied in 1855 -63 in Paris, and again in 1867 under Meisso- nier, whose elegant treat- ment of stuffs and acces- sories he adopted, while in conception and col- ouring he successfully imitated the style of Menzel, whose most talented pupil he is. Member of, and Professor at, Berlin Acad- emy. Medal, Berlin, 1878. Works : Sur- prised Chambermaid (18(53); Huntsman ar- ranging his Traps, Old Gentleman served with Coffee (1864) ; Ornithologist, Prussian Grenadier on Guard, Admonition, Picture Amateur (1866) ; Fishmonger in Antwerp (1867) ; Amateur of Engravings (1868) ; Souvenir of Paris, Market Scene in Antibes, View of Nice, Old Gentleman feeding Birds, Street in Antibes, Picture Dealer, After Din- ner, Fortifications in Antibes, Huntsman in Tavern, At the Zoological Museum, Gentle- man Reading, Soldier Smoking, Would-be Politicians, Gentleman at Table, Interior of Hunting Castle, Smoker by Tile Stove (all of 18G8-69) ; Boy with Hare (1870) ; Man with Dog and Hare, Trumpeter of Hussars, Painter in Studio, Picture-Dealing, Man at Draughts, Standard-Bearer, Peasant Hunt- ing, Drummer, Child blowing Soap-Bubbles (all of 1870-73) ; Smoker and Child, Cava- lier jesting with Girl (1873) ; Frederick the Great in his Library ; A Conversation ; From the Dresden Gallery (1880) ; Ridiculous Story (1881) ; Sutler Women between Regi- ments of Dessau and Baireuth (Jubilee Ex- hib., Berlin, 1886).— Anderson, v. 89 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1882), i. 10 ; Leixuer, Mod. K, iL
WERNER
100 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 279 ; D. Rundschau, ix. 475 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 174 ; xvi. 147, 272 ; xxii. 42.
WERNER, JOSEF, born at Berne in 1637, died there in 1710. German school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of his father and in Frankfort of Matthias Meri- an ; then studied in Rome under Pietro da Cortona and Andrea Sacchi ; devoted him- self for a time to miniature painting in imi- tation of Carlo Maratti, was called to France by Louis XIV., for whom he painted many portraits and allegories, as he did also for the Elector of Bavaria, having gone to Augs- burg in 1G67 ; moved to Berne in 1682, and was director of the Berlin Academy in 1696 -1707. Works : Union of Justice and Wis- dom, City Hall, Berne ; Experience, Repub- lic of Berne, Justice, Golden Age, Caval- ry Skirmish in 17th Century (attributed), Museum, ib.; Temptation of St. Anthony, Augsburg Gallery ; Allegory on Avarice, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Tobias burying his Countrymen, Vienna Museum. — Des- camps (Marseilles ed., 1842), ii. 230.
WERNER, KARL, born in Weimar, Oct. 4, 1808. Genre and architecture painter, pupil of Leipsic Acad- emy under Veit Hans Schnorr ; went in 1829 to Munich and in 1833 to Italy, where he re- mained twenty years ; visited England in 1851, Spain in 1856, the East in 1862-64, and Greece in 1875, making many sketches. Ranks among the first painters in water- colours. Professor at the Leipsic Academy since 1881. Member of Venice Academy, of Royal Society of Painters in Water Col- ours, Saxon Order of Albrecht. Weimar gold medal for Art and Science. Works : Market Square of Piperno ; Venice in Pros- perity ; do. in Decline ; Return of Andrea Contarini ; Scene from Shylock ; Study from Pompeii ; Lion Court of Alhambra ;
View of Beirout ; Isle of Philee ; Mosque at Damascus ; Bazaar in Cairo ; Arabian Pal- ace, ib. ; Jewellery Shop, ib. ; Column of Memnon ; The Jordan near Jericho ; Tem- ple of Isis at Thebes ; Antiquary by Tem- ple at Karuak ; Castle Lahneck ; Interior of Church at Frankfort ; Gate of Justice at Cairo ; Church Interior (1833), Interior of Cefalti Cathedral (1838), Palace Interior at Palermo (1852), National Gallery, Berlin ; Palace of Diocletian, Leipsic Museum ; Abandoned Church in Poutine Swamps, Schack Gallery, Munich. — Illustr. Zeitg. (1874), ii. 31 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 240 ; Zeit- schr. f. b. K, iii. 104.
WERTHEIMER, GUSTAV, born in Vi- enna ; contemporary. History and genre painter. Works : Shipwreck of Agrippina ; Venus Anadyomene ; Peeping ; Fisherman's Dream (1880); Coast Watchman; The Wave's Kiss ; Flowers' Revenge ; Fisherman's Dream, The King's Breakfast (1884).— AUgem. K. C., viii. 619 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1883), i. 375 ; ii. 1GO ; (1884), i. 554 ; (1885), ii. 229.
WERTMULLER, ADOLF ULRICH, born in Stockholm in 1751, died at Wil- mington, Del., in 1811. History and genre painter, supposed pupil of Pilo (1713-94) ; went early to France, where he became member of the Academy in 1782. Swedish court painter in 1787 ; returned to Sweden about 1789 ; came to America in 1794 and painted several portraits of Washington ; went home in 1797, but came back, mar- ried, and became a citizen. Works : Ari- adne Forsaken, Marie Antoinette and her Children (1785), Stockholm Museum ; Por- traits of Gustavus HI. and his Queen, of Gustavus IV., of Bachelier and Caffieri. — Gaz. des B. Arts (1874), x. 223 ; Revue univ. des Arts, iv.
WEST, BENJAMIN, born at Springfield, Penn., Oct. 10, 1738, died in London, March 11, 1820. Began to draw when seven years old, and took his first lessons in preparing colours from Cherokee Indians. After a lit- tle instruction from a painter named Will- iams, he set up, when eighteen years old, in
WESTALL
Philadelphia as a portrait painter ; thence removed to New York, and in 1760 went to Italy, where he re- mained, studying the antique and Michel- angelo, until 1763, when he settled in London. His pictures of Agrippina bringing Home the Ashes of Germanicus, painted for the Archbishop of York, and the Departure of Regulus, bought by George HI., won him royal pa- tronage and favour, which he long en- joyed. From 1769 to 1801, during which time he received all orders from the king, who made him his historical painter (1772), West gained £34,187. The seven pictures illustrating Revealed Religion, which he painted for the Oratory at Windsor, brought him in £20,705, and his many portraits of members of the royal family were also high- ly remunerative. In the Death of General Wolfe (1771), now in Grosvenor House, and Perm's Treaty with the Indians, West had the courage to protest successfully against the treatment of modern subjects in classic garb, according to the fashion of the time. On the death of Sir Joshua Reynolds (1792) West succeeded him as president of the Royal Academy, of which he had been one of the founders in 1768, and, with the exception of a few months, held that office until 1815. The 400 historical and relig- ious pictures which he painted show skill in composition and considerable inventive power, but they have no real vitality. Tame in style, poor in imagination, monotonous in colour, they ceased to interest the pub- lic when the painter disappeared from view. Among the most important of his works are : Christ healing the Sick (1802), Nation- al Gallery, which he painted for the Quaker Hospital in Philadelphia, and sold to the British Institution for £3,000, sending a copy to America ; Death on the Pale Horse, Pennsylvania Academy ; King Lear, Boston
Museum of Fine Arts ; and Raising of Laz- arus, Winchester Cathedral. Seventeen of his pictures are at Hampton Court ; among them the Death of Chevalier Bayard, and the Death of Epaminondas, both painted in 1771, as companion pieces to the Death of Wolfe. Alexander the Great and his Phy- sician is called by Waagen one of his best pictures. Many of his works were engraved. — Gait, Life (London, I bt\f\ 1820); Cunningham; Redgrave, Century, i. 186 ; F. do Conches, 277 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Waagen, Treasures ; Law, Hist. Cat. Hampton Court, 100 ; Art Journal (1863), 218 ; Sandby, i. 290 ; Portfolio (1873), 150.
WESTALL, RICHARD, born at Hert- ford in 1765, died in London, Dec. 4, 1836. Subject and landscape painter ; entered Academy schools, London, in 1785 ; elected an A.R.A. in 1792, and R.A. in 1794; paint- ed in oil and in water-colours, and claimed to be one of the founders of the latter method. His book illustrations were very popular. Late in life he was drawing mas- ter to the Princess Victoria. Works : Cas- sandra (1797), South Kensington Museum ; Esau, Sappho, Mary Stuart going to Execu- tion, Elijah, Christ crowned with Thorns (altarpiece at All Souls' Church, London). His brother William (1781-1850) was an A.RA., and painted in both oil and water- colours. His illustrated publications con- tained his best work.— Redgrave ; Sandby, i. 306.
WET, JACOB DE, flourished at Haarlem about 1636-71. Dutch school ; history and genre painter, imitator of Rembrandt ; was established at Haarlem as early as 1636, dean of the guild in 1661, and still living in 1671. Works : Girl with a Peach, Haarlem Museum ; Adoration of the Lamb (1647), Copenhagen Gallery ; Expulsion of Hagar, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; The Men in the Fiery Furnace, Schleissheim Gallery. - Kramm, vi. 1845; Schlie, 694; Van der Willigen, 324.
425
WET
WET, JAN DE (Joliann Dtiwett), born in Hamburg in 1617 (?). Dutch school ; his- tory painter, pupil of Rembrandt in Amster- dam, whither he went early in life. Like his master he painted biblical and mytho- logical subjects, well composed, better drawn than Rembrandt's, and more finished in de- tails. His pictures were often sold under Rembrandt's name. He afterwards returned to Hamburg. Works : The Seven Works of Mercy, Haarlem Museum ; Elijah and the Widow, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la- Chapelle ; Christ in the Temple (1635), Burning of Troy, Brunswick Gallery ; Rais- ing of Lazarus (1633), Darmstadt Gallery ; Tobias and the Angel, Kunsthalle, Ham- burg ; others in Frankfort, Gottingen, Han- over, and Oldenburg Galleries. — Kramm, vi. 1845 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 378 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 265 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt, sa vie, etc. (1868), 62.
WETTE, FRANS DE, Dutch school, 17th century. This master is exclusively known by his biblical subjects on a small scale, in the style of Rembrandt, which are remark- able for arrangement, and fine expression in the heads, but of somewhat brown tone. Works : Christ and the Adulteress, Augs- burg Gallery ; The Three in the Fiery Fur- nace, Raising of Lazarus, Schleissheim Gal- lery.—Kugler (Crowe), ii. 390.
WEYDEN, ROGIER VAN DER (Roge- let de la Pasture, Roger de Bruges), born at Tournay in 1399 or 1400,. died in Brussels, June 16, 1464. Flemish school; history painter, pupil in Tournay (1426) of one Robert Campin, and master of the guild there, Aug. 1, 1432 ; removed to Brussels before April 21, 1435, and thence- forth his name appears in its Flemish form. First mentioned as city painter, May 2, 1436. He also lived and worked at Louvain,
\
perhaps also at Bruges ; but whether he really was in Italy, especially at Ferrara and Milan, as some circumstances seem to indicate, and at Rome, during the jubilee in 1450, is not as yet ascertained. He was the founder of the school of Brabant, highly es- teemed in his own country, and actively em- ployed throughout the Burgundian realm. Although in technic and the realism of his style Rogier belongs to the school of the Van Eycks, with one of whom, Jan, he may have had personal relations, he worked with a deeper feeling and a religious intensity which betrayed him into exaggeration of sentiment and violence of action. The four great pictures which he painted in the .gold- en chamber of the Town Hall at Brussels were destroyed in 1695. Works : Entomb- ment (attributed), National Gallery, Lon- don ; Altai-piece, Grosvenor House, ib. ; Portrait of Charles the Bold, Head of Weep- ing Woman, Brussels Museum ; eight others (attributed), ib. ; Triptych with Seven Sacra- ments, Annunciation, Portrait of Philip the Good, Antwerp Museum ; Descent from the Cross, Madrid Museum ; replica (1443), St. Peter's, Louvain ; altarpiece with Last Judg- ment (before 1450), Hospital, Beaune (Cote d'Or) ; Descent from the Cross, Hague Mu- seum ; St. John, Rotterdam Museum ; Ma- donna with Saints, St. John Altar, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Triptych with Pieta (be- fore 1445), do. with Life of St. John, do. with Nativity, Berlin Museum ; Figure of the Virgin, Filrstenberg Gallery, Donau- eschingen ; Christ on the Cross, Dresden Museum ; Triptych with Adoration of the Magi, St. Luke painting the Virgin, Munich Gallery ; Triptych with Crucifixion, The Virgin Nursing Christ, St. Catherine, Vienna Museum ; Pieta (attributed), Uffizi, Flor- ence.— Ch. Blanc, £cole flamande ; C. & C., Flemish Painters, 182 ; Dohme, Ii. ; Fetis, Cat. du Mus. royal, 162 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1866), xxi. 201, 349 ; Kramm, vi. 1846 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 77 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 441 ; Meyer, Gemiilde kongl. Mus., 528 ; Michiels, iii. 7 ; v. 451 ; Schnaase, viii. 165 ;
WEYMOUTH
Van den Branden, 48 ; Wauters, R v. d. W. (Brussels, 1856) ; do., Peinture flamande (Paris, 1885), 56 ; W. & W., ii. 29 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iii. 230 ; xvii. 293, 323.
WEYMOUTH BAY, John Constable, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft 8 in. The bay on the approach of a storm. Painted in 1827. Engraved by D. Lucas ; presented by John W. Wilson in 1873.— Cat. Louvre.
WHARTON, PHILIP F., born in Phila- delphia in 1841, died at Media, July 27, 1879. Genre painter, pupil of the Pennsyl- vania Academy ; studied in Dresden, and in the Atelier Suisse in Paris. Professional life spent in Philadelphia. Works : Perdita at the Sheep-Shearing Festival ("Winter's Tale," 1876) ; Waiting for the Parade (1878), etc.— Am. Art. Kev. (1880), 503.
WHISTLER, JAMES ABBOTT McNEILL, born in Lowell, Mass.,, in 1834. Figure and portrait paint- er, educated at West Point; pupil for two years of Gleyre in Paris ; settled in 1863 in London. Is as well known by his etch- ings as by his works in oils. Medal, Paris, 3d class, 1883. Elected in 1886 president of the Society of British Artists. Works : The White Girl (1862), Thomas D. Whistler, Baltimore ; Coast of Brittany, Ross Whist- ler, ib. ; Last of Old Westminster, Westmin- ster Bridge (1863) ; Princesse des pays de la porcelaine (1865) ; At the Piano (1867) ; Portrait of my Mother, do. of Carlyle (1872) ; Gold Girl, Nocturne in Blue and Gold, Nocturne in Blue and Green (1878) ; Harmony in Gray and Green (1881) ; Noc- turne in Blue and Silver, Blue Girl, En- trance to Southampton Water (1882) ; Great Fire Wheel (1883) ; Harmony in Brown and Black (1884).— Gaz. dea B. Arts (1881), xxiii. 365 ; (1882), xxv. 620 ; (1884), xxix.
484, 534 ; Scribner's Magazine (1879), xviii. 481.
WHITE, EDWIN, born at South Hadley, Mass., in 1817, died at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., June 7, 1877. History and genre painter ; studied in Paris, Rome, Florence, and Diisseldorf in 1850 and in 1869. Elects ed member of the National Academy in 1849. He lived in Europe many years, but returned in 1875 and opened a studio in New York. Among his important works are : Pocahoutas informing Smith of the Conspiracy of the Indians (painted for Gen- eral Kearney) ; Washington resigning his Commission (Annapolis, bought by the State) ; Age's Revery, Military Academy, West Point ; Death-Bed of Luther ; Mil- ton's Visit to Galileo ; Requiem of De Soto ; Old Age of Milton, Art Union ; First Print- ing of the Bible ; Thoughts of Liberia, Old Woman Spinning, R L. Stuart, New York ; Evening Hymn of the Huguenot Refugees. He bequeathed to the Metropolitan Muse- um, New York, The Antiquary ; to Amherst- College, Leonardo da Vinci and his Pupils ; and to Yale College, the unfinished picture of the Signing of the Compact on the May- flower.— Tuckerman, 438.
WHITE, JOHN BLAKE, born in South Carolina in 1781, died in Charleston, Au- gust, 1859. History painter ; began the study of law, but in 1803 went to London and became the pupil in art of Benjamin West. Among his works are : Mrs. Motte presenting the Arrows ; General Marion in- viting the British Officer to Dinner ; Battle of Eutaw ; Battle of New Orleans. He was also the author of several dramas.
WHITE GIRL, James McNeill Whistler, Thomas D. Whistler, Baltimore ; canvas, H. about 6 ft x 3 ft.; signed, dated 1862. A tall girl, with dishevelled hair and dressed wholly in white, standing before a white-lace curtain on a wolf-skin, the head of which lies in front, spread on a parti-coloured rug. Never engraved.
WHTTEHORN, JAMES, born at Walling- ford, Vt, in 1803. Portrait painter, pupil
437
WTI3TTREDGE
of the National Academy, New York, and as- sisted in his studies by Robertson, Trum- bull, Morse, and Dunlap. Professional life passed in New York, with the exception of two winters, 1844-46, in Washington, D. C. Silver medal, National Academy, in 1827. Elected N.A. in 1833. Studio in New York. Works: Silas Wright, City Hall, New York ; Henry Clay addressing the Senate (design for engraving published in 184C) ; Rachel and Bella (1879) ; Family Portrait (1881).
WHITTREDGE, WORTHINGTON, born in Springfield, O., May 22, 1820. Land- scape painter, pupil of Andreas Achen- bach in Diisseldorf. Visited Europe in 1850, spent four years in Rome, and travelled thro ugh England, France, Holland, Belgium, and Italy. Returned to New York in 1860, and elected N.A. in 1861. In 1864 sketched in the Rocky Mountains. President of the National Academy in 1874. Studio iu New York. Works : Old Kentucky Home, Coast of Rhode Island (18G7) ; Home by the Sea- side (1872) ; Study of Rocky Mountain As- pens ; Old Hunting-Ground ; In the Bernese Alps, C. P. Huntiugton, New York ; View of Rocky Mountains from the River Platte, Century Club, ib.; Trout Brook, H. G. Marquand, ib.; Window, R. L. Stuart, ib.; Forest Brook, Platte River (1878) ; Catskill Brook (1879) ; On the Plains (1880) ; Old House by the Sea, Nook on the River (1881) ; Twilight on the Hudson, Sunny Day in the Woods (1883) ; Old Road to the Sea, Pool in the Woods, On the Plains — Colorado (1884) ; Sunrise over the Sea, -The Old Farm (1885) ; Brook in the Woods, Brook among the Hills (1886).
WICAR, JEAN BAPTISTE, born at Lille, Jan. 22, 1762, died in Rome, Feb. 27, 1834. History and portrait painter, pupil of David ;
went in 1784 to Florence to make drawings of the works in the gallery, for engraving. In 1793 he became a member of the Paris Conservatory, and in 1796 commissary for the art exploration of Italy. Settled about 1800 in Rome, where he won reputation as a portrait painter ; in 1805 he became a member of the Academy of St. Luke, and from 1807-10 was director of the Academy at Naples. Left his splendid collection of drawings by the old masters to his native city, where they are preserved in the Mu- see Wicar. Works : Portraits of Duke and Duchess Torlonia, of Murat, of Pius VII., of himself, Joseph explaining the Dream (1784), Concordat between Pius and Napo- leon (1806), Youth at Nain (1816), Solo- mon's Judgment, Virgil reading the .ZEneid before Augustus and Livy, Lille Museum ; Resurrection, Themistocles at the House of Admetus, Marriage of Mary, Peter and
Paul> Pem^& Ca-
r
_ % reading J-uJftue. to Augustus (1818), Coriolanus ; Ores- tes ; Pylades and Electra. — Bellier, ii. 721 ; Dufay, Notice sur la vie de Wicar (Paris, 1844) ; Larousse.
WICHMANN, ADOLF, born at Celle, Hanover, March 18, 1820, died in Dresden, Feb. 17, 1866. History and genre painter, pupil of Dresden Academy under Bende- maun ; then studied in Venice and also in Rome (1847-51) after the old masters. Gold medals: Dresden, 1845; Berlin, 1851. Works : Allegory on Music (1845) ; Come Ye that are Heavy Laden (1851) ; Grant- ed Request (1853), New Pinakothek, Mu- nich ; Pietro Aretino reading at Titian's (1865), Dresden Gallery ; Mary and Eliz- abeth watching the Sleeping Infant Christ, Liege Gallery ; Wedding Repast at Frei- burg ; Painters' Festival at Titian's. — Kunst- Chronik, i. 23.
WICHMANN, OTTO GOTTFRIED, born in Berlin, March 25, 1828, died in Rome, March 17, 1858. Genre painter, pupil of
428
WICKENBERG
Robert Fleury in Paris, -whence he went to Italy to study the later Venetian mastera Works : Paolo Veronese in Venice (1856), Catherine cle' Medici at the Alchemist's, National Gallery, Berlin. — Jordan (1885), ii. 242.
WICKENBERG, PETER, bom at Stock- holm in 1808, died at Pau in 1846. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy ; then went to Paris, where his genre scenes met with much favour. After- wards he painted views in Holland, and winter landscapes of realistic conception, but with careful execution of details, clear and powerful colouring, and beautiful light effects. Legion of Honour, 1842. Works : Mother sewing by her Child's Bed (1839), Fishing in Winter (1839), Fisher Family in Cottage (1840), Leipsic Museum ; Winter Landscape, Museum Fodor, Amsterdam.
WIDOWER, Luke Fildes, Sydney Muse- um, New South Wales ; canvas. Royal Academy, 1876 ; bought by Thomas Tay- lor, of Wigan ; Taylor sale (1883), £2,205. Etched by L. Flameng.
WIEDER, WILHELM, born at Stepnitz, Pomerania, Feb. 16, 1818, died in Berlin, Oct. 15, 1884. Genre painter, pupil in Berlin of J. S. Otto ; lived for some time in England, three years in Russia, four in Paris, one in Antwerp, and twenty-four in Italy ; returned to Germany in 1873, and settled in Berlin. Works : Mass at Aracceli Church in Rome (1856), National Gallery, Berlin ; Confession on Holy Thursday in St. Peter's, Rome. — Kunst-Chronik, xx. 57.
WIEGMANN, MARIE (nee Hancke), born at Silberberg, Silesia, Nov. 7, 1826. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Diis- seldorf Academy under Hermann Stilke and Karl Sohn ; married the architect and paint- er Rudolf Wiegmann, and visited afterwards Germany, Holland, England, and Venice. Gold medal, Berlin. Works: The Elves (1847); Damajanti (1850); The Two Grand- mothers (1852) ; Reunion ; Undine (1860) ; Portrait of Karl Schnaase, National Gal- lery, Berlin ; do. of Karl Sohn, Heiurich
von Sybel, Countess Hatzfeld. — Mtlller, 556.
WIEGMANN, RUDOLF, born at Aden- sen, Hanover, April 17, 1804, died in Dlls- seldorf, April 17, 1865. Architecture paint- er, studied in Italy, especially in Rome, in 1828-34 ; removed in 1835 to Dtlsseldorf, where he became professor of architecture at the Academy in 1839. Wrote a work on the Diisseldorf Academy. Works : St. An- gelo Castle in Rome (1833), Via Sacra (1834), Outlook from Vatican (1836), Cloister in Bonn Cathedral (1842), Interior of St. Mark's in Venice (1845). — Andresen, ii. 157 ; Dioskuren, 1865 ; Wiegmann, 90.
WIERINGEN, CORNELIS CLAESZ VAN, born in Haarlem between 1570 and 1580, died in 1635. Dutch school ; marine painter. Destined for the navy, he made several sea voyages before devoting himself to art, in which he showed a great talent for representing the sea in its various aspects. Works : Arrival at Vliessingen of Elector Palatine Frederic V. in 1613, Taking of Damietta, Haarlem Museum ; Naval Battle, Madrid Museum. — Van der Willigen, 330.
WIERTZ, ANTOINE JOSEPH, born at Dinaut, Feb. 22, 1806, died in Brussels, June 18, 1865. History and portrait painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy under Herreyns and van Bree ; then stud- ied in the Louvre, won the grand prize at the Antwerp Academy in 1832, and went via Paris to Rome, where he took Michelangelo for his model, as afterwards Rubens be- came his ideal, and in 1837 was made mem- ber of the Accademia di S. Luca. After his return he lived at Lii'ge, and in 1848 estab- lished himself at Brussels, where in 1850 the government built for him, after his own design, a large studio, now known as the Musoe Wiertz, and containing his collected great works, from which he never allowed
•89
WIESCHEBRINK
himself to realize a farthing, supporting himself and his old mother exclusively by painting portraits. In his studio he tried to bring to perfection a process of painting combining the merits of fresco and of oil, and really invented a new method, excluding reflection, which he called "peinture mate" —unpolished painting. He was an artist of undeniable, although undisciplined, ge- nius, possessed of great power and individ- uality of execution, and of deep philosophic thought, combined with a fancy, in a marked degree, for the horrible, the grotesque, and the fantastic. Of his writings on art the "Eulogy on Rubens" (1840) and the "Me- moir on the Flemish School of Painting" were crowned by the Brussels Academy. Works : Greeks and Trojans contending for the Body of Patroclus (1835) ; The Brigand ; Carnival of Rome ; Education of the Virgin ; Sleep of the Virgin ; Revolt of Hell against Heaven ; Flight into Egypt ; Death of St. Dionysius ; Christ as Judge ; Beacon of Golgotha ; Triumph of Christ (1848) ; The Present regarded by the Man of the Future ; Last Cannon ; Civilization of the Nineteenth Century ; Genius of War ; A Blow from the Hand of a Belgian Wom- an ; The Orphans (18G3); Burnt Child; Thoughts and Visions of a Head cut off; A Second after Death ; Precipitate Inhu- mation ; Hunger, Folly, and Crime ; Satan ; Suicide ; Scene in Hell ; Power of Man ; Pride.— Art Journal (1869), 349, 365 ; Fra- ser's Mag. (1872), v. 541 ; Harper's Mag. (1873), xlvi. 823 ; Immerzeel, iii. 232 ; Kramm, vi. 1859 ; Labarre, A. Wiertz (Brussels, 1867) ; London Soc. (1872), xxii. 23 ; Portfolio (1875), 124, 133, 152 ; Van Soust, fitudes, etc. (Brussels, 1858) ; Wat- teau, Cat. raisonue du Mus. Wiertz (Brus- sels, 1865) ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i. 273 ; Amer. Art Review, ii. 13.
WIESCHEBRmK, FRANZ, born at Burgsteinfurt, near Munich, March 14, 1818, died at Diisseldorf, Dec. 13, 1884. History and genre painter, pupil of Diissel- dorf Academy in 1834-40 ; painted at first
biblical scenes, but soon turned to the rep- resentation of peasant family life, excelling in scenes with children for the principal actors. Spent two years in Paris. Works : Tobias and the Angel (1839) ; Liberation of Peter (1841) ; Children at the Grave of their Parents (1841) ; The Sons of Jacob with Jo- seph's Coat (1842); Visit to the Sick (1842); Thunderstorm (1844); Children stealing Tid- Bits (1845,1847); Pouting, EiaPopeia(1845); Domestic Scene in the Morning, Grand- mother and Child (1848), Museum Fodor, Amsterdam ; Paternal Joys (1849, 1852) ; Farewell (1850); Sunday Walk of a Philis- tine ; How do you like your little Brother ? (1865) ; Convalescent, Provinzial Museum, Hanover. His son Heinrich (born at Diis- seldorf, Oct. 25, 1852), pupil of the Academy there under Julius Roting, is also a genre painter. Works : Prosit (1873); The Fam- ily Uncle (1874) ; Alone at Home (1874) ; At the Almsbox (1875) ; Home Devotion (1876); Ave Maria (1879). — Dioskuren, 1865; Wolfg. Mtiller, Diisseldf. K, 270; Wiegmann, 324.
WIGGINS, CARLETON, born at Turn- ers, N. Y., in 1848. Landscape and cattle painter, pupil of the National Academy, New York ; studied in France in 1880-81. Ex- hibited first at National Academy in 1870. Studio in Brooklyn. Works : Edge of For- est— Barbizon, France, T. B. Clarke, New York ; Cattle in Landscape, Evening at Grez, Calf in Landscape, Henry T. Chap- man, Jr., Brooklyn ; On the Road (1879); September Day (1880) ; Hillside near Fon- tainebleau (1882) ; October Morning (1883) ; Come Bossy, Gathering Seaweed, September Harvest (1884) ; Summer Morning (1885) ; Three -year -old Heifer, Landscape near Meudon (1886).
WIGHT, MOSES, bom in Boston in 1827. Genre and portrait painter, pupil in Paris of Hebert and Bonnat ; was in Europe in 1851-54, went again in 1860, and in 1865 settled in Paris, where he was still living in 1884. Ideal works : Lisette ; Confidants ; Old Cuirassier ; Sleeping Beauty ; Eve at
WILBERG
the Fountain ; Sixteenth Century ; Pet's First Cake ; John Alden and Priscilla ; Tote- a-Tete, At her Ease (1879) ; Vieux Docu- ment (1884). Portraits: Von Humboldt; Everett ; Sumner ; Agassiz ; Josiah Quincy. — Tuckerman, 504.
WILBERG, CHRISTIAN, born at Havel- berg, Nov. 20, 1839, died in Paris, June 3, 1882. Architecture and landscape painter, pupil in Berlin of Eduard Pape and of Paul Gropius, then in Ddsseldorf of Oswald Ach- enbach ; made several study trips to Italy (1871-73, 1875-76), Austria, and Southern Germany ; settled in Berlin and won repu- tation, especially by his interiors of Italian churches. Visited Pergamus in 1880. Med- al, Vienna, 1873. Works : Interior of St. Mark's in Venice (several) ; Doge's Palace ; Palazzo Borghese ; Palazzo Colonna ; Tem- ple of Juno Lacinia at Girgenti ; Cappella Palatina in Palermo ; Grotto of Egeria ; Roman Park ; View in Greece, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Bay of Naples, Bay of Baize (1880) ; View of St. Peter's from Villa Pam- fili (1881) ; Memento mori, Dresden Muse- um.—Jordan (1885), ii. 243 ; Kunst-Chro- nik, ix. 43 ; xvii. 543, SCO ; xviii. 1, 22 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 349.
WILDENS, JAN, born in Antwerp in 1586, died there, Oct. 16, 1653. Flemish school ; landscape painter, pupil of Peter Verhulst ; master of the guild in 1604. Intimate with, and perhaps pupil of, Ru- bens, for whom he painted backgrounds, as well as for Snyders and Diepenbeck. Subjects well chosen, facile brush, good colour, skies and distances light and airy. Rubens made him one of the executors of his will. Van Dyck painted his portrait. Works : View of Antwerp (1636), Amster- dam Museum ; Winter Landscape (1624), Dresden Gallery ; Waters of Spa, Hunt, Gypsy telling Fortunes, Country Scene, Madrid Museum ; Wood Landscape, Bridge- water Gallery, London ; Landscape (Holy Family by Rombouts), Antwerp Museum ; do. (Eliezer and Rebekah by Jordaens), Brussels Museum ; do. (Allegory by Van
* >7
J
Balen), Corlsruhe Gallery.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole flainande ; Immerzeel, 235 ; Kramm, vi 1862 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 298 ; Michiels, viii. 174 ; Rooses (Reber), 261 ; Van den Bran- den, 683.
WILES, LEMUEL M., born at Perry, Wyoming County, N. Y., in 1826. Land- scape and figure painter, studied under William Hart, and with J. F. Cropsey in New York. After painting in Washing- ton, Albany, and Utica, he settled in New York in 1863. Sketched in Panama, Cali- fornia, and Colorado in 1873-74. Studio at Ingharn University, Le Roy, N. Y. (1884), where he conducts the department of paint- ing. Works : Mt. San Jacinto ; Vale of Elms, Ingham University ; Reminiscences of Travel— 28 small pictures, A. R Froth- ingham, Brooklyn ; Long Pond — Seneca Lake, J. C. Lord, New York ; Moonrise, Cardinal McCloskey ; Sunshine and Shad- ow (1879); Panama, Across the Moor (1880); Meadow Lands (1881); Snow-Bouml (1882); Camp of the San Diego Indians (1883) ; St. \ Catherine's Window — Dryburgh, Albany (1884) ; Midwinter (1885) ; Summer-Day Sketch (1886). His son, Irving R Wiles, is a genre and portrait painter in New York.
WTT.TTF.TAr OF HERLE. See Meixter Wilhelm.
WILKIE, BURIAL OF, Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gallery, London ; canvas, 2 ft. 8 in. square. Entitled Peace : Burial at Sea of the Body of Sir David Wilkie, who died on board the steamer Oriental, off Gib- raltar, on his return from the East, June 1, 1841. Royal Academy, 1842 ; Turner Col- lection. Engraved by J. Cousen ; etched by Brunet-Debaines in Portfolio, 1874. — Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Hamerton, Life.
WILKIE, Sir DAVID, born at Cults, Fifeshire, Nov. 18, 1785, died in Bay of Gib- raltar, June 1, 1841. Studied in Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh, from 1799 to 1804, and on his return to Cults painted, besides portraits, Pitlessie Fair (1804), and the Vil-
431
WILLAERTS
lage Recruit (1805). In 1805 he went to London and entered the Royal Academy as a student with a cer- tain reputation which was acknowledged by leading artists. In 1806 he produced the Village Politi- cians, which at once brought him fame. This was followed by the Blind Fiddler (1807, National Gal- lery, London), Alfred in the Neatherd's Cottage (1807), Card Players (1807), and Rent Day (1808). In 1809 he was elect- ed an A.R.A., and in 1811, R.A. In the latter year he painted the Village Festival (National Gallery, London). These works are full of character, well composed, and carefully drawn, but they are thinner in colour and less highly finished than the Blind Man's Buff (1812, Buckingham Pal- ace), Distraining for Rent (1814), Duncan Gray (1814), Rabbit on the Wall (1815), Penny Wedding (1818), Reading the Will (1820, New Pinakothek, Munich), Chelsea Pensioners (1821), Parish Beadle (1822, National Gallery, London), and the High- lander's Home (1825), all of which belong to his middle and best period, in which the influence of the Dutch and Flemish mas- ters is conspicuous. In 1814 Wilkie visited Paris, in 181G Holland, and in 1817 Scot- land, where he was entertained at Abbots- ford, and painted his group of Sir Walter Scott and his Family. In 1832 he exhib- ited John Knox preaching before the Lords of the Congregration (National Gallery, London), one of his most esteemed pictures in his second manner ; and in 1835 a series of Irish subjects, a portrait of Queen Ade- laide, for the Bodleian Library at Oxford, and that of William IV., by whom he was knighted in 1836, for Waterloo Chapel at Windsor. In 1825 Sir David again went to Paris, and visited also Italy, Germany, and Spain, returning to London in 1828.
In 1840 he went to the East for his health, but grew worse in the following year, and dying on shipboard in Gibraltar Bay he was buried at sea. In his third manner, the re- sult of his Italian and Spanish studies, Wil- kie aimed at Venetian effects of colour, and produced pictures less esteemed than those of an earlier time in which subject, concep- tion, and technical treatment are in har- mony. Other works : The Bagpiper (1813), Newsmongers (1820), Wooded Landscape (1822), The First Ear-Ring (1834), National Gallery, London ; John Knox dispensing the Sacrament at Calder House, Pitlessie Fair, Portrait of his Sister, National Gal- lery, Edinburgh ; Cotter's Saturday Night (Moore sale, 1872, 590 guineas) ; Only Daughter (do., 630 guineas) ; Errand Boy (Knowles sale, 1864, 1,050 guineas) ; Cut Finger ; Sunday Morning ; Jews -Harp ; Pedlar ; Village School ; Maid of Saragos- sa ; Guerilla Council of War ; Monks in Cathedral of Toledo ; Columbus at La Rt't- bida ; and many portraits. Most of his
pictures have been engraved. — Cunning- ham, Life (London, 1843) ; Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc, ficole anglaise ; F. de Conches ; Mollet, Biog. Great Artists ; Heaton, Works of Sir D. W. (London, 1868) ; Painters of Georgian Era, 49 ; L' Artiste (1882), ii. 97 ; Sandby, i. 336.
WILLAERTS, ABRAHAM, born at Utrecht in 1613 (?), died there in 1671 (?). Dutch school ; marine and portrait painter, son and pupil of Adam Willaerts, then stud- ied under Jan Bylert, arid in Paris under Si-
mon Vouet ; master of the guild at Utrecht in 1624. Works : Portrait of an Admiral,
432
WILLAERTS
Amsterdam Museum ; Family Group (1659), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Coast Views with Tower (1653, 1662), Brunswick Museum ; Storm near Eocky Coast (1653), Liechten- stein Gallery, Vienna. — Immerzeel, iii. 236; Kramm, vi. 1863.
WILLAERTS, ADAM, born in Antwerp in 1577, died in Utrecht before 1662. Dutch school ; landscape, marine, and genre painter, especially of coast and harbour scenes, enlivened with numerous character- istic figures ; also burning ships, houses and villages, markets and festive scenes. Mentioned as member of the guild at Utrecht in 1611, among the managers in 1620-37, as still living in 1649, as dead in 1662. Works : Two Sea Battles, Utrecht ; Festival at Tervueren, Antwerp Museum ; Attack of Dutch Fleet in Battle of Gibral- tar (1639), Sea Fight between Spanish and Dutch Galleys, Haarlem Museum ; Mouth of the Meuse (1633), Rotterdam Museum ; Two Sea Battles, Utrecht Museum ; Fight near Coast between the Dutch and Spanish (1641), Copenhagen Gallery ; Embarking of Troops on Dutch Canal (1624), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Marines in Arenberg Gallery, Brussels ; in Museums and Galleries of Ber- lin (1635), Augsburg, Dresden (1620), Gotha, Frankfort (1638), Madrid (1627), Vienna (Museum, 1631 ; Liechtenstein Gallery, 1616). By his son, Isaac, who was a mem- ber of the guild at Utrecht in 1637, and its dean in 1666, is a River View in the Rotter-
I
dam Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 235 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 261 ; Kramm, vi. 1863 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 179 ; Rooses (Reber), 419.
WILLE, AUGUST VON, born at Cassel in 1829. Landscape painter, pupil of Dtts- seldorf Academy in 1847-53 ; lived for sev- eral years at Weimar, then settled at Diisseldorf ; his pictures are of poetical
conception, and well supplied with fine ar- chitecture and many figures, executed with great technical skill. Works : Planning of Erection of Monastery (1859), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Luther's Arrival at the Wart- burg by Moonlight, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Park Landscape ; Elizabeth's Well at the Wartburg ; Gate of the Wart- burg ; Feeding the Dogs ; Woodland Scene with Huntsmen ; Inner Court of the Wart- burg with Luther's Arrival ; Tavern Life in Seventeenth Century ; City Hall at Bingen ; Peasant and Antiquary ; Testing Wine in Convent Cellar ; Street in Marburg ; Burn- ing of Diisseldorf Academy. — Dioskuren (1861-65) ; Kunst-Chrouik (1870-77) ; Mul- ler, 558 ; Wiegmann, 383.
WILLEBORTS. See Bos^haert.
WILLEMS, FLORENT, born at Liege, Jan. 8, 1823. Genre painter, pupil of Mechlin Academy ; studied especially the old Dutch masters, and attracted attention as early as 1840 ; the great success of his picture, exhibited in Paris in 1844, induced him to settle there. Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1846 ; 1st class, 1855, 1867, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1853 ; Officer, 1864 ; Commander, 1878 ; Officer of Order of Leopold, 1851. Works : Visit to Young Mother (1844) ; Musical Party ; The Widow ; Visit of ilaria de' Medici to Rubens ; Guard Room ; Woman by Spinning- Wheel (1850), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Auction (1851), Ra- venc Gallery, Berlin ; Three Ages of Man ; Engagement Ring ; Silk Mercer's Shop in 1660 (1855), Napoleon HI; Adorning the Bride, Brussels Museum ; Presentation of the Future, The Widow (1863) ; Going Out, L'Accouchee (1864) ; Aux Annea de Flandre (1877) ; Lady with Lap-Dog, Czer- nin Gallery, Vienna ; Page with Dog, Paint- er before Easel, Museum Fodor, Amster- dam. Works in United States : Victor of Crossbowmen (1844), John G. Johnson, Philadelphia ; J'y etais ! Sealing the Love Letter, Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, ib. ; Judgment of Paris, Mrs. T. A. Scott, ib. ; Good News, W. B. Bement, ib. ; Artist, August Belmout,
WILLEES
New York ; Departing for the Promenade, Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib. ; Plucking the Eose, Israel Corse, ib. ; Betrothal Ring, Mrs. Paran Stevens, ib.; Female Figure, T. A. Havemeyer, ib. ; Waiting Maid, Robert Hoe, ib. ; Mirror, John Hoey, ib. ; At the Window, C. P. Huntington, ib. ; Revery, R. L. Stuart Collection, ib.; La Bague, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Important Response, Health of the King, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Read- ing, J. W. Garrett, ib. ; Morning Walk, H. O. Gibson, Philadelphia; The Letter, W. Mason, Taunton, Mass. ; Love Letter, Charles Crock- er, San Francisco ; Music Lesson, Morgan sale, New York (1886), $1,255.— Dioskuren, 1863-66; D. Kunstbl., 1853-57; Immer- zeel, iii.
WILLERS, ERNST, born at Oldenburg in 1804, died in Munich, May 1, 1880. Landscape painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Schirmer ; went afterwards to Rome, where he was long allied with Josef Anton Koch ; thence he visited Sicily and twice Greece ; finally settled at Munich. His works, recalling the heroic landscapes of Koch and the ideal style of Karl Marko, are of grand conception and poetical colour- ing. Among the best are : The Acropolis at Athens, Temple of Jupiter, ib. ; View of the Piraeus and Isles, Acrocorinth, View near Palermo, Grand Duke of Oldenburg ; Valley of Egeria near Rome, Grand Duchess of Weimar ; The Acropolis at Athens, Schack Gallery, Munich ; Outlook towards the Sea from Chigi Park near Ariccia. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 1011 ; Schack, Meine Gemaldesammlung, 213.
WILLIAM, ST., TAKING THE MONAS- TIC HABIT, Guercino, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 10. William, Duke of Aquitaine, having determined to renounce the world, presents himself, at the head of his warriors, before St. Felix, and puts on the monastic habit ; above, in clouds, the Virgin and child sustained by an angel, and at left, SS. Peter and Paul. Painted about 1620 for S. Gregorio, Bo- logna ; carried to Paris in 1796 ; returned
in 1815. A masterpiece of Guercino's first period. Engraved by G. Trabalesi ; G. Mi- telli ; G. Tomba. — Landon ; Musee, xii. PL 54 ; Pinac. di Bologna, PL 48 ; Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., iii. 2 ; Lavice, 3.
WILLIAMS, EDWARD, born in Lam- beth, London, in 1782, died at Barnes, June 24, 1855. Son of Edward Williams, engraver, and pupil in painting of his maternal uncle James Ward ; then apprenticed to Mr. Hil-
St. William taking the Monastic Habit, Guercino, Bologna Gallery.
Her, carver and gilder, but finally devoted himself to miniature and landscape painting. For many years his favourite subjects were moonlight scenes, and later the scenery of the Thames. His six sons were all painters. Work : Landscape with Figures by Moon- light, National Gallery, London.- — Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 347.
WILLIAMS, FREDERICK DWIGHT, born in Boston ; contemporary. Landscape and figure painter. Studio in Paris.
434
WILLIAMS
Works : Scene at Pont Nien, Shepherdess and her Flock, The Marne, Farmyard at Fiuistere (1878) ; Autumn Day — France, Fifine and her Geese (1881). His wife, Sirs. L. Lunt Williams, paints figure and cattle pieces. Work : Mange Done ! (1884).
WILLIAMS, HAYNES, born at Worces- ter, England, in 1834. Genre painter, pupil of the Art School in Birmingham ; went to Spain in 1862, and has since painted many Spanish subjects, exhibiting in the Royal Academy in 1870 his Desesperados y Ines- perados. Works : Prayers for One Wound- ed (1872) ; A los Toros (1873) ; Billeted, El Saludad (1874) ; Modern Occupants of An- cient Homes, ArsLonga — Vita Brevis (1877); Foundlings in Spain in 1790 (1878) ; Con- gratulations (1879); The Stepmother (1880) ; His First Offence (1881) ; The Sermon (1882) ; Gleam of Sunshine (1883) ; Called to Court, At the Fountain, Going to the Fountain (1884) ; Benediction, Interruption in the Dance (1885) ; Cellini awaiting an Inter- view with Franyois I. (1886). — Meynell, 185.
WILLIAMS, ISAAC L., bom in Phila- delphia in 1817. Landscape and portrait painter, pupil in Philadelphia of John R Smith and John Neagle. Visited Europe in 1866-67. Member of the Philadelphia Academy. Work : View near Meriden— Conn., October (1876).
WILLIAMS, PENRY, born at Merthyr Tydvil, Glamorganshire, about 1798, died in Rome, or Wales, February, 1886 (?). Land- scape and subject painter ; exhibited at Royal Academy first in 1824 ; went to Italy in 1827, and thenceforth resided in Rome, whence he sent many pictures to England. Works : Procession to the Christening (1832) ; Ferry on the Nynfa (1835) ; Madonna del Arco (1837); H Voto or the Convalescent (1842); The Fountain— Mola diGaeta(1849); Rustic Toilet (1853) ; Neapolitan Peasants at Fountain (1859), National Gallery ; Mass for the Reapers in the Campagna (1860) ; Italian Mother and Child (1861).— Art Jour- nal (1864), 101 ; Portfolio (1886).
WILLIAMSON, JOHN, born in Scot- land in 1826, died at Glenwood, N. Y., May 28, 1885. Landscape painter, taken to America when a child. Associate of the National Academy, New York, in 1861. Works : Passing Shower— Connecticut Val- ley (1869) ; Hook Mountains (1870); Return of the Hunters (1871) ; Reminiscence of Berkshire County (1873) ; After the Storm —Blue Ridge (1877) ; In the Mohawk Val- ley, Sugar Loaf Mountain (1878); Palisades —Hudson River (1879) ; Lovers' Walk- Glen Lea (1880) ; Trout Fishing— Catskill Mountains (1881) ; Long Years Saw Mill — Ulster County, N. Y. (1883).
WILLICH, CASAR, born at Frnnken- thal, Bavaria, in 1825. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Jacob Schlesinger (1793-1855), then in Mu- nich (1846) of Karl Schorn ; lived in Swit- zerland in 1848-49, went in 1850 to Ant- werp, studied there for several years, then for three years in Paris under Couture ; visited Italy in 1858, stayed chiefly in Rome until 1861, when he settled in Munich. Works : Tribunal during Time of Witches' Trials, H. Weseudonk, Zurich ; Psyche with the Ointment Box ; Sleeping Nymph and Faun ; Resting Amazon and Deer ; Young Gypsy Girl with Lizard ; Nymph Fishing ; Portrait of Richard Wagner. — Dioskureu (1866-68) ; Mailer, 559.
WILLMANS, MICHAEL, born at Kon- igsberg in 1629, died at a country-seat near Leubus, Silesia, Aug. 26, 1706. Ger- man school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of his father Peter Willmans ; went early to Holland, where he formed himself under Jacob Backer and Rembrandt ; after his return he worked at KGuigsberg, Prague, Breslau, and Berlin, and was made court painter by the Great Elector. Works : Rape of Europa (1679), Schwerin Gallery ; Por- trait of a Boy, Dresden Museum. — Schlie, 697.
WILLROIDER, JOSEPH, born at Vil- lach, Carinthia, in 1838. Landscape paint- er, self-taught from 1860 in Munich and
436
WILMAETH
during travels in Bavaria, the Austrian Alps, and Holland ; his pictures show great feeling for the picturesque in their composition, masterly treatment of trees, and clear col- ouring. Lives in Diis- seldorf. Order of Ba- varian Crown, 1884. Works: Wood Land- scape on Lake Ossi- ach, Wood Interior, View in Upper Ba- varia, View on a Lake, View near Munich, On the Elbe, Carinthian Landscape, Walk to Emmaus (1879) ; Meteorological Station in Carinthia (1882) ; Dies ine, Munich Art Union. His brother and pupil, Ludwig (born at Villach in 1845), is also a landscape painter of merit ; lives in Munich, where he has done much towards reviving interest in the art of etching, and is honorary member of the Academy. — Allgem. K. C., viii. 48 ; Dioskuren (I860) ; Kunst-Chronik, xxi. 62 ; Kunst f iir Alle, i. 184 ; Miiller, 560 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., x. (Mittheilungen, iii. 75).
WILMAKTH, LEMUEL EVERETT, born at Attleborough, Mass., Nov. 11, 1835. Genre painter, pupil of the Pennsylvania Academy in Philadelphia ; studied at Mu- nich under Kaulbach in 1859-62, and in 1864 at the £cole des Beaux Arts, Paris, under Gerome. In 1870 professor of the National Academy free schools ; elected an A.N.A. in 1871, and N.A. in 1873. Studio in New York. Works : Sparking in the Olden Time (1864); Little Pitchers have Big Ears (18G5) ; An Afternoon at Home (1871) ; Guess what I've brought you? (1873) ; In- gratitude (1875) ; Study of Peaches (1877) ; Pick of the Orchard (1880) ; Who Wins may Wear (1883); Jack's Return, Please may I keep Him ? (1884) ; Country Artist (1885).— Sheldon, 110.
WILMS, JOSEF, born at Bilk, near Diis- seldorf, Aug. 2, 1814. Still-life and genre painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy un- der Schadow and Theodor Hildebrandt ; vis-
ited Strassburg in 1848 and Amsterdam in 1862. Works: Peasant Still-Life (1834), National Gallery, Berlin ; Student enriched by Heritage (1838); Punch Service by Lamp- light (1840) ; Boar's Head (1841) ; Squirrel (1842); Revolution inPainter'sStudio(1851); Miinchhausen (1856) ; Breakfast with Cham- pagne.— Miiller, 560 ; Wiegmaun, 410.
WILS, JOHANNES, born probably at Haarlem, died there before 1670. Dutch school ; landscape painter, entered the guild at Haarlem in 1628, and was one of the mas- ters of Berchem, who married his daughter. His rare works are compared to those of Jan Booth and Jacob Ruisdael. Works : Moun- tainous Wood and River Landscape, Chapel in the Forest, Schwerin Gallery. — Schlie, 697.
WILSON, RICHARD, born at Pinegas, Montgomerys h i re, Aug. 1, 1713, died at Llanberris, Carnar- vonshire, May, 1782. Landscape painter, pupil for six years of Thomas Wright, a London portrait painter of little ability. After painting portraits with some success, he went, in 1749, to Italy, where, by advice of Zuccarelli, he de- voted himself to landscape painting. Re- turning home in 1755, he was disappointed to find that his classic style was not appre- ciated by the public. Though unfavoured by fortune, he continued the struggle, and in 1760 his ability attained some slight rec- ognition when his picture of Niobe was ex- hibited at the Society of Artists, of which he was a member ; yet he never became popular, and died in comparative indigence, a disappointed man. Long after his death the popular taste became educated to his standard, and he is now regarded as one of the greatest of English landscape painters. Wilson was one of the original members of the Royal Academy, and in 1776 was ap-
430
WILT
pointed its librarian. "Works : Villa of Mro- ceuas at Tivoli, Destruction of Niobe's Chil- dren, Lake Avernus, On the River Wye, and other landscapes, National Gallery, London ; Apollo and the Seasons, River Dee, Grosven- or House ; View of Tivoli, Dulwich Gallery ; Landscape, Earl of Wemyss ; Italian Land- scape, R. C. L. Bevau ; Landscape with Mill, Rev. W. H. Wayne; Italian Land- scape, River Scene with Figures, National
Gallery, Einburgh.— Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Red- grave ; Wright, Life (London, 1824) ; Cun- ningham ; F. de Conches, 179 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole anglaise ; Sandby, i. 106 ; Portfolio (1872), 82.
WILT, THOMAS VAN DER, born at Piershil, Holland, Oct. 29, 1659, died at Delft in 1733. Dutch school. Genre paint- er, pupil of Jan Verkolje at Delft, where he was repeatedly one of the trustees of the guild in 1690-1714. His works show also the influence of Ter Borch and Ochtervelt. In the Berlin Museum is one of his princi- pal works : Lady and two Gentlemen at Game of Draughts. — Kramrn, vi. 1870 ; Meyer, Gem. kongl. Mus., 536.
WINDSOR BEAUTIES, Sir Peter Lely, Hampton Court Palace, England ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft 4 in. each. Portraits of beauties of the Court of Charles H., so called because they were formerly hung in the queen's bedchamber at Windsor Castle. All of them are three-quarters lengths, in landscapes, and all of one type — bare-head- ed, with hair arranged in coquettish curls on the forehead, short sleeves, and with draperies disposed in graceful negligence, freely exposing the busts. Lely painted eleven originally : 1. Barbara Villiers, Duch- ess of Cleveland, as Minerva ; daughter and heiress of Viscount Graudisou and wife of Roger Palmer, afterwards Earl of Castle- maine. 2. Frances Stewart, Duchess of Richmond ; daughter of Captain Walter Stewart and wife of Duke of Richmond. 3.
Mrs. Jane Middleton, daughter of Sir Roger Needham. 4. Elizabeth Wriothesley, Count- ess of Northumberland ; daughter of the Earl of Southampton and wife of Joscelin, Lord Percy ; married second, Ralph, Lord Montague, but retained her first title. 5. Anne Digby, Countess of Sunderland ; daughter of the Earl of Bristol and wife of Robert Spencer, Earl of Suuderland. 6. Elizabeth Bagot, Countess of Falraouth ; daughter of Colonel Hervey Bagot, wife of Lord Falmouth and afterwards of Lord Dorset. 7. Elizabeth Brooke, Lady Den- ham ; daughter of Sir William Brooke and wife of Sir John Denham, the poet. 8. Frances Brooke, afterwards Lady Whitmore ; sister of Elizabeth Brooke and wife of Sir Thomas Whitmore. 9. Henrietta Boyle, Countess of Rochester ; daughter of Rich- ard, Earl of Cork and Burlington, and wife of Lawrence Hyde, afterwards Earl of Rochester. 10. Eliza Hamilton, Countess de Gramont, as St. Catherine ; sister of Count Anthony Hamilton and wife of the Chevalier de Gramont. 11. Madame d'Or- leans. This picture is lost. — Law, Hist Cat. Hampton Court, 56 ; Mrs. Jameson, Beauties of Court of Charles H. ; Hamilton, Memoires du comte de Gramont ; Pepys's Diary.
WINGE, MARTEN ESKTL, born in Stockholm, Sept. 21, 1825. History paint- er, pupil of Stockholm Academy, where ho took the first prize in 1857 ; then studied in Diisseldorf, and under Couture in Paris ; went to Rome, and returned in 1803 via Munich to Sweden ; became member of Stockholm Academy and court painter in 1864, and professor in 1867. Works : Kraka (1862), Hjalmar and Orvar Odd (1865), Loke and Sigyn, Thor's Fight with the Giants (1868), Stockholm Museum ; In- geborg, Gothenburg Museum ; Olof Tryg- gvesson and Sigrid Storrada at Konghiill ; Christ on Mount of Olives ; Resurrection ; Descent from the Cross. His wife Hauna, nee Sengelin (born Dec. 4, 1838), is a good genre painter, pupil of Boklund and of Stockholm Academy. — Mtlller, 561.
437
WINGHE
WINGHE (Wingen), JODOCUS (Joost) VAN, born in Brussels in 1544, died in Frankfort in 1603 or 1605. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter ; went early to Borne, where he lived four years at a car- dinal's ; after his return became painter to the Prince of Parma, and in 1584 went to Frankfort, meeting there and in Hanau with great success. Works : Banquet and Masquerade, Amsterdam Museum ; Portrait of Patrician Lady, Stiidel Gallery, Frank- fort ; Lot and his Daughters, Gotha Muse- um ; Apelles painting Campaspe (2), Vienna
Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 239 ; Kramm, vi. 1871 ; Michiels, vi. 465.
WINNE, LIEVIN DE, born in Ghent in 1821, died in Brussels, May 13, 1880. Por- trait painter of great excellence, pupil of Felix Delvigne. Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1861 ; 2d class, 1863 ; 1st class, 1878 ; at Brussels, and London, at the principal ex- hibitions from 1860. L. of Honour, 1865 ; Officer, 1878. Works: Portrait of King Leopold I., Brussels Museum ; Prince of Arenberg ; Count of Flanders ; Paul De- vigue ; Felix Delvigne ; Emile Breton ; Fir- rnin Rogier ; Duchess of Arenberg ; Minis- ter Frere-Orbau, etc. — Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), iii. 255; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 240.
WINT, PETER DE. See De Wint, Peter.
WINTER, HEINRICH, born at Frank- fort in 1843. Landscape and animal paint- er, pupil of Jacob Becker at the Stiidel Institute ; was induced in 1868, by Adolf Schreyer, to visit Hungary, where he studied the different breeds of horses on the large plains. After his return he took part in the campaign of 1870-71 as a volunteer, and in 1874 visited the East. Works: Rendez- vous ; Horse Thieves ; Transportation of French Prisoners through Loigny ; Prison-
ers and Wounded Soldiers on a Waggon in the Snow.— Kaulen, 191 ; Miiller, 561.
WINTER, LOUIS DE, born at Antwerp, March 23, 1819. Landscape and marine painter, pupil at Antwerp Academy of Ja- cobus Jacobs and of Jan Baptist de Jonghe. Travelled in France and Germany. Gold medal, Brussels, 1854. Order of Leopold, 1861. Works : Fishermen throwing out their Nets by Moonlight (1853), Ghent Mu- seum ; Coast View by Moonlight (1856), Raveno Gallery, Berlin ; Crossing a Ford ; View in the Ardennes ; Sunset ; Moonlight Scenes and Marines.
WINTER, Nicolas Poussin. See Deluge. WINTERHALTER, FRANZ XAVER, born at Mengenschwand in the Black Forest, April 20, 1806, died in Frank- fort, July 8, 1873. Por- trait and genre painter, pupil of Munich Acad- emy and of Stieler ; went in 1828 to Carlsruhe, where he was made court painter ; spent several years travelling in Italy, Spain, Belgium, and England, and in 1834 settled in Paris, where for more than thirty years he was the por- trait painter par excellence of royalty and of the aristocracy, especially of women. Med- als : Paris, 1836, 1837, 1855 ; L. of Hon- our, 1839 ; Officer, 1857 ; Order of Red Eagle, 1861 ; Wtlrtemberg Crown Order, Commander Order of Francis Joseph, and many others. Works : Roman Genre Scene, Portrait of Grand Duke Leopold of Baden, Carlsruhe Gallery ; do. of Grand Duchess Sophie (1828) ; Mile. Tascher de laPagerie ; Louis Philippe and his Queen ; Princes and Princesses of Orleans ; King Leopold of Belgium and Queen ; Royal Family of Eng- land ; Queen Isabella of Spain ; Emperor and Empress of Russia ; do. of Austria ; do. of Mexico ; King and Queen of Prussia ; do. of Wtlrtemberg ; Napoleon HI. and Eu- genie ; Italians in a Landscape, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Maiden of Ariccia (1835) ; Dolce
438
WISLICENUS
far uiente, Decameron (1836) ; Fisherman's Family in Mid-day Sun ; Scene at a Well near Naples ; Florinde (1852), William H. Webb, New York ; Queen Maria Christina of Spain (1841), Marshal Count Sebastian (1841), Queen Victoria (1842), Duchess of Kent, Versailles Museum. — Bellier, ii. 724 ; Kunst-Chronik, viii. 835 ; Laud und Meer (1873), ii. 902 ; Meyer, Gesch., 390 ; Nagler, xxi. 546.
WISLICENUS, HERMANN, born at Eisenach, Sept. 20, 1825. History paint- er, pupil of Dresden Academy under Ben- demann and Schnorr ; went in 1853 to Rome, where he was allied with Cornelius and other prominent mas- ters ; after his return in 1857 he lived ten
years in Weimar, became professor at the Art School there in 1866, and at the Dils- seldorf Academy in 1868. Works : Abun- dance and Poverty (sketch for curtain in Royal Theatre), Dresden Gallery ; Myth of Prometheus, History of Hercules, Leip- sic Museum ; The Four Seasons (1876-77), National Gallery, Berlin ; Night and its Retinue ; Charity (1857) ; Fancy borne by Dream -Gods, Schack Gallery, Munich ; Ger- mania keeping Watch on the Rhine (1874). In fresco : Religious Subjects, Grand-Ducal Chapel, Weimar ; Cornelia — Mother of the Gracchi, Brutus condemning his Sons, Stair- case of Roman House, Leipsic ; Cycle from History of German Empire (1879- ), Kai- serhaus, Goslar. — Jordan (1885), ii. 244 ; Kunst-Chronik, it. 376 ; nil. 23 ; xix. 155 ; xx. 4 ; MiiUer, 562 ; Reber (Pecht), ii. 218 ; iii. 326 ; Schack, Meine Gemiildesammlung (1884), 186 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ii. 181.
WISNIESKI, OSKAR, born in Berlin, Dec. 3, 1819. Genre painter, pupil of Ber- lin Academy ; visited North Italy, and re- peatedly Paris. Paints scenes after poets and from history, especially fine costume
pictures of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Works : Sophie Charlotte and Leibnitz in Park of Ldtzelburg ; Lady Pat- roness and the Village Poor ; Dance in Open Air ; Wolf Hunt ; Return Home, Page and Country Maid (1881), National Gallery, Berlin.— Jordan (1885), ii. 245.
WISSING, WILLIAM, born in Amster- dam in 1656, died at Burleigh, near Stamford, England, Sept. 10, 1687. Portrait painter, pupil at The Hague of Dodaens, then studied iu Paris, and lastly in London (1680) under Lely, whose manner he imitated. After Le- ly's death he became the fashionable rival of Kneller, and was appointed by James II. his principal painter. Among his sitters were the Royal Family and the Duke of Monmouth, and he was sent by the King to Holland to paint William and Mary, then Prince and Princess of Orange. Works : Lord Cutts, Duke of Monmouth, Prince George of Denmark, Mary of Modena, Mary IL, National Portrait Gallery, London. — Redgrave ; Feuillet de Conches, 62.
WIT, JACOB DE, born in Amsterdam in 1 6 95, died there in 1754. Dutch school ; h i s t ory and portrait paint- er, pupil of Al- bert van Spiers and of Jacob van Halen, but formed himself chiefly by study of Rubens and Van Dyck. Painted children with much success, and excelled in repre- senting white marble and other substances en grisaille. His knowledge of anatomy and of perspective enabled him to depict the most difficult foreshortenings on his ceilings in the most natural manner. Works , Ceiling and Wall Paintings, Town Hall, Amsterdam ; Allegory on Science, Museum, ib. ; Sketch for a Ceiling (1744), Haarlem Museum ; Faith, Hope and Charity (1743), Minerva and Four Children, Rotter-
439
WITHE RINGTON
dam Museum ; Portrait of Isaac Newton, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Four Seasons, two oth- ers, Cassel Gallery ; Children with Attri- butes of the Chase (1753), Dresden Gallery ; Cupid as a Hunter, Allegory on Science and Art (1748), Children's Bacchanal (2, 1748), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Groups of Chil- dren at Play (2, 1752, 1754), Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Ch. Blanc, Iilcole hollan- daise ; Immerzeel, iii. 240 ; Kramm, vi. 1873 ; Van den Branden, 1212.
WITHERINGTON, WILLIAM FRED- ERICK, born iii London, May 26, 1785, died there, April 10, 1865. Student in 1805 in schools of Royal Academy ; painted landscapes with figures and rustic figure subjects ; works thoroughly English and pleasing. Elected A.R A. in 1830, and R.A. in 1840. Works : The Stepping Stones, The Hop Garland, National Gallery ; Hop Garden, South Kensington Museum. — Red- grave ; Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Saudby, ii. 164.
WITHOOS, MATHIAS, bom at Amers- foort in 1627, died at Hoorn in 1703. Dutch school ; still-life painter, pupil of Jan van Campen ; in company of Otto Marseus van Schrieck he went to Italy, where lie painted rich compositions of flowers and plants, with butterflies, spiders, snakes, etc., for Cardi- nal de' Medici. Works : View of the Vatican and St. Peter's, Schwerin Gallery ; Roman Park Landscape (1671), Meutz Museum. Jan, Pieter, and Frans, sous of Mathias, and his daughter Alida, all painted similar subjects. — Immerzeel, iii. 243 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 523 ; Burger, Musc'es, ii. 320 ; Schlie, 698.
WITT, JOHN HARRISON, born in Dublin, Wayne County, Ind., May 21, 1840. Genre and portrait painter. Began to study art in Cincinnati in 1862 ; first exhibited in the National Academy in 1868. Elected an A.N.A. in 1885. Works : Afternoon Nap, Rags (1880) ; Queen of the Day, Dreaming of the Future (1881) ; Out-Door Luxury, One More Spring (1882) ; At Home, Dis- graced (1883) ; A Clammer's Home, Hookey (1884) ; Writing to Santa Claus (1885) ; Por- trait of Lady and Horse (1886).
WITTE, EMANUEL DE, born at Alk- maar in 1607, died in Amsterdam in 1692 ; Dutch school ; architecture painter, pupil at Delft of Evert van Aelst, but formed his style rather on Aelbert Cuyp ; master of guild at Alkmaar in 1636, at Delft in 1642 ; settled in Amsterdam before 1650. At first painted portraits and historical subjects, afterwards devoted himself exclusively to interiors of churches and other perspective views, and brought this branch of art to the same perfection as Ruisdael did that of landscape, and Willem van de Velde that of marine painting. With correct drawing he combined a masterly treatment of chiaros- curo, and a touch of admirable impasto. His figures are always carefully drawn and are introduced with picturesque effect. Works : Church of Delft, Church Interior (1685), Brussels Museum ; Church Interior (2), Am- sterdam Museum ; Fish Market at Amster- dam (1672), Rotterdam Museum ; Church Interiors (2, one dated 1667), Synagogue of Amsterdam (1680), Berlin Museum ; Inte- rior of Gothic Church (1656), Brunswick Gallery ; do., Gotha Museum ; do. (2, 1667, 1668), Weimar Museum ; others in Kunst- halle, Hamburg (2, one dated 1656), Schwe- riu Gallery, Stockholm Museum ; Czernin Gal- lery, Vienna ; Ro than Gal- lery, Paris ; National Gal- lery, London. — Ch. Blanc,
hollandaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 244 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 512.
WITTE, GASPAR DE, bom at Antwerp, baptized Oct. 5, 1624, died there, March 20, 1681. Flemish school ; landscape paint- er, son and pupil of Pieter de Witte (1586 -1651), went early in life to Italy, thence to France, and returned to Antwerp in 1651, when he became master of the guild. Works : La bonne aventure (1667), Christ healing the Blind (1671), Antwerp Museum ; Wood- land Scene, Lille Museum ; Mountain Land- scape with a Castle, Aschaffenburg Gallery ;
440
WITTE
Interior of Gothic Church, Gotha Museum ; ' Landscape with I turns of Aqueduct, Muse- um, Vienna ; Rocky Wood Landscape with Fishermen, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; An- tique Buildings, Turin Gallery. — Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 143 ; Booses (Beber), 412 ; Van den Branden, 1062.
WITTE, PEETEB DE, called Candido, born in Bruges about 1548, died in Munich in 1628. Flemish school ; history painter ; went early to Italy, and in Florence made the acquaintance of Vasari, who took him to Borne and employed him as his assistant there and later in Florence. In 1578 he entered the service of Duke Albert V., and after that prince's death that of William V. of Bavaria. As court painter to the next duke, Maximilian I., he made most of the designs for the decoration of his newly built palace, and painted several ceilings in it. He exerted considerable influence up- on art in Munich. Works: Holy Family adored by Angels, Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; Madonna with Saints, Oldenburg Gallery ; Hunt, Falcon Chase, Fishing, Daughter of Jephtha, two portraits, Schleissheim Gal- lery ; King David playing the Harp, Baron Miuutoli's Collection, Schloss Fridersdorf, Silesia ; Death of St. Ursula, Holy Family, do. with St. Stephen, Vienna Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 244 ; Kramm, vi. 1878 ; Kug- ler (Crowe), i. 242 ; Bee, Peter Candid und seine Werke (Leipsic, 1885).
WITTKAMP, JOHAN BEBNABD, born at Biesenbeck, Westphalia, Sept. 29, 1820. History painter, pupil in Rotterdam of Wil- lem Hendrik Schmidt, then of Antwerp Acad- emy under DeKeyser ; visited France, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany in 1853. Medals at Brussels (1845), The Hague, Bruges, Lon- don. Honorary Member of Amsterdam and Philadelphia Academies. Works: The Dutch passing the Winter on Nova Zembla in 1596 (1845) ; The Jailer (1850), Ghent Mu- seum ; Arrival of Hugo Grotius at Bostock (1851) ; Return of the Dutch from Nova Zembla (1854) ; King Lear ; Borneo and Juliet ; John Parricida's Flight over the
Alps; The Women of Crcveccour (1857); Cruelty of Duke Adolphus of Gueldres to his Father (1860); Parisina (after Byron, 1876).— D. Kunstbl., 1852, 1853; Mttller, 563.
WITTMEB, JOHANN MICHAEL, bom at Murnau, Bavaria, Oct. 15, 1802, died in Rome, May 9, 1880. History painter, pu- pil of the Munich Academy under Longer ; went in 1828 to Borne, whence he visited Naples in 1831, and accompanied the Crown Prince Max in 1833 on a tour to Naples, Sicily, Malta, Corfh, Greece, Constantino- ple, and Smyrna. He lived afterwards alto- gether in Borne, but visited Germany in 1844 and 1858. Works : Christ Crucified (1826); Two Altarpieces (1827) ; Bebekah at the Well, Burial of St. Catherine (1828); Hngar (1829) ; Healing of the Blind (1830) ; Sweet Waters in Asia (1835) ; ^Esop telling his Fables ; Autiochus and Stratonice, Homer, Flight into Egypt, Six Oriental Views, Cof- fee-House in Smyrna, Birth of St. John (1843) ; Procession of Pius IX. to the Lateran (1846) ; Blessing the Children (1848) ; Ma- donna (1849); Coronation of Virgin (1858); St. Ann with Virgin, St. Joseph, St. Igna- tius (1861); Maria Immaculata (1866); Bur- ial of St. Catherine (1851), Birth of St. John (1862), Adoration of the Shepherds, New Pinakothek, Munich. — Andresen, ii. 288 ; Kunst-Chronik, xv. 627 ; xxi. 218 ; Cotta's Kunstbl., 1829^3.
WLEUGHELS, NICOLAS, bom in Paris, baptized Dec. 11, 1668, died in Rome, Dec. 5, 1737. Flemish and French schools; his- tory and genre painter, son and pupil of Philippe Wleughels (born at Antwerp about 1622, died in Paris, buried March 23, 1694, pupil of Cornelis Schut) ; then studied un- der Pierre Mignard, went to Italy in 1694, and after a sojourn of two years in Borne and Venice returned to Paris, where he was received into the Academy in 1716. Ap- pointed director of the French Academy in Borne in 1724, and while there made chev- alier of the Order of Saint Michel. He was very intimate with Watteau, and his works
441
WOENSAM
were engraved by such masters as Jeaurat, Charles Simoneau, Larmessin, Tardieu, Su- rugue, and Cochin. Although his compo- sition and colouring often suggest the in- fluence of the Venetian school, he followed on the whole the untrue mannerism of his epoch. "Works : Apelles painting Campaspe (1716), Chateau de Compiegne; Vulcan pre- senting to Venus the Arms for .ZEneas, Tou- louse Museum ; The Levee, Evening Toilet, Valenciennes Museum ; Christ in the House of Simon (1727), Marriage at Cana (1728), Schleissheim Gallery ; Visitation of Mary (1729), Holy Family, Hermitage, St. Peters- burg.— Ch. Blanc, ficole flamande ; Fetis, Les Artistes beiges, ii. 226 ; Jal, 1302 ; Memoires inedits, i. 354 ; Michiels, ix. 302.
WOENSAM (Wonsam), ANTON, called Anton von Worms, flourished in Cologne about 1528-61. German school ; the only painter from the Lower Rhine in whose rare pictures the influence of Albrecht Diirer is perceptible. This master drew well, and was not without a certain feeling for beauty. Works : Carthusian Monks under the Cross, Taking of Christ (1529), Museum, Cologne ; Madonna, St. Severinus' and St. Ursula's, ib. ; do., Darmstadt Gallery; Last Judg- ment, Berlin Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), i. 229 ; Merlo, 517 ; W. & W., ii. 491.
WOLF, AUGUST, born at Weinheim, Baden, April 22, 1842. History painter, pupil in Carlsruhe of the art school, and of Hans Canon ; went in 1868 to Dresden, and copied there a Madonna by Titian, and the portrait of Charles I. by Van Dyck, which procured for him a commission from Count Schack, to copy in Venice the princi- pal works of the Venetian masters for his gallery in Munich ; this task, performed with a singular understanding for the in- dividuality of those masters, occupied him for ten years in Venice, where he still lives. Among his original works are : Banquet at Murano in 16th Century ; Apollo among the Muses ; The Three Parcte ; Old Vene- tian Wedding Procession ; Resurrection, in the Burial Chapel of the Schack Family,
Schwerin. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 975 ; Schack, Meine Gemaldesammlung (1884), 290.
WOLF HUNT, Rubens, Ashburton Col- lection, London ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 1 in. x 12 ft. 5 in. Three figures mounted, two of them portraits of Rubens and Isabella Brandt, and five on foot, attacking two wolves and three foxes. Painted in 1612 for the Spanish General Legranes; inher- ited by Count Altamira, Madrid ; taken to Paris, returned in 1815 ; purchased (1824) by Smith, picture dealer, for 50,000 francs. Engraved by Soutman ; Van der Leeuw. Replica (6 ft. 7 in. x 9 ft. 2 in.), Methuen Collection, Corsham House, England. — Waa- gen, Treasures, ii. 102 ; Smith, ii. 273.
WOLF, JOHANN ANDREAS, born in Munich in 1652, died there, April 9, 1716. German school ; history painter, pupil of his father, Jonas Wolf, an obscure painter, and of the sculptor Ableitner ; took Schon- feld and Karl Loth for his models, and afterwards studied especially copies after Raphael's works. Works : Artist's Portrait, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; St. Rupert, Met- ropolitan Church, ib. ; Death of St. Joseph, St. Joseph's Hospital Church, ib. ; Immacu- late Conception, Church of the Holy Ghost, ib.; Communion of the Virgin, The Virgin on the Globe, Schleissheim Gallery ; St. An- drew, Freising Cathedral. — Nagler, xxii. 51.
WOLFAERTS. See Wol/ordt.
WOLFE, DEATH OF, Benjamin West, Grosveuor House, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x 7 ft. Battle at Quebec, 1759. General Wolfe, lying on the ground in the agonies of death, supported by several officers, and surrounded by others in various attitudes expressive of grief, is told of his victory by soldiers running from left, where the battle is still raging ; in foreground, an Indian sitting on the ground. In this picture West repudiated the traditions of the clas- sical school and dressed his characters in the costume of the period represented. Painted in 1771. Engraved by Woollett. Replica at Hampton Court ; several others.
442
WOLFFORDT
— Ch. Blanc, iScole anglaise ; Law, Hist. Cat. Hampton Court, 102 ; Reveil, xiv. 992. WOLFFORDT, ARTUS, born at Ant- werp in 1581, died there in 1G41. Flemish school ; history painter ; entered in 1G03 the guild at Dordrecht, whither he had been taken when three months old ; in 1616 was received into the guild at Ant- werp. Enjoyed great reputation in his I time, and Van Dyck painted his portrait. Works : Flight into Egypt, Repose in !
-69), in Tyrol and North Italy (1858, 1860, 1867), in Austria and Hungary, and the art centres of Germany. Works : Barbara Cor- ner in Breslau (1857), Breslau City Hall (1859), City Gallery, Breslau ; Liuneu House at Breslau (1861), City Hall, ib.; St. Mary Magdalen's (1867), and Interior of St. Vin- cent's, (1869), National Museum, ib.
WOLFVOET, VICTOR, the younger, born in Antwerp, baptized May 4, 1612, died there, Oct. 23, 1052. Flemish school ;
Death of Wolfe, Benjamin West, Grosvenor House, London.
Egypt, Madrid Museum. His son, Jan Bap- tist (born at Antwerp in November, 1625), was a good landscape painter ; he went ear- ly to Italy, and afterwards settled in Hol- land. By him is a Mountainous Landscape with Animals, in the Rotterdam Museum.— Rooses (Reber), 379 ; Van den Brandeu, 632.
WOLFL, ADALBERT, born at Franken- stein, Silesia, May 9, 1827. Architecture and landscape painter, pupil in Breslau of Ernst Resch, but principally self-taught dur- ing travels on the Rhine and Moselle (1858
| history painter, son and pupil of Victor Wolfvoet, the elder, then pupil of Rubens. Master of Antwerp guild in 1644. Works : Visitation (163!)), St. James', Antwerp ; Head of Medusa, Dresden Gallery. — Kranirn, vi. 1883 ; Rooses (Reber), 318 ; Van den Bran- den, 798.
WOLGEMUTH (Wohlgemuth, Wolge- mut), MICHAEL, born in Nuremberg in 1434, died there, Nov. 30, 1519. German school ; history and portrait painter. After receiving instruction in art, probably from his father, he, like other apprentices, spent
443
WOLGEMUTH
three years in wandering about Germany and the Netherlands, and then settled at Nuremberg, where he first appears as a cit- izen in 1474. He opened a large stu- dio, or rather work- shop, in which he and his numerous ap- prentices painted re- ligious pictures to or- der, and made designs for such wood-cuts as those which fill the pages of the famous " Chronicle of Nuremberg." Bather a skil- ful mechanic than an artist, Wolgemuth's
on the Cross, Coronation of the Virgin, Pieta, last three with portraits of donors, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Death of the Vir- gin, Cologne Museum ; four altar wings with Resurrection (1465), Crucifixion, Mar- riage of St. Catherine, Departure of the Apostles, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Pe- ringsdorffer Altar (1488), Christ on Mount of Olives, Crucifixion, Portrait of Old Man with Felt Hat, do. of Canon Schdnborn, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Portraits of Ursula Tucher (1478) and Elizabeth Tucher (1499), Cassel Gallery ; two por- traits of same family, Weimar Museum ; Portraits of Man and Wife (1475), Amalien- stif t, Dessau ; Old Man's Portrait, Liechten-
Woman taken in Adultery, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre.
fame rests more upon the fact that he had Al- brecht Diirer as his pupil than upon his ar- tistic work. The pictures attributed to him are very unequal in merit, probably because many of them were for the most part paint- ed by his assistants. The best show con- siderable dramatic feeling, and are painted in clear, strong colour. Works : Christ be- fore Pilate, Louvre ; Entombment, Christ
stein Gallery, Vienna ; The Three Magi, Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Altarpiece (1479) in Church of the Virgin, Zwickau ; do. (1506 -08) in Church at Schwabach ; four scenes from Childhood of Christ, Twelve Sibyls, Figures of Emperors (about 1500), City Hall, Goslar ; Pilate washing his Hands, and Crucifixion, Liverpool Institution. — Ch. Blanc, £cole allemande ; Kugler (Crowe), i.
444
WOLTZE
148 ; do., Kl. Schriften, ii. 28 ; Kunst-Chro- nik, xxi. 218 ; Nagler, xxii. 29 ; Schnaase, viii. 382 ; Thausing (Eaton), Ddrer, i. 62 ; W. & W., ii. 119 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xii. 1, 38 ; xiv. 390 ; xviii. 1G9.
WOLTZE, BERTHOLD, born at Havel- berg, Brandenburg, in 1829. Genre paint- er, pupil of Berlin Academy, where be won the grand prize in 1854 ; studied in Rome in 1855-56, then visited Paris and the Netherlands. Works : Moses striking the Rock (1854) ; The Oath (1873) ; Into hos- tile Life ! (1874) ; Scene of Accident in the Mountains (1874) ; Dangerous Operation ;
riage. — Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musee, L PL 53 ; Smith, viii. 51 ; Re veil, xiii. 899.
By Rembrandt, National Gallery, London ; wood, arched, H. 2 ft 8J in. x 2 ft. 1J in.; signed, dated 1644. Fifteen principal and many subordinate figures. The woman in tears, bending on one knee on the summit of steps in a temple, is confronted by her accusers before Christ, who wears a robe of tawny yellow ; among the group stands a Roman soldier ; in background, a splendid altar, with priests and worshippers. Collec- tion of Burgomaster W. Six (1734) ; taken to England in 1807 and bought in at Chris-
Woman taken in Adultery, Tintoretto, Dresden Gallery.
Hurrah, Napoleon Caught ! Gypsy Woman in Prison ; Stoppage of Payment ; When the Workmen Strike.
WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 6 ft. 4 in. In a public place, decorated with fine buildings, the woman, in tears, kneels before Christ, who stands surrounded by Scribes and Pharisees ; at right, three per- sons ; at left, five persons ; in background, a woman with a child in her arms. Painted in 1653 for M. Le Notre ; Collection of Louis XTV. Engraved by G. Audran ; C. M. Vermeuleu ; G. Fonbonne (1709) ; Ma-
tie's at 5,000 guineas ; sold to J. J. Anger- stein (1807), .£6,000 ; bought for National Gallery at Anger-stein sale (1824). Engraved by Burnet ; De Frey ; G. H. Philips (1835). — Vosmaer, 192, 468 ; Smith, vii. 47.
By Rubens, Leigh Court, England ; wood, H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 7 ft. 4 in. Five principal and seven subordinate figures, seen to knees, rather more than life-size. Woman in cen- tre, with Christ at her right hand, and a corpulent priest and a tall Pharisee on the other side, probably not intended for Luther and Calvin, as has been suggested. The other principal figure is said to be a portrait
445
WOMAN
of Rubens's master, Otto Venius. Said to Lave been painted for family of Van Knyf at Antwerp ; in Collection of Canon Van Knyf, Antwerp, in 1780 ; bought at Henry Hope sale (1816), for £2,000 ; bought in at Leigh Court sale (1884), for £1,785. En- graved by Mile. Simons and Tassaert ; Car- don, in Tresheim's British Gallery ; Brom- ley, in Forster Gallery. — Waagen, Treasures, iii. 181 ; Smith, ii. 223.
By iSmile Signal, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 3 f t. 8 in. The woman kneels in contrition at right, at the base of a fluted column, her face buried in her hands ; at left, Christ, standing, indi- cates her with his left hand while turning to speak to her accusers, who are not seen. Salon, 1840.
By Tintoretto, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. G ft. 2 in. x 11 ft. 8 in. Christ, seated in the Temple, turns towards the left, where the woman, surrounded by her accusers, is standing ; at right, another group, and in the background many people entering through an arched doorway. Painted for the Counts Vidmarie ; afterwards in Prague Gallery, whence obtained in 1748. En- graved by Philip Andrew Kilian.
By Titian (?), lately in S. Afra, Brescia ; canvas, half-lengths, life-size. Christ turns to address one of the Pharisees, whilst the woman, surrounded by her accusers, to right, bends before him ; in distance, a grove and a temple ; in foreground, to left, two figures standing, probably portraits of members of the family for whom the picture was painted. Probably by Giulio Campi. Engraved by Sala. Copy in Tadini Collec- tion, Louvre. The original in S. Afra has lately passed into private hands.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 437.
WOMAN WITH PAN, Rembrandt, Buck- ingham Palace ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5£ in. x 2 ft. 8f in.; signed, dated 1641. A lady seen to knees, with light hair, in a black silk robe attached in front by black ribbons over a yellow bodice, and point lace kerchief and ruffles, a pearl necklace and bracelets, a dia-
mond brooch and a tiara, standing at a win- dow, with a splendid fan in her right hand. Bought byNieuwenhuys in Holland in 1814 ; sold to Lord Charles Townsend for 1,000 guineas ; at his sale (1819) purchased for the king at 720 guineas. Engraved by J. P. Quilley. — Smith, vii. 164 ; Vossmaer, 460.
WONDER, PIETER CHRISTOFFEL, born at Utrecht, Jan. 10, 1780, died at Am- sterdam, July 13, 1852. Genre and por- trait painter ; formed himself by study from life and after the works of famous masters, then in Diisseldorf (1802-1804), where he copied after the antique and the works of Rubens and Van Dyck. After his return he rapidly acquired reputation with portraits and genre scenes treated in the manner of the old Dutch masters, and represented by lamp or candle light. In 1823-31 he lived in London. Gold medal, Amsterdam, 1817 ; member of Amsterdam Academy. Works : The Time (1810), Amsterdam Mu- seum ; Herring Seller, Rotterdam Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 248 ; Kramm, vi. 1884.
WOOD, GEORGE B., JR., born in Phila- delphia in 1832. Genre and still-life paint- er, pupil of the Pennsylvania Academy, of which he is a member. Works : Freddy Flechtenstein's Shop ; Early Spring, Interi- or of Mr. Childs's Private Office, G. W. Guilds, Philadelphia ; Philadelphia Library, George Whitney, ib. ; Hunter in Luck ; Summer (1879) ; Interior (1881) ; Chip Gatherer in Dry Dock (1882).
WOOD, THOMAS WATERMAN, born in Montpelier, Vt., Nov. 12, 1823. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of Chester Harding in Boston ; studied in Paris in 1858-60, and visited Italy and Switzerland. He painted in Louisville and Nashville before opening a studio in New York in 1867. Elected an A.N.A. in 1869, and N.A. in 1871. Works: Contraband, Recruit, Veteran, Village Post- Office (1867), Charles Stewart Smith, New York ; Every Man his own Doctor, T. B. Clarke, ib.; No Smoking Here !, H. B. Hurl- but, Cleveland ; Quack Doctor (1879) ;
446
WOODFORDE
Joint Investment, G. N. Moore, Louisville ; Strictly Confidential (1880) ; Uncle Ned and 1(1882); Neglecting Trade (1883) ; Portrait of Professor Torrey (1884), Vermont Uni- versity ; The Difficult Text, The Jack-o'- Lantern (1885) ; Putting on Airs, The Se- cret (1886). Water-colours : Dull Times (1879) ; Sunday Morning, Poor White, Charles Stewart Smith, New York ; Think- ing it Over, Cup that Cheers (1881) ; Local Reporter (1883) ; First Business Venture, Good Night ! (1884).— Sheldon, 109.
WOODFORDE, SAMUEL, born at Castle Gary, Somersetshire, in 1703, died at Bo- logna, Italy, July 27, 1817. Portrait and history painter ; student at Royal Academy in 1782, and in Italy in 178G ; elected an A.R.A. in 1800, and R.A. in 1807. Among his principal works are : Calypso lament- ing the Departure of Ulysses, Diana and Nymphs, Charles I. taking leave of his Chil- dren, and Spanish Shepherd and Dog. — Sandby, i. 328.
WOODS, HENRY, born at Warrington, Lan cashire, April 23, 1846. Genre painter ; pupil of Warrington and South Kensington Art Schools ; be- came a magazine illustrator, and was long attached to the London Graphic; in 1876 accompa- nied his brother-in-law, Luke Fildes, to Ven- ice and has since remained there. Elected an A.R.A. in 1881. Works : Street in Ven- ice, Sunshine (1877) ; Convalescent (1878) ; Venetian Ferry, Street Life in Venice (1879) ; Three Venetian Sketches (1880) ; At the Foot of the Rialto— Venice, Gondolier's Courtship (1881); Bargaining for an Old Master (Hoi- brook Gaskell, London), Venetian Fan Seller (1882) ; Preparation for First Communion (1883) ; In the Sun, Zucca Seller in Venice, II mio Traghetto, Venetian Cloisters (1884) ; Cupid's Spell (1885) ; Choosing the Summer
Gown, Water-Wheels of Savassa (1886).— Art Journal (1886), 97.
WOOL-CARDER, Jean Francois Millet, Mrs. Parau Stevens, New York. A woman seated, carding wool ; on each aide, a bas- ket of wool ; in background, a spinning- wheel. Painted in 1862 ; Salon, 1863.
WOOTTON, JOHN, born (?), died in Lon- don, January, 1765. Pupil of John Wyck (died 1702), battle painter ; began as a paint- er of race-horses at Newmarket, and later ex- ecuted landscapes and hunting scenes. His horses are well drawn and spirited, but his landscapes are coarse. Works at Blenheim, Althorp, Ditchley, and other country houses. — Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 341.
WOPFNER, JOSEF, born at Schwaz, Tyrol, March 19, 1843. Genre and land- scape painter, pupil of Piloty in 1869-72, having for years endured great hardships as apprentice to house painters in Munich. In 1872 he first began his studies from nature at the Chiem Lake, whither ho has since returned every summer, and which has furnished the motives for his finest pro- ductions. Works : Wood Interior ; School Children frightened by Boar ; Procession on Stamberg Lake ; Fugitive Alsacians look- ing back upon their Burning Village ; Hansl and Gretl ; Rtlbezahl ; Sehneewittchen ; Diiumling ; Das Lachspassen ; Ave Maria (25 times) ; Going to Baptism ; Going to Communion ; Fishermen Family on Chiem Lake ; Pursuit of Poachers on Chiem Lake (1884).— Allgem. K. C., viii. 222, 531 ; ix. 877 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1886), i. 187 ; Kunst- Chronik, xviii. 419 ; xix. 631, 659 ; xx. 279 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 74.
WORLD, CREATION OF THE, Raph- ael. See Raphael's Bible.
WORMS, ANTON VON. See Woensam.
WORMS, JULES, born in Paris, Dec. 16, 1832. Genre painter, pupil of Lafosse. Has travelled in various countries, especial- ly in Spain. Medals: 1867, 1868, and 1869 ; 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1876. Works : Field Forges, Dragoon courting Nurse (1859) ; Arrest for Debt (1861) ;
447
WORNDLE
Fountain in Burgos (1863), Laval Museum ; Tavern in the Asturias, Departure of Smug- glers (1865) ; Kitchen in Valencia, Race in Valencia (1866) ; Scene in Old Castile (1867) ; Romance a. la Mode (1868), Luxembourg Museum ; Welcome Visitor, Precocious Tal- ent (1869) ; Selling a Mule, Box of Letters (1870); Sheep-Shear- ing in Granada (1872) ; An Aunt by Succes- sion (1873); Little Cabinet-Maker (1874); Sensational News, One's Vocation (1875) ; Dancing the Vito in Granada, Going to the Review (1876) ; Fountain of the Bull in Granada (1877), Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York ; Distracted Barber, Every Age has its Pleasures (1878) ; Pastoral Tournament (1879) ; Before the Alcalde (1880) ; Public Writer (1882) ; Politicians (1883).— Bellier, ii. 725 ; Larousse.
WORNDLE VON ADELSFRIED, AU- GUST, born in Vienna in 1829. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works : Journey of the Magi with their Retinue, Vienna Museum ; Jacob and Rachel at the Well (1860) ; Hannibal crossing the Alps ; Count Starhemberg on the Earthwork (1871). In fresco : The Stations, Arcades of Ceme- tery, Innsbruck ; Scenes in Life of Christ, Chapel of Castle Ambras, near Innsbruck.
WORNDLE VON ADELSFRIED, ED- MUND, born in Vienna in 1827. Land- scape and figure painter, brother of pre- ceding, pupil of Vienna Academy under Steinfeld and Thomas Ender, and much in- fluenced by Fuhrich ; went in 1855 to Pal- estine, then studied for a year and a half in Italy, and settled at Innsbruck in 1859. Many of his works are in private collections there, and several are in possession of the Im- perial family. Keen observation of nature and strong contrast of colouring are the main features of his pictures, and he is equally happy in the representation of the
sunny south and the grandeur of his native glaciers. Works : Eight Tyrolese Views in tempera, Savings Bank, Innsbruck ; Orvi- eto, Ideal Eastern Landscape with Samson and the Lion, Ferdinandeum, ib.; Castle Tyrol, Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria ; Apollo among the Shepherds ; Orpheus in Erebus ; Multiplication of the Loaves ; Christ and the Woman of Samaria ; Par- cival Cycle (18 cartoons, 1883). — Allgem. K. C., viii. 398, 720.
WOROBIEFF, MAXIME NIKIFORO- VICH, born in 1787, died in St. Peters- burg in 1855. Architecture and landscape painter, pupil of Schtschedriu and of Alexe- jeff ; visited the East and Italy, and became professor at St. Petersburg Academy in 1825. Works : View of Moscow (1818), Interior of Armenian Church in Jerusalem, Interior of Church of Golgotha (1824), Sub- terranean Church at Bethlehem (1833), Her- mitage, St. Petersburg ; View of Constanti- nople ; The Neva Quay in a Summer Night. — Cotta's KunstbL, 1842 ; Raczynski, iii. 538.
WOUNDED, SALUTING THE (Salut aux blesses), fidouard Detaille, Samuel Hawk Collection, New York ; canvas. A convoy of German prisoners, on foot, pass- ing a French general and his escort, mount- ed, on the highway ; the latter salute the captives with military politeness, the offi- cers by raising their caps, the cuirassiers by the ordinary gesture. Painted in 1875 by commission from Mr. Samuel Hawk from a sketch submitted by the artist. This sketch, also in Hawk Collection, represents French prisoners escorted by helmeted Ger- mans, but the artist finally changed the re- spective uniforms out of regard to the feel- ings of his friends, who objected to sending to America a painting of French prisoners. At Detaille's request, the picture was re- turned to France for exhibition in the Sa- lon of 1877 ; but the objection was again raised that it would be ridiculous to exhibit in public a scene representing German pris- oners, so the artist redressed the captives
448
WOUTERS
with water-colours as Austrians, making the picture an episode of Solferino. On return- ing the canvas to Mr. Hawk, these water- colours were washed away, and the picture remains now as originally painted. — Art Treasures of America, ii. 25.
WOUTERS, FRANS, born at Lierre, Brabant, baptized Oct. 2, 1612, died in Ant- werp in 1659. Flemish school ; history and landscape painter, pupil of Pieter van Avont and of Rubens ; master of Antwerp guild in 1634 ; went soon after to Germany, where we find him in 1637 as court painter to Fer- dinand tt, with whose ambassador he went to England and there became painter to the Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles H.; had returned to Antwerp in 1641, and was dean of the guild in 1649. Works : Dance of Amorettes, Hampton Court Gallery ; Pro- metheus Bound, Nude Figure with Gar- land, Lille Museum ; Venus and Adonis, Copenhagen Gallery ; Sacrifice to Priapus, Royal Palace, Berlin ; Two Landscapes, Cas- sel Gallery ; Conflagration in Dutch City, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Rape of Europa, Gotha Museum ; Diana Hunting (1630), Vi- enna Museum. The two pictures, in the same museum, representing St. Joachim and St. Joseph, formerly ascribed to him, are by Magdalena Woutiers, of Mous, Hainault, who ' flourished in the first half of the 17th cen- tury.— Immerzeel, iii. 248 ; Michiels, viii. 192 ; Rooses (Reber), 319 ; Van den Bran- den, 805.
WOUWERMAN (Wouverman), JAN, born in Haarlem, baptized Oct. 30, 1629, died there, buried Dec. 1, 1666. Dutch school ; landscape painter, brother of Phil- ips Wouwerman, entered Haarlem guild in 1655. He painted hilly landscapes, views of canals, and wide plains, with strong colour- ing and light effects, and enlivened them by figures and animals. Very few of his pictures exist, and several are probably at- tributed to Jan Wynants, whose manner his own closely resembles. Works : Landscape with Horsemen, Arenberg Gallery, Brus- sels ; View in Haarlem, Haarlem Muse-
um ; Hilly Landscape, Rotterdam Museum ; Rocky Ravine with Figures, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; The Halt, New York Mu- seum.—Burger, Mus6es, ii. 303 ; Dohme, Iii.; Van der Willigen, 341.
WOUWERMAN, PHILIPS, born in Haar- lem, baptized May 24, 1619, died there, May 19, 1668. Dutch school; land- scape, genre, and animal painter, first instructed by his father Pau- wels Joosten, then pupil of Jan Wynants, whose
influence is traceable in his backgrounds. He introduced groups of horses, hunts, sol- diers, in the manner of Pieter van Laer, but with far more variety. His figures and ani- mals are well drawn and animated, and the general tone is tender and harmonious. He painted nearly eight hundred pictures, including many repetitions of the same motive. In his first style the brown tone, heavy race of horses, and angular drawing of figures remind one of Pieter van Laer. His second style is distinguished by the pure golden tone and slender build of horses, and the third by the prevalence of a dull silvery tone. Works : Belle Laitiere, Interior of Stable, Fishwomen on Seashore, Gathering Faggots, Landscape, Stag Hunt, Skirmish, Two Vedettes on Watch, National Gallery, London ; Two Horsemen and Lady, Coup de Pistolet, Farmer attacked by Robbers, Hawking Party, sis others, Buckingham Palace, ib.; three in Bridgewater Gallery, ib. ; Ferine au Colombier, four others, Lord Ashburton, ib. ; Hawking Party, Huntsmen halting before Inn, Mr. Hope, ib. ; Horse- Fair, Grosvenor Gallery, ib. ; Horseman with Hounds, Inn with Tents, Mr. Baring, ib.; Racing for the Herring, four others, Mr. Holford, ib.; Riding Party, Hawking Party, Alfred de Rothschild, ib. ; Woman and Child
WOUWERMAN
on a Hill, three others, Mr. Neeld, ib.; six in Dulwich Gallery ; Procession of Boeuf Gras, Start for Chase, Stag Hunt, eleven others, Louvre, Paris ; Start for Hunt, Milk- ing the Goat, Brussels Museum ; Chariot a, Foin, Battle-Piece, seven others, Hague Mu- seum ; Peasants' Brawl, Biding School, Far- rier, ten others, Amsterdam Museum ; Sol- diers Plundering, Equestrian Portrait, Rot- terdam Museum ; Horsemen by a Sluice, Basle Museum ; Destruction of English Fleet in 16G7, Musce Rath, Geneva ; Fal- coners, Seaport, Battle, nineteen others, Cassel Gallery ; Ascension, Brunswick Gal- lery ; Landscapes (2), Hamburg Gallery ; Stag Hunt, Halt before Inn, Copenhagen Gallery ; Riding School, Halt of Hunting Party, four others, Berlin Museum ; Stag Hunt, Battle of Nordlingen, Pillage, Water- ing Place, twelve others, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Annunciation to Shepherds, St. John Preaching, sixty-four others, Dresden Gallery ; Travellers Attacked, four others, Museum, Vienna ; others in Academy, Liech- tenstein (7), Czernin (2), and Harrach Gal- leries, ib. ; nine in Stockholm Museum ; forty-nine (3 dated 1650, 1653, 1656), Her- mitage, St. Petersburg ; ten in Madrid Mu- seum ; others in Galleries and Museums of Aschaffenburg, Christiania (2), Frankfort (5), Gotha (3), Hamburg (3), Leipsic (3), Oldenburg, Schleissheim (2), Schwerin (6), Stuttgart (3), Worlitz (2), Turin (3) ; Moltke Collection, Copenhagen (4) ; Historical So- ciety, New York (5) ; Landscape (£74), Skirmish of Cavalry (£320), Storming of a Town (£450), Blenheim sale, London, 1886. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise, Bur- ger,Musees,i.l26, 258 ; ii. 96 ; Doh-
^'j.. . j'raffiei._
zeel, iii. 249 ; Kramm, vii. 167 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 430 ; De Stuers, 187 ; Van der Willigen, 338 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 48 ; x. (Mittheilungen, iii. 44) ; xii. (Mit., v. 35).
WOUWERMAN, PIETER, born in Haar- lem, baptized Sept. 13, 1623, died in Am-
sterdam, buried May 9, 1682 (?). Dutch school ; landscape, genre, and animal paint- er, pupil of his father Pauwels Joosten and of his brother Philips, whom he probably assisted in his pictures, the great number of which could otherwise hardly be explained. Lived in Amsterdam about 1662, and proba- bly also in Paris about 1664. Though he never attained the silvery tints and brilliant colouring of his brother, whose pictures he often copied, many of his works pass under the latter's name. Works : View of Porte de Nesle, Louvre, Paris ; Riding School, Museum, Brussels ; Falcon Chase, Stag Hunt, Arenberg Gallery, ib. ; Assault on a City, Hunting Party, Amsterdam Museum ; Kirmess, Haarlem Museum ; Broken Milk- Pot, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Mowers, Stag Hunt, Bargaining for Fish, Rotterdam Museum ; three, Cassel Gallery ; View of Pont Neuf, Horseman and Beggar Woman, Hunting Booty, Brunswick Gallery ; View of Paris, Castle on the Cliff, Gallery, Copenhagen ; Military Camp, Combat between Polish and Swedish Horsemen, Moltke Collection, ib. ; Hunters Resting, Huntsman on Horseback, Stockholm Museum ; Siege of Fortified Town, Berlin Museum ; six in Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; others in Galleries and Museums at Augsburg, Gotha (2), Olden- burg, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, New York ; Czernin Gallery, Vienna ; Uffizi, Florence. — Ch. Blanc, £cole hollandaise ; Dohme, Iii. ; Van der Willigen, 340.
WRAGE (JOCHIM) HINRICH, born at Hitzhusen, Holstein, March 12, 1843. Land- scape painter, first instructed by an obscure painter at Kiel, then pupil of Oswald Ach- enbach at the Diisseldorf Academy, whence he made study trips to Copenhagen, Hol- land, Antwerp, and Brussels. After a winter spent at the art school in Weimar he visited the Isle of Sylt, went in 1871 to Munich, studied in the Bavarian Alps and in Tyrol, then went to Italy and Sicily, and in 1875 to Berlin, where he studied figure painting at the Academy. Since 1879 he has lived at Gremsmtihlen in Holstein.
450
WRIGHT
WRIGHT, GEORGE FREDERICK, born in Washington, Conn., Dec. 19, 1828, died in Hartford, Jan. 29, 1881. Portrait paint- er ; after studying in a studio and in the life school of the National Academy in New York, he settled in Hartford and painted portraits for five years ; then studied two years in Europe, chiefly in Munich under Albert Griifle, but partly in Rome. He painted at various times at Springfield, HI., and in other Western and Southern cities, but worked principally in Hartford, Conn. Among his portraits are many of the gov- ernors and other prominent men of Illinois and of Connecticut, and he was one of the first, if not the first, to paint Abraham Lin- coln. He was an excellent colourist.
WRIGHT, JOSEPH (Wright of Derby), born at Derby, England, Sept. 3, 1734, died there, Aug. 29, 1797. Went in 1751 to Lon- don, and studied under Thomas Hudson, the master of Reynolds ; became at first a por- trait painter, but afterwards devoted him- self chiefly to landscape and genre subjects. Was in Italy in 1773-75, and made many sketches of flame effects, especially in an eruption of Vesuvius, and with lights in the caves at Capri. In 1775 he became a stu- dent in the Royal Academy ; in 1781 he was elected an A.R.A., and in 1784 R.A., but de- clined, though he continued to send pict- ures to the exhibitions. In landscape he was almost equal to Richard Wilson, and in portraiture he was a near rival of Gainsbor- ough. Works : The Air-Pump (17G5), Na- tional Gallery, London ; The Orrery, Cor- poration of Derby ; The Alchemist ; The Forge ; Miravau ; Girl with Doves ; Boys with a Bladder, William D. James, Esq.; The Gladiator ; The Captive ; Old Man and Death, Sir Henry Wilinot, Bart.; Edwin (Beattie's " Minstrel "), Lord Houghton ; Maria (Sterne's "Sentimental Journey"), William Bemrose, Esq.; Antigonus in the Storm (" Winter's Tale "), Haskett Smith ; Eruption of Vesuvius ; Belshazzar's Feast ; Head of Ulleswater ; Dead Soldier. — Red- grave ; Ch. Blanc, licole anglaise ; Art Jour-
nal (1883), 205 ; Wm. Bemrose, Life of Jo- seph Wright (London, 1886).
WRIGHT, JOSEPH, born at Borden- town, N. J., July 16, 1756, died in New York in 1793. Portrait painter ; taken in 1772 by his mother, a noted wax-modeller, to London, where he was aided by Benjamin West and by John Hoppuer, who married his sister. He visited Paris in 1782, and returned to America the following year and painted General and Mrs. Washington for Comte de Solms. In 1787 he lived in New York, but in 1790 he followed Congress to Philadelphia, and in 1792 was appointed die- sinker to the newly-established mint He painted Mr. Madison and other noted men. Work : Portrait of John Jay (1786), Histor- ical Society, New York. — Dunlap, L 312.
WRIGHT, JOSEPH MICHAEL, born in Scotland about 1625, died in London about 1700. Pupil of George Jamesone ; went to England when about sixteen years old, and soon won reputation as a portrait painter ; afterwards lived several years in Italy, and was elected in 1648 a member of the Acad- emy of St. Luke, Florence. Painted many persons of distinction, among them Prince Rupert and the Judges of Guildhall. At Hampton Court is a portrait by him of Lacy the actor (1675). His nephew, of the same name, was educated in Rome and be- came a famous portrait painter in Ireland. — Redgrave.
WRIGHT, RUFUS, born in Cleveland, O., in 1832. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of the National Academy and of George A. Baker in New York. Has paint- ed in New York, Washington, and Brook- lyn ; elected member of the Brooklyn Acad- emy in 1866. Ideal works : Inventor and the Banker, Morning Bouquet (1876) ; Thank you, Sir ! (1877) ; Concerned for his Sole (1878) ; Feeding the Birds (1880) ; Portraits of Chief Justice Taney, Secretaries Seward and Stanton, Isaac H. Read, and others.
WTE-WAEL. See Uitewael.
WUCHTERS (Wugters), ABRAHAM, born in Holland about 1610-15, died at So-
451
WUEST
roe, Denmark, in May, 1683. Dutch school ; history and portrait painter ; called to Den- mark in 1638 by Christian IV., and went there, probably in company with his brother- in-law, Karel van Mander, the younger ; was court painter for twenty-five years, then re- tired to Soroe. Works : Prince Waldemar Christian of Denmark, Male Portrait, Co- penhagen Gallery ; Female Portrait, Chris- tiania Gallery ; Portrait of a Jeweller (1644), Darmstadt Museum (?) ; Continence of Scipio, Konigsberg Museum (?) ; Christian IV. of Denmark, Vienna Museum. — Kramm, vi. 1883 ; Nagler, xxii. 122 ; Weilbach, 760.
WUEST, ALEXANDER, born in Amer- ica ; contemporary. Landscape painter in Brussels ; paints mountain views from Scan- dinavia and North America, with good col- ouring. Medals : Brussels and The Hague, 1866 ; Vienna, 1873. Works : Mountain Torrent in Norway, New York Museum ; The Catskills, New Haven Gallery ; Nor- wegian Waterfall ; Huntsmen on Sogne Fjord ; Life in Canadian Woods.
WULFFAEET, ADRIANUS, born at Ter Goes, Zealand, in September, 1804. History and genre painter, pupil of Ducq and of Bruges Academy, then studied in Paris (1829-32), and after his return won the first prize at Ghent. Works : Corps-de-Garde of Bruges (1831), Child leaving the Bath, Bruges Academy ; Venus at Grave of Adonis (1832) ; Foster Brothers (1838), Ghent Mu- seum ; Kirmess, Brussels Museum ; Death of Admiral Buy ter ; Waking and Sleeping ; Christ at Gethsemane ; Maria Consolatrix. His wife Clara, nee Eooman, is a good genre painter ; medal, Ghent, 1835, for Maternal Lesson. — Immerzeel, iii. 251.
WUNNENBERG, KARL, born in Diis- seldorf, Nov. 10, 1850. Genre painter, pu- pil of Diisseldorf Academy under Deger and Eduard von Gebhardt ; went in 1876 to Rome, and became professor at the Cassel Academy in 1882. Works : Praying Wom- an in Choir of Church ; In the Confession- al ; In the Park ; Lady with Kittens (1878); Centaur ; Old Italian Idyl.— Miiller, 567.
WURMSER, NICOLAUS, of Strassburg, 14th century. German school ; history painter, who came to Bohemia in 1348, en- tered the service of Charles IV. in 1359, and in the year following was appointed court painter. His figures are hard in tone, and weak in the extremities, but de- spite these defects his pictures are notable for independent thought, ideality, and pow- erful colour. Works : Scenes from the Apoc- alypse, Chapel of Burg Karlstein, near Prague ; Christ on the Cross, Vienna Mu- seum.— Kugler (Crowe), i. 38; do., Kl. Schriften, ii. 498 ; Schnaase, vi. 439 ; W. & W., i. 394 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1873), vii. 148 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, x. 366.
WURZINGER, KARL, bom in Vienna in 1817, died at Dobling, near Vienna, March 16, 1883. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy ; won the grand prize in 1845, and went to Rome in 1847, where he remained ten years ; afterwards became pro- fessor at Vienna Academy. Medals : Ber- lin, 1866 ; Paris, 3d class, 1867. Orders of Francis Joseph and of St. Michael. Works : Joseph explaining the Dream ; Death of King Ottokar (1847) ; Emperor Ferdinand H. refusing his Signature to the Protestant Delegation (1856), Vienna Museum ; Saul and David ; Count Starhemberg wounded at Siege of Vienna. — Mtlller, 567 ; Kunst- Chronik, xviii. 431.
WUST, (JOHANN) HEINRICH, born at Zurich, May 14, 1741, died there in 1821. Landscape painter ; for six years appren- ticed to a house painter, then went to Hol- land, destitute of means, and at Amsterdam was befriended by the portrait painter Ja- cob Maurer, of Schaffhausen, and the art patron Ploos van Amstel, who procured for him commissions there and in Rotterdam. After five years in Holland he spent two in Paris, and returned home in 1769, when his landscapes found immediately great favour. Works : Forest Idyl, Berne Museum ; Even- ing Landscape, two others, Zurich Gallery ; Moonlight, Huts and Oaks by a Brook, Aschaffenburg Gallery; Waterfall (1797),
452
\\TTKY
Landscape with do., Darmstadt Museum ; Two Landscapes, Stuttgart Museum. - Fttessli, Gesch. der besten Mai. in der Schweiz, iv. 180.
WUTKY, MICHAEL, born at Krems, Nether Austria, in 1739, died in Vienna in 1822. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Meytens in 1759, when he successfully followed historical painting, and won four prizes ; later went to Italy and, studying especially after Poussin and Claude Lorrain, soon established his repu- tation as an excellent landscape painter ; spent six years (1781-87), chiefly in Rome, returned to Vienna, and visited Italy again in 1805. Member (1770) of, and professor in, Vienna Academy. Works : Eruption of Vesuvius, Lake Avernus near Naples, Har- rach Gallery, Vienna ; Landscapes with Cat- tle, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; others in Johanneum, Gratz. — Nagler, xxii. 137.
WYANT, ALEXANDER H., born in Port Washington, O., Jan. 11, 1836. Land- scape painter ; went abroad about 18G6, be- came a pupil of Hans Gude in Carlsruhe, and student of the works of Turner and Constable in London. Exhibited first at the National Academy, New York, in 1865. Elected an A.N.A. in 1868 and N.A. in 1869. Studio in New York. Works in oil : A Storm (1861) ; Staten Island from Jersey Meadows (1867) ; Scene on Upper Susque- hanna (1869) ; Pool on the Au Sable (1871) ; View on Lake George (1875) ; Old Field, Morning— Essex County, N. Y., T. B. Clarke, New York ; New England Landscape (1878) ; Old Clearing (1881), Robert Gordon ; In the Township of Greenwich, Scene in the Adi- rondacks (1882) ; Anywhither (1883) ; Old Stubble -Field, Forenoon — Adirondacks (1884) ; Evening, Summer (1885) ; Sunset, Near Killarney (1886). Water-colours : Scene on Upper Little Miami (1867) ; New Jersey Meadows (1870) ; Sunset on the Prairie (1876) ; Reminiscence of the Con- necticut (1878).
WYCK, THOMAS, born at Beverwyck in 1616, died in Haarlem, buried Aug. 19, 1677.
Dutch school ; landscape, marine, and genre painter ; registered in the Haarlem guild in 1642, was its dean in 1660 ; studied chiefly in Italy, especially in the environs of Na- ples, where he made many sketches which he afterwards used for his coast views. Italian markets, charlatans, alchemists, etc., with palatial buildings in the background, were among his favourite subjects. He fol- lowed in one respect the style of Pieter de Laar ; but, although his pictures are good in composition, drawing, and execution, they are cold and heavy in colour. Works : Roman Ruin, Haarlem Museum ; Alchemist, Rustic Interior, Amsterdam Museum ; Wom- an and Children at Home, Rotterdam Muse- um ; Italian Seaport, Aschaffenburg Gal- lery ; do., Bamberg Gallery ; Alchemist (3), Cassel Gallery ; do., and Start for the Chase, Brunswick Gallery ; Lane in Italian Town, Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ; Italian Mountain Scenery, Christiania Gallery ; Italian Coast Views (3), Hamburg Gallery ; Scholar in his Study, Darmstadt Museum ; Alchemist (2), Italian Landscape, Dresden Gallery ; Ruins on Seashore, Old Building with Well, Museum, Vienna ; Seaport, Acad- emy, ib. ; others in Galleries and Museums at Augsburg, Copenha- gen (2), Frankfort (2), Innsbruck, Konigsberg, Leipsic, Munich, Schwe- rin (3), Stuttgart ; Her- mitage, St. Petersburg (3) ; Liechtenstein (3, one dated 1647), Czer- iiin (2), and SchOnbom (2) Galleries, Vienna ; Uffizi, Florence.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 252 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 454 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 373 ; Van der Willigen, 342.
WYLD, WILLIAM, born in London ; contemporary. Landscape and architecture painter ; studied mostly in travelling in It- aly, Spain, and Algiers, and settled in Paris. His water-colours are especially creditable. Medals : 3d class, Paris, 1839 ; 2d class, 1841 ; Legion of Honour, 1855. Works :
463
WYLIE
Bagneres de Bigorre ; View of Bayonne ; Elcantara in Algiers ; Milan Cathedral ; Piazetta in Venice ; Corso Vittorio Emanu- ele in Milan ; Strada Nuova in Genoa ; Street in Prague ; Forest Border near Tours, Ghent Museum ; Mont Saint-Michel (18C9), Luxembourg Museum ; Ideal Land- scape, Berne Museum ; Armenian Convent in Venice (1883); Sunset near Tarent (1884); Isle of St. George— Venice (1885) ; Palm- Trees of Bordighera, Bab-a-Zoun Street in Algiers (1886).
WYLIE, ROBERT, born in the Isle of Man in 1839, died in Brittany in 1877. Genre painter, brought to America when a child ; pupil of the Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia, by the directors of which he was sent in 1863 to France to study. Med- al : 2d class, Paris Salon, 1872. Works : Reading the Letter from the Bridegroom (1869); Breton Fortune-Teller (1872); Bre- ton Neighbours reading Hugo's '"93," D. H. McAlpine, New York ; Five Brittany Chil- dren, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Breton Group, Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, Philadelphia ; Mendi- cants in Brittany, Card-Players in Brittany, G. A. Drummond, Baltimore ; Death of a Vendean Chief (1876-77), Metropolitan Mu- seum, New York.
WYNANTS, JAN, born in Haarlem about 1615, died after 1679. Dutch school ; land- scape painter, whose pictures are character- ized by a certain prosaic truthfulness, fine aerial perspective, silvery toned backgrounds, and careful execution of details. Adriaan van de Velde, Lingelbach, and Wouwerman, also Barent Gael, Schellinks, and Helt- Stockade, supplied his foreground figures. Works : Landscapes (4), Sandbank in a River, National Gallery, London ; others in Buckingham Palace, and in collections of Lord Ashburton and Mr. Baring, ib.; For- est Border (1668), Landscapes (2), Louvre ; Landscapes (4), Brussels Museum ; do. (2), Antwerp Museum ; do. (2, 1659, 1675), Hague Museum ; do. (8, one dated 1669), Amsterdam Museum ; do. (8, three dated 1651, 1666, 1672), Munich Gallery ; do. (3),
Dresden Gallery; do. (2, one dated 1674), Vienna Museum ; do. (1666), Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; do. (2), Czernin Gallery, ib. ; do. (3) Schonborn Historical Society, ib.; do. (8, three dated 1656, 1675, 1679), . Hermitage, St. Pe- /**£ A 0 / tersburg ; others in
^^ Yf^y Augsburg, Copenha-
• -' gen (1660), Stock-
holm> Gotha (1661)> Aschaffenburg,
Darmstadt (1671), and Stadel (1671) Galleries. — I m m e r - zeel, iii. 253 ; Kramm, vi. 1891 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 463 ; Dohme, Iii. ; Burger, Musues, i. 138 ; Zeitschr. f . b. K, xiii. 63.
WYNFIELD, DAVID WELKIE, born in 1837. Grand-nephew of David Wilkie. History painter, pupil in London of J. M. Leigh ; exhibited first in 1859, Undine. Works : Meeting of Edward IV. and Eliza- beth Woodville (1863); Rival Queens (1864); Last Days of Elizabeth (1865) ; Death of Cromwell (1867) ; Cromwell's First Appear- ance in Parliament (1868) ; Rich Widow (1869); Communication of Importance (1870); Round the Fountain ; Confidences (1871) ; Arrest of Anne Boleyn (1872) ; The Ladye's Knight (1873); Visit from Inquisitors (1874); Queen Elizabeth and Essex (1875) ; New Curate, Market Morning (1876) ; David be- fore Saul, Discovery of Gold in Australia, Harvest Decorations (1877) ; Joseph and his Brethren, Sunny Hours (1878) ; Ruth and Boaz (1879) ; At Traitor's Gate (1880) ; Origin of the English Woollen Trade (1881); Royal Musician (1882) ; Courtship of Will- iam H. of Orange (1883); Last "On dit" (1884) ; Fall of Queen Elizabeth Woodville (1886).— Portfolio (1871), 84.
WYNTRACK, D., 17th century, born in Drenthe, Netherlands. Dutch school ; ani- mal and landscape painter ; very skilfully represented poultry, with which he often supplied the landscapes of Wynants and Ruisdael. His own landscapes are animated
454
WYTMAN
with birds true to nature. Works : Farm- yard, Louvre ; Interior of Dutch Kitchen, Hamburg Gallery ; Autumn Landscape, Christiania Museum ; Ducks in Landscape by Wynants (1671), Stadel Gallery, Frank- fort ; Two Village Views, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
WYTMAN, MATHEUS, born at Goriuch- em about 1650, died about 1689. Dutch school ; genre, landscape, and still-life paint- er, pupil of Hendrik Verschuuring and J. Bylaert in Utrecht, painted elaborate genre pieces in the style of Caspar Netscher, with carefully executed landscapes for back-
grounds. Later he devoted him- self successfully to fruit and flower painting. Works : Girl turning Leaves of Music Book, Dresden Mu- seum ; Two Portraits, Schwerin Gallery. — Immerzeel, iii. 254.
XANTHE AND PHAON, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; water- colour, dated 1883. Scene from "A Question," by George Ebers. "The marble seat, on which the young people's fate was decided, was called by the grand- children of the wedded pair, who lived in old age in love and harmony, the bench of the question."
XENO, Greek painter, of Sicyon, pupil of Neocles, date unknown. Mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 40 [146J) as of fair reputation. XYLANDEK, VILHELM FERDINAND, born in Copenhagen, April 1, 1840. Ma- rine and landscape painter, pupil of Copen- hagen Academy, then in Munich of Christian Morgenstern ; lived in Copenhagen in 1862- 68, visited London in 1865, and settled in Munich in 1868. Works : Moonlight on Lake Starnberg ; do. near Hiigeniis ; do. on North Sea ; Coast of Southampton ; Mouth of the Thames ; Hamburg Harbour ; Isle of Sylt ; Flensburg Harbour ; Moon- light on Roadstead of Portsmouth ; do. near Hellebeck on the Sound. — Muller, 569 ; Weilbach, 764.
YANEZ, HERNANDO, born at Alme- diua, La Mancha, died between 1550 and 1560. Spanish school ; painted in 1531 a series of pictures on panel for chapel of the Albornoces, Cathedral of Cu- enca. Their resemblance to the manner of Leonardo da Vinci led to a belief that lie might have studied in his school— Stirling, i. 152.
YARMOUTH PIER, John Constable. Foreground, a beach, with pier at right ; at left, vessels at sea. Royal Academy in 1831. Engraved by D. Lucas. — Brock-Ar- nold, 105.
YARZ, EDMOND, born at Toulouse ; contemporary. Landscape painter. Men- tion honourable ; Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Under the Apple-Trees, Cross- Road (1876) ; Vineyards near Toulouse, Gate of the Louvre (1878) ; Arab Garden in Morocco (1879) ; Heaths in Bloom near Fontainebleau, Fountain of Touarc (1880) ; Spring in a Park (1881) ; Entrance to the Canal of Giudecca, Autumn Morning (1882); Quay of the Slavonians in Venice at Twi- light, Night in Venice (1883) ; Entrance to Grand Canal, Statue of Colleone at Venice (1884) ; Gardon River, Rocks of Malpas (1886).
YEAMES, WILLIAM FREDERICK,
; born at Taganrog,
South Russia, De-
] cember, 1835. His-
tory and genre
' painter ; taken by
his father, British
Consul at Tagan-
1 rog, to Italy in
• 1842-43 ; studied
• in Dresden from 1843 to 1848, when
he became a pupil in London of J. S. West- macott and of George Scharf ; in 1852 went to Florence, and studied two years under Professor Pallastriui and Raffaelle Buona- juti; later studied in Rome, and returned to England in 1858. Exhibited at Royal Academy, in 1859, The Staunch Friend;
455
YELLAND
elected an A.R.A. in 1867, and RA. in 1878. Works : Meeting of Sir Thomas More with his Daughter (1863) ; La Reine Malheureuse (1864) ; The Stepping-Stones, Arming the Young Knight (1865) ; Queen Elizabeth's Reception of the French Ambassador after St. Bartholomew's Day (1866); Dawn of Reformation (1867) ; Chimney Corner, Lady Jane Grey in the Tower (1868) ; Fugitive Jacobite, Alarming Footsteps (1869) ; Maun- dy Thursday, Love's Young Dream (1870) ; Dr. Harvey and Children of Charles I. (1871) ; Old Parishioners (1872) ; The Suitor (1875) ; Last Bit of Scandal (1876) ; Amy Robsart, Waking (1877) ; La Brigolante, When did you last see your Father ? (1878) ; Here we go round the Mulberry Bush, Dolce far niente (1881) ; Prince Arthur and Hubert, March Past, Welcome as Flowers in Spring (1882) ; Tender Thoughts (1883) ; Toast of the Kitcat Club, Toots (1884); Prisoners of War in 1805, Dessert (1885) ; Malvina, Catastrophe (1886). — Meynell, 116 ; Art Journal (1874), 97 ; Portfolio (1871), 81.
YELLAND, RAYMOND D., born in London in 1848, and brought to America in his third year. Landscape painter, pu- pil of the National Academy and of William Page, Wilmarth, and Brevoort in New York. Elected an A.N.A. of the California Art As- sociation in 1874, and assistant director of the School of Design in 1877. Studio in San Francisco. WTorks : Half-Moon Beach — Gloucester Harbour ; Seal Rocks — Gol- den Gate, San Francisco ; Point Bonita from Point Lobos— Golden Gate (1882) ; Mt. Hood from White River Canon — Ore- gon (1883) ; Cypress Trees at Monterey — California (1884) ; Seal Rocks— San Fran- cisco (1886).
YELLOWSTONE, CANON OF THE, Thomas Moran, Capitol, Washington. Paint- ed in 1872. — Scribner's Mag., v. 499.
YEOMAN OF THE GUARD, Sir John Everett Millais, Mrs. Henry Hodgkinson, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. A life-size, three-quarters length figure of one of the Queen's Yeomen of the Guard
in his state uniform of scarlet, embroidered with black and gold, with medals and clasps upon his breast, a baldric across his shoul- der, a white ruff around his neck, and the official cap of black velvet on his head. The old man, a veteran of Waterloo, sits upright in his chair, holding in his right hand his staff of office and in his left a folded paper containing his last orders. Royal Academy, 1877 ; Exposition univer- selle, Paris, 1878 ; Fine Art Society, Lon- don, 1881 ; Grosvenor Gallery, 1886. Nev- er engraved. Etched by Paul Rajon for CYCLOPEDIA OF PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS, 1887.
YEWELL, GEORGE HENRY, born at Havre-de-Grace, Md., Jan. 20, 1830. Land- scape and still-life painter, pupil of Thomas Hicks in New York, and of Couture in Paris. Lived several years in Rome. Elected N.A. in 1880. Studio in New York. Works: Venice (1871); First Communion, Country Girl (1872) ; Senate Chamber— Interior of Ducal Palace (1877) ; Carpet Bazaar— Cairo, Mosque of Kait-Bey — Cairo (1878) ; Oriental Bric-a-Brac, Pulpit in S. Marco — Venice (1879) ; Village Street in Umbria— Italy (1880) ; Old Houses near Titian's Birthplace (1882); On the Bolton Road— Lake George, Portrait of Alexander Mitchell (1883); In the Studio (1884) ; Entrance to Old Slave- Market in Cairo (1885) ; New Cordial, Old Music (1886) ; Young Monk (1886), William Walter Phelps.
YKENS, FRANS, born in Antwerp, bap- tized April 17, 1601, died there, probably in 1693. Flemish school ; still-life painter, pupil of Osias Beert ; travelled in France about 1629, and became master of the guild at Antwerp in 1630 ; lived also in Brussels about 1665-67. Works : Flower-Piece, Mu- seum Plan tin-More tus, Antwerp ; Garland around Madonna, St. James's, ib. ; Still-Life (1636), Ghent Museum ; Fruit-Piece, Ber- lin Museum ; Festoon of Fruits (1652), Carls- ruhe Gallery ; Bouquet, Vienna Museum ; Game and Fruit, Madrid Museum. — Rooses (Reber), 431 ; Van den Branden, 1130.
456
OF T
YKENS
YKENS, PEETER, born at Antwerp, baptized Jan. 30, 1648, died there shortly after July, 1695. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter, son and pupil of Jan Ykens (1613-79, sculptor and painter); mas- ter of the guild in 1673, dean in 1689. Works : St. Catharine disputing with the Philosophers (1684), Two Portraits (1690, 1693), Museum, Antwerp ; Last Supper (1687), St. Andrew's, ib.; Portrait of Canon Emanuel van Horenbeeck, St. James's, ib.; Christ giving the Keys to St. Peter (1690), Church at Wommelghem ; Christ appearing to the Husband of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, Two Episodes in Life of St. Francis Xavier, St. Mary's Hospital, Mechlin ; Christ ap- pearing to St. Theresa, Lille Museum. His sister, Catharine (born in February, 1659), was a flower and fruit painter, pupil of her father, and master of the guild in 1688. In the Madrid Museum are by her a Festoon of Flowers and Fruits, and a Garland, both around small landscapes. His son, Jan Peeter (born in 1673), was also a good painter. — 0 • Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 548; Rooses (Reber), 431; Van den Branden, 951, 1146.
YON, EDMOND CHARLES, born at Montmartre, Paris, Feb. 2,1836. Land- scape painter, pupil of Lequien. At first practised wood en- graving, but since 1875 has painted many charming views from the en- virons of Paris. Medals : 3d class, 1875 ; 2d class, 1879 ; L. of Honour, 1886. Works : Two Views near Montereau (1875) ; Branch of the Marne, Seine near Gravon (1876) ; Before the Rain (1878); Banks of the Marne (1879); Canal of La Villette, Isle-les-Villenoy on the Marne (1880) ; Villerville, Marsh of Cricque- bceuf (1881); River Eure (1882), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; San Marco (1882) ; The Squall (1883); The Dune, Mouth of the Dive (1884); The Meuse at Dordrecht (1885); Frog Fishers, The Carp Hole (1886). — Bellier, ii. 728.
YORICK AND THE GRISETTE, Gil- bert Stuart Newlon, National Gallery, Lon- don ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 5£ in. x 1 ft. 10£ in. Interior of a hosier's shop. Yorick pur- chasing gloves, the beautiful grisette menu uring them one by one across his hand (Sterne's " Sentimental Journey "). Royal Academy, 1830. Vernon Collection. En- graved by W. Watt ; H. Bourne.
YOSEMITE VALLEY, Albert Bierttadl, Lenox Library, New York. Painted in 1866. Bierstadt painted also Looking down the Yosemite (1865), W. H. Crosby, New York ; and Domes of the Yosemite, an al- most panoramic picture, formerly owned by Le Grand Lockwood.
By Thomas Hill, Charles Crocker, San Francisco. Painted in 1871 ; Philadelphia Exhibition, 1876.
YOUNG BULL, Paul Potter, Hague Mu- seum ; canvas, H. 8 ft. x 12 f t ; signed, dated 1647. The young bull, brownish-red with patches of white, standing on rising ground under a tree, beside which a cow and a ewe and her lamb are lying down, and a ram is standing ; behind a fence is a herdsman, with one hand on thejree, look- ing at the bull ; background, a Dutch dairy farm, with cattle. A masterpiece ; the ani- mals, of life-size, appear to live and breathe. Sold in Fabricius Collection, Haarlem, in 1749, for 630 florins ; carried to Paris ; re- turned in 1816. Engraved by Le Bas ; Coucho ; Battard ; etched by Denon. — Smith, v. 118 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole hollan- daise ; Reveil, xi. 789.
YOUNG, EDUARD, born in Prague in 1823. Genre and landscape painter, pupil in Munich of Piloty in 1864, having first studied at Linz, Upper Austria, and in Vi- enna, then (1855) in Munich, and been in- structor in drawing of King Frederick VH. in Copenhagen, where he received the great
457
YOUTH
gold medal and the title of professor. Med- [ Children ; Judith praying before her Deed, al, Vienna, 1873. Works : Girl on the Alp ; I — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1831, 1832) ; Immer-
Smugglers ; Wedding Procession in the Mountains ; The Best Shot ; Prize Bull ; Eeturn from Rural Festival.— Miiller, 570. YOUTH, FOUNTAIN OF, Lucas Cranach, elder, Berlin Museum ; wood, H. 4 f t. x 6 ft.; signed, dated 1546. In the centre a water-basin, from which rises a fountain with a statue of Venus and Love ; on one side old men are bringing, on waggons,
Young Bull, Paul Potter, Hague Museum.
wheelbarrows, and stretchers, their aged and ugly wives, and dumping them into the water-basin, on the opposite side of which they are emerging as young and comely maidens, who are led away by knights to a tent where a feast and a dance await them. — Sclmchardt, ii. 18 ; Jul. Meyer, D. konigl. Mus. Gemalde, 99.
YSENDYCK, ANTONIUS VAN, born in Antwerp, Jan. 26,1801. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Mattheus van Bree ; obtained the grand prize in 1823, spent four years in Italy and ten years in Paris ; be- came director of the Academy at Bergen in 1840. Member of Amsterdam (1828) and Antwerp (1829) Academies. Medals : Paris, 1840 ; Brussels, 1842. Order of Leopold. Works : Ecce Homo (1828) ; Group from the Deluge, Italian Robber Scene (1830); Sons of Roman Mother (1832) ; Jealousy (1833); Charity (1840); Christ and the
zeel, iii. 255.
YUNK, ENRICO, born in Turin about 1849, died in Pisa, Nov. 18, 1878. Genre painter, pupil of Turin Academy, then in Paris of Gerome and of Picot ; after his re- turn painted chiefly rural scenes, went to Constantinople, afterwards to Spain and settled in Rome, but soon left for Cairo and finally moved to Pisa. Works : Cana- vese Nurse, Canavese Washer- woman ; Scenes from Turin Theatre. — L' Illustr. italiana (1878), No. 48.
YVON, ADOLPHE, born at Eschwiller, Lorraine, Feb. 1, 1817. History and portrait painter, pupil of Delaroche. Went to Russia in 1843 and was sent to the Crimea to paint the incidents of the war. Medals : 1st class, 1848 ; 2d class, 1855 ; of honour, 1857 ; 2d class, 1867 ; L. of Honour, 1855 ; Officer, 1867. Profes- sor at the Ecole des B. Arts. Works : Christ driving out the Money Changers (1845) ; Punishment of Judas Is- cariot in Hell (1846) ; Battle of Koulikoro in 1378 (1850) ; Fallen Angel, Party of La- dies (1852) ; First Consul descending Mt.
St. Bernard (1853), Palace of Compiegne ; Marshal Ney during Retreat from Russia (1855), Capture of the Malakoff (1857), Gorge of the Malakoff, Curtain of the Malakoff (1859), Versailles Museum ; Battle of Solferino, Portrait of the Prince Imperial (1861) ; Portrait of Na- poleon HI. (1868), W. T. Walters, Balti- more ; From Solferino (1863), Battle of In- kerman (1867), Genius of America (H. 22
458
ZACHARIAH
ft. x 35 ft.), Small Replica (1867), A. T. Stew- art Collection, New York ; Street in Con- stantinople, State Secrets (1873) ; Countess of Caen, Caen Museum ; Charge of Cuiras- siers at Reichsoffen (1875); Christian Legend (1882).— Bellier, iL 729 ; Perrier, Eludes ; Larousse ; Hamerton, French Painters.
ZACHARIAH, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceiling. ZACHARIE, PHILIPPE ER- NEST, born at Radepont (Eure) ; contem- porary. Figure painter, pupil of Guillemot andMorin. Medal : 3d class, 1883. Works: Tin vieux bouquiniste (1875) ; Field Flow- ers, Evening of Epiphany (1876) ; Punish- ment of Caiaphas (1877) ; Good Samaritan (1878) ; St. Jerome, Woman with Pigeons (1883) ; Irene and Sebastian (1884) ; Even- ing in the Grove (1886).
ZACHO, CHRISTIAN, born near Grenaa, Denmark, March 31, 1843. Landscape paint- er, pupil at Aarhus of the animal painter Goldberg (born in 1807), then of the Copen- hagen Academy ; began to exhibit in 1865, went to Italy in 1872, and visited Paris in 1875-76, and again in 1878. The winter of 1881-82 he spent at Meutone. Medal : Copenhagen, 1884. Works : First Snow in Brittany (1881), Copenhagen Gallery ; Woodland Scene, Coast Promenade near Copenhagen (1881) ; View in Deer Park (1882).— Sig. Miiller, 373.
ZACHTLEVEN. See &z/<-Leven.
ZAGANELLI, FRANCESCO, of Raven- na, born at Cotignola latter half of the 15th century, died after 1518. Bolognese school. Sometimes called Francesco da Cotignola. Pupil of Roudinello, but also connected with school of Palmezzano. His Madonna and Saints, Brera, Milan, dated 1505, shows little talent ; but his St. Sebastian of 1513, Constabili Gallery, Ferrara, and his Madon- na with portraits of the Pallavicini family of 1518, in the Church of the Nunziata, near Parma, show greater skill in arrangement and better drawing. In the Berlin Museum
is an Annunciation (1509). Francesco had a brother Bernardino, sometimes called Bernardino da Cotignola, who was probably his assistant, with no claim to rank as an independent artist. — C. & C., N. Italy, i. 596 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole bolonaise ; Siret, 566.
ZAHRTMANN, KRISTIAN, born at Ronne, Denmark, March 31, 1843. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy in 1864-68 ; went to Italy in 1875, studying in Rome and Siena until 1878, and again in 1882 on his way to Greece, whence he returned in 1884. Medal : Copenhagen, 1873. Works : Leonore Christine in Prison (1871); Christian H and Sigbrit settling Accounts, Scene at Court of Christian YD. (1873) ; Leonore Christine leaving her Prison (1874) ; Roman Fruit Shop, Abbate Asleep (1876) ; Sabiue Woman by Child's Cradle (1877) ; Orange Harvest, The Wise and Foolish Virgins, Fruit-Vender of Amalfi (1878) ; Flower Girl of Florence (1880) ; Leonore Christine at Maribo Convent, Death of Queen Sophie Amalie (1882), Copenha- gen Gallery ; Scene from Rome's Period of Decline ; Women carrying Lime (1883) ; Italian Family Scene. — Sig. Midler, 378.
ZAMACOIS, EDUARDO, born at Bilbao in 1842, died in Madrid, Jan. 14, 1871. Genre painter, pupil at Bilbao of Balaco, then of Madrid Academy under Federico de Madrazo, and in Paris of Meissouier ; treated seventeenth century subjects with great suc- cess. Medals : Paris, 1867 ; Munich, 1870. Works : Enlisting of Cervantes, Diderot and d'Alembert (1863) ; Conscripts in Spain (1864) ; Entrance of the Toreros (with Vi- bert), First Sword (1866) ; Buffoon of the Sixteenth Century, Indirect Contribution, Jester of the Sixteenth Century (1867) ; Good Pastor (1869) ; Platonic Love, Educa- tion of a Prince (1870). Works in United States : Faust and Marguerite, H. P. Kid- der, Boston ; Waiting for an Audience, R. C. Taft, Providence ; Rival Confessors (1868), J. J. Astor, New York ; Message, M. Graham, ib.; Costume Shop, T. R Butr
459
ZAMPIERI
ler, ib.; Eeturn to the Convent (1869), R. L. Cutting, ib.; Minion of Henry HI, Fletcher Harper, ib.; The Suitor, C. P. Huntington, ib.; Door of Mosque, M. K Jesup, ib.; Antechamber, Hunter in the Forest, D. 0. Mills, ib.; Disputed Game, W. Rockefeller, ib. ; Puzzled Musician, C. S. Smith, ib.; Court Jester (1867 ?), Levying Contribu- tions, J. H. Stebbins, ib. ; Court Jesters in Antechambers (1867), Begging Monk (1877), A. T. Stewart Collection, ib.; Stroll- ing Players, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Too
St. Zanobius Raising a Dead Child, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Uffizi, Florence.
much Crimson !, Useless Cavalry Boot, Trooper attaching his Spurs, Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, Philadelphia ; Armourer's Shop, Mrs. T. A. Scott, ib.; Gardener, TV. B. Be- ment, ib. ; Decoration, Fairman Rogers, ib. ; Occupation of Spain by the French in 1812 (1866), TV. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Refec- tory of the Trinitaires at Rome (1868), Lu- cius Tuckerman, Washington ; Spanish No- tary, Judge G. Hoadley, Cincinnati ; Mor- gan Sale, New York, 1886, Singing Lesson (1866), $5,300, Charles Crocker, San Fran-
cisco.—Art Journal (1871), 88 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1867), xxii. 532 ; (1868), xxv. 19 ; (1869), ii. 10 ; (1870), iv. 49 ; La Ilustracion (1871) ; Larousse, xv. 1451. ZAMPIERI. See Domenichino. ZANOBIUS, ST., BURIAL OF, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, figures life-size. The body earned by six bishops from S. Lorenzo, where it was first buried, to S. M. del Fiore ; in passing the Piazza di S. Giovanni, a dead elm, which the coffin happens to touch, revives and puts forth leaves again. Painted about 1512 for brotherhood of S. Zanobi, Flor- ence. One of Ridolfo's best pict- ures.— Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 537 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 527 ; Lasinio, i. PI. 53.
ZANOBIUS, ST., RAISING A DEAD CHILD, Ridolfo Ghirlan- dajo, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, fig- ures life-size. Bishop Zanobius kneeling in the street in the atti- tude of prayer, surrounded by a wondering crowd ; in foreground, the child reviving ; at left, the mother and other women kneeling. Painted about 1512 for brother- hood of S. Zanobi, Florence. Mas- terly in drawing, modelling, chia- roscuro, and warm and rich in colour. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 537 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 527 ; Lasinio, i. PI. 52.
ZARA, SIEGE OF, Tintoretto, Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; canvas, H. ' 15 ft. x 13 ft. "A mere battle-piece, in which the figures, like the arrows, are put in by the score. There are high merits in it, and Tintoret may possibly have made the sketch I for it." — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 395 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole veuitienne.
ZARATO or ZAROTTO. See Morto da Feltre.
ZEEGELAAR, GERRIT VAN, born at Loenen, near Utrecht, July 16, 1719, died at Wageningen, June 24, 1794. Genre and portrait painter ; worked probably at
ZEEMAX
Utrecht, and about 1773 at Amsterdam. He was a deaf-mute. Works: Peasant at Luncheon, Mother nursing Child, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort.— Kramm, vi. 1899.
ZEEMAN, KEINIER, born in Amsterdam about 1612, died there after 1C63. Dutch school ; marine painter ; real name Remi- gius Nooms ; called Zeeiuan because in his youth he was a sailor. He visited France (about 1650) and England, and later is said to have resided long in Berlin. Occasion- ally painted architecture pieces, but repre- sented especially well all kinds of vessels and the waves of the sea. Works : View of the Ancient Louvre, Louvre, Paris ; Naval Battle near Leghorn in 1653, View of Am- sterdam, Amsterdam Museum ; Calm Sea, Rotterdam Museum ; Calm Sea with Boats and Fishermen (2), Berlin Museum ; Two Men-of-War, Cassel Gallery ; Italian Coast View (1659), Brunswick Gallery ; two Sea- ports, Copenhagen Gallery ; Seaport (1663), Schwerin Gallery ; Marine, Seaport, Land- scapes (2), Stockholm Museum ; Storm at Sea, Marine View with many Vessels, Stutt- gart Museum ; Vessels and Harbour, Vienna
Museum. — Ch. Blanc, l5cole hollandaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 258 ; Kramm, vi. 1898 ; Ku- gler (Crowe), ii. 495 ; Nagler, MOD., v. 422 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 355.
ZEEUW, MARINUS DE. See Marina* van Roymerswale.
ZEGERS or ZEGHERS, DANIEL. See Seghers.
ZEGERS (Seghers), GEERAARD, born in Antwerp, baptized March 17, 1591, died there, March 18, 1651. Flemish school ; history and genre painter. Said to have studied under Hendrik van Balen and Abraham Janssens ; master of the guild in 1609. Really formed himself in Rome, where he was sent by two rich merchants, Goetbenck, and studied particularly the works of Caravaggio and Manfredi. For a time employed at the court of Madrid by
Philip m. Returned to Antwerp in 1620. Friend of Rubens and of Van Dyck, who painted his p o r t r a i t . Works: Christ with Martha and Mary, Ma- drid Museum ; St. Francis in Ecstasy, Lou- vre ; Adoration of the Magi, Toulouse Museum ; Descent from the Cross, Dijon Museum ; St. Jerome, Lille Museum ; Christ at the Pillar, St. Michael's, Ghent ; Christ healing the Blind, Raising of Laza- rus, St. Lievin raising a Woman, Martyrdom of St. Lievin, Cathedral, ib. ; Adoration of the Magi (1630, masterpiece), Notre Dame, Bruges ; Marriage of the Virgin (master- piece), St. Louis of Gonzaga, Ecstasy of St Theresa, Resurrection, St. Clara, Virgin with the Rosary, St Norbert, Museum, Antwerp ; St. Francis of Assisi, Cathedral, ib. ; Holy Family, St Andrew's, ib.; Adoration of the Magi, Christ appearing to Magdalen, St. James, ib. ; Erection of the Cross, St. Charles Borromeo's, ib. ; Repast of the Gods, Ab- duction of Europa, Brunswick Gallery ; Be- heading of St. Dympna, Schleissheim Gal- lery ; Madonna (2), Hagar and Ishmael, Holy Family (2), Triumph of Silenus, Muse- um, Vienna ; Adoration of Magi, Liech- tenstein Gallery, ib.; Madonna in Glory, Uffizi, Florence. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamaudo; Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 554 ; Immerzeel, iii. 33 ; Kramm, v. 1509 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 293 ; Michiels, viii. 411 ; Rooses (Reber), 264 ; Van den Branden, 879.
ZETTBLOM, BARTHOLOMAUS, flour- ished in Ulm, 1484-1517. German school ; history and portrait painter, and the most eminent master of the school of Ulm ; at first studied engraving under Schongauer, then painting under Schuhlein, whose daughter he married in 1483. Although influenced by the school of Franconia, he developed an individual style. We find in
461
ZELGER
his pictures heads pore and truthful in ex- pression, natural flesh tones, a deep glow of colour, and careful execution, togaUtat with a serious, often grand conception. "Works : Ahar 'Wings (1488), Altarpieee (1497Y, Archaeologi- cal Union, Stutt- gart; Altarpiece (1490-95), Stuttgart Museum ; Four Scenes from Legends of St Valentine. Two Saints. Pope Alexander (1504\ Augsburg Gallery : St. Peter. The Holy Handkerchief, Berlin Museum : Altar "Wings with Saints (2K Priest at the Altar raising the Host, Carls- ruhe Gallery : St. Lawrence. Darmstadt Mu- seum ; Visitation of Mary. SS. Magdalen and Ursula. Furstenberg Gallery. Donauesching- en : St. Catharine. Gotha Museum ; St. Margaret St. Ursula. St. Bridget, Old Pina- kothek. Munich : St. Ann and other Female Saints. Mary and St. John. Pieta, Germanic Museum. Nuremberg ; The Manna of the Old and New Testament. Schleissheim Gal- lery ; Eight Scenes in Life of Mary the Vir- gin, Hohenzollern Museum, Sigmaringen : St Jago de Compostella. St. GaU Museum : Annunciation. St John Baptist (2\ Visita- tion of Mary. Bishop Valentine of Terracina raising a dead Boy, St. Gregory the Great, Nativity (about 1470), Pictures of Saints |6>, Stuttgart Museum ; Male and Female Portrait, Liechtenstein Gallery. Vienna. — Ch. Blanc. Ecole allemande : Dohme, 1L : GrOneisen & Mauch. Ulm's Kunstleben. 42 : Kugler (Crowe V i 145 ; Schnaase, viiL 423 ; W. Jt W.. iL 111.
ZELGER JOSEF, born at Stanz. Swit- zerland, in 1812. Landscape painter, pupil at Geneva of Diday : is very successful in leprewnting the grandeur of Alpine nature : execution minute, colouring somewhat cold. Works : View near KmnuUtm, Ruins of Castle Unspunnen (1858X Berne Museum ; View in Canton Unterwalden, Nenchatel
Museum; In Albula Pass, View near Lu- cerne, Zurich Gallery. — Nagter, -rrii 255.
ZELLER, KONRAD. born at ffirslanden, near Zurich, in 1807, died about 186?. German school; genre ^TlrrinM1. pupO of Leopold Robert in Rome, whither he went in 1832, having for years prafltJKiJ as an amateur. Works: Girls at the Bath, Shepherd Family in the /\iKjm^p*l High- born Visitor, Zurich Gallery ; Saltarello in : Villa dTste near Trroli (1840), Female-Head ISolX Leipsic Museum; Festival of St Annun&ata near Borne (1846). — CotU's EunstbL (1843-46).
ZELOTTI. GIAMBATTESTA, born in Verona about 1532. died about 1592. Venetian school ; educated in the school of Antonio Badile, where he was a fellow-pupil and friend of Paolo Veronese. Called by Vasari, Battista Farinato, whence some have supposed him of kin to Paolo Farinato. Vasari also numbers him among the pupils of Titian. He was a man of genius, full of ideas and of imagination, and a worthy rival of Paolo Veronese, with whom he worked much in collaboration, es- pecially in fresco painting, in which he ex- celled ; but he was without ambition or confidence in himself, and died obscure and miserable. Among his frescos, those in the Palazzo Ducale, which have been attributed to Paolo Veronese, and those in the Library of St Mark are the best Of his pictures in oil. The Conversion of St. Paul, and the Miraculous Draught of Fishes, Vicenza, Duomo, are much admired. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne : Vasari, ed. "Mil.., vL 595 ; Burckhardt, 749, 750. 754.
ZENALE, BERNABDD? O, born at Tre- vigho (?) in 1436, died in Milan, Feb. 10, 1526. Lombard school; real name Ber- nardino Martini Disciple of Vmcenzo
ZEPPENFELD
Foppa, the elder, and partner of Buttinone, with whom he generally painted in com- mon. A few pictures are ascribed to him alone, as Madonna in the Ambrosiaua, Vir- gin with Saints and Kneeling Duke and Duchess Sforza, in the Brera (1494-%), and Annunciation in the Casa Borromeo, Milan ; but Lennolieff says there is no au- thenticated picture by him in existence. After 1501 he gave most of his time to ar- chitecture. In 1515 he became architect of Santa Maria sopra San Celso, and in 1519 of the Duomo, Milan. He wrote a treatise on perspective in 1524. — C. & C, N. Italy, ii. 33 ; Vasari, ed. Le Men., vii. 127 ; xi. 271 ; Burckhardt, 608 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole milanaise ; Lilbke, Gesch. itaL MaL, L 489 ; Lerniolieff, 459.
ZEPPENFELD, VICTOR, born at Greiz, Reuss-Greiz, in 1834. Genre painter, pu- pil in Hamburg of Gensler, then studied in Munich and under Jordan in DQsseldorf, whence he visited Germany, Switzerland, and North Italy. Works : Morning before Riflemen's Festival : Grocery Shop ; Recov- ery ; Blind Musician ; At the Post-Office ; Mouse-Trap Seller ; Summer Theatre ; Sil- ver Wedding ; Kaulbach's Arrival in Olym- pus, A Burial (1871), Kuusthalle, Hamburg. —Mailer, 571.
ZEUXIPPUS. See Zeturis.
ZEUXIS, one of the most famous of Greek painters, native of Heraclsea (proba- bly the Pontic), latter part of 5th century B.C. Ionic school. Called Zeuxippus by Socrates in the Protagoras of Plato (Brunii, ii. p. 77). It is uncertain whether his mas- ter was Demophilus of Himera or Neseas of Thasos, but he probably owed more to Apollodorus, who was at the height of his reputation when Zeuxis went to Athens, than to either of them. Pliny says (xxxv. 36 [61]) that Zeuxis entered the doors of art which had been thrown open by Apollo- dorus, and Apollodorus himself complained in verse that Zeuxis had robbed him of his art His characteristics were close imita- tion of nature and sensuous charm. In his
works the highest standard of human beauty was reached, and the closest representation of those objects in nature which are incapa- ble of an ideal representation. But, accord- ing to Aristotle (Poet, vi. 5), they were want- ing in character, or that which elevates the moral sentiments. His Helen, in which were combined the physical charms of the five most beautiful virgins of Crotoua, was celebrated as the embodiment of the perfec- tion of female loveliness. It was consecrat- ed in the Temple of Juno in that city, but it was probably carried to Rome, as Pliny men- tions a Helena by Zeuxis in the Portico of Philip. Other pictures mentioned by Pliny (L c. ) are : The Infant Hercules Strangling the Serpent in presence of Amphitryon and Alcmena, probably the same as the Alcmena which the artist gave to the people of Agri- genturn, after he had arrived at the conclu- sion that there was no price large enough to set on his works ; A Jupiter Enthroned sur- rounded by the other Deities ; A Marsyas Bound, preserved in the Temple of Cou- , cord, Rome, supposed to have been similar in design to a picture found at Herculoue- um ; a Pan, which he gave to King Arche- lails of Macedonia, whose palace at Pella lie decorated ; and a Penelope. Lucian de- scribes (Zeuxis, 3) also his picture of the Centaur Family or Hippoceutaur, a female centaur suckling her young in the fore- ground, with the male in the background holding up a lion'a whelp to frighten the little ones. Lucian saw only a copy of this picture, the original having been lost in a vessel off Cape Malea on its way to Rome, whither Sulla had sent it from Athens. An engraved gem in the Florentine Museum is supposed to have been copied from it. A picture of Eros crowned with Roses is men- tioned by the scholiast to Aristophanes, a Menelausby Tzetzes, and a Boreas or Triton by Lucian (Timon, 54), as among the works of Zeuxis. That Zeuxis elaborated his paintings with great care may be inferred , from his reply to Agatharcus, who boasted of the ease and speed with which he worked :
ZEVIO
" I confess I take a long time to paint ; but I paint works to last a long time " (Plut. Per., 13, De Amic. Mult., 5). Pliny relates (1. c.) that Zeuxis, having entered into a pictorial contest with Parrhasius, painted some grapes so naturally that the birds were attracted to them. Elated with his success, he haughtily demanded that the curtain should be drawn aside from his op- ponent's picture in order that he might see it, but was obliged to admit his defeat when he found that the curtain itself was Parrha- sius's picture. Zeuxis afterwards painted a boy carrying grapes, when the birds pecked at them as before. This vexed him greatly, and he exclaimed: "I have painted the grapes better than the child, or the birds would have been afraid of him " (Pliny, 1. c.). Festus relates (s. v. Pictor) that Zeuxis met his death by choking with laughter at a picture of an old woman he had just paint- ed, but the time of his decease is unknown. ZEVIO, STEPANO DA. See Stefano da Zevio.
ZICHY, MICHAEL VON, born at Zala, Hungary, in 1827. History and genre painter, pupil of Vi- enna Academy and of Waldmtiller, on whose suggestion he was called to St. Pe- tersburg to instruct one of the grand duchesses ; left the Russian court in 1850, but returned there in 1856 and became court painter in 1859 ; moved to Paris in 1874. Works : The Prisoner (1847) ; Wound- ed Knight at Communion ; Closing the Coffin ; Descent from the Cross ; Life-Boat ; Empress Elizabeth beside Deak's Coffin, Pesth Museum ; The Weapons of the De- mon of Devastation (1878). — Kunst-Chronik, xiv. 180 ; Miiller, 572.
ZICK, JANUARIUS, born in Munich in 1733, died at Ehrenbreitstein in 1812. Ger- man school ; history and genre painter, son
of Johann Zick (1702-62), pupil of his fa- ther and of Munich Academy ; went in 1757 to Basle, where he painted pictures in Rembrandt's manner, and in 1758 was in Rome, where he is said to have studied under Raphael Mengs ; hav- ing visited France, he settled at Coblentz in 1761, and became court painter to the Archbishop of Troves in 1764. Works: Old Scholar Reading, Bamberg Gallery ; two Genre Scenes with Fauns, etc., Artist's Portrait, Gallery, Co- blentz ; Four Evangelists, St. Castor's, ib. ; Trinity, Hospital Church, Mannheim ; Mag- dalen Repentant, Wiesbaden Gallery. In fresco : Justice, etc., Aurora, etc., Four Evangelists, Royal Palace, Coblentz ; Wash- ing the Disciples' Feet, Marriage at Cana, St. Florin's Stift, ib.; Jupiter, etc. (1789), Royal Palace, Mentz. — Ch. Blanc, £cole allemande.
ZIEGLER, JULES, born at Langres (Haute-Marue), March 16, 1804, died in Di- jon, Dec. 29, 1856. History and portrait painter, pupil of Ingres in Paris ; visited Italy and Germany, allied himself to Cor- nelius in Munich, and devoted himself es- pecially to fresco painting. After his re- turn he painted historical subjects and por- traits ; subsequently executed the wall paintings in the Madeleine, for which he was made Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1838. Appointed director of the Museum at Dijon in 1852. His pictures lack expression and deep feeling, but they are excellent in drawing and colour. Works : Venice at Night (1831) ; Giotto in Cimabue's Studio (1833), Bordeaux Museum ; Death of Fos- cari (1833), Henri TV. and Marguerite de Valois, Arras Museum ; Prophet Daniel (1838) ; The Dew spreading its Pearls on the Flowers (1844) ; Jacob's Dream (1847) ; Judith at the Gates of Bethulia (1847),
464
ZIEM
Lyons Museum ; Charles V. having prepared his Funeral receives a Portrait represent- ing him at the Ceremony (1848) ; Summer Shower (1850), Bordeaux Museum ; Peace of Amiens (1853), City Hall, Amiens ; The Republic, Lille Museum ; St. George slay- ing the Dragon, Nancy Museum ; Daniel in the Lions' Den, Moonlight at Venice, Nantes Museum ; Louis XTV. receiving at Fontainebleau the Apology made in the Name of Pope Alexander VH. by Cardinal Chigi, portraits of Philippe VL, John II., Charles H. of France, and others, Ver- saillesMuseum. — Bellier, ii. 730 ; Meyer, Gesch., 359, 361 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole francaise ; Kunstlb. (1851- 67) ; Larousse.
ZIEM, FEIJX, born at Beaune (Cote d'Or), Feb. 25, 1821. Architecture and ma- rine painter, pupil of Art School at Dijon ; travelled in 1845-48 in Southern France, Italy, and the East. His pictures, particu- larly his views of Venice, have won for him a world-wide rep- utation. Medals : 3d class, 1851, 1855 ; 1st class, 1852 ; L. of Honour, 1857 ; Offi- cer, 1878. Works : View of the Bosphorus (1849) ; Evening in Amsterdam, Hut near The Hague (1852) ; View of Venice (1852), Luxembourg Museum ; Interior of Mar- seilles Harbour, Venice at Evening (1853) ; Festival at Venice (1854) ; View of Antwerp (1855) ; The Golden Horn at Constantino- ple, St. Mark's Place in Venice (1857) ; Views of Constantinople (2), Sunset (2, 1859) ; Triptych with St Mark's Place, Bridge of Sighs, and Doge's Palace (1861) ; Pilgrims embarking for Mecca, View of Trip- olis (1863) ; Cleopatra in Upper Egypt (1865) ; Venice after Rain, Stamboul at Sun- set (1866) ; Bucentaur adorned for Cere-
mony of Doge's Marriage with the Adriatic, Beheading of Carmagnola (1867); Party of Pleasure at Venice, View at the Old Port of Marseilles (1868) ; Doge's Palace in Venice, Ravene Gallery, Berlin; do., and Marine, Luxembourg Museum ; Banks of the Am- stel — Holland, Bordeaux Museum ; View of Quai Saint-Jean at Marseilles, Marseilles Museum ; Sunset, Montpellier Museum. Works in United States : Sweet Waters near Constantinople, T. Wigglesworth, Boston ; Venice, W. Richmond, Providence ; do., J. A Brown, ib. ; Constantinople, J. J. Astor, New York ; Fete-Day in Venice, William Astor, ib. ; Inundation of Piazza S. Marco — Venice, MissC. L. Wolfe, ib.; Canal Grande, August Belmont, ib.; Dogana, M. Graham, ib. ; Morning on the Lagoon, Robert Hoe, ib. ; Canal, Israel Corse, ib. ; Doge's Palace, R. L. Stuart, ib. ; Suburbs of Venice, M K. Jesup, ib.; Canal Grande, D. O. Mills, ib.; do., H. V. Newcomb, ib. ; Shipping at Ven- ice, W. Rockefeller, ib.; Doge's Palace, Quai dei Schiavoni, A. T. Stewart Collection, ib.; Golden Horn with Pilgrims starting for Mecca, Venice by Twilight, C. S. Smith, ib. ; Across Canal Grande, J. H. Warren, Hoosac Fulls, N. Y. ; Venetian Doorway, Entrance to Garden, Fairman Rogers, Philadelphia ; Holland (1851), Marseilles (1863), Venice (4, one dated 1863), Tunny Fishing, Morn- ing, Mid-Day (1868), Evening, W. T. Wal- ters, Baltimore ; Entrance to Canal Grande, J. W. Garrett, ib.; do., H. L. Dousraan, St. Louis ; Tyrrhenian Sea, Judge G. Hoadley, Cincinnati ; Marriage of the Adriatic, Hurl- but Collection, Cleveland ; Arsenal — Venice, Charles Parsons, St. Louis. — Larousse, xv. 1483 ; Meyer, Gesch., 753 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 323.
ZIER, VICTOR CASIMTR, born at War- saw, Sept. 26, 1822. History and portrait painter, pupil of Norblin and Lc-on Cogniet in Paris, whither he went as early as 1825. With Norblin he decorated in 1858 the Chapel of St. Susanna in St. Roch's, Paris. Works : Magdalen Penitent (1844) ; Faith, Daniel in Lions' Den (1846) ; St. Genevieve
486
ZIERMAKN"
(1850) ; The Virgin and Magdalen (1852) ; Holy Family (1855) ; Christ appearing to the Magdalen (1861) ; St. Francis of Assisi receiving the Stigmata (1863) ; Ecce Homo (1864) ; St. Ann instructing the Virgin (1865) ; Departure from Bethlehem (1867) ; St. Peter healing the Lame (1868) ; Christ Entombed (1869) ; Broken Ears of Grain (1870) ; Ecstasy of St. Paul (1874) ; Glorifi- cation of St. Leonard (1875) ; Elizabeth of Hungary driven from her Palace (1877) ; St. Margaret of Scotland (1878) ; Flight into Egypt, Morning Dew (1879) ; Artist's Por- trait (1880) ; Echo bewailing Narcissus (1881) ; Psyche, Biblis (1882) ; Slumber of St. Magdalen (1883).— Bellier, ii. 730 ; Mey- er, Conv. Lex., xis. 1041.
ZIERMANN, KARL, born in 1850, died at Berka, near Weimar, Feb. 14, 1881. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Wei- mar Art School under Gussow and Baur ; won at once reputation with his first pict- ure, exhibited in 1875, and was especially successful in wood interiors, enlivened with characteristic figures. Gold medal, Ber- lin, 1878. Works : Journeyman afraid of Dog (1875) ; The Botanist (1878) ; Broken Pitcher ; At the Procession ; Barred Pas- sage ; Pinch of Snuff ; The Caught Fowler ; Wood-Choppers. — Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 426 ; xvii. 497; D. Rundschau, xvii. 313.
ZIESENIS, JOHANN GEORG, born at Copenhagen in 1716, died at Hanover in 1777. German school ; portrait painter, pupil of his father ; went to Diisseldorf, and in 1764 became court painter to the Elector of Hanover, in which capacity he painted many German princes, among them Frederick the Great. He took Hyacinthe Rigaud for his model. "Works : Portraits of William V. of Orange (3), and his Wife, Hague Museum ; Male and Female Portrait, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Princesses of Bavaria (4), Schleissheim Gallery. — Na- gler, xxii. 279 ; Weilbach, 766.
ZIMBRECHT. See Simbrecht.
ZIMMER, WILHELM, born at Apolda, Saxe- Weimar, April 16, 1853. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Weimar Art School under Kalckreuth and Hagen ; has made a name for himself with his humorous scenes from village life, in which the peasant types are very characteristic. Works : Unsuccessful Sleigh Ride ; Jolly Sleigh Ride ; Sunday Pleasure in the Country (1876); Potato Har- vest in Thuringia ; Farm Yard in Thuringia ; The Departure (1880); On Furlough (1884); Intermission (1885).— Miiller, 573 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1875), i. 167 ; (1877), ii. 416 ; (1885), i. 513 ; (1886), i. 481.
ZIMMERMANN, ALBERT, born at Zit- tau, Saxony, Sept. 20, 1808. Landscape painter, mostly self-taught ; studied in Dres- den and Munich, became professor at the Milan Academy in 1827, and at the Vienna Academy in 1859. His landscapes, to a cer- tain degree ideal, show grand conception of mountain scenery, masterly execution, and powerful light effects. Member of Munich and St. Petersburg Academies ; Bavarian Order of Michael. Works : Jewish Cem- etery (1834) ; Mountain Landscape with Torrent, Rocky Landscape with Centaurs and Leopards (1850), Landscape with Wa- terfall, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Faust and Mephistopheles on the Brocken, Gol- gotha, Schack Gallery, ib. ; Chiem Lake in Storm (1841) ; View in Tyrol after Storm, do. in Bavarian Highlands, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Historical Landscape (with Fight between Centaur Women and Lions, by Rahl); Landslide, The High Goll, Morning Dawn on the Gross Venediger, Partridge Hunting, Sunset on Hintersee (1858); Prayer of Miners (1861) ; View on Anirner Lake, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Afterglow on Lake Piano (1863); Moonlight on the Weser, The Stony Sea near Berchtesgaden ; Lago di Lugano (1869) ; Biblical Landscape (1871) ; Spring Landscape with Sheep, Dresden Museum ; The Obersee near Berch- tesgaden, Stuttgart Museum ; Lake Como, R. L. Stuart, New York. His brother and pupil, Maximilian (born at Zittau, July 7, 1811, died in Munich, Dec. 30, 1878), painted landscapes in the style of Ruisdael. Works :
466
ZIMMERMANN
Ammer Lake ; Outlook into the Plain ; Wood Landscapes (3> 1845, 1848, 1850), New Pinakothek, Munich. — Cotta's Kunst- blatt (1834-43) ; Dioskuren (1860, 1861, 1863) ; Kunst-Chronik, xiv. 243 ; Mttller, 573 ; Schack, Meine Gemiildesammlung (1884), 200 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ii. 29.
ZIMMERMANN, CLEMENS VON, boru in Diisseldorf, Nov. 8, 1788, died in Mu- nich, Jan. 24, 1869. Hist6ry and portrait painter, pupil of Dflsseldorf Academy under Peter von Longer, whom he followed to Munich in 1808, to continue his studies at the Academy there ; obtained the first prize in 1812 ; visited Italy in 1816, and having been director of the Augsburg Art School in 1817-25, became professor at the Munich Academy. There he executed frescos in the Glyptothek and Pinakothek, after sketches by Cornelius, besides several successful oil paintings ; was made director of the Central Gallery in 1846, and visited Italy again in 1856-57 and 1859. Works: Mercury and Argus (1811); Noah's Sacrifice (1812); The- seus and his Mother, Flight into Egypt (1814); Madonna, Farewell of Tobias (1817); Portraits of King Maximilian I. (1820) and of Queen Hortense ; Pilgrimage of Italian Peasants to Loretto (1820), New Piuakothek, Munich ; Joseph sold by his Brothers (1826); Marriage of St. Catharine (1829); St. Cecil- ia with Angels (1836) ; Farewell of Tobias (1837) ; The Three Theological Virtues (1840); Cimabue finding Giotto (1841), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Mars and Venus (1843); Madonna (1846); Assumption (1852); Paul's Expedition to Damascus (1867); Por- trait of King Louis I. of Bavaria, Schleiss- heim Gallery. In fresco : Investiture of Otto von Wittelsbach with the Duchy of Bavaria in 1180, Arcades of Royal Garden, Munich. His son and pupil, Julius, bom in Augsburg in 1824, studied also in Rome and Paris, painted at first portraits and genre (Young Musician, 1848), [afterwards excellent landscapes in water-colours. Works : On Lake Vierwaldstaedt ; Reichen- bach Falls ; Road to Rosenlaui Glacier.—
ERNST, born in
Andresen, iii. 145 ; Dioskuren (1869), 59 ; Kunst-Chronik, iv. 70 ; Nagler, xxiL 237 ; Raczynski, ii. 316.
ZIMMERMANN, Munich, April 2 4, 1852. History and genre painter, son of Reinhard Sebastian Zimmermann, pupil of his father, then of the Munich Acad- emy under Striihu- ber and Anschtttz and Wilhelm Diez ; visited Venice, Paris, and Vienna, and has, since 1879, acquired ! deserved reputation as a fine colourist. Medals : 2d class, Munich, 1883 ; Berlin, 1886. Works : Monk mending Violin ; Rope Dancers in a Barn ; Walk of Young Princess ; Scenes from Fishermen's Life on Lake Constance ; Travelling Menagerie, Mrs. D. D. Colton, San Francisco ; Christ among the Doctors (1879) ; Game and Fish Seller as Business Friends (1881) ; Con- founded Dice Playing !, Fish Seller (1882) ; Adoration of the Shepherds (1883), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Flute-Player, Ma- donna in Rose Bower, Christ in House of Lazarus (1884) ; Tyrolese Wrestlers (1885); Christ and the Fishermen (Jubilee Exhi- bition, Berlin, 1886).— Mtiller, 573 ; Blustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 583, 588 ; Kunst-Chro- nik, xvii. 306 ; xviii. 386, 402 ; six. 447 ; XXL 60 ; Reber-Pecht, iii. 285 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xv. 191 ; xix. 132 ; xx. 52 ; xxi. 332.
ZIMMERMANN, FRIEDRICH, born at Diessenhofen, Switzerland, in 1823, died in Geneva in 1884. Landscape painter, pupil of Calame in 1852-56. Works : Arolla Gla- cier in Canton Wallis, White Rock at the Prado near Marseilles, View near Geneva, Berne Museum ; Ancasca Valley on Monte Rosa, Langres Museum ; On the Engstlen Alp, Turin Gallery ; Interior of Oakwood, Duchess of Genoa; View in Berner Ober- land, Royal Academy, London.
407
ZIMMEEMANN
ZIMMERMANN, REINHARD SEBAS- TIAN, born at Hagenau, on Lake Constance, Jan. 9, 1815. Genre paint- er, pupil of Munich Acad- emy, where he was much influenced by Robert Eberle ; lived in 1844- 45 in Paris as portrait painter, and after visit- ing England and Belgi- um returned to Munich in 1847, and attained his first great success in 1850 with the humorous Three Magi, followed by numerous masterly and charac- teristic genre pieces of brilliant execution. Member of Berlin Academy, 1886. Gold medal, Berlin. Works : Expensive Bill, Peasants at the Castle (1853) ; Beggar Mu- sicians (1854) ; Interior in Schleissheim Cas- tle (1856), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Vac- cination Room (1858) ; Love Letter (1859), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Anniversary in Munich (1861), Cologne Museum ; Fisherman's Hut ; Newspaper Reader in Tavern Room (1862), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Anteroom of a Prince, St. Gall Museum ; Quartering of French Soldiers ; Circulating Library, Peas- ant Wedding (1867) ; Interrupted Game of Cards (1869) ; Public Dinner ; News of Vic- tory (1875) ; Village Youth as Landwehr, Convent School in Ottobeuern (1879) ; Be- fore Music Rehearsal (1880) ; Monk Artists, Quartette, Scene in Village Inn (1881) ; Monastery Orphanage (2, 1882). Works in United States : Love's Messenger, Betrothal, W. Mason, Tauuton, Mass.; Tinker, R. L. Stuart Collection, New York ; Politicians, Wine Tasters, John T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Musical Rehearsal, Home for Boys, D. W. Powers, Rochester ; Sudden Storm, J. W. Bates, Philadelphia ; Discussing the Wai- News, J. Carey Coale, Baltimore. — Diosku- ren (I860), 365 ; Miiller, 574 ; Kunst-Chro- nik, xvii. 305, 596 ; Regnet, ii. 305.
ZIMMERMANN, RICHARD, born at Zit- tau, March 2, 1820, died in Munich, Feb. 4, 1875. Landscape painter, brother and pu-
pil of Albert Zimmermann, studied after- wards under Ludwig Richter ; went in 1838 to Munich, and afterwards lived for several years in Prague. Gold medal, Berlin. Works : April Landscape (1842), Leipsic Museum ; Shipwreck on the Coast at Carolin (1848), Dresden Museum ; Potato Harvest (1852), Winter Landscapes (3, 1849, 1853, 1859), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Winter Night, Schack Gallery, ib. ; View near Rosenheim (1861); Moonlight (1862); Rocky Land- scape, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Fish- ermen on Coast of North Sea (1863) ; Cows
La Zingarella, Correggio, Naples Museum.
and Sheep in Ravine ; The High Goll ; Al- pine Snow-Storm, Blacksmith Shop, John T. Martin, Brooklyn. — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1843-48); Dioskuren (1861-63); Kunst- Chronik, x. 439.
ZINGARELLA, LA (The Gypsy), Cor- reggio, Naples Museum. The Virgin, with an Oriental turban on her head, sitting un- der a palm, bending over Jesus, who sleeps in her lap ; above her, among the branches and clouds, hover cherubs ; a rabbit in the grass, whence called Madonna del Coniglio. The Ziugarella is commonly supposed to
468
ZINGARO
be a portrait of Correggio's wife. Paint- ed about 1520 (?). Bought from Farnese Collection, Parma (where it was in 1587), with one hundred other pictures, in 1740, by Charles III of Naples. Much repainted. Several copies. Engraved by Frezza ; Rossi ; Bernard ; Porporati ; Toschi ; etc. — Meyer, Correggio, 328, 480 ; Kunst Lex., i. 000 ; Laiidon, (Euvres, viii. PI. 5.
By Garofdo (?), Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 9 in. x 6 in. Half-figure of a woman, with a blue cloth striped with yellow on head, a white dress, and red mantle lined with green ; gold chains and jewels on forehead and neck. " Painted without doubt by Boc- caccino " (C. & C.).— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 446.
ZINGARO, LO, born in Venice or at Civita di Penna, near Chieti, about 1382, died in Naples in 1455 (?). Neapolitan school ; real name Antonio Solario ; said to have been a smith and to have become a painter for love of Colantonio del Fiore's daughter ; to have studied in Bologna with Lippo Dalmasio, and in Venice, Florence, Ferrara, and Borne, under the Vivarini, Bicci, Galapo, Pisanello, and Gentile da Fabriano. His existence has been doubt- ed, but the pictures attributed to him show the effect of an Umbro-Florentiue training. Among them is a Madonna with Saints, Museum, Naples ; an altai-piece of the early part of the 16th century. Other pictures in Berlin, Munich, and Naples, which have passed under his name, are now proved to be the work of other artists. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 100 ; Burckhardt, 612 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole napolitaine ; Lanzi, ii. 5 ; Ltlbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 564.
ZIPPER (Cipper), GIACOMO FRAN- CESCO. German school. Works: Fam- ily Concert, Vegetable Market, Group of Fortune-Telling Gypsies, Italian Peasants at a Meal, Mr. Thomas Walesby, London ; four pictures in Hampton Court Gallery. — Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), i. 182.
ZO, ACHILLE, born at Bayonne, France, July 30, 1826. Genre painter, pupil of Cou- ture. Conservator of the Bayonne Museum.
Medal, 1868 ; L. of Honour, 1886. Works : Henry IV. of England and the Prince of Wales (1853) ; Adventurers playing Cards (1855) ; Gitanos of Monte Sagrado at Gra- nada (1861) ; Posada San Rafael at Cordova (1863) ; Blind Man of Porta Doce-Cantos at Toledo (1863), formerly in Luxembourg Mu- seum ; Plaza San Francisco at Seville (1865), Marseilles Museum ; Tribunal of Moorish Kings at Granada (1868) ; Evening, Jewess of Morocco (1869) ; Dream of a Believer (1870); Ambuscade of Gitanos (1874) ; Siesta, W. Rockefeller, New York.— Bellier, ii. 732.
ZOFFANY, JOHANN, born at Ratisbon about 1733, died in London, Nov. 11, 1810. Real name Zauffely. Portrait painter, pu- pil in Ratisbon of Speer ; went to Rome, where he remained for twelve years. After his return he made an unfortunate marriage, and in 1758 went to England, where at first he assisted the portrait painter Benjamin Wilson ; but ho attracted the notice of Lord Bute by a portrait of Garrick, and soon acquired reputation ; sent to Italy by the king in 1775, he painted there his famous picture, The Tribune of Florence, and in 1778, for the Empress Maria Theresa, the | Imperial Family of Tuscany, for which pict- ure he was made a baron. After his return to England he went to India, in 1783, and amassed a great fortune. Member of Lon- don, Bologna, Florence, and Parma Acad- emies. Works : Portraits of Earl of Barry- more, King George III., and Queen Char- lotte with Family, of Garrick, Foote, and Weston, of all Members of Royal Academy in one picture ; Embassy of Hyder Beg (with 100 figures) ; Cock-Fight; Tiger Hunt; Portrait of Archduchess Maria Christina, Vienna Museum. — Redgrave, 496.
ZOLL, FRANZ JOSEF, born at Moh- ringen, Baden, in 1772, died at Munich in 1833. History and portrait painter, first instructed by his father, a sculptor and painter, then by his uncle, a fresco painter at Trostenberg, Bavaria, and finally studied at the Munich Academy under Hauber, and Dorner, the elder ; painted at first portraits,
469
ZONA
then visted Paris and Vienna, and studied two years in Rome. In 1821 he became professor of drawing at the University of Freiburg, and in 1823 director of the gal- lery and professor at Mannheim. Works : Hercules and Hebe in Olympus, Gallery, Carlsruhe ; several Biblical Scenes, Protes- tant Church, ib.; Resurrection, Church at Mdhringen.
ZONA, ANTONIO, born in 1810. His- tory and portrait painter, pupil of Venice Academy ; distinguished for the classical style of his paintings, especially his por- traits in the manner of the Venetian mas- ters of the 16th century. Lives in Venice. Works: Farewell of Tobias, Annunciation (1844) ; Raphael instructed by his Father, Titian meeting Paolo Veronese (18G2) ; Liberation of Admiral Pisani (1863) ; Gone Astray, The Flower Girl Glycera, Our First Italian Queen. — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1844) ; Dioskuren (1863) ; Perseveranza (1863).
ZOPPO, MARCO, latter half of 15th cen- tury. Bolognese school ; pupil in Padua of Squarcione, whom he aided probably in the decoration of the Eremitaui. Lived for a time in Venice, painted many altarpieces, and finally settled in Bologna, where he lived until at least 1498. In his earlier ef- forts he shows a tendency to imitate the stiffness and reflected modelling of brass, but he shows a better art in his Bolognese pictures. Works : Altai-piece, Collegio di Spagna ; Crucifix, and Altai-piece, Cappucci- ni ; Pieta and Head of Baptist, S. Giovanni Evangelista, Pesaro ; St. Dominic as Insti- tutor of the Rosary, National Gallery, Lon- don; Madonna Enthroned (1471, master- piece), Berlin Museum. — C. & C., N. Italy, i. 345 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ; Burck- hardt, 577, 579 ; Ltibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 456.
ZORG. See Sorgh.
ZUBER, JEAN HENRI, born at Rixheim (Alsace), June 24, 1844. Landscape paint- er, pupil of Gleyre. Medals : 3d class, 1875 ; 2d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1886. Works : Chinese Junk (1870) ; Nymphs at
the Bath (1873), Chalons-sur-Marne Muse- um ; Marshes of Ferrette ; Mill at Miihl- hausen ; River 111 ; Mussel-Hunters of the Marne at Low Tide, Evening on Heath near Dinard (1876) ; River HI in Alsace, Geese at Seppois-le-Haut (1877) ; Dante and Virgil, Autumn Evening, He - et-Vilaine (1878); River Flon at Massignieu, Souvenir of Men- tone (1880) ; Evening, Daytime, Morning, Souvenirs of the Corniche Road (1881) ; The Ford (1882) ; First Rays of Dawn in Alsace, Herd of Vieux Ferrette in Alsace (1883); Bad Weather, Coming Storm (1884) ; September (1885) ; The Hollandsch Diep (1885), Luxembourg Museum ; Lost Path, After the Harvest (1886).
ZUBER-BUHLER, FRITZ, bom at Locle, Switzerland ; contemporary. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Louis Gros- claude, Picot, and the iScole des Beaux Arts. Works : Infancy of Bacchus (1850) ; Dust to Dust and the Soul to God (1850) ; Poetry (1851), Neuchatel Museum ; Early Education (1853) ; Reveil, Sarah, Gour- mandise (1859) ; Visit to the Nurse, Les trouble-fete (1861) ; La reine bacchanale, A Farmer-General (1864) ; Domestic Happi- ness (1865) ; The Golden Age (1875) ; Numa Pompilius and Egeria (1876) ; Birth of Venus (1877) ; Emancipation of Woman (1879) ; Rose Harvest (1882) ; Little Co- quette (1883) ; Big Brother's little Christ- mas (1884) ; Spring as Doctor (1886) ; The Doll, Neuchatel Museum ; Award of Idle- ness, C. H. Wolff, Philadelphia.
ZUCCARELLI (Zuccherelli), FRANCES- CO, born at Pitigliauo, Tuscany, in 1702, died at Florence in 1788. Florentine school ; landscape painter, pupil in Flor- ence of Paolo Anesi, then in Rome of Gio- vanni Maria Morandi, and of Pietro Nelli ; practised at first history painting, and after staying for some time in Venice travelled in Germany, Holland, and France ; was in- duced by the British consul at Venice to visit London, where he was employed for five years in painting decorations for the Opera House, and views on the Thames.
470
ZUCCHERO
After his return to Venice he painted some of his best landscapes, but having become known and admired in England by engrav- ings from his works, he went again to Lon- don in 1752, and was largely patronized by the royal family and aristocracy, in whose collections many of his works may still be found. He was a member of the In- corporated Society of Artists, and in 1768 one of the foundation members of the Royal Academy ; returned to Florence in 1773, and having invested his savings in the security of a monastery, which soon after was suppressed, he was left indigent, and compelled to resume his art. Many of his works are in Venice (21 in the Palazzo Reale). Works : Landscape with Italian Buildings, do. with Ruins and Waterfall, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Waterfall with Fish- ermen, Basle Museum ; do. with Sheep and Girl on Mule, Bamberg Gallery ; two Land- scapes, Gotha Museum ; Landscape with Horsemen, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Land- scape, Stuttgart Museum ; do. with Herds, do. with Fishermen, Museum, Vienna ; do. with Busy Groups of Peasants, Abraham's Departure for the Promised Land, Liechten- stein Gallery, ib. ; Woodland Scenes (4), Bergamo Gallery ; Woodland with St. John Preaching, Brera, Milan ; Landscape with Horsemen, Fondazione Poldi Pezzoli, ib.; do. with Holy Family (2), two others, Venice Academy. — Lanzi (Roscoe), i. 2C2 ; ii. 31C ; Nagler, xxii. 323 ; Redgrave, 497.
ZUCCHERO (Zucearo) FEDERIGO, born in S. Agnolo in V a d o , Urbino, in 1543, died at An- cona in 1609. Ro- man school. Brother of Taddeo Zucchero, in whose studio he laboured many years as pupil and assist- ant. Taddeo, al- though his brother was very useful to him, aided him to get commissions of his own. Among other works, Federigo painted the
Grimani Chapel, in S. Francesco della Vi- gna, Venice, which Battista Franco had left unfinished. Soon after his return to Rome his brother died, and Federigo finished his works and executed others in S. Caterina de' Funari, S3. Apostoli, S. M. dell' Orto, and other churches. In 1572 he went to France, and soon after to Flanders, Holland, and England. He painted several portraits of Queen Elizabeth and other distinguished personages (21 were exhibited in 1866). In j 1574 Federigo painted the cupola of the Duomo, Florence, which had been left un- finished by Vasari. In 1582 he painted, hi the Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Barbarossa at the Feet of Pope Alexander lH. After working a while in Rome, he went in 1585 to Madrid, at the invitation of Philip II. , and painted several pictures in the Escorial. But his style did not please the Spaniards, and he returned to Rome. He founded the Academy of St. Luke, was its first president, and left all his property to it. He was the author of a treatise on painting, sculpture, and architecture. Among his easel pictures arc : Deposition from the Cross, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; Calumny, Hampton Court ; Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh, Kensington Gallery ; The Golden Age, The Silver Age, Mythological Allegory, Uffizi, Florence ; Descent of Christ into Limbo (1585), Brera, Milan. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii. 109, 133 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne; Burckhardt, 185, 235, 754 ; Siret, 1030.
ZUCCHERO, TADDEO, born in S. Agno- lo in Vado, Urbino, Sept. 1, 1529, died in Rome, Sept. 2, 1566. Roman school ; s o n and pupil of Ottaviano Zucchero, a poor painter, and elder brother of Federigo Zucchero. Went to Rome when very young, and after
411
ZUGEL
suffering great privations was brought into notice by his decoration of the Palazzo Mat- tei. Became a popular painter, and was buried near Kaphael in the Pantheon. Among his best works are frescos of the Passion of Christ, in S. Consolazione, and a series representing the Glories of the Far- nese Family, in the villa built by Cardinal Farnese at Caprasola. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii. 104 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrieune ; Burckhardt, 186 ; Siret, 1030. ZUGEL, HEINRICH, born at Murrhard, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 22, 1850. Animal painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art School ; studied in 1873 in Vienna, and settled in Munich. Works: Sheep in Alder Grove (1875), National Gal- lery, Berlin ; Sheep- Shearing ; Sheep- Washing; Span of Oxen (1875) ; Herd fleeing from Storm ; Plough- ing Oxen ; Nobody at Home ; Runaway Bull ; Sheep and Lambs, Knoedler & Co., New York.— Miiller, 575; Illustr. Zeitg. (1880), i. 129 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiii. 128.
ZUND, ROBERT, born at Lucerne, Switzerland, in 1827. Landscape painter ; ex- cels in representing the poetry of the woods, and, by a silvery tone, imparts a peculiar charm to his landscapes, which are general- ly supplied with biblical figures. Lives at Lucerne. Works : The Harvest, Prodigal Sou tending Swine, View near Lucerne, On Lake of Lucerne, Basle Museum ; Autumn in the Woods (figures by Rudolf Roller), Berne Museum ; Near the Battle Chapel of Sempach, Oakwood, Zurich Gallery.
ZURBARAN, FRANCISCO (DE), born at Fuente de Cantos, Estremadura, Nov. 7, 1598, died in Madrid in 1662. Spanish school ; son of simple labourers ; pupil of Juan de las Roelas, afterwards imitated style of Caravaggio, whence called the Spanish Caravaggio. In 1625 he painted a series of scenes from the life of St. Peter for the
Chapel of S. Pedro, Cathedral of Seville, and about the same time his Glory of St. Thom-
as Aquinas, his best work, now in the Seville Museum. In 1633 he signed himself painter to the king — an honour which he shared with Ve- lasquez. He painted in 1650 the Labours of Hercules, in ten pictures, for the palace of Buen Retiro, now in the Madrid Museum. Zurbaran painted several large compositions, but pre- ferred simple ones requiring but few figures, and generally religious subjects, especially those displaying the rigours and austerities of monastic life. He is the painter of monks, as Raphael is of Madonnas. Other works : Miracle of St. Hugo, St. Bruno before Urban H., Madonna de las Cuevas, Two Dominicans, Seville Museum ; Sleep of Jesus, Vision of S. Pedro Nolasco, Appa- rition of St. Peter to S. Pedro Nolasco, St. Casilda, Madrid Museum ; Annunciation, Adoration of Shepherds, Adoration of Magi, Circumcision, Montpensier Gallery, Seville ; SS. Peter Nolasco and Raymond de Pegna- f ort, Funeral of a Bishop, St. Apollina, Lou- vre; Franciscan Monk, National Gallery, London ; Holy Family, Suermondt Muse- um, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Christ after the Scourg- ing, St. Bonaventura, Museum, Berlin ; Ma- donna adored by Monks, Raczynski Gal- lery, ib.; St. Ccelestine declining the Papal Crown, Dresden Museum ; St. Francis of
Assisi in Ecstasy, Old Pinakothek, Munich. —Stirling, ii. 767 ; Viardot, 75 ; Ch. Blanc,
ZUSTKIS
Ecole espagnole ; Modrazo, 545 ; Meyer, Gemiilde kongL Mus., 547; Washbum, Spanish Masters, 96.
ZUSTKIS (Sustris), born at Amsterdam in 1526, died in Munich in 1599 (?). Dutch school ; history and portrait painter, son of, and first instructed by, Lambert Zustris, •who is probably the same as Lamberto d'Amsterdamo mentioned by Vasari as a pupil of Titian in Venice ; then pupil of Jan Swart of Groningen, afterwards went to Florence and there allied himself to Vasari, who makes honourable mention of him in 1568 as Federigo di Lamberto Fiamingho. Later on he appears as court painter and architect to Duke William V. of Bavaria. Works : Venus and Cupid, Louvre, Paris ; Holy Family, Cassel Gallery.— Kramm, iii. 936 ; Nagler, xviii. 17 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 590.
ZWENGAUEE, ANTON, the elder, born in Munich, Oct. 11, 1810, died there, June 13, 1884. Landscape painter ; studied from nature in the Bavarian Highlands and in Southern Tyrol. His evening and sunset landscapes are especially fine. In 1853-69 Conservator of Schleissheim Gallery, since 1869 of Munich Gallery. Works : Noon on the Alp (1841); Chiern Lake after Sunset (1847), Harrach Gallery, Vienna ; Evening
Landscape with Stag (1851), Evening on the Alp (1856), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Bay of Kochel Lake, Schack Gallery, ib. ; Deer on a Lake after Sunset, Leipsic Muse- um ; Four Seasons (1858), Swantreep Gal- lery, Christiania ; Evening in the Rushes (1861); Sunset in Bavarian Highlands, Basle Museum ; Village in the Evening (1863) ; Return of the Herd (1883). His son, An- ton (born June 12, 1850, pupil of Munich Academy and of his father), paints in the latter's style. Works : View on the Isar ; Mill in Nether Bavaria. — Allgem. K. C., viii. 510 ; Kunst-Chronik, six. 627 ; Miiller, 576 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xii. 63.
ZYL, GERARD PIETERSE VAN, born in Amsterdam or in Leyden, probably about 1615. Dutch school ; portrait and genre painter ; was in London with Van Dyck, and painted so much in the style of that master, that he was called Little van Dyck ; ' returned to Amsterdam in or soon after 1641, is mentioned as living there in 1655- 1 58, and painted genre pieces, especially merry assemblages. Works : Portraits of Man and Wife, Brunswick Gallery ; Com- pany of Ladies and Gentlemen, Gallery, 1 Copenhagen ; Music Lesson, Moltke Col- lection, ib. — Immerzeel, iii. 262 ; Riegel, Beitriige, il 291.
473
SUPPLEMENT.
Containing names omitted, corrections, and additions, to 1887. Articles preceded by an asterisk (*) are supplementary to articles in the text.
*ADAM, Franz, died in Munich, Sept. 29, 1886.— Kunst-Chronik, xxii. 19.
AGACHE, ALFEED PIERRE, born at Lille ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Plucliard and Colas. Medal, 3d class, 1885. Works : Old Woman (1880) ; Little Girl (1881) ; The Fates (1882) ; Decorative Figure (1884) ; Fortuna (1885) ; Kaled (1886).
AGGHAZY, GYULA, born in Hungary ; contemporary. Genre painter. Works : The Power of Music (1881) ; Market Scene (1882), Emperor of Austria ; Village Gossip (1883), Hungarian Art Union ; Washer- women, Hemp-Roasting, Evening Land- scape (National Exhibition, Buda-Pesth, 1885).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), i. 103.
*ALMA-TADEMA, LAURENZ. Add to •works : Hadrian in England — visiting a Romano-British Pottery (1884) ; Reading from Homer, My Youngest Daughter, Who is it ? (1885) ; An Apodyterium, A Foregone Conclusion (1886). At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, Roman Lady feeding Fish, and Spring, sold respectively for $5,000 and $7,000.
*AMAURY-DUVAL, EUGENE EM- MANUEL, died in Paris, Dec. 27, 1885.
*AMERLING, FRIEDRICH, died in Vi- enna, Jan. 14, 1887.— Allgem. K. C., xi. 90.
*ANATOMY, LESSON IN, Rembrandt; read Hague Museum instead of National Gallery, Amsterdam. The picture in the Amsterdam Gallery is a fragment of the Lesson in Anatomy of Dr. Deyman, paint- ed by Rembrandt in 1656. It was greatly damaged by fire in 1723 ; sold in 1842 to Mr. Chaplin, an Englishman, for 660 florins ; bought in London, 1882, for the Amster- dam Museum for £100. The Hague pict- ure was etched by W. Unger in 1873 ; lithographed by C. Binger ; H. J. van den Hout ; H. J. Zimmerman ; C. C. A. Last ; J. L. Huijgens.
* AURORA, Guercino, Palazzo Ludovisi, Rome (vol. i., p. 82, line 3). Read Aurora instead of Apollo.
BALL, JOSEPH (CLAUDE), born at Limonest (Rhone) ; contemporary. Genre and still-life painter, son and pupil of Jean Antoine Bail. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Bibelots (1880) ; The Pig (1881) ; Mere Bruue, Violoncello Player (1882) ; Glass of Water, Cooks (1883) ; The Wind of the Lamb, Little Dogs (1884) ; Cluny Bibelots (1885) ; Bibelots from Museum of Cluny and from the Drape Collection (1886).
BAKER, WILLIAM BLISS, died at Ballston, N. Y., November, 1886.
474
SUPPLEMENT
*BARGUE, CHARLES. At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, was sold : The Sen- tinel (1876, from John W. Wilson sale, Paris, 1881), $12,300, J. L Martin, Brook- lyn, N. Y.
BARON, THEODORE, born in Belgium ; contemporary. Landscape painter. Gold medal, Antwerp, 1879 ; Order of Leopold, 1880. Works : Pool in Forest of Fontaiue- bleau in Winter, Summer in Neighbourhood of Paris (1883).
*BASTIEN-LEPAGE, JULES. Add to works : The Wood-Gatherer (an old man with fagots and child gathering wild-flow- ers), The Mowers (two men in meadow partly cut), Edward P. Allis, Milwaukee, Wis.
*BAUDOIN, PAUL ALBERT. Awarded a 2d class medal for his Decorative Panel for the Mayoralty of Saint-Maur, Salon, 1886.
*BAUDRY, PAUL, died in Paris, Jan. 17, 1886. A collective exhibition of his works was held in Paris in the autumn of 1886. — Gaz. des B. Arts (1881), xxiii. 478 ; (1882), xxv. 538 ; xxvi. 131 ; (1884), xxix. 311, 509 ; (1886), xxxiii. 106, 395 ; Claretie, Peintres (1884), ii. 33; Kunst-Chronik, xxi. 279; Mag. of Art, ix. 468 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxii. 1, 65.
*BECKWITH, JAMES CARROLL, elect- ed A.N.A., 1886.
*BEHRENDSEN, AUGUST, died at Me- ran, Tyrol, April, 1886.
*BELLOWS, ALBERT F., born at Mil- ford, Mass., Nov. 29, 1829, died at Auburn- dale, Mass., Nov. 24, 1883.
*BENCZUR, GYULA. Work in United States : Verlassen, W. H. Metcalf, Milwau- kee.
*BENJAMIN-CONSTANT, JEAN JO- SEPH. Add to works : Judith, Justinian (1886). The latter picture, a very large canvas, representing the Emperor Justinian seated on his throne among his councillors, is owned in St. Paul, Minn. The Justice of the Cherif (Salon, 1885) is owned in New York.
*BERAUD, JEAN. The Public Ball (1880) is owned by T. T. Kinney, Newark, N. J.
BERGH, RICHARD, born at Stockholm ; contemporary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy and in Paris of Jean Paul Laurens and of E. Persi-us. Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works : End of the Meeting (1884); In Sweden at Nightfall (1885) ; My Wife (1886).
BERTHELON, EUGENE, born in Paris ; contemporary. Landscape and marine paint- er, pupil of Eugene Lavieille and of Berne- Bellecour. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Coast at Mesnilval near Trc-port, Near the Coast in Thick Weather (1884); Depart- ure of the Pilot, Forest of Fontainebleau (1885) ; Old Jetty at Troport in Stormy Weather (1886). "
*BINET, VICTOR Awarded a 2d class medal for his Spring Morning at Saint- Aubin-sur-Quillebceuf, and The Plain at do., Salon, 1886.
*BISI, LUIGI, died in Milan, Sept. 11, 1886.
BLAYN, FERNAND, born in Paris ; con- temporary. Genre painter, pupil of Alex- andre Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : A Rescue, A Poor Reception (1880); Old Warrior (1881); Return of Fishermen, On the Beach (1882) ; Low Water at Cayeux, Idyl on the Beach (1883) ; Burial of a Child in Brittany (1884) ; St. Francis of Assisi (1885) ; Funeral of a Young Girl in Picardy, Return of the Geese —Normandy (1886).
*BODENMULLER, ALFONS, died in- sane in Munich, June 18, 1886. Works : The Schiiffler Dance in Munich during the Plague, The Foster Child, Caritas.
BOMPARD, MAURICE, born at Rodez (Aveyron) ; contemporary. Genre and por- trait painter, pupil of Boulanger and Jules Lefobvre. Medal, 3d class, 1880. Works : Study of Birds, Model's Repose (1880) ; De- but at the Studio (1881) ; Jack in the Bowl (1882) ; Tunisian Butcher (1884) ; A Studio Corner (1885) ; Prayer at the Mosque (1886).
476
SUPPLEMENT
*BONHEUE, (MAEIE) KOSA. At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the following : Calf and Cow — Scotch High- lands (1876), $12,200 ; Deer in Forest (1867), $7,150, Mr. Sutton, New York.
*BOKDES, EKNEST DOMINIQUE. Awarded a 2d class medal for his Death of Bishop Prsetextatus, Salon, 1886.
*BOSSHARDT, KASPAR, died in Mu- nich, Feb. 10, 1887.— Kunst-Chronik, xxii. 328.
*BOUGUEREAU, (WILLIAM) ADOLPHE. Medal of honour, 1885 ; Com- mander of L. of Honour, 1885. To pictures owned in the United States add : The Lost Pleiad, W. H. Metcalf, Milwaukee; The New-Bom Lamb (1873), Return from the Harvest (1878), A. T. Stewart Collection, New York ; The Bathers, Dr. Judson, ib. At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, Cupid, Nut-Gatherers (1882), Italian Mother and Child, and Madonna and St. John (1882), sold for $6,500, $7,250, $3,050, and $9,000.
*BOURGEOIS, (LtiON PIERRE) UR- BANI. Add to works : Martyrdom of St. Andrew (1886), Convent of Gray Nuns, Mon- treal, Canada.
*BR£TON, JULES ADOLPHE. Mem- ber of Institute, 1886. Add to works : The Communicants (H. 4 ft. x 6 ft. 2 in., Salon, 1884), Morgan sale, New York, 1886, $45,- 500, to Donald Smith, Montreal, Canada. Same sale, Bird Nest (1884), and Returning from the Fields (1878), sold respectively for $3,600 and $9,500.
*BROUILLET, (PIERRE) ANDRE\ Awarded a 2d class medal for his Wounded Peasant, Salon, 1886.
BURGERS, HENDRIK JACOB, born at Huissen, Guelderland ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Amsterdam Acad- emy and in Paris of Lionel Royer. L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Surprise, The Fa- vourite (1876) ; The Bath (1878) ; After the Departure, Mother and Child (1879) ; Win- ter, Autumn (1880) ; In the Country (1881) ; Ship Builder, The Duo (1882) ; Farrier, A Symphony (1883) ; Sick Sister, Baptistery
of St. Mark's — Venice (1884) ; Fisherwoman of Zaudvoort, The Cooper of Dives (1885) ; The Brook, The Forge (1886).
BURNAND, EUGENE, born at Moudon, Switzerland ; contemporary. Genre paint- er, pupil of Menn and of Gerome. Works : Dominican Novices (1878) ; Spinning Wom- an, Wood Cutter in Prayer (1879) ; Horse Drove in Camargue (1882) ; Swiss Farm, Shepherd in the Garrigues (1883) ; Old Age of Louis XT7., A Day's Mowing (1884); Alpine Bull, Proven9al Shepherd (1885); Change of Pasture (1886).— N. illustr. Zeitg. (1880), ii. 790.
*BURNE-JONES, EDWARD. Add to works : Flamma Vestalis, Morning of the Resurrection, Sibylla Delphica, Depths of the Sea (1886). The last-named picture is the first one ever exhibited by the painter in the Royal Academy. Philip Burne-Jones, son of Edward Burue-Jones, exhibited in the Grosvenor Gallery, 1886, An Unpainted Masterpiece, representing the studio of a poor artist, suggested by Henry James's story, "A Madonna of the Future."
*BURNITZ, KARL PETER, died in Frankfort, Aug. 18, 1886.
CARABIN, JACQUES, landscape painter in Brussels ; contemporary. Medals : Lon- don, 1873, 1874 ; Dunkirk, 1876 ; Algiers and Nimes, 1881 ; Sydney, 1880 ; Melbourne, 1st class, 1881 ; Lyons, 1882. Order of Libera- tor of Venezuela. Works: Under the Portico del Marocco at Riva, Fountain at Corbole (Exposition universelle, Amsterdam, 1883).
*CARAVAGGIO, MICHELANGELO DA (vol. i., p. 241, col. 2, line 40). Read Good Samaritan instead of St. Sebastian.
CARBONELL Y SELVA, Don MIGUEL, born in Spain ; contemporary. Pupil of Barcelona Academy. Works : Sappho (1881); Catalonian Lace Maker (1882); Patria, Fides, Amor (1884).— LaHustracion (1882), i. 282 ; (1884), i. 395.
*CASADO DEL ALISAL, Don JOS^, born in Valencia, Spain, in 1832, died in Madrid, Oct. 10, 1886. — Kunst-Chrouik, xxii. 43.
476
SUPPLEMENT
CASANOVA Y ESTORACH, ANTONIO,
born at Tortosa, Spain ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil at Barcelona of Clau- dio Lorenzale and at the Madrid Academy of Federico de Madrazo ; then studied in Rome, and finally in Paris, where he still resides. Works : Preparing for a Visit (1874), A. T. Stewart Collection, New York ; Victims of Pillage (1876) ; Court Favour- ites, Temptation (1877) ; Van Dyck at the Court of Charles L, Chocolate (1878) ; Mar- riage of a Prince, Indiscretion (1879) ; Hero of the Fete (1880) ; In the Corner of a Garden, Gourmet (1881) ; Episode in Siege of Paris— 1590, At Figaro's (1882) ; A ris- ing Star (youth of Mine, de Pompadour), Always the King (1883) ; The Gourmand (1883), at Morgan sale, New York, 188G, $1,750 ; Writing his Memoirs, Theologian (1884) ; Last Moments of Philip II of Spain (1885) ; St. Ferdinand, King of Spain (188C).
CASTRES, EDOUARD, born at Gene- va ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil in Geneva of Menn and in Paris of Zarna- cois. Medals : Paris, 2d class, 1872, 1874. Works : A Collector (1870) ; Japanese Ba- zaar ; International Ambulance in the Snow (1872) ; Prisoner's Narrative (1873) ; Con- vent Fountain, Gypsies Travelling, After the Shot (1874) ; At Cairo, Return from Mar- ket, Beggar Monk (1875) ; Gratuitous Con- sultation, Caravan (1876) ; Gypsies travers- ing Simplon Pass, Game at Quoits on Convent Terrace (1877) ; Relays at Hospital on Simplon Pass, Japanese Woman at the Bath (1878); Interrupted Meditation, A Trick (1879) ; Crossing the Frontier, Re- turn from Mountains (1880) ; Little Con- valescent (1881); The Bivouacs (1882); Hamlet on Fire (1883); Christmas Eve (1884); Country Life (1885); The Con- scripts (1886).
CAVfi, JULES CYRILLE, born in Paris ; contemporary. History and portrait paint- er, pupil of Bouguereau and Tony Robert- Fleury. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works: A Martyr of the Catacombs, Portrait of Mile. Germaiue S. (1886).
*CESBRON, ACHILLE. Awarded a 2d class medal for his Flowers of Sleep and his Lilac Tree, Salon, 1886.
*CHARNAY, ARMAND. Awarded a 2d class medal for his Terrace of Chrysanthe- mums at Chateau de Gasthellier, Salon, 1886.
CIARDI, GUGLIELMO, born at Treviso ; contemporary. Marine and landscape paint- er in Venice. Gold medal, Berlin, 1886. Works : Malamocco — Venice, Calm in the Lagoons, Chioggia (Exhibition, Munich, 1883) ; Messidoro, Spring Clouds (1886).
*CLAIRIN, GEORGES (JULES VIC- TOR). Add : Medal, 2d class, 1885.
CLEMENS, WILHELM. Genre painter in Munich ; contemporary. Gold medal, Berlin, 1886. Works : Monks Quarrelling (1882) ; Poacher's End (1886).
CLEMENTE, Don SALVADOR, born at Cadiz, Spain ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Art School at Cadiz and of Domingo Marques. Works : Cavalier of Court of Louis XIII. ; Sparrow Day at Se- ville ; Volveran las oscuras goloudriuas. — La Ilustracion (1883), ii. 131.
COESSIN DE LA FOSSE, CHARLES ALEXANDRE, born at Lisieux (Calvados), Sepi 7, 1829. Genre painter, pupil of Pi- cot and Couture. Medal, 3d class, 1873. Works: Theseus (1866), Lisieux Museum ; Man and Fortune (1870); Politics at the Palais Royal— 1793 (1873) ; Chanson de Ro- land, Lansquenet (1874) ; Procession of Par- don de Ploumanach (1884) ; Adieus (1885) ; Dressed for the Procession (1886).
COOSEMANS, JOSEPH THEODORE, landscape painter in Brussels ; contempo- rary. Order of Leopold. Works : Entrance to Gorge aux loups in Fontainebleau Forest (Exposition universelle, Amsterdam, 1883) ; Road in Heath of Genck, Plateau Belle croix at Fontainebleau (Munich Exhibition, 1883) ; Autumn Landscape (Jubilee Exhibi- tion, Berlin, 1886).
CORELLI, AUGUSTO, genre painter in Rome ; contemporary. Gold medals : Ant- werp, 1885 ; Berlin, 1st class, 1886. Works :
SUP PL EM EN T
Peasants surprised by Thunder-storm; Lady in Drawing-Room, Oriental Costume (Munich Exhibition, 1883) ; My Poor Maria, Forest God (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
*COEOT, (JEAN BAPTISTS) C AMILLE. At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the following : Landscape, $9,000 ; Nymphs Bathing, $4,800; Evening on a River, $4,050 ; Landscape and Cattle, $4,200; Near Ville d'Avray, $3,500 ; Land- scape, $3,300 ; Environs of Lake Nemi (1865), $14,000; Wood Gatherers (1875), $15,000.
CRAMER, ALFONS VON, died at Pegli Multedo, Italy, Jan. 4, 1884.
*CRANK, CHARLES ALEXANDRE (vol. i., p. 348). Instead of CRANK read CRAUK.
CURTIS, CALVIN, born at Stratford, Conn., July 5, 1822. Portrait and land- scape painter, pupil in 1841 of the National Academy and of Daniel Huntington. After painting for several years in New York, he returned in 1849 to Connecticut, and lived in Birmingham and Waterbury until 1859, when he settled in Bridgeport. Though hampered by disease, he has been able to accomplish much good work. Among his sitters have been Chief Justice Thomas B. Butler, Judge S. B. Beardsley, General William N. Noble, Gideon H. Hollister, Rev. Nathaniel Hewitt, and William R. Seeley.
*DAGNAN-BOUVERET, PASCAL ADOLPHE JEAN. Add : Legion of Hon- our, 1885.
*DANBY, THOMAS (son of Francis), died in London, March 25, 1886.
*DAUBIGNY, CHARLES FRANgOIS. At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the following : Boats on the Shore, $1,325 ; Cooper's Shop (1872), $5,300 ; On the Seine (1873), $6,200; On the Marne (1873), $5,500.
*DAUBIGNY, KARL PIERRE, died at Auvers-sur-Oise, in May, 1886.
*DECAMPS, ALEXANDRE GABRIEL. At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were
sold the following : Bazaars in Cairo, $2,450 ; Walk to Emmaus, $3,100.
*DELAUNAY, JULES ELIE. Add to medals : 1st class, 1878 ; Officer L. of Hon- our, 1878 ; Member of Institute, 1879.
DELPEREE, EMILE, genre and por- trait painter in Liege ; contemporary. Med- al, Ghent, 1877 ; gold medal, Brussels, 1871 ; Order of Leopold, 1883. Works : Return from the Garden, Portrait of Professor van Beneden (Exposition universelle, Amster- dam, 1883) ; Interruption of Jubilee Pro- cession at Liege in 1875 (Munich Exhibi- tion, 1883).
*DESTREM, CASIMIR. Awarded a 2d class medal for his Ruth and Boaz, Salon, 1886.
*DEVILLY, THEODORE, died at Nancy, France, Dec. 24, 1886. — Chronique des Arts (1887), 5.
*DIAZ DE LA PENA, NARCISO VIR- GILIO (vol. i., p. 405, line 30). For Diana and Poictiers read Diana of Poitiers. At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the following : Oriental Woman (1865), $1,550 ; Lane near Fontainebleau (1865), $2,500 ; Study of the Nude, $1,375 ; Edge of a Wood, $2,750 ; Moonlight Concert, $2,400 ; Pool in the Woods (1873), $2,600 ; Toilet of Venus (1877), $3,300 ; Flowers, #500 ; lie des Amours (1857), $3,900 ; Chil- dren and Kid (1860), $2,750 ; Persian Wom- en (1860), $2,925 ; Repose after Bath, $1,600 ; Boy with Hunting Dogs (1855), $4,500 ; Holy Family (1853), $4,100 ; Sunset after Storm (1871), $8,650; Bathers, $2,400; Persian Woman and Child, $3,500.
DILL, LUDWIG, born at Gernsbach, Baden, Feb. 2, 1848. Marine painter in Munich ; self-taught. Medal, Nuremberg ; gold medal, Stuttgart ; Munich, 2d class, 1883. Works: After the Storm (1882), Munich Art Union ; Canal in Venice (1882), Stuttgart Museum ; Sirocco, Lagoon Vil- lage (Exhibition, Munich, 1883) ; Venetian Fishing Boat (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Kuust-Chrouik, xvii. 8, 386 ; xix. 447 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 159.
478
SUPPLEMENT
DIX, CHARLES TEMPLE, born in Al- bany, N. Y., Feb. 25, 1838, died in Rome, March, 1872. Landscape and marine paint- er ; served in the civil war on the staff of his father, General John A. Dix, and at its close went to study in Rome, where he re- mained until his decease. Works : Phantom Ship ; View of Gibraltar ; Sunset at Capri ; Sark Channel Islands ; Coast Scene (1871).
*DOREUR, LE. Add to bibliography: Jal, 1046.
*DUBUFE, EDOUARD. Add to works : Love's Diversion (1860), Circassian Girl (1867), Lady and Parrot (1871), Prodigal Son (1867), A. T. Stewart Collection, New York. The Prodigal Son, the study of the larger picture (Exposition universelle, Paris, 1878, burned iu Cincinnati a few years later), is in three parts in one frame : cen- tre, H. 4 ft. x 7 ft. 6 in.; wings, each, H. 4 ft. x 1 ft. 4 in.
*DUPRfi, JULES. At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the following : Stormy Weather, $1,700 ; Driving Cows to Water, $1,850 ; Cloudy Day, $2,500 ; Morn- ing, $8,050 ; A Symphony, $8,100.
*DUPRE\ LEON VICTOR, died in Paris, Nov. 1, 1879.— L' Art (1879), iv. 168.
DURANGEL, LEOPOLD VICTOR, born at Marseilles ; contemporary. History and portrait painter, pupil of Horace Vernet and of Ferdinand Wachsmuth. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Deposition from the Cross (1878) ; Providence (1879) ; Jesus Dead on the Cross, Butterflies — Decorative Panel (1880) ; Olive Harvest (1881) ; The Flute Prize (1882) ; The Fish and the Shepherd that plays the Flute, Omnis Homo (1885) ; Resignation (1886).
ERDTELT, ALOIS, genre painter in Munich ; contemporary. Gold medal, Ber- lin, 1886. Works : Genre Scene, Two Por- traits (Munich Exhibition, 1883) ; At the Tailor's, Portrait of the Artist, do. of his Father (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
FAIVRE, LEON MAXIME, born in Paris ; contemporary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Gerome and of Boulanger.
Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Interior of Gt-rome's Studio (1877) ; Derniere victoire ! (1880) ; William the Conqueror (1881) ; La muse au cabaret (1882) ; Female Portrait (1884); An Invader in the Stone Age (1885) ; Surprised by the Tide (1886).
FERRY, JULES, born at Bordeaux, France, Jan. 1, 1844. History and genre painter, pupil of John Lewis Brown and of Alexandra Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Astyanax thrown from the Walls of Troy by order of Ulysses (1869) ; Game Seller (1870) ; Return from Hunting (1873) ; Hallali of the Wild Boar (1876) ; Recall of Dogs from Boar Chase (1879) ; The Guard's Breakfast (1880) ; Market Day— Road to Evreux (1884) ; Diana at the Bath (1886).
*FILDES, (SAMUEL) LUKE, elected R.A., 1887. Add to works : The Flower Girl, A Daughter of the Lagoons (1886).
FIRLE, WALTHER, genre painter in Munich ; contemporary. Gold medal, Ber- lin, 1886. Works : Morning Devotions in Dutch Orphanage, Sunday School (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
*FORTUNY Y CARBO, MARIANO. At ; the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the following : Italian Woman (water-col- our), $450 ; Spanish Lady with Fan (water- colour), $575 ; The Rare Vase (1870, water- colour, J. W. Wilson sale, Paris, 1881), $7,100.
FOURIE, ALBERT, born in Paris ; con- temporary. Genre painter, pupil of Jean Paul Laurens and of Gautherin. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Recreation in the Cloister (1879) ; Judith, A Numismatist (1881) ; Etienne Marcel and the Dauphin (1882) ; First Communion at Crosne (1884) ; Last Mourning (1885) ; A Fete-Day (1886).
*FRERE, CHARLES (EDOUARD). In- stead of Medal, 2d class, 1848; Medal, 1865, read : Medal, 3d class, 1883.
*FRERE, (PIERRE) EDOUARD, died at Ecouen, May 23, 1886.— Athenaeum (1886), i. 723.
FRIESE, RICHARD, born at Hamburg, Germany ; contemporary. Animal painter,
479
SUP PLEMENT
pupil of Berlin Academy. Medal, 3d class, Paris, 1885 ; gold medal, Berlin, 1886. Works : Brigands of the Desert (Salon, 1885) ; Hard Fight between Ure-Oxen, End of a Noble of the Forest (Jubilee Exhibi- tion, Berlin, 1886).
*GAGLIARDINI, JDLIEN GUSTAVE. Awarded a 2d class medal for Picardy Farm, Court Yard in Auvergne, Salon, 1886.
GEBHARDT, KARL, born in Munich, March 23, 1860. History painter, pupil of Loefftz and Lindenschmit at the Munich Academy, where he won several prizes ; then studied in Italy. Medal, Nuremberg, 1879. Works: A Bookworm (1877), owned in America ; Loki and Sigrun (1878) ; Hero and Leander (1879), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Min- nesinger (1881) ; Death of Virginia (1882) ; Eve by the body of Abel (1883).— Ulustr. Zeitg. (1886), i. 109; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 436 ; xviii. 549; xix. 351; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 135.
GELHAY, EDOUARD, born at Braisne- sur-Vesle (Aisne) ; contemporary. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of Jules Goupil and of Alexandre Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works: Atelier of Tony Robert- Fleury (1885) ; Foundling Asylum (1886).
*GEROME, JEAN LEON. Add to works : CEdipus, First Kiss of the Sun (1886). At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the following : Vase Seller —Cairo, $4,600 ; The Tulip Folly, $6,000 ; Coffee House— Cairo, $4,800.
GESELSCHAP, FRIEDRICH, born at Wesel, Prussia, May 5, 1835. History paint- er, pupil of Dresden Academy and in Diis- seldorf of Mintrop ; studied in Rome in 1866-71. Professor, member, and sena- tor of Berlin Academy. Great gold medal, Berlin, 1886. Works: Roman Triumphal Procession, Four Cardinal Virtues, Re-erec- tion of German Empire, Allegory on War, do. on Peace, Defence of the Country against Foreign Invaders, Union of North and South through Prussia (1883-87), Arsenal, Berlin ; Decorations on Staircase of Ministry of Commerce, ib. — D. illustr.
Zeitg. (1886), v. 231 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 314 ; xviii. 451 ; xix. 730.
GILBERT, RENE JOSEPH, born in Paris ; contemporary. Genre painter, pu- pil of Alexandre Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : A Bad Blow (1882) ; Sun- day (1885) ; The Tapestry Mender (pastel, 1886).
*GIRARD, ALBERT. Awarded a 2d class medal for his La premiere heure — Banks of the Seine, Salon, 1886.
GREGORY, JAMES ELIOT, born in New York ; contemporary. Portrait and figure painter, pupil of the Ecole des Beaux Arts and of Carolus-Duran. Studio in Paris. Works: Portraits of Mrs. C. H. Baldwin (1882), of General Cullum (1883), Mrs. E. S. Higgins, Child of W. W. Astor (1884), and Mrs. Sherwood (1885); Co- quetry (1884).
GRIDEL, JOSEPH EMTLE, born at Baccarat (Meurthe), Oct. 16, 1839. Animal painter, pupil of Augustin Feyen-Perrin. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Wounded Boar (1865) ; A Double Blow (1869) ; Re- turn from Boar Hunt in the Vosges (1879) ; Bosnian Bear Exhibitor (1880) ; Capture of a Wild Boar (1886).
GROLLERON, PAUL, born at Seignelay (Yonne) ; contemporary. History and genre painter, pupil of Leon Bonnat. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works: When the Masters are Away (1874) ; Game of Piquet (1875) ; Each in his Turn (1878) ; W7hen the Cat's away the Mice, etc. (1879) ; Episode of 1870 (1881) ; Combat in 1870 under Walls of Paris (1882) ; La partie fine (1883) ; On the Look-out, At Buzenval (1884) ; An Inquiry, Chatillon— Oct. 13, 1870 (1885); Episode of the Battle of Loigny (1886).
GUETAL, LAURENT, born at Vienne (Isere) ; contemporary. Landscape painter. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : La Berarde- en-Oisans (1882) ; Banks of the Drac (1883) ; Mont- Aiguille and the Valley of Chichilianne- en-Tri6ves in Dauphiny (1884) ; The First Snow (1885) ; Lake of Lechauda in the Hautes-Alpes, A Sea in Winter (1886).
480
SUPPLEMENT
HAANEN, CECIL VAN, bora in Vienna, in November, 1844. Genre painter, son of and first instructed by liemy van Haanen, then pupil of Vienna Academy, and for six years in Antwerp of Van Lerius and Verlat ; having for six months been employed in London as draughtsman for leading maga- zines, he visited Venice in 1873 and was greatly influenced by Passini, and this, in connection with Pettenkofen's advice, im- parted a new stamp to his style. He is a brilliant colourist, with a broad and vigorous touch and a fine faculty for composing and placing his figures. Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1876 ; 2d class, 1878. Works : The Bead Stringers (1876) ; A Water Carrier, A Street Wrangle (1877) ; The First Dip
(1880) ; Luncheon Time in a Venetian Sar- toria, Cobbler's Shop (1881) ; Gypsy Girl, Mask Shop in Venice (1882) ; Afternoon Coffee (1883); Death of Juliet (1884).— Mag. of Art, x. 1.
HALKETT, FRANCOIS (JOSEPH CLE- MENT), born at Brussels ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Jules Lefi-bvre, Gustave Boulanger, and Portaels. Medal, 3d class, Paris, 1886. Works : Joueuse d'osselets, A Nun (1883) ; Under the Fir Trees (1884) ; Candy Sorters, Interior of a Candy Shop (1885) ; In the Fir Forest, Souvenir of the Dune (1886).
HAQUETTE, GEORGES, born in Paris; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of A Millet and of Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1880. Works : Scene at Pollet— near Di- eppe (1878); Francine's Muft', Interior at Pollet (1879) ; Wandering Musicians in a Cabaret, Fish Dealer at Dieppe (1880) ; In- terior of la more Panotte, Pore Mazure
(1881) ; Departure for Newfoundland, At the Wharf (1882) ; Le salut au Calvaire, A Baptism (1884) ; Landing from Fishing, A Wind Squall (1885) ; Man of the Sea (1886).
HASLUND, OTTO, born in Copenhagen, Nov. 4, 1842. Landscape, animal, and fig- ure painter, first instructed by Frederik Helsted (1809-75), then pupil of Copen- hagen Academy, of Roed, Marstrand, Si-
monsen, and Skovgaard ; won a prize in 1871, and went to Italy in 1873. Works : Landscape with Sheep (1867) ; Old Horse seeking Shelter behind Boat (1868) ; Land- scapes and Animal-Pieces (1869-71) ; Re- turn from Market (1871) ; Donkeys on the Road in Ischia (1874) ; Roman Abbot smoking clandestinely (1875) ; Monk start- ing out in Rainy Weather (1878); Milk- maids assisting one another in writing to their Lovers, Two Old People keeping Sun- day, Behind a Mill of an Afternoon (1882) ; In Yule-Tide (1883). -Sigurd Muller, 146.
HAWKINS, LOUIS WELDEN, born at Stuttgart of English parents ; contempo- rary. Genre painter, pupil of Bouguereau, Jules Lefcbvre, and Boulanger. Medal, 3d class, 1881. Works : Potato Harvest, The Orphans (1881) ; Lavatory at Gri-s, Peasant Woman and Geese (1882) ; Fisherman's Mother, Evening (1883) ; Poor People (1884).
*HENNER, JEAN JACQUES. Add to works : Orpheline, Solitude (1886). At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the following : Sleeping Nymph, $2,075 ; Re- pose, $3,100 ; Fabiola (heroine of Cardinal Wiseman's story of same name), $4,100 ; La Source (Salon, 1881), $10,100, Walter Watson, Montreal, Canada.
JACOMIN, MARIE FERDINAND, born in Paris ; contemporary. Landscape painter, son and pupil of Jean Marie Jacomin (1789- 1858). Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works: End of a Winter Day (1880) ; View in Forest of Saint-Germain (1881, 1884, 1885) ; do. in Forest of Marly (1881, 1882, 1883, 1886).— Bellier, i. 809.
*JACQUEMART, N^LIE (voL ii., p. 328, line 10). For Drury read Dimiy.
*KNAUS, LUDWIG. Add to works: The Witch, George L Seney, New York. At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the following : A Farmer's Daughter (1884), $2,300 ; Young Satyr, *3,150 ; St Martin's Day (1877), $5,700 ; Hunter's Re- past (1867), $16,400, Mrs. Arnott, Elmira, N. Y. ; Country Store (1883), *10,400, S. P. Avery, New York.
1-1
SUPPLEMENT
KOVALEVSKI, PAUL, born at Kasan, Russia ; contemporary. Genre painter in St. Petersburg ; professor. Member of Ber- lin Academy. Medals : 2d class, Paris, 1878; Berlin, 1886. Works : Transportation of a Millstone (1877) ; Excavations in Eome (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
*KRAY, WELHELM. Undine listening to the Tale of a Playmate (1879) is owned by T. T. Kinney, Newark, N. J.
LAHAYE, ALEXIS MARIE, born in Paris ; contemporary. Genre painter, pu- pil of Pils, of Corot, and of Carolus-Duran. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Banks of the Allier at Beaurecueil (1877) ; Idleness, Dreaming (1878) ; Under the Olives (1879) ; Gitanos of the Albaycin at Granada (1880) ; Marguerite (1881) ; Little Child (1882) ; Edge of the Water, Pierre (1883) ; Susanna (1884) ; Two Sisters (1885) ; Revery, First Step (1886).
LALAING, Count JACQUES DE, born in Belgium ; contemporary. Genre paint- er, pupil of Portaels and of Cluysenaar. Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1883 ; 2d class, 1884 ; do., Berlin, 1886. Studio in Brussels. Works: The Intercepted Courier (1882); Prisoners of War (1883) ; Equestrian Por- trait (1884) ; The Wrestlers (1885).
LARSSON, KARL, born in Stockholm, Sweden ; contemporary. Landscape and genre painter, pupil of the Stockholm Acad- emy. Medal, Paris, 3d class, 1883. Works : In the Country (1883) ; Petite fille (1885) ; In Sweden (1886).
LATOUCHE, GASTON, born at Saint- Cloud (Seine-et-Oise); contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Corot. Is also a sculptor and engraver. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works: Conversation (1880) ; Le trepasse, The View (1881) ; Fire in London, Interment of a Child at Juvigny-sous-Andaine (1882) ; Mis- ery, The Wheedler (1883) ; A Vow, Legende du point d'Argentan (1884) ; The Infirm at the Monastery of Perron, Solitude (1885) ; Wilhelmshohe, Holy Family (triptych, 1886).
LAURENT, ERNEST JOSEPH, born in Paris ; contemporary. Portrait and genre
painter, pupil of Lehmann, Hebert, and Merson. Medal, 3d class, 1885. Studio at Ecouen in 1885. Works : Portrait of my Mother (1882) ; Clarissa Harlow (1883) ; On the Banks of the Brook (1884) ; Annun- ciation (1885).
*LAWRENCE, Sir THOMAS (vol. iii., p. 39, lines 11 and 41). For Gonsalvi read Consalvi.
LECHEVALIER-CHEVIGNARD, ED- MOND, born at Lyons, France, Feb. 3, 1825. History and portrait painter, pupil of Michel Martin Drolling in Paris. Med- als : 3d class, 1857, 1863 ; L. of Honour, 1885. Works : Ancient Comedians (1850) ; Benedicite (1859) ; Marriage of the King of Navarre (1863) ; Antonello da Messina and Giovanni Bellini (1872) ; Chateaudun (1885), H6tel-de-Ville at Chateaudun.
LEHOUX, PIERRE FRANQOIS, born in Paris, June 27, 1823. Landscape and genre painter, pupil of Horace Vemet and of Gros. Medal, 2d class, 1833. Works : View of Alexandria, Ruins of Thebes (1831); Emigration of Arabs in a Caravan from Upper Egypt, Bedouin Camp, Mosque in Alexandria (1833); View of Beyrout (1839) ; Maronite Monks of Mount Lebanon (1840) ; VaUey of the Jordan (1846) ; Plain of Thebes (1866) ; Quarries of Silsilis — Upper Egypt ; Siesta on the Field of the Dead — Syria (1882) ; Siesta in the Harem, Lake of Tibe- rias (1884) ; View at Bellevue, Terrace at Beyrout (1885).
LELIEVRE, MAURICE (CHARLES MARIE), bom at Lille (Nord) ; contempo- rary. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Dubufe, Mazerolle, Harpignies, and Jean Paul Laurens. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Paints chiefly in water-colours. Works : Environs of Tlerncen (1877); Halt in the Desert (1878); Blind Man at Door of Mosque (1880) ; Ac- taeon(1881); Dance of Nymphs (1882); En- virons of Toulon, Environs of Cannes (1884); Pool in a Forest (1885) ; Banks of the Loire near Beaugency, On the Loire at Baule (1886).
LE POITTEVIN, LOUIS, born at Neu- ville-Champ-d'Oisel (Seine-Inferieure) ; con-
•182
SUPPLEMENT
temporary. Landscape and genre painter, pupil of Gustave Morin, of Zacharie, and of Bouguereau. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Norman Landscape, Paternosters of the Sei- gneur de Gurzon (1880) ; Evening at fitre- tat (1881) ; Behind the Farm (1882) ; Vale of Antifer (1883) ; The Pkin (1884) ; The Little Valley (1885) ; The Ascent of Benou- ville— Etretat (1886).
"LEROLLE, HENRI. Add to works: Close of the Day (1886), Henry T. Chap- man, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.
LEROY, PAUL ALEXANDRE ALFRED, born in Paris ; contemporary. History and portrait painter, pupil of Alexandre Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1882. Works : Jesus with Martha and Mary (1882) ; Portrait (1883) ; Mordecai (1884) ; Recreation, Friday at Sidi-Abd-er-Rahman (1886).
*LOIR, LUIGI. Awarded a 2d class medal for his La fumee du chemin de fer, Salon, 1886.
LONGCHAMP, Mile. HENRIETTE DE, born at Saint-Dizier (Haute-Marne) ; con- temporary. Flower and fruit painter. Medals : 3d class, 1847 ; 2d class, 1848. Works : Offering to the Holy Virgin (1846) ; Fruit (1847) ; A Road-side Cross (1848) ; Offering to St. Genevieve (1863) ; Chrys- anthemums, Tea Roses (1874) ; Noisette Roses (1882); Group of Roses (1883); Roses near Water, Study of Roses (1884) ; Autumn Roses (1885) ; Hundred-Leaf Roses (1886).
LUCAS, FELIX MARIE HIPPOLYTE, born at Rochefortrsur-Mer (Charente-In- ferieure) ; contemporary. Genre and por- trait painter, pupil of Pils and of Henri Lehman. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Eclogue (1880) ; Dying Sappho (1881) ; For- saken—Souvenir of Venice (1884) ; Sacred Spring (1885) ; Portrait of Mile, de V. (1886).
MACMASTER, WILLIAM E., born at Ballston, N. Y., May 22, 1823. Portrait, genre, and landscape painter ; entered Na- tional Academy School, New York, in 1843 ; studied with Charles L. Elliott in 1843-45, and with John Vanderlyn in 1848. He
painted portraits in Washington until 1852, having among his sitters Thomas H. Ben- ton, Daniel S. Dickinson, Henry Clay, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, and William H. Seward. In 1852-70 he painted in New York ; in the latter year he went to Europe, studied under Albrecht Schenck at Ecouen, and spent several years in Paris. In 1878 he accompanied William H. Seward to Cali- fornia and painted in the Yosemite Valley. Among his other works are : The Opera Belle (bronze medal, Exposition universelle, Paris, 1867) ; Mont Blanc from Chamounix (1868), George W. Allen, Milwaukee ; The Jungfrau (1871), A. V. H. Carpenter, ib.; Eruption of Vesuvius (1878), L. E. Conrad, Philadelphia; and portraits of Presidents Pierce (1852) and Buchanan (1856), General H. W. Slocum (1866), Thomas C. Durant (1868), Alexander Mitchell (1871), General Winfield S. Hancock (1880), and Roswell P. Flower (1882).
*MARfiCHAL, CHARLES LAURENT, died at Bar-le-Duc, January, 1887. — Chro- nique des Arts (1887), 31.
MAREST, Mile. JULIA, born in Paris ; contemporary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Charles Chaplin and of Gervex. Medal, 3d class, 1885. Works : La Rous- sotte (1881) ; Satisfied (1882) ; Far niente (1883) ; Teasing (1884) ; Marquise Nina (1885) ; Portrait of Mme. R (1886).
MASSARANI, TULLO, born in Mantua, Italy ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Induno. Officer of Legion of Honour, 1878. Studio in Milan. Works : Infancy in Greece, Lady of the Manor and a Vassal (1880) ; L'esclave aux colombes (1885).
*MEISSONIER, JEAN LOUIS ERNEST. At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the following : A Standard Bearer (1857), $15,000, In the Library (1876), $16,525, Charles Crocker, San Francisco ; The Vedette— 1812 (1883), $15,000, S. P. Avery, New York.
MERClfi, (MARTCS JEAN) ANTHO- NIN, born at Toulouse, France ; contem- porary. History and portrait painter, pupil
483
SUPPLEMENT
of Jouffroy and of Falguiere. Medal, 3d class, 1883. Is far better known as a sculptor, in which department of art he has received many decorations and is an Officer of the L. of Honour (1879). Works : After the Funeral — Souvenir of Brittany, De- lilah (1881) ; The First Halt (1882) ; Venus (1883) ; Leda (1884) ; Michelangelo studying Anatomy (1885) ; Blood of Venus (1886).
MESLE, JOSEPH PAUL, born at Saint- Servan (Hie - et - Vilaine) ; contemporary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Leon Bonnat. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works: Landscape (1880) ; Breton Girl (1881) ; do. and Portrait of Mme. D. L. (1882) ; Little Peasant Girl (1883) ; A Mother (1884) ; Two Sisters (1886).
*MEYER, JOHANN GEORG (Meyer von Bremen), died in Berlin, Dec. 4, 1886.
MICHEL, GEORGES, born in Paris in 1763, died in 1843. Landscape and genre painter, pupil of Taunay. He was an ex- cellent copyist, and was employed in the restoration of the pictures of Cardinal Fesch. Though he had but little reputation in his day, his pictures are now much sought after. Works : Horse Market (1791) ; Swiss Landscape (1793) ; Military Convoy, Halt of Cavalry (1800) ; Rainy Landscape (1808) ; Animals going to Drinking Place (figures by Taunay), Nantes Museum. Some fine examples of his work are owned in this counti-y by John W. Mason, Brooklyn, N. Y., and Henry T. Chapman, Jr., ib.
*MILLET, JEAN FRANgOIS. At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the following : Shepherdess and Sheep (water- colour), $1,525 ; Gathering Apples, $2,575 ; Wool Carder, $3,650 ; Feeding Poultry, $4,000 ; Dressing Flax (1854), $4,975 ; The Churner (Laurent Richard sale, Paris, 1878), $8,100; Gathering Beans, $6,300; Wood Cutters, $5,000 ; Woman in Kitchen, $650 ; The Spaders, $3,800 ; The Spinner, $14,000.
MORENO, Don MANUEL GOMEZ, born at Granada ; contemporary. History paint- er, pupil of Granada Art School, and under Federico Madrazo of Madrid Academy (1857
-60) ; won two competition prizes at Gra- nada in 1861 and 1862, and was appointed professor of drawing at the royal college of San Bartolome y Santiago in 1867. Went to Rome in December, 1878, and studied there for two years. Gold medal, 1875. Works : Pieta, (1861) ; Christ on Calvary (1862); St. Teresa (1867); Conception (1875), Granada University ; Courtyard of the Mosque in the Alhambra (1875) ; Read- ing the Bill (1876) ; Scene during First Ex- pulsion of the Moors under Philip II. (1877); Chamber where Queen Aixa visited her dis- graced Son Boabdil (1879) ; San Juan de Dios saving from the Flames the Infirm of the Hospital at Granada (1880). — La Ilus- tracion (1881), i. 410.
*NEUVILLE, ALPHONSE (MARIE) DE. Add to works : Assault on Tel-ul- Kebir (1883, episode of the war in Egypt), Knoedler & Co., New York.
OLIVE, JEAN BAPTISTE, born at Mar- seilles ; contemporary. Marine painter, pu- pil of Vollon. Medals : 3d class, 1885 ; 2d class, 1886. Works: Rocks at Treport (1879) ; The Mediterranean (1880) ; Old Port of Marseilles, Still-Life (1881) ; Beach of the Prado during the Mistral (1882) ; Promenade of la Croisette at Cannes (1883); Entrance to Old Port of Marseilles, Sea Shore at St. Laurent (1885) ; Mistral in Isle of the Prado — Marseilles, iSpaves de la Navarre near Marseilles (1886).
PERRANDEAU, CHARLES, born at Sully - sur - Loire (Loiret) ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Alexandre Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works: Ecstasy (1881) ; Death of Jesus (1882) ; A Widow, Fatigue (1883) ; The Scholar of the Village, Young Sardiniere (1884) ; Return from Mar- ket (1885) ; Wretchedness (1886).
*PRINCETEAU, RENE. Awarded a 2d class medal for his Return to the Farm during an Inundation, Salon, 1886.
PROUVE, VICTOR EMILE, born at Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle) ; contemporary. Figure painter, pupil of Devilly and of Ca- banel. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works:
484
SUPPLEMENT
Adam and Eve (1882) ; Jeanne (1883) ; Rosy Visions (1884) ; Sardanapalus (1885) ; Mad- eline, Nourmahal (1886).
RICHEMONT, ALFRED (PAUL MA- RIE) DE, born in Paris ; contemporary. History painter, pupil of Bin, Douillard, and Michel. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works: The Monk (1880) ; Corner in the Church at Dieppe (1881) ; The Old Vagabond (1882) ; A Cave during the Bombardment of Paris in 1871 (1883) ; Refugees— Notice posted in Paris, Jan. 18, 1871 (1884) ; Volunteer En- rolment—1870 (1885) ; Legend of Si Mary of Brabant— 1290 (1886).
*ROUSSEAU, THEODORE. Add to works : Road through Fontainebleau (H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 10 iu.), Henry T. Chap- man, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.
RUEL, (PIERRE) LtiON (HORACE), born in Paris ; contemporary. History and genre painter, pupil of Isidor Pils. Med- al, 3d class, 1886. Works : De Profundis (1870) ; Idyl (1878) ; Breakfast (1879) ; The Sense of Smell (1881) ; Surprise of a Hos- tile Post by Franc-Tireurs in 1870 (1882) ; Leda (1883) ; Corner of the Studio (1884) ; Temptation of St. Anthony (1885) ; Homage to Admiral Courbet (1886).
SAIN, PAUL (JEAN MARIE), born at Avignon (Vaucluse) ; contemporary. Land- scape painter, pupil of Guilbert d'Anelle and of L6on Gerome. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Cabin at Billancourt in Winter (1880) ; Torrent in Woods at Bre- nets — Switzerland (1881) ; Evening on Banks of the Seine at Billancourt, Morning on Banks of the Rhone at Avignon (1882) ; End of Autumn at Avignon (1883) ; An- cient Road of Chone-Vert near Avignon, November Twilight (1884) ; Evening in February at Avignon, The Rhone (1885) ; Sunset in Isle of Piot near Avignon, Mill of St. Conery near Alen9on (1886).
*SERVIN, AMADfiE ELIE, died at Vil- liers-sur-Morin, May, 1884.
*SORTIE OF THE BANNING COCK COMPANY. Add to bibliography: Gaz. des B. Arts (1887), xxxv. 175.
*STONE, MARCUS, elected R.A., 1887.
*TERBURG, GERARD. Add to bibli- ography : Gaz. des B. Arts (1886), xxxiv. 388 ; (1887), xxxv. 40, 125.
THOMAS, CHARLES ARMAND, born in Paris ; contemporary. Still-life painter, pupil of Victor Leclaire. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works: June Flowers (1880); A Corner of the Conservatory (1881) ; Cellar of Pere Jacquemin (1882) ; A Gay Morning (1883) ; Corner of Vineyard in Burgundy (1884) ; In the Studio (1885) ; Eve of the Fete (1886).
*TROYON, CONSTANT. Add to works : Going to Market (H. 1 ft 2 in. x 1 ft. 10 in.), Henry T. Chapman, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.; Cattle (1856), Landscape and Cattle (H. 2 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. 8 in.), A. T. Stewart Collec- tion, New York.
TURNER, ROSS STERLING, born at Westport, Essex County, N. Y., June 29, 1847. Landscape painter, studied in Mu- nich, Venice, Florence, and Rome. Studio in Salem, Mass. Works in oils : A Roman Villa (1883) ; La Salute (1884) ; A White House Ashore. Water-colours : A White Study (1883) ; An Old Garden (1886).
*VALADON, JULES EMMANUEL. Awarded a 2d class medal, Salon, 1886.
"VERBOECKHOVEN, EUGENE JO- SEPH. Add to works : Dog tossed by a Bull (H. 2 ft. x3 ft.), Henry T. Chapman, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.
*VLBERT, JEHAN GEORGES. The Missionary's Story (1883, Morgan sale, 1886, $25,500), was bought by C. P. Hunt- in gton, New York.
VBIONT, £DOUARD, born in Paris, Aug. 8, 1846. History painter, pupil of Alexandre Cabanel and of Maillet Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works: Cephalus and Pro- cris (1870) ; The Sirens (1874) ; Lucretia (1875) ; Si Genevieve (1876) ; The Fable and the Truth (1880) ; A Gallic Oracle (1881) ; Hercules between Vice and Virtue (1883) ; Si Columba (1884) ; Folly guides the Shafts of Love (1885) ; Vitellius saluted Emperor (1886).
486
SUPPLEMENT
*VUILLEFROY, (DOMINIQUE) FELIX DE. Add to works : Peasant Boy with Oxen at a Roadside Shrine, Henry T. Chap- man, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.
WINTER, PHARAON (ABDON LE~ON) DE, born at Bailleul (Nord) ; contemporary.
3d class, 1886. Works : St. Sebastian (1875) ; Prodigal Sou (1876) ; Judith (1877) ; Old Woman in Prayer (1878) ; In the Fields (1880) ; Tryptich— Birth of Christ— Death of Christ— Holy Women (1881) ; The Sheep- Tender (1884) ; At the Convent (1885) ; At
History and genre painter, pupil of Alexan- the Dispensary (1886). dre Cabanel, Jules Breton and Colas. Medal,
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
ND 30
1886
Champlin, John Denison Cyclopedia of paint< and paintings