> eee NICS eRe he hee swe, ss or. aaa: ate mae Dae ste ets ' a aes a da Sp Lic ntl : | 3 ai tla hd | ‘ x ‘ - Napeeea ees snag aan 7 : < isha we it } ~ " Dre sierer : ee : ~ Vatevite rena: : - ‘ fb te wean Ae Ted eeibates Nes vy meta ay a yaietse = 3 2 . o Veet bebe halt, outege : ‘. a See tit aeiatengt LA ; Scanian og eon cate se Some ew Seb Rviee Prem badadind satel isis eon) - spss bss $ o ES Cig Lotiative peer Oeil ot Pet Eas alae ten ="n re iuca ll cegaeios tale sete RMS Os "EM reo rs mae wif caine ere rete Peter Py) Awad! art coats - oes ee Yet Fein Eee iaMeriggila” hugs Sogn Bee we peeling wena Mateig hig ret idem meer wren teatlighteln® on et! Age at a4 ae bad BUC Aad 06 credit ys are ON ep ahs Lie, ses ln), 4 ro Je Nay eats Sen Salsa ee ATA reer Diner ue le oe olgos Pr lures Ata ei Teavancon ge ibyiuae tr Ae a DADD’S THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VETERINARY LO MEDICINE AND SURGERY, CONTAINING THE CURATIVE TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE, SHEEP AND SWINE, AND EMBRACING ALL THE LATEST INFORMATION ON THE RINDERPEST AND TRICHINA. By GEORGE H. DADD, Vererinary SuRGEoN, ce Author of ‘Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse,” ‘“‘ Modern Horse Doctor,” “ Cattle Doctor,” etc., Professor of Anatomy and Physiolo: y in JY the Veterinary Institute of Chicago. ELEGANTLY ILLUSTRATED. CINCINNATI: R. W. CARROLL & CO., PUBLISHERS, 117 WEST FOURTH STREET. 1867. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by R. W. CARROLL & CO., In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of Ohio. PoROE OE AC Gi MERICANS rank high in the estimation of the scientific world for their genius and industry in the great work of intellectual, moral, and scientific improvements. See what has occurred in the arts of printing, electrotyping, etc. The eloquence of the great literary magicians of the New World, the honored graduates of free institutions and free schools, no sooner falls from their lips than the phonographist transfers it to paper, the nimble fingers of the compositor puts it into “ form ;” next the “battery ” deposits on the face of the type a more durable coating of copper, and “ Hoe’s press” sends off “impressions” with almost magical rapidity." No less surprising are the wonderful feats performed by American mechanics, in the construction of fast yachts and steamers, which often pluck a laurel from the so-called “ Mistress of the Sea ;” and old “Uncle John” gives us due credit for per- fecting a race of fast trotters that can beat the world of horse- flesh. Improvements in every department of Science and Art are con- stantly treading on the heels of improvement; yet, as regards the science of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, America seems almost the last among civilized nations to put her shoulder to the wheel. What can be the reason? Her youth may be offered as a plea for excuses. The daughter of the Old World has not yet, in this department, arrived at years of discretion ; she is yet in her teens. Her sons have borne the heat and burden of the day in establish- ing their liberty, in founding cities, extending commerce, and in taming the wild face of soil, by uprooting the giant oak, and in clearing away the forest, so that the husbandman, with plow and harrow in hand, might follow on, and next impregnate mother (iil) lv PREFACE. earth with germs for fructification, which, in the day of the har- vest thereof, might be gathered and garnered for the benefit of man and the inferior orders of creation. And long ere the woodman’s ax ceases to vibrate its clear stroke-notes in the ears of the new settlers, a giant enterprise is in contemplation. Space and distance must be comparatively an- nihilated ; the iron horse, with his lungs of steel and breath of steam, must have his highway and byway, and the result is, the choice spirits of progression have been earnestly engaged in dot- ting a vast surface of United States Territory with a magnificent net-work of railway and tglegraphie wire; and various other en- terprises, with which the reader is familiar, have so occupied the American mind, that the Science of Life, as it applies to animals, has been almost at a stand-still. In the prosecution of these objects, so essential as they have proved in the economy of an infant republic, it is not surpris- ing that our science should fail to receive attention, and that America should be in the rear of the veterinary squadrons of the Old World; yet, notwithstanding this seeming indifference, veterinary science does, in some parts of this country, occupy as high a platform as that which obtained in England, about seventy years ago, when the a oe of Mercy, Sr. Bret, first landed on British soil. The science which we here advocate is as valuable and chari- table to nature’s menials, for the purpose of ministering to their physical wants, relieving their aches and pains, and of prolong- ing their lives, as that practiced on the more noble of created life ; and, at the present day, testimony can be produced going to show that among us can be found “ good Samaritans ” who are always ready to minister to the wants of the inferior orders of creation— a work as acceptable to the God of Nature, and as creditable to manhood, as when the welfare of one of us is concerned, And should we estimate the science in exact ratio to the value and use- fulness of the legion host of domestic animals that have been reared in this country, and those which, without regard to cost, have been imported, to whose welfare it directly contributes, the reader will readily perceive that it is entitled to the consideration and support of a nation of husbandmen. It must be borne in mind that a knowledge of the principles of veterinary medicine can not be acquired without diligent study PREFACE. Vv and close application. It is only the property of the industrious and devoted student. In order to acquire the necessary tact, skill, and experience for the practice of our art, some of the shining lights—the early dis- ciples—have spent the May-day of their existence in solving its problems, and, when near its close, have declared, with a modesty indicative of true genius, that their education was yet incomplete. Such testimony goes to show that there is no republican nor royal road to veterinary knowledge. In fact, after a man has perseveringly pursued the routine studies of the most popular col- legiate institutions, he may still be found “ wanting.” Let us contemplate for a moment the superior advantages which human practitioners have over our craftsmen, both as regards their scientific qualifications and the superior means at their com- mand for ascertaining the character, location, and intensity of the various maladies peculiar to the human race. For example, the practitioner of human medicine, if he has been a faithful and in- dustrious student, enters upon the active duties of his profession, having acquired a valuable fund of knowledge of anatomy, phys- jology, pathology, and other necessary branches of study; and, having disciplined his mind in the regular school, and in that of experience, he is expected to be able to rejoice in the possession of a well-trained mind, which enables him to understand and inter- pret the physiological laws which preserve health and life in the constitution of organized beings; also to comprehend the why and wherefore of disease; to be able to institute sanitary and other reg- ulations, and to select suitable medicinal preparations, in view of meeting the various indications of each and every form of disease. And when a man becomes the subject of sickness, and the doctor is called upon to exercise his skill, the latter receives valuable aid, in view of making a correct diagnosis, from the patient and his friends. Each can be questioned, and their responses throw con- siderable light on the history and nature of the malady. Now, as regards the latter advantages, they have no parallel with the men of our craft. Our patients are deprived of the power of speech, and we can only judge of the state of their health, and the nature of their maladies, by signs revealed or elicited through physical exploration. We have other difficulties to encounter of no less magnitude. For example, our patients are often located in situations unfit for a well animal to reside in, and they do not v1 PREFACE. always receive that attention from their owners which the urgency of the case demands. -In fact, the good nursing, kind attention, etc., which often proves of so much value in the restoration from sickness of one of our race, is often denied the inferior creature; and other matters, too numerous to mention at the present time, tend to show the advantages which our brethren of a sister science have over us, and how necessary and important it is that a prac- titioner of our art should be thorough master of his profession. Tt is a lamentable fact that the great majority of our husband- men have not hitherto realized that the superstructure of veterin- ary science rests on the same intelligent basis as that of human medicine; but such is really the case. In the language of the la- mented PERCIVALL, we are assured that “ whether we prescribe for a man, horse, or any animal, the laws of the animal economy are the same; all require the same treatment,” that is to say, the propositions for restoration are all founded on the same intelligent basis. The importance, therefore, of educating men for the profession, and of furnishing reliable works for study, is very evident; and the necessity is further illustrated in the daily experience of those persons who, as a matter of necessity, are obliged to do the best they can for the sick and dying of their flocks and herds, having no knowledge of those advantages which a thorough course of training affords. Such persons must, necessarily, feel that they are groping in darkness, and when a ray of light does flit across their medical path, it only serves to make them better acquainted with their own want of skill. Persons thus circumstanced, unable to procure the services of a good veterinary surgeon, in consequence of a scarcity of the “genuine material,” are often compelled to assume the responsibility and risk of medical attendant ; and, no doubt, they prescribe with good intention and honesty of purpose, but disease and death has the vantage of them, for they know not the modes of pathological warfare, nor are they acquainted with means best calculated to insure a favorable issue; and they will certainly hail, as a great blessing, any and every effort to im- prove our veterinary literature, and thus diffuse knowledge so sadly needed. It is well known that prior to the introduction of a rational system of veterinary medicine in the mother country, millions of domestic animals were annually sacrificed at the shrine of igno- PREFACE. Vil rance; but science came to the rescue, and now some of the dis- ciples of St. BEL, CoLEMAN, their co-workers and kindred spirits, can, by the aid of their vast materia medica, their anesthetic agents, scalpel, etc., accomplish unheard of wonders. We are. now working to dispel the awful cloud of ignorance and super- stition which has too long lingered around the stable and barn. We aim to illuminate the dark spots that have existed for many hundreds of years, and to obliterate the false theories that have been handed down to us:by the Egyptians and Arabians, and the modern jugglers of this science. There never was a period in the history of the United States when the services of educated veterinarians were so much needed as at the present time; for the live stock of this country do not enjoy immunity from those pestiferous epizootic maladies which have formerly operated as a withering simoom on the enterprise of British husbandmen in the breeding and raising of live stock. For example: the people of the Western States complain that a disease occasionally makes its appearance among cattle, to which they have applied the name of “trembles,” or “ milk sickness,” and it has so scourged both the superior and inferior orders of creation, that the former have often abandoned the old homestead, in view of seeking a location where there seemed to be some pros- pect of enjoying immunity from the pestilential scourge. A con- tagious and infectious disease often prevails among swine, carry- ing them off by hundreds and by thousands, yet many of us are in the dark regarding its cause, nature, and treatment. Typhoid affections, puerperal fever, apoplexy, and dropsy of the brain are just as prevalent here as in England. Miscarriage or abortion is fearfully on the increase. Diseases of climatic origin are more rife in this country than in England. This is, perhaps, owing to the diversity which exists in the climatic temperature of our vast territory, and to our various faulty modes of management. In fact, there is scarcely any disease known to veterinarians of the Old World but that has prevailed in the New. We must have reliable text-books and educated surgeons, in order to understand the nature and treatment of the diseases in- cidental to domestic animals. It is not only a matter of national, but of individual, policy and interest; and should we view the matter with the eyes of business men, we shall see that such en- terprise must surely pay. Vill PREFACE. Persons who have paid any attention to the rise and progress of veterinary science in this country, are painfully aware of its great imperfections, and the author’s object in preparing this work is to endeavor to lessen and remove them, by giving the reader the benefit of an experience which extends through a period of twenty-five years. In view of furnishing reliable information, and of showing how little of medicine is required for the treatment of various forms of disease, a number of cases, recorded in the author’s note-book, are introduced in various parts of the work. These cases may, perhaps, also give the unprejudiced reader juster views of the relations of nature and art to diseases; for it is a notorious fact that very many well-instructed persons of all classes have hith- erto exercised a blind faith in the medical art for the cure of dis- ease, when it is a fact well known to those who practice rational medicine that Nature possesses vastly greater powers than Art in curing diseases. What is here meant by nature, is the conserva- tive power inherent in the living body. or a better understand- ing of this subject, the reader is referred to the works of Sir JouN Forses, OLIVER W. HouMeEs, and Professor BigELow. In view of aiding nature in the cure of disease, the author has introduced to the reader’s attention a new class of remedies, viz. : Fluid Extracts of a sanative character. They have proved more safe and efficacious in the practice of rational medicine than all the other heroic arms of physic. These remedies have been carefully tested for several years by the author, and those students who have, from time to time, placed themselves under his instruction, and the result has been very satisfactory ; otherwise, they would not be recommended in this work. Finally, the author feels it due to himself to state that the almost constant occupation of his time, professionally, has given him less opportunity than he desired for the production of this work, yet he entertains a hope that he has not labored in vain ; and thus this mite is cast into the common treasury of Veterinary Science. G. H. D. Curcaco, Nov. 3, 1866. CONTENTS. SECTION I.—Tue Cauvszs or DISEASE. (Page 19-89.) Remarks on Veterinary Science, and the Relation it bears to Social Science— Veterinary Science; how to inaugurate it—What Benefits have we derived from its Study—Inflammation; its Nature and Treatment SECTION II.—Distases oF THE EyE. (Page 40-57.) Amaurosis, or Glass Eye (Gutta Serena)—Foreign bodies within the Eyelids— Specks, or film on the eye, known as Opacity of the Cornea—Cataract—Worm in the Eye—Ophthalmia—Treatment of Inflammation—Purulent Ophthalmia— Specific Ophthalmia. SECTION III.—DIsEAsts oF THE BRAIN AND Nervous System. (Page 58-85.) Abscess within the Substance of the Brain—Hydrocephalus, or Dropsy of the Brain—Stomach Staggers—Apoplexy, or Cerebral Hemorrhage—Apoplexy of Spine, or Spinal Hemorrhage, producing Paraphlegia—Epilepsy, or Fits—Te- tanus—Vertigo—Acute or General Disease of the Brain, known as Encephalitis— Sleepy Staggers—Cerebral Meningitis—Chorea, or Stringhalt. SECTION IV.—DiIsEAsEs oF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. (Page 86-186.) Importance of Ventilating Stables—Brief Exposition and Description of the Function of the Lungs—Spasm of the muscles of the Glottis and Epiglottis—Lar- yngytis, (suppurative and inflammatory )—Croup—Chronie Cough—Roaring— Polypus—Bronchocele—Influenza, or epizodtic catarrh—Pneumonia, or Inflam- mation of the Lungs, including Typhoid Affections, Pleurisy, and Dropsy of the Chest. (ix) x CONTENTS. SECTION V.—DeEntTITION AND DIET. (Page 127-146.) The Horse’s Age as shown by his Teeth—On the Diet of Horses—The effects of. various kinds of Food—As regards the quantity of Food required—As regards changes in Diet—Conclusion. SECTION VI.—GLANDERS AND FaARcy. (Page 147-159.) Glanders—Glanders can be communicated to Man—Contagiousness of Gland- ers—Suspected Glanders—How came the Disease to be called Glanders ?—Diag- nostic Symptom of Glanders—Treatment of Glanders—Farcy (Disease of the Absorbents). SECTION VII.—DisEAsEs oF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. (Page 160-222.) Lampas—Spontaneous Salivation—Bots—Inflammation of Stomach—Rupture of Stomach—Gorged, or over-distended Stomach — Meteorization — Flatulent Colic—Spasmodic Colic—Inflammation of the Peritoneum—Ascitis—Inflamma- tion of the Intestines—Strangulation of Intestines—Wounds penetrating the Abdominal Cavity—Splenic Apoplexy—Functional Disease of the Liver—Pan- creas; its Function—Parasites which affect the Intestines. SECTION VIII.—Disrasts oF THE URINARY ORGANS. (Page 223-237.) Inflammation of the Kidneys—Inflammation of the Bladder—Stone in the Bladder—Suppression of the Urine—Retention of the Urine—Diabetes, or Pro- fuse Stalling—Rupture of the Bladder—Albuminous Urine—Hematuria, or Bloody Urine. SECTION IX.—Suraicat OPERATIONS. (Page 239-273.) Of Surgical Operations and the various Restraints it is sometimes necessary to place the Horse under for: their performance—Casting—Slinging—Castra- tion —French method of Castration — Castration by Ligature — Lithotomy —- Traceotomy—Csophagotomy— -Neurotomy—Mode of Performing Neurotomy— Periosteotomy—Division of the Flexor Tendons—Amputations—Amputation of the Penis—Amputation of the Tail—Nicking—Firing—Blistering—Ammoniacal Blister—Rowelling—Setons—Abstraction of Blood, or Bleeding—Division of the Temporal Artery—Bleeding by the Palate—Bleeding by the’ Toe—Phlebotomy— Bleeding by the Jugular Vein. CONTENTS OF EQUINE DEPARTMENT. x1 SECTION X.—DIsEAsES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUEs. (Page 274-301.) Itch and Mange—Lice on Animals—Grease and Scratches—Surfeit—Dropsical Limbs—Scarletina—Ringworm—Prurigo—Poll-evil—Fistulous Withers—Warts on the Skin—Purpura Hemorrhagica—Out of condition—Hide-bound—Herpes. SECTION XI.—BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. (Page 802-318.) Breeding—The Principles of Breeding—In-and-in Breeding—Permanent Va- rieties—Animals become Parents too early—Objections to In-and-in Breeding answered—The Advantage of In-and-in Breeding—The Importance of Studying Anatomy and Physiology. SECTION XII.—LAmeEnzss, FRomM VARIOUS CAUSES. (Page 319-385.) Curbs—Elbow Tumor—Capped Hock—Varix, or Bog Spavin—Atrophy, or Wasting of Muscles—Thorough-pin—Navicular Disease, or Lameness—Pleuro-dy- nia—Acute Rheumatism— Chronic Rheumatism—Ring-bone—Splint—Spavin— Osteo Porosis—Curvature of the Spine—Hoof-bound—Laminitis—Sand-crack— Quarter Crack—Navicular Thritis—Stifle Out—Contraction of the Hoof—Bowed Legs—Corns—Lameness. SECTION XIII.—Horsr MANAGEMENT, ETC. (Page 387-415.) Prolapsus Ani—Hemorrhoids, or Piles—Pricking and Nicking Horses’ Tails— Docking Horses—Anzemia—The Use and Abuse of the Curry-comb—Horses and Cattle should have a supply of Pure Water—Galled Back—The Heart—The quantity of Blood contained in a Horse’s Body—Rapidity of the Circulation The transfusion of Blood—Management of the Horses put in the Stable—Stran- gles. CONTENTS OF BOVINE DEPARTMENT. SECTION XIV.—THE Rinperpsest, on Contraaious PLEURO- PNEUMONIA. (Page 419-488.) Origin of the Disease in Massachusetts—Spread of the Disease—The Cattle Plague in Kentucky. SECTION XV.—DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION. " (Page 439-456.) Croup—Laryngitis—Bronchitis—Inflammation of the Lungs—Hoose or Com- mon Catarrh—Epizoétic Catarrh—Consumption—Pharyngitis (Sore Throat)— Pulmonary Apoplexy—Pleurisy, and Description of the Pleura. SECTION XVI.—DIsEAsEs OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. (Page 457-491.) Description of the @sophagus—Foreign Bodies in the Gullet—Msophagot- omy—Laceration of the Esophagus—A phthe—Description of Stomach—Rumi- nation—Bloat—Distension of the Rumen with Food—Gastro-intestinal Inflam- mation—Dentition of Cattle—Synopsis of Dentition—Suspended Rumination, or Loss of Cud—Inflammation of the Bowels—Invagination of Intestine—Diar- rhea—Chronic Diarrhea—Gut Tie—Internal Rupture of Oxen—Flatulent Colic— Spasm of the Bowels—Constipation of Bowels. SECTION XVII.—PartTuRITION. (Page 492-502.) Signs of Labor, or Parturition—Natural Labor—Unnatural Labor—Fore-legs Presenting—One Fore-leg Presenting--Head Presenting without the Legs—Ex- traction of a Calf on its Back—Hind Legs Presenting—Breech Presentation— Cleansing, or Removal of the “After-birth—Back of the Calf Presenting at the Brim of the Pelvis—Uterine Hemorrhage—Birth of Twins—Triplets. (xil) CONTENTS OF BOVINE DEPARTMENT. Xili SECTION XVIII.—DIsEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. (Page 503-516.) Constriction of the Neck of the Uterus—Embryotomy—Treatment of Cows during Pregnancy—Symptoms of Pregnancy—Dropsy of the Memes Fever—Falling of the Womb. SECTION XIX.—DisEAsts oF THE UDDER, TEATS, ETO. (Page 517-528.) Mammitis—Stricture in Cows’ Teats—Obstruction at the end of the Teats— Obstruction in the Teats—Tumors in the Teats—Injuries to the Teats—Sore Teats—Chapped Teats and Chafed Udder—Inversion of the Vagina—Laceration of the Vagina—Abortion—Inflammatory Affections of the Hind Limbs after Calving. SECTION XX.—DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. (Page 529-539.) Description of the Urinary System—The Ureters—The Bladder—The Ure- thra—Hematuria—Inflammation of the Kidneys—Urinary Calculi—Caleuli in the Bladder—Black Water—Red Water. ° SECTION XXI.—TuHE HrArt—Its Funcrion AND DISEASES. (Page 540-552.) Description of the Heart—The Heart’s Function—Diseases of the Heart—Di- latation of the Heart—Pericarditis—Hy pertrophy—Endocarditis. SECTION XXII—DIsEASES OF THE EYE AND ITS MEMBRANES. (Page 558-561.) Description of the Eye—Humors of the Eye—Coats of the Eye—Muscles of the Eye and Eyelids—Ophthalmia—Foreign Bodies in the Eyes—Specific or Period- ical Ophthalmia—Cancer in Cattle. SECTION XXIII.—HeErnt4, on Rvuprures. (Page 562-567.) Forms of Rupture—Inguinal Hernea—Strangulated Hernia—Ventral Hernia. SECTION XXIV.—DIsEASES OF THE BONES. (Page 568-599.) Cachexia Ossafraga—Bone Disorders—Mechenism and Structure of Bones— Composition of Bones—Ultimate Constituents of Bones—Dilitation of the Jaw xlv CONTENTS OF BOVINE DEPARTMENT. Bones—Abscess beneath the Periosteum, at the Angle of the Jaw—Exostosis, or Deposit of the Caleareous Matter on the Surface of Bones—Caries, or Ulceration of Bones—Preliminary to Horn-Ail—On Sympathy and the Sympathetic Relations which exist in the Animal Economy—Horn-Ail—Tail-Ail. SECTION XXV.—DIsEASES OF THE BRAIN. (Page 600-610.) Inflammation of the Brain and its Membranes—Sturdy in Cattle—Shaking Palsy—Hydrophobia. SECTION XXVI.—TueE Liver AnD ITs DISEASES. (Page 611-619.) Description of the Liver—Secretion of Bile; its Uses, etc.—Gall-bladder—In- flammation of the Liver—Hydatids—Jaundice, or Yellows. SECTION XXVII.—DIsEAsEs OF THE SKIN. (Page 620-630.) Exanthemata, or Eruptive Fever—Mange—Foul in the Foot—Warts—Gad- flies—Yoke Galls—The Hair of Cattle an Epidermic Appendage—Pemphygis or Vesicular Eruption—Cracks in the Heels of Cattle. SECTION XXVIII.—Vaniots OPERATIONS AND DISEASES. (Page 631-667.) Castration—Enzoétic Milk Sickness, or Trembles—Improved Method of Milk- ing—Diseased Thymus Gland—Cords in Young Calves—Steamed and Cooked Food for Stock—Cheap Fodder for Cows—Black Tongue—Fractured Bones— Fractured Radius of a Calf—Light in Barns—Diarrhea in Calves—Sprains or Strains—Spaying Cows. SECTION XXIX.—Remarks ON THE CATTLE PLAGUE. (Page 668-705.) SECTION XXX.—DiseEAses oF SHEEP. (Page 706-716.) Improvement in Sheep—Rot, or Hydatids in the Liver—Yellows—Vertigo, or Giddiness—Jackets or Blankets for Sheep—Foot-rot—Grubs in the Nostrils— Ticks—Inflammation of the Eye—Inflammation of the Lungs—Common Catarrh— Diarrhea and Dysentery—Constipation of the Bowels—Iympanites, or Windy Distension of the Intestines and Abdomen. CONTENTS OF BOVINE DEPARTMENT. XV SECTION XXXI.—DisrAsts oF SWINE. (Page 717-746.) Effects of Impure Air on Swine—Measles in Pork—Quinsy—Hernia, or Rup- ture—Intestinal Worms—Hog Cholera—Trichina Spiralis. GUIDE EP TORDIAGNOSIS ccnsccscecceoccccocccccscecccccscecsescscescecsraes penereeccccciccsescies 755 PAB EE OR MW EIGHTS .ccsascececacssiacecccccciescecerociseerccccncccsessecsccausncccocsererceseats 768 GLOSSARY.....0004. Sacredencccisocnsciecccercnacecacscccacasaraccscesccseccessctonorececsiossiiccces 769 INDEX......00000 Gentucvecsaccersicercccse Saoceen ecucacauneacousccsers Beasencscssauvesssersieuriercios 773 ' LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. EQUINE DEPARTMENT. Skeleton of the horse............00 aces a A horse bent on mischief—the subject OPMPUTCMIGIS Ness ccsccecsscessseassececsessseeees ‘ 18 The test for tetanus or locked-jaw...... Contents of the thorax.:-.c..cc.s.s65 sscscese Representation of the insertion of the tVracheotoMyY tube ......0. sees ercsesccoree 93 Nasal polypus........ U ussnoateaatrene sieselecateese 102 Appearance of the tumor of broncho- PAN OLA VAPOL WAvM.tc.cesateccssosssrcewecses Main arteries on the inside of one of THEMOTCHEOS ies scecseticerccsccecscssucusscccsss . 126 The horse’s age, as shown by the teeth, twelve illustrations......127—182 Section of a horse’s head showing PIANGETS ....cccesserseceerscntsassssareresencecers Section of a horse’s head in a healthy COM Gb] OMisteseccssssesucseccseccccrecenensscaerera Burning a horse’s mouth for lampas.. 161 CEStrus EQUI, (DOTS).c-..cscccoreccvers Seecces sectors 172 C&istrus hemorrhoidalis..... Appearance of the intestines on open- ing the abdominal CaVity..w.... ees 202 Surgical instruments used in veteri- nary practice.......... Recetas cboodoconoonances 238 Acarus, or itch insect.... Curbs and elbow tumor..........ccscceecseeee A foundered, or dead lame horse........ 324 View of some of the deep-seated mus- cles in the region of the hock and External muscles and tendons of the Of HIN Vegi cccccsrccecsrccsssarcsccsssesceceesee GOS Extremity of one of the fore legs...... Section of a diseased Spine..........eee SOL The patella or stifle bone diseased...... Articulating surface of the lower end of the thigh bone.........ieeeeeeee eevee OOD Spavined in off hind leg—ring bones on all pasterns cose OVL A perfect fore leg .......c000. Miaeancaeacccsnnecerss 379 Mode of operating for thoroughpin, splint and spavin........ seotenseaeeetenes « O19 Bottom of the hoof represented......... 379 Anatomy of one of the fore legs......... 386 BOVINE DEPARTMENT. Representation of the geneology of pleuro-pheumonia as it occurred in Massachusetts......... Ratesesscnascersers 418 Section of a COW’S StOMACD.......eeceeeeee 409 Imported Dutch cow “ Purmer”’......... 474 Dentition of cattle, fourteen illustra- CHONG eet cece ecececseees Rivcaslssecnccserenses 475—AT7 Falling of the womb...... Soseoee eccaltansenece 513 The heart, its CircCUlAatiON.......cceserseee OAL Celebrated bull ‘‘ Dutchman ”’...... View of some of the superficial mus- ClESireccnsseeecesssensses crrenonoco 567 Pelvis and ribs diseased and distorted 578 eect occccces cveece Specimen of an Alderney bull........... Trichina spiralis and ova, as,seen in the muscles of the human subject, IMAZDIFIE ........cccesececesecees Mosconccrescses Trichina spiralis in pork, magnified 737 Trichina in various stages of develop- _ TIVO GirsccsscsestessestoccssateacseccsccsscesstsoncesshOG4 EQUINE DEPARTMENT. SKELETON OF THE HORSE. FROM A CELEBRATED ANATOMICAL MODEL. (Engraved expressly for this work.) THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. SECTION I. ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. REMARKS ON VETERINARY SCIENCE, AND THE RELATION IT BEARS TO SocraL ScirncE—VETERINARY ScIENCE; How TO INAUGURATE IT—WHAT BENEFITS HAVE WE DERIVED FROM ITs STUDY—INFLAMMATION; ITS NATURE AND TREAT- MENT. O explain the cause or causes of disease occurring among domestic animals is an herculean undertaking, when ex- pounded by the theory and faulty logic as applied to the ancient method of reasoning on “ false facts ;” but, thanks to the genial spirit of progression and improvement, we are enabled to throw some light on the subject. We have been taught to believe that many of the causes of disease are invisible and mysterious; but this is not the fact. We are in possession of evidence going to show, very conclusively, that the causes of disease may be classi- fied very distinctly and intelligently under two heads, viz.: PRE- DISPOSING and ExciTine; yet this classification is not offered by the author as absolute, but is a more convenient arrangement than any other to study the multifarious conditions which people believe are remotely or immediately concerned in the production of disease. For example, many interesting and valuable facts are on record, going to show that the peculiar properties, characters, and qualities of the parent—whether good or bad, healthy or dis- (19) 20 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. eased, external or internal—are transmitted to the offspring; or, in common phraseology, are predisposing and hereditary. “Among horses and cattle, we find, as in the human subject, ample illustration of the hereditary tendency of external form, disposition, habit, and disease. The parent transfers to its off-~ spring size, shape, and general conformation similar to its own; and the aphorism, ‘like produces like,’ is as applicable to faulty and disproportioned as to beautiful and symmetrical form, to dis- eased and debilitated as to healthy and vigorous constitution, to gentle and tractable as to fiery and indomitable disposition. The size, weight, general appearance, expression of countenance, fleet- ness, and temper of the horse are all hereditary. Many illustra- tions might be given of particular families being remarkable, during several generations, for good or bad points, as for well or ill-formed head ; for high and well-developed or for low and weak withers; for fine, strong, and well-turned, or for coarse, weak, and ill-formed limbs. Peculiarities of color often extend through many generations, and are so constant in their transmission as sometimes to form one of the distinctive characteristics of a race. Indeed, most breeds of horses have a prevailing color, to which there are few exceptions. The heavy horses of Lincolnshire, for example, are generally of black; the Cleveland, bay; and the wild horses of the plains of Eastern Siberia, dun. Particular markings, also—as white spots on various parts of the body, stars and blazes on the face, one or more white feet or legs—often con- . tinue for many generations, and are peculiar to certain families. “There are some maladies in which it is comparatively easy to trace the connection between conformation and disease. In the horse, certain sorts of limbs notoriously predispose to certain dis- eases. ‘Thus, bone spavins are most usually seen where there is a disproportion in the size of the limb above and below the hock ; curbs, where the os calcis is small and the hock straight; strains of the tendons of the fore-leg, where the limb is round and the tendons and ligaments confined at the knee; and navicular dis- ease, where the chest is narrow and the toes turned out. Among horses so formed, these diseases are unusually common, and are developed by causes which would be quite inadequate to produce them in animals of more perfect conformation. But it appears to us that internal and constitutional hereditary diseases also depend upon the altered conformation or texture of the parts specially ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 21 affected, or of some disturbance of the relation which should subsist between the different constituents of these parts. This abnormal state of the internal parts is seldom within the limits of our means of observation or investigation ; but its existing in animals having an hereditary predisposition to disease can not, we think, be doubted, as we shall now endeayor to show. The ground of our reasoning rests chiefly on the analogy which subsists, in all respects, between external and internal parts. The same law which regulates the hereditary transmission of form, texture, and relation of external and visible parts, also operates with equal force in regard to the form, texture, and relations betwixt the component parts of inter- nal, and, it may be, inaccessible to ordinary powers of investiga- tion. Then if, as we have shown, external hereditary diseases, such as lamenesses, are traceable to external hereditary peculiari- ties of conformation, we do not think it pushing our analogy too far in asserting that, in like manner, internal hereditary diseases must, in great part at least, depend upon some inherent hereditary peculiarity of the internal parts affected.” The common disease known as bone spavin is inherent, or de- pendent on predisposition, as related above; for the author never knew a horse to be the subject of this malady unless he had faulty hocks; or, in other words, in so far as the conformation of the parts were concerned, predisposition was evident. The same re- marks apply to ringbone.- Either the pasterns are too upright, thereby causing jar and concussion, or they slant unnaturally, and the consequence is, strain of the ligamentary structures, end- ing often in ringbone and other osseous diseases. Ample evidence can be adduced to show that various diseases of the eye are hereditary. The tendency to ophthalmia shows it- self in a peculiar conformation of the eye, and parts in the vicinity ofit. Periodical ophthalmia is notoriously hereditary, and usually ends in cataract. Colic, also, can be traced to inherent tendencies; for animals subject to flatulent colic are known to have a morbid appetite; they have, also, a large, roomy abdomen, which gives them an ungainly appearance. Yet it is true that diseases may occur accidentally, without the intervention of predisposition ; but pre- disposition exists in almost all cases, and it only requires some anatomical and physiological knowledge on the part of husband- men to detect it. 22 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. F, Dun, a lecturer in the Edinburgh Veterinary College, tells us that diarrhea and colic are, to a certain extent, hereditary, “ inas- much as they are very prone to attack horses of particular form and constitution, as those with narrow loins, large flat sides, and of what is generally termed a washy appearance. If such animals be overworked, (especially soon after being fed,) if their food be suddenly changed, or if they be allowed an unusual quantity of fluid, they are almost certain to be attacked either by purging or colic. The tendency to these diseases appears, in such cases, to depend on a want of adjustment among the different organs of the body ; a want of balance among the different functions of diges- tion, circulation, and respiration. “ Many farm-horses, as well as others without much breeding, are remarkable for consuming large quantities of food, for soft and flabby muscular systems, and for round limbs containing an unusual proportion of cellular tissue. These characters are no- toriously hereditary, of which indubitable evidence is afforded by their existence in many different individuals of the same stock, and their long continuance, even under the best management and most efficient systems of breeding. Such characters indicate pro- clivity to certain- diseases, as swelled legs, weed, and grease. If horses of this description stand long, the circulation of the blood through the limbs is retarded ; for, as the contraction of the mus- cles which materially aid circulation are wanting, the blood in the veins rises with difficulty against its own gravity, while the soft and lax condition of the venous coats, and of the muscles in con- tact with them, permits the passage of the fluid parts of the blood, giving rise toa serous effusion, which is soft, and pits on pressure. _ This anasarcous condition, although troublesome, and frequently recurring, is easily removed by friction, exercise, or a little physic, and does not unfit the animal for ordinary work. “ But the same conformation and constitution which induce sim- ple swelled legs also give rise to the more serious affection known as weed, or a shot of grease. This consists in,a disturbance of the balance which naturally subsists between the waste of the system and the supply of new material to repair that waste. Food is as- similated in larger quantity than the wants of the system require ; the chyle so formed accumulates in the absorbent vessels and glands, which become, in consequence, irritated and inflamed. That part of the absorbent system situated in the hinder extremi- ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 23 ties is usually the principal seat of the disease. The animal sud- denly becomes lame; the inguinal and other glands in the groin become enlarged and very painful, and the swelling and pain gradually extend downward along the course of the absorbents, while the limb becomes a great deal larger than its natural size. There is, at the same time, a good deal of constitutional fever, with a full and bounding pulse. The swelling of the leg is, in the first instance, inflammatory, being hot and tender, and the skin, over the part affected, hard and tense. Such swellings may, by judicious treatment, be removed; but, in cases of a chronic character, or where the same limb has been previously affected, lymph is effused, forming hard and nodulous, and even diffuse swellings, which often cause lameness, by interfering with the mo- tions of the joints or tendons. These indurated swellings must be carefully distinguished from the serous effusions above noticed, which, although giving the animal an unsightly appearance, do not materially impair his usefulness. “ Grease consists in a morbid condition of the sebaceous glands of the horse’s heels and fetlocks. It occurs in various degrees of intensity ; sometimes as a mere scurfy itchiness of the skin about the fetlocks, more commonly of the hind extremities; sometimes attended with much inflammation, causing great heat, pain, and swelling, and an ichorous fetid discharge ; sometimesgcausing fall- ing off of the hair about the heels, and the formation of deep cracks and fissures; and sometimes becoming so violent and in- veterate as to cause eversion of the sebaceous glands, formation of granulations, and secretion of pus, constituting the loathsome complaint termed the grapes. There are few diseases better de- serving the epithet of hereditary than grease, and few in which the hereditary nature can be more easily discovered and traced. Almost every practitioner can bring to his recollection cases show- - ing the tendency of this disease to descend from parent to off- spring. A friend of mine, some years ago, purchased a valuable four-year old entire horse, adapted for agricultural purposes. When bought, he appeared perfectly sound, and his limbs were nearly black, well-formed, and fine; within a short time, how- ever, they became thick and greasy. And, although the mares to which he was put were perfectly free from such faults, the prog- eny have shown, in every case where they can be traced, unmis- takable evidence of their inheriting the greasy diathesis of their 24 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. sire. They have all been found liable to swelled legs when they stand idle for a few days; most of them have been the subjects of repeated attacks of weed; all are affected, particularly in spring, with scurfiness of the skin of the hind extremities and excessive itchiness, and lose, at a very early age, their flatness and smooth- ness of limb. The faults occur, to a greater or less degree, in all the stock of this horse, by many different mares, and are dis- tinctly traceable to the third generation. But, although grease is undoubtedly hereditary, and is, therefore, readily induced by comparatively simple causes, still it is frequently caused, and is always aggravated, by neglect of cleanliness; and of this there is ample evidence in the fact that it is most common in foul and badly-managed stables, and where no pains are taken to keep the horses’ feet and legs clean and dry.” The scrofulous predisposition is very marked in certain breeds of horses; it occasions rickets, softening, deformity, and various forms of disease in the bones, as, for example, big head, big jaw, etc. The same author, just quoted, says in reference to scrofula: “From their weak and unsound constitution, horses of a scrof- ulous diathesis are unusually prone to glanders and farcy—two forms of a disease peculiar (at least as an original disease) to the equine species, As has been already remarked, it is characterized by a specific unhealthy inflammation, identical in all important characteristics with the syphilitic inflammation in man. From the dire and loathsome nature of glanders, and the terror in which it is held, animals affected by it are never used for breeding, so that we have little opportunity of judging of its hereditary nature. There is no evidence (so far as I know) which proves it to be di- rectly hereditary,* but there is no doubt that the progeny of a glanderous horse would exhibit an unusually strong tendency to the disease. Its ordinary predisposing causes are, many of them, hereditary ; it is very prone to attack animals of a weak or vitiated constitution. It is emphatically the disease which cuts off all horses that have had their vital energies reduced below the healthy standard, either by inherent or acquired causes. Glan- * “Though I am not aware of any facts proving glanders to be congenital, yet I think there is every probability that such is the case; for it is notorious that syphilis, the analagous disease in the human subject, is congenital, and often appears at birth in the children of women affected by that disease.” ON THE CAUSES OF: DISEASE. 25 ders is, also, sometimes caused by inoculation; is frequently pro- duced in healthy subjects by mismanagement, as by insufficient food, want of shelter, and overwork; and often supervenes on bad attacks of influenza, strangles, diabetes, and other diseases which debilitate the system, or impair the integrity of any of its more important parts. ‘These causes appear to possess the power of engendering in the constitution of a horse a peculiar poison, which, as it reproduces itself, and spreads to all parts of the body, gives rise to the characteristic symptoms of glanders, causing, sooner or later, a breaking up of the system, and a fatal prostra- tion of the vital powers. This poison produces in the blood ab- normal changes, which vitiate that fluid, and unfit it for healthy nutrition.* From the irritant action of the morbid fluids passing through them, the lymphatic glands and vessels become inflamed, and lymph is deposited. This, however, being of an unhealthy nature, soon runs on to softening, which extends to the skin over- lying the part, and ulcerating farey-buds are formed. On the surface of the more vascular mucous membranes effusions of tu- bercular matter are also poured out; these take on an unhealthy inflammation, and degenerate into chancrous ulcers, which may generally be seen on the mucous membrane of the nostrils in most bad cases of glanders. “These are the most common scrofulous diseases of horses; but an animal of the scrofulous diathesis, besides being specially sub- ject to these, is little able to withstand ordinary morbific causes, and hence is also unusually liable to many ordinary diseases; in such a subject, too, disease is very apt to be severe and complicated, and to be acted on tardily and imperfectly by all remedies.” Having now furnished the reader with a few valuable facts bearing on hereditary predisposition, we shall briefly discourse * « A comparison of the two subjoined analyses will show the great difference in composition between the blood of healthy and of glanderous horses—a differ- ence consisting chiefly in a diminution of the red corpuscules, and a propor- tional increase of the fibrine and albumen. Blood of Healthy Horse. Blood of Glanderous Horse. Simon’s Animal Chemistry, by Dr. Day, vol. 1, pp. 346-7.” 26 DADD’S VETERINARY SURGERY AND ME&DICINE. in reference to some of the exciting causes which in general pro- duce those diseases to which the horse, by virtue of his constitu- tion, is liable. The following quotation, brief and pointed, will be found pertinent: “By far the easiest and best mode of curing diseases of animals is to keep the diseases and the cattle separate. With cattle, as with ourselves, disease is caused, in most instances, by an excess of carefulness or of carelessness. ‘Too much and too rich food is as injurious as too little and too poor. Perhaps fewer diseases, in proportion to the numbers treated in each way, spring from privation than from surfeit. Too little as well as too great exposure to extremes of heat and cold has a tendency to create disease; in the one case it causes disease, in the other it renders man or animal more liable to it. -Let a wealthy and a warm- hearted man own and take charge of a favorite animal, and the chances are that it will be ‘killed with kindness;’ if it is tended, in part, by a hireling, the equilibrium may be restored. In our experience—no very. limited one, by the way—care is more needed among cattle than cures; and all the diseases which came under our treatment sprang from the want of judicious care. Has a cow a cough, has she the hoven, has she the red-water, or the puerperal fever? it is from overcare—too much warmth or too much feed. Is she mangy, lousy, hide-bound, or affected with horn-ail? the chances are that she has been neglected. Of course there are very many exceptions to this and to every other general rule. But this is our experience. Let few farmers, however, feed their animals less than they now do, or give them more airy lodgings than they now do, because the greater number of the cattle in this country suffer from privation and exposure to the inclemencies of the weather rather than from pampering. But animals, as well as men, will, with the best care we can bestow on them, become sick at times. Our judgment is often at fault when our intentions are the best. Sometimes our back is turned, or our eyes are not opened sufficiently wide. At all events, our stock will become sick, some of them; and recourse must be had to medical remedies.” It is usual to classify causes; yet, for all practical purposes, it is only necessary for us to know that exciting causes are those from which disease most directly springs. For example, suppose that in the act of shoeing a horse a nail is driven in a wrong direction, ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. PA enters the sensitive tissues of the foot, and lameness occurs; the nail, in this event, may be classed as a special or mechanical exciting cause; and, under the same head, we class poisons and injuries of all sorts. When horses become the subjects of glanders, or farcy, by being exposed to the maladies, they are then said to have taken it either by infection or contagion, and the cause is said to be specific. The terms infection and contagion are now used as synonymous, and, undoubtedly, if reference be had to the etymology of the words, the arrangement is correct. Coming now to plain matter of fact, the exciting cause of disease is that which, when taken into the body, or applied outwardly, is followed by disease or derangement. The exciting causes of disease may, therefore, be summed up thus: Debility, induced by bad management, exposure, unwhole- some food; plethora, brought on by over-feeding and want of exercise; overdosing animals with improper medicines and poisons; overtaxing the muscular powers of the animal, and the breathing of an impure atmosphere. A great proportion of the diseases occurring among horses and cattle in the Western States is due to the fact that they are not properly housed at night, and the food that they often gather in their exposed situations lacks the nitrogenous and nutritious matter for the manufacture of good, healthy blood and strong muscles. Disease sometimes, however, occurs when no exciting nor any other cause appears; yet, with the exception of those maladies supposed to be produced by miasmatic influences, it is probable that the cause, in such cases, has not been discovered. Finally, it may be said that the causes of disease among animals are within their bodies as well as around and about them. Veterinary Science, and the relation it bears to Social Science.— The necessity which exists for the services of educated Veteri- nary Surgeons throughout the United States, and in cavalry regi- ments of the United States army, is evident to every thinking man; yet, prior to the advent of our late national troubles, it _ was found almost impossible to interest the right kind of men, so that they might use their influence for the purpose of direct- ing the attention of the General Government to the value and 28 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. importance of veterinary science; but the probability is that Con- gress will soon legislate on the subject, and before long we may expect to hear of the appointment of a Veterinary Surgeon and Assistant Surgeon to each cavalry regiment. There exists no earthly reason why our profession should not rank as high in America as in England and France. The great losses which are continually occuring among army horses is a monstrous and growing evil, and, in view of preventing unneces- sary diseases and premature deaths, the Government must organ- ize a veterinary corps. It is very important that our science should attract the notice of legislators; for it bears a very intimate relation with social science, inasmuch as men and animals are subject to similiar diseases, which are communicable one to the other, and which often arise spontaneously, and are transmitted from first to second. For example, there is a disease which often occurs among cattle, known as “Anthrax.” It is a malignant disease, and many persons have lost their lives by absorbing the virulent “anthrax poisons” from the carcasses of dead animals. A cutaneous disease often occurs among the bovine species, known as “ring-worm,” which affects the hands and arms of some persons who attend such animals. ; It is asserted, also, that the vesicular murrain, which at times prevails among cows, gives rise to the development of a virus which is often squeezed into the milk-pail, and produces very bad effects on children when fed on the same. It has been discovered that the little vesicles found in measled pork are tape-worms, in a certain stage of development, and if not destroyed by thoroughly cooking the infected meat, may develop the dangerous parasite in the human intestines. That awful disease known as virulent “glanders” (spontaneous in some horses) has destroyed many of our race. A small por- tion of the glandered matter coming in contact with an abraded or absorbing spot on any part of a man’s body, will surely cause him to die the most horrible of all deaths; and the same remarks apply to the disease known as “ malignant farey.” We might enumerate many other forms of disease which are communicable from the superior orders of animality to the in- ferior, and vice versd@, but the above must suffice, in view of attracting attention to the value and importance of the subject. ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 29 In regard to the origin of diseases, it is known to the profession that the diseases of men and animals are often due to similar causes ; that the evils of domestication, which operate to develop disease in animals, are as notorious as the evils of civilization, which induces unnecessary diseases and premature death among members of the human family; therfore, our science does bear an intimate relation to social science, and it appears to us that no scientific mind can fail to appreciate the advantages to be derived from a more extended knowledge of the fundamental principles of veterinary science. Let the husbandmen and stock-raisers of this country put their shoulders to the wheel, in view of establishing veterinary schools and colleges throughout the length and breadth of our immense agricultural domain, and soon we can boast of having a class of veterinary surgeons, educated on American soil, conversant with the diseases incidental to the live stock of America. In that event, we can do our own doctoring, without foreign interference. We are not disposed to find fault, nor scold about the itinerant veterinary practice which prevails throughout the United States, for we are aware that all try to do the best they can for the relief of the inferior orders of creation. The fault is not with the prac- titioners, but with the people, who have failed to furnish the means of education, Reswme.—Since writing the above, the “ Trichina” disease has made its appearance in Berlin, creating a terrible consternation among the consumers of pork. ‘The disease in its symptoms some- what resembles cholera, but on making post-mortem examina- tions, there was soon discovered in the flesh of some persons an immense number of small microscopic parasites ; these were traced back to the flesh of the hog, where they were discovered in the form of chrysali imbedded in a little shell of lime; these, on being subjected to a slight degree of heat, speedily brought forth myriads of small parasites, of various forms and sizes, a dozen of which were frequently found in a piece of tissue as large as a pin’s head. The process of incubation was discovered to have been produced in the intestines of those who had eaten the pork, by the animal warmth of the stomach. Thus freed from their shells, the creat- ures make their way through the walls of the intestines in every direction, choosing the hard and fleshy tissues especially, and none of them have yet been found in the blood. Most remarkable to 30 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. relate, the “Trichina” is said to have come from the “field- mouse,” which the hog, by eating, introduces into his system, from whence it is introduced into the system of man. A. few years ago, a number of persons in London were very seriously affected with vomiting and dysentery after partaking of sausages, the meat of which was found to be in a putrid state. Liebig, the great chemist, informs us that “several hundred cases are known in which death has occurred from the use of bad sausages in a state of putrefaction.” This kind of testimony might be multi- plied to an indefinite length, but what has been written must suffice, The reader can not fail to perceive that, in the study of comparative anatomy and physiology, a wide field for investiga- tion and research is before us, which will amply repay the devoted student, and be the means of accomplishing much good. Veterinary Science—How to Inaugurate it— What Benefits have we derived from its Study?—Shortly after the commencement of our late national struggle, the author was consulted in reference to the most feasible plan of inaugurating Veterinary Science, so that it might be made available for the restoration of sick, lame, and otherwise disabled horses in the Government service, which drew forth the following reply: Up to the present period there exists no law authorizing the employment of regularly-educated veterinary surgeons; therefore any rational plan calculated to ameliorate the condition of army horses, or to prevent the many unnecessary cases of disease and premature deaths which are now constantly occurring, or to guard against the great pecuniary losses which the Government and people of this country have © been compelled to submit to in the condemnation and forced sales of deteriorated horses, can not, as I understand the matter, be considered by the powers that be until Congress shall legislate upon the subject. I now propose to inform the reader how to render the knowledge we possess available. In the first place, I should follow the systems of instruction and the organizations of the veterinary schools of London, Ed- inburgh, Alfort, and Saumur, and prepare suitable text-books adapted to the wants of a nation of people who have never given the subject that attention which its importance demands, In the selection of pupils, I favor the plan of General McClellan, which is as follows: ‘‘ The pupils for the veterinary school might ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 31 be selected from among the best recruits; indeed, it is not im- probable that the advantages of such an institution would induce excellent men to enlist for the purpose of availing themselves of its benefits. Should such be found to be the results, it would be well to require them to enlist for longer than the usual time, as a compensation for the time spent at school.” Cavalry officers, farriers, or blacksmiths should be permitted to attend lectures on anatomy, physiology, and the obvious diseases and lameness of horses. In cases of emergency, a competent veterinarian should be employed in each regiment, whose duty it should be to select an intelligent farrier from each company, and instruct such person, in a brief and practical manner, on the management of cavalry horses in camps, the prevention of diseases, and the most rational method of treating diseases incidental to camp life. Should it be found impossible to secure the services of a suf- ficient number of competent veterinarians for the above purpose, let those who have shown themselves qualified, by an examination before a medical board, march from camp to camp, give instruc- tions, see that the sick and disabled are separated from healthy animals, and that the former be placed in a covered hospital, and then issue special regulations for the use of mounted troops in garrison and in the field, for the purpose of guarding against the consequences of ignorance and abuse of the animal machine. It would be advisable to establish a veterinary professorship at West Point, and there locate the National School. The Govern- ment has there a very fine French model of the horse, a skeleton, and various preparations of morbid anatomy, etc., which, together with other material available, will furnish all that is necessary for the purposes of veterinary tuition. It would also be advis- able for the Chief Veterinary Surgeon to issue to his subordinates such orders as shall secure proper sanitary regulations in camp. The horses should be as well cared for as the troops, for in cav- alry and artillery service, the success of a campaign, or attack and defense, depends much on the health and efficiency of horses. It should be the business of some members of the veterinary corps to station themselves at accessible points, and there erect temporary hospitals for the reception of sick and lame horses, where the latter shall receive the benefits of a rational system of medication and nursing, whereby, in their restoration to useful- 32 DADD’S VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEDICINE. ness, many millions of dollars might be saved to the Government in a short time. I contend that the condemnation and ruinous sale of sick and lame horses is a wanton waste of property, and it would be just as rational, if rational at all, to sacrifice, neglect, or abandon sick or disabled soldiers simply because they are not in fit condition for present duty. Importance of Veterinary Education.—The importance of edu- cating men for the scientific practice of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery is self-evident, and is further illustrated by the daily experience of those persons whom, as a matter of necessity, have been obliged to prescribe for the sick and dying of their flocks and herds, at the same time, having no knowledge of those advant- ages which a thorough course of training affords, must necessarily feel that they are groping in comparative darkness, and when a ray of medical light does flit across their path, it often serves to make them better acquainted with their own want of skill. Per- sons thus circumstanced, unable to procure the services of veter1- nary surgeons, in consequence of a scarcity of the “genuine material,” are often called upon to assume the responsibilities of medical practitioners; and they, no doubt, prescribe with good intention and honesty of purpose, but disease and death have the vantage of them, for the disease is not often rightly diagnosed, nor are they acquainted with the means of securing a favorable issue; and they will hail, as a great blessing, every attempt made for the purpose of diffusing a knowledge of Veterinary Science. We all know that there is greater need for scientific qualifica- tion on the part of those who propose to practice on brutes than in the case of a practitioner of human medicine; and if a special course of study and qualification, obtained under the guidance of competent teachers at college or elsewhere, be essentially neces- sary in the one case, surely they can not be dispensed with in the other. Now, it is well known that prior to the introduction of a rational system of veterinary medicine in the mother country, millions of domestic animals were annually sacrificed at the shrine of ignorance; but science came to the rescue, and now the disciples of St. BEL, CoLEMAN, their co-workers (the founders of the science in England), and kindred spirits, ean, by aid of their vast materia medica—their anesthetic agents, their scalpel, and other appliances—accomplish unheard of wonders, ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 33 The Samaritans of our craft have solved the problems on which the fundamental principles of physiology and pathology are founded ; they have, to a certain extent, dispelled the awful cloud of ignorance and empiricism which had reigned in the British Isles. They have succeeded in illuminating the dense and dark spots that have existed in horse and cattle practice since the ad- vent of the ancient Egyptians, up to that period which introduced anew erainourart. They have done more than this: our crafts- men have often robbed death of some of its victims, and have succeeded in blunting the keen edge of many an epizodtic sword ; and thus they have succeeded in stealing a march on the grim monarch of epizodtic destiny. Their weapons were often such as were wielded by JENNER, the benefactor of our race. Our efforts may not always be successful, but as our veterinary fathers have accomplished much, we ought not to despair. The field of enterprise in the United States is composed of vir- gin soil, and the “bridegroom of promise” hath not yet put on the complete mantle of fertility ; so that there is a splendid chance for the teachers and graduates of American schools to Gee themselves and earn the laurel of fame. The husbandmen of this country have also suffered immense losses by the death of valuable animals, and since the landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock, up to this very moment, death hath run riot in the camping-ground of horses and cattle, and people have scarcely been informed of the “why or wherefore.” The legion host of “ itinerant” practitioners which necessity and circumstances have created, remain remarkably silent and non- committal ; and probably this is the best course they can pursue, for, if “ignorance is bliss,” and that pays well, it would be de- cidedly unbusiness-like in them to assume wisdom which might not pay. There never was a period in the history of this country when the services of educated veterinary surgeons were so much needed as at the present time. The live stock of “ Young America” do not enjoy immunity from those pestiferous epizodtic maladies which have in former years operated as a “ withering simoom ” on British husbandry. For example, a dreadful malady known as pleuro-pneumonia has made sad havoc among live stock in Mas- sachusetts, and the terrible alarm there created in consequence, is keenly felt, not only in that State, but in many others. In some 3 34 DADD'’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. € of the Western States, a malady known as “ milk-sickness,” or trembles, afflicting both man and beast, sometimes prevails, at- tended with such disastrous results that many farmers have often been compelled to abandon the old homestead in view of seeking a location where there was some prospect of enjoying immunity from the pest. Hog cholera, or pleuro-pneumonia, (among swine) has often slain its millions and tens of millions. Contagious typhus pre- vails, and puerperal fever has carried off hundreds of thousands of our best stock. Apoplexy, softening of the brain, dropsy of the brain, are just as prevalent here as in England. Abortion, or miscarriage, is fearfully on the increase. Diseases of climate and spontaneous origin are constantly occurring. In fact, to shorten a lengthy story, there is scarcely any disease known to the veterinarians of the Old World that has not prevailed in the New. The mere mention of these matters should at once arouse stock-owners to a sense of duty to themselves and their domestic animals, We must have educated veterinary surgeons for the treatment of diseases peculiar to the live stock of this country. It is a mat- ter of national policy, a work of benevolence; and should we take a business view of the affair, it is a cent and dollar enter- prise that will surely pay. We want schools and colleges in this country, where the young men of America can acquire a republican veterinary education, so that in the era before us, the people in this country can employ the graduates of their own schools, endowed and fostered by their own enterprise and industry. Some persons have an idea that veterinary science can only be acquired under the banner of roy- alty, but this is a great mistake. J am aware that the people of this country have been so absorbed in promoting its growth and developing its resources, that there has been but little chance for great scientific achievement in our calling, yet within the past few years some of the most learned of our profession, educated under the auspices of royalty and aristocracy, have been amazed at the contributions to science furnished by a few devoted men in this country that never saw the inside of an European college. As a national affair, therefore, it should be the pride of every American citizen to put his shoulder to the wheel for the purpose just indicated, for the enterprise will surely redound to the honor j | j | ) ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 35 and glory of the nation. The science which we are laboring to render popular is vast and boundless as the ocean ; and although it has been explored by many distinguished scholars, it is capable of unfolding new truths, and when the united intellect of intelli- gent Americans shall be brought to bear upon it, will advance with a rapidity truly astonishing. What the American people have accomplished, during the past few years, in rendering other sciences popular, is proof positive of what shall occur when the current of investigation is directed to the science of veterinary medicine and physiology. In the absence of educated veterinary surgeons throughout the country, it is of vast importance that stock-owners generally should study, as far as they can, the diseases to which their prop- erty is subject, and acquire a knowledge of, at least, the ordinary remedies. By doing so, thousands of dollars’ worth of valuable horses, cattle, and swine may be annually saved to the country, and the intense misery which these poor brutes suffer frequently be relieved. It is our object in this work to simplify the science so that it may be acquired, to a very useful extent, by any intel- ligent man. If we shall succeed in enabling stock-owners to practice the healing art on their dumb but faithful companions, we shall feel that we have done a good work. Inflammation; Its Nature and Treatment.—Inflammation is said to consist of pain, heat, and redness. It is usually considered as an enemy to the,patient ; and we have been taught to subdue it by means of bleeding and purging, at all hazards; and some practitioners, when they undertake the job, generally succeed, yet they lose the patient for their pains. Some writers have made inflammation cut up all manner of pranks. It is now sanative in healing a wound or injury, in repairing damages which occur in various parts of the animal economy ; and in the same paragraph the writers declare that in- flammation is the cause of nearly all the deaths that occur. This is sheer nonsense, and will not stand the test of logic, nor the daily experience of that practitioner who deals in fact, and does his own thinking, independently of the dictum of some of the schools, and the ancient method of reasoning on false facts. A distinguished medical reformer, writing on this subject, says: “ Numerous hypotheses or opinions respecting the true nature of 36 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. inflammation have for ages been advanced, and, for a time, sus- tained ; but even at the present day the various doctrines appear to be considered altogether problematical.” We often hear, in common parlance, that, “if inflammation sets in, the horse will die.” Now, the very reverse of this is the case ; for, while inflammation lasts, there is strength, vitality, and aug- mented action, though there may be much pain. This should be interpreted as the warning voice of Nature, to apprise us of a loss of equilibrium in the circulation of the blood, or some deranged condition of the system; and we should heed the warning, and array ourselves on the side of Nature, in view of promoting a full and free circulation of the blood over the system, so that there shall be no excess anywhere; and the derangement, wherever it exists, must next command our attention. While inflammation and pain exists, there is hope. Take, for example, inflammation of the intestines. While that stage lasts, the animal is not in danger; but so soon as inflammation and pain ceases, (often accomplished through the means of bleeding and narcotism,) we then open up a new page of pathology. In the course of a few hours the animal dies. Of what—inflamma- tion? No. He dies of mortification, or gangrene of the bowels. Therefore death was not caused by inflammation. So in regard to phrenitis (inflammation of the brain). A cer- tain amount of pain and activity in the parts are observable; the inflammation may now be attacked after the true Sangrado fash- ion; the inflammation is subdued, but still the animal is no bet- ter. Hedies. Of what does he die? Not of inflammation, for the autopsy reveals, very often, softening of the brain, and fluid is found within the lateral ventricles. Softening of the brain is equivalent to gangrene (death of a part). Then, again, horses can not be said to die of inflammation when the practitioner de- clares that he heroically subdued it some time previous to the death of the animal. There is no proof that bleeding has any directly beneficial influence over the course of inflammations, either external or in- ternal. Surgeons never bleed now in external inflammation ; and educated and liberal physicians have given up all arguments in favor of the practice for internal inflammation. Goon, in his “Study of Medicine,” seems to have given us some definite in- formation regarding the effect of blood-letting in inflammation, = ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. om which should agree with the sentiments of all men desiring to see veterinary science joined in the march of improvement which is now progressing in almost every other department of science and industry. “The immediate effect of profuse and repeated bleed- ing is exhaustion. While this exhaustion continues there is a diminution of action of every kind, and hence an imposing ap- pearance of relief to the symptoms of disease; but it no sooner — takes place than an instinctive effort is made by the wis medica- trix natura to remedy the evil hereby produced, and to restore the system to its former balance of power. This balance is called a rallying, or reaction of the living principle. The arteries con- tract to adapt themselves to the measure of blood that remains ; the sensorial organ is roused to the secretion of a large proportion of nervous power to supply the inordinate drain that takes place. During the general commotion, all is in a state of temporary hurry and urgency, and, for the most part, irregularity of action, while the instinctive effort is proceeding. And hence, no sooner is the immediate effect of prostration and exhaustion overcome than the heart palpitates, the pulse beats forcibly with a jerking bound, the head throbs, and the eyes flash fire. Now, it often hap- pens that these concurrent signs are mistaken for proofs of latent or increased vigor, instead of being proofs of accelerated action ; and action, too, that adds as largely to the exhaustion as the de- pletion that produced it; and the unhappy patient is bled a second, a third, and even a fourth time,* till no reaction follows, at which time it is strangely supposed that the plethora or inflam- matory diatheses is subdued and lulled into a calm, because the patient has been so far and fatally drained of the living principle that there is no longer any rallying or reactive power remaining, and gives up the ghost, in a few hours, to the treatment instead of the disease.” This is the case with thousands and tens of thou- sands of valuable animals that annually die in this country, in * My attention was recently called to a valuable stallion, which had lately been brought from Nova Scotia. He was attacked with what the attending would-be physician called “founder,” but which was a pure case of acute rheu- matism. In three different bleedings, forty-two pounds of blood had been ab- stracted! and I found the patient so weak and prostrated that he was scarcely able to stand. It seems to me that every man having the least spark of charity for so noble an animal as a horse, should discountenance such outrageous treat- ment as this. 38 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. consequence of our misguided notions of inflammation, and vur want of knowledge of a suitable remedy to treat it. But a brighter day is dawning, and the antiquated notions of disease and its treatment are fast giving way to a more rational and suc- cessful system; and the day is not far distant when blood-letting for the cure of inflammation will be entirely abandoned. It is very gratifying to the author to be able to record that many of the progressive medical writers of the present day are on the right side of Nature, teaching us that “she is ever busy, by the silent operation of her own forces, in the cure of disease ;” and they are inaugurating a very great and desirable revolution in the theory and practice of human as well as veterinary medi- cine. Nature of Inflammation.—The physical characteristics of in- flammation are, as I have just written, redness, heat, pain, and sometimes swelling. It is, and always was physiologically, oper- - ating for the good of humanity and the inferior orders of creation. Jis curative power none can dispute. We see it, in the form of a blush, on the cheek of offended humanity. Friction, injuries, poisons and disease, etc., excite Nature to hoist the symbol of dis- tress—inflammation. She calls loudly for help, but she does not always get it; and instead of acknowledging her autocracy, and furnishing what she wants to use in her own way, viz.: the water, oil, and wine of the ancient Samaritans, we offer fire, knife, and poison. Inflammation being an exalted condition of local arterial cir- culation, it can only be excited by some mental emotion, injury, loss of function, or by what is known as disease, in parts adjacent or remote from its seat. Hence, all diseases of an acute charac- ter are preceded and accompanied, to a certain stage or period, by inflammation. Hence, also, according to ancient usage and the dictum of alma mater, we are constrained to talk and write as though inflammation was the great evil or disease which required our services; and thus we coquette with Nature by means of sharp-edged tools, while the actual disease steals a march on us, and we lose the patient in consequence of our want of knowledge. Treatment of Inflammation—Inflammation being more or less active, according to the intensity of the disease of which it is a ° ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 39 forerunner, or rather an indication, and being accompanied by pain, it becomes our duty merely to restore the equilibrium of the circulation. This removes the inflammation, and promotes a free and full circulation of the blood all over the system, so that there shall be no excess (inflammation) anywhere. This is what we call subduing the inflammation, with this difference, however, that we resort to natural means and sanative medication instead of using the fleam and cathartics. The means are warmth, moist- ure, stimulants, and friction; and clothing to the extremities and to parts of the body that are cold; and cold applications to parts that are unnaturally hot. One of the best equalizers of the cir- culation is the “ Roman bath,” the vapor bath, and wet packing. Should the inflammation exist internally, then give plenty of warm water, emolient drinks, and emolient enemas, and keep up a physiological action and heat on the surface of the body by means of friction and warm clothing. In this simple way the circulation of the blood is equalized, or, in other words, the in- flammation is “ cured ;” and, at the same time, this treatment may cure the disease as well as the inflammation. f Z Z Z Z y y Z SECTION II. DISEASES OF THE EYE. Amaurosis, or Guass Eye (Gutta SERENA)—FoREIGN BODIES WITHIN THE EYE- LIDS—SPECKS, OR FinM oN THE EYE, KNOWN AS OPACITY OF THE CORNEA— CaTARACT—WoORM IN THE EyYE—OPHTHALMIA—TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION— PURULENT OPHTHALMIA—SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA. AmaAvrosis (“Guass EyE”—Gutra SERENA.) MAUROSIS is known to most men as “glass eye.” Physi- cians, however, have named the disease gutta serena. The abnormal condition, which consists in dilatation of the pupil, un- influenced by light or darkness, is occasioned by paralysis of the optic nerve and its ultimate expansion. Causes.—Some horses, of an excitable, nervous temperament, often become the subjects of dilated pupil, without any assignable cause ; while that form of amaurosis occurring among plethoric subjects, or those whose digestive organs are deranged or ocenpied by a large quantity of undigested food, (they, the subjects border- ing on that state known as stomach staggers,) can easily be ex- plained on the well-known law of sympathy. We may, however, with propriety, assign a cause for its occur- rence in the eyes of neryous, excitable horses; for this very con- dition of the nervous system, which gives rise to the excitability, perhaps goes to show that the brain is actually diseased, either in function or structure. Animals subject to this affection are gen- erally of a “bony,” spare, muscular development, and have wiry sinews, thin tapering ears, delicate lips and nostrils, diminution in the quantity of the hair in the mane and tail, but remarkable for compactness of texture. We generally find, under ordinary circumstances, the black color preponderates in nervous horses over the various shades of equine coloring-matter found in the (40) DISEASES OF THE EYE. AT hair, eyes, ete. I had a case of this kind, and the owner s state- ment was as follows: The animal (mare) had been in his posses- sion about five years. She had four successive attacks of blindness, which had never been treated by a certified surgeon, and it was concluded that she must have a periodical attack in spite of all efforts to prevent it. Now, this is what we call a case of idio- pathic periodical amaurosis, and if it does not owe its origin to some hereditary idiosyncracy, it is the result of an abnormal con- dition of the brain. When our attention shall be called to a case of this character, we must bear in mind the fact that this animal survived four periodical attacks of the same malady, and performed the ordinary duties of a horse, in the intervals of health, with far-seeing eyes, and without the aid of science; and this goes to show that this condition of the nervous structure of the eyes of some horses, as well as many other diseases incidental to them, are often “ self- limited,” and the subjects will recover, if carefully nursed and left unembarrassed by “ poisonous drugs.” This opinion is in- dorsed by some of the most distinguished surgeons of the present day. I have no desire to try to saddle the reader with any pecu- liar notions of medication emanating from my own fancy or brains. I am not offering sensible people a mirror of my own reflection, but I wish to present the truth in that mirror, so that they may see it and judge for themselves. Excessive medication is a quicksand which we must try to avoid. ‘Thousands of well- meaning medical aspirants have actually committed professional suicide by clinging to the absurd theory of medication as prac- ticed in bygone days. The lancet, and many of the heroic medi- cines which our predecessors placed great confidence in, and in their writings have urged us to use, are now almost discarded. It is not because an essential change has taken place in the nature of equine maladies, but because we have greater faith in Nature as our curative agent, and have become better acquainted with anat- omy, pathology, and physiology. But to resume the subject of amaurosis. If from the history of the case, we have reason to believe that it is of a periodical character, and if it be the sequel to, or an accompaniment of, some hereditary affection, we may be sure that the malady will exist for a certain length of time in spite of all we may do. In such cases, all that is necessary is to have the animal comfortably 42 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. housed, fed on a light, laxative diet, and pay careful attention to the condition of the secretory and excretory functions of the body. That form of amaurosis occasioned by a deranged condition of the digestive organs, plethora, or over-distension of the same, will cease so soon as the cause is removed, and may be considered as a sympathetic affection. What that cause is we must endeavor to decide on by careful examination, and then frame our plan of treatment in accordance with the indications to be fulfilled. Should we consult authorities on amaurosis, we shall find that much diversity of opinion exists. Youatt, who is quoted in this country by some persons as high authority, has mistaken the disease, or else has strangely distorted facts. He contends that “the treatment of amaurosis is quite as difficult as that of cata- ract.” Now, every one knows that cataract occurring among horses is notoriously incurable ; and PERCIVALL writes, “ A man must be able to perform miracles ere he cures cataract.” Now, I contend that amaurosis, or dilatation of the pupil, is not of itself a disease, but the symptom of one; hence, between cata- ract—a disease resulting from altered structure of the eye—and amaurosis there exists no analogy. Whenever altered structure exists in the mechanism of the eye, then we have an incurable case. Mr. Spooner, the reviser of Youarr’s work on the horse, as- sures us that amaurosis is often connected with diseased liver, thus controverting Youatt’s theory of incurability ; for animals often recover from very severe attacks of liver disease. I have called the attention of our readers to the opinions of Youarr, PERCIVALL, and SpooNER merely to show the import- ance of exercising our own reasoning faculties. We must not place too much confidence in mere book authority, no matter how high the source, unless experience and intelligence indorses the theory or facts in the case. Speculative and false theories are only surface deep. They need not the eye of the philosopher, nor the mental genius of a Web- ster, in order to discover their flimsy texture and develop the truth. Those who propose to do their own thinking have the ability to judge between right and wrong. Let us commit to memory all matters which appear as facts, and forget the rest. Amaurosis can be artificially produced by administering a few DISEASES OF THE EYE. 43 doses of extract of belladonna, and this amaurotic state of the pupil is also observed during etherization, and disappears so soon as the animal is restored to consciousness. PERCIVALL informs us that amaurosis may proceed from some abnormal condition of the optic nerve or brain, which may prove, as he says, the last link of a series of marked phenomena, origi- nating in some remote part of the body, operating sympathetically on the nervous system, and, through it, extending to the eye. Cases are occasionally met with which may be termed symptomatic amaurosis, occasioned by congestion, tumors, or hydrocephalus. Symtomatic amaurosis may follow cranial fracture, and, con- sequently, depression. In such cases, the skill of the surgeon is called into requisition to trephine the uninjured region of the skull, in order to elevate the depressed and fractured parts. The potent remedy is the removal of the pressure. Amaurosis is oc- casionally associated with anemia. Now, anemia is a condition of the body which indicates a loss of the circulating fluid, either of quantity or quality. The remedy for this condition is carbo- naceous food, mineral and vegetable tonics. Preparations of iron and golden seal are the best remedial agents. Symptoms.—I shall now turn the reader’s attention, for a mo- ment, to some of the symptoms attending the amaurotic condition. The head of the patient is elevated, and he is known, in popular language, as a “star-gazer.” His ears are kept in constant mo- tion, one turned backward and the other forward, in quick suc- cession, to catch the sound of approaching vehicles, so that he may have timely notice of their whereabouts. When started, and while walking, the fore-feet are raised from the ground to an unnecessary height. This is probably done for the purpose of sounding the ground, and, at the same time, of avoiding obstacles which may lie-in the road; for the sight is defective, and the animal must depend more on the senses of hearing and feeling. Should such an animal be attached to a vehicle and left alone in the street, we shall observe that when an omnibus or heavy- loaded wagon approaches him he becomes restless, and exhibits signs of fear. Such are the principal symptoms which usually accompany defective sight, or total paralysis of the optic nerve, producing amaurosis. Treatment.—Sympathetic amaurosis should be treated by means of antispasmodics and alteratives. One ounce of tincture of assa- id DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. fetida may be given every morning, and in the evening, one ounce of the fluid extract of sassafras. So soon as the animal regains his natural vision, the medicine may be discontinued. FOREIGN BoDIES WITHIN THE EYELIDS. When foreign bodies, such as small particles of hay or dirt, get within the eyelids, they create great pain and uneasiness, and if | allowed to remain there, produce a very grave form of disease, often ending in disorganization and total blindness, Should any thing of the kind be discovered, it may be removed by raising the upper or depressing the lower lids; then introduce and ex- plore the eyeball by means of a camel’s hair pencil, to which the foreign body will usually adhere, when it is easily brought away. The parts should then be sponged with lukewarm water. After the lapse of a few hours, should the membranes of the eye and lids appear much reddened, use the following: Nov GR Rosenwalert: crac ices we ctetelets clelortsrseneer wee 4 02. Fluid extract of gelseminum........... 2 dr. Put the patient on a diet of sloppy bran mash, and place him where the rays of sunlight shall not affect the eye. Fitms oR SPECKS ON THE EYE, KNOWN AS OPACITY OF THE CORNEA. Opacity of the cornea sometimes results from injuries; at others they are symptomatic, and accompany other diseases. They are of very common occurrence in the various stages of influenza and other catarrhal affections, and sometimes a distinet speck will remain long after the disease which gave rise to it has disappeared. The author remembers many cases in which the sight has been completely destroyed by using substances of a corrosive or stimu- lating character. The proper mode of treatment is to bathe the eye occasionally with a portion of the following lotion: No. 2; Fluid extract of bloodroot. ..)... 22s. selon Wiateru tenn Cok eae ee lea ee Green RO ZA Mix. Give the patient one ounce, morning and evening, of fluid extract of phytolacca decandra (poke-root), This acts as an alterative, and will expedite the cure. DISEASES OF THE EYE. 45 CATARACT. Cataract in the horse is usually the result of previous attacks of disease. It consists of opacity of the crystalline lens, or the capsule of the same. The disease is incurable, because if an opera- tion was performed for the breaking-up or depression of the cataract, such as is practiced in human medicine, vision would still be as imperfect as ever without the aid of magnifying glasses, which would be a great inconvenience to the horse, and scarcely of any practical service. Worm IN THE EYE. Small parasites are occasionally observed in the eyes of horses. They float about in the watery humor, often for a great length of time, without appearing to do any mischief; yet, being a foreign body, they are, to say the least, injurious. The author has never seen but one case of worm in the eye, and that occurred in a horse, the property of a resident of Chicago. The animal was kept on exhibition for the inspection of the curious, and was the scource of considerable profit to the owner. It is possible that such worm might be extracted by a surgical operation. A writer in the “ Veterinary Review” thus alludes to this affection : “Tt may also be here noticed that there is a disease which fre- quently affects the eyes of horses in India, but which, as far as I know, has never been observed in Europe. A worm, which, from the description I have received from different people, may be compared to the common ascaris, is generated in the anterior chamber, and can at times be distinguished swimming about, with apparently great vigor, in the aqueous humor. It produces a great deal of irritation and inflammation, the effects of which ultimately destroy the organ. The natives of India cure the disease by making an incision through the cornea, and extracting - the worm. Though I have never had an opportunity of examin- ing an eye affected with this curious disease, the circumstantial accounts, from several accurate observers, leave no doubt in my mind of its existence; and the fact accords with what is known to take place regarding the formation of worms, not only in the human body, but more particularly in the liver, lungs, brain, and other organs of the inferior animals.” 46 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. OPHTHALMIA, OR ACUTE DISEASE OF THE EYE. This is a very common affection, yet a most painful one, and can not well be mistaken. The animal keeps the eyelids closed. They are more or less swollen, and the internal surface of the same appears very red. There is an unnatural flow of tears running down the cheeks. The haw, or nictitating membrane, is swollen and very vascular. This condition of the haw is known to some persons as the hooks, and serves as an excuse for the performance of a barbarous operation, not sanctioned by science or common sense, viz.: amputation of the haw, which only aggravates the disease, and deprives the horse of a useful appendage to the organs of vision. | In the early stage of this disease, and when scalding tears run copiously over the cheeks, we denominate it catarrhal ophthalmia. The disease is not of a very serious nature, but often becomes so in consequence of the outrageous treatment practiced, such as bleeding, purging, and the local application of lunar caustic. The proper mode of treatment is to keep the patient on a light diet, and occasionally bathe the region of the eye with an infusion of poppies or hops; sometimes with tepid or cold water, as the case may seem to indicate, according to the rational judgment of the owner of the afflicted animal. It is the very best application that can be made, and is much more scientific, according to the dictum of the God of Nature, than many of the agents heretofore used. The fact is, many indications of disease designated as inflamma- tion are curable only through the intervention of time and a rational expectancy. Don’t do any violence to nature in the use of destructive or poisonous agents, and should the case be curable, it will terminate favorably under this treatment. Ac- cording to the dictum of the schools of veterinary medicine, inflammation of the eye, as well as inflammatory action of other parts of the body, has to be treated heroically, which system of treatment kills more than it ever cures. As the subject of inflam- mation is a very important one, worthy the attention and con- sideration of American husbandmen, I here introduce an article from the pen of A. S. CopeMAN, who was formerly associated with me in conducting the “ Veterinary Institute of Boston,” Massachusetts : DISEASES OF THE EYE. 47 TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION. “Tt must be admitted by all who contemplate the actual state of medical practice at the present day, that the use of blood-let- ting and of other antiphlogistic remedies, has, within a recent period, greatly declined. According to YouarTrT and PERCIVALL, such remedies, and more especially blood-letting, were formerly highly successful in arresting diseases, in the treatment of which we now know they not only fail, but are even highly injurious. The inference has been drawn from these supposed facts, that in- flammation itself is no longer the same; that its type has altered from an inflammatory to a typhoid character. In short, it seems to have been the opinion of certain writers that an advanced knowledge of physiology and pathology has had little influence in producing this great revolution in our treatment, but that the constitutions of animals are fundamentally altered, and that medi- cal men were as right in bleeding thirty years ago as they are correct in now abstaining from it. In opposition to these views, it will be my endeavor to show, Ist, That little reliance can be placed on the experience of those who, like BLAIN, PERCIVALL, and YOUATT, were unacquainted with both histology and organic chemistry, and, per consequence, the nature of inflammations ; 2d, That inflammation is the same now as it has ever been; 3d, That the principles on which blood-letting and antiphlogistic remedies have hitherto been practiced are fallacious, and opposeél to pathology; 4th, That an inflammation once established can not be cut short, and that the object of judicious medical practice is to conduct it to a favorable termination; 5th, That all positive knowledge of the experience of the past, as well as the more ex- act observations of the present day, alike establish the truth of the preceding propositions as guides for the future. Isr Proposirion.— That little reliance can be placed on the ex- perience of those who, like BLAIN, PERCIVALL, and YOuATT, were unacquainted with histology, and, per consequence, the nature of inflammations, Inflammation, for many years, was generally recognized, espe- cially in external parts, by the existence of pain, heat, redness, and swelling, and in internal parts by fever, accompanied by pain and impeded function of the organ affected. In fact, groups of symptoms, in accordance with the nosological systems of the day, 48 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. constituted inflammation. But the school of morbid anatomy, by showing that inflammation was a diseased condition of a part, entirely overthrew the errors and confusion inherent in all such nosological systems; while more recent histological research, by exhibiting to us that inflammation is, in truth, a disease of nutri- tion, governed by the same laws that determine growth and waste of the tissues, has united physiology and pathology into our science, and has removed our present knowledge still further from the traditional errors of the past. Now, if it could be shown that the group of symptoms formerly called inflammatica always in- duced the same morbid lesions, former experience might still be useful to us. But we contend that this is what clinical observa- tion proves to be impossible. Such are the contradictory state- ments and the confusion resulting from the unacquaintance of the past race of practitioners with a correct diagnosis and pathology, that no confidence whatever can be placed in their impressions as to what cases were benefited by bleeding. Medicine is not a scientific art, which is dependent for its principles on the study of a commentary on the older writers. What they thought and what they said are not, and ought not, in a question of this kind, to be our guide as to what was or is. On the contrary, it is the book of Nature, which is open to all, that we ought to study; and why should we read it through the eyes of past sages, when the light of science was comparatively feeble and imperfect, instead of bringing all our improved modern appliances and advanced knowledge to elucidate her meaning ? 2p Prop.—That inflammation is the same now as it has ever been. The essential nature of inflammation has been already alluded to, viz.: a series of changes in the function of a part, terminating in exudation or effusion of lymph. Now, what proof is there that any of these necessary changes have, of late years, undergone any modification? Ifa healthy animal receives a blow, or any other injury, are the resulting phenomena, in these days, in any way different from those which took place in the days of YouaTT and PERCIVALL? Were the effects which followed wounds in 1830 different from those which resulted from similar injuries in 1860? This has not yet been shown. Again: if a healthy horse, nowadays, be exposed to wet and cold, and be seized with an inflammation of the lung or pleura, is not the lung hepatized in DISEASES OF THE EYE. 49 the one case? and does not effusion follow in the other, in exactly the same way as formerly ? But what should this asserted change in the nature and character of inflammation lead us to infer? It is said that inflammation and its results are entirely changed within the last thirty years. It is, then, argued that horses, in all parts of the world, since the days of BLArn, Youart, and PER- CIVALL, have become so debilitated and deteriorated ; that their constitutions have been so altered for the worse; that, attacked by the same lesion, and to the same extent, there is no longer the same reaction. If so, where is the evidence of this? For my own part, I have earnestly sought for but can not dis- cover a shadow of evidence for such a belief. Moreover, I have a most lively remembrance of all the facts and circumstances con- nected with the bleeding of hundreds of patients, thirty years ago, when I first commenced the study of veterinary medicine, and my impression is, that not the slightest difference exists between the character of inflammation now and what it was then. 3D PRrop.—That the principles on which blood-letting and anti- phlogistic remedies have hitherto been practiced are fallacious and opposed to pathology. Large and early bleeding have been practiced, under the idea that, by diminishing the amount of circulating fluid, 1st, the materus morbt in the blood would be diminished ; 2d, less blood would flow to the inflamed parts; 3d, the increased quantity of blood in the part would be lessened; 4th, the character of the pulse was the proper index to the amount of blood that ought to be drawn. Let us examine a few of these principles of practice. The increased throbbing and circulation of blood in an inflamed part may be shown not to be the cause of inflammation, but the result of it, and that the idea of so-called determination of blood to inflamed parts is fallacious. Now, if we attend to what takes place in the finger from a thorn entering the skin and remain- ing unextracted, we find the irritating body first acts upon the cellular constituents—the nerves and blood-vessels of the part; then comes on the congestion and exudation, and, lastly, follows the throbbing, which is the evidence of so-called determination, and result of the inflammation, and not a cause of it. The blood, in this case, instead of being sent by a vis a tergo, is, in fact, drawn by a vis a fronte, and, as we shall endeavor to show, for the most important purposes. But why should Nature, in cases 4 50. DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. of inflammation, draw an increased amount of blood toward the part? She does so, it seems to us, in obedience to one of her wisest laws, but one which has been too much ignored by medical practitioners. It must be obvious, however, that an inflamma- tion haying occurred, the great work now to be accomplished is the removal of the exudation—to eliminate from the injured part either directly by discharge externally, or by passage into the blood, to be finally excreted through the emunctories. In all such cases, the blood is not sent or determined, but drawn to the part, in consequence of the increased actions going on in them; in short, it is absolutely imperative that the part in which these changes go on should receive more blood than in health. But, hitherto, medical practitioners have supposed that this phenome- non is injurious, and ought to be checked by blood-letting and. antiphlogisties. The rapid flow of blood, which is so necessary, they have sought to diminish, and the increased amount in the neighborhood of the part which is so essential for the restoration to health, it has been their object to destroy. In doing so, we argue they act in opposition to sound theory, and, as we shall afterward attempt to show, good practice, also. The inconsistency of the theraupeutical rules on this head will become more manifest when we remember that it is necessary, in ' the opinion of many medical practitioners, not only to weaken the pulse when it is strong, but to strengthen it when it has been made weak. Now, although it is obviously good practice to sup- port the strength when the calls upon the nutritive functions have exhausted the economy, it is injurious to diminish, by blood- letting, the nutritive processes themselves, when they are busily engaged in operating on the exudation and eliminating the mor- bid products. In short, the phenomena of fever and excitability accompanying inflammation have been wrongly interpreted, and danger is to be apprehended from them, not directly, but from the subsequent exhaustion which all great exertions of the animal economy produce. In themselves, these exertions are sanative, and indicate the struggle which the economy is engaged in when attempting to get rid of the diseased processes ; and whenever we lessen the vital powers at such a critical juncture, we diminish the chances of that struggle terminating favorably. This propo- sition seems to be universally admitted in the case of essential fevers, and its truth ought to be accepted equally in inflammation, DISEASES OF THE EYE. 51 Tt has been argued, however, that the immediate effect of blood- letting justifies the practice. But, assuming it is granted that in some cases the pain is for a time relieved by bleeding, and that in pneumonia the respiration temporarily becomes more free, at what a cost are those advantages obtained, should the patient be so weakened as to be unable to rally! Even if he does rally, a large bleeding almost always prolongs the disease. Of course, we are now speaking of a true pneumonia, and not of that com- bination of symptoms commonly called a chill, or lung fever. 47H Prop.—That an inflammation once established can not be eut short, and that the object of judicious medical practice is to conduct it to a favorable termination. There was a time when it was supposed that the progress of influenza, distemper, and many other specific fevers which are now generally allowed to run their natural course, could be arrested by medical interference. But with regard to them has been estab- lished the principles, first, of prevention, and, second, when this fails, of simply conducting them to a favorable termination. It appears to me that the same rule ought to hold with regard to internal inflammations, and that this will be admitted when it is made apparent, not only that every inflammation, once formed, runs through a definite course, but what that course is. This I now proceed shortly to consider. If a violent blow or injury has been received, a greater or less amount of exudation is infiltrated among the contused and torn tissues, which undergo disintegra- tion, is absorbed and excreted from.the economy ; if not, it col- lects, in the form of a fluid, and constitutes an abscess. The series of changes here referred to have always been found to be best perfected in animals of vigorous constitutions, while in the weak, poor, and broken-down they proceed slowly, or not at all. Surely, it can not be maintained that in cases similar to the above, we can favor the reparative processess by blood-letting and low- ering the strength of the economy ? But in internal. inflammations, say of the lungs or intestines, are the processes different? Certainly not. But because the pro- cesses by which Nature relieves herself have been hid from view, physicians have supposed that instead of treating the inflamed parts, as the surgeon does, he ought to attack the general symp- toms which result from the lesion. In cases of fracture and con- tusion there are also febrile syraptoms, increased pulse, and so on; 52 DADD'S VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEDICINE. , but does the surgeon imagine that callous will form better, or an abscess be resolved or reach maturity sooner, by general blood- letting and antiphlogistics? Experience teaches him otherwise ; and in the same manner it may be most reasonably argued that such treatment can not favor the natural termination of internal inflammations. 5TH Prop.— That all positive knowledge of the experience of the past, as well as the more exact observation of the present day, alike establish the truth of the preceding propositions as guides for the Suture. Before it is possible, however, to determine with exactitude the value of any practice, it is essential to ascertain the natural dura- tion of the disease we propose to treat. Fortunately, we have now some data which will enable us to arrive at this information with regard to many diseases. We have seen many severe cases of pneumonia submitted to homepathic remedies—that no rea- sonable medical man can suppose to be any thing else than inert— yet most of these cases got well, and, I think, may be considered as excellent studies of the disease left entirely to Nature. Many years’ experience and close observation have convinced me that uncomplicated pneumonia, especially in young and vigorous con- stitutions, almost always gets well, if, instead of being lowered, the vital powers are supported, and the excretion of effete pro- ducts assisted. It is in exactly these cases, however, that we were formerly enjoined to bleed most copiously, and that our systematic works even now direct us to draw blood largely, in consequence of the supposed imminent danger of suppuration destroying the texture of the lung. Such danger is altogether illusory, and the destruction to lung tissues, so far from being prevented, is far more likely to be produced by the practice. In fact, the only cures in which it occurs are in the aged or enfeebled constitutions, in which nutrients, and not antiphlogistics, are the remedies indi- cated. We can, however, readily understand how blood-letting, practiced early, and in young and vigorous constitutions, does less harm, or, to use a common expression, is ‘ borne better,’ than when the disease is advanced, or the patient weak, and this be- cause then the vital powers are less affected by it. But that it cures the greater number of animals attacked, or shortens the duration of the disease, is disproved by every fact with which we are acquainted. Before closing, we have a few words to offer on DISEASES OF THE EYE. 53 ‘mercurials.? The confident belief in their power of causing ab- sorption of lymph, by operating on the blood, is not only opposed to sound theory, but, like blood-letting, is not supported by ex- perience, which has been so confidently appealed to in their favor. I can not, therefore, resist the conclusion that the principles which led to an antiphlogistic practice in inflammation were erroneous, and are no longer in harmony with the existing state of pathology. I think it has been further shown, that in recent times our success in treatment has been great just in proportion as we have aban- doned ‘heroic remedies,’ and directed our attention to furthering the natural progress of the disease. Internal inflammations are cured, not by bleeding and drugs, but by a natural process as distinct and definite as the process of normal nutrition. What we may do by our interference, may either aid, promote, and even accelerate, this natural tendency to get well, or it may very seriously impair and retard, and even altogether stop, that salutary process. If, then, this view of the nature of the means by which inflammation is resolved in internal organs be correct, it is not unreasonable to assume that a very de- pressed state of vital power is unfavorable to the healing process. Indeed, if you watch those cases in which nothing at all has been done, or in which nothing has been done to lower the vital powers, you will find that the mere inflammatory process itself, especially in an organ so important as the lung, depresses the strength of the patient each day more and more. You will per- ceive, then, that, according to these views, there are strong @ priori reasons in favor of the policy of upholding our patients, even in the earliest stages of acute diseases, by such food as may be best suited to their digestive organs, such as is most readily assimi- lated, and calls for the least effort, the smallest expenditure of vital force for its primary digestion—nutritive matters, tea, sweetened milk, etc., and also alcohol, which is directly absorbed, and tends to keep up the heat of the body. Tf, then, it has been satisfactorily shown, in consequence of our advanced knowledge of diagnosis and pathology, that an anti- phlogistie practice is opposed to the cure of diseases, it follows that many of the principles which have hitherto guided us in their treatment must be considerably modified. That medical practice has undergone a great revolution during the last fifteen years, is a fact already so well established that it can be no longer denied. 54 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. In my discourse on inflammation, reference was made to the views held by the ‘neuro-pathologists.’ - Now, nervous pathology has been in medicine the ‘great scape-goat’? upon which more professional sins have been heaped than any other. ‘ Nervous exhaustion,’ nervous irritation, etc., are a few of the many terms with which we seek to cloak our ignorance of the real nature of many disorders, the intimate nature of which is beyond our ken, Many accomplished practitioners still maintain that abnormal, vital phenomena may be, and are likely to be, occasioned by dynamic aberrations alone, and that such phenomena are cor- rectly designated as functional disease. We can not concur in this opinion. What is called force of every description is con- nected with, if not dependent on, changes in the atoms of matter. Force is the hypothetic agent which underlies the phenomena of material change ; and to affirm that dynamic modifications of vital function may exist without alteration of material organization, is to ignore the fundamental principles of philosophic physiology. All diseases, therefore, in our opinion, is organic, even mental and nervous diseases of every kind and form. Not a thrill of sensation can occur, not a flashing thought or a passing feeling can take place, without changes in the living organism; much less can diseased sensation, thought, or feeling occur without such changes—changes which we are not able to detect, and which we may never be able to demonstrate, but which we are, nevertheless, certain of. For, whether we adopt the theory that the states and things which we call heat, electricity, vitality, etc., are distinct entities of what is called ‘imponderable’ matter, or the far more probable theory that they are only phenomena belonging to ordinary ponderable matter, an atom or a cell, charged with electricity or heat, or in a state of chemical activity, is essentially in a different condition to a cell or an atom in chemical or elec- trical equilibrium with surrounding substances. Organic actions can not exist without corresponding changes’ in material con- dition. The only force capable of explaining any of the phe- nomena of life is the chemical one, and this only in a state of constant activity and interminable change. In disease, the chemi- cal composition of the cells, or general matter, is altered from the standard of health, and this alteration of chemical composition is the real groundwork of organic disease. Those abnormal states which depend upon an altered condition of the blood, are not less DISEASES OF THE EYE. 55 strictly organic than all other diseases ; for not only can no change take place in the composition of the blood without in some de- gree affecting all parts which are nourished by it, but that this fluid is, strictly speaking, itself a living organism, and every change which takes place therein is organic. Life can not be arrested without material change in the organs necessary to life. Every autopsy in which we fail to discover these changes, proves merely that our knowledge of life and death is defective, not that the changes do not exist.” PURULENT OPHTHALMIA. Purulent ophthalmia takes its name from the profuse discharge of pus, or matter, which escapes from the eyelids. In regard to the human subject, the authorities contend that there are several varieties of this malady prevalent in man, one of which, the Egypt- ian ophthalmia, is contagious; but no such disease was ever known to occur among horses. Causes.—The various maladies which affect the eyes sometimes owe their origin to accidents; at other times they occur in badly ventilated stables, where a large number of horses are congregated together, and then they are supposed to be contagious. But it ap- pears that there is no necessity, in such case, to advance the theory of contagion, by way of explanation of the outbreak; for the same cause which produced the malady in the first horse would be more or less operative in all the rest. A hot, foul atmosphere has a very bad effect on the eyes of both men and horses. The mem- brane lining the eyelids, which also covers the eyeball, is very vas- cular and sensitive, and is extremely susceptible to irritation from the action of the ammoniacal gases which prevail in foul stables; hence, in order to prevent the disease, proper attention must be paid to ventilation and cleanliness. Treatment.—For the treatment of purulent ophthalmia the au- thor recommends the following lotion: No. 3. Powdered chlorate of potass........+++.4 OZ Binidvextract of matic ssjesec esele-aste preelin Ze DW Visi Teac s A el ce De ULE Wel abl a 8 oz Mix. A portion of this lotion should be applied to the eyes, by means of a soft sponge, two or three times a day; the eyes as well as the 56 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. lids must, however, be previously cleansed with lukewarm water. The patient should have a few doses of fluid extract of poke-root. About half an ounce of the extract, night and morning, will suffice, which will act as an alterative. SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA. This form of disease affects animals periodically, and is depend- ent on some peculiar predisposition; hence it may be termed hereditary. Symptoms.—There usually comes on very suddenly, perhaps in a single night, a great tenderness in one eye, commonly marked by the eyelids being shut, a copious secretion of tears, the white of the eye appearing slightly red, and the whole anterior chamber of the eye dim and clouded, there being no distinct speck on the cornea, as takes place in the common inflammation of the eye. The red- ness of the eyeball is never very remarkable, even though the disease assumes its most aggravated form; but the dimness of the anterior chamber increases rapidly, and in two or three days, or even a shorter period, a yellow spot appears at the bottom of that cavity, arising from the formation of pus. Sometimes the quantity of pus is very considerable, and I have seen it fill at least two- thirds of the anterior chamber. After lasting one, two, or three weeks, the inflammation and watering usually begin gradually to subside. The pus, though in very large quantity, is sometimes almost entirely absorbed, so that scarcely any vestige is to be seen ; and in other instances thin webs of opaque matter remain, which destroy the transparency and luster of the eye, and which, by their adhesion to the edges of the pupil, interfere with its motions and destroy its form. It is astonishing how acute dealers in horses are in discovering an eye which has had an attack of this kind. Sooner or later, while the horse appears in a state of perfect health, the eye is again attacked, the disease being accompanied by the same symptoms, making a similar progress, and having the same termination, while each new attack is accompanied with the deposition of more and more opaque matter. These attacks suc- eeed each other at very different, and sometimes at very distant, intervals, until the whole pupil is filled with an opaque white matter, and the sight of the eye completely destroyed. DISEASES OF THE EYE. 57 During this progress, the disease is often confined to one eye; at least one eye is usually much more severely affected than the other. In some cases the two eyes are simultaneously affected, and, finally, by a succession of attacks, the horse becomes completely blind. The probability is, that after a horse has suffered several times from periodical attacks he will finally become blind. Treatment.—The same treatment as recommended for common inflammation of the eye is applicable to this complaint. SECTION III. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. ABSCESS WITHIN THE SUBSTANCE OF THE BRAIN—HYDROCEPHALUS, OR DRoPsY OF THE Brain—StomacH STAGGERS—APOPLEXY, OR CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE— -APOPLEXY OF Spine, oR SpinaL HEMORRHAGE, PRODUCING PARAPHLEGIA— Epiuersy, or Firs—TEeranus—VERTIGO—ACUTE OR GENERAL DISEASE OF THE BRAIN, KNOWN AS ENCEPHALITIS—SLEEPY STAGGERS—CEREBRAL MENINGITIS— CHOREA, OR STRINGHALT. ABSCESS WITHIN THE SUBSTANCE OF THE BRAIN, HE author, having some doubts about the curability of abscess within the brain, can not offer the reader much encourage- ment as regards the cure; yet, for the purposes of research, and in view of prosecuting our Samaritan-like calling on a noble and valuable animal, it is proper that the reader be put in possession of the facts in the case. The symptoms and morbid conditions connected with various forms of brain disease are, at the present state of our knowledge, very obscure. Even in human practice, the authorities contend that the subject of symptoms and conditions is full of uncertainty and apparent irregularity. Doubtless there is some constant and uniform connection of cause and effect between the altered physical states of the brain and the altered manifesta- tions of its functions, but we have not yet been successful in our search after those settled relations, nor have we but partial and imperfect glimpses of them. Causes.—It is probable that the same causes which produce abscess in other parts of the body, not clearly traceable to local injuries, are operative in regard to the brain. Abscess is, as a matter of course, always preceded by an active stage, known as inflammatory, and when not called into existence by local injury, must depend on both predisposing and exciting causes. The pre- disposition lurks in breed, and the exciting causes may be among (58) DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 59 SSS SS SSS ——— = ———. SS = LEE Se al J Ta Suh q x) A HORSE BENT ON MISCHIEF—THE SUBJECT OF PHRENITIS. those which produce disorder in the digestive function or organs. Tt is well known, however, that this, like some other diseases of the brain, is constantly occurring among members of the human family as well as the equine species, they being the subjects of constitutional defect in the form of scrofula. Derangement of the digestive organs almost always affect the brain, inconsequence of sympathetic relations existing between the two. Hence, in view of preventing disease of the brain, we must keep the stomach in good working order, by means of an intelligent system of dietetics, and the exhibition of sanative medicines when they seem to be needed. Symptoms.—The observable symptoms of abscess within the bran do not differ materially from those which are present in dropsy of the brain. In the early stage, the animal appears lethargic, sleepy, and, when urged to move, reels and comes near falling. The head is usually somewhat depressed, yet it is often inclined to one side: the pupil of the eye is dilated, and the membranes of the lids are congested and reddened. As the disease advances, a state of torpor sets in. Blindness, from pressure on the brain, ensues; the animal gets upon the floor, soon abrades the skin from the regions of the hips and shoulders, until, as a matter of charity, the owner puts an end to the sufferings of the patient. 60 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. The lethargic condition, therefore—dilated pupils, torpor, and reeling of the animal—indicate this serious difficulty in the sub- stance of the brain or its cavities. Treatment.—Should the surgeon or the proprietor of the affected animal desire to attempta cure, the author recommends the following : No. 4 Fluid extract of stillingia, (queen’s-root,) 4 oz. Fluid extract of bloodroot....).:. 2.0 sis. sere 3 OZ. Powdered iodide of potass........cecen- 1 oz. WALD i esaceee'e Sci sieleiens «ce MOMOZs Dissolve the iodide in the water, and then add the stillingia and bloodroot. Dose, two ounces, twice daily. Local treatment in this malady does not amount to much, if any thing at all, for the only way in which the matter within the brain can be got rid of, if got rid of at all, is by exciting the absorbents to action, so that the matter may be absorbed. At the same time, alteratives are to be used ; and, for this purpose, the above prescription is recommended. HYDROCEPHALUS (DROPSY OF THE BRAIN). Hydrocephalus is the termination of some disorder in the brain itself, or the membranes surrounding it; yet some medical writers contend that dropsy is rather a symptom of disease than disease in itself. It may be so in some cases, which constitutes the exception to a general rule; but the author regards dropsy of the brain as the last stage of organic disease of that organ. On the dissection of the brain of some horses that have died of this malady, scrofu- lous tubercles are often found in the substance of the brain, and tubercular deposits also manifest themselves on the membranes coy- ering the brain. In fact, the pathological appearance revealed on dissecting the brain of a horse which has died of hydrocephalus does not differ from that found in the human subject. CONDIE says: “Tubercles, varying in size from that of a pin’s head to that of a pea, are very generally found scattered irregularly over the sur- face of the pia mater, following it between the convolutions. Occa- sionally, however, they occur in distinct patches of an inch or more in extent. They are commonly hard and semi-transparent ; some- times opaque, and of a whitish, grayish, or yellowish color. They are found upon all parts of the surface, the convex and lateral por- tions as well as the base, in the infractuosities of the convolutions, DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 61 and in the fissures. According to Rilliet and Barthez, they are more frequent upon the convex surface of the hemispheres than at the base. Dr. Hamernjh found them more frequently at or near the base of the brain. They are much more abundant upon the brain than upon the cerebellum. ‘They are met with, also, imbed- ded in the gray matter of the brain, and are here often surrounded by a halo of redness, usually connected with an enlarged vessel, ramifying from the pia mater. More rarely, tubercles are detected in the medullary portion of the brain, where they are often overlooked, in consequence of their pale, semi-transparent, yellowish tint. ‘The plexus choroides is, also, often covered with tubercles. They are very commonly met with, likewise, on the serous membranes of the thorax and abdomen, in the lungs, and occasionally in the sub- stance of the liver. In twenty-seven out of thirty-three cases of hydrocephalus, Barthez and Rilliet found tubercles or granula- tions associated with inflammation of the pia mater; in fowr cases the meningitis was unattended by any trace of tubercular deposition in the encephalon; and in two cases the granulations, or meningial tubercles, were unattended with any traces of inflammation. In all the thirty-three cases the symptoms were nearly identical.” Causes.—Among the causes of this disease, therefore, we may consider the scrofulous diathesis as being the most potent; yet we can not always prove the fact until after the death of our patient. Yet an autopsy held on such a case is really valuable to the inquiring mind; for, in discovering the true pathology of the affection, we are not only enabled to comprehend its character, but also the modus operandi of treatment. The exciting causes of the malady are not always so apparent. The author has known it to follow castration, puncture of the foot, staggers, and acute disease of the stomach. In some cases, faulty nutrition is the exciting cause; in short, the symptoms sometimes supervene on the subsidence of some other malady. Symptoms.—As regards the symptoms of hydrocephalus, they do not differ materially from those alluded to in the preceding article. At first, torpor, unconsciousness, unsteadiness on moving; dilation of the pupil; the animal gets upon the floor, in many cases never toriseagain. Stertorous (grunting) breathing takes place; the ani- mal tosses his head about in an unnatural manner, often throwing it backward—a very noticeable feature of this affection—occasion- 62 “DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ally raising it from the ground. Finally, convulsions set in, and the subject dies in that state, perfectly unconscious. When hydrocephalus occurs after phrensy, or what is known as “mad staggers,” it always proves fatal. Treatment. — For the treatment of hydrocephalus give the fol- lowing : No. 5. Fluid extract of buchu........ ae oe Bat OZ Nesey Aba Ieee eat dey RU ROL mrs OE 4 6 I 2 6 0z Todide of potass....... olstelejaieis sloroleletelene 2 02. Mix. Dose, two ounces, morning and evening. The patient should have injections of soap-suds, once or twice daily ; and should the disease have made its appearance very sud- denly, or, in other words, be of an acute character, so that the parts in the region of the brain feel hot, they should be then sponged very frequently with cold water; then give two drachms of fluid extract of gelseminum twice daily, until the pulse feels soft, or until the acute stage subsides. STOMACH STAGGERS. - The cerebral disease usually denominated stomach staggers pre- vails among horses which are overfed, whereby the function of digestion becomes deranged ; and thus the food given accumulates, and finally gorges the stomach, producing cerebral derangement, which makes the horse reel and stagger like a drunken man. The horse may be said to be drunk from the effect of food. Sometimes the cause is accidental. A horse gets loose in the stable, and, find- ing a lot of meal or oats incautiously exposed, he devours vora- ciously a large quantity, and very soon after becomes the subject of stomach staggers. Symptoms.—A. stomach surcharged with food, without any ac- companying distension, does not appear to occasion any local pain, but operates with that kind of influence upon the brain which gives rise to symptoms, not stomachic, but cerebral; hence the analogy between this disease and staggers, and the appellation for it of “stomach staggers.” The unnaturally-filled stomach produces, for the first time, a sense of satiety; the horse grows heavy and drowsy, reposes his head upon the manger, falls asleep, and makes a ster- torous noise. All at once he rouses from his lethargy, and violently thrusts his head against the rack or wall of the stable, or any thing, DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 63 in fact, that happens to oppose him, and in this posture paws with his fore-feet, or performs the same action with them as he would were he trotting, evidently all the while unconscious of what he is about. His eye, which at first was full of drowsiness, has now acquired a wild, unmeaning stare, or has already become dilated and insensible to light. The respiration is tardy and oppressed ; the pulse slow and sluggish ; the excretions commonly diminished. The late Professor CoLEMAN used to relate a circumstance, in his lectures, connected with this disease, which throws considerable light on its origin. The artillery horses stationed in London dur- ing the winter of 1817 suffered very considerably from stomach staggers; so much so that it was considered to be endemical, and of an infectious character. With his usual penetration, he soon discovered the cause, and found that, from some new regulations about that time, the stablemen were not allowed any candles, and during the winter the horses were bedded up at five o’clock in the evening, and not fed again until eight o’clock on the following morning, when they consumed their breakfast voraciously, gorging their stomach, not to the degree likely to produce acute indiges- tion, but sufficiently distending them as to oppress the blood-vessels and the circulation through them. ‘This practice, continued day after day, caused a specific inflammation of the stomach—an inflam- mation of a peculiar character, differing from gastritis or inflam- mation of the part. The symptoms produced were regarded as resulting from the sympathetic connection between the stomach and the brain, united to the effects that would arise from the daily distension, throwing a vast quantity of blood on the brain. An order was obtained for candles for the use of the stablemen, which enabled the horses to be fed at a later hour in the evening, and an earlier one in the morning, when the disease disappeared. A common error still prevails, in many districts, that staggers is a contagious disease ; but should the horses on a farm be attacked occasionally with slight fits of this kind, the farmer may rest assured that there is mismanagement somewhere in the feeding department. From such evidence as this, it will be inferred that there exists no doubt regarding the cause of stomach staggers. Treatment.—We now propose to show how this disease ought to be treated. The proposition of cure is, that the digestive function shall be aroused, and the only way to accomplish that is by admin- e 64 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. istering bitter tonics and stimulants. In this view, the following prescription is offered : No. 6. Fluid extract of black pepper.......... 4 oz. Miwid: extract) Ofoineer.:. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 191 only a few days, to have sufficient water transported with him to last during his stay, such a dread have English grooms of “strange water,” as they term it. Now, it is a notorious fact that English horses are more subject to bowel affections than those of this country. From this circumstance, I infer that bowel affec- tions are hereditary, or, in other words, a predisposition to such is transmitted from parents to offspring. I can well remember the time when physicians would not allow a fever patient to taste water; but now they act more in accord- ance with reason, and allow the sick just what they crave for. It is not good policy, however, to allow a horse, when performing a journey, a bountiful supply of water, because active exercise some- what suspends the digestive function, and, therefore, the water may remain in a portion of the large intestines without undergo- ing the usual transformation. It then occupies space, and, being weighty, may, in the rapid movements of the animal, operate un- favorably in various ways, more particularly on the gut itself, it being pendulous from the spine. A horse is often brought into the stable in a state of profuse per- spiration, and, of course, is somewhat exhausted. Now, it would be decidedly wrong to either feed or water him until he is rubbed dry, and has rested awhile; for, at such times food is just as likely, and, I think, more so than water, to operate unfavorably on an exhausted animal. Many horses, however, even when in this exhausted state, will fill their stomachs with food and water, and yet enjoy immunity from colic. Therefore, should colic occur in a horse after he has had a hard drive, he having partaken of a draught of water, it is rather difficult to decide which of the two, if either, was the cause of the malady. One fact is certain, and that is, the stomach is deranged, and, therefore, fermentation pre- cedes digestion ; hence the gas. Notwithstanding our best efforts to prevent it, colic will occa- sionally occur. Green grass, clover, carrots, and turnips are said to occasion it. Then, again, it appears in stables, where nothing but corn, oats, and hay are used. One horse is attacked imme- diately after a draught of cold water; another has the chill taken off his, yet he is often found in the same predicament. Warm water is the most insipid and nauseating drink that you can offer a horse; and many would prefer to continue thirsty for some time ere they would imbibe it. 192 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. It is well known to physiologists, and I presume the reader must have observed, that both men and animals inherit peculiar idiosyncrasies. Each are predisposed, either through parental de- fect, temperament, or conformation, to certain forms of disease, This peculiarity, or predisposition, is said to lurk in breed, and those conversant with the horse’s structure and temperament can readily determine whether he be predisposed to certain forms of disease or not. For example, a horse predisposed to flatulent colic is often observed to have a capacious belly, voracious appetite, and does not properly masticate his food ; and he is not over-particular as to the kind of diet, for we often find him devouring, with ap- parent relish, the filthy straw that has served as bedding. Often he proves to be a “ crib-biter.” (Cribbing is a defect, either in- herited or acquired.) Ordinarily the salivial fluid is augmented, yet it does not look healthy ; it is more like soap-suds, and of a dirty color. The tongue is also foul, and the breath somewhat fetid. One or more of these peculiarities generally predominate in colicky horses. I contend, therefore, that some horses are pre- disposed to colic; and this explains the reason why the ordinary exciting causes, such as cold water, exposure, fatigue, irritating food and medicine, are operative on the system of one horse and inoperative on that of another. Colic is the heritage of some of the best horses in the world. Now, should the question be asked, What are the causes of colic? I answer, It is occasioned by predisposing, direct and indirect causes, operating conjointly or not. In all cases of colic, the function of the stomach is either disturbed or partly suspended. Treatment.—The principal objects in the cure of colic are, to restore the tone of the stomach, by means of stimulants and tonics, and to arrest fermentation and absorb the gases of the alimentary canal. I shall not undertake to say that the remedies here alluded to are the very best; but, as I have met with remarkable success in their use, I can safely recommend them. I have an impression that when a horse is the subject of colic, he requires to be treated just as any intelligent physician would treat one of us. There is no necessity to convert his stomach into a “slop-shop.” The patient should be treated in a rational manner, by the same means and with the same skill as if one of our race were concerned. T do not like to see an animal trotted up one street and down another, followed by a biped, whip in hand, and a crowd of idlers, DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 193 when he is the subject of excruciating abdominal pains, and the sweat is pouring off him like rain, from sheer agony. The cus- tom is decidedly wrong. Our reasoning faculties confirm this opinion ; and what reason teaches, man should endeavor to put in practice. No practitioner of human medicine dare advise such a course as compelling a man to hop off a bed of sickness, and start on a fast trot up and down stairs; for, should he so advise, he would very soon entitle himself to a ticket ot leave. Should, however, the attack be slight, a little walking exercise does no harm; and if the patient appears disposed to roll, it were better to let him do so—on the ground, rather than in a narrow stall. My usual directions are: Give the patient a wide stall and plenty of bedding. Let him lie down, rise, and tumble about just as much as he pleases, only watch and see that no accident happens to the animal. The colic drench used by the author, during the past ten years, is composed of the following : No. 22. Fluid extract of Jamaica ginger........ 2 oz. Fluid extract of golden seal........... 1 oz. Powdered hyposulphite of soda......... 1 oz. \WEUWEP Saocacodoesoddad sao eaoueeaeee 4 02. Dissolve the hyposulphite of soda in the water, then add the other ingredients to it. The dose may be repeated, if necessary. A good wisp of straw, vigorously applied to the belly and flanks, and also to the limbs, may do some good, because we thus preserve the equilibrium of the circulation. Enemas of soap-suds should be administered often, and, provided the case be a curable one, the horse will soon recover. Spasmopic Couric. The usual causes of spasmodic colic are, mental emotions, ex- ternal chilliness by exposure, cold water drank hastily, drastic cathartics, poisons, ete. Spasmodic colic is usually confined to the small intestines, and they become cramped and contorted. In this condition the patient is much tortured. The pain occasionally remits, and the patient will appear easy, but only for a short time. In some cases the patient will stamp and paw almost continually, and strike his belly. He throws himself violently on the floor, and occasionally rolls on his back. The abdomen is not distended, as in the case of flatulent colic, but is rather tucked up, and the 13 194 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. abdominal walls are rigidly contracted. In the commencement of the malady, the pulse is usually,hard and wiry, but varies as the disease progresses; and the same is true of the respirations, viz.: they are accelerated and laborious. The patient occasionally suffers much pain in consequence of retention of urine and over- distension of the bladder, which is the result of sympathetic spasm in the region of the neck of the bladder. Such are the notable symptoms of spasmodic colic. Treatnent.—The disease being of a spasmodic character, requires the exhibition of medicines of an antispasmodic character, such as assafetida, lobelia, sulphuric ether, and copious enemas of warm water, or an infusion of lobelia. The latter is the most valuable antispasmodic now in use. Should the case, however, be a des- perate one, I advise the reader to follow the treatment indicated in the following case, taken from my note-book: On making an examination of the animal, the following symp- toms were observed: Pulse, very strong and wiry, averaging twenty beats above the natural standard ; membranes of the mouth, nose, and eyes very vascular, or highly reddened; the surface of the body was bedewed, in patches, with perspiration; there ap- peared to be much rigidity of the muscles, especially in the ab- dominal region. All at once the animal would throw himself violently on the floor, and throw his limbs about in the most wild and reckless manner. He would assume all sorts of positions, yet seemed to obtain most ease when flat on his back; still, if closely approached or touched, he would kick and strike with fury, as if he were intent on mischief. In short, the horse eut up such an- tics that it was almost impossible to approach him; yet I finally succeeded in delivering an antispasmodic drench while the animal lay on his back, in which position I also gave an enema, composed of warm water and lobelia. The animal kept growing more restive and uncontrollable, till, at last, it became very evident that convulsions had set in. The breathing had become fearfully laborious and rapid; his nostrils were dilated to their utmost capacity ; the sight had become so affected, through temporary paralysis of the optic nerve, that tem- porary blindness had set in. There seemed to be little hope for the animal, and, fearing that he might either kill himself by violence, or injure those in attend- ance, I concluded to chloroform him, and thus put a stop to his DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 195 4 dangerous performances. He had had the best-of us long enough, and now it was for me to show what science had in store for such otherwise unmanageable cases. I procured a mixture, composed of four ounces of chloroform and the same quantity of sulphuric ether; next, a sponge was tied to a broom-handle, and covered with a towel. Thus we were enabled to chloreform him at a safe distance. The patient did not seem to relish this mode of practice. He fought for some time, tried to strike and kick me, but, being tem- porarily blind, I had the advantage of him. It was soon evident that the chloroform was beginning to do its work. The patient gradually settled himself on the floor, and was soon completely etherized. As it is dangerous to keep a horse under the full effects of chloroform any great length of time, I now removed the sponge, and only applied it occasionally, slightly saturated, so as to insure a sort of incomplete state of insensibility. It was an encouraging sight to behold the once powerful and furious animal now lying free from pain, and deprived of the power of injuring himself or those in attendance; and it is also gratifying to know that science ministers to the wants and necessities of the inferior as well as the superior orders of creation. At the expiration of an hour, during which time the animal was more or less under the anesthetic agent, he was allowed to rise. He gave himself a few shakes, and seemed very much re- lieved and more tranquil. I now gave a drench of spirits of niter and infusion of lobelia; administered, also, a lobelia enema, and left the patient to the care of his attendants. A few hours after- ward I again visited the patient, and learned that he had a slight spasm occasionally, for which I prescribed two drachms of pow- dered assafetida. I then introduced the male catheter into the bladder, drew off a small quantity of urine, and this completed the whole of the treatment. The patient recovered. Another case of Spasmodic Colic, treated by Inhalation —The subject was a large and powerful stallion, aged about eight years, the property of a gentleman residing in Chicago. The horse was attacked in the street with symptoms of acute abdominal pain, and, in consequence, was hurried home to the stable. The mo- ment he arrived there, he threw himself down and commenced rolling, and grew excessively uneasy and irritable. In the course of an hour our attention was called to him. He then exhibited 196 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. symptoms of acute abdominal pain. The eyes appeared wild, and their membranes congested ; the nostrils were dilated ; pulse, about sixty ; extremities cold; body, bedewed with perspiration ; no tym- panitis, yet the animal anxiously regarded his flanks. He would paw with his fore-feet, and strike forward in a most reckless man- ner, and fall down, as if in convulsions; then he would roll on his back, curve his head to one side, and, as quick as thought, jump up again. He was now so spiteful and unmanageable that it was impos- sible to administer either drench or ball. We tried every means to get something down, but all to no purpose; he was determ- ined to make us keep beyond the reach of his fore-feet and mouth. It now became evident to us that the patient must be mastered, and, in this view, not knowing at the time that the agent we were about to use would act beneficially on the disease, we procured three ounces of chloroform, and the same quantity of sulphuric ether. An old sheet and a sponge were used as an inhaler. Watching an opportunity, when the horse was down, we got two men to secure him there by the neck. We then sat- urated the sponge with the mixture, and applied the same to the nostrils, enveloping them with the folded sheet, leaving an orifice for the admission of air. The patient struggled violently at first, but soon became quieter, and, in the course of two minutes, trem- bled, breathed deep and loud. The pupils then became dilated, the breathing stertorous, and the animal was fully etherized. Having him completely under control, we were not disposed to let him up in a hurry. The sponge, however, was removed, and so soon as he showed signs of partial consciousness, it was again re- plenished with ether, and applied. Supposing that the case might be running on to intussusception, or entanglement of the bowels, we thought there could be no harm in keeping the animal under the influence of an agent that seemed to act so well; consequently he was kept under its influence for fifty-five minutes. His head was then brought toward the door, and a few drops of cold water were sprinkled on him. Soon he raised his head, looked bewildered, yet showed no symptoms of pain nor uneasiness. Shortly afterward he got on his legs, but had to be supported by several men, who soon rubbed him dry. He was then drenched with laudanum, five drachms ; sweet spirits of niter, one ounce. He was led to a stall, entirely free from pain, DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 197 partook of some gruel, and rested well during the night. Next morning he got five drachms of aloes and one of ginger, in solu- tion; the bowels responded to the same, and four days after he was at work. We would not, however, have the reader suppose that the same agent shall suit all cases of this character; for another similar feat might prove a failure, and a third equally un- manageable. A case might yield to the ordinary sedatives, how- ever, provided the patient could be induced to swallow them. INFLAMMATION OF THE PERITONEUM (PERITONITIS). The peritoneum is a serous membrane, which not only gives a covering to the intestines, but also a lining to the abdominal cav- ity. Our pathologists teach that the peritoneum, like other serous membranes, is very ready to take on inflammatory action upon the operation of certain exciting causes. Watson informs us that “acute inflammation, beginning in one spot, is almost sure to transfer itself to any other spot that happens to be in contact with the first, and is very apt to extend itself rapidly to the whole membrane. ‘The disease tends to the effusion of serum, and of coagulable lymph. It is of the adhesive kind, and its effects are those of distending the peritoneal cavity with fluid, or of gluing its opposite surfaces together, so as to obliterate that cavity, or of forming partial attachments. In all these respects the analogy between inflammation of the peritoneum and inflammation of the se- rous membranes of the chest and the covering of the heart is perfect.” Peritonitis is generally a manageable disease when treated ac- cording to the principles of rational medicine; but when treated according to the dictum of BLAIN and others, who have never done any original thinking, in so far as veterinary science is con- cerned, it is decidedly the reverse. For example, here is a pas- sage from BLAIN’s works: “The treatment of peritonitis is much the same as for enteritis. The only difference is, that the animal will lose more blood before he displays any symptoms of uneasiness. We may also be more - bold with purgatives. The three ounces of solution of aloes may be increased to five, the pint of oil enlarged to a pint and a half; and if this produces no signs of its having acted on the bowels, it may even be repeated when another three hours and a half have elapsed. All the other measures are alike, in both cases.” 198 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Those who follow such advice as this would be very apt to lose their patients, either through the direct influence of meddlesome medication, or by converting peritonitis into dropsy of the abdo- men. But let us see what WATSON says on the subject of the treatment of peritonitis : “ Most writers whose worth I am acquainted with recommend purgatives as highly serviceable in peritonitis. I do not think the good which they are calculated to do, as antiphlogistic remedies, can at all be put in competition with the harm that I am per- suaded they may produce, by increasing the peristaltic action of the intestines, and so causing additional friction and tension of the inflamed membrane. I believe that in all cases of well-marked and pure peritonitis, when the inflammation is limited to the se- rous membrane, it is far better and safer to restrain than to solicit the internal movements of the alimentary tube.” In human practice, physicians, instead of giving purgatives, resort to the use of narcotics, in view of tranquilizing the system, and for the purpose of mitigating the intense pain which exists during the acute attack. Symptoms.—The most marked symptoms of peritonitis are as follows: In the early stage, the animal paws slightly, but not with that sort of viciousness which is characteristic of colic or strangulation of the intestines. Soon, he shows febrile symptoms ; the pulse runs up to seventy or more, and a shivering fit sets in, ‘When pressure is made on the abdomen, the animal evinces signs of pain. He will sometimes get down and lie on his back, but he soon finds out that the best way of lessening his pains and aches is to keep as quiet as possible. His tongue is usually coated, and the bowels are inactive. Treatment.—Give the patient mucilaginous drinks, as in the case of enteritis, and drench him occasionally with an infusion of poppy- heads, in pint doses. Empty the rectum by means of soap-suds enemas, and then throw in a quart of infusion of hops. Cloths, wet with warm water, should be applied to the abdomen, and the surface of the body should be kept warm by means of blankets. This kind of treatment, with good nursing, will probably restore the animal to health. Should symptoms of dropsy set in, give two ounces of fluid extract of buchu, daily. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 199 ASCITES, OR ABDOMINAL DRopsy. Ascites signifies a collection of serous fluid within the abdom- inal cavity. The subject of this disease is noticed as having a symmetrical and uniform enlargement of the abdomen; and, if the patient be a mare, some persons are likely to infer that she is pregnant, but examination, by pressure, will suffice to determine the conditions; for, if pressure be made with the fingers, in the abdominal region, a waving or fluctuating motion is discovered, similar to that which follows the forcible displacement of liquid. This fluctuation is the discriminating symptom between ascites — and pregnancy, for in the case of pregnancy no such fluctuation can be elicited. Ascites is usually the result of some chronic or acute disease of the peritoneum (lining membrane of the walls of the abdomen), or, rather, a loss of equilibrium between the local functions of secretion and absorption. This disease, like many others, may be rapid or insidious. If rapid or acute, it is apt to prove fatal in the course of a few days; if insidious or chronic, the animal may survive for a long time, as the following case will show: Case of Dropsy of the Abdomen, ending in Rupture of the Stom- ach.—The subject of the above-named affections was a mare, owned by the North Chicago Railroad Company. She had been in their employ during a period of three years, and had always performed the work required of her without any manifestation of disease; in fact, had gone her usual trips up to within a few hours of her death. She had just partaken of a hearty breakfast, when, all at once, she began to falter, and the surface ot the body was soon bedewed with a profuse perspiration ; she trembled, the head became pendulous, and the case assumed an alarming aspect. This happened at about six o’clock in the morning. At eight; my attention was called to her, when the following symptoms were observed. Pulse, small and indistinct; respirations, humid, and rather laborious; abdomen, quite tense from distension ; percus- sion over the region of the abdomen yielded a dull sound, yet fluctuating, showing that the abdominal cavity was occupied by some kind of fluid. From the peculiar conformation of the abdo- men, I at first suspected that the animal was pregnant, which proved not to be the case, On percussing over the region of the stomach, a tympanitic 200 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. sound was elicited, showing that the stomach contained a large quantity of gas, and was over-distended. Her extremities were cold, and other symptoms were present which indicate death. I suspected that the food was running into fermentation, and, in view of arresting it, I gave one ounce of the hyposulphite of soda, and the same quantity of fluid extract of ginger and golden seal. The body was bathed with new rum, and she was rubbed vigor- ously, by three men, for about half an hour, from which treatment she seemed to rally some. Several injections of salt and soap-suds were thrown into the rectum. They brought away a slimy sub- stance, but very little feces. Finally nothing came away but that which was injected, and from this I was led to infer that, either from pressure or stricture, the small intestines were closed. I now determined: to send a trocar into the abdomen, for the purpose of discovering what it contained, and, accordingly, selected a point in the lower middle of the same. In withdrawing the cut- ting instrument, a fluid commenced to run, which, in color and consistence, resembled urine. For an hour and a quarter this fluid continued to run through the tube, and the amount obtained must have been over three bucketsful. I was in hopes that the with- drawal of this large amount of fluid might remove the pressure on the intestinal tube, and thus the gas, which was pent up in the stomach, might find its way to the anal outlet. Not so, however ; for, notwithstanding all our efforts and attention, the mare died, at noon, with rupture of the stomach. The autopsy revealed a rent, or rupture, in the stomach, of about eight inches in length, through which a portion of the food and fluids of the stomach had escaped into the abdominal cavity. The small intestines were the seat of stricture in several places; their external surface, or, rather, peritoneal covering, was studded with albuminousand fibrous deposits, resulting from abdominal dropsy ; otherwise, the contents of the chest and abdomen presented the appearance of perfect health. I should judge that the water had been accumulating in the abdominal cavity for a long time. The foreman at the stable observed that the animal always appeared very portly, so much so that the abdomen was square with the hips, which had led some persons to suppose that her hips were “knocked down.” Most authors contend that when a horse is the subject of rupture of the stomach or intestines, he squats on the haunches, like a dog; DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 201 but this animal did not exhibit any such symptoms, but stood up until within a few minutes of death. Treatment.—A case of this kind requires the exhibition of tonics and diuretics, and the following is the best remedy which can be given: No. 23. Fluid extract of buchu..... Siri coual parte Fluid extract of snakehead......... ( “1U™ P : Mix. Dose, two ounces per day. INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINES (ENTERITIS). This disease is located on the inner or mucous coat of the in- testines, sometimes, however, involving the muscular portion of the same. The causes are various: improper management, bad food, worms, irritating medicines, musty hay or clover, chilling the body by cold water, exposure to rain, etc. ? Symptoms.—The disease often commences with a shivering fit, to which succeeds heat of the skin, restlessness, loss of appetite ; the mouth hot and dry ; the inner membrane of the eyelids and nostrils are redder than usual. As the disease progresses, the pain increases, and the animal will lie down. There is no intermission of pain; it is persistent. The breathing is accelerated, and pres- sure in the abdominal region elicits symptoms of pain. The bowels are usually constipated, and if any feces are voided, they consist of small, hardened balls. An examination after death reveals a gangrenous state of the small and sometimes the large intestines. Often extravasated blood is found within the intestinal tube. So soon as the pain ceases, and the animal appears no better, we infer that gangrene has set in; cold sweats set in, and the animal shortly dies. Treatment.—The treatment of enteritis does not, and should not, differ from that of any other acute affection. Mucilaginous drinks, chlorate of potass, hyposulphite of soda, in doses as recommended for inflammation of the stomach. Occasional enemas of soap-suds are to be thrown into the rectum, so long as the feces remain hard, or are voided with difficulty. The objectionable method of back- raking—so highly recommended by some authors—should never be resorted to; itis a disgusting affair, and actually unnecessary ; for, let the rectum be ever so impacted, it can be evacuated by DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 202 “ALIAVO TVNIWOGaV THL ONINTIO NO SUNILSHLNI GHL LO AONVAVEdAV ==—x DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 203 enemeta, composed of soap-suds, to which add a little ginger or lobelia. If the weather is not too cold, cloths wet with warm water may be applied to the abdomen, over which throw a blanket, so as to prevent evaporation and chill. The outrageous treatment recommended by some authors is a disgrace to the profession. They recommend bleeding until the horse faints or falls ; then to seorch the sides with ammonia and cantharides; and, lastly, to empoison what little blood he may have left in his system, so that death may occur secundum artem. Should the subject of inflammation of the intestines suffer much pain, a drench of half a pint or more of infusion of hops, or pop- pies, may be given occasionally ; or one ounce of the fluid extract of one of these agents may be substituted, to be given two or three times during twenty-four hours. The treatment of inflammation of the intestines, as well as in- flammation of any other part of the body, consists in using those means and agents which ward off or remove any agent which, in its effects, does, or tends to, deprive any of the organs or tissues of the living body of their vital action, The remedial means used to accomplish this object must be such, and such only, as sustain the weakened or increase the reduced vital action in any of the organs or tissues. This is the doctrine which the author attempts to teach in this work. And is the doctrine not plain? Could any thing accord more directly with reason, or commend itself more clearly to the common sense and unbiased judgment of intelligent people? If the vital action of any of the organs or tissues become weakened or enfeebled, should they not be strength- ened? Can this be done by any other agent and means than those which increase and strengthen this very vital action? If this ac- tion, in any of the organs or tissues of the animal body, becomes reduced or impaired, must it not be increased by agents and means which codperate with the vital power? Then, how can agents and means which always impair vital action (poisons) cure disease? Different remedial means have different effects upon the organs and tissues of the system ; but all poisons and agencies which im- pair the integrity of the organism of a well animal must have a disastrous effect on one that is sick and suffering. Unhealthy and poisonous agents impair and reduce the vital action of certain organs and tissues according to the nature and tendency to affect various parts of the living structures, 204 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Now, if it can be made to appear that disease consists, in its nature and effects, in increased vital action or increased health of any portion of the body diseased, then will it be proved that poi- sons are, and of necessity must be, medicines or the agents to cure disease. But what are we taught by our brethren of the heroic school upon this point? “In spontaneous disease,” that is, dis- ease which occurs without any apparent cause, HUNTER contends, “we know of no method that will entirely quiet or remove the inflammatory action or disposition. All we can do, probably, is to lessen every thing which has a tendency to keep it up. In- flammation is either an increase of life or an increase of a dispo- sition to use it.” Again: “One of the means of curing this inflammation,” says the same author, “is by producing weakness. The means of pro- ducing weakness of an absolute character are, bleeding, purging, and the exhibition of poisonous agents. The inconvenience, how- ever, arising from this practice is, that the sound and healthy parts must suffer nearly i in the same proportion with the diseased ; for, by bringing the inflamed parts on a par with health, the sound parts must be brought much lower, so as to be too low. The first method, namely, bleeding, will have the greatest, the most permanent, the most lasting effect; because, if it have any effect at all, the diseased action can not be soon renewed; the second, purging and poisoning, will act as auxiliary, so that these processes go hand in hand; but neither these nor sickness can pos- sibly lessen the original inflammatory disposition. Lessening the power of action belonging to the inflammatory disposition can only lessen or protect its effects, which, however, may be of serv- ice, as less mischief will be done, and this will often give the inflamed disposition time to wear itself out. But this practice must not be carried too far. It must be followed with great judgment. Nothing debilitates so much as purging, if carried beyond a certain point. Even one purging may kill when the constitution is much reduced. The internal medicines generally ordered for the cure of inflammations are such as have a similar effect to that of bleeding; namely, lowering the constitution or the action of the parts. As inflammation has too much action, which action gives the idea of strength, such applications as weaken are recommended.” Here, then, are the reasons for the use of poisons to cure dis- DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 205 eases, as believed and taught by our brethren of the heroic school. Such agents and means we do not want, for the plain reason that disease can be cured quicker and better without than with them. Our system of practice, and that recommended in this work, tends to sustain the vital powers during the progress of disease; and this is accomplished by resorting to sanative medication. This sanative system of medication must, eventually, commend itself to the candid and to the unprejudiced reasoner and scientific inquirer after truth. STRANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES. When an animal becomes the subject of strangulation of the in- testines, it is very difficult, at first, to diagnose the case, for the symptoms very much resemble those of spasmodic colic; yet as the treatment of the two diseases does not differ much, the mistake in itself is of little consequence. Symptoms.—The difficulty is, at first, accompanied by uneasi- ness. The animal moves about in his stall, and commences stamp- ing with one of the fore-feet. Frequently he gets down and rolls on his back, in which position he will remain sometimes for sey- eral minutes. So soon as he rises, he commences to paw and stamp with a vengeance. As the disease advances, he totters, and sometimes drops on the floor. The pulse is usually irregular, the mouth cold, and visible surfaces pallid; the tongue appears of a bluish cast; and the body is generally bedewed with sweat. Fi- nally, the animal makes great efforts to evacuate the rectum, and in so doing strains violently, so as to cause blood to escape from the rectum ; and sometimes the rectum itself protrudes. Should the symptoms not improve, the animal soon dies of strangulation and mortification of the intestines, Treatment.—This must be of an anti-spasmodic character. An ounce or two of fluid extract of lobelia should be given, every two hours, in a pint of warm water; the body should be enveloped in bandages, wet with warm water, and enemas of assafetida or lobelia should be thrown into the rectum ; but if the rectum pro- trude, enemas are inadmissible. On some occasions of the kind, I etherize the patient, with marked relief. 206 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. WOUNDS PENETRATING THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. The treatment of a penetrating wound into the abdomen will depend somewhat upon the nature of the same. Should the intes- tines protrude through the wound and exhibit a puncture, put on the twitch and Rarey-strap. Then return the intestines into the abdominal cavity, and proceed to suture or sew up the intestinal rent, by means of a small needle, armed with sewing silk—first, by means of sutures through the abdominal muscles, one end of the suture being left long enough to hang out of the wound; second, close the skin (the sutures should be distant from each other about one inch); next place a cold water pad on the parts, and encircle the body in the injured region with a cotton-roller, over which place a surcingle, and securely fasten it. In the event of the intestines being swollen and distended, it may be necessary to cast the patient; then roll him on his back, and thus the pro- trusion may be returned ; but should they still prove too large for the orifice, it must be dilated by means of a probe-pointed knife. SPLENIC APOPLEXY. Mr. GAMGEE has made some translations from foreign authors on the subject of Splenic Apoplexy, and he tells us that “ this is the disease described as carbuncular fever by Renault and Rey- nal. It is most common in hot and tempestuous seasons. In its carefully-observed symptoms, M. Anginiard is induced to regard the disease as dependent on miasmatic exhalation. Until recently, the author had studied the malady only in sheep, but has fre- quently observed it, of late, in the horse. It is not so suddenly fatal in the latter as in the former. The prostration and stupor are very striking. ‘The horse can barely stand, and is very list- less; the muscles of the limbs tremble, and partial sweats bedew the body. In some parts the skin is dry, and the coat staring ; the breathing is slow and irregular; the conjunctiva, or lining of the eyelids, is white, and indicative of an anemic or bloodless state; the pulse is feeble, wiry, and accelerated, offering a remark- able contrast to the tumultuous action of the heart; the loins are very sensitive; and there are often indications of pain on pres- sure on the abdominal walls. Colicky symptoms are frequently noticed. At first, all appetite is lost, but, as the disease advances, DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 207 the animal eats and drinks freely. In attempting to bleed an animal, great difficulty is experienced in filling the vein; and when the blood flows, the animal instantly manifests great weak- ness. The blood is black, and does not coagulate as in health. The symptoms rapidly grow worse, the breathing labored, the eyes sunken, the prostration extreme, and progression impossible, until the animal reels over and dies. The disease runs a rapid course, and, on an average, death occurs within fifteen or eight- een hours. There is an absence of the external swellings char- acteristic of ordinary carbuncular fever; and the internal disten- sions of organs, particularly of the spleen, so ably described by Renault and Reynal, are sufficient, according to M. Anginiard, to distinguish the two diseases. In the treatment of this disease, Anginiard trusts mainly to quinine. He administers a drachm and a half as soon as possible, either in an infusion of coffee or other aromatic mixture. If the symptoms do not subside two hours afterward, two drachms are given. Generally this is suf- ficient. If not, a third and fourth dose have to be exhibited. Bleeding is to be condemned. The body of the animal may be rubbed with a wisp, or a turpentine liniment may be employed as a derivative. Free ventilation, and leaving the animal uncoy- ered, to permit free exhalation, are essential points in the man- agement of these animals. M. Dumesnie has tried this treatment, and found it most successful. Anginiard believes in small doses, and not often enough repeated.” Apoplexy is a disease which, if not discovered early, is very apt to prove fatal. Whether discovered or not, in its early stage it generally baffles the skill of those who, in this country, have attempted to cure it. The incurability of such malady may, under the circumstances, be accounted for on the belief that it often rages as an enzootic, affecting animals in isolated spots, without regard to locality, and attacking only those susceptible to its influence. What the conditions are which favor its propagation I am unable to determine, for I have known it to affect equally those which appeared healthy as well as others unhealthy in ap- pearance; hence it is very difficult for any one to point out the direct causes of the affection. I have not seen many cases of either enlargement of the spleen, or apoplexy of the same, occurring in cattle, from the fact that my practice has been mostly confined to horses in cities, where cattle were not very numerous; but a friend 208 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. of mine, located in a cattle-raising district in the State of Maine, informed me that this disease, accompanied by enlargement, often prevails there enzodtically, and that most of the animals thus affected die. I have had considerable experience in the treatment of such affections in horses, but, as I have just observed, the result is very unsatisfactory. I believe I have but one case of cure on record, and the medicines used on that occasion were stimulants and tonics, with forty grains of iodide of potass per day. The spine was also rubbed, night and morning, with equal parts of cod-liver oil and spirits of camphor. Symptoms.—The symptoms of enlargement of the spleen in horses (they do not differ much in cattle) are as follows: Feeble pulse; respiration not much disturbed; the tongue is usually coated; mouth, hot, and the breath has a feted odor; the mem- branes lining the mouth and eyeballs have a slight yellow tinge; the head droops, and the tips of the ears and lower parts of the limbs are chilly; the patient is rather unwilling to moye, and, when urged to do so, exhibits a staggering gait, and sometimes falls never to rise; the urine is scanty, and, in the last stages, blood oozes from the anus and nostrils; colicky pains attend the disease. In a case that terminated fatally, I made the following record of the post-mortem examination: On opening the abdominal cay- ity, the spleen was found to occupy a very large space. It was of immense proportions, and weighed nearly twelve pounds. The ordinary weight is three pounds. It presented the appearance of a spleen in the chronic stage of disease, being altered in struc- ture, of a dark, pitchy color, and surcharged with dark, venous blood. Before death, I percussed the left side, in the locality of the spleen, and the sound elicited was of a solid character, which indicated enlargement of the same. The early symptoms of splenic apoplexy do not differ much from the above, only they are of a more acute character. In the latter stages, the malady is complicated with a painful affection of the bowels. The diagnostic symptom of splenic apoplexy, with enlargement of the same, is a notable enlargement on the left side of the abdomen, well up toward the ribs. When standing behind an affected animal, and casting one’s eyes carefully along the sides of the abdominal walls, a perceptible eminence will be seen, which can not be mistaken. The region of the spleen is between the stomach and the false ribs on the left side, DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 209 In view of rendering this subject more valuable and interesting, I now introduce the following, which was written for the “ Edin- burgh Review :” “Splenic Apoplery.—This disease broke out in the year 1858, on a farm characterized by its extreme richness of soil, in the north of Northumberland. In 1859 the malady reappeared, and did not cease until twenty-three head of cattle had been affected. Splenic apoplexy is a malady that has not hitherto been observed in the north of Britain, and its occurrence recently is evidently to be attributed to the special method of farming and feeding stock where it has, for the last two years, proved so destructive. The farm is a peculiarly dry one. About three hundred head of cattle are annually fattened on it. One lot was made ready by Christmas, and sold as fat beef in Newcastle; a second was kept back until January, when they were allowed an abundance of turnips, meal, and the best oat straw. The cattle affected were three years old; and it would appear that those fed on Swedish turnips, especially from a certain field, suffered most; but some fed on yellow or white turnips have been affected, and we should regard the meal, and perhaps the oat straw, as more likely to pro- duce this disorder. According to Delafoud’s researches, legum- inosee, or forage very rich in nutritive principles and deficient in water, from artificial pastures, are frequent causes of splenic apo- plexy. The farmer in Northumberland suspected that the arti- ficial manures had produced the trouble, and the following season he dressed his land with home manure; but the properties of the last crop have proved as deleterious as those of the preceding one. The fact is, the crop had nothing to do with the development of the disease. The malady stopped suddenly, about the middle of February, and this was probably due to the cattle suffering only when the system was taxed by change from rather moderate to very high feeding. It is an interesting fact that in cows the disorder only affects those which are approaching the period when the secretion of milk is stopped, and when there is a tendency to lay on flesh, they then being liable to plethora. Cows fed on food capable of producing splenic apoplexy die of it. Change of diet proved of no avail at the farm referred to (show- ing very conclusively that the food was not the special cause). Common salt was recommended as a preventive; but Delafoud 14 F210 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. has shown that salt is not a reliable remedy in such cases. The malady stopped spontaneously, and the point now to settle is the prevention of disease during the future seasons. For the benefit of our readers who may not know the symptoms of splenic apoplexy, we may mention that often there are premon- itory signs—the animals apparently enjoying the best of health early in the morning, may be dead some time before noon. Some- times there are symptoms of excitement; the eyes are prominent, and the visible mucous membranes are injected or reddened. Symptoms of uneasiness suddenly manifest themselves, and col- icky pains indicate abdominal disorder. The urine voided is high- colored and red, and there may also be blood in the feces. The back becomes arched, and the animal fixes himself, hanging on to any thing by which he is tied, or he will press his haunches on some resting-place in the corner of the stall. After this the ani- mal soon drops, and is seized with convulsive pains and twitchings. In addition to the discharge of feces and urine, tinged with blood, there is a red, frothy liquid, which escapes from the nostrils; the animal bellows, moans, and soon dies.” Treatment.—Tonics, alteratives, and glandular stimulants are indicated. Take of No. 24. Fluid extract of blood-root............ 4 oz. Fluid extract of golden sea.].......... 6 oz. Chlorate of “potass..)cic.. cies. bu c-ses ete OZe Dissolve the potass in one pint of boiling water; then add the extracts. Give the patient a wine-glassful every six hours, until amendment is perceptible, when the dose may be decreased to two ounces every twelve hours. Rub the body with a portion of the following : No. 255 Proof spiritssc.:\2. asec} s/afere oe te stele a pos Mincture oh, Capsicuim rs iecchsyeie ei). tile cree 4 oz. Two or three applications, in the course of twenty-four hours, will suffice. Should the animal suffer much from colicky pains, dissolve one ounce of hyposulphite of soda in four ounces of hot water, to which add half a table-spoonful of powdered ginger, and drench with the same. Pure air and a light diet will aid in restoring the animal, provided the case is curable. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 211 FUNCTIONAL DISEASE OF THE LIVER. The liver, like other parts of the digestive apparatus, is liable to become deranged, in either function or structure, by errors in diet, which is the most potent cause of both functional and or- ganic disease of the same. In almost all cases of liver disease, we observe a yellow tinge of the visible surfaces—membranes of the eye and mouth. In order to account for the yellow tinge, we must bear in mind that bile is formed in the blood; that -the office of the liver is to absorb or withdraw it from the circulation con- stantly, as fast as it is formed. Disease of the liver, simulating jaundice, manifests itself whenever the due separation of the bile from the blood is not accomplished ; hence the accumulated bile seeks other outlets, namely, the kidneys and intestines, and ex- eretory gland of the skin. When animals become jaundiced suddenly, we may infer that the difficulty, whatever it may be, in the liver, is of an acute character ; that is to say, it is recent in origin and active in form. Jaundice is a phenomenon of several diseases peculiar to horses. During the progress of the epizodtic known as influenza, a jaun- diced state of the visible surfaces is always present, which disap- pears when the patient convalesces, showing that the liver is only functionally deranged. When jaundice accompanies indigestion, and disappears under the action of alteratives or changes in diet, we may also infer that, if not absolutely functional, it is, at least, not purely inflammatory. It is plain, therefore, that jaundice is of but little consequence in prognosis, since the symptoms with which it is often associated declare, much more positively than itself, the gravity of the affection in which it occurs as a symptom. It sometimes happens, however, that the function of the liver becomes suddenly interrupted, causing pain, after the fashion of what accompanies the bilious colic of man. The following case will probably give the reader some idea of the nature of acute functional disorder of the liver. The patient, a gray gelding, aged nine years, was suddenly attacked with symp- toms of colicky pains, for the relief of which the owner had given a colic drench, which seemed to afford temporary ease; but soon the symptoms reappeared, the animal got down, and seemed to be the subject of acute pain. Under these circumstances, the owner sent for me. DAW DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Symptoms.—On arriving at the stable, I found the patient stand- ing, his head somewhat pendulous, appearing dull and sleepy. The membranes within the eyelids and mouth were of a bright yellow tinge ; pulse, rather feeble ; bowels, constipated ; in short, the usual appearances attending functional derangement of the liver were present ; yet the “ key-note,” or diagnostic symptom, was the bright yellow tinge of the visible surfaces. Treatment.—The following drench was given : No. 26. Fluid extract of mandrake............ 3 0%. Fluid extract’ of golden’ seal 2. 0.5.00 oz: Carbomartel of Sodas << '/aie)sie' 5 aleie's wis) eee stn WW ALE Dae aie: aid cl aig] rig ie: sichevecelel diel io) ie(olel mallee mpEIU! An injection of soap-suds was thrown into the rectum, which brought away a small quantity of hardened, dark-colored excrement. Next day I found the patient in about the same condition, and re- peated the dose of medicine and injection. In the course of a few hours the bowels responded, evacuating a large quantity of semi- fluid, dark-colored feces, mixed with a substance resembling shreds of albumen. Next day the animal appeared much better. I then gave two ounces of fluid extract of golden seal, and one drachm of hyposulphite of soda, and thus ended the treatment. This case is an illustration of a simple mode of treatment far superior to the old-fashioned system, which contemplates strong doses of aloes and calomel, agents which usually intensify the morbid phenomena, often producing a medicinal affection, which requires much time for the animal to recover from. It is the author’s opinion that a vast number of very fine animals in these United States die from the heroic system of practice, which over- looks the best means of aid presented by the resources of mild and sanative medication. We have long been an advocate of the physiological method of treating disease, and we contend that is more philosophical, safe, and the surest means of restoring an equilibrium of vital action in the animal economy, in all forms of morbid conditions; and we earnestly entreat our readers to exercise great faith in the powers of Nature to aid and assist in the cure of all maladies, and place less reliance in the power of art. Tn view of strengthening the faith of young converts to sana- tive medication, we quote the language of Sir JoHN FORBES, a man of undoubted authority. » DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 213 “Such has ever been the want of trust in Nature, and the over- trust in art, prevalent among the members of the medical profes- sion, that the field of natural observation has been, to a great extent, hidden from them—hidden either actually from their eyes or vir- tually from their apprehension. ‘The constant interference of art, in the form of medical treatment, with the normal processes of disease, has not only had the frequent effect of disturbing them in reality, but, when it failed to do so, has created the belief that it did so, leading, in either case, to an inference equally wrong—the false picture, in the one instance, being supposed to be true; the true picture, in the other, being supposed to be false.” In all cases of liver disease, it is good policy to change the diet, and offer the animal green vegetables—sliced carrots, and grass if it can be had. In all cases of chronic disease of the liver, a run at grass is the most potent remedy for the cure of the same. It was formerly supposed that the function of the liver was merely to eliminate bile, but modern physiologists have discovered that the blood itself is changed while circulating through that gland, which elaborates fibrine from albumen, and fat from sugar. The liver stores up fatty matter, so that, should the food be deficient in fat, the liver yields up what it contains. It is very curious to notice the peculiarity in the circulation of the liver. Itis supplied, like other organs, with arterial blood for its own support; and it also receives an immense quantity of venous blood through veins commencing on the gastro-intestinal cavity, which terminate in a vessel named vena porta. This vessel, on entering the liver, ram- ifies in various directions, like an artery, and ultimately terminates in the veins peculiar to the liver ; so that the blood, instead of flowing directly from the stomach and intestines, is made to circulate through the liver, and thus the various transformations are effected. The liver must, therefore, perform the double function of secretion and excretion. It secretes bile, and excretes carbon and hydrogen from the system. Should an animal labor under diseased lungs, he may, under proper medical treatment, recover, provided the liver be healthy. This organ can, for a time, eliminate carbon and hydro- gen; but, instead of passing off as they do from the lungs, in the form of carbonic acid, they accumulate in the liver, in the form of fat, or else the liver increases to an extraordinary size. In Strasburg they prepare a favorite dish from the livers of geese, artificially enlarged by the cruel process of depriving them of 214 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. light and liberty, confining them in a warm room, and stuffing them with food. We find that, under such barbarous management, there is a disproportion between the oxygen respired and the car- bon taken in the form of food. The respiration which active ex- ercise increases and rest diminishes are, now that the animal is confined, slow and uniform. The lungs fail in eliminating car- bonic acid, and hence carbon and hydrogen are driven back to the liver by means of venous circulation. An excess of carbonaceous material in the liver is liable to result in jaundice, which is a simple functional derangement of that organ. It occurs generally in the warm months, and is usually sudden in its attack. Among the most prominent symptoms are high-colored urine, yellow tinge of the visible surfaces, languid pulse, and slow action. If the liver be the seat of inflammatory action, the pulse will be quick and bounding, respiration hurried, the patient feverish, and pressure over the region of the liver elicits symptoms of pain. If simple functional derangement exists unchecked for any length of time, it leads to organic lesions and structural disease. When the bile accumulates, it is very apt to thicken and produce gall- stones or calculi; if these accumulate in the gall ducts, the subject, unless relieved, soon dies. Diseases of the liver have hitherto been considered the bane of tropical climates, but they are equally prevalent in cold and moist regions. Horses and men are as frequently attacked with it in northern as in southern latitudes. The celebrated sheep-breeder, Bakewell, knew that early disturbance of the liver led to the ac- cumulation of fat, and, in order to derange the liver, he was in the habit of folding his sheep in wet pastures. Now, the English agriculturists are well acquainted with the fact that water mea- dows have a tendency to produce that almost incurable disease termed rot. Rot originates from a diseased liver, and, in the early stages of it, the animal accumulates fat very fast; so that by rotting sheep he was able to bring fat ones early to market, and thus steal a march on his more conscientious neighbors. This state of the liver termed rot is associated with the existence of parasites termed distoma hepaticwm, commonly denominated flukes, and these parasites are considered the cause of rot, when, in fact, they are the results of deranged functions of the liver. The rot, therefore, is not local. It can be produced in any coun- try by exposing animals to the debilitating effects of moisture and DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 215 neglect. It is not only prevalent in England, but also in Asia, Africa, and America. In Egypt, on the receding of the Nile, it spreads to a fearful extent. In warm climates the livers of men and animals become diseased, not so much from local causes as from stimulating drinks and diet. If a man attempts to consume the same amount of food in warm that he has been accustomed to in cold climates, he is apt to become bilious, and this is a pre- monitory indication of perverted function of the liver. A very important fact has lately been discovered in reference to the func- tion of the liver. A French chemist has ascertained that one function of the liver was to produce sugar out of the animal or- ganism. ‘This is the secret of the formation of the fat. Chem- ically speaking, sugar and fat are nearly allied, the chief difference being that one contains a small portion of oxygen. Many valuable animals are lost from organic disease of the liver, the origin of which may, in many cases that have come to our knowledge, be traced to simple functional derangement, which has existed for some time. Its symptoms are either unobserved or, if perceived, disregarded. Some of the subjects that have been put under our care for the treatment of diseased liver had a strong predisposition for the malady, their color being black and tem- perament bilious. Such horses are the ones that require special attention whenever they appear to be “ailing.” It is remarkable to observe, however, that many horses of a temperament diverse from the bilious are often attacked with organic and functional derangement of the liver, and this peculiarity can only be ac- counted for on the ground that the horse has no gall-bladder— no receptacle, such as is found in cattle, for the accumulation of bile ; consequently, the horse’s liver must be an active organ, especially when the animal is permitted to make but one meal per day, and that meal occupies a period from sunrise to sunset, and daily and weekly continues to occupy no less time. The conse- quence is, the organ is overworked, and is the seat of local ex- haustion. The liver requires regular periods of rest to recover from fatigue or functional duty, yet how is it possible to secure the same when a horse is permitted to make a perpetual hay-rack and corn-bin of his stomach? The herculean feat of converting a hay-stack and corn granary into bone, muscle, and nerve at the rate of 2.40 is beyond the physiological capacity of any vital organ; therefore, in the language of the sailor, the vessel sinks 216 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. from local inundation—the liver caves in from overwork, too much . food, and too little discretion. A hard pull on an omnibus, or a similar feat in a marketer’s wagon, would be the very best medi- cine in the world for a plethoric horse, or one predisposed to hepatic derangement. THE PANCREAS AND ITs FUNCTION. The pancreas is a glandular body lying across the spine, in the epigastric region, underneath the diaphragm, near the small cury- ature of the stomach. The body of this gland is pierced by the vena porta (known as the gate rein); has one attachment to the spleen, and another to the left kidney. It is divided into head, body, and tail. Structure, similar to salivary glands. Color, pale red, speckled. It is composed of many lobules. Every lobe has a distinct set of nerves, arteries, veins, and ducts. Every lobe is, therefore, considered as a distinct gland, and the same is true of the salivary glands. The duct pierces the duodenum (known as the second stomach), alongside of the hepatic duct. The pancreatic arteries are derived mostly: from the hepatic. Several, however, come from the splenic, in its course to the left side of the abdomen, and one or two from the gastric. The veins are tributary to the vena porta. The nerves come from the celiac plecus. The fluid secreted by the pancreas is a colorless, limpid fluid. It forms an emulsion of fat; hence it dissolves the fatty matters of the food. It is an active agent in the preparation of chyle. That the pancreatic juice possesses the property of emul- sifying fat is proved from the fact that when the pancreas is destroyed, and the animal fed on food containing fatty matter, the latter passes with the feces, just like fat in an unchanged state. Mr. GAMGEE says: “The pancreatic juice has another impor- tant use which remains to be spoken of, and that is a peculiar action on nitrogenized substances. If raw meat be placed in some of the juice, the meat speedily softens und putrefies. The same occurs with albumen or caseine in the raw state; but if the azotized principles are previously boiled, or acted upon by the gastric juice, the pancreatic therefore serves many purposes, and acts on every kind of aliment. Circumstances affecting the digestive function in general have a special influence on the pancreas, and modify its secretion. Such DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 2 is not the case with the salivary glands and their products. The pancreatic juice may, like every other secretion, be found to con- tain adventitious substances that have accidentally entered the blood. Thus, iodide of potassium may be eliminated from the system by the pancreas. It is not so with every salt, the prussiate of potash, for example, never being seen in the pancreatic juice. The pancreatic secretion is formed during infra-uterine life, but we are at a loss to account for its uses there. It is difficult to de- termine what nervous influences affects its production. A dose of ether excites it, and pressure on the abdominal viscera likewise tends to its increase; the efforts of vomiting stop it.” On PARASITES WHICH INFEST THE INTESTINAL CANAL. There are various forms of parasites which infest the alimentary canal of horses and cattle which, no doubt, are the cause of some annoyance to the infested ; but really they are not, at all times, so injurious as some writers make them out to be. They are rarely if ever found in the intestines of healthy animals, and their pres- ence is generally due to a deranged condition of the digestive organs. They very frequently originate spontaneously. “Certain independent organisms, both vegetable and animal, are found in the body. The vegetable growths are all microscopic, and belong to the lowest order of plants, the alge and fungi. They are never met with except upon cutaneous or mucous sur- faces, nor while these surfaces remain healthy, usually. A secre- tion of fibrine or mucus, undergoing decomposition, forms the soil in which they grow. In some cases, they are believed to be the media of contagion. Animal parasites are very numerous. Many of them are in- fusorial. Many belong to the class of insects and mites, as fleas, lice, bugs, and the acari, of which the most important one is the itch-mite. A class of higher consequence comprises several sorts of worms. Those which infest the intestinal canal are extremely common, and are the oxguris vermicularis, or thread-worm, which inhabits the rectum; the trichocephalus dispar, or long thread- worm, which is found in the large intestine, and especially in the cecum; the ascares lwumbriccedes, or round worm, whose ordinary residence is the small intestine; the tape-worm, or tenia, which also affects the same part. The kidney is occasionally the seat of 218 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. a round worm, called ths strongylus gigas, measuring from five inches to three feet in length, and from two to six lines in thick- ness. ; The diseases with which even large intestinal worms are con- nected appear to be sometimes the cause and sometimes the effect of the presence of these parasites. Very often they exist in con- siderable numbers without producing the least disturbance of the economy, but in other cases they are unquestionably the cause of much suffering and ill-health. How far they are themselves the result of a morbid state of the organs in which they appear is still an undecided question. The origin of parasites is extremely obscure, and has long been a mooted point among naturalists. Jt may not be inappropriate to present a summary of the opinions which are entertained respect- ing a subject of so much interest, but, in doing so, we shall confine our remarks to the parasitic animals which inhabit the interior of the body, or entozoa. It is evident that these animals must originate in one of two ways; that they must be derived directly or indirectly from with- out, or be created out of materials existing within, and furnished by, the body. No other supposition is possible. If an entozodn is in any manner derived from withcut, it must be admitted that this takes place either through the reception of the animal itself or of its ova. If either opinion be assumed, it follows that the parent animal must exist somewhere external to the body. But the parasites in question have never, in any case whatever, been detected except within the organism. If it is objected that many of these animals are so minute that they might easily elude dis- covery in the elements around us, the argument fails when applied to the giant strongylus, the stout lumbricoid worm, and the teenia, measuring many yards in length. Besides, even admitting for a moment the possibility of the parasites which inhabit the intes- tine, and other mucous cavities, having once existed externally, the insuperable difficulty still remains of explaining the entrance of entozoa into shut cavities and parenchymatous structureés—into the eye, or the muscles, for example, and their presence in the unborn child, and even in the bodies of larger entozoa of a differ- ent species. On the other hand, if it is maintained that the ova are alone received, it must still be shown that the ova exist exter- nal to the body, which has never been done. Nor would the DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. -919 admission of this explanation be sufficient ; for many of the entozoa are not propagated by eggs, but belong to the viviparous class, so that in regard to them the difficulty remains undiminished. But granting the existence of ova without, and their reception into the body, it is still impossible to explain the development from them of the animals found in the parenchyma, in the embryo, etc., without, at the same time, admitting that the ova are not only carried to these localities through the blood-vessels, but actually pass through the walls of the capillaries. Such an admission would be a physiological absurdity; for the extreme vessels will allow of the passage of a single blood-globule at a time, and no more, and will not permit any denser fluid than the plasma of the blood to permeate their walls. How, then, could they afford a passage in any manner to ova, the least of which is ten times as large as a blood globule? If the hypothesis now presented is untenable, it only remains to adopt the alternative one, to-wit: that entozoa are generated or created anew out of the materials or the products of the living organism. It may be urged affirmatively, in support of this doc- trine, that each organ possesses its own entozoa—the kidney, a species different from those of the intestine, which are, again, un- lixe the parasites of the liver. Even more: the several parts of the same organ generate dissimilar animals. The small intestine produces the round and the tape-worms; the large intestine, the two species of thread-worms. ‘These facts seem to show that some extremely local concurrence of circumstances is essential to the production of the several entozoa. It may also be argued, and we think the argument unanswerable, that if spermatic animalcules, _ which exist in the testicle, are there spontaneously generated, no violence is done to probability in supposing parasitic animals to be produced in the same manner. It will hardly be denied that spermatozoa are literally evolved from the constituents of the semen ; but it is objected to the doctrine of spontaneous generation that it ig against analogy, which every-where supports the famous dogma, omne vivum ex ovo. This objection is a mere begging of the question. The decision of the case in hand involves the truth of the theory just quoted, and, as we believe, must be allowed to show that this theory is not absolutely universal in its application. » Other facts, also, among which are the following, tend to invali- date it. Nothing can be more certain than that all organized te ¥ 220 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. beings were, at some time or other, created. Geology proves that successive genera and species have been thus created, at long in- tervals apart; and the history of disease renders it probable that one affection, at least (syphilis), which is only propagated by direct descent, ex ovo, as it were, is really of comparatively recent origin. In conclusion, after the review of the preceding outline of an argument upon the generation of parasitic entozoa, we feel obliged to admit that the weight of facts and probabilities is wholly on the side of the doctrine of spontaneous generation. At the same time, we can not but look with interest to the results of future observations in this field, nor altogether suppress the hope that the simple law of Nature, omne vivum ex ovo, may even yet be found to embrace the classes which now appear to form so striking an exception to its provisions.”* Symptoms.—The usual symptoms indicating the presence of worms in the intestinal canal are, sometimes, a scurfy, yellow mu- cous accumulation around the margin of the anus; the appetite is not uniform; the bowels are irregular, sometimes loose, and sometimes constipated; and the feces are often shrouded with shreds of mucus, of a yellow color. When ascarides are present (located in the rectum), the horse is much inclined to rub his tail against any post or fence he can get at, and he employs himself at such feats against the sides of the stall, in view, probably, of allaying the intolerable itching which usually attends the presence of these parasites, The lumbrici, or round worms, sometimes exist in the intes- tines in great numbers. They are then apt to be hurtful. In such cases, the coat looks unthrifty, and the hair has lost its na- tural glossiness, and appears rough to the sense of touch. It has been noticed, also, that when horses are afflicted with intestinal parasites, their breath gives out a fetid odor, and they have a sort of dry, hacking cough. It is well known, however, that some horses, enjoying, apparently, the very best kind of health, are often the subjects of worms. ‘ Treatment.—Most of the remedies recommended in the ancient works on farriery are just about as likely to kill the horse as the parasites, and consequently are, to say the least, unsafe. The true theory is this: worms are the result of indigestion; hence our * * Stillé’s “Elements of Pathology.” DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 221 object, by way of prevention, is to give tone to the digestive or- gans; and soon after the worms have congregated in the intestinal canal, bitter tonics and alteratives are obnoxious to them. They then die, are digested, and pass from the anus as fecal matter. Suppose we give the infested horse powerful purges, tartar emetic, calomel, turpentine, etc., as the books recommend. We may succeed in their expulsion, but that does not mend the mat- ter; for the agents just named are all more or less prostrating, and create a worse state of digestive derangement than that which previously existed, and soon, by virtue of spontaneous generation, anew crop of parasites make their appearance. When a horse shows any of the symptoms here alluded to, in- dicating indigestion, or the actual presence of worms, I recommend that an occasional dose of the following be given: ae No. 27. Powdered poplar bark (populus tremuloides). Powdered sulphur... ee seis clelec cisieis's «ees equal parts. Powdered salt ......ssceseeees Spon nanh dé Mix. Dose, one table-spoonful, to be mixed with bran or oats. EXAMPLES OF VERMIFUGES, No. 1.—Fluid extract of wormwood, four drachms; to be given in the morning, before feeding time, for several successive days. No. 2.—Give one ounce of fluid extract of pink-root, every morning, before feeding, for a week. A GOOD REMEDY FOR THE TAPE-WORM. Give four drachms of the solid extract of male fern (aspidium felix mas) every other morning, during a period of about ten days. This is said to be a specific for tape-worm. Finally, as regards the treatment of worms, Nature has endowed these parasites with such tenacity of life, that no matters known to us will effect their destruction, though a few may answer the purpose of their expulsion. Bots are so hardy as apparently to survive immersion in oil, in alcohol, spirits of turpentine, and even powerful solutions of mineral acids. The continued use of salt, mixed with the food, appears, however, obnoxious to them; for sometimes, under its use, their hold gives way, and they are ejected. Bitters, purgatives, and the mechanical irritation of 222, DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. pointed bodies, as pewter, tin, etc., have no effect whatever upon bots; but with regard to the other parasites, rather more success may be expected from medical aid, in the form of vermifuges. It has been attempted to effect the removal of worms mechan- ically, by dissolving the mucus they are supposed to be imbedded in, for which purpose lime-water, oil, solutions of aloes, ete., have been injected by clyster up the rectum, and which practice is most to be depended on for the ejection of ascarides when in the rectum. This practice of washing away the mucus of the intestine, and thus to deprive the intestine of the secretion given for its protec- tion, is not to be recommended, though oil, for this end, would be harmless. Strong purges are given with the same intent, which may remove them also from the whole alimentary track. Reme- dies have likewise been exhibited to destroy them within the body, by the mechanical irritation of their spiculi, under which view tin, brass, iron, and pewter are thought remedial. The In- dian caustic barley and Indian pink are reputed vermifuges against the teres and ascaris. The oil of turpentine has also been strongly recommended as an excellent general vermifuge; but, except for the destruction of the tenia, or tape-worm, it certainly does not appear to deserve that character.””* * (Blaine’s Outlines.” SECTION VIII. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. INFLAMMATION OF THE K1pNEYS—INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER—STONE IN THE BLADDER—SUPPRESSION OF THE URINE—RETENTION OF THE URINE—DIABETES, on ProruseE STaLLinc—RvuPTuRE OF THE BLADDER—ALBUMINOUS, URINE— HZMATURIA, OR BLoopy URINE. INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS (NEPHRITIS). NEPHRITIC affection is often mistaken for what some persons term “sprain across the kidneys” (lumbar sprain). It isa mistake of some importance, from the fact that when sprain. or strain is suspected, people are apt to resort to the use of irri- tating embrocations or liniments, which may do much harm, as their action is to augment heat and pain, which, in case of ne- phritis, is to be avoided. Symptoms.—Hard and accelerated pulse ; quickened respiration, indicative of pain; back, arched; legs, straddling; the head is often turned toward the loins, or region of pain; the animal is unwilling to describe a circle with its body, and, while the acute stage lasts, scarcely if ever gets down on the floor; the urine is reddened and scanty ; finally, the animal crouches when pressure is made over the region of the loins, and, as is the case in all acute affections, thirst and loss of appetite are observable. Treatment.—The treatment of nephritis, in the acute or inflam- matory stage, is just such as would be proper supposing the case to be one of enteritis, or peritonitis. Twenty or forty drops of fluid extract of gelseminum may be placed on the tongue two or three times, at intervals of four hours; fomentations of hops or poppy-heads (warm) should be applied to the loins, and occa- sional enemas of warm water may be thrown into the rectum. The drink should consist of what is known as flaxseed or slippery- (223) 224 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. elm tea. Soon the inflammatory symptoms will subside, the patient will manifest some relief from pain, and the color of the urine will change, become lighter and thicker in consistence. We then dis- continue the above treatment, and administer one ounce of fluid extract of buchu, morning and evening. This treatment, aided by rest and good nursing, usually completes the cure. Should it be suspected that the animal has a fit of pain, caused by the “gravel,” or passage or presence of urinary calculi, then two drachms of muriatic acid should be mixed in the ordinary drink, every time the animal is watered. He should also have a small quantity of powdered slippery-elm or flaxseed mixed with the food. Horses the subjects of urinary calculi pass urine which, on being caught in an earthen vessel, deposits phosphates and other earthy matter. When this occurs, and the animal has a fit of pain or gravel, we may infer, in the absence of more positive proof, that urinary calculi are present in some portion of the urinary apparatus. INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER (CYSTITIS). The principal symptom of inflammation of the bladder is fre- quent urination, accompanied by straining and pain. Sometimes the urine dribbles away, involuntarily or not, as the case may be. It appears that the least distension of the bladder causes pain; hence the effort to keep it empty. The urine is usually high- colored, or, rather, of a dull red color. The animal stands with his hind limbs widely separated. The treatment is precisely the same as that just recommended for inflammation of the kidneys. STONE IN THE BLADDER. One very remarkable symptom attending the presence of calcu- lus, or stone in the bladder, is, that after the urine is voided there comes a painful sensation, which causes the horse to groan. This is caused by the walls of the bladder coming forcibly in contact with the calculus, which is now a foreign body. Occasionally the horse is urinating a full stream, when, all at once, the stream is suddenly arrested, the animal still straining until urination again commences. This is a pretty sure sign of stone in the bladder. Stones that have been taken from the bladder, after death, present a highly-polished surface; hence they do not produce that amount DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 225 of irritation which proceeds from intestinal calculi, the surfaces of which are always rough. Mr. Youatt says that “the symptoms of stone in the bladder much resemble those of spasmodic colic, except that, on careful inquiry, it will be found that there has been much irregularity in the discharge of urine, and occasional suppression of it. When fits of apparent colic frequently return, and are accompanied by any peculiarity in the appearance or the discharge of the urine, the horse should be carefully examined. For this purpose, he must be thrown. If there is stone in the bladder, it will, while the horse lies on his back, press on the rectum. Several cases have lately occurred of successful extraction of the calculus, but to effect. this it is always necessary to have recourse to the aid of a veterinary practitioner.” It is not necessary to cast the horse in view of ascertaining the’ presence of calculus. The hand can be introduced into the rectum while the horse is standing. The rectum should, however, first be evacuated by enemas of warm water. But we have a better plan than this. A sound or jointed catheter has been invented, which, when passed into the bladder, determines, by percussion, the pres- ence of calculi. The operation of lithotomy can only be performed by one skilled in the science; yet the reader may desire to know something about the mode of performing it; therefore I introduce a case of the kind, which occurred in the practice of Mr, FIBLD. The following is the case: “The animal was cast, in the usual manner, and both hind legs were drawn to the shoulders, as if for castration. Read’s new flexible catheter being passed into the bladder, a quantity of warm water was injected sufficient to distend that organ and the urethra moderately. The catheter being withdrawn, and holding the penis with the left hand, a slightly-curved grooved staff, two feet long, was introduced, so as for the curved part to come into the subanal portion of the urethra, above the posterior edge of the ischium, extending toward the sphincter ani. An assistant, kneeling on the left side of the horse, drew the penis forward with his left hand, and gently pushed the staff backward with the right, at the same time keeping the groove exactly beneath the raphe. This elevated the portion of the urethra to be incised. I then made an incision, a line from and on the right side of the raphe, through the skin and fascia, extending the length of from three to four 15 226 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. inches; and, pushing the penis a little on one side, I gradually divided the muscular and spongy portion, and exposed the mucous membrane of the urethra, when the finger readily detected the groove of the staff, into which a small incision was made sufficient. to admit the bistoire cachée, following which with the index finger of the left hand, the membrane was divided to the rectum. Very little blood flowed, and the water of the urethra gushed out. The staff being removed, I easily introduced the small forceps through the urethra into the bladder, and grasped the stone, a portion of which flaked off. The large forceps were then employed, and, my brother holding the handles, I directed the blades upon the stone, my left hand being in the rectum. Having placed the stone in a proper position, I grasped it with the forceps, and, with both hands, gave it a half-turn, so as to place its widest axis be- tween the pubis and rectum; and thus, with a moderate force, I gradually and evenly drew it out, the neck of the bladder readily dilating. Two stitches were inserted in that part of the incision nearest the anus, the lower part being left to itself.” ‘SUPPRESSION OF URINE. Suppression of urine signifies that condition in which no urine is either secreted or voided. The affection is due to either func- tional or organic disease of the kidneys, or it is an accompaniment of various forms of disease, and, in such cases, is termed functional. For example, I lately treated a horse the subject of jaundice ; he did not pass a drop of urine for two days. I inferred that the kidneys were inactive, and did not secrete urine, therefore he had none to pass; but after this period, a slight improvement in the disease (jaundice) having taken place, he urinated, yet at first only in small quantities. When the affection comes on periodically, it indicates organic disease of the kidneys, and, finally, is apt to prove fatal. Wat- son says “that if no urine be separated from the blood, coma soon supervenes, and death. It is believed that these conse- quences result from the detention of urea in the system. Urea is a mere excrement, which, in health, is removed from the blood by the kidneys as fast as it enters that fluid. When it is not so carried off, it accumulates in the blood, circulates with it to every part of the body, and acts as a poison, especially upon the brain. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. DOT a To render it thus poisonous, however, its decomposition in the blood appears to be requisite. This is one of the numerous instances showing that the carry- ing fluid of the body may become the vehicle of disease and death, if it be not duly purged of deleterious matters which pertain to the unceasing processes of organic life. If carbonic acid be not extricated by the lungs, the animal functions are as certainly and almost as speedily extinguished by that gas as the flame of a taper might be, and we know that when the outlet of the liver is shut up, when the blood is not pumped from the excrementitious bile, the powers of animal life are weakened and sometimes utterly and rapidly destroyed.” Frequent complaints are made to me, by horsemen, that their horses do not urinate sufficiently, and I am requested to furnish diuretics. I usually advise the former not to feel alarmed, for Nature regulates these matters, and, in time, all will be well; pro- vided, however, good food is furnished, and proper care is taken of the animal. The subject being one of importance, both as regards man and horse, I here introduce the following article from Wartson’s “ Lectures:” “Suppression of urine, for a considerable time, is not, however, necessarily and universally fatal. Patients laboring under the epidemic cholera would secrete not a drop of water for some days, and yet recover. It was remarkable how entirely free such patients were from any approach toward coma. Was the urea here drained off from the blood in the enormous and unnatural flux from the stomach and bowels? I think it probably was; but chemical search has not detected that substance in the fluids so effused. Schmidt thinks, indeed, that it would be found but for its rapid decomposition into carbonate of ammonia. There are, however, some very singular instances on record of persons who have passed days and even weeks without secreting urine, and without show- ing any other indication of impaired health. What degree of credit such narratives deserve I do not know; but assuming that there was neither fraud nor mistake, it may be suspected that either the natural secretion was compensated by some vicarious or supplemental discharge, or that a small quantity of urine was actually separated by the kidneys, ‘If any water, however small the quantity,’ remarks Sir Henry Halford, ‘had been made in these cases, I should have thought it possible that the patient 228 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. might have recovered ; for it has often surprised me to observe how small has been the measure of that excrementitious fluid which the frame has sometimes thrown off, and yet preserved itself harmless. But the cessation of the excretion altogether is universally a fatal symptom in my experience, being followed by oppression on the brain.’ The same eminent physician states that in three of his five cases there was observed a remarkably strong urinous smell in the perspiration for twenty-four hours before death. This I believe is of common occurrence in such cases, Other patients have vomited, or passed by the bowels, watery matters possessing some of the sensible qualities of urine; and a urinous fluid is said to have been found in the ventricles of the brain in some of the fatal cases. I have spoken of suppression of urine as a malady, though it probably is never any thing more than a symptom; yet it is one of those symptoms which, from our uncertainty respecting their origin and determining cause, we are obliged to treat and to study as if they were substantive diseases. In the only well-marked instance that I have seen of suppression of urine coming on in‘an apparently healthy person, some blood had appeared in the urine for a day or two before the secretion was totally suspended, and the kidneys were found gorged with blood. Extreme congestion or inflammation of the substance of the gland is probably at the bottom of many of these cases. The same train of symptoms supervenes not unfrequently upon organic renal disease. They happen, too, sometimes, when the ureters become impervious from disease, or from impacted gravel. In this condition urine con- tinues to be secreted, for a time at least, and distends the ureter behind the seat of the obstruction. The apoplectic state which ensues may arise from a reabsorption of the secreted fluid ; or, in consequence of the obstacle, the secretion itself, after going to a certain point, may stop, and then the case becomes a case of sup- pression.” Treatment.—Persons desirous of administering medicine for the treatment of this affection, are advised to give half an ounce of powdered chlorate of potass, dissolved in the drink, every night, and half an ounce of fluid extract of buchu every morning. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 229 RETENTION OF URINE. Retention and suppression of urine are terms very often con- founded with each other. We have just shown what is meant by suppression, and now it remains for us to understand the true na- ture of retention. Retention signifies an undue delay of natural discharges. The secretion of urine may be active as ever, yet the animal has not the power to void it. The bladder soon becomes distended beyond its physiological capacity. Its muscular fibers are overstretched, and thus have not the power to contract again until the fluid is evacuated by means of the catheter; hence the reatment of such a case as this pertains more to the art of sur- gery than that of medicine. Treatment.—In most of these cases we find the neck of the blad- der spasmodically contracted. The spasm may be either primary or it may accompany spasmodic colic, which is often the case. In fact some animals, when suffering from retention of urine, act just as if they had colic; hence it is, in such cases, highly necessary that the bladder be examined by introducing a hand into the rectum. By this means, should the bladder be distended, it can easily be discovered. The catheter must then be introduced, or the animal will die from rupture of the bladder. Provided no catheter should be at hand, I should throw into the rectum copi- ous enemas of warm water, and administer one or two ounces of tincture of assafetida as an antispasmodic, which may possibly have the desired effect. DIABETES, OR PROFUSE URINATION. Many veterinary writers contend that diabetes is caused by the administration of diuretics, or else in consequence of improper food. In some instances this may be true. Errors of this kind may produce an excessive flow of urine, but this does not consti- tute diabetes. Symptoms.—The characteristic symptom of diabetes is a most remarkable change in the quality of the urine. It becomes loaded with sugar. It has been found that in true diabetes the urine is never without sugar. The most ready test for sugar in urine is as follows: Invert a test-tube, filled with urine, to which a small quantity of yeast has been added, into a saucer, also containing * @ 230 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. urine; set the mixture in a warm place, and, if sugar be present, fermentation will soon commence, and carbonic acid rising in the tube will depress the upper surface of the urine. Very few experiments have ever been made on the diabetic urine of horses; but large quantities of saccharine matters have been obtained from the diabetic urine of man, by a process of evaporation. Watson tells us, in his “ Lectures,” that he has seen large flat cakes of beautifully crystallized diabetic sugar. “Tt differs somewhat from common sugar, the produce of the sugar-cane, and approaches more nearly to the sugar of grapes. This kind of sugar, which may also be produced artificially from starch, chemists have named glucose. By rapid evaporation of the water, a thick syrup is produced, resembling treacle; but Dr. Macintyre, who has presented to our hospital museum some very fine specimens of this sugar, prepared by Dr. Blandford, informs me that to get it well crystallized, the evaporation in a steam- bath should be stopped while the urine is of thin consistence. It may be quickly reduced to one-half, perhaps, of its original quan- tity; then it should be set aside, in shallow plates, and in the course of ten days or a fortnight the sugar will be deposited.” An animal the subject of diabetes is usually very thirsty. The urine is light-colored, almost transparent. It has not the ordi- nary odor of common urine, but something like musty hay. Treatment.—The indications in the treatment of this affection are, to give tone to the system and sustain the general health. A drachm or two of the sulphate of iron may be occasionally mixed with the oats (the latter must be of the best quality), and one ounce of the fluid extract of buchu may be given every night.* Good wholesome food and an occasional drink of slippery-elm tea are also indicated. Should the disease not yield to such treat- ment as this, the case may be considered incurable. Cause.—In regard to the cause of diabetes, very little is known ; but, to set the matter right in the minds of some who believe that nothing but diuretics and inferior provender excite it, I offer the following quotation from the pen of the author just named. I think, however, that bad food is most likely to produce diabetes. * The buchu is not a direct diuretic, like resin or niter; therefore it may be given with safety. It acts as a tonic and sudorific, and operates physiologically on the kidneys. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 231 “Tt is probable enough that the exciting cause of diabetes may sometimes lie in the digestive organs, as Mr. McGregor supposed. The results of his experiments do not conflict with M. Bernard’s. Mr. McGregor, you may remember, found sugar in the partly- digested food brought up from the stomach of a diabetic patient. He detected it also in the saliva; and in the feces, which, when allowed to dry spontaneously, became covered, after the lapse of some time, with distinct crystals of sugar. And yeast having been administered to two diabetic patients, in ounce doses, after each meal, had soon to be discontinued, because the patients, to use their own expressions, felt as if they ‘ were on the eve of being blown up. There being sugar in the blood, we need not be surprised that he met with it in the gastric and intestinal secretions from the blood. Dr. Harley has observed that by injecting irritating matters into the portal vein, (ammonia, ether, chloroform, alcohol,) a saccharine condition of the urine may be artificially produced. It is conjectured that these substances act upon fibers of the pneu- mogastric nerve, whence an impression is transmitted to the nerv- ous centers, and thence is again reflected upon the liver through the splanchnic nerves. It is not difficult to imagine that irritat- ing substances may find their way into the portal blood through a faulty digestion, or through the use of certain kinds of food or of medicine. Again: since contrived irritation of the brain at the origin of the pneumogastric nerves will make the urine saccharine, the cause of diabetes in the human subject may reasonably be placed, in some instances, within the skull; and we may understand how injuries or diseases of the brain, or even mental disquiet and de- jection, operating through the brain, may produce it. Some strik- ing cases have been published by Dr. Goolden, in which head symptoms were accompanied by saccharine urine, and in which the diabetic symptoms were checked or removed by remedies ad- dressed to the head affection—by blisters especially, and by pur- gatives. Nay, we may ask whether there may not, in fact, be two varieties of diabetes mellitus, in one of which the animal and in the other the vegetable form of sugar may be present in the urine, and whether the one of these varieties may not be more hopeful of cure or recovery than the other. Bearing in mind the name and the distribution of the pneumogastric nerve, may we not in- dulge the conjecture that disease or injury of the brain near the origin of that nerve may directly affect the functions of the stom- P Jan DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ach, and thus prevent its digestive power, or the functions of the lungs, and thus interfere with the chemical destruction of sugar in those organs? This last notion might seem to receive support from the frequent association of pulmonary disease or disorder with saccharine urine.” RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER. It is well known that rupture of the bladder may arise from over-distension with urine; yet it may occur from other causes, as the following article, contributed by Dr. C. M. Woop, will show : “¢ September 1.—My subject was a bay horse, seven years old, in high condition ; that is, fat. On inquiry, I was informed, by the man who had the care of him, that when he entered the stable, at four o’clock, A. M., he found the horse rolling and tumbling, and in great pain. J asked, What has the horse been doing? and was answered that, having fallen into other hands, he had done little more than merely exercise for the past four months. On examination, the following symptoms were observed: The ani- mal was standing, with the near fore extremity raised and extended, and in the act of pawing, but he did not disturb his bedding. He would suddenly place one foot down and raise the opposite one, when he would continue to paw, in like manner, for two or three minutes. He would then cease pawing, and extend himself in his stall, with the head elevated, and a fixed stare, as if in the act of urinating. He would then perhaps lie down at full length in his stall, or throw his head back upon his side, and remain in this position a few minutes; would again rise and commence pawing, as before. When standing, his hind extremities were wide apart. His pulse was forty-two; mouth, hot, but moist; the visible mu- cous surfaces slightly injected; his respiration little disturbed ; in fact, his symptoms were not violent. I gave an antispasmodic drench, and left him. At eight, A. M., again visited my patient. Found him standing, apparently relieved, yet he occasionally man- ifested slight symptoms of a kind of dull abdominal pain. His bowels being costive, I gave him one ounce of cathartic mass, one drachm of calomel, and half a drachm of pulverized opium, in a ball. At noon he was still the same. Ordered him a bran-mash, which he did not eat; nor did he drink. Gave an enema, stim- DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 233 ulated the abdomen, and left him. Six, P. M.—He has laid down quietly for two hours; stands easy, but neither eats nor drinks. Nine, P. M.—Still the same; lies down occasionally. When standing, paws considerably. Has had no evacuation of the bow- els or of the urinary passages since the man discovered that the animal was sick. Examined the rectum, but found no feces therein. Gave half a drachm each of Venice turpentine and copaiba, in an infusion of linseed; gave also an enema, and left him for the night, leaving a pail of water in the manger before him. September 2, six o’clock, A. M.—On entering the stable, my patient appeared much the same as when I left him the previous evening. I inquired how he had been during the night. The groom informed me that ‘he had remained easy until about one o'clock, when he commenced pawing, as before, but without touch- ing his bedding; that he would lie down for a few minutes quite easy, when he would throw himself at full length in his stall, and remain in that position a short time; then rise up and extend himself, as if to relieve the urinary passages, but only a few drops dribbled away, as usual.’ As usual? said I. Have you never observed any difficulty in his making water before? He answered, ‘I have taken care of this horse for over two years, and have never seen him make more than a wine-glassful of water at any one time. He passed a little every ten or fifteen minutes. His stall was constantly wet, but I have never seen any trouble on account of it.’ This statement was fully corroborated by several other persons. I now examined my patient per rectum, and found the bladder empty. Upon introducing the catheter not a drop of urine was obtained, nor even could the odor of urine be detected on the catheter. I now concluded that he had a ruptured bladder, and gave up all hopes of his recovery. However, from the pain at intervals, and apparent relief of the animal occasionally, I di- rected my treatment to the kidneys and bladder, by giving oily laxatives, emollient enemas, and counter-irritation, in the hope, not of cure, but of palliation, and each, in turn, gave relief for a short time. Nine, P. M.—Have seen my patient several times during the day. His symptoms increasing in frequency and vio- lence. Pulse, sixty-six; respiration, hurried; body and extremi- ties, still warm. He paws, rolls, and tumbles violently. Gave an enema, which had the effect to remove the contents of the rec- tum, consisting of four or five small pellets of feces, covered with 234 ' DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. mucus. He now, for the first time, drank six or seven swallows of water, but had no desire for food. I ordered a pail of water to be placed before him, and that a man should watch him during the night. September 3, six, A. M.—Has drank the water. Still paws, lies down, suddenly rises, paws again, and thus continues. The body is still warm; he is not at all violent, his pain being, as it were, dull; the abdomen rapidly increasing in size. Nine, P. M.i— Have seen my patient several times since morning. See no pos- sible chance for recovery. His respiration is quick and laborious ; pulse, seventy-four ; visible mucous surfaces highly injected ; head and neck bedewed with a cold, clammy perspiration; tremor of the fore extremities ; still paws, but does not lie down. He puts his nose in the bucket, plays with the water in it, but does not drink. Abdomen appears to increase in size. Notwithstanding every means was used for his relief, the symptoms continued to increase in severity, and he died at one o’clock, A. M., on the fourth. Made an examination thirty-six hours after death, the knacker neglecting to remove the horse before. On opening the abdo- men the following appearances were visible: A slight blush of inflammation pervaded the whole of the intestinal canal. Ex- treme distention of the cecum and colon, but their contents were pultacious. The bladder quite empty, and contracted at its cervix into firm rugce; in substance its walls thickened to half an inch; its apex bore marks of ulceration, with a rupture of one and a half inches through its parieties. Had it not been ruptured, I think the bladder could not have been made to contain more than a quart; and we think this condition of the organ is sufficient to account for the constant dribbling spoken of by the groom. ‘There was an accumulation of several gallons of fluid in the abdominal cavity, and the peritoneum bore evident marks of inflammation, which, doubtless, had been rendered less solvent by the medicines administered. The lining membrane of the bladder was clothed with a kind of mucus, thick, muddy, and of a dark color. The kidneys were almost destitute of the investing membrane. What remained rubbed off with the slightest touch. In attempting to remove them from their connections, they were torn with very little force. They were of a brick red color, extremely soft, so that they could be squeezed between the fingers like a paste; or, DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 235 when laid upon a board, they flattened like soft dough. The liver was softened, or, as it is generally called, rotten. It appeared pale, was of a clay color externally, and could be broken down with the slightest pressure. The stomach was healthy, and con- tained about four quarts of fluid. The thoracic viscera healthy ; heart, large and firm ; lungs, sound, but discolored, doubtless from lying so long after death. An idea suggests itself in regard to the case now under consid- eration: that the liver did not properly prepare the blood for the secretion of the urine; hence the morbid condition of the kidneys and bladder. But, although these organs are shown to have been exercising a diseased secretory action, yet doubtless the primary seat of the affection was in the digestive apparatus, the stomach, and more particularly the liver. This question is not only a very important one in a pathological point of view, but it is also one of peculiar interest to the practitioner in his treatment of disease. Tt directs him to the proper remedies to employ, and the action of these remedies on the organs affected. In the treatment of all diseases, it is not only necessary to understand the cause, but to know the organ or viscus affected.” ALBUMINOUS URINE. This is rather a rare disease among horses; yet, as it does occa- sionally occur, it may be proper to take some notice of it. Those cases which have come under the author’s notice have occurred in animals of the scrofulous diathesis, most of which animals had a scurfy skin, and were otherwise unthrifty, just the subjects for disease of the kidneys; for it is well known that when the excre- mentitious function of the skin is interrupted, the kidneys have to perform double labor. Their function is then overtaxed ; hence, disease. Albuminous urine is often associated with various forms of dis- ease, or, rather, is the result of disease, or may follow the use of improper medicines or bad food. Such are said to be the cause of this malady (functional) in the human; and, reasoning from analogy, we infer that the same causes operate on the horse, for all the functions of his body are carried on after the same general plan that obtains in the body of man. Watson teaches us “ that some articles of food, and some medi- 236 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. cines, have the effect, in some cases, of rendering the urine for a time albuminous. Perhaps it would be more correct to say that certain forms of indigestion may cause this change. Albumen has, also, been detected after a blister upon the skin, or under that general state of irritation of the skin called eczema rubrum, which is produced by the use of mercury. In the crisis of some febrile disorders, in some cases of pregnancy, of heart disease, and in epi- demic cholera, the same phenomena has been observed. Whenever blood, proceeding from the long track of mucous membrane which lines the urinary organs, mingles with the urine, that fluid, of necessity, contains albumen, and coagulates, if tested by heat or by nitric acid.” There is no albumen in healthy urine; neither can we recognize its presence by mere inspection. Horses often pass urine of a thick and ropy character, but that does not prove that it is albuminous. It may be loaded with morbid or excrementi- tious matter, yet contain not a particle of albumen. Healthy urine, when recently discharged, possesses the ordinary temper- ature of the body, is transparent, of a straw color, and exhales a peculiar ammoniacal odor, which it loses in cooling. About ninety-three parts in one hundred of healthy urine is water; the remainder are made up chiefly of urea, saline and organic matters. Albumen, being similar to the white of eggs, passes from the fluid to the solid state by boiling; therefore, in order to detect albumen in urine, it is only necessary to heat the suspected urine to the boiling point, when the albuminous opacity becomes visible. A horse the subject of albuminous urine usually has a strad- dling gait; will stretch backward his hind legs; is stiff, and makes short turns with difficulty. He is usually thirsty and feverish, has a quick pulse, and the feuces are hard and dark-colored. When the disease is of long standing, and the animal loses flesh, and the mucous membranes of the mouth appear pale, the probability is that the disease is organic, and the case may be considered incura- ble. In such cases, the morbid appearances after death denote — degeneration, or structural change in the secreting surface of the kidneys, and in the glands also. | Treatment.—The best remedy for the treatment of this affection | is fluid extract of buchu, two ounces per day. Green vegetables | and carrots are also indicated. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 237 HaMATuURIA (BLoopy URINE). Heematuria consists of extravasation of blood from the urinary organs, which is mixed with the urine, giving to the latter a blood- red tinge. Small quantities of blood is very often excreted from the kidneys, in consequence of congestion of the renal blood-ves- sels. The affection often follows injury or sprain in the lumbar region, and may occur in consequence of active disease, scattered in either the kidneys or the bladder. Strong diuretics, such as turpentine, juniper berries, etc., are operative in producing hema- turia. But many cases are very obscure. Blood is sometimes voided with the urine without any assignable cause. I have known mares, when menstruating, to pass considerable blood with the urine, which ceased on the termination of menstruation. Treatment.—The proper method of treating this affection is to apply warm-water dressings to the loins, and drench the patient with one ounce of fluid extract of matico, night and morning, Mucilaginous drinks are also needed, which may be composed of, slippery-elm, flaxseed, or gum arabic. SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS USED IN VETERINARY PRACTICE. EXxrLANATION.—Fig. 1, Hobbles for casting; 2, Probang, for the removal of obstruction — within the cesophagus; 3, Thumb lancet; 4, Artery forceps; 5, Gum scarificator; 6, Tube used for obstruction in the teats; 7, Castrating knife; 8, Beak-pointed scalpel; 9, Curved scissors 10, Suture-needles; 11, Female catheter; 12, Parturient slip-noose; 13, Parturient laver; 14, Em- bryotomy forceps, or clasp-hooks; 15, Embryotomy knife; 16, Mouth-gag; 17, Trocar; 18, Canula or cover of the trocar; 19, 20, Trocar and canula for puncturing the chest; 21, 22, 23, Views of the several parts of the tracheotomy tube. SECTION IX. SURGICAL OPERATIONS. Or SuraicaAL OPERATIONS AND THE VARIOUS RESTRAINTS IT IS SOMETIMES NE- CESSARY TO PLACE THE Horse UNDER FOR THEIR PERFORMANCE—CAsTING— Siincginc—CastTRATION—FreNcH METHOD OF CASTRATION—CASTRATION BY LigATURE—LITHOTOMY—TRACHEOTOMY—(HsoPpHAGOTOMY—NEvROTOMY— MoprE or PERFORMING NEUROTOMY—PERIOSTEOTOMY—DIVISION OF THE FLEXOR TEN- DONS—AMPUTATIONS—AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS—AMPUTATION OF THE. TAIL— NicKING—FIRING—BLISTERING—AMMONIACAL BLIStER—ROWELLING—SETONS— ABSTRACTION OF BLooD, OR BLEEDING—DIVISION OF THE TEMPORAL ARTERY— BLEEDING BY THE PALATE—BLEEDING BY THE TOE—PHLEBOTOMY—BLEEDING BY THE JUGULAR VEIN. Or SuRGICAL OPERATIONS AND THE VARIOUS RESTRAINTS IT IS SOMETIMES NECESSARY TO PLACE THE HORSE UNDER FOR THEIR PERFORMANCE. e HEN it is necessary to perform any painful operation on so powerful an animal as the horse, it is of consequence to subject him to a restraint equal to the occasion. Horses are very dissimilar in their tempers, and bear pain very differently ; but it is always prudent to prepare for the worst, and few impor- tant operations should be attempted without casting. Humanity should be the fundamental principle of every proceeding, and we ought always to subject this noble animal to pain with reluctance ; but when circumstances absolutely call for it, we should joyfully close our hearts to all necessary suffering. The resistance of the horse is terrible, and it is but common prudence to guard against the effects of it. The lesser restraints are various. Among them may be first noticed the twircH. The twitch is a very necessary instrument in a stable, though, when frequently and officiously used, it may have the ill-effect of rendering some horses violent to resist its application. In many instances blindfolding will do (239) 240 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. more than the twitch; and some horses may be quieted, when the pain is not excessive, by holding the ear in one hand, and rubbing the point of the nose with the other. A soothing manner will often engage the attention and prevent violence; but it is seldom that either threats or punishment‘render an unruly horse more calm. Inexperienced persons guard themselves only against the hind legs; but they should be aware that some horses strike ter- ribly with their fore-feet. It is prudent, therefore, in all opera- tions, to blindfold the animal, as, by this, he becomes particularly intimidated, and if he strikes he can not aim. When one of the fore extremities requires a very minute examination, it is prudent to have the opposite leg held up (it may, in some cases, be tied) ; and when one of the hinder feet is the object of attention, the fore one of the same side should be held up, as, by this means, the ani- mal is commonly prevented from striking. If this precaution be not taken, still observe to keep one hand on the hock, while the other is employed in what is necessary, by which means, if the - foot become elevated to kick, sufficient warning is given, and thé very action of the horse throws the operator away from the stroke. Without the use of these arts, the practitioner will expose himself to much risk. The TREVIS is the very utmost limit of restraint, and is seldom used save by smiths, to shoe very violent and power- ful horses. Whenever recourse is had to it, the greatest caution is necessary to bed and bolster all the parts that are likely to come in contact with the body. On the Continent we have seen horses shod in this machine, and apparently put into it from no necessity greater than to prevent the clothes of the smith from being dirtied. Horses have been destroyed by the trevis, as well as by casting ; or their aversion to the restraint has been such, they have died from the consequences of their own resistance. The SIDE-LINE is now very generally used, not only in minor operations, but also in those more important. Many veterinarians do not use any other restraint than this, in which they consider there is safety both to the horse and to the operator. It is applicable to such horses as are disposed to strike behind, and consists in placing a hobble-strap around the pastern of one hind leg, and then carrying from a web collar, passed over the head, the end of a rope through the D of the hobble, and back again under the webbing round the neck. A man is then set to pull at the free end of the rope, by which the hinder leg is drawn forward without elevating it from the ground. SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 241 By this displacement of one leg the horse is effectually secured from kicking with either. Occasionally it is thus applied: hobbles are put on both hind legs, and the rope is passed through each of the rings. According to this last method, the horse is actually east, as he must fall when the ropes are pulled. Take a long rope, and tie a loop in the middle, which is to be of such a size as it may serve for a collar ; pass the loop over the head, letting the knot rest upon the withers; then take the free ends, pass them through the hobbles, and bring it under the loop. Let two men pull at the ropes, and the hind legs will be drawn forward. CASTING. The objections to this practice arise from the dangers incurred by forcing the horse to the ground. Mr. Bracy Clark simplified casting by inventing some patent hobbles, having a running chain instead of rope, and which, by a shifting D, made the loosening of all the hobbles, for the purpose of getting at a particular leg, unnecessary. These were still further improved by Mr. Budd, so as to render a release from all the hobbles at once practicable. Hobble leathers and ropes should be kept supple and pliant with oil, and ought to be always examined previous to using; nor should the D or ring of the strap be of any other metal than iron. Brass, however thick, is brittle, and not to be depended on. To the D ring, or ring of one pastern hobble, a chain of about four feet long is attached ; to this a strong rope is well fastened, and, according to the way the horse is to be thrown, this hobble is to be fixed on the fore-foot of the contrary side. The rope is then passed from the hobble on the fore-foot to the D of the hind foot of that side, then to the other hind foot, and, lastly, through the D of the other fore- foot. After this, much of the ease and safety of the throw depends on bringing the legs as near together as possible. This should be done by gradually moving them nearer to each other, without alarming the horse, which will very much facilitate the business, and is really of more moment than is generally imagined. A space sufficiently large should be chosen for the purpose of casting, as some horses struggle much, and throw themselves with great vio- lence a considerable way to one side or the other; and they are able to do this if the feet have not been brought near together pre- vious to attempting the cast. The place should be also very well 16 242 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. littered down. The legs having been brought together, the assist- ants must act in concert. One, particularly, should be at the head, which must be carefully held throughout by means of a strong snafile-bridle; another should be at the hind part, to direct the fall, and to force the body of the horse to the side which is requi- site. Pursuing these instructions, the animal may be at once rather let down than thrown, by a dexterous and quick drawing of the rope, the whole assistants acting in concert. The moment the horse is down, the person at the head must throw himself upon that member, and keep it secure; for ali the efforts of the animal to disengage himself are begun by elevating the head and fore-parts. The rope is tightened. The chain is fixed by inserting a hook through one of the links, of sufficient size not to pass the hobbles. When the operation is over, the screw which fastens the chain to the hobble, first put upon one fore-leg, is withdrawn. The chain then flies through the D’s of the other hobbles, and all the legs are free, save the fore-leg first alluded to; the strap of this has to be afterward unbuckled. There are also other apparatus used in casting, as a strong leathern case to pass over the head, serving as a blind when the animal is being thrown, and as a protection against his rubbing the skin off his eyes when down. Then a sur- cingle is also used. This is fastened round the horse’s body, and from the back hangs a broad strap and a rope. The strap is fast- ened to the fore-leg of that side which it is desired should be uppermost. ‘The line is given to a man who stands on the oppo- site side to the generality of the pullers. On the signal being given, the men having hold of the hobble-rope pull the legs one way, while he who has hold of the rope attached to the surcingle pulls the back in a contrary direction, and the horse is immedi- ately cast. SLINGING. This is a restraint which horses submit to with great impatience, and not without much inconvenience, from the violent excoriations occasioned by the friction and pressure of the bandaging around his body. Graver evils are also brought about by the abdominal - pressure. Some horses stale and dung with difficulty when sus- pended, and inflammation of the bowels has not unfrequently come on during slinging, ‘The slings are, however, forced on us in some cases, as in fractured bones, the treatment of open joints, SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 243 and some other wounds where motion would be most unfavorable to the curative treatment. Suspension may be partial or complete. Suspension of any kind will require the application of pulleys and ropes affixed to the beams, that the whole body of the horse may be supported. A sling may be formed of a piece of strong sack- ing, which is to pass under the belly, the two ends being fastened firmly to pieces of wood, each of about three feet long, and which are to reach a little higher than the horse’s back. ‘To the pieces of wood cords and pulleys are to be firmly attached, by which means the sacking can be lowered or raised at pleasure. To the sacking, also, are to be sewn strong straps, both before and behind, to prevent the horse sliding in either direction, without carrying the sacking with him. Upon this so-formed cradle he is to Peokne! If horses when they are fresh should be placed in this machine, most of them would either injure themselves or break through all restraint. However, by tying up their heads for three or four nights their spirit is destroyed. The slings may then be applied without the fear of resistance. It is the best method not to pull the canvas firm up, but to leave about an inch between the horse’s belly and the cloth, so that the animal may stand free, or throw his weight into the slings when he pleases. In this fashion a horse may remain for months in the slings, and at the end of the time display none of the wear and tear so role described by old authors. CASTRATION. This practice is of very ancient origin, and is as extensive as ancient. It is founded on the superior placidity of temper it gives. The castrated horse no longer evinces the superiorities of his mas- culine character, but approaches the softer form and nfflder char- acter of the mare. Losing his ungovernable desires, he submits to discipline and confinement without resistance ; and, if he be less worthy of the painter’s delineation and the poet’s song, he is val- uable to his possessor in a tenfold degree. In England, where length in the arms and of the wide-spread angles of the limbs is absolutely necessary in the horse to accomplish the rapid traveling so much in yogue among us, the exchange of the lofty carriage and high action of the stallion is absolutely necessary ; and when we have added the lessened tendency of the gelding to some dis- eases, as hernia, founder, cutaneous affections, etc., we may be 244 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. content to leave the sexual type with the racer for his breed; also with the dray-horse for his weight, and the fancy of his owner. Supposing it, therefore, eligible to castrate our horses, what is he proper age for the operation? What are the relative advan- tages and disadvantages of the different methods of performing it? The proper age to castrate the young horse must depend on circumstances, as on his present appearance, his growth, and the future purposes we intend him for, observing, generally, that the more early it is done, the safer is the operation; for, until these organs begin to secrete, they are purely structural parts, and, as such, are not so intimately connected with the sympathies of the constitution. Some breeders of horses castrate at twelve months; others object to this period, because they think the animal has not sufficiently recovered the check experienced from weaning before this new shock to the system occurs. In the more common sort of horses, used for agricultural purposes, it is probably indif- ferent at what time the operation is performed, this consideration being kept in view: that the earlier it is done, the lighter will the horse be in his forehand; and the longer it is protracted, the heav- ier will be his crest, and the greater his weight before, which, in heavy draught-work, is desirable. For carriage-horses it would be less so, and the period of two years is not a bad one for their castration. The better sort of saddle-horses should be well ex- amined every three or four months, particularly at the ages of twelve, eighteen, and twenty-four months, at either of which times, according to circumstances or to fancy, provided the forehand be sufficiently developed, it may be proceeded with. Waiting longer may make the horse heavy; but, if his neck appear too long and thin, and his shoulders spare, he will assuredly be improved by being allowed to remain entire for six or eight months later. Many of the Yorkshire breeders never cut till two years, and think their horses stronger and handsomer for it. Some wait even longer; but the fear in this case is, that the stallion form will be too predominant, and a heavy crest and weighty forehand be the consequence. Perhaps, also, the temper may suffer. Young colts require little preparation, provided they are healthy and not too full from high living. If so, they must be kept somewhat short for a few days; and, in all, the choice of a mild season and moderate temperature is proper. SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 245 When a full-grown horse is operated on, some further prepa- ration is necessary. He should not be in a state of debility, and, certainly, not in one of plethora. In the latter case, lower his diet ; and it would be prudent to give him a purgative. It is also ad- visable that it be done when no influenza or strangles rage, as we have found the effects of castration render a horse very obnoxious to any prevalent disease. The advanced spring season—previous, however, to the flies becoming troublesome—is the proper time for the performance of the operation upon all valuable horses; and be careful that it be not done until after the winter coat has been shed, which will have a favorable effect on the future coating of the horse, independent of the circumstance that at a period of change the constitution is not favorable to unusual excitement. Castration is performed in various ways, but in all it expresses the removal of the testicles. There are methods of rendering the animal impotent without the actual destruction of these organs; for if, by any other method, the secretion of the spermatic glands is prevented, our end is answered. Castration by cauterization is the method which has been prin- cipally practiced among us; but this by no means proves it the best. On the contrary, many of our most expert veterinarians do not castrate by this method. Mr. Goodwin, and many other practitioners of eminence, never castrate by cautery. A preliminary observation should be made previously to casting, to see that the horse is not suffering from a rupture. Such cases have happened; and as in our method we open a direct commu- nication with the abdomen, when the horse rises it is not improb- able that his bowels protrude until they trail on the ground, Hernia, as a consequence of castration, may easily occur by the uncovered operation ; for, as already observed, it makes the scrotal sac and abdominal cavity one continuous opening. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, if the violent struggles of the animal should force a quantity of intestine through the rings into the scrotal bag. Should we he called on to operate on a horse which already had hernia, it is evident we ought not to proceed with it unless the owner be apprised of the risk, and willing to abide by it. In such cases, we would recommend that the method of Girard be practiced; that is, to inclose the tunica vaginalis within the clams, (sufficiently tight to retain them, but not to produce death in the part,) pushed high up against the abdominal ring, and then 246 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. to remove the testicle, being very careful to avoid injuring any portion of intestine in the operation. When a discovery is made of the existence of hernia after an opening has been already made for the common purpose of castration, should the operator con- tinue his process, and castrate? We should say, By no means; but, on the contrary, we would greatly prefer the method recom- mended by Mr. Percivall: firmly to unite the lips of the external wound by suture, allowing the testicle itself to assist in blocking up the passage, with a hope, also, that the inflammation caused by the incision might altogether stop up the scrotal communication with the abdomen. But, in the appalling case of immense pro- trusion of intestine, what is to be done? Mr. Coleman, in such a case, proposes to make an opening near the umbilicus large enough to introduce the hand, and thus draw in the bowels. Mr. Percivall would prefer dilating the external ring. But the testicle must be very firmly retained, and even permanently fixed against the dilated ring, or the bowels would again descend. The intes- tines probably would become inflated in any such case. As unbroken young horses are the most usual subjects of this operation, and as such often have not yet been bridled, if a colt can not be enticed with oats, etc., he must be driven into a corner, between two steady horses, where, if a halter can not be put on, at least a running hempen noose can be got round his neck ; but which- ever is used, it should be flat, or the struggles, which are often long and violent, may bruise the neck, and produce abscess or injury. When his exertions have tired him, he may then be led to the operating spot. Here his attention should be engaged while the hobbles are put on, if possible; if not, a long and strong cart-rope, having its middle portion formed into a noose sufficiently large to take in the head and neck, is to be slipped on, with the knotted part applied to the counter or breast. The long pendent ends are passed backward between the fore-legs; then carried round the hind fetlocks, brought forward again on the outside, run under the collar-rope ; a second time carried backward on the outer side of all, and extended to the full length in a direct line behind the | animal. Thus fettered, Mr. Percivall says his hind feet may be drawn under him toward the elbows. It has been, however, often found that, at the moment the rope touches the legs, the colt either kicks and displaces the rope, or altogether displaces himself; but his attention can generally be engaged by one fore-leg being held SURGICAL OPERATIONS. Q47 up, or by having his ear or muzzle rubbed, or even by the twitch ; if not, the rope may be carried actually round each fetlock, which then acts like a hobble, and this rope may be gradually tight- ened. This last, however, is a very questionable method, and the others, therefore, ought to be long tried before it is resorted to. In this way people have succeeded with very refractory colts; but it requires very able assistants, and, if possible, the man who has been used to the individual colt should be present. In either way, as soon as the rope is fixed, with aman at each end of it, behind the colt, let themy:by a sudden and forcible effort in concert, ap- proximate his hind legs to his fore, and thus throw him. Before the colt is cast, however, it should be endeavored to ascertain that he is free from strangles and hernia. Being satisfied that no hernia exists on either side, proceed to east the colt, turning him, not directly on the left side, but prin- cipally inclining that way; and, if possible, let the croup be very slightly elevated. It is usual to place him directly flat on the left side, but the above is more convenient. Next, secure the near hind leg with a piece of hempen tackle, having a running noose; or, in default of this not being at hand, make use of the flat part of a hempen halter, which should, for safety, be put on before the hobble of that leg is removed—as may be readily done, if the hebbles having shifting or screw D’s (as described in casting) are made use of. Every requisite being at hand, the operator, having his scalpel ready, should place himself behind the horse, as the most convenient way to perform his manipulations; and, firmly grasping the left testicle with his left hand, and drawing*it out so as to render the scrotum tense, he should make an incision length- ways, from the anterior to the posterior part of the bag. The resistance of the cremaster muscle has to be overcome before the testicle can be forced to the bottom of the scrotum, and this is the - more readily accomplished if the animal’s attention be engaged. The incision may be carried at once through the integuments, the thin dartos expansion, and the vaginal coat of the testicles with a sweep of the scalpel; but with one less dextrous at the opera- tion, it will be more prudent to make the first incision through the scrotum and dartos only, to the required extent, and then to do the same by the vaginal coat, thus avoiding to wound the tes- ticle, which would produce violent resistance, and give unneces- sary pain. 248 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. We, however, take this opportunity of noting that cases have occurred when the tunica vaginalis was divided no testicle fol- lowed, firm adhesions between this tunic and the tunica albuginea having retained it fast. In such cases the scalpel must be em- ployed to free the testicle, by dissecting it away from the vaginal sac. When no such obstruction occurs, the testicle, if the opening be sufficiently large, will slip out; but the operator must be pre- pared, at the moment of so doing, to expect some violent struggles, more particularly if he attempt to restrain the contractions of the cremaster, and, by main force, to draw out the testicle. Prepara- tory to this, therefore, the twitch should he tightened ; the attend- ants, especially the man at the head, must be on the alert; and the testicle itself, at the time of this violent retraction of the cre- master, should be merely held, but not dragged in opposition to the contraction. If the clams have been put on over the whole, according to Mr. Percivall’s method, they will assist in retaining the retracting parts; but they must not be used with too much pressure. The resistance having subsided, the clams must now be removed; or, .if they have not been previously in use, they must now be taken in hand, and, having been prepared by some tow being wound around them, should be placed easily on the cord, while time is found to free from the grip of the pincers the vas def- erens, or spermatic tube, which is seen continued from the epididy- mis. The Russians, Mr. Goodwin informs us, cut it through when they operate. Humanity is much concerned in its removal from pressure, because of the excess of pain felt when it is included. It is necessary, before the final fixing of the clams, to deter- mine on the part where the division of the cord is to take place. To use Mr. Percivall’s words, ‘if it be left too long, it is apt to hang out‘of the wound afterward, and retard the process of union.’ On the other hand, if it be cut very short, and the arteries hap- pen to bleed afresh after it has been released from the clams, the operator will find it no easy task to recover it. The natural length of the cord, which will mainly depend on the degree of the descent of the gland, will be our best guide in this particular. The place of section determined on and marked, close the clams sufficiently tight to retain firm hold of the cord, and to effectually stop the circulation within it. There are now two modes of making the division: the one is to sever it with a scalpel, and then to sufficiently sear the end of it as to prevent a flow of blood ; the SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 249 other, and in some respects the preferable method, is to employ a blunt-edged iron, which is to divide by little crucial sawings, so that, when the cord is separated, it shall not present a uniform surface, but ragged edges, which will perfectly close the mouths of the vessels. This done, loosen the clams sufficiently to observe whether there be any flow of blood. Gently wipe the end of the cord, also, with the finger, as sometimes an accidental small plug gets within the vessel; this had better be removed at the time. Retain a hold on the clams a few minutes longer; and, while loosening them gradually, observe to have an iron in readiness again to touch the end of the cord, if any blood makes its appear- ance. Satisfied on this point, sponge the parts with cold water. No sort of external application is necessary, still less any resin seared on the end of the cord, which can only irritate, and will never adhere. On the after-treatment much difference of opinion has existed, and even yet exists. The powerful evidence of accumulated facts has now conyinced us of the necessity and propriety of some mo- tion for the newly castrated horse, as a preventive of local con- gestion. Such practice is common in most countries, and seems salutary in all. Hurtrel d’Arboval, thus impressed, recommends the horse, immediately after the operation, to be led out to walk for an hour; and it is a general plan in France to walk such horses in hand an hour night and morning. Mr. Goodwin, in proof of its not being hurtful, informs us that whole studs of horses, brought to St. Petersburg to be operated on, are immediately traveled back a certain portion of the distance, night and morning, until they arrive at home. We have, therefore, no hesitation in recom- mending a moderate degree of motion in preference to absolute rest. . The French method of castration is advocated by Mr. Goodwin, and it is sufficient that it receives his recommendation to entitle it to attention. It is rendered the more so, as he observes, on the method in general use among us, ‘that the operation per- formed by the actual cautéry always induces, more or less, symp- toms that often become alarming, and that it can not be performed on the adult without incurring more swelling and severer conse- quences than attend other methods of operation. If I ever use the actual cautery, it is for the sake of expedition, and then only on a yearling or a two-year old; but I am resolved never to em- 250 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ploy it again on an adult.’ These observations, as emanating from such a source, must be deemed important. Mr. Goodwin then offers the description of the French method of operating, from Hurtrel d@’Arboval: ‘Castration by means of the clams is the method in general use, if not the only one now employed. It is the most ancient, since it was recommended by Hieroclius among the Greeks. It is performed in two ways, the testicle being covered or uncovered. In the former, the exterior of the scrotum, formed by the skin and dartos muscle, is cut through, and the testicle is brought out by dissecting away the laminated tissue, the gland being covered by the tunica vaginalis. The clam is then placed above the epididymis, outside the external peritoneal covering of the cord. In the uncovered operation, the incision is made through the servus capsule of the testicle. The tunica vaginalis being divided, the testicle presents itself, and the clam is placed well above the epididymis, on the cord. The ope- ration, performed in either way, requires us to provide ourselves with a scalpel, a pair of clams, a pair of long pincers, made pur- posely to bring the ends of the clams together, and some waxed string. The clams may be formed of different kinds of wood, but the alder is considered the best, and generally made use of. To make a clam, we procure a branch of old and dry alder, whose diameter should be about an inch, and whose length should be from five to six inches; of course, the dimensions must, at all times, be proportioned to the size of the cord we have to operate on. At the distance of half an inch from each end, a small nick, sufficiently deep to hold the string, must be made, and then the wood should be sawed through the middle lengthways. Each divided surface should be planed, so as to facilitate the opening of the clams, either when about to place them on or take them off. The pith of the wood is then to be taken out, and the hollow should be filled with corrosive sublimate and flour, mixed with sufficient water to form it into a paste. Some persons are not in the habit of using any caustic whatever; then, of course, scooping out of the inside of the clam is not necessary. Notwithstanding, the caustic, inasmuch as it produces a speedier dissolution of the parts, must be useful, and ought not to be neglected.’ The addi- tion of the caustic, however, Mr. Goodwin objects to, with great reason, remarking that, unless it be a very strong one, and there- fore dangerous to employ, it can not be of any use to parts com- SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 251 pressed and deprived of circulation and life. He further informs us that he has operated in six cases in succession with the same effect, without any escharotic matter whatever. An experimental case of Mr. Percivall’s terminated fatally. By the use of caustic the cord was’ greatly inflamed, as high as the ring, and which, unquestionably, produced the unfortunate result. ‘The covered operation,’ continues Mr. Goodwin, ‘is the one that I am about to advocate, and which differs only insomuch that the scrotum and dartos muscle must be cautiously cut through, without dividing the tunica vaginalis. It was Monsieur Berger who was accidentally at my house when I was about to castrate a horse, and who, on my saying that I should probably do it with the cautery, expressed his surprise that I should perform the oper- ation in any other way than on the plan generally approved of in France. Being a stranger to it, he kindly consented to preside at the operation, and, after seeing him perform on the near tes- ticle, I did the same on the right, but, of course, not with the same facility. After opening the scrotum, and dissecting through the dartos, which is very readily done by passing the knife lightly over its fibers, the testicle and its covering, the tunica vaginalis, must be taken in the right hand, while the left should be-employed in pushing back the scrotum from its attachments; and, having your assistant ready, as before, with the clam, it must be placed well above the epididymis, and greater pressure is, of course, necessary, as the vaginal covering is included in the clam.’ Mr. Goodwin further observes that in Russia he has seen hun- dreds of horses operated on, even after the human fashion, with safety ; and, he remarks, it certainly produces less pain, the animal loses less flesh and condition, and is sooner recovered than when operated on by the actual cautery. Castration by ligature is a painful, barbarous, and very danger- ous practice, and consists in inelosing the testicles and scrotum within ligatures, until mortification occurs, and they drop off. It is practiced by some breeders on their young colts, but it is always - hazardous and disgracefully cruel. The substance of the testicle, in some countries, is also broken down, either by rubbing or other- wise by pressure between two hard bodies.» This is practiced in Algiers, instead of excision, and tetanus is a frequent consequence of it. In Portugal they twist round the testicle, and thus stop the circulation of the gland. Division of the vas deferens has been 252 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. performed, it is said, with success, on many animals, and is pro- posed as a safe and less painful process than the emasculation of the horse. It consists in a longitudinal section through the scro- tum, dartos, and vaginal sheath, so as to expose the cord, from which the vas deferens is to be separated and severed from the artery and vein. There is a certain consent of parts, by which the sympathy of an organ remains after its functional offices are apparently destroyed. There can be little doubt but the nervous excitement would continue, the vein and artery remaining entire. There are certain nice conditions of the organ necessary for prop- agation. Thus, the horse who retains his testicles within his abdo- men, possesses all the roguish qualities of him with one perfectly evolved; he is lustful, and can cover, but is seldom fruitful. Of the morbid consequences of castration we have little to say. By early evacuations, green food, a loose box, a cool air, moderate clothing, but, particularly, by walking exercise, swellings of the parts may be prevented; if not, bleed and foment. Should sup- puration follow, and sinuses form, treat as directed under those heads; and if tetanic symptoms start up, refer to that article. There has been lately practiced in India a novel mode of castra- tion, which is said to be the invention of a Boer, settled at the Cape of Good Hope. The cord is exposed in the usual manner. From the cord the artery is singled out. This vessel is scraped through with a coarse-edged, blunt knife, when the other constitu- tents of the cord are cut away, and the operation is finished. This method is much praised by those who have adopted it, and is:said to be always attended with success. LITHOTOMY. Hurtrel d’Arboval’s account of the progress of lithotomy in vet- erinary practice commences in 1774; the second case was success- fully operated on in 1794; and at later periods other veterinary surgeons have also performed it. In monodactyles there are two methods of operating for the stone—one through the rectum, the yother through the bladder. The first, which consists in laying open the bladder by a longitudinal incision made through the parietes of the part of the rectum adherent to it, by means of a straight bistoury, is easily practiced, but in its consequences is dangerous in the extreme ; in fact, it is an operation never to be SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 253 adopted but in a case where the magnitude of the stone precludes its extraction through the neck of the bladdér. In all other cases, lithotomy by the urethra is to be pursued. For its performance are required a straight probe-pointed bistoury, a whalebone fluted staff, and a pair of forceps, curved at the extremities. The ani- mal should, if practicable, be maintained in the erect posture. The tail plaited and carried round on the right quarter, the opera- tor feels for the end of the staff introduced up the urethra, and makes an incision directly upon it, from above downward, an inch and a half or two inches in length. Next, he introduces the sound, and passes it onward into the bladder. Now, placing the back of the bistoury within the groove of the sound, by gliding the knife forward, the pelvic portion of the urethra, and also the neck of the bladder, becomes slit open—the latter in two places, in consequence of a second cut being made in withdrawing the bistoury. The opening made being considered of sufficient dimensions, the oper- ator introduces the forceps into the bladder, and seizes the calculus, one hand being up the rectum, to aid him in so doing. The for- ceps, clasping the stone, are now to be withdrawn, but with gen- tleness, and with a vacillating sort of movement of the hand from side to side, in order more easily to surmount any difficulties in the passage, and the more effectually to avoid confusion or laceration. M. Girard tells us ‘that the cut through the pelvic portion of the urethra ought always to be made obliquely to one side. The operator should hold his bistoury in such a direction that its cutting edge be turned toward the angle of the thigh. By this procedure we shall gain easier access to the bladder, and not only avoid wounding the rectum, but also the artery of the bulb, as well as the bulb itself; and suspensory ligaments of the penis. The parts cut through in the operation are, Ist, the fine thin skin of the perineum, smooth externally, and marked with a raphe; densely cellular internally ; 2d, adhering to the tissue, the fascial covering, derived from the fascia superficialis abdominis, which has here become fibrous, it forms the common envelope to the parts underneath, and is closely connected with the corpus musculosum urethre ; 3d, the corpus musculosum urethre, that penniform band of fleshy fibers which springs by two branches | from the ischiatie tuberosities embracing the sphincter ani, and concealing the arteries of the bulb, whence they unite, and pro- ceed to envelop the urethra; 4th, the corpus spongiosum urethre, 254 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. the part immediately covered by the muscular envelope, and which here is bulbous (it is more particularly worthy our remark, from two arteries penetrating the bulb, which come from without the pelvis, ascending obliquely outward to reach the part); 5th, the suspensory ligaments of the penis, pursuing the course of, and ad- hering to, the tendinous union of the erectores. An attention to the relative position of these parts will demonstrate the advantages of the lateral oblique incision over one made directly along the raphe. By pursuing the latter, we necessarily cut through the suspensory ligaments and into the bulb, wounding thereby the arteries ; whereas, by the former, all this danger is avoided, besides that it renders the operation more simple and facile. TRACHEOTOMY. Cases occur when this operation is required, as in strangles, when the tumors threaten suffocation, or when any substance has remained unswallowed in the cesophagus, the pressure of which obstructs respiration. In a distressing case of gunpowder burst- ing immediately under a horse’s nose, the effects of which tumefied his mouth and nostrils, so as to prevent free inspiration, the ani- mal owed his life entirely to our excising a portion from the tracheal rings, about ten inches below the angle of the throat. The operation is a very simple one, and may consist either in a longitudinal section made through two or three of the rings, or a portion, occupying about an inch round, may be excised from the anterior cartilaginous substance. ‘The proper mode, when it can be done, however, is to make a circular opening with a very nar- row knife, removing a portion of two cartilages, or taking a semi- circular piece from each; and this last, although it is seldom performed, is by far the best method.. The integuments should be first divided in the exact center of the neck, three or four inches below the obstruction; then the skin and tissues should be suffi- ciently separated to allow a tube adapted to the size of the trachea to be introduced, the tube having an acute turn and a rim, which must be furnished with holes for the adaptation of tapes, to secure it around the neck. There are several instruments of this sort in use, of which that adopted by the French, or the one invented by Mr. Gowing, of Camden Town, is to be preferred. The oper- ation has been also performed in cases of roaring, under an idea SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 255 of dividing the stricture which impeded respiration ; but, unless the exact situation of this were discovered, it would be but an ex- perimental attempt. (CHSOPHAGOTOMY. Tt was long thought that a wound in the cesophagus must be necessarily fatal, but we have now sufficient proofs to the contrary on record, so that we are not deterred from cutting into the cesopha- geal tube when it is necessary; but it is an operation requiring skill and anatomical knowledge, and its future results are some- times very serious. ‘The cases that call for cesophagotomy are the lodgment’ of accidental substances within the tube. An apple once so lodged was removed by incision by a veterinary surgeon at Windsor. Carrots, parsnips, beets, etc., are liable to produce such obstruction when not sliced. Too large a medicinal mass, also, has lodged there ; and a voracious eater has, by attempting to swallow too large a quantity of not salivated bran or chaff, pro- duced an obstruction, which pressed on the trachea and threatened suffocation. In all cases of obstruction of this kind, we will sup- pose that a probang, well oiled, has been previously attempted to be passed, and has completely failed. The probang for the horse, however, differs materially from that used for the cow. It is formed after the fashion of the one adopted by the human prac- titioner, consisting of a pliable piece of whalebone, having a sponge tied to one end. The operation being determined on, may be practiced standing. If the swelling be large, no fear need be en- tertained about cutting important organs, as the enlargement will push them on one side. Cut down, therefore, directly upon the center of the impacted substance. If the horse be cast, which is quite unnecessary, have him, of course, thrown with his left side uppermost. It will also be necessary to command a good light. The part of the neck chosen for the opening must, of course, be governed by the obstructing mass. A section should be made through the integuments and cellular tissue beneath them, right into the cesophagus, if possible, with one cut, and into the center of the pipe. If this be not done at once, and it requires some dexterity so as to effect it, mind to make all future incisions in a line with the first opening, as it is important that the cellular tis- sue should be little interfered with. The csophagus, fairly cut into the impactment, should jump forth. Should it not do so, do 256 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. not manipulate, or attempt to force it out, but enlarge the opening, and the substance will come through when that is long enough ; but no fingering could compel its exit while the opening is too small. The end gained for which the incision was made in the cesophagus, the wound may be then closed by the interrupted su- tures, each holding a small piece of tow above the orifice, and having their ends hanging out of the external opening, which should also be brought together by sutures. The after-treatment should be to interdict all dry food; the animal ought to subsist on very thick gruel for three, four, or five days. If the condition appears to suffer much, allow malt mashes, and when so doing watch the wound ; and if the matters taken in are seen to ooze out, wash them away frequently with warm water, to prevent lodg- ment, which might encourage sinuses to form; and after each washing, syringe with some very mild stimulant, as a very weak solution of sulphate of zine (white vitriol), ete. NeEvroromy (DIVISION OF THE SENTIENT NERVES OF THE Foor). Neurotomy has now stood the test of very extensive application. Our writers offer innumerable proofs of its restoring almost useless animals to a state of much utility; and if there are chances that it may occasion such injury as to hasten the end of some horses, it is usually in such as the disease would have done the same for at no distant period. Having stated thus much in its favor, it must not be supposed that we recommend it as an unqualified benefit, even where it succeeds best. No neurotomized horse ever after goes with the same freedom, nor with equal safety, as he did before the operation was performed. Indifference to the nature of the ground gone over is said to have fractured legs; it is quite common to batter the feet to pieces; and, although horses have hunted afterward, and hackneys have carried their riders long distances, yet it is more calculated to prove beneficial to carriage than to saddle-horses. This we believe to be a just statement of its merits; but there are benefits which it offers to the animal of a more extensive and constitutional kind. Those gained by the bodily system generally have been, in some cases, very marked. Thus, an aged and crippled stallion, from the irritation constantly kept up, became so emaciated as to be unable to fecundate; but, SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 257 being relieved from a constant state of suffering by neurotomy, improved in health and condition, and was again used to cover. It happened, also, that a mare, similarly cireumstanced, ceased to feel cestrum ; but after neurotomy it again returned, and she re- sumed her character of a brood-mare. It appears to act with most certainty when a portion of the irritated nerve is excised. One case has actually occurred where the tetanus, occasioned by a wound in the foot, was arrested and removed by neurotomy. Tt also promises much in the painful state of some cankers, where the irritation has rendered the application of dressings almost im- possible. Here, by depriving the foot of sensibility, we deprive the horse of that which is injurious to him. The sore’ itself is often amended by it; but in every instance the dressings can be effectively applied, na the healthy pieces ts can not be at all suspended. With respect to whether the lower or upper incision ought to have the preference, the decision should be guided by the circum- stances, as regards the intensity and the seat of the disease. The operation commonly leaves, for a considerable time, some enlarge- ment around the spot, the effects of the adhesive matter interposed between the severed portions of the nerve, and which can be rem- edied by no application of bandages. This bulging remains so long as life continues; and, however cunningly the incision be concealed, this can be felt with ease, and tells the truth ever after the operation has been performed. Such a circumstance has, how- ever, led some practitioners, when it has been wished to make the upper section, and yet to avoid the chance of detection, to operate on the metacarpal nerve on the outside, and on we pastern or plantar nerve on the inside. Mode of performing the operation.—The situation of the section through the skin being determined on, a guide to which may be gained from the perforatus tendon, and having firmly secured the leg to be first operated on, cut the hair from the part. This being done, and the exact course of the artery being ascertained by its pulsation, make a section close to the edge of the flexor tendon. Let the cut be near, but rather behind, the artery, if below the fet- lock joint. The cellular substance being cleared away will bring the vessels into view, and the nerve will be readily distinguished from them by its whiteness. Elevating it from the vessels and its membranous attachments, by means of a crooked needle, armed 17 258 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. with thread, pass a bistoury under it, as near to the upper angle of the section as possible. The violent spasm the division of the nerve produces may be somewhat lessened by pressing the nerve between the finger and the thumb, when an opportunity may be taken, either with the scalpel or scissors, of dividing it; then, taking hold of the lowermost portion between a pair of forceps, excise about three-fourths of an inch of its trunk. Having fin- © ished, if both feet are affected, proceed to operate on the contrary side of the other leg; after which turn the horse, and repeat the operations on the like parts of each leg as they come in succession. The integuments may be now drawn neatly together, and secured by a twisted suture, the whole being properly covered by a light compress. ‘Tie up the head for a day or two, after which put on a cradle. Keep the horse very quiet and low; give mashes, to. open the bowels; but we should avoid physicking, from the fear that griping might occur, which would make him restless, or prob- ably require exercise. PERIOSTEOTOMY. This operation consists in having the horse thrown upon his side, and the leg to be operated upon released from the hobble, and extended upon a sack, filled with refuse hay or straw. This is done by means of a piece of webbing passed round the hoof, and the end given to a man to hold, who pulls rather violently at the member. The operator then kneels down and feels for the exos- tosis he intends to perform periosteotomy upon. This may be a splint or a node, and commonly exists upon the metacarpal portion of the fore-limb. The operator having found the excrescence, snips just below it with a pair of rowelling scissors. He then takes a blunt seton-needle and drives it through the cellular tissue, and immediately over the enlargement. Next, another slit in the skin, above the exostosis, is made with the rowelling scissors, and through this last opening the point of the seton-needle is forced and then withdrawn. Into the free space thus made a curved knife is introduced. The point of this knife is blunt, and the blade curves upward, the cutting part being below. Some per- sons use a very diminutive blade, but the editor prefers a rather _ large instrument, as being more under the command of the hand. Having introduced this knife, he turns the cutting edge downward, SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 259 and with it incises the enlargement, sending the blade right through the periosteum, and also through the substance of the exostosis, if it be not too solid for the knife to penetrate. This latter fact is only to be ascertained by actual experience, and no opinion formed after an external examination can be of any value, such being much more the guess of a pretender than the judgment of a surgeon. ' The age of the animal may be some guide, but even this it is better not to depend upon too entirely. It is true that young horses freely cast forth exostoses, which aged animals mostly absorb; but this rule, though very general, has exceptions, and by no means is to be absolutely depended upon. The enlargement being cut through, next take a seton-needle, armed with a tape, and draw it through the channel already made, Tie a knot at either end of the tape, large enough to prevent its being pulled through the opening at either end, and the business is over. The affair is very simple, and the horse may be at once let up. It is, however, in some cases, and only in some, of so much benefit that the horse, being thrown ‘dead lame,’ gets up and trots off quite sound. However, ere you adopt the operation, apprise the owner of the risk incurred, and that it is by no means a cer- tain cure. Leave the choice with him, but be sure and tell him the opening made for the entrance and exit of the seton com- monly leave a blemish behind them; and where the seton trayv- eled, often there remains a thickening, which it may require months to obliterate. The after part of the treatment consists in merely having the seton daily moved to and fro, though some persons apply an active blister all over the parts immediately in the neighborhood of the seton, under the idea that the vesicatory renders the operation of greater efficacy, which, however, is very questionable. When pe- riosteotomy acts at all, it mostly does so at once; and when its benefits are not immediate, it is better to withdraw the seton, to prevent after-blemish, rather than hazard further and useless treat- ment by the application of a stimulant to skin already deprived of any connection with the deeper-seated structures. DIvIsion OF THE FLEXOR TENDON. There are so many accidents and diseases that may produce contraction of the flexor tendons, that we only wonder we do not 260 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. more often meet with them, which we should certainly do, but that the attendants, despairing of being able to afford relief, ad- . vise their destruction. The operation consists in making a longi- tudinal incision, of about three inches in length, along the inner lateral edge of the tendon, dissecting each portion from its cellular attachments, so as to expose the nerve, artery, and tendons. This opening will allow the perforans to be freed from the perforatus, ° when a division should be made by a scalpel applied to its surface. It is evident that this should take place below any thickening, or adhesions, which may have permanently connected the tendon with the neighboring parts. Any lesser, attachments will be broken through, by forcing back the foot to the just position. By Mr. Dick this was done ‘by placing his knee against the front or pro- jecting part of the pastern, at the same time laying hold of the foot with one hand and the upper part of the leg with the other, and using considerable force; and this appears to be necessary, in order to break any adhesions that may have formed.’ The limb should now be placed in a poultice; and if any fear of future con- traction should arise during the cure, lengthen the toe of the shoe proper to the foot operated on. Some slow exercise, after, the first week, may be allowed, but previously to that the horse should be confined to a stall, during which the bowels must be kept open with mashes, AMPUTATIONS. These have been hitherto confined principally to the tail, the ears, and other parts of minor importance in the animal frame; but veterinary surgery now takes a wider field, and the extremi- ties are amputated with a certainty of making horned cattle still serviceable for the purpose of yielding milk ; and, without doubt, the same might be done with the brood-mare or stallion, particu- larly in fractures of the fore extremities. Professor Dick, of the Edinburgh Veterinary College, furnishes a case, sent to him by one of his pupils, to the following effect : ‘1 performed amputation upon a cow on the 7th of July. After having properly secured the animal, and applied a torniquet above the carpus, I made a circular incision through the integuments round the leg, a little below the carpus; and, having separated the skin so as to allow of its being pushed up a little, I cut through the sinews, and lastly sawed off the stump. The parts are now SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 261 completely whole, although she has been going at grass all the time, and, now that she has got the advantage of a cork stump, makes a wonderful shift for herself, and yields a good supply of milk to her owner.’ Mr. Dick also notices another case of amputation of the fore-leg _ of a two-year old heifer; ‘and of a third, where the hind leg was removed above the tarsus. Such operations have occasionally oc- curred from time immemorial, with a few enterprising characters. We have heard of them, but sie were mostly regarded as mere matters of curiosity or wonder, and, therefore, were not imitated. We shall, however, probably, erelong have them more common, in cows, at least; for, occurring below the carpus and tarsus, they are as easily performed as nicking or docking; and there is no doubt but, were a hollow padded stump applied, such low opera- tions might be prudent in many cases. Fractures, with great comminution of bone, considerable ravages of disease within the foot, or extensive gangrene, are the cases which might call for am- putation. Of the method of amputation little need be added to the above. The principal practical points are, the fixing of a torniquet of sufficient force, which Should be padded to make its principal pressure on the leading arterial trunks, while its general circumfer- ence will act on the smaller vessels. A ring should be cut lightly below the intended place of operation, only through the integu- ments, which, when separated from their cellular adhesions for about six inches, should be turned back; and a circular incision may then be made through the muscles, etc., taking up by liga- ture such vessels, both venous and arterial, as display a disposition for much hemorrhage. The section thus made, free the bone from the soft parts by the scalpel, where the adherences are very inti- mate, and, having, by means of a crucial bandage, retracted the soft parts altogether above the bone, saw it through. Finally, effectually secure the principal vessels, when, bringing the soft parts and skin over the bone, retain them there by proper ban- daging, which suffer to remain without disturbance until the third or fourth day. Amputation of the Penis.—Amputation of the penis is not un- known among us. It has been performed several times, and it is a found that no canula is necessary to keep open the urethra, the force of the urinary flow breaking down any incipient cicatrization of its 262 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. orifice. The sheath is first forced back, and the penis brought forward to its greatest possible extent. Whatever portion it is intended to remove is now cut through, by means of an ampu- tating knife, when the remainder is retracted within the sheath, and little hemorrhage has afterward occurred, except at the time of passing the urine; but there appears*to have been no alarming quantity of blood lost. Amputation of the Tail, or Docking—We are most happy to state this filthy and unnecessary operation is now discarded. It never consisted of more than the cutting off a portion of the stump with brute force, and the cruel application afterward of a hot iron to the small artery of the tail. NICKING. We should be grateful that this barbarous and dangerous pro- cess is no longer numbered among the necessary operations. It is so beset with accidents, which no skill or prudence can prevent, that no one who has a free will ought to mutilate a horse by nicking. cm FIRING. The practice of firing was not always confined to quadrupeds. On the contrary, it probably was first used on man; and to this day, in many countries, it is a very popular remedy among human surgeons. In India it is applied over the abdomen for the cure of scirrhosity of the liver. Firing, in veterinary practice, has, by Mr. Coleman’s pupils, been justified as only men will justify a favorite operation, the virtues of which haye been impressed upon their minds by an elo- quent teacher. When Coleman was the chief of the veterinary profession, firing, under his rule, was used for any and every oecasion. It was_ridiculously supposed to act as a permanent bandage, as if a few strokes with a heated iron could destroy the elastic property inherent in the skin. It was the favorite styptic of these practitioners, and was applied to arteries (as of the tail) as though it possessed within itself some medicinal virtue. It was used to promote absorption, as in callus; and was likewise resorted to for checking absorption, as in ulceration. It was called into action to promote granulation, in broken knees; and was also a SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 263 favorite agent to check granulations, when they were too luxuriant. In short, there was no folly which a hot iron did not cover. It has now, happily, fallen into disuse. Most modern practitioners will now confess that their chief reason for exercising the iron is to satisfy the proprietor, not to benefit the animal. After such an acknowledgment, who would submit to have his patient ser- vant’s skin scored and burnt with red-hot metal? The mode of cauterization differs according to circumstances. As a general rule, it ought, of course, to be applied in the direc- tion of the hair, by which the blemish is lessened; but this rule ean not be arbitrarily followed, although it ought to do away with all the false pride of displaying the taste in the figures scored upon a prostrate beast. The Veterinary College recommends that the limbs be always fired in perpendicular lines; others advocate all manner of fanciful marks. Some cast the horse ; many surgeons perform standing. The irons used are of various shapes and di- mensions. Some recommend the firing, of all things, to be very light; others persist there is no virtue in hot iron unless it burns very deep. The operation consists in having irons of some sub- stance made red-hot, and then drawing them mechanically along, or twisting them about upon the skin. The figures are various; so is the depth of the incision. Both must be decided by the taste, judgment, or heartlessness of the operator. BLISTERING. This is an operation of very great utility, and is, perhaps, com- pared with its benefits and importance, the safest that is performed. When a vesicatory becomes absorbed through the pores of the skin, it inflames the sensible cutis underneath, the consequence of which is, an infusion of serum through the part, which, in the human subject, elevates the cuticle into a bladder equal to the sur- face inflamed, but in the horse, from the greater tenacity of the cuticular connections, it becomes separated in the form of small distinct vesicles only. If the irritating cause be quickly removed, the serum may be reabsorbed, and the surface restored by a slight effort of adhesive inflammation. If the irritant act in a still minor degree, it simply irritates the vessels of the cutis to an in- filtration of fluid through the sensible pores, but produces no desquamation of cuticle. Such has been called a sweating blister. 264 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. But when, by continued irritation, the cutis is exposed, suppura- tion succeeds, and the part is fully blistered. The salutary action of blisters is exerted in several ways—in promoting absorption, in combating deep-seated inflammations, and in aiding others. As a stimulus to the absorbents, they act beneficially in the removal of injurious deposits, as the coagula remaining after inflammatory lesions; but it is to be remarked that when any existing deposit is of long continuance, or is osse- ous, it requires that the action of the vesicatory be kept up. Mercurial blisters have been thought to have a superior influence in accelerating absorption. Mercurials, rubbed in some weeks or days previously to blistering, are certainly great assistants, and should always be employed in the treatment of obstinate osseous or ligamentary enlargements. Blisters are very important aids in inflammatory affections, as counter-irritants, derived from a law in the animal economy, that two inflammations seldom exist in the vicinity of each other; therefore, when such an affection has taken place in any part, and we wish to remove it, we attempt to raise an artificial inflammation in the neighborhood by means of blisters, which, if persevered in, destroy, or at least lessen, the original one. Occasionally, also, we blister the immediate inflamed part, with an intention to hasten the suppurative process by in- creasing the activity of the vessels, as in deep-seated abscesses, and also in those which attack glandular parts. We therefore employ blisters to hasten the maturation of the tumors in strangles. When the flagging powers vascillate between resolution and sup- puration, as they often do in the phlegmonous inflammations of glandular or of deep-seated parts, blisters may either hasten the resolution, or they may add their influence to the attempted sup- puration, and thus bring it to maturity. But we carefully avoid, in other cases, applying a vesicant to a part immediately in a state of active inflammation. Particularly we should avoid what is too often done, that of blistering over the tendons, ligaments, and ar- ticulatory surfaces of a tumid limb, laboring under a congested state of the parts from excess of vascular action. Here we should do great injury were we to blister, by causing a greater deposit of lymph, and by hastening its organization into an injurious bond of union between the inflamed parts. The vesicatory, or blister, for general use in veterinary medi- cine, as a simple stimulant, should be principally composed of SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 265 Spanish flies. Cheaper substitutes are used, but they irritate vio- lently. In extensive inflammatory affections, they are, on this account, perfectly inadmissible ; and wherever a case requires any thing more, it will be noted. The mode of blistering with the Spanish fly is sufficiently known. The hair should be cut or shorn as close as possible from around the part; the blistering matter should then be well rubbed in for ten or fifteen minutes. If the pasterns and fetlocks are the parts to be blistered, previous to rub- bing in the ointment, smear some lard, tallow, or melted suet over the heels, and within the hollow at the back of the small pastern. This will often prevent some troublesome sores forming, from the blistering ointment falling on these sensitive parts. While a blis- ter is acting, the litter should be removed from under the feet, or it will tickle the legs and irritate; but, above all, the head ought to be most carefully secured, for two days and nights, to oppose lying down, more especially to prevent the horse biting the blis- tered part. On the third evening he may be permitted to repose ; but a prevention should even then be continued, by means of what is called a cradle. This apparatus may be bought at every turn- ing shop, or may be made of eight or ten pieces of round wood, an inch and a half in diameter, and two feet long. These are strung at each end on a rope, and fastened around the neck. When it is intended to blister repeatedly, the effects of the first should have subsided before the seccnd is applied, the scurf and scabs also be cleared away, and the part well washed with soap and water. In all cases, the third or fourth day after the applica- tion the part should be thoroughly painted over, by means of a long-haired brush (such as are in use with pastry-cooks to glaze their crusts), with lead liniment, which should be repeated every day. And when it is proposed to turn a horse out, it should never be done until the whole blistered surface be quite healed ; other- wise dirt, flies, etc., may prove hurtful. It remains to observe that, instead of repeated active blistering, it is, in some cases, preferable to keep up a continual slight irrita- tion on the original blister by means of stimulants, as iodine oint- ment, mild blistering applications, ete. Caution is, however, necessary, to avoid forming an eschar, and thereby a permanent blemish ; but when a blemish is not of consequence, this plan will be found often more efficacious than firing, as in splints, spavins, etc. Some practitioners blister mildly one day, and on the next 266 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. wash off the blistering matter, thereby saving loss of hair; but there is more of apparent than real good in this plan. If a blis- ter be necessary, it requires all its activity. Ammoniacal blister.—Spanish flies are only efficacious when the animal can afford to wait their action, which is rather slow. In most of the acute diseases, the horse would perish before the blis- ter began to rise, wherefore resort has been had to boiling water and red-hot iron. The action of these last coarse and brutal measures was alone controlled by the violence of the internal in- flammation, and, if the practitioner was mistaken in his estimate of the immediate danger, extensive and lasting blemish was the consequence. We have in the liquor ammonia an agent quite as formidable as boiling water or heated iron, but it is rather longer in displaying its force; wherefore, it allows time for watching its action, and of ehecking it the instant it has sufficiently blistered the skin. It is true the liquor ammonia upon the skin can not be removed, neither need it be counteracted. Ammonia is like steam, only powerful when confined. The ordinary soap liniment, if covered over, would, because of the ammonia it contains, produce a lasting blemish; but every veterinary surgeon knows how very harmless a preparation that is when simply rubbed upon the sur- face. So, when we desire the active effects of liquor ammonia, we double a blanket or rug four or five times and hold it over the liquid. It takes from ten to twenty minutes to raise a blister, and it consequently can, from time to time, be observed; and when its action has reached the wished-for point, all we have to do, eftectu- ally to stop it, is to take away the rug or blanket. That removed, the free surface and the heat of the body occasions the ammoniacal vapor to be dispersed, and the animal is safe. ROWELLING. Rowels acts as foreign substances within the body. They cause irritation and suppuration, whereby more deep-seated inflamma- tions are supposed to be removed. They are, however, often very convenient, because they stand as sign-boards to show the proprie- tor that something has been done. The common mode of making a rowel is after the following manner: A slit is first made by means of the rowel scissors, on any part of the integuments, held between the finger and thumb. With the handle of the scissors SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 267 separate from its cellular connections a circle of two or three inches in diameter, into which introduce something to prevent the reunion of the skin. A piece of circular leather, tolerably stiff, with a cen- tral hole, is a very common substance used, but is objected to by some on account of the difficulty of changing it without injuring the skin. Tow, as more pliant, is frequently introduced into this cavity. If the rowel runs freely, it should be dressed every day, by changing the plug, if of tow, and by cleansing it, if of leather. No rowel should go undressed beyond the second day, for the com- fort of the horse. They are very favorite applications with far- riers, and frequently abused by being employed indiscriminately, but are falling into disuse, setons having almost superseded them. Setons, in their action, resemble a very mild form of rowel, but are more convenient in their application. ‘There is hardly a part - of the body where a seton may not be conveniently placed. They have been put around the eye; they have also been entered at the withers, and brought out between the humerus and the sternum, so extensive or so diminutive can they be made. In sinuous ulcers of the withers and of the neck they may be placed; through the heels, in foot diseases, they have been inserted. In cavernous sores, they are entered at the stfperior part, and are brought out at an inferior, so as to form a depending orifice. The formation of a seton is very simple. A skein of thread, or a piece of tape, of a convenient size, may be used. At the one end place a large knot; arm the eye of a corresponding-sized seton-needle with the free end of the tape; introduce this into any proposed part, and, bringing it out at some other, either make a second knot, or tie the two ends of the tape together; which last method of fastening is, however, often objected to, from the danger of its catching in something and being torn out, to the disfigurement of the horse. When a seton is placed in a sinuous track, for the purpose of inflaming, it is moved twice a day, frequently, and moistened each time with some stimulant, as oil of turpentine, tincture of aloes and of ben- jamin. All setons require daily cleaning and moving. When they are required to act more quickly, the tape is infused in tere- binthinate of cantharides, or small pieces of black hellebore are sewn within it. An old material, composed of woollen, flax, or cotton and hair, is also used instead of tape. Setons, however, are of small service in acute cases. They are chiefly in use for disturbances of a chronic description. 268 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ABSTRACTION OF BLOOD, OR BLEEDING (ARTERIOTOMY.) Blood is abstracted by opening the conducting vessels, arterial and venous. When taken from arteries, the process is called arteriotomy; when by the latter, phlebotomy. Some bleedings include both these operations, as general scarifications of the soft parts, bleeding at the toe point, divisions of the vessels of the cor- nea, ete. Blood-letting is called local when it is practiced on or very near the affected part; and it is supposed to act more immedi- ately than general bleeding because it produces more effect with the loss of less blood. Local bleeding is, therefore, usually practiced on the minor branches of the arteries and veins, as on the tem- poral artery, the plate vein, the vena saphena, etc. Leeches are a means of local bleeding not often used by us in veterinary prac- tice; but there is no reason whatever why they should not be em- ployed. When applied to the eye, and occasionally to other parts, also, they adhere readily, abstracting blood rapidly, and, there- fore, might be valuable aids in violent local inflammation. Cup- ping is also practiced, in France and other parts of the Continent, with very large glasses, and it is there supposed to act remedially in many local inflammations. BY general bleeding we under- stand the depletion of the system at large, and this we practice in extensive inflammations. Division of the temporal artery.—The proper spot for either its puncture or division is directly where the vessel leaves the parotid gland, to curve upward and forward around the jaw, a little be- low its condyle. When it is punctured, it usually affords much blood; and in such case, enough having been obtained, divide the trunk, when, the receding portions becoming pressed by the in- teguments, and lessening by their own contractility, the hemor-. rhage is stopped. It should be punctured by a lancet; a fleam may fix itself'in the bone. Its division can be readily made, also, either by a lancet or scalpel. Bleeding by the palate is also a species of arterio-phlebotomy, and is a very favorite spot for abstracting blood with most igno- rant persons, who vehemently recommend it in spasmodic colic or gripes, and in megrims. In such cases, however, a want of knowl- edge of the anatomy of the parts has occasioned a serious hemor- rhage to occur; it may prove a fatal one if the artery proper to the part be divided incompletely. The palatine artery and nerve run SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 269 near each other, on each side of the roof of the mouth, so as to divide the inner surface of the hard palate into three nearly equal portions. No other than a direct division of the vein should ever be made; therefore, when bleeding is determined on at this place, do it by plunging a lancet or even a penknife in a direct line across the rugee, one inch within the mouth, exactly between the middle and second nippers. There these vessels form a curve, which curve will be divided, and will then yield three or four pints of blood. If the instrument enter too much on one side, as about the middle of the second nipper, then a partial and longi- tudinal division of the artery may be made, and an alarming hem- orrhage may follow. In this case, the section must be enlarged and deepened inwardly—that is, away from the teeth—which com- pletely severs the vessel, and its retraction will stop the hem- orrhage. A moderate or slight flow of blood from the palate may be obtained by light scarifications of the ruge. But all bleedings here, except under circumstances of the most urgent necessity, had better be avoided. Bleeding by the toe is also arterio-phlebotomy. By no means eut out a portion of the sole at the point of the frog, which fre- quently occasions abscess; but, with a very fine drawing-knife, cut down exactly in the line of union between the crust and the sole; then, by puncturing the part with a lancet, a vast flow of blood may be obtained, the benefits of which, in some cases, are very marked, particularly in acute founder. If the blood should not flow with sufficient freedom, place the foot in warm water. The bleeding finished, cover the puncture with some tow and a little tar, and lightly tack on the shoe. There are, however, other methods of bleeding from the toe. Mr. Maver uses a drawing- knife with a long curve, so that one sweep of the blade may cut a piece out of the foot. ‘This appears to us bad practice, as it leaves Nature a space to fill up, instead of a simple incised wound to heal. Others take away none of the horn, but merely make a slit through the outer covering on to the vascular portion of the foot. The flap of horn they hold up, so long as they desire blood, by the insertion of a piece of wood ; and when they have obtained blood enough, they take out the wood, so as to let the horny flap down. This last method, of all others, appears to us the easiest and the best. Sometimes the plantar vein is opened as a substitute. Scarifi- 270 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. cations are, also, occasionally practiced, which, of course, divide both venous and arterial branches. In France extensive scarifi- cations used to be made into indurations before the suppurative process had commenced, which, in some cases, prevented that from going on, and the remedial wounds made were healed by adhesive inflammation, or by healthy granulation. The same method has also been occasionally practiced here, but it is not now often attempted. Phlebotomy, or the puncture of a venous branch, is the most usual mode of drawing blood in veterinary practice, and may be employed on any point of the body; but some vessels are much more frequently opened than others, and most of all the jugular vein. Bleeding by the thigh vein.—The saphena is a prominent vein, continued from the inner part of the hock, and may be opened by the fleam, but with much greater safety and propriety by a lancet. The opposite leg being held up, the operator, placing himself in front of the thigh, and steadying himself and the horse by placing one hand on the hock, may fix the vein with the little finger of the other, while the lancet, held between the thumb and fore-finger, punctures it. This vein should never be opened save upon abso- lute necessity, as it is often troublesome to pin up. A horse has been cast for the trivial matter of stopping the hemorrhage. Bleeding from the plate vein.—This vein is frequently opened to abstract blood after injuries of the fore extremities. The superficial brachial vein is a continuation of the superficial division of the metacarpal veins, and in the passage upward receives more than one branch. Its principal trunk ascends along the inner side of the radius. It may also be well to remark that, when taking blood from the superficial veins of the arm or fore-arm, if any diffi- culty is experienced in obtaining a sufficient flow, the lifting up of the other leg, by throwing the muscles of the punctured one into action, will force the blood from the inner to the outer set, and an increased quantity may be obtained. The plate vein, or external thoracic, is often opened, as it emerges from behind the arm, and is pinned up without any difficulty. Bleeding by the jugular vein.—The situation of this important vessel is well known, but its internal connections are not so fa- miliar, though such knowledge is essential to the uniform safety of the operation. The horse has only external jugular veins, a right Sa SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 271 and a left one. As each emerges from the chest, it is found deep- seated, and approaching the trachea. It then passes forward, in company with the external carotid artery. Toward the middle of the neck it becomes more superficial, and is now distinctly seen progressing rather above and without the carotid artery and trachea, or windpipe. ‘The carotid, therefore, in the future course of the jugular, is situated a little below and more deep-seated than the vein. The jugular is also separated from the carotid by a slight muscular band, derived from the levator humeri. Its fur- ther track is marked in the hollow formed by the inferior edge of the levator humeri, where it is covered by the panniculus carnosus and integuments only, when, having. nearly reached the jaw, it makes its well-known division into two portions. Bleeding by the jugular is usually practiced with a lancet or with a fleam. The proper spot for the puncture may be found anywhere between two inches and six from the division of the vein. This latitude is here mentioned, because it is prudent to avoid puncturing directly over a former bleeding-place, known by the scar and enlargement. It should also be avoided where a little knot in the course of the vein will sometimes denote the existence of one of the venous valves. But in all ordinary cases, where these hindrances do not appear, operate at two or three inches from the division of the vein, which will be sufficiently evident when it is pressed on below the place punctured. Avoid operating low down in the neck, as there the vessel is deeper-seated, and near to important parts. First moisten the hair and smooth it down; then, steadying and enlarging the vessel with one hand, with the other plunge the point of the lancet into the integuments, so as just to puncture them and the vein; then, by a slight turn of the wrist, carry the instrument obliquely forward to finish the cut. For opening the smaller veins, the lancet should always be used. In all but the practiced hand the fleam is the safest for bleeding from the jugu- lar. It is always prudent to have the eye of the horse covered, Unless the eye be covered, the horse will be likely to flinch at the moment of the stroke, and the puncture may be made in any place but where we wish. The hair being first wetted and smoothed, and the fleam being retained in the left hand, the unemployed fingers pressing on the vein so as to fix and swell the vessel, let the point rest exactly in the middle of the swelling. Strike the fleam sufficiently hard to penetrate the skin and vein. A blood- 22, DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. stick is preferable for the purpose of striking the fleam. There is a vibration between two hard bodies when they meet, which, in this instance, is favorable to a quick and moderate puncture of the vein. After the vein has been opened, moderate pressure with the edge of the can which catches the blood is sufficient to keep up the flow. It may also be encouraged by putting a finger within the horse’s mouth. The requisite quantity of blood being drawn, remove the can. The remaining process of securing the vessel is of equal importance. The sides of the orifice are first to be brought in opposition, without pinching them, and without draw- ing them from the vein. The same cautions should also be ob- served when the pin is introduced. Let it be small, with an irregular point, and, when inserted, wrap around it a few hairs or a little tow. Common, however, as this operation is, and qualified as every one thinks himself to perform it, yet there are very serious acci- dents which do arise occasionally? It has occurred that the carotid artery has become penetrated. When the puncture has been made through the vein, the accident is known immediately by the forci- ble and pulsatory gush of florid arterial and dark venous blood together. In one instance of this kind, which occurred to a French practitioner, he immediately thrust his finger into the opening through the vein, and thus plugged up the artery, intending to wait for assistance. In this state he remained, we believe, an hour or more, when, removing his finger, to his surprise, he found the hemorrhage had ceased, and did not again return. In another case, where an English practitioner accidentally opened the carotid, he placed a compress on the orifice, and had relays of men to hold it there for forty-eight hours, when it was found the bleeding had stopped. The admission of air is also another serious accident that now and then attends bleeding. It sometimes happens from the sudden removal of the fingers or blood-can, or whatever was used to dis- tend the vessel by obstructing the return of the blood. This, being suddenly taken away, allows the escape of the blood toward the heart, and occasions a momentary vacuum, the air being heard to rush with a gurgling noise into the vein through the orifice; it then mixes with the blood, and occasions, in some instances, almost immediate death, The animal begins to tremble; he next staggers, and finally falls in a state of convulsion. If the quantity of air SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 273 taken in has been considerable, death ensues. The remedy must, therefore, be instantaneous, and consists in again opening the ori- fice, or making a new one, to gain an immediate renewed flow of blood, which will, in most cases, renovate the horse, who has been found afterward to be tormented with an intolerable itching.” * * Blaine’s “Outlines.” 18 SECTION X. DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. ItcH anD Manae—Licr on ANIMALS—GREASE AND SCRATCHES—SURFEIT—DROP- sicAL Limps —Scaruetina — Ringworm — PRuRIGO — POLE-EVIL— FIstTuLous WirHerRs—WartTs oN THE SKiIN—PurPURA HreMORRHAGICA—OUT OF CONDI- TION—HiDE-BOUND—HERPES. ItcoH AND MANGE. TCH, mange, and scabies are essentially local affections of the skin, and are occasioned by the presence of parasites known as “sarcoptes-equi.” The eruption ensuing on the skin of a horse, when subject to this affection, is very similar to the appearance of itch in man, and probably is just as tormenting to the animal as in the case of his master. Numerous cases are recorded of trans- mission of itch from horse to man, and, when so acquired, it is impossible to dis- tinguish it from the human itch. Some persons suffer severely when attending mangy horses, but a clean person or clean horse are not apt to take the disease. It is well known that a healthy and clean AcaRUSs, ORsARcorTrs-rour, THE horse may stand for weeks near a mangy TR aioe a bn oes OHS AW out taking the disease, showing, very conclusively, that the best preventive measures are those which promote health and cleanliness. As the English groom says, “plenty of elbow-grease, by means of brush and curry-comb, on the skin of the horse; regular daily exercise, pure air in the stable, and a sufficiency of good digestible food are sovereign remedies against itch and mange.” ‘This, we presume, is all the " (274) > SEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. DATED reader wants to know with reference to the cause of itch and mange. Symptoms.—W hen a horse is affected with this malady, in either of the forms here named, the owner’s attention will be aroused by the animal rubbing himself, whenever he can get a fair ehance to do so; and, should the limbs or heels be affected, he will rub the-fore-legs one against the other, and, at night, will constantly strike the floor with his hind extremities. ‘The hair looks un- thrifty, has lost its gloss, and does not lay smooth on the body. Jt falls off in patches, and an eruption is observed similar to the appearance of itch on man, yet not so distinctly recognized. A few pimples, scabs, and a slight reddening of the parts is all that may, perhaps, be seen. The skin of some horses, however, is more vascular and more delicately organized than others. In the latter case the disease is more marked, creates greater irritation, and the nervous system suffers more from sympathetic irritability than in the case of an animal having a coarse and comparatively insensible “hide.” In addition to these symptoms, the affected animal will be observed to be more or less fractious and unman- ageable. Treatment.—The disease being of a local character, requires topical (local) remedies, and the best medicine is that which most quickly destroys the life of the itch parasite. It has been found that preparations of creosote kill the parasite in a few seconds, and GERLACH recommends the following preparation: No. 28. Creosote...... nie We odap cdlencPe.euctasa scams 24 OZ. Spicy ottawinesisoy-ietercle'-/scioievereeichenetarete OZ: Viferterparr yen) ikea wepche reruns orice 40 oz. Previous to the application of this, the same authority advises that the horse be smeared all over the body with soft soap, wash- ing it off some time afterward with warm water, and having the animal well brushed; or a wash may be afterward used, consist- ing of one part of caustic potass to fifty parts of water; or, lastly, greasing the animal with linseed oil, train oil, etc., and, one or two days afterward, washing with soap and water or potash ley ; then apply the preparation of creosote. The cheapest, and probably the safest, plan of treatment, and that which has proved most successful in the practice of the author, is as follows: 276 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. No229) Unslaked laments Riera ares Llb: Flour of jsulphiar: sts ic cs:cic-s's terre 2 lbs. Water es oon ea ee ere 12 pts. Put these ingredients in a stone jar, set it on the stove, or in a regular water-bath, until] it boils. During the interval, the mixture must be constantly stirred, both in view of insuring a complete mixture, and of keeping the lime and sulphur from. de- positing in the bottom of the jar; for, should this occur, the jar will crack. The mixture must be stirred with a wooden spatula or glass rod. Keep the mixture boiling for about ten or fifteen minutes; then set it aside for twelve hours, at the end of which time pour off the clear liquor, bottle tightly, and cork the bottles. These should be put away in a dark closet, as the mixture soon decomposes when exposed to the sun’s rays. This remedy will cure the itch on horses and cattle. It is, also, a sure cure when used on man. It is not adapted to the cure of the malady in sheep, as the sulphur is supposed to be injurious to wool. The only objection to its use is, that it has a very unpleasant odor— smells like sulphureted hydrogen. Before applying this mixture, the animal should be thoroughly washed with warm water and common brown soap; then wipe the animal dry, and apply the sulphur mixture, by means of a sponge. One application, if properly applied, will usually suffice to kiil the parasites. Should it fail in the first instance, a reapplication will do no harm, as the preparation is perfectly inocuous. Scabies is to be treated in the same manner; in fact, all diseases of the skin, supposed to be dependent on the presence of parasites, are to be treated after this fashion. GERLACH, of the Royal Ve- terinary School of Berlin, has made a series of experiments with various remedies for the destruction of the itch parasite, and the following table shows the result of his labors: DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. WE Dead in AGENT. Hours. Minutes. Creosote, pure........ eesencnsconeccs adbactoococutco || saesesea500c YWy-NMs Creosote, 1 part SPE el O DATS) ececccessccecsesvocssscessegeccer|(ssssccsesers 44-1 Water, 30 parts . “l4 Creosote 1 part Water, 80 parts fcrrstrsssrstsssessssssesseess | ceceeecceees 2-26 Creosote with fat { [3p | ee . . iD diavevescecessceecesccaell escesutccces 34-7 Creosote with oil { LAO ....cccccccssssseesnenee | coreceeecees 514-9 Iodine, tincture Of, PUre...........cccceceeees | eeeeeeeeees 1-2 Iodine, tincture of, with water, 1.4... |............ 4-6 Iodide of potassium with water, 1.2....|............ 9 Iodide of potassium with water, 1.4...) ........0. 20-26 Caustic potash, 1 part; 24d0. J nveeveceenee 2-214 Caustic potash; t part Water, ORES site art: 124 Hartshorn oil, 2 “ seas potash i Part ater, parts 2 Tar, J Qo fbf tatsteneees Seosescess | /seseeccssce 7-12 Hartshorn oil, 2 “ Sulphuret of ( with water, 1.10.........0.| esses 15-30 potassium ( with oil, 1. LORCRERe ney 10-20 |..-....--.++ Chloride of lime with water, 1.80.......]............| 15-30 LATISHOLM POU PULL cce.c-cecccccssccceacesoeee\||conenclaccace 3-t Hartshorn oil, with water, 1.10.. 30 OiMCOMULPCILINErecs-sccecoesscccesovecevsoeceecee)|(sesssevesess 5-9 AED AG OCShbaterccestssccesesacscedeneresccsecensscee]||scceaenccece Tar (Pix liquida) pure Photogen Acetic acid with water, L.L.......... scene] cescceeeeees Concentrated sulphuric acid 1: 24 with water 1.48 Decoction of tobacco ils 1.10... 1.5) Tessier’s arsenical bath........ esseoacesacarelllactsaness= => 7-25 | 4 Mathiew’s arsenical Dathis...ccscecsccseree| ccccescceees 15-16 Over-saturated solution of arsenic in 23 Suet Le Tals Oseescercecasteereesorecsraccerensetrenoeerces OBSERVATIONS. Mathieu. Were living 7 hours after immersion. { Mathieu. White arsenic, 1 part. Sulphate ofiron, 10 parts. | Water, 100 parts. Mathieu. ‘White arsenic, 1 part. Alum, 10 parts. Water, 100 parts. peccrseceres Hertwig. (A dilute solution does Green SOAP... Scaussarsevshavoncpsscscscccenssas Yoel | lcoscccasccnn 1 not kill. Liquor AMMONIA..............cccecccseesseceeees fell Nlesccsconeton Hertwig. Solution of corrosive sublimate, 10 grains, one ounce Infusions of henbane, belladonna, ) and Persian insect powder, 116 f 12-16 Decoction of black and white helle- bore, 1.16 \ Infusion of digatalis, 1.16.................. Walz’s ley, containing caustic pot- ash, hartshorn oil, and tar peaciaaesces 15-45 | Hertwig. 278 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. THe SKIN DISEASES OF DomEstTIc ANIMALS. A celebrated writer on the diseases of the skin of domesticated animals, thus discourses on the subject : “‘ Few topics have engaged the attention of the successful breeder of our improved domesticated animals more than skin diseases pro- duced by insects, in consequence of the manner in which both the breeding and feeding qualities of stock are affected by them. This arises from the little progress scientific inquiry has experimentally made in the physiology of these tiny parasites by means of the microscope, and the consequent paucity of reliable scientific works on the subject. Hitherto half the conclusions of our veterinary surgeons relative to their natural history have been drawn from the traditionary philosophy of our forefathers, and not from actual ex- amination, either with the eye of the modern physiologist or mor- bid anatomist; while our entomologists have had too much to do to overtake the branches of zodlogical science, to fill their cabinets with specimens of the class in question—a class far more varied than the kingdom itself, every different race of animals being not only infested with a different brood of insects (mites), but almost every organic substance, animal and vegetable. A very superficial acquaintance with these facts must convince . the reader of the importance of the lecture on this subject, de- livered by Professor Simonds, before the council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, accompanied with drawings, exhibited on the wall, and specimens under his microscope. The former, drawn to a greatly magnified scale, illustrated, in a very conspicuous manner, the different stages of vitality, from the ovum to the insect, in all the vigor of matured life. But to us, and several other members NG examined them, the latter appeared, the most interesting, as nothing can exceed the fidelity with which® the microscope exemplifies Nature, though all but invisible to the naked eye, confirming, in the most satisfactory manner, the sound- ness of the conclusions at which the Professor arrived, differing, as they did, in many respects, from those hitherto drawn, .both by veterinary surgeons and entomologists. Referring to the report of Mr. Simonds’ first lecture, the task which devolves upon us is to apply it to the daily practice of the farmer, so as to profit by its deductions, These were principally confined, it will be seen, to scabies and etrus in sheep and other DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 279 animals, with a few observations on the dog-flea (pulex canis). Scabies is a pestiferous disease, whether it affects the horse, the ox, the sheep, swine, or poultry, inflicting a loss not easily esti- mated; hence the maxim of every intelligent farmer is, to avoid. With him “prevention is better than cure,” and, therefore, his grand desideratum is to guard against contagion. Sheep are, per- haps, more subject to it than any of the other animals, arising as much from the nature of their skins and coats as from the fecun- dity of the acarus ovis, and the greater vicissitudes of the weather to which they (the sheep) are exposed. * Certain parts of the body are more liable to be affected than others; and so is an unhealthy skin than a healthy one. Indeed, it has been said that an unheal- thy skin will itself produce scabies (?), but this conclusion does not appear to be well founded; for a disease dependent upon the presence of living parasites can never arise spontaneously, but must be effected by contagion, either by means of their eggs, or the insect in some other stage of its existence. Now, from what has just been said, it will appear obvious that cleanliness, a healthy skin and state of the body, and a separation from foul animals and ground, are the means necessary to avoid contagion. The truth of this will, perhaps, be better understood if we first review the important distinctions which Mr. Simonds makes between the habits of the acarus scabiei of the human body and the acari of our domestic animals, the former burrowing in the skin, but the latter living on its surface, clinging to the skin, hair, or wool with their trumpet-shaped, vesicular-cushioned feet, to prevent their being thrown off by the animal when shaking or nibbling itself. Hitherto distinctions of this kind have been over- looked, writers generally concluding that the acari of quadrupeds burrowed in the skin like those of man, thus proving the little use which had been made of the microscope in examining the former, as it shows them to be incapable of living in the skin, from the configuration of their bodies. Indeed, to have made similar acari for naked skins as for those covered with hair, wool, or feathers would haye been an oversight on the part of Nature ; while the fact that the acarus scabiei will not live on the horse, nor acarus equi on man, or acarus ovis on the ox, or acarus bovis on the sheep, and so on, proves that greater differences than the mere configuration of the animal structure exist, all pointing to the above means as necessary, in every case, to avoid so great a 280 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. pest—one which appears to form an integral part of that curse inflicted on the whole creation by the fall of man. The importance of cleanliness, and its concomitant health, to prevent contagion, may be further illustrated. We have just seen above that an acarus, although a loathsome pest, is yet very nice in its taste, and particular about a nidus in which to deposit and hatch its eggs. It enjoys the highest degree of prosperity on the unhealthy skin, multiplying there fastest; so that if it creeps from it to the opposite—the sleek, healthy one of the horse or ox, or dry wool of the sheep—it feels itself from home, and, before it even reaches the skin, may be bruised or shaken off. If, however, it creeps upon the unhealthy animal with its staring coat, it soon reaches the skin, and commences its direful work, every thing there being congenial to his happiness; hence the incredible speed at which it propagates its species, until it either consumes its victim alive, or is arrested at its fatal work by the timely unguent of the veterinary surgeon. Again: when a dirty animal shakes itself, as it invariably does after rubbing itself against any thing, less or more scurf, dan- druff, and dust is thrown into the atmosphere, and carried to a distance by high wind. Now, under such circumstances, when affected with scabies, it is manifest that the smallest of these puny insects, as well as their eggs, will be blown from one pasture to another; that the latter will lodge in the dirty staring coat of the unhealthy animal, when they will be blown off that of the clean sleek one, or be brushed off before they reach the skin, or any nidus capable of hatching them. In this manner we can trace contagion from one animal to another, and thus account, in harmony with entomological science, for what has hitherto been termed spontaneous cases of scabies in some of our domesticated animals, while others have escaped the disease, though all herd- ing together in one field. We can also account for the fact why the disease is more liable to break out among sheep than horses and cattle, without coming in contact with strange flocks, because the coats of the latter are more likely to be impregnated with eggs than those of the former, while they afford a better nidus for hatching them. With regard to health, it has even been said that the blood of scabbed animals is diseased ; nay, that the blood of all animals is loaded, more or less, with the eggs of acari, and that they are . DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 281 hatched under certain cutaneous affections, thus accounting for spontaneous cases differently from the atmospheric distribution of eggs. Hence the reason why sulphur and mercury are taken, internally as well as externally, to get rid of the disease. But this sanguiferous doctrine of distribution is more difficult to re- concile with entomological science than the atmospheric one. Contagion by direct contact of clean animals with diseased, or where the former enter foul ground, will be difficult to avoid so long as the commerce of live farm stock is conducted as at present ; for diseased animals will be sent to market, although contrary to the spirit of the law, thus not only communicating the disease to all they come in contact with, but also infecting the market-place. According to the experiments made by Mr. Simonds, acari left upon a post, hurdle, or hedge by a scabbed beast will survive for fourteen days, and at the end of that time lay hold of any animal coming in contact with it, and thus communicate the dis- ease; consequently our weekly and fortnightly markets are little better, during the warm months of summer, than nests for pro- pagating malignant parasites. It would be well, then, if very stringent statutes were enacted, confiscating all diseased animals offered for sale, and that microscopical examinations were enforced in all suspicious cases, so as to guarantee its healthy operation. Tt will thus be seen that the means for preventing contagion may be summed up in two words—improved management. At a very early period in our history, acarus scabiei was much more common among our forefathers than among their posterity of the present day. The change which has taken place is obvi- ously attributable to progress in dietetics, clothing, and medicine; and among our domesticated animals it is no more than reasona- ble to conclude that similar causes will produce similar effects. In point of fact, improved management has already greatly re- duced the prevalence of scabies among both our herds and flocks, thus holding out every encouragement to persevere in obtaining further progress. There is, perhaps, no branch of husbandry where greater advances can be made than in cattle-cookery, house- hold accommodation, including grooming, etc., and medicine ; and when we contemplate how much cutaneous diseases are dependent on management in each of these three respects, it were difficult to estimate what influence further improvements in them may have on the disease in question.” 282 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. LicE oN HorskEs. Lice, in a majority of cases, may be attributed to want of clean- liness; for they are rarely if ever seen on the body of an animal with clean skin. Brush and curry-comb, and clean stables, are, therefore, the preventives. A short time ago I had occasion to visit a stable, located in Waukegan, Ill. There I saw a horse almost perfectly hairless, ex- cept the mane and tail. I asked the owner what occasioned the depilation of the hair. He informed me that the horse’s body was completely infested with lice; that he had tried all sorts of rem- edies without success, and, at last, thought he would try kerosene oil, and, accordingly, rubbed the body all over with it, using about two quarts. He said “it killed all the lice, but came very near killing the horse. It made him perfectly crazy ; his limbs became swollen to the proportions of a young elephant, and the hair all fell off.” The remedy I have found most efficacious is composed of No: \30.,.Crude,cod-liver,,oils ic. Js.0.0) eecersiis 1 pint. Polyerizedslobelidey sos sce c.scere cis ole: 6 oes 1 dr. Simple soumbmienths./ ieee cre ere cree sista alert cane iar: Mix. After a short time, the animal may be put to light work, still making an occasional application of the iodine ointment. Should the parts about the hock degenerate into a hard callous, friction with cod-liver oil may be employed. Should this fail to have the desired effect, then make a few applications of the acetate of cantharides, prepared as follows: No. 46. Acetic acid (fluid).......e.000. syeterenshts 1 oz. AUCH ey ie Re rey AICS 5 RRO Saves 5 oz. Powdered cantharides....ceccccoccsecs 1 Ar. Mix. Evsow Tumor. Elbow tumor (see cut on preceding page, fig. 2,) is usually re- cognized as “capped elbow.” It sometimes grows to an enor- mous size, and not only becomes unsightly, but seriously interferes with the action of the elbow and its articulation. At first, the part is hot, inflamed, and tender. Soon effusion takes place; then the part is soft and fluctuating; next, albumen is deposited, and this, finally, is metamorphosed into fibrine, at which stage the tumor is large and dense ; the walls of the skin are also very much thickened ; in fact, when dissecting out the tumor, it appears that the skin is in a state of hypertrophy, or morbid growth. How- ever, there is usually a central orifice in the tumor which seems to indicate that the first trouble originated in a bursal sac, from external injury, either by the calking of the shoe or. the toe of the 21 oo DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. hind foot; or it may arise from a bruise inflicted in the act of lying down on a hard floor. Treatment.—In the early stage, and when there is nothing but fluid in the sac, an opening should be made into the lower part of it, by means of a thumb lancet. After the fluid has been evacu- ated, by pressure, inject into it an astringent, composed of pyrolig- neous acid and water, equal parts; and rub the exterior of the tumor, twice daily, with a small quantity of cod-liver oil. The cod-liver-oil will act as a glandular stimulant, and thus aid in the absorption of the tumor. A seton, inserted through the tumor, sometimes has a very good effect ; but if the tumor be large and unsightly, the services of a surgeon will be required for its removal, by means of the scalpel. CAPPED Hock. Capped hock consists of tumefaction, or enlargement at the point of the hock. Occurring, as it does, at a very prominent and exposed part of the limb, it is almost sure to attract notice ; hence is not only an eye-sore, but a serious defect, and, if accom- panied by lameness, the animal may be pronounced unsound, during the period of lameness. The tumor is the result of enlarge- ment of a synovial sae which lies between the bone and the tendon gastrocnemii. This sac contains synovia, and it is furnished for the purpose of lubricating the parts for the prevention of friction. The skin, also, becomes thickened, or, rather, is in a state of hy- pertrophy (morbid growth), which add largely to the size of the tumor. Causes.—Capped hock is generally produced by a blow or bruise. It is almost always occasioned by the whiffle-tree coming in contact with the parts. The animal may, however, injure the parts in the act of kicking. The parts may also be bruised in the act of lying down or rising in the stall. Therefore, not knowing any other cause for capped hock, we may safely infer that it is the ‘result of external injury. Treatment.—In the early or inflammatory stage, refrigerating lotions are indicated. Take of INOW Afar SalvamMOniay.\. si... sp «+ + othe evcrcliey ecto Oe Nitratevof potasse. .'2/.). siete crore arolermteretars 1 oz. SW Stee alelelerate) sisters iclefofoteletsicre dierla) Sheleseleroimeen UES LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 323 Sponge the part quite often, for a day or two, until the heat and attendant pain subsides; after which the affection will run on to the chronic stage, and perhaps acquire magnitude; then the treat- ment must be altered. The object now is to excite absorption. In that view, I recommend the following: No. 48. Powdered iodide of potass........... 2 dr. Yellow basilicon...... 0.00 Fonu clay OA Mix. Apply a portion of this ointment to the enlargement, morning and evening. VARIX (KNOWN AS Boa Spavin). Varix, or “ bog spavin,” consists of an enlargement on the in- side of the hock, corresponding to a disease of the same character in the human subject known as varicose veins. It very rarely produces lameness, and most writers contend that it is nothing more than an eye-sore. Be this as it may, it is a defect, and, in the eye of the law, constitutes unsoundness, simply from the fact that soundness consists in perfection of function and structure, and, also, because sound horses do not have defects of this character. The enlargement does not generally impair the usefulness of the animal for ordinary work; yet sometimes, in consequence of over- work or sprain, the tumor acquires magnitude. It is always dangerous to attempt to remove varix, or to punc- ture it; and the only proper method of treatment, in view of lim- iting its growth, for it can not be cured, is to bathe it often with the following astringent lotion : No. 49. Fluid extract of witch-hazel........... 2 o7. Fluid extract of bayberry bark........ 4 oz. Proof spirit..... ey RSET NOT RSM EN Ie 1 pint. Mix. Bog spavin is an indication of weak and faulty hocks, unless it can be shown that the animal has been made to labor too early in life, or has performed excessive work beyond his capacity. Then the affection can be accounted for, and may not owe its origin to either fault or defect. 324 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ATROPHY, OR WASTING OF MUSCLES IN THE REGION OF THE SHOULDER-BLADE, (KNOWN AS SWEENY.) Atrophy signifies wasting of muscles, in which diseased parts become notably smaller than those of the natural, without other alteration in texture. The author has had several opportunities of examining horses that have died in consequence of disease or old age, who, during life, were the subjects of what is known as sweeny, and found that the muscles of the shoulder had quite a pale appearance, somewhat resembling those of a calf which had been bled to death. A condensation or wasting of muscular fiber was very apparent; the cellular membrane under the skin had almost disappeared, merely by condensation and contraction of the skin over the region of the parts, which contraction occurs in con- sequence of shrinkage of the muscles beneath the skin. A FOUNDERED OR DEAD LAME HORSE. (See p. 336.) Causes.—As regards the cause of atrophy, it is a well-known fact that inaction of a muscle produces a notable decrease in size. The muscles of laboring men decrease in size whenever, from choice or necessity, the individual leads a sedentary life. A limb kept at rest for any length of time undergoes more or less atrophy (wasting). In some cases, the foot diseases, so common, are of that character as to cause the subjects much pain in progression ; LAMENESS, FROM NARIOUS CAUSES.# 325 and, in order to relieve the feet, the horse spares the muscles, which, for want of free and full action, leads to diminished nutrition and wasting (atrophy). Some of the readers of this work must have ~ noticed the fact of the shrinking of the muscles of the haunch in case of disease or severe lameness of one of the hind feet. This shrinkage often occurs, as in the case of the shoulder, from want of natural action and full play of the muscles concerned. We have ample proof that wasting is the result of want of action, in the fact that when a horse becomes the subject of a painful disease in the hind foot, he neither advances nor rotates the limb any more than he can possibly help, but holds the foot up, sometimes points it. On examination, the atrophy, or wasting, is confined to the muscles which perform these two actions; and in the case of pain or lameness in one of the fore-feet, the same faulty action is observable, and the same class of muscles (whose action is almost identical with that of the hind parts) are the ones affected. The author deems it of great importance that husbandmen should fully understand this subject; for it will enable them to perceive that, while inflating horses’ shoulders with a quill, or practicing any other absurd treatment in the vicinity of the wasted or sweenied shoulder, they are overlooking the real malady (in the foot), and at best are only treating symptoms. On careful examination, however, should it appear that the patient is free from any disorder of the foot or feet, and, on the other hand, it is clearly evident that myositis or myalgia (muscular pain) exists, then the treatment must be directed to the affected parts. The facts in either case can only be determined by a competent practi- tioner. ' The author has often noticed that when horses have been over- criven or overworked, they become stiff and lame in those parts of the body most susceptible to the ordinary influences. For example, one horse may perform a long journey, with a weighty man on his back, and the next day show symptoms of lameness in the lumbar region. His back is arched ; the limbs are brought under the center of the body, and every movement indicates that the animal suffers tormenting pains, which are located in the mus- cles of the back. This is myositis, or inflammation of the muscular fiber. Sometimes, however, the malady constitutes myalgia (mus- cular pain and spasm), unaccompanied by inflammatory action. Another horse may be put to a similar kind of work, and, in a 326 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. few hours afterward, be found stiff and lame. But the symptoms are not the same as those just recorded. The pathology is proba- bly identical ; it is the same disease, only it has a different locality. It is myositis of the pectoral muscles, involving, also, the muscles of the shoulder-blades. And the intelligent owner of the afflicted animal will notice that the fore extremities are unnaturally ad- vanced ; the foreparts of the body are unnaturally hot and tender ; the fore-feet are feverish, and the hoofs are hotter still. The ad- vanced position of the fore extremities and shoulders gives a very marked hollowness to the forepart of the chest, and many men, on seeing such a case, would declare that the animal was chest- foundered, this being the name which is sometimes given to such a condition; but it is really owing to myalgia (muscular pain and stiffness). It is well-known that all muscles are subject to inflammatory action and muscular pain from work disproportionate to their strength. For example, let any man undertake to saw wood, practice with heavy dumb-bells, or ride on a horse—feats that he has never been accustomed to—and, whether the labor be excessive or not, the individual will shortly complain of more or less mus- cular pain; and if he be a weak man, the more excessive will be that pain. Now, the muscles of the horse, being just as suscepti- ble to pain as those of man, are just as easily operated on through the well-known exciting causes. Symptoms.—In the case of a horse, when the work has been ex- cessive, and of a character to bring the muscles of the shoulders, their tendons and coverings, into a state of over-exertion, it will often be found that some of the muscular fibers in the region of the shoulder are fractured, small blood-vessels are ruptured, and other pathological changes take place. This is followed by inflammation (myositis). Suppose, therefore, a horse shows symptoms of myo- sitis after excessive work, and, in the course of a few days, it is noticed that the muscles of his shoulders are wasting away, and continue to waste, so that all persons who examine the animal pronounce him sweenied, we may then infer that the wasting (sweeny) is not symptomatic, but is the result of myositis. Treatment.—The principal treatment is rest ; afterward diminish | the work, and, by proper diet and tonics, increase the power to do it. The muscular parts affected should be bathed, morning and — evening, with a portion of the following: LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 327 No. 50. Fluid extract of wormwood...... Fluid extract of poppies........ \ each BO: IBTOOL Spirits eorereis cies «boil neivetse oieterel= 1 pint. Mix. Should the feet prove to be very hot and feverish, frequent bathing with cold water, or a cold infusion of hops, will have a very good effect. In the mean time give the animal two drachms of fluid extract of gelseminum, once or twice per day, until the feverish symptoms subside. Then, when the case passes into the chronic stage (sweeny), the shoulders and wasted parts are to be well rubbed, often, with a portion of the following: No. 51. Fluid extract of ginger........ Wisiusieieras 4 oz. Gumicamphor. ose... . -c- aleleloi feel eiaiele 1 oz. OIA GIS S oo oS Ge ob vesoacataboobHodTS 4 pint. Pulverize the gum ; add it to the oil, in which it will soon dis- solve; then mix with it the ginger, and the preparation is fit for use. Should the muscles of the shoulder waste, in consequence of chronic disease or altered structure about the hoof or within it, such as ring-bone, ossification of the lateral cartilages, etc., then a strong counter-irritant must be applied, for a week or so, around the coronet. At the same time we should treat the shoulder as above. A good counter-irritant for the coronet may be thus pre- pared : Now Zen Codelivier O1lie). css cesiese Gee ee ee Kerosene oil...... BS CN ie cae a Mix. The great trouble in chronic cases of this character is, that it usually takes a long time to free the animal from lameness, and to restore the muscles of the shoulder to their original size ; and, after all we can do, it may be necessary to let the animal have a run at grass. It will be advisable, in all chronic cases, unless the horse be very lame, to insure regular exercise, which will tend to develop the shrunken muscles. The best way to prevent sweeny is to keep the horse in good condition by a rational use of his muscular powers, being careful not to overtax them, and by giving proper attention to his feet, both in the stable and at the blacksmith’s shop. 328 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. THOROUGH-PIN. The seat of thorough-pin is between the popliteous (fig. 2) and the point of the hock, near where the tendon is severed, as shown in the accompanying engraving. The disease is called thorough- pin, simply because the fluid contained in the bursal sac can be squeezed from one side to the other. VIEW OF SOME OF THE DEEP-SEATED MUSCLES IN THE REGION OF THE HOCK AND STIFLE. ExpLaNnaTion.—l, Popliteous; 2, Flexor pedis accessorius; 3, Flexor metatarsi magnus; 4, The tendon, common both to the flexor metatarsi and extensor pedis; 5, The groove in which the extensor plays. Symptoms.—The disease is similar to bog spavin and wind-galls ; namely, enlargement of a synovial sac. It seldom if ever lames a horse, yet, when large, is apt to interfere with the free action of the joint. In former years it was customary to open thorough-pins by means of a lancet, in view of evacuating the fluid; but many fatal LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 329 eases having occurred, the practice is now discontinued. Among the many fatal cases recorded I select the following, which has been recorded in the “ Veterinarian,” by W. A. WHEATLEY, V.S.: “The subject was a five-year old cart-horse, the property of the South-eastern Railway Company, admitted on the 1st of Septem- ber, 1855, with an immense thorough-pin on the off hock. The animal being then in a very high condition, a support shoe was placed on the foot of the diseased limb, and the frequent applica- tion of cold water to the diseased parts resorted to, the diet being restricted to mashes. October 6.—The horse was considered in a fit state for the op- eration. Accordingly, I had the animal secured by a side line, and first punctured the enlargement with the exploring-needle, in four different places; but, as the imprisoned fluid did not escape so readily as I expected, I determined upon opening the part with the lancet, which being done, the fluid escaped to the amount of a small tea-cupful. It was of a thin consistence, and of a pale straw color. I then applied bandages dipped in cold water, and kept the hock constantly wet. October 7.—The swelling had very slightly returned. I gave some aperient medicine, and continued the bandages with cold water, and applied a suitable truss to the hock. I need not give a report of the case from day to day. Suffice it to say that the cold water and the truss were continued in use, and the animal never manifested the least inconvenience from the operation. November 21.—He was considered cured, not the least appear- ance of the enlargement being left. November 29.—On this day the horse was attacked with abdom- inal obstruction, and, despite all our remedial measures, consisting of active purgatives, as solution of aloes, calomel, oleum lini et crotoni, with the frequent use of medicated enemata, counter- irritants, etc., he continued to grow worse till the 1st of December, when death took place. This was the fourth attack of this kind that the animal had experienced while under treatment for the dis- eased hock.” The danger to be apprehended in cases where an opening is made by the lancet arises from the liability to synovitis, (inflamma- tion of the synovial membrane,) which reacts sympathetically on the system, producing derangement of some of the organs or func- 330 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. tions of the body. Therefore I consider it injudicious to lay open a synovial capsule in any part of the body. Treatment.—The safest method of treatment is to puncture the sac, by means of small needles. After having evacuated the fluid through the sieve-like needle-holes, the part is to be smeared with ointment of iodine—one drachm of iodine to seven drachms of simple ointment. Then apply a spring truss, so constructed as to press on both sides of the hock. By this means the internal parts of the sac are kept in contact, and they finally unite. Thus the enlargement is obliterated. If, at any time during the treatment, the parts become hot or tender, discontinue the ointment, and sub- stitute a pad on each extremity of the truss, which are to be kept constantly wet with cold water until the inflammatory action dis- appears. NAVICULAR LAMENESS, Navicular lameness is of very frequent occurrence among horses. It usually depends upon strain or injury of the tendon, known as perforans, just where it passes over the navicular bone. Some- times the navicular bone becomes diseased, ulcerates, and finally becomes fractured ; at other times the bone becomes the seat of incrustations, or roughing, and thus irritates the flexor tendon. Such affections always cause pain and lameness. Horses with nar- row heels, or those laboring under contraction at the quarters and heels, suffer much pain in the posterior or navicular region, in con- sequence of hoof pressure on the sensitive parts of the foot. A disease known as navicular thritis (inflammation of the parts in the navicular region) often prevails, This is an inflammatory affection, very painful, and much resembles laminitis) fever in the foot). Symptoms.—Pointing of the affected foot; the animal, while standing, throws the affected foot forward, by which means the weight of the forepart of the body is transferred to the other limb; the animal has a short, tripping gait, and steps cautiously; the muscles of the shoulder waste ; the spine of the shoulder-blade be- comes quite prominent; and this condition of the muscles is often called sweeny. We usually find, also, that the heels are pinched in, and the walls are thin and weak. The liability to navicular lameness is very great in horses with narrow chests, upright pas- terns, and outturned toes. Other defects in the loins exist. Hence LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 3801 it is supposed that a predisposition to this affection may lurk in the breed; in fact, it is known that a tendency to it exists in the progeny of certain horses. It is related that the progeny of “Young Musician,” a thorough-bred horse, all showed a tendency to navicular disease. Treatment.—We first ascertain whether the difficulty is of an acute or chronic character. Should it have made its appearance very suddenly, and the part feels hot and painful, then we class it as the acute stage. Should the trouble, however, be of long standing, it will be in the chronic stage. In the acute stage, cold water bandages must be applied to the region of the fetlock, which should be kept wet with water, to which may be added a little vinegar, merely to acidulate the former; the patient should be kept at rest, and fed on a light diet. In the chronic stage, coun- ter-irritants are indicated, yet organic disease may be the result; in that event, the horse has always a sort of groggy walk, and is never sound. Neurotomy has been practiced in view of treating this affection, but I can not perceive how such an operation can benefit a horse having an organic difficulty. Neurotomy merely destroys, for a short time, the sensibility of certain parts of the foot ; but so soon as the divided nerve reunites, sensibility is again restored. There may, however, occur some form of lameness which might be bene- fited by neurotomy, but I think the same thing might be achieved by counter-irritation, and without the use of the knife. The coun- ter-irritant I have found most useful is as follows: INOS Doe Codeliver ollssacs sciec es Sas eleca se art n e 2) Oz INGROEEING oo 6booaaduo068 AGU OAT ee POOL Wait hard Gsiisisiwicaiewiiistereiy sleristereiveisie sei bay GT: Mix. Apply a portion of the above to the navicular region, between the heels and fetlock, on the back part, once or twice daily, until the part is well blistered, which will take place at the end of a week. The more thorough the blistering, the more chance is there of doing good. No after-dressing need be applied, unless the parts become very sore; in that event, I should lubricate with olive oil. It will be necessary, in chronic cases, to secure the services of a good blacksmith, so that the animal may have a shoe affixed properly adapted to the necessities of the case. If any signs of Bou DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. contraction exist, the heels are to be opened, and the walls at the quarters must be rasped thin, so as to remove the lateral pressure on the sensitive parts. It may be necessary, in the event of the patient not being bene- fited by the above treatment, to reapply the counter-irritant; this . matter is left discretionary with those who take the case in hand. In the treatment of such cases, the owner of the afflicted animal must be prepared to exercise due patience, for the day of recovery may be far distant; often it is a mere question of time, and not one of skill. PLEURODYNIA (PAINFUL AFFECTION OF THE PLEURA AND MUSCLES OF THE CHEST). Pleurodynia (in human practice) signifies pain in the side, from a rheumatic affection of the pleura. In horses the malady not only affects the pleura, but also the intercostal muscles. It is a very painful malady, and some persons are in the habit of calling it “founder.” Pleurodynia, however, differs in its origin from founder, inasmuch as the latter may arise from various causes, whereas pleurodynia is almost always the result of an excessive use of the muscular powers, or when the animal has been sub- jected to long-continued and very severe exertion. Symptoms.—It will be noticed that the animal moves in a very stiff manner; steps short and quite slow—he appears about used up, as the saying is; the back is arched, and the skin is over the service of the body, and is not only hot but very tender; on mak- ing pressure over the regions of the sides of the chest, symptoms of pain will be elicited, showing conclusively that the intercostal muscles between the ribs and pleura, or lining membrane of the cavity of the chest, are involved; the respirations are short and jerking, and the number of pulsations range from forty to sixty per minute. Both fore-feet are usually advanced, and, on apply- ing a hand to them, it will be found that they are unusually hot, and that they are inflamed; the appetite is not good; the urine is high-colored, and the bowels constipated. Such are the most observable and common symptoms of this painful malady. It is something like rheumatism in its pathology, and often migrates to the brain, or its investing membranes. When this happens there remains but little hope for the patient. LAMENESS FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 3) Treatment.—In view of illustrating the treatment, I introduce the following case: The animal had been hired of Mr. P——, of Chicago, by a person who appeared to have but very little respect or compassion for horse-flesh; for on the return of the animal to the stable, he showed unmistakable evidences of shameful abuse. He was completely jaded, and could scarcely stand on his feet. He received proper care and attention during the night, and next morning I visited him. On making a careful examination, I found most of the above symptoms present. It seemed, however, that his feet were more affected than other parts of the body, and it was impossible to get him to move. I had his feet bathed constantly with cold water, and his joints, back, and sides were rubbed with a liniment composed of equal parts of cod-liver oil and spirits of camphor. The medicine administered was one ounce of powdered niter, night and morning, for three days. The pulse had decreased to thirty-six per minute, and the respirations were more tranquil; so I discontinued the niter, and commenced an alterative plan of treatment, by giving one ounce of fluid ex- tract of stillingia, night and morning, at the same time continuing the local applications until they were no longer needed. One ounce of fluid extract of buchu was occasionally given, in view of exciting the kidneys to action, and this is all the medicine the patient received until convalescence was established, when he was placed under tonic treatment. The tonic used was one ounce and a half of fluid extract of golden seal, daily. The treatment occu- pied a period of two weeks, during which time the animal stood but little on his limbs, seldom rising except to partake of food, which consisted of bran and water, a few oats, and small quan- tities of hay. So soon as the patient had regained some strength, he was led to pasture, where he soon got well. It appears that in the treatment of a disease of this character, light diet, a few simple medicines, and good nursing are all that are indicated. AcuTE RHEUMATISM. The faithful servant of man, the horse, does not enjoy im- munity from this distressing disease. The same causes which operate on the system of man to develop a disease of this char- acter are, with unerring certainty, operative on the inferior creature. Rheumatism is mostly confined to the fibrous tex- 304 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. tures, or faschia of muscles, and the inter-articular cartilages of the joints, and, finally, the articulating surfaces of the bones be- come involved. The disease is always characterized by great pain, and sometimes swelling in the re- gion of joint. It is accompanied by a quick and wiry pulse, and by other symp- * toms, denominated febrile. It occurs among men and horses at all seasons of the year, yet at the period of sud- den transitions from heat to cold it is most prevalent. Animals when heated by exercise, and then suffered to “cool off,” without ordinary care, are very apt to become the subjects of this malady, so that prevention, to a certain extent, is within our power, and, in the exercise of preventive measures, we may, in com- mon parlance, “stave off,’ for a time, this disease, although it may be latent in the system as an hereditary affection. SRTEENAL MUSCLES. AND TENDONE. Mr, E. Dun; who. is;goodauthorityyom the subject, says: “Rheumatism is neither so common, nor are its symptoms so well marked, in horses as in cattle. When, however, it does occur in the horse, it manifests the same well-known appearances which characterize it in all animals. It affects the fibrous tissues of joints, the coverings of muscles, tendons, valves about the heart, and larger vessels, and manifests a peculiar tendency to shift from one part of the bedy to another, often affecting, in succession, all the larger joints—at one time chiefly in the neck, at another, in the back and loins, while, in many of its more acute attacks, it appears to involve almost every portion of fibrous and fibro-serous tissues throughout the body. In all its varied types it exhibits ‘a full, strong, hard, and unyielding pulse, caused by the inflamma- tion involving the serous and fibro-serous tissues of the heart and circulating vessels. During its existence, various excrementitious matters accumulate in the blood, and the fibrinous constituents of the same exceed their normal proportions, as indicated by the production of the buffy coat on the blood. In severe or badly- treated cases, the inflammation is very apt to be transformed from LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 335 the joints and muscles to the heart, and its investing membranes, and it is the danger of this change in the seat of the disease that renders rheumatism so formidable, and often so fatal. It always leaves the parts affected so altered as to be extremely predisposed to subsequent attacks, and it is more than probable that this altered condition is reproduced in the progenies of rheumatic subjects, and constitutes in them the inherent tendency to the disease. Horses sometimes suffer from rheumatic inflammation in the fibrous sheathing envelopes of the muscles of the neck, constitut- ing what is popularly known as the chords. When thus affected, the animal is very stiff, remains as much as possible in one posi- tion, and is unwilling to bend his neck either one way or the other, or to elevate or depress his head. ‘There is always more or less fever, with a strong, full pulse. Sometimes, as in lumbago, in the human subject, it affects the muscles of the back and loins, caus- ing stiffness, tenderness, and pain, which are especially evinced on moving or turning the animal. These rheumatic affections are very readily produced in predisposed subjects by exposure to rain and cold, especially when accompanied by overheating or exhaus- tion. Rheumatism sometimes occurs in horses as a Pe vcincnd symp- tom of that epizootic affection which usually receives the much- abused title of influenza. In such cases the rheumatism is of a somewhat more subacute or chronic character than common, and is accompanied by that low, debilitating fever so often the con- comitant of epizootic maladies. It usually affects all parts of the body susceptible of the rheumatic inflammation, is attended par- ticularly by those symptoms which indicate disease of the heart and pericardium, as an intermittent pulse, etc., and often termi- nates fatally by effusions into the pleura or pericardium, thus causing death by arresting the motions of the heart.” Treatment.—In the treatment of rheumatism simulating an in- flammatory type, our first object is to produce a sedative effect on the heart and its vessels of circulation. With this object in view, we administer one or two drachms of fluid extract of gelseminum every four hours, until the pulse becomes softer. In the mean time a few dases of nitrate of potass* should be given in the water * NiTRATE oF Porassa.—In a case of synovial rheumatism this remedy was given by a Boston physician, in a single dose of one ounce, dissolved in a pint , ‘ 336 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. which the animal drinks, at the rate of one ounce per day, divided into doses in proportion to the number of times the patient is watered. So soon as the animal evinces signs of improvement, the above treatment is to be discontinued ; then give six drachms per day of fluid extract of prince’s pine. The joints which seem to be affected are to be bathed occasionally with camphorated vinegar, in the proportion of one ounce of camphor to eight ounces (fluid) of vinegar. CHRONIC RHEUMATISM Chronic rheumatism is usually the sequel of the acute kind. It is generally obstinate and lingering, and prone to recur. Unlike the acute kind, pain is alleviated by counter-irritation and exer- cise ; and when the patient gets warmed up, as the saying is, he either forgets his pains or becomes relieved. Bathing with warm vinegar has a good effect in the treatment of this disease, but I have found the following liniment useful in almost all the cases that have come under my care: No.(547/ Oil Of Cedarie ocis c.e'sie 6 ccs #is\e/sie's/e ele ierel Ml aOZe SMP NUTIC CHHEL, ..0:5/5)0) ci «/0)e1s clsie a) eiciora) oO PEGOL Spirit. 0's epee: s/e'e! 21s\neiege\= all cielo tom nO ETCS First, mix together the oil of cedar and sulphuric ether; then add the proof spirit, and, after shaking it awhile, it is fit for use. Give the animal one fluid drachm of the fluid extract of colchi- cum-root, night and morning, for three days; after which give, daily, twenty-five grains of the iodide of potass, dissolved in half a gill of water. Should the animal show any signs of debility or loss of flesh, tonics, stimulants, and nutritious diet are indicated. and a half of barley-water. This was followed by one grain of opium. In fif- teen hours the pulse was found reduced, and the pain absolutely gone; and in a few days the tongue was clean, and the swelling entirely abated. The remedy caused neither emesis nor catharsis, but passed off by the kidneys. In another case of acute synovial attack, following chronic rheumatism, the same dose was prescribed without any good effect, causing active catharsis. Again, half an ounce of nitrate of potassa, largely diluted, was given every two to four hours, until the patient took three ounces in eighteen hours, with two doses of opium of one grain each, with entire relief to the pain and fever. When the potash was reduced to drachm doses, nausea and vomiting followed, which were relieved by vesication with aqua ammonia, the blister being sprinkled with half a grain of morphine. The patient recovered. Another physician had used the remedy to the extent of half an ounce in twenty-four hours, for three successive days. LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 330 The authorities teach us, and my own experience has confirmed the fact, that iodide of potass is a valuable agent in the treatment of chronic rheumatism. It is most sure to act beneficially when the periosteum (fibrous covering of the bones) is affected. There is no doubt that chronic rheumatism often cripples the joints by producing disease of the bones in the region of their articulations. This makes a poor horse dead lame, and renders him almost useless. When the bones become ulcerated or carious there remains but little hope of cure. ‘ RING-BONE. Ring-bone is a form of disease the pathology of which is similar to that of spavin and splent. It is located just above the coronet or crown of the hoof. The enlargement is called exostosis (a mor- bid enlargement of bone), and when the large pastern becomes united to the smaller one, the case is called anchylosis (permanent rigidity of the joint). et The term ring-bone is far behind the times as regards our pres- ent knowledge of nosology (the doctrine of the names of diseases) ; yet, to the unprofessional, it is suggestive, and, therefore, we are compelled to retain a name which all can interpret. It signifies a complete or partial eminence around pastern bones. The ring is formed by incrustations, or osseous deposits in the pastern, or involving the joint, as the case may be; yet, in order to make out a pure case of ring-bone, that comes strictly within the meaning of the term as horsemen interpret it, there must exist a complete ridge of bone around the anterior part, extending from side to side. A pure case of ring-bone generally originates on the surface of the bone, on or beneath the periosteum, Commencing at the lower margin of pastern and upper part of the coronet bone, the disease spreads, involving both capsular ligament and joint. The remote cause of ring-bone lies in hereditary idiosyncrasies, transmitted through the sexual congress, The disease itself is sometimes di- rectly transmitted. I once bought an unweaned colt, and brought it up by hand. A short time after purchase, I observed enlarge- ments on the hind pasterns. He ultimately turned out to be a ring-boned animal, and had stiff joints. I found out afterward that the mother had large ring-bones on both hind pasterns. The disease was, therefore, congenital. Mr. PERCIVALL, whose opinion on such matters is unquestion- 22 338 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. able, says that his attention to the hereditary origin of ring-bone was first aroused from a remark made by an extensive dealer in horses, in reply to a question put to him, How it happened that but few ringbones were met with, compared to the number that attracted notice in times past? The reply was, “ Because no breeder of horses nowadays will send a mare to a horse having ring-bone.” A very good example for American horsemen to fol- low, for the disease is very prevalent in some parts of this country. A vast number of our best as well as inferior horses are the sub- jects of this infirmity. The disease lurks in breed, after the fash- ion of scrofula and consumption in the human subject. When both parents are affected, the disease in the offspring is doubly severe. , The author just quoted remarks that “a coarse or half-breed, fleshy or bony-legged horse, with short and upright pasterns, is the ordinary subject of this disease ; and there exists satisfactory reasons why we should expect him to be so. The pastern and coffin bones constitute the nethermost of the column of bones composing the limbs, and being so, they receive the entire weight and force transmitted from above. The pastern, being long and oblique in position, receives the superincumbent weight on such an indirect line that, bending toward the ground with the fetlock, nothing like jar nor concussion follows. The very reverse of this, however, happens every time the foot of a limb, having a short, upright pastern, comes to the ground. In such, instead of the weight descending obliquely upon the sessamoids, and the fetlock bending therewith, it descends directly, or nearly so, upon the pasterns, making this bone entirely dependent on the bone beneath it for counteracting concussion; and should any thing occur to diminish this, or to throw more weight on the bones beneath than they can counteract, jar of the whole apparatus ensues ; and an effort of Nature to strengthen the parts, by investing them with callous and ossification, is likely to be the ultimate result ; for we would view ring-bone, disease though it must assuredly be called, a recourse of Nature to strengthen weak parts, the bones being unequal to the exertions or efforts required of them.” Another quotation may possibly interest the reader: “ Ring-bone is an exostosis (a growth of bone from bone) situated around the coronet, mostly near the pastern joint, at other times just above it; and not unfrequently the joint becomes anchylosed, LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 339 owing to the spread of ossification; that is, the coffin bone and pastern bone become united together by bony growth. Ring- bones are the result of hereditary predisposition, structural organi- zation, and accident. As to hereditary predisposition, there is no doubt but that some sires, the subjects of spavin, ring-bone, and other forms of exostosis, father foals which often, sooner or later, themselves become victims of the same disease. The same law applies to dams. Breeders of horses are fully aware of this fact, and are, therefore, more careful than formerly in the selection of parents for the purposes of breeding from. As to form, many living cases which now exist prove the truth of the statement that low-bred, coarse-limbed horses, with short, upright pasterns, are frequently subjects of ring-bone. Why such should be the case with animals with upright pasterns is easily explained, as follows: The pastern bones in a well-formed limb ought to form an oblique angle with the cannon-bone (metacarpus) placed above them; whereas, if the pastern is upright, the column of bones from the elbow-joint to the foot is, necessarily, placed in one and the same straight line, causing, at every step made by the animal during progression, a severe concussive shock to be produced on the whole column of bones, but more especially on the pastern bones, owing to the superincumbent weight of the bones above them. Thus one or more of the pastern-bones become injured and inflamed, and, finally, as a consequence, exostosis ensues, the coronet becomes in- volved, and the disease denominated ring-bone is set up.” Mr. PeRcIVALL quotes from Gibson: “ When a well-formed, high-bred horse happens to have a ring-bone, we may conclude it to proceed from some accident rather than from any natural fault. The disease may also be produced by a blow to the part, and from the efforts made to increase speed, when concussion causes injury, inflammation, and consequent exostosis to the bones of the pastern. As to treatment, we should recommend the proprietors of young horses, subject to ring-bones, to place their horses in a state of nature, by removing the shoes from their feet, and by turning out to grass. If this, after a fair trial, fail, then the treatment for spavin and other exostosis must be resorted to, such as blistering the affected part and keeping the animal on a low diet. No dis- ease is more troublesome to treat, or more demands the strict at- tention of a skillful veterinarian.” Causes.—The exciting causes of ring-bone are ligamentary 340 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. sprains, brought about by overwork, extraordinary feats of strength in drawing heavy loads, ete. In short, either sprain, injury, blow, or bruise may act as the pathological spark to bring about the discase. Regarding the treatment of ring-bone, it would be interesting, and perhaps amusing, to call attelition to some of the heroic methods of combating this malady ; but the animal has nerves of sensibility, and is as keenly alive to pain as one of us; therefore it is not really pleasant to dwell on the atrocities which are not unfrequently practiced.on this noble animal. A very common error exists in the minds of some people that ring-bone is fed by a bladder at the posterior part of the pastern, which has about as much to do in the production of the disease as the author of this work. This error would not amount to much, however, only it has led to the infliction of a cruel operation, without the least advantage ; namely, the cutting out of the bladder. Now, this so- called bladder is, in reality, a bursal sac, the use of which is te secrete synovia, to be used for the purpose of guarding against friction ; therefore, the extraction of it must be disadvantageous to the parts. Tt seems that ring-bone is not enough torment for the poor brute to suffer, but he must, in addition, submit to a species of cruelty unheard of*in the annals of human medicine. Such treatinent is wrong, and every man who loves a horse should set his face against it, and use every effort for the purpose of putting a stcp to the practice of all barbarity in the treatment of domestic an‘mals. Treatment.—The question to decide, when we undertake to treat a case of this character is, whether the disease is in the acute or chronic stage. Experience teaches us that nearly all Ciseases may be divided into two classes: First, the acute, or those which come on suddenly, attended by pain and fever, or, rather, ‘ebrile symp- toms; for there are no primary fevers in the horse. tquine fevers are always called into existence, or accompany a pathological con- dition which frequently existed, and the fever is in exact ratio to the intensity of the disease. Cure the disease and the fever ceases. Acute diseases also tend to termination within a short perfod of time, or else run into the chronic stage. Secoadly, the chronie stage. Chronic diseases are those of aie progress, and exceed in duration the ordinary existence of the acute class. They may arise in consequence of acute disorders, or be developed originally, | I LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 341 in the form which they long afterward preserve. For the most part, chronic disease and lameness are not marked by any violent symptoms, nor are they accompanied with much pain, if the horse be kept at rest. Suppose the disease to have first made its appearance, the parts will be hot and painful; but the idea of curing ring-bone—that is, restoring the parts to their normal condition—is really absurd ; for, when once the bones are anchylosed, the jomt never can per- form its natural function again. The new growths (exostosis), and the changes of structure that occur within and about the region of disease, are a part of Nature’s own handiwork, in view of strengthening a weak bone or joint. Our object in the treat- ment, therefore, is merely to aid Nature. Excuse the animal from work, and apply sedative lotions (cold-water dressings) so long as the acute stage lasts; then, when the case passes into the chronic stage, apply counter-irritants for a week or two, and, finally, turn the patient out to grass. The following will be found an effective sedative lotion: No. 55. Spirits of camphor..........-+. craelelohe amOZe Fluid extract of wormwood.......... 1 oz. Wiens Soslonoucudnoc BonocDoNHoue . 5 oz. To be applied twice daily. The following is an excellent counter-irritant for ring-bone in its chronic stage: INion HOt Codeliver Oll-sitn s caiclelel clones cue le os INGORONOLESS Sao sadboao CoO MOO FOOG Apply once or twice daily, until a crop of pustules appear ; then omit the application, and reapply it at the expiration of two or three intermitting periods. The remedies used by veterinary surgeons generally, are oil of cantharides, acetate of cantharides, blistering ointment, ointment of biniodide of mercury, and, lastly, the actual cautery, or heated iron. I have tried all except the latter, which savors too much of barbarity, and I never found any thing to equal the preparation here recommended—namely, cod-liver oil and kerosene. NAVICULARTHRITIS (NAvIcULAR DISEASE). Navicularthritis is an acute disease, supposed to be confined to the navicular region, or joint, which is in the posterior part of the oy 342 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. foot. The navicular bone (sometimes called the shuttle-bone) is so placed as to strengthen the union between the lower pastern and the coffin bone, and to enable the flexor tendon, which passes over it, in order to be inserted into the bottom of the coffin bone, to act with more advantage. There is a good deal of weight thrown on the navicular bone, and from the navicular bone to the tendon, and there is a great deal of motion or play between them in the bending and extension of the pasterns. It is very easy, therefore, to conceive that from sudden concussion, or from rapid and unrestrained motion, the delicate membrane which covers the bone, or the cartilage of the bone, may become diseased. The bone sometimes becomes ulcerated and fractured, so that it renders the horse almost perpetually lame. Symptoms.—The principal symptom of this affection is pointing of the foot. Ifthe horse be watched, when standing still in the stable or on the street, it will be noticed that the affected limb is advanced or pointed in such a manner as to relieve the navicular bone of any pressure from the flexor tendon, and this occurs in the chronic stage as well as in the acute. It will be observed, also, that the animal, when traveling, takes short steps, goes on the toe, and tries to favor the heel, or posterior parts, as much as possible. The favoring of the heel tends to destroy the function of expansibility of the hoof, and contraction of the same is the result. Treatment.—Should the disease be discovered early, that is, in the acute stage, the foot should be placed in a boot lined with a sponge. The latter is to be kept constantly wet with a portion of vinegar and water, equal parts. This may be continued for a period of twenty-four hours, at the end of which time bathe the coronet and heels with tincture of arnica. Light diet and perfect quiet, as in every other variety of inflammatory disease, are always necessary. In old chronic cases we resort to counter-irritation, through re- peated applications of the acetate of cantharides. Should there be any appearance of contraction, the heels of the hoof must be well opened, and the walls of the hoof, near the heels, must be rasped thin, so as not only to favor the expansibility of the foot, but also with a view to relieve the navicular region of any undue pres- sure. LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 343 STIFLE Out (DisLocaTiIon oR LUXATION OF THE STIFLE Bone). _ The patella of the horse, or stifle bone, as it is familiarly known, corresponds to the knee-pan of man, and answers the same pur- pose; that is, to facilitate motion, and protect the two extremities of the bones which compose the stifle-joint. It is retained in situ at the anterior part of the inferior extremity of the thigh bone.and superior extremity of the tibia. An accident of this character is generally accompanied with con- siderable pain and uneasiness; but the most notable symptom is, the bone is thrown off its pulley-like articulatory surface, and thus the recti and vasti muscles (the latter being direct extensors of the leg or thigh, and the action of the former being similar) are, for the time being, paralyzed ; that is to say, their action is suspended. If they act at all, it is under great disadvantage, and at the expense of their muscular integrity. The liability to luxation of the stifle bone (patella) is not so great as some persons would have us be- lieve. ‘The bone is secured in its position by a number of strong ligaments—has a complete articulatory joint of its own, whose capsular ligaments have strong attachments to surround them. The muscles, tensor vaginee, rectus, vasti faschia, panniculus carnosus, subcellular substance and integument, all operate favorably against the chances of luxation. The accident, however, does sometimes occur—not, perhaps, from any disarrangement of the mechanical order of the parts by violence, such as might be operative in dis- location of the thigh or arm bones, but often from spasm, cramp, etc., of certain muscles in the immediate vicinity of the parts. “T think his stifle is out,” is a very common complaint made by horse-owners when a horse becomes lame, and the “ neighbors” can not discover the exact location of the same. They hastily conclude, if the lameness is in the hind extremity, that the “ stifle is out” (luxated). Here is a case in point. I received a message some time ago, to visit a horse said to have “ his stifle out.” On making examination of the foot on the lame side, I found it much hotter than its fellow on the opposite side. The owner, at the moment, remarked that there was “no trouble in the foot.” He, however, was mistaken; for I found that a nail had entered the posterior part of the cleft of the frog, which I extracted, and this was the sole cause of lameness. I might relate a number of mis- 344 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. takes of this kind, all going to show how very apt people are to be deceived regarding the seat of lameness in horses. In short, judging from my own experience, and the testimony offered by other professional men, it may be confidently asserted that luxation of the patella is quite a rare accident. These remarks are intended for the instruction of the non-professional reader, Persons con- versant with the anatomy of the horse are not expected to make such a mistake as the one just alluded to; hence they do not stand in need of the author’s advice. H Method of reducing dislocation of the patella—The means of re- duction are very simple. The patella will be found on the lower and outer condyle of the thigh bone. With one hand let the operator grasp the leg, just below the hock, and raise it from the ground in an upward and forward direction; the other hand em- braces the stifle bone, and by a simultaneous action of pressing the latter inward, and the bones that compose the joint backward, the reduction is soon effected. The bone, in returning to its natural situation, emits a sound such as usually follows that of a dislocated bone just at the moment when slipping into the socket. A recent dislocation, when reduced, needs no after-treatment, except the occasional application of an astringent and a couple of days’ rest; but, should the bone have remained unreduced for many hours, we may infer that the muscles and ligaments have been stretched or distended too long in one direction, and that, on reduction, the fibers of the muscles concerned may not immediately contract; hence the bone is apt to slip off its articulatory surface again. To guard against this mishap, a man must be stationed beside the horse. He must keep his hand on the bone, and by pressure, when the horse moves, retain it in its proper place. At the same time, the part is to be bathed with some astringent. An infusion of white-oak bark will answer; or, failing to obtain this article, apply alum-water, in the proportion of two ounces of alum to one quart of water. CONTRACTION OF THE Hoor.. Contraction of the hoof is so easily recognized by persons accus- tomed to handle horses, that very little needs to be written on that subject. A contracted foot “speaks for itself,” as the saying is. The heels are approximated too closely, and this mars the beauty LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 345 and form of the foot. Contraction is almost always, in its first stage, accompanied by lameness. Faulty shoeing is said to have considerable to do in the production of contracted feet; yet there are plenty of horses, having strong, thick, walled hoofs, very wide at the heels, often shod in the worst possible manner, and their heels never contract. It is certain, therefore, that a predisposition to contraction lurks in some breeds of horses, which is shown by their having weak quarters and a thin, shelly hoof. A contracted hoof, which is very thin at the heels, may not occasion lameness, because it is more elastic than the thick, walled hoof, and gives to the lateral pressure of the foot when it comes to the ground. PERCIVALL contends that “shoeing must be regarded as the main cause, indirect though it be, of contraction ; and to the modifi- cation or correction of it must we look for the prophylactic. Shoe- Ing, as it respects horses, has been said to be ‘a necessary evil.’ Without shoes, upon our artificial roads, we can not make use of horses; and no shoes have been found to answer save such as are hard and inflexible or metallic, and as are fixed to the hoofs with nails. Here, therefore, we find ourselves in an awkward dilemma. We can not do without horseshoes; and from the moment we nail them to the hoofs, the feet begin to undergo more or less alteration in form, and, in too many instances, to experience harm from their application. The art of shoeing has given rise to a wonderful deal of difference of opinion and controversy, some thinking one shape of shoe answered best, some another; while some prefer one mode of nailing it upon the hoof, others a different one. As far as my own experience has served as a guide to me through this labyrinth of opinion, I have ever found that method of shoeing the prefera- ble one which approached the nearest to Nature, or, in other words, which interfered the least with the economy of the foot. If we could do without them, horseshoes would, undoubtedly, be best abolished altogether; but, since this is impracticable, let us adopt such shoes and modes of attaching them to the hoofs as are found to work the least mischief to the feet. On this principle it is that a half shoe is to be preferred to a whole shoe, and for the same reason it is that tips, of all the horseshoes that were ever invented, are the best; that is, the least objectionable. If those in the pro- fession would come forward and inform us of their experience Gf they have had any) of tip-shoeing, I believe it would uni- formly be found that, whatever objection might be urged against 346 _ DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. the use of tips, no one would deny their tendency the least to interfere with the operations of the foot. If there be any horse- shoe calculated to prevent contraction, and navicularthritis as well, I feel no hesitation myself in pronouncing that horseshoe to be the tip. In saying so much, I am fully aware that tip-shoeing can not be introduced into general practice for reason of the roads horses have to travel and work upon, and of the numbers of horses having hoofs of too weak and brittle a fiber to stand work without chipping and breaking and wearing too rapidly away. On horses, however, whose hoofs are strong and hard enough, and whose work is light enough to admit of their wearing tips for any length of time, or in situations where the roads or parts of the country they have to do their work upon enable them to wear tips con- stantly, no wholly-shod horses’ feet will ever bear a comparison with theirs. Pressure to the frog.—Coleman’s favorite prophylactic against contraction (considering shoeing to be an indispensable evil) must certainly be regarded as next in importance, as a preventive, to getting quit of the shoe itself, or of part of it. The frog being a body which in action operates in the expansion of the hoof, the removal of it, or even the impairment of it, must, necessarily, give facility to contraction. It therefore behooves us, in ordinary shoe- ing, to look well to the preservation of the integrity of this im- portant part of the foot. The cutting away of the bars in shoeing, through robbing the hoof of a couple of stays operating against the closure of its heels, conduces to its contraction. Nature gave the bars as a sort of buttress against either heel of the hoof, to oppose its drawing in- ward, while the frog, placed between the heels, is operating in forcing them asunder; consequently, if the bars be removed, the expansive or counteractive powers of the hoof lose an agent they can, in many cases, ill afford to be deprived of. The contracting effects of heat and drought on the hoof may be guarded against by keeping the horse’s stall free from ferment- able litter, while the atmosphere of the stable is maintained cool and unpolluted. The practice, also, of stopping horses’ feet (or, what I believe to be better, of wearing swabs in the stable) will ‘likewise tend to guard against the contracting effects of these agents. We now come to the Treatment of contracted feet.—The first thing to determine, wnen- LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 347 ever a case of contraction is submitted to us for treatment, will be whether it be one of the pure or mixed description. If the former, the horse not therefore lame, and his feet be submitted to our in- spection simply from the apprehension of his becoming lame, and the contraction be on this account desired to be removed, the simple and best means of doing so will be to substitute tips for the horse’s ordinary shoes, and to order that he stand with his contracted feet in cold water (or, what is better, in a bed of clay) for a couple of hours, once or twice a day, he being allowed to lie down, as usual, at night. By such a simple plan of treatment as this will his hoofs, giving sufficiency of time for Nature to carry out her operations, become restored to their pristine condition.” The author’s method of treating contraction is, to soften the hoof by soaking it often in warm water; then open the heels by means of the drawing-knife; rasp the quarters of the hoof; then pare the foot, but do not touch the bars nor frog; then put on a light shoe, and use the animal, daily, at light work. It will be proper, also, to anoint the hoof, frog, and sole occasionally with a portion. of fish oil and spirits of turpentine, equal parts. This will soon soften the hoof, and render it elastic. HooF-BOUND. This term is usually applied to hoofs that appear to be dry, brittle, unyielding, and having the appearance of more or less contraction at the heels. The hoof, under such circumstances, ‘pinches the foot,” as the saying is, or, rather, embraces the soft tissues too closely. The consequence is, pain, fever, lameness, and perhaps, finally, organic disease of the foot. The condition of the foot termed hoof-bound usually occurs in horses laboring under some predisposition to the same; that is to say, they have faulty feet, which fault may be either functional or structural, and thus the foot may be affected accordingly whenever the ordinary causes of disease are in operation. Causes.—The ordinary or exciting causes of diseases of the feet are said to be faulty shoeing; allowing horses to stand on plank floors, or in any situation which is likely to pervert the function of the foot; sometimes the feet are very much neglected, and scarcely, if ever, make the acquaintance of sponge and water, and it is very certain that uncleanliness has a bad effect upon the feet, 348 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. as it is known to have on other parts of the body. “No prince ever died of the plague,” shows that the ablutions daily practiced by persons of refinement, occupying an exalted position in society, operate as a preventive against even a mortal malady. Yet, not- withstanding all this, it is proper for us to remark that some horses are occasionally the subjects of foot maladies, notwithstanding the very best system of shoeing is practiced on them ; and others, that never stood on a plank floor or inclined plane, are in the same pre- dicament; so, also, are some that have their feet washed often. This goes to show that if animals under the very best care and management get hoof-bound, or contracted feet, it is due to a pre- disposition which they have either inherited or acquired, and, as the old saying is, they would not enjoy bodily health unless they were hoof-bound. It is very evident that many diseases of the feet are traceable to bad shoeing. Some persons seem to suppose that the foot of a horse is as insensible as stone; and, when we see the blacksmith wrenching off shoes by main force, often fracturing the hoof or breaking off a portion of the bars, frog, and sole, with as little care as a man would rough-trim a log, and afterward applying a red-hot shoe to the thinned sole, we might be led to infer that the foot is really insensible. The Hon. MarsHaLu P. WILDER thus denounces such bad practice : “1 know of no greater evidence of inhumanity to that noble animal the horse, than the almost universal custom of paring down the foot and burning on the shoe. It has ever, to my mind, been among the barbarisms of the age, which I trust will be no longer countenanced by civilized society ; and I sympathize with the efforts of every one engaged in correcting such dangerous prac- tices.” | The practice, also, of using a pair of pinchers on the feet, in view of discovering some real or supposed lameness, is equally barbarous, and often results in bruises of the sole, and should, therefore, be discountenanced, Treatment.—The blacksmith should so prepare the foot and fit the shoe that the frog may be brought in contact with the ground. over which the horse travels. This not only prevents undue con- cussion, which would otherwise occur, but tends, also, to expand the heels, and preserve the natural tread and function of the foot. Having prepared the foot in a proper manner, we then, if the sea- LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 349 son of the year permits, apply cold water to the hoofs, often and freely. At night the feet are to be wiped perfectly dry, and, by means of a sponge, a portion of the following mixture must be rubbed on: Kerosene oil and honey, equal parts; or neats-foot oil and turpentine, equal parts. Notwithstanding the very best treatment, the restoration of the foot to comparative or natural soundness will be a work of time, and sometimes, in bad cases, or one of long standing, an impossibility ; yet the above treatment is the best we are acquainted with. Some persons prefer to use moistened clay, cow-dung, etc., but they are of no value, only in consequence of the moisture they contain, and clean water is far preferable. ' The Mechanism of the Hoof.—A- brief exposition of the mechan- ism of the hoof may possibly interest the reader. The external covering of the foot may be divided into four parts; namely, the wall, bars, sole, and frog. The external portion, or wall, serves to defend the sensitive tissues within. The wall, or hoof, is composed of small filaments, or hollow tubes, consolidated in such a manner as to preserve their canals distinct. These canals constitute the ex- crementitious outlets of the hoof, from which morbid materials find an outlet, and in these canals are found the vessels by which horn is secreted or produced. The small vessels arising from the vas- cular and nervous tissues of the foot proper enter, also, into these canals, The bars are a continuation of the external portion just described. They form an angle at the heels, which terminates to- ward the toe. They thus serve to give strength and durability to the hoof, and also to prevent contraction at the heels. When these bars are cut away or demolished by means of the butteris, then the foot often goes to “rack and ruin.” The sole is much more elastic than the crust, and is a medium of the sensitive fac- ulty, through which, together with its powers of electricity, the percussion of the foot against the ground is regulated. The frog is much more elastic than either of the parts just described. Any unnecessary paring of the same is a monstrous evil. On the internal portion of the above-named parts we find a beautiful set of leaves (lamin), resembling those found in the under surface of a mushroom, Their number is said to be five hundred. These articulate with a like number given off from the sensitive tissnes of the foot proper, each lamine having two sides and an edge, from a series of articulations, numbering three thou- 350 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. sand. The whole surface of these articulations measures four square feet; hence, the horse having four feet, his body rests on sixteen square feet of surface, all contained within his hoofs. The reader will probably realize that a knowledge of the anat- omy and physiology of the foot is absolutely necessary, in order to practice, with any degree of success, the art of shoeing. How is this knowledge to be obtained? Can it be furnished at the forge, in the blacksmith shop? Can such a complicated piece of mechanism be thoroughly understood by the craftsmen of the forge, who have never made the subject one of scientific inquiry ? Let it not be understood that I am in a fault-finding mood. The fact is, the husbandmen of this country have failed to put their shoulders to the wheel for the purpose of establishing and endowing veterinary schools in this country, and if blacksmiths and “vets” do not understand the anatomy of horses feet, the for- mer, who have vast interests at stake, must come in for a share of the blame. On the other hand, we are disposed to be charitable toward blacksmiths; and, taking into consideration the unyielding nature of our paved streets, and the rough ground over which some poor animals are forced to travel, the wonder is, that their feet are not oftener diseased. LAMINITIS, oR AcUTE DISEASE OF THE LAMINZ OF THE Foor. Laminitis, or fever in the feet, is an acute affection, confined to the sensitive tissues within the hoof. It is one of the most pain- ful maladies to which the horse is subject. Symptoms.—It manifests itself, very frequently, after a long drive or race. The horse may be put into the stable at night all right. In the morning he is observed to be all in a heap, as the saying is—his flesh quivering, pulse very active, respirations quick and jerking; the flanks are tucked up, the back is roached, and the fore-feet are sent forward, so that the animal treads on his heels; and, when compelled to move, he endeavors to throw the weight of his body on the hind legs. He is thirsty and feverish, but has no appetite. All appearances about him indicate that he suffers great pain. When a hand is placed upon the fore-feet, they feel unnaturally hot. Such are the most prominent symptoms of laminitis, or fever in the feet. LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 861 Treatment.—The principal objects to be accomplished are, to keep the feet cool by frequent sponging with cold water; next, the bowels must be kept loose my means of bran-mashes, or, if neces- sary, a dose of Glauber salts—dose, twelve ounces, dissolved in a pint of warm water, to which add half a gill of syrup—and an occasional enema of soap-suds, and also a few doses of fluid extract of gelseminum, say two drachms night and morning. This is the kind of treatment that the author has found most successful dur- ing a long period of practice. EXTREMITY OF ONE OF THE FORE LIMBS. EXPLANATION.—a, The region of the coronet; b, The sensitive lamin; ce, The point of the toe; d, The quarters; e, The heel; f, The sole; g, The solar border. Many who treat such diseases are apt to do too much. Youatt, and several other writers, recommend repeated bleedings, blisters, and purges, and even tell us to bleed in the chronic stage. This is all wrong, and such outrageous treatment is almost sure to end in suppuration, founder, or ruin. (See article on Inflammation.) The patient must be kept at rest, and, if he should lie down, must not be disturbed. I never remove the shoes, because the patient is in so much pain that he can not stand on the frog or sole, and the shoes are a protection to the frog. 352 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. SAND-CRACK. “The name of sand-crack seems of questionable application. It is, evidently, a compound of the word sand and crack, as though it denoted a crack with sand in it, ora crack occurring in a sandy country, or in a dry, sandy season, which several derivations have been ascribed to the term. May not the word sand admit of res- olution into its primitive signification, and mean in this, as in other instances, a sundered crack? A sand-crack may be defined to be a longitudinal division in the fibers of the wall of the hoof, amounting to a flaw simply, or else to a cleft or fissure through the substance of the horn. The direction of the crack is slanting, from above downward, and from behind forward, following the course of the fibers of the hoof. A sand-crack in the side of the wall slants more than one in front, owing to the greater obliquity of the course of the horny fibers, as we proceed from the toe to the heel of the foot. There are two kinds of sand-erack, quarter sand-crack and toe sand-crack, the former occurring in the fore, the latter in the hind foot. At least this is generally the case. It is rare to find the reverse, though there are occasions on which we meet with sand- crack in the toe of the fore-foot and the quarter of the hind foot. It is possible for cracks to occur in other parts of the hoof; but in these two situations it is that veritable sand-crack occurs, and there are here, as we shall find hereafter, special causes for their production, Let us first consider QUARTER CRACK. The situation of this crack’ is the slanting line of the wall of the hoof, directly opposed to the extremity of the wing of the coffin bone ; and it is oftener found in the inner than in the outer quarter, added to which the hoof in which sand-crack occurs is always a contracted one, quarter sand-crack, no more than toe sand-crack, neyer happening in a hoof disposed to obliquity and flatness. The same description of foot which is predisposed to contraction is, for the same reasons, predisposed to sand-crack. There is an obvious connection between contraction and quarter sand-crack. The light, near-the-ground stepping horse, with strong, narrow, upright hoofs. will be equally likely, under cer- LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 353 tain conditions, to have the heels of his fore hoofs becoming con- tracted, and exhibiting quarter sand-cracks. Hot stables conduce to this, but, more still, hot climates. Hurtrel d’Arboval informs us that at the time the French army was in Egypt, their horses were continually having sand-cracks; and he adds that long voyages on board of ship are, on some occasions, attended with like results, The proximate cause of quarter sand-crack is, then, contraction. The horn, from dryness, or other cause, rendered cracky and fragile, breaks at the quarter of the wall, from being at that part bent across the edge of the ala of the coffin bone, during the curving in of the heel, the result of contraction ; and this oftenest happens to the inner quarter, from its being the thinner and weaker one, as well as from being the one which is the first and most disposed to contract—not that sand-crack is the necessary consequence of contraction, but that contraction becomes a neces- sary precursor to sand-crack. If this were not the explanation of the case, sand-crack would be as likely to occur in any part of the wall as at the quarter, and on the outer as often as on the inner side of the wall. This likewise accounts for the compara- tive unfrequency of quarter sand-crack at the present day among our nag and cavalry horses, since that which has tended to dimin- ish the frequency of contraction has had the same effect in regard to the occurrence of sand-crack. Greater attention to shoeing, and increased care about the condition of the hoof itself, has, no doubt, had a very beneficial effect in the prevention both of con- traction and sand-crack. The origin of sand-crack is usually sudden, both in the fore and hind feet, though in the former case, from its situation in the © inner quarter, a part not exposed to transient view, it is possible for a crack to exist for some time, unless lameness happens to arise from it without being discovered. The crack first takes place 'through the superior or coronary border of the hoof, that being ‘composed of newly-formed horn, and, consequently, thin and fragile. Quickly it extends downward, through the thickest part of the wall, stopping, as it does in some instances, at least for a time, half way down, and afterward reaching nearly or quite to the bottom. Sand-crack is either penetrant or non-penetrant. It is usually penetrant, by which we mean the crack extends completely through 23 304 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. the thickness of the hoof, and produces lesion of the sensitive parts underneath the horn, giving rise to some little hemorrhage in the first instance, and subsequently to more or less inflammation— occasionally, even to suppuration, depending, of course, on the extent and nature and duration of the lesion, as well as on any treatment, or aggravation from non-treatment, it may have re- ceived since being occasioned. When the crack does not extend through the substance of the wall—which it sometimes does not at first, though it may do so afterward—it may be said to be non- penetrant; and this, when it happens, seems to be referable to a sort of natural fusion there certainly exists between the solid horn, as it descends from its secreting gland, (the coronet,) and the horny lamin (new matter), which become glued to it in its course downward. It isin this uniting horny medium that seedy toe commences and progresses. Lameness is the usual accompaniment of penetrant sand-crack, but not the invariable one. When penetrant it is said to arise from the sensitive laminz getting pinched between the sides of the crack. However this may be, inflammation following the lesion has certainly its share in causing pain during action. In general, the lameness does not amount to much, nor is it of long duration, provided the sand-crack receive proper and timely at- tention ; but if the crack is not heeded, action of the foot will much ageravate the malady, and end in lameness increased so much as fo) to forbid further use being made of the animal. ToE SAND-CRACK. Occurring in the hind foot, as this crack almost invariably ‘does, occupying a different situation in the hoof, and arising alto- gether from a different cause, toe sand-crack may be regarded as almost a distinct affection. The subject of it is not the light horse, but the heavy one—the art and wagon-horse, the dray-horse, the latter especially ; and in particular, I believe, in paved cities, they are the sufferers from this disease. I say ‘sufferers,’ because it is only those veterinary surgeons whose practice lies among horses of this description that have any conception of the amount of pain and irritation with which sand-crack—simple as it may seem to those who are in the habit of meeting quarter crack only—is found to be accompanied, ———————e LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 355 The cause of toe sand-crack is violence. Shoeing, also, may have something to do in its production. The horses who are the subjects of it are those employed in laborious and straining draft. The toe of the hind foot is the grand fulerum through which the hind limbs, the propellers of the body, exert their power; and it is in some violent and forcible effort that the hind hoof, strained as it is to its uttermost, and in particular at the toe, splits, com- monly first at the coronet, the same as in the fore-foot, where the horn, but newly-formed, is then unresisting, the crack subse- quently extending gradually down the wall, even as far as the point of the toe. Digging the tip of the toe into the ground, or stamping it hard down upon the pavement, and especially when this stress upon the forepart of the wall is at all times promoted by high caulkings to the shoe, must certainly, one would think, be the main producer of toe sand-crack—an opinion still further favored by the observation which has been made of shaft-horses in drays being more subject to the accident than trace-horses, Still, however, for all this, it behooves me to say that, with the best judges of such matters, the point is one not yet set free from doubt and difference of thinking. Short and upright pasterns, with clubby prominent hoofs, indicate a predisposition to toe sand- crack, the disease being in no instances seen in flat, shelvy, ob- lique hoofs. It is said sand-crack may originate in tread. Un- doubtedly any lesion of the coronary body, sufficient to injure or destroy its secretory apparatus, may occasion imperfect or morbid formation of horn, or loss of horn altogether; but I do not believe this to be a very common cause of sand-crack. The consequences of sand-crack in the hind hoof are, as I have before hinted, apt to be of a much more serious nature than any usually arising from a quarter sand-crack. Whether the crack extend to the bottom of the wall or not, being uniformly of the -penetrant description, lameness, to greater or less degree, is the ‘invariable result. And when the fissure does reach down to the toe, the wall opens and exposes the laminz, probably the whole ‘way from the coronet downward, the consequence of which is in- ‘flammation and suppuration ef those parts, and sometimes even ‘mortification and sloughing of them; and not of them alone, but of the bone to which they are attached as well, which not unfre- quently runs into a state of caries, ending in defalcation of sub- ‘stance, to be filled up by the effusion of callus, which usually 356 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. terminates in exostosis, coated with some tissue very imperfectly representing the original laminated structure. Mr. Braby, the intelligent veterinary surgeon to Messrs. Bar- clay and Perkins’ establishment, to whom I am indebted for much of the information I possess on this part of my subject, has had many cases of this description, one of which, of extraordinary char- acter, I shall relate here. One of his dray horses had suffered long and severely from toe sand-crack in one hind foot, but, at length, had recovered, and returned to work. Some time afterward, how- ever, during the season of influenza, he was attacked with a vio- lent laryngitis, which increased to a degree to call for the operation of tracheotomy, to save him from suffocation. Notwithstanding this temporary salvation, however, the patient, in the end, suc- cumbed to the disease. His post-mortem examination became doubly attractive, owing to the circumstance of the long-standing and obstinate sand-crack he had suffered from heretofore, and the result in this latter respect proved extremely interesting. Tha coffin bone, along its front, occupying the line of the surface be-~ tween the coronal process and the toe, exhibited a channel or loss of substance half an inch in breadth, and fully the same in depth, thereby robbing it of a quarter of an inch of its solid diameter. This, of course, left the bone considerably weakened, the result of which subsequently was, transverse fracture in two places, the fractures commencing upon the articulatory surface, whence they extended directly crosswise through the middle of its body, so as to become apparent upon its concave surface underneath. In addition to this, growing from the laminated interior of the wall of the hoof, opposite to the middle or deepest part of the channel in the coffin bone, was a projection of hard, horny, callous sub- stance, having a covering of imperfectly-formed horny lamine. At the time this horse was suffering in the greatest degree from this extraordinary product of sand-crack, constitutional irritation ran so high as even to create alarm for the animal’s life. The © treatment of sand-crack, whether it be in the quarter or in the toe, | will have to be conducted upon principles applicable to both forms : of the disease, though one must be regarded as of much more con- _ sequence than the other. The treatment of quarter sand-crack, | generally speaking, is but comparatively a simple affair; indeed, © so lightly is it looked upon by horsemen in general, that we should _ run some risk of their displeasure, and our own reputation as _ LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 357 well, were we to talk about laying a horse up for so trifling an accident. Nay, some horses, with non-penetrant sand-cracks, or with sand-cracks that have been penetrant, but have become horned over, showing little or no lameness, continue to work on without evincing any pain or inconvenience from them. Whether a horse be lame or not, however, should he have a sand-crack, and we be consulted about it, it becomes our duty to arrest the extension of the crack so long as it be but partial; and, besides that, to take measures for the cure or permanent removal of the crack. The owner of the horse should be given to understand that no flaw or crack in the hoof can, by possibility, unite the same as a wound in a vital part does, but must, as the saying is, grow down; that is, must be replaced by new horn, and be itself, by degrees, re- newed, as it continues to come under the operation of the drawing- knife every time the horse is fresh shod; so that, in fact, the cure, or obliteration of the crack, is necessarily a work of some months, though the lameness may be cured in as many hours or days. Paring out the crack, the shoe being taken off the foot, is the first thing to be done. The cutting cautiously away of its rugged edges, and the scooping out, with a light hand, (probably with the back of the drawing-knife,) of its cavity, will enable us to examine into the condition of it. Should there be no lesion or exposure of the lamine detectable, nothing further will be needed from the drawing-knife than the cleaning out of the erack. Firing the crack is the next operation. Cross-firing will be advisable below or above, or in both situations, according to cir- cumstances. So long as the crack has not reached to the bottom of the wall, it will be requisite, with an ordinary firing-iron, at a red heat, to burn a deep but short fissure, or ‘mark,’ across its lower extremity; and whether a similar operation be required across the superior termination of the crack, must depend upon its extension or not through the horn at the coronet. If there be any interval of sound horn between the hair and the crack, of sufficient breadth and substance to bear firing, a very slight burn may do good. In all cases it is the practice to finish the firing with running the sharp edge of the iron down the crack; and this certainly proves beneficial in destroying any tendency there may _ be (supposing the laminz to have become denuded) to abnormal | action, as well to stimulate any vascular parts exposed to issue i horny matter to cover in the bottom of the crack. 358 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Binding up the crack is a good practice after firing. With a wax-end of sufficient length (such as shoemakers use) bind round the wall of the hoof, so that any tar or pitch-plaster it may be deemed advisable to place in or upon the crack may be maintained there; at the same time the hoof itself is, by the tight binding, restricted in any tendency it may have to expand, and thereby open wider the crack. A bar-shoe is the preferable one for a sand-cracked foot. By it, the bearing being taken off that part of the wall which is oppo- site to the crack, the pressure and jar, so continually splitting afresh the new-formed horn over the crack at the coronet, is put a stop to, the formation of an undivided coronary horny band be- ing the commencement of the radical cure of the sand-crack. As T said before, horn being an inorganic substance, no union what- ever can take place in the crack itself. Permanent cure can be effected only through obliteration by the growing out or down of the crack. This, I repeat, is the reason why a sand-crack occupies so long a time in its removal; though, by way of compensation, a horse is not kept out of work while cure is being effected; for, after the crack has been bound up, and the hoof shod with a bar- shoe, it is quite surprising to find how soundly and firmly the animal sometimes steps upon the foot of which he had but now been so lame. The treatment adopted by the late Mr. Read, V. S8., of Cred- iton, carries the same object into execution, through a different method of procedure. This, as detailed in the volume of the ‘Veterinarian’ for 1848, consists in simply isolating the fissure within the segment of a circle, by means of an ordinary firing- iron. The best plan is to operate with the heel of the iron, be- ginning at the coronet with either extremity of the segment, and bringing the iron to a finish at the center. The iron should be at a strong red heat, and be carried through the horny crust until it touches lightly the sensible laminee, and so throughout the entire semicircle. As you recede from the coronet, so, in proportion, you will require to deepen the fissure in the crust. The iron ought to be applied every week or ten days. The first effect de- sirable to be produced is a bulging of the crust around the coronet — within the segment, and when once this is fairly established, the cure may be said to be effected, it being seldom necessary to apply the cautery afterward. The old method of making a line with LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 359 the iron across the fissure can not prevent the opening and closure of the fissure during the action of the foot ;. whereas, isolating the fissure (or part of it) within the segment of a circle completely effects the object. No tar-cord or strapping, or alteration of the shoe, is required to limit the motion of the crust, all motion being suspended within the segment, and especially after bulging has commenced. The objects of treatment, after what has been stated, will clearly appear to be, first, to place the hoof in such a condition as shall not render it liable to crack again; second, to remove that state of it which, in the first instance, disposed it to crack, if it were not of itself the immediate cause of cracking. The way in which the first object is effected has been already shown, and when this has become accomplished, past all risk of return, we may set about to bring into effect the second. A bar-shoe, from its taking the bearing off the quarters and placing it upon the frog, will, in a measure, give facility to what we now are desirous of preventing ; namely, the expansion of the heels of the foot; but a tip (pro- viding it can be worn, which it frequently may, with great ad- vantage, after a bar-shoe) will bring about greater reform still— will, in fact, by persistence in its use, bring about, in time, that improved form of hoof which will be no more liable to quarter sand-crack. The treatment of toe sand-crack is, in some respects, a different affair from that of quarter sand-crack. This disease is not only different in its relative situation as regards other parts of the foot, but it arises, as we have seen, from a totally different causation. When once it has occurred, it becomes, compared with the other, a serious affair. The horse is lame, too lame to continue his work, probably, and we have a penetrant crack to deal with, extending all, or nearly all, the way from the coronet to the toe, discharging blood, or, perhaps, matter of some ichorous, offensive description, plainly calling upon us for, not binding up, ete., as in the former ease, but for opening, cleansing, and dressing the same. The shoe being taken off, let the crack be pared out, and freed ‘from all horny rags and asperities, and laid completely open to view, so that the bottom can be inspected and dressed with whatever may be deemed requisite. In fact, when once the fissure is dilated into a clean and open channel by the drawing-knife, warm baths or poultices, or dressings of any kind, as may become necessary, are 360 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. now applicable, the case being in this stage no more than one of dilated sinus in the foot, similar to what might, in another situa- tion, be called quittor. As with the quarter sand-crack, the cure will, of course, be tedious in its duration, since we know that all complete repair can only come from the coronet. The sensitive lamine having the power of secreting horny lamine, may, as in the quarter crack, issue a sort of horny covering-in of the bottom of the fissure; but fissure or cleft will ever remain so long as an integral formation of horn does not grow down from the source of secretion. Whenever the horse is in a condition for work, a bar-shoe, so made that at the toe the sides of the shoe remain unjoined together, an interval being left of sufficient width to receive the crack in front of the hoof, is, perhaps, the best. Binding the hoof up with circles of wax-end, as in the case of quarter sand-crack, with some plaster or dressing underneath it, will also now become advisable, It will restrict the spreading inclination of the hoof, as well as keep dirt and wet out of the crack. Repetition of this, and the continuance of the bar-shoe, will be required so long as there ap- pears any risk of an extension or renewal of the crack.’ ” * The diseases of the hoof here alluded to are very apt to occur in horses whose walls of the hoof’ are thin and brittle. They are, to a certain extent, non-elastic, and, therefore, do not ward off the necessary amount of concussion when the animal is traveling over hard roads. At the same time there is always a liability to incip- ient and permanent contraction in such hoof. More especially is this the case when the foot is mutilated by paring or cutting away the bars (the main stages or supports which prevent the heels approximating). These are the kind of feet on which the but- teris-knife and rasp should be used with great caution ; for, being naturally weak, and perhaps congenitally defective in the function of secreting horn, and the necessary amount of moisture to keep the part pliant, any unnecessary tinkering with such tools is inad- missible. Such hoofs lack moisture; therefore they should be well soaked, night and morning, in warm water ; afterward wiped dry, and then smeared with a portion of the following : Nowa TaeNieats-footiol si. aka ua ee 8 oz. GOTO SEM E e Weetelias giclee eraver suse 4 oz. Mam -DlaCk es: ./< e's o's 6 s\eieic c/s 6 1 table-spoonful. * London “ Veterinarian.” LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 361 Mix well, and apply twice daily, by means of a common varnish- brush. Very many diseases of the feet, which are of daily occurrence, might be prevented by proper attention to the feet. ‘“ No foot, no horse ;” hence the feet need to be kept as free from filth as other parts of the body. I think that a great majority of English grooms pay as much, if not more, attention to horses feet than to other parts of the body, and thus many forms of foot lameness are avoided. CURVATURE AND DISEASE OF THE SPINE. The annexed engraving, represents a case of curvature of the spine in a downward direction, known in stable language as hol- low back. It usually, when it makes its appearance, occurs in aged horses, and probably arises from putting too much weight on the animal’s back. yi) 4 oy af et i ‘ ei raft i i Hi KN i Ht | | tt \ i SECTION OF THE SPINE. It will be observed that two of the superior spinous processes of the vertebree are united (anchylosed), and ossific deposits are thrown out on the surfaces of the spine. On the lower part, be- neath the diseased spine, a cleft is seen, showing that there is an incomplete dislocation, and the capsular ligament was probably dislocated or torn. It may be interesting to the reader to know, if he does not already, that the bones, like other parts of the body, are composed of arteries, veins, absorbent vessels, nerves, and a cellular texture.” They are endowed with vitality, are nourished, grow, waste, and are repaired, and undergo various mutations, according to the age of the animal; and they are subject to disease analagous to the 362 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. soft parts. To the phosphate of lime, which is, more or less, dis- tributed in their texture, they owe their solidity; and perhaps it is to the same earthy substance that the difference in their vital properties, and in their diseases from those of the rest of the body, is to be referred. In fact, this particular organization and inferior vitality of the bones are generally supposed to account for the small number, peculiar character, and general slow progress of their diseases. Treatment.—So soon as a horse shows any symptom of undue curvature of the spine, he must not be used under the saddle ; but, provided he can work, he may be used lightly in a buggy. If unfit for work, the owner knows what is best to do with him. I should give an animal afflicted with this disease a wine-glassful of cod-liver oil, two or three times per week, and one table-spoonful of flour of bone, every night, in the food. If this article can not be procured, substitute for it phosphate of lime. OsTEo PorosiIs (KNOWN AS Bic HEAD AND Bie Jaw). The terms big head and big jaw#are used by husbandmen and others in Ohio, and, indeed, throughout the Great West and South, to designate a disease of the bony structure of the horse—a disease about which very little of a reliable character has ever been said or written; yet the subject is one of great importance to the peo- ple of this country, for the simple reason that the evil is one of alarming proportions; and should the disease multiply in a ratio equal to that of the past few years, it will be a terrible blow to the laudable and hitherto profitable enterprise of raising colts in sec- tions where this disease prevails. We do not wish to create any unnecessary alarm, but urge the husbandmen of the South and South-west to give this subject their earnest consideration ; for the disease probably has an hered- itary origin—is “inbred ”’g-and that, as the saying is, “ constitutes the root of the evil.” The disease having been pronounced incur- able, our only hopes of success in putting a stop to its propaga- tion and development is, to adopt preventive measures, by reject- ‘ing, as breeders, all animals (sire and dam) that show the least predisposition to or for this affection. Let the reader understand that the disease itself is incurable in so far as the enlargement, dilatation, and softening of the jaw- LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 363 bones are concerned ; yet, like spavin, ring-bone, and various other diseases, it is accompanied, in certain stages, by pain and lameness, and our services as physicians are only secured in view of remoy- ing this pain and lameness, so that the animal may be enabled to perform the ordinary equine duties. This is what some persons please to term a cure, whereas it almost always happens that some alteration in the structure of the parts remains, which actually renders the horse unsound, because he has that about him which may, from overwork or other exciting causes, impair his useful- ness. i \ THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE BONE. This cut shows the appearance of disease on articulatory surfaces when the animal is the subject of Osteo Porosis, or Big Head. As regards the “alarming” features of big head or big jaw, we would inform the reader that almost every lame horse examined by us, during a period of six months, in Ohio, had either one or the other jaw enlarged. In some cases one angle of the lower jaw was the seat of thickening and enlargement, but among the majority both angles were affected. These remarks do not apply to other obvious or accidental lamenesses which are constantly occurring. A short time ago we visited, in company with a practicing vet- erinarian whose attention had never been called to this affection, three horses, the subjects of lameness, which was said to be occa- sioned by eating Hungarian grass. To the astonishment of the parties concerned, we demonstrated that they were all the subjects of enlargements of the lower jaws. From the history of the cases, 364 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. and the character of the lameness, it was very evident that it was of an inter-articular character, and this is a peculiar feature of this affection. Then, again, the reader must bear in mind that the jaws of animals do not dilate nor enlarge suddenly, nor make their ap- pearance all at once, like a meteor in the regions of space. The affection is insidious, progresses in an. almost imperceptible manner, and usually escapes the notice of those who daily have charge of and handle the animal, as the following case, which is selected from among others, will serve to illustrate : A few years ago a gentleman purchased what then appeared as a fine family horse—a sorrel gelding, aged five years. About the beginning of March, one year after the purchase, in attempting to walk the animal from one stable to another, but a short distance off, he became suddenly lame in one of the hind limbs, low down, toward the foot, and it was found almost impossible to urge him forward. Finally, assistance was procured, and the animal had, literally, to be carried into a stable. Our services having been secured, we visited the sufferer, and found him standing on three legs, the near hind one being placed resting on the toe. The parts around the coronet were hot, and the patient was very unwilling to have the parts handled. He seemed to suffer much pain, was breathing hurriedly, and the pulsations were quick and wiry. The near approach of any person seemed to terrify the animal, and he actually trembled, from fear and pain, when urged to move. On making an examination of the jaws, we found that both angles of the lower jaw were enlarged to about two inches in thickness. This explained the nature of the sudden and otherwise mysterious lameness. The articulating surfaces of various bones, and the bones themselves, had become diseased, as is often the case in big jaw. The owner assured us that the horse had never before been lame, and he was very much surprised to find the lower jaw enlarged. . Here the reader will perceive that the animal had been in the owner’s possession one year; had performed ordinary duty, yet was the subject of a gradual enlargement of the jaw and a consti- tutional disease, which probably existed, yet in a slight degree, at the time of purchase.. Hence we contend that the disease, in its early stages, is of a hidden or insidious character, and requires some tact and knowledge of the subject in order to detect it. Nature of the disease.—Big head and big jaw are but one form LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 365 of disease, only located in different parts. When the upper jaw becomes the seat of affection, an enlargement of the facial bones will be observed, and the examiner’s attention will be attracted by the unnatural appearance of the face. As the disease progresses, ARTICULATING SURFACE OF THE THIGH BONE. Expianation—1 11, Articulating surface of the lower or inferior part of the thigh bone occur ring in the disease known as Osteo Porosis, or Big Head. the face looks more like that of an elephant than a horse; and now, the disease being incurable, the subject should mercifully be put out of his misery. The enlargement of the lower jaw is discov- ered by manipulation. On removing the skin from the sides of the face of such a subject, and dissecting the muscles and perios- teum (covering of bone), the bones appear to have undergone a softening process, and particles can be separated by means of the finger-nails. At the same time, if a transverse section of any of the shaft-bones be made, they will be found to have undergone structural changes. For example, they will not only appear soft- ened, but honey-combed, and many of the lamin and cartilagi- nous braces will have been decomposed or dissolved, so that the bone looks like fibrous net-work. In most cases, the vacuities 366 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. and canals are filled with material resembling soft cheese, which is probably fatty matter. This occasionally degenerates into pus. Dr. Gorpon forwarded me, some time ago, the head of a horse who had long been the subject of this malady. The transverse diameter of the bones of both upper and lower jaw was very much enlarged; the periosteum was very highly organized with blood- vessels; the bones were softened and elastic, and could be easily cut with a knife. On submitting them to the acid test, earthy matter was found in excess, and, by burning them, it was found that they contained very little animal matter; hence we were led to infer that the disease was one of mal-nutrition. The articular surfaces of various bones, and sometimes all the bones of the body, are often ulcerated and studded with incrustations. ‘This explains the why and wherefore of the sudden and tormenting pains which animals suffer, and goes to show how little of benefit can be ex- pected from the ordinary treatment, which is principally directed to the enlarged jaws. On removing these diseased cartilages from the articulating surfaces of the bones, the latter are found to be affected—in fact, ulcerated. In some cases the ligaments and tendons are separated by decomposition, or necrosis of bone, and the animal “breaks down,” as the saying is. The subjects of this disease sometimes show lameness in the vertebral region, and in that of the head of the thigh bone. In such cases, we may safely infer that the lameness is of an articular character, and the interticular cartilages, as well as the surfaces of the bones, are incrustated and ulcerated. In this condition, the animal is liable to become useless, or “break down” at any mo- ment. ‘The following case will illustrate what is meant by break- ing down: We were requested, a short time ago, by Prof. Muzzy, to ex- amine an aged gray gelding, the subject of lameness in the hind feet. Examination revealed considerable heat, tenderness, and tumefaction around both the hind coronets, and both angles of the lower jaw were much enlarged in their transverse diameters. We advised the owner to let the animal have a run at grass. Accord- ingly he was sent into the country about thirty miles, which was too long a journey for him. A few days afterward, Prof. Muzzy received a letter that the horse’s strings (tendons) became loose, and he broke down and traveled on his fetlocks, and was then LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 367 dead. We infer that necrosis took place, and the extensor ten- dons lost their attachment, which accounted for his breaking down. Prof. VARNELL lately consulted Dr. Haruey, of London, in reference to this formidable malady, which is said to havé been almost unknown in England until November, 1859, when several cases occurred among some horses the property of Mr. Champion Calcot, near Reading. ‘Three of this gentleman’s animals had died, a fourth was not expected to live many days, and two others were laboring under the same disease, in a less acute form. The most singular feature of the disease, as it appeared on the prem- ises of Mr. Calcot, was, that it did not appear to owe its “origin to any perceivable cause, and it was not known to be prevalent in any other part of England. Still, our opinion is that it does exist in that country, only, not being suspected, is not sought for. It prevails very extensively among horses brought to Ohio, and hundreds of horses have been purchased for the American Goy- ernment having more or less enlargement of the lower jaw, yet we do not believe that either seller or purchaser suspected the same. This arises from a lack of knowledge on the subject, and the same remarks, as far as our ignorance of the subject is con- cerned, may apply to England. In answer to questions put to Mr. Calcot on the subject of man- agement, etc., he contends that the affected animals had plenty of exercise. ‘There were no chemical factories or works in the vicinity. One horse affected was purchased at a distance; the rest had been bred on his farm. The sires and dams all appeared free from the disease, and they were not all got by the same sire. The food consisted of good grass, hay, pollard, oatmeal, and roots. Other horses were on the farm, fed in the same manner as the affected ones, yet they had no symptoms of the disease. (Perhaps they will show symptoms when the jaws shall be examined. They may have the disease, yet not be lame nor apparently ailing.) Mr. Calcot never saw a case of the kind before. From the above testimony, we may infer that the causes of this affection are not yet discovered in England; but our impression is that overfeeding has a good deal to do in the production of the malady. It appears to me that this disease, as I have already stated, is one of malnutrition, or defective nourishment; hence may be considered as a scorbutic affection, like that affecting the human subject, which is known to be the result of faulty nutri- 368 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. tion, and which often results in division of bony parts which were once immovable (the epiphysis of the pelvis, for example) ; also in the separation of cartilages from the ribs, and the shaft bones softened and ruined by caries (ulceration or death of bones). Big head and big jaw are terms sufficiently explicit in ordinary conversation ; but, in view of scientific inquiry, it is necessary to employ terms indicative of the pathology of the disease. We can not expect, however, to select any one name that shall apply to all the pathological conditions during the rise, progress, and ter- mination of this peculiar malady. The condition of the bones is a state of enlargement, (porousness and softening ;) hence the name osteo porosis. Causes.—We have already informed the reader that the disease may have an hereditary origin; otherwise, we can not account for its universal prevalence. In certain localities, under the ordinary modes of feeding and general management, we grant that at first the disease might have had an accidental or spontaneous origin, and finally become permanent and transmissible. For example, glanders and farcy afford illustrations of a spontaneous disease becoming contagious and transmissible. There must have been a time when neither of the two latter diseases existed ; hence, when the first subject became glandered, he could not have taken it by infection or by contagion, but it must have had a spontaneous origin, and, finally, became permanent. We do not pretend to urge that the active disease itself is transmissible; yet, in certain cases, a predisposition is transferred to the progeny. ‘This may be called the predisposing cause ; the ordinary exciting causes are those which disturb and derange the digestive function. The digestive or nutritive function is deranged, both by excessive and defective functional labors, or by the animal existing on food that does not contain the necessary amount of nitrogenous or muscle- making matter. This is the case when Indian corn is used as food for a great length of time. It is hard to digest, is deficient in nitrogen, and almost always over-distends the stomach; for, when submitted to the action of heat and the gastric fluids, it increases in bulk to about five or six times its original capacity. I have noticed that where much whole corn is fed, as in Ohio and Indiana, the disease is most prevalent. Associated with the pre- disposing causes are others—for example, hard usage, sore abuse, and bad stable management. LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 369 This disease is rarely ever heard of in England, probably from the fact that the food of horses is rich in phosphates and nitrogen, while corn contains more of starchy matter, which, instead of fur- nishing material for the preparation of muscular or animal matter, merely furnishes that which is consumed in process of respiration. Treatment.—The ordinary treatment, as practiced by some per- sons, is to bore into the jaw-bone, and inject the same with some corrosive poison. Others expose the jaw-bone, and saw out a section of the same. Some persons blister, or apply preparations of iodine. Such treatment, I think, only tends to create unneces- sary irritation and pain, and can not possibly be of any benefit; for I contend that the disease is not local, but constitutional, and the reader will probably, after perusing this dissertation, come to the same conclusion. The disease has extensive ramifications in various parts of the bony fabric, and, therefore, the local treatment must fail in curing the malady. Cases may arise which require surgical operations, and if so, I have no objections to offer. I have often been told that horses, after having all sorts of barbar- ities practiced on them, have recovered. ‘This, so far as the treat- ment is concerned, is in accordance with the spirit of the old error, “ He got well after taking my medicine; therefore, in con- sequence of taking it.” This is assuming a falsehood for a fact, and then giving fanciful reasons for it. In view both of prevention and cure of this organic disease of the bones and their articulations, more is to be accomplished by regimen than by medicine. The animal should always be pro- vided with wholesome diet, and whenever green vegetables can be obtained, they should be fed liberally, or, what is much better, provided the season permits, allow the animal to roam in 9, pasture. Whenever I have a case of this kind under treatment, I furnish apples, beets, carrots, cabbage, or any other kind of vegetable that Ican procure. I find that such articles are usually devoured with good relish. The object in feeding green food is to combat the scorbutic diathesis which usually exists. The patient should also be allowed from five to seven quarts of oats per day. When a horse with an enlargement of the lower or upper jaw is suddenly attacked with acute lameness, he should be placed in a wide stall, and the parts where the lameness appears to be lo- eated, as well as the jaws, should be diligently rubbed, twice daily, with a portion of the following: 24 370 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. No. 58. Spirits of camphor..... siajiekelleyolede(eyshetere 6 oz. Cod-liver (OU eer s.eseiclcleio exe tole © bepeteioners 4 oz. Oilvotcedarey. «sc Meiers ci siete store ooieneiete 2 02. Diluted acetic acid.......ccescceccecs 1 pint. Mix. Then procure the following: No. 59: (Chlorate tof potass.... csc. «0 eiacise mie 2 02. Powdered ginger...... ei e'e'eeie ohsiavetevetehe 4 02. Gentians.i's cc « icicles ele «ciel oleteleleneletets 3 04. Podophyllum........ o cic ole s/s os laletetenees 2 02. Poplar bark...... 0. 910s coo wjsiletoisiteicte 6 02. Mix. Dose, one ounce night and morning, to be incorporated in the food. This treatment usually palliates the lameness. Should it not do so, the owner must be patient, and give Nature time to restore the animal to comparative usefulness. Flour of bone or phosphate of lime may be given, at the rate of a couple of ounces per day. Such agents are always indicated in the treatment of the above malady. SPAVIN. Spavin consists of an exostosis of the hock, commonly located on the inner side, whereby bones before moveable become cemented and fixed together, and which is often productive of ulceration of the articular surfaces of one or more of the joints of the hock. Sometimes, however, spavin makes its appearance on the anterior or front part of the hock, and sometimes there is no enlargement to be discovered. Such cases, unaccompanied by enlargement, are called inter-articular spavin. Symptoms.—“'The symptoms of spavin,” says Mr. PercrvaL1, “are, in general, plain, simple, and unequivocal. The horse mani- fests lameness in one of his hind limbs, and, on examination, a circumscribed spheroid tumor, of the magnitude of half a walnut or more, is evident enough both to the sight and feel of the man practiced in such matters. Lameness, however, the effect of spavin, may be present without any detectable tumor. My own observation has led me to note two kinds of lameness in spavin—one, the effect either of the ordinary subacute or chronic inflammation, or of partial anchylosis of the parts, is but compar- atively slight, and consists, for the most part, in stiffness on motion, LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 371 or in defective flexible power of the hock-joint ; the other, the effect of acute inflammation of the spavined parts, or else of ulceration of the joints, consists in a sort of spasmodic catching up of the spavined limb the moment the heel of the foot comes down upon the ground, something after the manner of string-halt. Stiffness may not unfrequently be observed even in the horse’s side move- SPAVINED IN OFF HIND LEG—RINGBONE IN ALL THE PASTERNS. ment in his stall. With such characteristic lameness as this, and with spavin present as well, evidently hot and tender to pressure, there can exist no doubt about the case. Where, however, the lameness is but slight, although a spavin is present, yet, from the absence of any heat or tenderness in the swelling, as well as from its duration, many doubts arise as to the cause of the lameness. In such a case as this, we should take advantage of the well- known fact of the fluctuating or evanescent character of spavin lameness, to which end it is advisable to have the horse under examination hard ridden or driven, or otherwise exercised, until he be in a profuse sweat, and afterward kept standing tied up in a stall, until he be cold and stiff in his joints, and then trotted out again. A knowing vender of a spavined “horse would take care to ‘warm’ him by a good ride or drive before he took him to show to the presumed purchaser; and then, while under ex- ol DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. amination, by dint of whip and spur, and management in the bridle-hand, he might pass his merchandise off to an unwary buver as sound. Indeed, so much is sweating work, or exercise approaching thereto, apt to prove a foil to showing lameness, that one is almost inclined to say no horse ought to be examined under such circumstances; certainly no horse suspected of spavin. The time, of all others, that a spavined horse will be apt to man- ifest his lameness will be the day following after a hard day’s work; and when he makes his first egress from the stable in the morning is the critical period for examination. Horses that go limpingly lame from spavin, lame at all times, and lamer still when they work, often experience pain in the seat of disease to a degree which, in the language of Solleysell, causes them ‘to pine away, especially about the flanks.’ They have probably been blistered and fired, perhaps setoned ; have had their hocks fright- fully scarred, and yet are lame to that degree that they are unable to do more than gingerly put the toe of the foot of the spavined limb to the ground, and so painfully hobble along ; and, although they may still maintain their appetite, yet they are low in condi- tion, tucked up in their flanks—evidently, in short, ‘ pining away.’ Such pitiable subjects, it is true, may be kept at work. The little, however, they can do, when put to any thing requiring strength of action or pull, together with the wretched condition they are generally in, is a fact so well known to coach and omni- bus proprietors, and horse-keepers in general, that at the horse auctions such animals fetch little or nothing. Even for agricul- tural work such laborers as these prove of but little worth. Now and then, however, it happens that the spavined horse, although treatment has failed to render him sound, continues, in respect to his disease, in that state in which he appears to suffer no local pain at all while at rest, and but little while at work, and so is able to do a considerable amount of some kinds of labor, lasting in it perhaps for years. Still, such a horse is more likely than another to receive injuries, to experience aggravation or relapse of disease in his already diseased hock; and, under such return or augmentation of ailment, unless great care be taken, and fre- quently with all the care we can take, may and will fail altogether, Spavins exist which occasion no lameness. How this comes to pass will appear when the time arrives to consider the reasons why spavins in general cause lameness, and, on occasions, very great LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 373 pain as well, which can not be done before we come to treat of the pathology of spavin. It is sufficient for our purpose here that we note and establish the fact that lameness is not a necessary conse- quence of spavin. Nothing is more common than to meet with horses, colts even, who have what the dealers call ‘knots’ in their spavin places; and the time was when such ‘knots’ (which have always been regarded as spavins) were certificated as constituting unsoundness. Lameness arising from spavin is sometimes present without the outward appearance of spavin. ‘This is a form of disease better known to veterinary surgeons in general, I believe, under the de- nomination of occult hock lameness. My own attention to the subject was first drawn so long ago as in the year 1815, though then I was quite in the dark as to the nature of the case. On my return from Belgium, after the battle of Waterloo, I had in my possession a bay blood mare, who was lame in one of her hind legs (I forget which), but whose lameness was of that nature that no external sign whatever was apparent to account for it. The limb had been searched over and over again, by myself and some other veterinary surgeons, and the mare had been trotted and walked, circled and paced, and put to all other known trials and tests, without the examinations ending in any thing like concur- rent opinions respecting either the seat or the nature of her lame- ness. The mare returned home, marching with the troops, led by a man on horseback—for, notwithstanding her lameness, she walked very well—and, as soon as she arrived at head-quarters (Woolwich), I showed her to my father, at the time senior veteri- nary surgeon of the Ordnance Department. He examined her, and without hesitation pronounced her ‘lame in the hock,’ and she was treated accordingly ; and the result was, at no great dis- tance of time, her complete restoration to soundness. It is true, so far as the case above related goes, that the only proof that the mare’s lameness was in the hock, was her restor- ation to soundness after the application of remedies to that joint. There is, however, te be said, in addition, to induce us to believe that it was so, that, of all the joints of the hind limb, no one is so frequently or so likely to be deranged as the hock; and, conse- quently, from this fact alone, is a prima facie case made out. Moreover, we have, to assist us in our diagnosis, the stiff or im- perfect flexion of the hock-joint in action, and the wearing away 374 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. of the toe of the shoe, showing that the heel is rarely or but very gingerly put to the ground; also the circumstance, often observ- able by the groom, of the animal resting the lame (hind) limb in the stable; on occasions, perhaps, knackling over upon it, and so bearing the weight upon the toe alone. And it has happened before now that, while doubt was impending as to the locality and nature of the lameness, a spavin has made its appearance, and dissipated all further conjecture; and with this development of the spavin, the lameness, so far from being augmented, is not unlikely to become better. This is an observation made so long ago as the time of Solleysell. This admirable observer, in one part of his chapter on spavins, says: ‘At their first piercing, they, generally speaking, make a horse halt, and afterward the swelling growing bigger, the horse halteth no more with it.” I have noticed that spavined horses are usually the subjects of ill-shaped hocks; hence this peculiarity of conformation would seem to indicate that such animals have a certain amount of pre- disposition lurking in their systems. The ordinary exciting causes are sprain or strain, and overwork. ' Now, what will cure spavin? This question was propounded to the author, some time ago, and the following answer was elicited. The answer is as good to-day as when first written. “What will cure spavin?” I answer: Time, rest, and the appli- cation of remedies adapted to the various stages of the disease. The usual remedies, in the early stage, are rest, frequent use of the shower-bath, and refrigerating lotions. In the chronic stage, and when the disease has commenced on the articulating surfaces of the hock-joint, or an ossific bony enlargement has made its ap- pearance, then we resort to counter-irritation, by using some one of the preparations of cantharides or iodine. “ What will cure spavin?” is a tough question for a medical man to solve; for, if he has been properly educated, he knows well enough that bone spavin, like hip-joint disease in the human subject, is, to all in- tents and purposes, incurable—I mean in so far as the physiology and pathology of the parts are concerned. Soft tissues, once having been changed into bone, never can be remetamorphosed into the original condition so as to possess their inherent qualities of elasticity (contraction and expansion). At the same time we are all horsemen enough to understand what the term “cure” - means when applied to the disease known as spavin. It signifies LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 375, freedom from sensibility and lameness, and a partial disappear- ance of the enlargement, or “eye-sore.” As the reader may like to refer to the opinion of some well-known author, as well as what I here advance, I select a quotation on the treatment of bone spavin from the pen of Mr. BLAINE: “This disease does not differ from splint, except that it is much oftener a cause of serious lameness. Occurring, however, as it commonly does, in older horses, it also proves more obstinate, and the treatment required, therefore, should be more active. Among the old farriers, who, like some of the moderns, thought nothing too strong for a horse, violent mechanical operations were resorted to, as the mallet and chisel to chip it off, boring the exostosis with a gimlet, punching it with a hot iron, or applying caustics. The first removing it mechanically, and the three latter methods de- stroying its vitality, promoted its exfoliation. As might be ex- pected, for one case which succeeded (and in some it certainly did succeed) in many it incréased the lameness, or ended in anchy- losis and sometimes death. It is not improbable that instruments may yet be devised which will operate on these bony enlargements without risk, though the chances are fewer in the hock, from its connection with capsular and bursal ligaments, than in any other parts. Treatment.—The treatment pursued by veterinarians of the present day varies somewhat. Those bordering on the old school still rub with some violence, and then stimulate them with oil origanum, oil terebinth, etc. Those of a later day blister and fire. At the Veterinary College setons are used, by ripping up the in- tegument and pushing a needle around, with tape through it, so that the seton within the skin exactly opposes itself to the spavin. If the skin is tender or tumefied, it is more proper to make an opening above and below the exostosis, and to push a blunt seton- needle or eyed probe from one opening to the other, armed with a tape smeared with mild blistering ointment, or common turpen- tine. In this way, report says, the College practice has proved very successful. Blistering we have, however, found, when re- peated over and over, commonly prove equal to all the benefit these obstinate cases can receive; for, when the bone deposit is fully formed, it is in vain to expect its entire absorption. Even its partial absorption is frustrated. The removal of acute lame- ness is generally the only benefit which can be anticipated. Our 376 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. principal hope lies in preventing the increase of the bony deposit, and likewise in removing that inflammation which is the existing cause of much of the pain, stiffness, and tumefaction in the sur- rounding ligaments. Our hopes of success must also greatly de- pend on the time the evil has existed. When it is early attended to—that is, before the bony deposit has gained its full solidity— stimulants act more favorably, and lessen it more materially. It remains to add that, when repeated blistering fails, the firing-iron generally concludes the business, but commonly answers no further purpose than being a publication of the animal’s infirmity, and a warning to practitioners as regards the previous treatment.” The remedies and means used by the author of this work for the treatment of spavin are the same as recommended for ring- bone. (See article on Ring-bone.) > FRACTURE OF THE PELVIS. My attention having lately been called to two cases of fractured pelvis, I am led to make the following remarks for the benefit of those who feel an interest in matters pertaining to veterinary sci- ence. The accident of fracture of the pelvis is of very common occurrence, and I think that many such cases might be prevented by the exercise of a little judgment on the part of horse-owners. For example, the great majority of cases with which I am ac- quainted have occurred in the stable, after the animals have been put up for the night “all well,” as the owners have informed me, and to them the matter seemetl very mysterious and unaccounta- ble. But I think that the mystery can easily be explained. Ifa horse is put up for the night all well and free from lame- ness,-and in the morning is lame, and it is observed that the hip is knuckled down, as the saying is, (fracture of the pelvis,) or, in other words, he is “ hip-shot,” the evidence then seems conclusive that the accident occurred within the stable. Then the question arises, How did it occur? We all ought to know that the stalls in our city stables are too narrow; many of them do not exceed four feet in breadth. Now, let a large horse throw himself vio- lently down, as, they often do when tired or in pain, and he is very apt to strike the point of the hip against one side of the sta- ble. The point of the hip being but imperfectly protected from external or lateral injury, except by the common integument, the LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 377 jar or concussion thus received often occasions fracture. I know that this is the case; for, on making examination of some of these fractures, I found the skin over the region of the point of the hip bruised and abraded. Then, again, horses frequently get cast at night, and are the subjects of colic, or other aches or pains. They struggle violently, get imprisoned, as it were, in their narrow apartments, and, when released by assistance, fracture of the pelvis is often discovered. This is not all. Sometimes sufficient bedding is not furnished to protect the animal from the effects of hurriedly reclining, or slipping down, on a hard plank floor, and the result is often the same as that just alluded to. Then, in view of prevention, these facts suggest the propriety of having wider stalls, and a liberal supply of shavings or sawdust for bedding; that is, when straw can not be obtained; yet I think that when sawdust can be ob- tained, it is the most wholesome and economical bedding for horses. Taking a pathological view of the matter, I have to in- form the reader that a great proportion of these fractures occur among horses well advanced in years; and it may be that their bones, in some cases, are brittle and very easily fractured, as is the case with some aged members of the human family, whose thigh bones have been easily fractured by a slight fall, or jumping out of bed in a hurry, many such cases being on record. The horse is occasionally subject to a disease of the bones known as fatty degeneration, which is said to be partly occasioned by an exclusive Indian corn diet. In such cases the vacuities in some of the bones are filled with oily miatter, are light, and easily frac- tured. He is also subject to a disease known as rickets, which may depend either on hereditary predisposition or imperfect nu- trition. The bones are defective in early constituents, and, con- ‘sequently, give way under the weight which they ought otherwise to sustain. The remedy is, a nutritive diet, partly composed of oats, and occasional doses of phosphate of lime. Horses very frequently fracture the pelvis by falling in harness, but for this I know of no remedy except careful driving; yet sometimes, in spite of due care, they must fall when traveling on slippery pavements, and when improperly shod. Treatment.—As regards the treatment of fracture of the pelvis I have but little to offer. It is all contained in the words rest and counter-irritation (seton or blister), yet requires time for 378 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Nature to unite the bones after her well-known fashion. If the horse is a valuable one, and the fracture slight, he should be placed in slings. The hair may then be shaved off the region of fracture to the extent of one foot in diameter; then smear on, while warm, a strengthening plaster, composed of pitch, resin, and beeswax. But should the fracture be of a very grave char- acter—the bones broken in several places, the animal down and in great agony—then the sooner he is put out of his misery the better. SPLENT, OR SPLINT. Splent, or splint, makes its appearance on the inner and lower part of the knee-joint. It consists of a bony tumor (exostosis), and, finally, the small bone known as the metacarpus purvus becomes united to the cannon or shank bone. This constitutes anchylosis, so that the disease is of the same nature as ring-bone. Splent sometimes appears on the outside of the leg; but the dis- ease is oftener found on the inside, from the fact that it is nearer the center of the weight of the body than the outer, and receives the greatest amount of concussion. The inner bone is said to receive nearly the whole weight transmitted to the small bone of the knee. A splent on the inside is often the result of a blow inflicted with the opposite foot, which bruises the soft parts and periosteum, and, finally, the bones become affected. Faulty shoe- ing has also a direct agency in the production of splent. For example: if one caulk of the shoe be higher than the other, or should the foot be pared more on one side than the other, the effect will be to throw the limb into a false position, which may result in ligamentary lameness and splent. Splent, however, ap- pears sometimes without any assignable cause. On dissecting the limbs of aged horses, we frequently find the splent bones firmly united to the shank. The following is the opinion of Prof. Cole- man in regard to splent: “<¢ A splent once is a splent always.’ The two bones being once united by ossific matter, this connection, whatever we may do or apply, will never be altered. It used to be the custom to remove the splent with a hammer and chisel, but the production of a large blemish, from the destruction of skin, was the consequence of this barbarous method. Another practice, as ancient and bar- barous as the former, was the application of corrosive sublimate, LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 3/79 Situation of the Splint. A PERFECT FORE-LEG. A Seton for the Splint. LAL Lo Situation of the of firing it all \\Y . ' LO a , \ LIL LIL Ze \ Vii Le TEs \ \ IAG \ . \ \ \\ Ss: \ Situation of the & method of firing. Situation of Blood Spayin. 2 ig A Situation of the Bone Spavin firing the same. BOTTOM OF THE HOOF. cc the bars. aa the crust. : 4 d d the frog. 6b the sole, 380 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. or other strong caustic, so as to occasion a slough. In this case, too, the remedy was as bad as the disease; the horse was disfigured for life. Better and more recent treatment than this was either firing or blistering. The objection to the former, however, was the marks it produced; and to the latter, in common with the former, that though the lameness was removed, it very frequently . returned with the resumption of labor. The more modern, successful, and scientific treatment of splents consists in the operation of periosteotomy, or division of the peri- osteum, which covers the bone. Professor Sewell has introduced, within the few past years, an excellent mode of performing the operation. The horse is cast, _ the leg properly straightened and secured, and then a small open- ing is made just below the splent sufficient to introduce a long, narrow, convex, probe-pointed knife, the edge of which is on the convex side. The knife is then passed up under the skin, and by drawing it backward and forward on the splent, pressing firmly at the same time, the periosteum is completely divided. A small opening is then made through the skin above the splent, and a narrow seton passed from one orifice to the other, after which a bandage is placed on the leg, and the horse released. The seton should be moved and dressed daily with digestive ointment, and at the expiration of a week removed, and the wound permitted to heal. I have found the operation succeed whenever I have adopted it. In the very numerous cases that occur of splents being unat- tended with lameness, it is ‘better to let well alone;’? but when the lameness is slight, and the horse can not be spared from work more than a few days, it is well to apply a mild blistering appli- cation, such as the tincture of cantharides, about a tea-spoonful of which will be sufficient for one application, which may be repeated according to the action it produces and the benefit it occasions.” Treatment.—Our practice in this country is to treat splent on “the same general principles that obtain in spavin and ring-bone— namely, in the acute stage, when the accident of striking has happened, we apply sedatives and refrigerents, and in the chronic stage, counter-irritants and absorbents. For the treatment of the acute stage, a selection from the following articles may be made: Arnica, infusion of hops or poppies, cold water, or equal parts of vinegar and water. In the chronic stage, and in view of lessen- ing the tumefaction, I recommend the following: LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 381 No. 60. Powdered iodide of potass.....cceeeee> 2 dr. Simple Cerates - cis) ciaierysieke pisinieietalele elie 1 oz. Cod-liver Ol. 2c). occ e cc. cle eleesicles 4 oz. Rub these ingredients together in a mortar, and when thor- oughly mixed it is fit for use. A daily application of this oint- ment for a short time will suffice. There are many cases of splent that do not occasion the least lameness- therefore they had better be let alone. BowrEp LEGs or SPRUNG KNEES. The following case will illustrate the method of cure for sprung knees. The subject of this operation had met with an accident, which resulted in “bowed limb,” and had so progressed within the period of a few months as to render the limb the most de- formed one I ever saw; for when the toe touched the ground, the heel was-elevated about four inches. At the same time, the infe- rior extremity of the cannon overlapped the large pastern some- thing like three-quarters of an inch. Such a deviation from the perpendicular line would, as a matter of course, bring a tremendous strain on the extensor tendons in front and the suspensory liga- ment, and this appeared to be the case; for the tendons and liga- ment were rigid as a bowstring. The horse was cast on the off side, and, after securing the limbs, the near fore one was released from the hobble and held by assist- ants. A puncture in the outer lateral region of the flexor tendons was made through the integument. A convex, probe-pointed bistoury was then introduced, and, by a gentle sawing movement, the flexors perforatus and perforans were divided. On straight- ening the limb, which was done without the least difficulty, the edges of the tendons had separated almost two inches. These would, of course, after awhile, become reunited by granulation and interstitial deposits. Thus tendons would, finally, gain in length something less than two inches, which would render the leg al- most straight again. The puncture through the skin being small, a single suture sufficed to close the orifice. This being accom- plished, a cold-water bandage was neatly applied, and then the patient was permitted to rise. He walked to the stable tolerably well, yet still had a slight “ knuckling over” at the fetlock. This was probably owing to the distended or lax state of the capsular ligament and extensor tendon, A shoe was now applied to the 382 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. foot, having a straight piece of iron, eight inches in length, welded on to the ground surface of the toe of the shoe. The object in applying this contrivance was to prevent flexion, to keep the di- vided ends of the tendon apart, and to guard against direct union of the same. The operation finally proved successful. The following case occurred in the practice of Professor BRACHET, as given in the “ Veterinary Record :” “ This most extraordinary case was observed in September, 1856, three months after the inundation of the Rhone, on a farm near this river. The subject of the disease was a filly, three months old. She was born perfectly straight on her legs, but about fifteen days after birth the fore-limbs became bent, and the deformity increased so rapidly that when Brachet saw the animal it moved on its knees. It was with great difficulty that, by efforts to extend the limb, the acute angle formed at the knee could at all be widened, and such an experiment gave. great pain to the animal. The dam being taken out of the stable, Brachet was astonished to see the filly walking after her on her knees, almost as fast as if progressing naturally. On the front of the knee the skin was hard and callous, the tendons behind it were rigid and immovable, and Brachet decided on performing tenotomy. The animal was cast and the near fore-leg operated upon. An incision was made, about an inch in length, at the back of the arm, in a line with the upper part of the carpus; the tendon of the flexor metacarpi externus was first cut, then one of the medius, and, lastly, that of the inter- nal flexor of the metacarpus, when the limb straightened. A splint was placed in front of the leg. Eight days afterward the off limb was operated upon; fifteen days later the splints were removed, and, in the course of a month, the filly stood well, but in moving carried her fore-legs forward in a piece. Flexion at the knee could not be effected, but the young animal improved rapidly ; the limbs became strong, and though slightly bowed, their action was perfect. Brachet believes the deformity arose from rheuma- tism, induced by the damp on the occasion of the overflowing of the river near the farm.” The following is Mr. PERCIVALL’s method of performing te- -notomy for sprung knees: “The operation of tenotomy, though a formidable one for the patient, is not a difficult one for the operator. The object is sec- tion of the flexor tendons, the effect of which, as we have seen, is to LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 383 let down the heel of the foot, not the fetlock, to the ground. The flexor tendons support the pastern and foot-joints principally, the fetlock-joint having the additional strong support of the suspen- sory ligament, which it still retains after the tendons have been cut through. This accounts for the heel of the foot, without the fetlock, being let down by the operation of tenotomy. Having cast the horse, and so secured the limb to be operated on that there is not much chance of any interruption being occa- sioned through its motion, I recommend that a longitudinal in- cision, three or four inches in length, be made through the skin, along the back of the leg, down upon the middle portion of the flexor perforatus tendon. This incision freely and boldly made at once, the operator will be able to stretch the mouth of the wound he has made round to the inner side of the leg, in which stretched position the skin is to be held by an assistant, while the operator introduces the fore-finger of his left hand, to push back the blood- vessels and nerve (which run along the inner borders of the ten- dons) against the suspensory ligament, so that they be safe out of the way, while with the right hand he insinuates his bistoury between them and the flexor tendons. Opposing now the cutting edge of the bistoury to the tendons themselves, he commences incising them by a steady but firm and strong sawing movement, until both be completely divided. I say he is to hold the bistoury (which ought to be a stout one) firmly, and to use it with some force, since such is the dense and tough texture of these tendons that they are not cut completely through without some determi- nation. Complete division being made of them, the heel of the foot may not (in all probability will not) come down without some extension of the leg; and this must be made, not by such violence as Mr. Goodenough found himself compelled to use, still with such force as will, if possible, make the limb straight, by stretching or even tearing through adhesions of moderate stand- ing, so far as this can be effected without the risk of rupturing ligament or fracturing bone. The giving way of adhesions, in such cases, is frequently attended with a sort of snap or jerk, de- notive of their being overcome, and by this the end is known to be answered, such adhesions and impediments to extension being commonly situate about or in the vicinity of the fetlock-joint. ‘The usual and most effective mode of accomplishing the extension is, to place the knee against the front of the fetlock, and, grasping 384 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. the back of the foot with one hand, and the upper end of the leg with the other, to use such steady and moderate force as will ac- complish the object without doing harm thereby. This done, the divided ends of the tendons recede from each other, leaving a gap between them of one or two inches, or even more, dependent upon circumstances.” Corns. What is known as corns, occurring in horses, is very different from that affection in the human subject, which bears the same name. In the horse the affection is caused by bruise of the sole, and consists of extravasation of blood. On making an examina- tion in the angle between the bars and quarters, the horn of the sole will appear red. This may not be seen, however, until the blacksmith has pared away a flake or two of the sole. Treatment.—Neglected corns are very apt to end in suppuration (formation of matter within the hoof). This matter sometimes burrows in an upward direction, and breaks out at the top of the hoof. It then forms what is known as a quittor, the remedy for which is to make a small opening into the sole, and thus allow the matter to escape in a downward direction. After making the orifice in the sole, it should be dressed with a paste composed of equal parts of sugar and brown soap. As a dressing for common corn, without suppuration, I recommend equal parts of tar and olive oil. This I conceive to be one of the best dressings ever used for corns. Many corns are produced by suffering the shoe to remain on too long. It thus becomes imbedded in the heel of the foot; the ex- ternal crust then grows down on the outside of the shoe, and the bearing is thrown in the angular portion of the sole. In unusually troublesome cases of corns, recourse should be had to the bar-shoe. Youatr says: “ Mr. Spooner, of Southampton, very properly states that the corns occasionally fester, and the purulent matter which is secreted, having no dependent orifice, ascends, torturing the animal to a dreadful extent, and breaks out at the coronet. These cases are very troublesome. Sinuses are formed, and the evil may end in quittor. A large and free dependent orifice must then be made, and a poultice applied, to which should succeed a solution of sulphate of zinc, with the applichion of the compound tar ointment. LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 385 The cause of corn is a most important subject of inquiry, and which a careful examination of the foot and the shoe will easily discover. The cause being ascertained, the effect may, to a great extent, be afterward removed. Turning out to grass, after the horn is a little grown, first with the bar-shoe and afterward with the shoe fettered on one side, or with tips, will often be service- able. A horse that has once had corns to any considerable extent should, at every shoeing, have the seat of corn well pared out, and the butter of antimony applied. The seated shoe should be used, with a web sufficiently thick to cover the place of corn, and extend- ing as far back as it can be made to do without injury to the frog. Low, weak heels should be rarely touched with the knife, or any thing more be done to them than lightly to rasp them, in order to give them a level surface. The inner heel should be particularly spared. Corns are seldom found in the hind feet, because the heels are stronger, and the feet are not exposed to so much concussion; and when they are found there, they are rarely or never productive of lameness. There is nothing perhaps in which the improvement in the veterinary art has relieved the horse from so much suffering as shoeing. Where corns now exist of any consequence, they are a disgrace to the smith, the groom, and even to the owner.” LAMENESS. We have already considered the nature and treatment of vari- ous forms of lameness, occurring in consequence of strain or sprain of different parts of the body; also that attending rheumatism and diseases of the feet. It only remains to offer a few remarks on some special forms of lameness. Lameness occurs in one of two forms. We either find it in the acute stage, when, from injury or other causes, it comes on suddenly ; or else in the chronic stage, that form whieh has existed for some time. Therefore, there being only two forms of lameness, there are only two indications to fulfill, namely: in the acute stage, we endeavor to lessen the activity in the circulation, heat, and pain of the parts by rest and cold-water bathing; and when pain exists, we mitigate it by bathing the af- fected parts with cold infusion of hops or poppy-heads. When the affection assumes a chronic type, we apply stimulants and counter-irritants. The following is the best remedy in use: 26 386 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Nov 61;"Aqua ammonia. 20.0. jeden aioe seman Spirits, of camphor. 1-2/2 ciecsis sae cat MOHNOZe Salt (bay.or rock salt) oo. 1. no)... Oumome Water ines islohesia es oiais ela eselsi sere sie lee mun InCGe Dissolve the salt in the water, with a few drops of aqua am- monia; allow the impurities to settle, and add the clear liquor to the camphor and ammonia, the latter having been previously mixed. A portion of this should be rubbed on the region of lameness morning and evening. Sometimes the actual seat of lameness may be somewhat obscure, yet we can generally find out which limb it is in; then, to make sure that we shall hit the mark, the whole limb may be treated. Should counter-irritation be nec- essary, strong liniments and blisters, such as are in general use, are recommended, , This plate represents the fore extremity, cut off a little above the condyles of the humerus, with the flexor metacarpi internus, medius and the ulnaris accessorius muscles remoyed. A, The origin of the ulnaris accessorius muscle. B, The flexoy metacarpi internus. C, The flexor metacarpi medius. F, The radial nerve. G, The radial artery. H, The radial vein. I, The superior suspensory ligament, cr band. J, The tendon of the flexor metacarpi internus muscle. K, The cut edge of the posterior annular ligament turned back. L, The inferior suspensory band. M, Oblique branch of nerve crossing the perforatus tendon. N, The perforatus tendon. O, The perforans tendon. P, The inner metacarpal nerve. Q, Metacarpal artery. R, Suspensory ligament. 8S, The metacarpal vein. T, One of the lumbrici muscles. ; U, Cut edge of the thin, dense membrane which invests the perforatus from a little above the front of the fetlock downward. V, The perforatus tendon. W, A portion of the tendon lined internally with synovial membrane, removed, to expose the perforans as it passes through the bi- furcation of the perforatus. SECTION XIII. HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. Pro.tapsus ANI—HEMORRHOIDS, OR PinES—PRICKING AND Nicki1ne Horsss Tatts —Docxinag Horses—AN#MIA—THE UsrE AND ABUSE OF THE CURRY-COMB— Horsks AND CATTLE SHOULD HAVE A SUPPLY OF PURE WATER—GALLED Back —THe HEART—THE QUANTITY OF BLOOD CONTAINED IN A Horsz’s Bopy— RapipIty OF THE CIRCULATION—THE TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD—MANAGEMENT OF THE HoRSES PUT IN THE STABLE—STRANGLES. PROLAPSUS ANI (FALLING OF THE FUNDAMENT OR RECTUM). ROLAPSUS ANI, or protrusion of the rectum, is a calamity much to be dreaded. Fortunately it very rarely occurs, yet when it does, a valuable horse is almost sure to be the subject; hence it is a matter of importance that persons who own valu- able horses should know something about the nature and treat- ment of this mishap. The best authority on this subject is Mr. PERCIVALL, from whose works the following is quoted: “Tt consists in inversion and prolapse of the mucous coat of the rectum, either confined to the mucous membrane itself, or otherwise involving more or less of the entire substance of the intestine along with it. The aspect of the protrusion will mainly depend on the nature and volume of the parts ejected, and upon the time such evolution has been in existence. When recent, so readily does tumefaction (swelling) of the parts follow their pro- trusion, that this speedily opposes all attempts at return, should the animal make any, though, in truth, his efforts in general have the effect of straining more gut out, and through his straining, in some cases, tearing the membrane, and thus augmenting instead of diminishing the evolution as well. In this manner arises a large (sometimes enormous) rotund, red, wrinkled redness of skin, consisting of cylinders of mucous membrane, having an aperture (387) 388 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. closed through constriction in its centre, though, when open, issu- ing a mucous and sanious matter, especially at such time as the animal is straining afresh. The circumflex action of the sphincter ani around the neck of the swelling, together with its distension with gas, and the action of the air upon its surface, all add to ‘its increase of volume and change of color; while the straining, at the same time, increases the difficulty of any effort the practitioner may make toward effecting a return of the protruded gut. With its augmentation of volume comes a deepening redness, turning, through the constriction of the sphincter, to a darker, and even purple hue, the membrane becoming, at the same time, inflated and swollen, and gradually changing its color from red to yellow and to brown, though still having a humid shining aspect, now becoming glairy from albuminous secretion, which is not only mucous, but at times purulent. Causes.—These may be summed up in irritation, either direct or sympathetic, of the mucous membrane lining the anus and rectum. It is possible that prolonged constipation, from giving rise to violent straining efforts at expulsion of dry and hardened feces, might bring it on, or even the strains of parturition. The action produced by excessive purgation may cause it, but more especially irritation of a mechanical kind, arising from direct in- jury to the membrane or rectum during the operation of raking or manual exploration of the gut, or of clystering. It may prove an accompaniment of an enteritic, colicky, or diarrheal condition of bowel. It is possible it may ensue on nicking, though I never knew it to follow that operation. Violent struggles of any kind, as in such a case as is mentioned in the ‘ Veterinarian,’ by Mr. J. Brown, V.8., London, wherein the horse ‘had forced out nearly a foot of the rectum in struggling violently to release himself,’ while being cast. Tr patient aiBhe formidable, and indeed awful, aspect of this disease is apt to operate in the mind of the owner of the animal favorably for the veterinary surgeon, inasmuch as it gives rise to his being called to the case sooner than he otherwise would have been. Should the summons be an early one, at the time that the protrusion is recent, and its volume nothing so very alarming, judicious exercise of the taxis, if employed at the moment, may succeed in the return of the gut. Distributing the fingers of both hands over the wrinkled and swollen body of the protrusion, HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 389 steady, firm, and forcible pressure ought to be maintained against it for such length of time as appears to afford any chance of suc- cess, augmenting the force used whenever there be any remission of the straining. Should the first efforts of this description fail, the protruded mass may have its bulk lessened and constricted as much as possible by local application of some sort, than which none offers a better chance of succeeding than such as follows from sudden and intense cold, though to a part so sensitive and vascular the practice is not devoid of danger. Ice may be pow- dered and inclosed in a linen bag, so as to form a sort of bolster, that may be held or braced with firmness upon the tumefaction. The contrary of such treatment as this, however, though the ob- ject be the same, is generally preferred—namely, fomentation, medicated or not, with scarification of the exposed membrane— though in other cases astringent applications are employed, with a view of causing contraction and diminution of the mass, such as lime-water, decoction of oak bark, solution of alum, etc.; and while such proceedings are going on, it is advisable to have the hind parts raised. Supposing we succeed in accomplishing the reduction, the chances are in favor of the relapse of the prolapsus, and these chances seem great in proportion to the facility with which the return of the inverted gut has been effected. Indeed, so constant and troublesome does the return in some of these cases become, that it is necessary to contrive some sort of truss to op- pose the descent, the same as is done for rupture in man. Mr. Dycer’s truss consisted of ‘a new wet chamois leather, a breast- plate, and a hip (human) truss.’ Should constipation be thought to operate against reduction, in addition to clysters, we may ex- hibit cathartics and aloes in solution, and should there be plethora and great irritability in the membrane of the rectum and anus, a blood-letting will be advisable, while an opiate or belladonna clys- ter will be advantageously administered, in order to allay all local irritation as much as possible. As a dernier and effective mode of procedure in prolapsus ani, when the case proves either irreducible, or, after return, con- tinually protrudes on any slight effort, such as coughing afresh, we have recourse, with safety and certainty, to an operation con- sisting in excision of more or less of the inverted membrane en- veloping the protruding portion of the gut. This is an operation of ancient date, though to Dupuytren is ascribed the credit of 390 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. introducing it into human practice, and to the French veterinarians that of transplanting the same into veterinary practice. For- merly the actual cautery was the instrument employed for the removal of the parts obstructing reduction ; but in our own day this has been thrown aside for the scalpel, an instrument quite as effective, while the simple act of cutting with a knife gives so much less pain than cutting or dividing with the actual cautery. In general, it is considered necessary to cast the horse for the ope- ration; but Mr. Gregory, V. 8., did not cast his patient, but merely put on a side-line, and had one leg held up and the tail kept’ on one side; and, most assuredly, the standing position of the patient is one which, in such an operation, offers no mean advantages to the operator, provided he can avail himself of it without any personal danger. < lL pint: Mix. CALCULI IN THE BLADDER. A stone once having formed in the bladder will defy all our attempts to dissolve or decompose it; yet if any one wishes to try the experiment, they can resort to the use of muriatic acid, suffi- ciently diluted with water to render it harmless to the animal tis- sues with which it may come in contact. The stone can, however, be removed by the operation of lithotomy, which will require the services of a skillful surgeon. In such a case the owner may pos- sibly decide upon slaughtering the animal. Perhaps this is the best thing he can do. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 535 Symptoms.—There are various symptoms of deranged health which often attend stone in the bladder; yet, as they frequently accompany other diseases, and throw no special light on this, I shall take no notice of them, but offer something brief, yet more reliable. The presence of a stone in the bladder will generally occasion some interruption to that free and uniform flow of urine which takes place in a healthy animal without any symptoms of stone in the bladder; consequently if, in the act of urination, the flow of fluid is suddenly stopped, to commence again a few mo- ments afterward, at the same moment a slight trembling of the hind limbs is observed, and the animal strains ineffectually to urinate, only passing a few drops, and this state of things has ex- isted for some time, it may be inferred that a stone is present in the bladder, and if so, the animal had better be slaughtered. Buiack WATER. A discharge from the urethral outlet of fluid quite black in color very frequently indicates a grave form of disease existing in the liver. Should black-colored matter be detected in the urine, . the probabilities are that the animal will die; for the disease which gives rise to the abnormal discharge is probably organic. Symptoms.—In some cases black water is occasioned by engorge- ment of the liver, spleen, or kidneys, and when an animal dies of these engorgements, we find the capillary veins much distended ; and these engorgements frequently occur, also, in many of the dis- eases of an epizodtic or malignant character. Such condition or congestion is owing to a loss of equilibrium in the circulation. The arteries are very impressible to excitation, and hold out their physiological actions the longest. The veins being more distensi- ble than arteries, the blood is forced into the venous radicles faster than they can absorb it ; hence the free egress of blood is retarded. The result-is an accumulation of blood, distending the organs or veins, producing engorgements and a darkened color of the blood and tissues. The blood assumes a darkened color partly from de- lay and partly from deficient pulmonary absorption and aeration. The causes of these local congestions are not always to be deter- mined, yet they almost always receive their chief force from a morbid habit pervading the general system; at least this is the case when no local disease exists to account for them. 536 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Treatment.—The principal object in the treatment of black water is to equalize the circulation and decarbonize the blood. Diffusible stimulants and nauseants fulfill the first indication, and ammonia the latter; therefore I use the following: No. 103. Fluid extract of cinger.. 0... 6 «sce 1 oz. Chioraterofpotassyel ls oa. Vas Pee 1 oz. Spirits) of jamamonial. is Sees sieliejeiteovepsie 2 dr. MEIGS HH MAIR: REC sis GaEserd Senecio €bicllb 1 pint. Give the above quantity once daily. RED WATER. The changes which occur in the color of the urine are the results of various causes. In a preceding article the reader is informed that hematuria (voiding of blood with urine) is traceable to cer- tain direct causes, hence the difficulty is of an acute character. Now, suppose we take a well animal as a subject for experiment. We administer repeated doses of sweet spirits of niter or tincture of juniper. The first thing we notice is, the urine is augmented, or rather more profuse than usual, and of a pale color. Continue the medicaments over a given period, and the urine assumes a darker color—first, yellow; next, brown, or coffee color, purple, or even black. This shows conclusively that the color of the urine can be altered by the use of medicinal agents; therefore, if a red- dened appearance of the urine follow the exhibition of strong diuretics, the cause is plain enough, and the cure is effected by dis- continuing the diuretic medicine, and in restoring the equilibrium of action which should exist among the various excretory orgaris. Various kinds of food are also operative in producing changes in the color and quantity of the urinary secretion. Beets and car- rots, when fed in quantity for a sufficient length of time, alter essentially the color of the fluids of the body, urine included. As regards quantity, musty oats and an excess of stimulating food are notorious causes in explanation of augmented and discolored urinary secretion. Discoloration of the urine, which some of our Western farmers term “red water,” is usually occasioned by derangement of the liver and other parts of the digestive apparatus. The urine, how- ever, is more likely to have a tinge of brown or yellow than red, and, therefore, several writers, Mr. Youatt included, have termed DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 537 such cases “chronic red water;” and they all agree that such an affection is not primarily one of the kidneys, but of the liver, and I presume that the “ red-water” which prevails among cattle in the West owes its origin to the same causes as above. For exam- ple: A friend informs me that he lost a valuable cow, “ which died of red water,” and that the urine was of a “ yellow-brown color,” indicating, very clearly, that the animal labored under an affection of the liver; and, in view of dispelling all doubt on the subject, I here introduce a short paragraph from my correspondent’s letter : “On skinning the animal, I found that the parts beneath (sub- cellular tissues) had a yellow appearance. On cutting open the abdomen, I noticed that the liver was of a very dark color, and appeared to be filled with black blood. ‘The gall-bladder was very large, and appeared darker than usual; the manyplies (manyplus) was full of caked food, and there were no appearances of disease in any other parts.” Of course, it will be perceived that my correspondent was far from being an adept in the art of autopsy ; however, the appear- ances which he has described lead us to the necessary conclusion that the so-called red water (which he contends caused the death of his cow) was the result of functional, perhaps organic, disease of the liver. Mr. Youart, when discussing the theory of the pathology of chfonic red water, offers the following: “Chronic red water is more prevalent than that which is acute, and in its first stage is far more a disease of the digestive organs, and especially of the liver than of the kidney. The urine is ob- served to be of a brown color, or brown tinged with yellow. The beast feeds nearly as well as before, but ruminates rather more lazily. In a few days a natural diarrhea comes on, and the animal is well at once ; or a purgative drench is administered, and a cure is presently affected. This occurs frequently in cows and calves of weak con- stitution. At other times there is manifest indisposition. The ani- mal is dull, heavy, languid; the ears droop, the back is bowed; she separates from the herd; she refuses her food, and ceases to rumi- nate. Presently she gets better; she rejoins her companions, but this is only for a little while.. The urine, which at first was brown, with a tinge of yellow, has now red mingled with brown, or it is of the color of porter. It is increased in quantity; is discharged sometimes with ease, at other times with considerable straining-— 538 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. in little jets, and with additional bowing of the back. The milk diminishes; it acquires a slight tinge of yellow or brown; the taste becomes unpleasant, and it spoils all that it is mingled with. The pulse is accelerated; it reaches to 60 or 70. If the blood is drawn, the serum which separates from it is brown. The skin is yellow, but of a darker yellow than in jaundice; it has a tinge of brown. The conjunctiva is also yellow, inclining to brown. The urine becomes of a darker hue, and is almost black. The animal usually shrinks when the loins are pressed upon. Occasionally there is much tenderness, but oftener the beast scarcely shrinks more than he is accustomed to do when laboring under almost every disease. The belly is not so much tucked up as drawn to- gether at the sides. ‘There is considerable loss of condition; the legs and ears get cold; the animal is less inclined to move; there is evident general debility. In every stage there is costiveness, and that exceedingly difficult to overcome, but, on close inquiry, it is ascertained that there was diarrhea at the beginning, and which was violent and fetid, and which suddenly stopped.” Testimony of this description, emanating from reliable authority, is entitled to our consideration ; and it should teach us to seek for the cause of discolored urine beyond the region of the kidneys, except in those cases which are evidently the results of the action of diuretics or stimulants in the form of improper food. It will generally be found that discolorations in the urine are the symp- toms of a disease located elsewhere; hence the disease should be treated instead of the symptoms. Treatment.—If the disease appears to be located in the liver, indicated by a yellow tinge of the visible surfaces, dark-colored feces, and yellow tinge of the urine, the animal being dull and sleepy, showing symptoms of febrile action, it may be proper to administer a dose of purgative medicine, combined with some agent calculated to restore the physiological action of the liver, and I therefore recommend the following : INO: TOA EPSOM, SAltS: < lyroligneous;acide... «>. as s0. pSdeoee 2 04. CIV CRI ocosgusioeooposeGasan eo 4 02. Water ahead Mies Sono csccce J Omer: Mix. Dose, a wine-glassful three or four times daily, until an improve- ment takes place. To relieve the nervous irritation and trembling, I give two drachms of tincture of Indian hemp, in a little water, twice daily. The patient is to be kept on oatmeal gruel, the quantity to be regulated according to actual necessity. A curable case will be very likely to improve under the above treatment; if it fail, the owner will have the satisfaction of knowing that the patient was not destroyed by meddlesome medication. 41 642 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. IMPROVED METHOD OF MILKING, The first process in the operation of milking is to make the cow’s acquaintance, and give her to understand that the milker approaches her with none other than friendly intentions ; for if he swears, scolds, or kicks her, she is likely to prove refractory, and may, possibly, give the uncouth and unfeeling milker the benefit of her heels, which, in my opinion, he is justly entitled to. Before commencing to milk the animal she should be fed, or have some kind of fodder. In the enjoyment of the mastication of the same, her attention is withdrawn from the milker’s opera- tions, and the milk is not “ held up,” as the saying is, but is yielded freely. The milker should not sit off at a distance, like a coward, but his left arm should be in close contact with the leg of the cow, so that she can not kick. If she make the attempt when the milker is in close proximity with the cow’s body, the former merely gets a push instead of a blow. Before commencing to milk, the teats are to be washed with cold water in warm weather, and warm water in winter. The object is to remove accumulated dirt, which otherwise would fall into the milk-pail, to the disgust of persons who love pure milk and hate uncleanliness. Here is a chance for improvement. The best milker is a merciful man. The udder and teats are highly organized and very sensitive, and these facts should be taken into consideration, especially when milking a young animal, for the parts are sometimes excessively tender, and the hard tugging and squeezing which many poor sensitive creatures have to endure at the hands of some thoughtless, hard-fisted man, are really dis- tressing to witness. A better milker than even a merciful man is awoman. The principal part of the milking in private establish- ments in foreign countries, is done by women ; and in these United States there are thousands of capable women out of employment that might be advantageously employed, in private and dairy es- tablishments, as milkmaids. Therefore, in view of improvement in the art of milking, I advise farmers to learn their wives, daugh- ters, and female domestics how to strip the cows. An indolent person (slow coach) should never be suffered to touch a cow’s teats. The process, to say the least of it, is painful; therefore, the best milker is the one that can abstract the milk in the quickest time. Finally, milk the cow dry. ‘The last of the milk is the most val- VARIOUS OPERATIONS AND DISEASES. 643 uable, yet Mr. Hurry-up can not spare time to attend to this mat- ter; consequently he loses the best of the strippings, and actually ruins the cow as a milker. DIsEASED THYMUS GLAND. The thymus gland, commonly known as the sweetbread, is usually found, after adult life, in the region of the thoracic duct, just within the anterior or front part of the chest; yet the greatest activity and development of this gland is during fcetal life. This is one of the glands which, according to GoopsiIR, is an involuted portion of the germinal membrane, acting as the first assimilating organ possessed by the foetus; hence, as soon as the animal is born, and the legitimate organs of digestion are called into operation, the thymus dwindles away, and, in some cases, almost disappears. Occasionally, however, it becomes enlarged, and has to be removed by a surgical operation. The following instructive case occurred in the practice of W. Lyon, V.S., and appeared in the “ London Veterinarian :” “T beg to forward for your inspection a tumor, being the largest of two which were removed on the 15th instant from under the cervial vertebre of a yearling quey, and which, although now con- siderably shrunk and dry, weighs forty-nine ounces, and measures twenty-three inches in its greatest cireumference. It rested upon the cesophagus, trachea, blood-vessels, and sternal muscles, except- ing when the animal’s head was depressed ; so much so, that had the same degree of pressure been made on the gullet, by a tumor existing elsewhere, as within the chest, permanent hove, ete., would have been produced. The operation consisted in an incision through the integuments of the off-side of the neck, over and parallel to the course of the vessels, which exposed part of the levator humeri; the next incis- ion being made right through that muscle, in the direction of its fibers, which brought to view part of the great tumor, exposing also the sub-scapulo-hyoid muscle, which was considerably but favorably displaced by the pressure of the lesser tumor, which in- clined to the off-side. The remaining incisions were made, with care, through numerous ligamentous-like bands and cellular mem- brane, by which the tumor was attached to the inter-vertebral and other muscles, The lesser tumor, which was more superficial, was 644 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. then removed in the same manner, after having been very useful in keeping the said sub-scalpulo-hyoid muscle out of the way. Both tumors seemed to be indifferently supplied with blood. Ex- cepting the cutaneous veins, which yielded less than an ounce of blood, there were no blood-vessels divided; hence no artery nor vein required to be taken up. A few interrupted stitches were put in, and as the quey had necessarily to stand during the opera- tion, there being only one man and a boy present at its commence- ment, orders were given to let go the under-jaw, when the animal immediately sprang over a four-foot wall. I have not seen her since, but have learned that she is doing well. Ineed make no remark on the origin, progress, structure, locality, and treatment of such tumors, such being already well-known to veterinary practitioners. Farmers, however, would do well (now that the disease is very common) to feed off cattle so affected or predisposed, when it is possible to do so, and not to breed from such stock, as it is generally difficult and sometimes impossible to re- move the tumors when once formed. It would also be for their interest to pay less attention to the direct treatment, by intrusting that in the hands of a practitioner, and to attend more to the neg- ative treatment, such as blood-letting, avoiding refrigerants, such as nitrate of potash, and all other medicines that tend to diminish the fibrine of the blood, particularly all mercurial preparations, and, in general, to avoid every thing formerly used in the treat- ment of scrofula in the human subject. But this they will not always attend to when any thing is wrong with any of their cattle. They must not merely get direct treatment, but, without due dis- crimination, they must share and share alike.” Corps IN YouNnG CALVES. A disease to which the above name is given occasionally appears among young calves. It is an inflammatory affection, and particu- larly manifests itself in contractions of the sinews (tendinous structures); hence the name, “ cords.’ Wuirr contends that calyes are most liable to be affected by this disorder during the first days or weeks after they are dropped. If they outlive five or six weeks, they are seldom in any danger. Calves that suck their mothers are not so liable to the disease as those which are reared by hand. The greatest number of calves that fall a sacrifice to VARIOUS OPERATIONS AND DISEASES. 645 this disease, if not the whole of them, are those which are closely confined to the house from their birth, without ever being exposed to the free, open air. It is a well-known fact that calves which are dropped and remain in the fields are in little or no danger. Mr. LAWRENCE, in his “Treatise on Cattle,” observes, that “a complaint, called the cords has recently destroyed a number of young calves in Scotland, both such as have been calved abroad and under shelter. Those which are brought up by hand are most liable, and the most dangerous period is the first week or two after birth.” Treatment.—As a preventive I should give the new-born calf (provided we have no discharge from the bowels) a wine-glassful of castor-oil; yet if the mother yield milk, and the calf imme- diately after birth imbibes the same, there is no need of giving any medicine. The object in giving castur-oil is to purge off the me- conium—first excrement. The first flow of milk, however, will meet the emergency, and it is only in cases of suspended -lacteal secretion, or in cases of acute garget, when the cow can not yield milk, that I recommend the castor-oil. Should the oil purge the calf too actively, twenty drops of the oil of anise-seed or pepper- mint, may be given in half a pint of flour gruel. Should the animal be dangerously attacked, and the contractions of the tendi- nous structures violent, let the little creature be placed in a warm bath for a few minutes ; then give him a good rubbing with coarse towels, after which he will probably do well. STEAMED AND CooKED FooD FOR STOCK. In view of fattening neat stock, and augmenting the quantity of milk in dairy cows, I recommend the use of steamed and cooked food. It has been ‘satisfactorily proved that fat cattle of the best quality, may be produced by feeding them on boiled food. Dr. WHITLAW says: “ On one occasion, a number of cows were ‘selected from a large stock, for the express purpose of making the trial ; they were such as appeared to be of the best kind, and those that gave the richest milk. In order to ascertain what particular food would produce the best milk, different species of grass and clover were tried separately, and the quality and flavor of the butter were found to vary very much. But what was of the most importance, many of the grasses were found to be coated with 646 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE. AND SURGERY. silicia, or decomposed sand, too hard and insoluble for the stom- achs of cattle. In consequence of this the grass was cut and well steamed, and was found to be readily digested; and the butter that was made from the milk much firmer, better flavored, and would keep longer without salt than any other kind. Another circumstance that attended the experiment was that, in all the various grasses and grains that were intended by our Creator as food for man or beast, the various oils that enter into their com- position were so powerfully assimilated or combined with the other properties of the farinaceous plants, that the oil partook of the character of essential oil, and was not so easily evaporated as that of poisonous vegetables ; and experience has proved that the same quantity of grass, steamed and given to the cattle, will pro- duce more butter than when given in its dry state. This fact being established from numerous experiments, then, there must be a great saving and superiority in this mode of feeding. The meat of such cattle is more wholesome, tender, and better flavored than when fed on the ordinary food. “A mixed diet (boiled) is supposed to be the most economical for fattening cattle. ‘A Scotchman, who fattens one hundred and fifty head of Galloway cattle annually, finds it most profitable to feed with bruised flaxseed, boiled with meal or barley, oats or Indian corn, at the rate of one part flaxseed to three parts meal, by weight—the cooked compound to be afterward mixed with cut straw or hay. From four to twelve pounds of the compound are given to each beast per day.’ The editor of the ‘ Albany Cul- tivator’ adds: ‘ Would it not be well for some of our farmers who stall-feed cattle to try this or a similar mode? We are by no means certain that the ordinary food (meaning, probably, bad hay and corn-stalks) would pay the expense of cooking ; but flaxseed is known to be highly nutritious, and the cooking would not only facilitate its digestion, but it would serve, by mixing, to render the other food palatable, and, by promoting the appetite and health of the animal, would be likely to hasten its thrift.’” An article on steamed food for stock lately appeared in the col- umns of the “ Mark Lane Express.” It does not sustain my theory exactly, yet the closing paragraph proves all I contend for at the commencement of this article. It is my opinion that, in order to test the real value of steamed over raw food, the experi- ments must be conducted with great care, and be continued for VARIOUS OPERATIONS AND DISEASES. . 647 some time, during which it must not be expected that the animal will thrive in health and flesh, unless it have an occasional meal of its more natural food in its raw state. What I mean by the “real value” of steamed food, is its usefulness in the animal econ- omy, as a co-agent with the unsteamed articles of fodder; and, considerable discretion will be needed in making selections among articles of food, some of which might be improved, or, rather, rendered more acceptable to the palate and convenient for masti- cation, while others might be deteriorated by the same process. I select the following from the above source: ‘“ As to steaming food for cattle, there is considerable difference of opinion among theoretical writers. Among practical men there is little difference of opinion, especially where experiments have been individually undertaken. The late Mr. Howden, of Law- head, East Lothian, undertook a series of experiments on feeding cattle with steamed food. Lots of cattle of similar age and breed- ing were selected and divided. Those cattle fed on turnips and potatoes, given raw, made rather greater progress than those fed on the prepared food, equal quantities being given. The differ- ence was slight; still it was perceptible, the rate of progress being tested by girthing the animals, and the condition generally, by handling. The experiments were carried on for more than one season, with nearly the same result. A lot of young cattle, a year and a half old, fed on boiled beans, made very rapid progress, and left a profit beyond payment for their food consumed. They were cheap when purchased, and the value of beef was at the time rela- tively high with that of lean cattle. Of course, the straw was not prepared, either by steaming or cutting into chaff. Other exper- iments with steamed food have been, from time to time, undertaken in that county, and with nearly the same result. In every case that came under our observation, the preparing of food by steaming and boiling was, after a time, given up. In feeding dairy stock when in milk, steaming and boiling food is known to be profita- ble; but the health of the animal sometimes suffers, compared with that of cows kept partly on raw and partly on prepared food.” 648 © DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. CHEAP FODDER FOR Cows. Straw contains much farinaceous aliment. The attention of agriculturists in France has recently been directed to the discov- ery of a method of converting straw into a kind of bran, The discovery has been claimed by two individuals. The first is a miller, near Dijon, who, it is said, on trying the mill-stone of a new mill, discovered the possibility of converting straw into a nourishing food ; the second, M. Joseph Maitre, of Villotte, near Chatillon. This distinguished agriculturist, known for the purity and perfection of his breeds of sheep, conceived the idea of con-- verting into farina not only the straw of wheat and other grains, but of hay, trefoil, lucern, sanfoin, etc. His efforts have been perfectly successful, and his discovery arrived at, not by chance, but by long experiment and research. The aliment which he has produced is said to be a complete substitute for bran. It is given to sheep and lambs, who consume it with avidity, and may be given to all other graminivorous animals as a grateful and sub- stantial food. We know, in this country, that the mere chopping of straw adds greatly to its powers, by facilitating mastication and digestion. We may believe that a more perfect comminution of its parts will produce a corresponding effect, and extend very widely the uses of straw and other fodder as a means of feeding our domestic animals. This sort of aliment is very excellent, when combined with a sufficient amount of nutrimental matter, for animals whose systems lack the requisite amount of phos- phates and phosphoric acids. A milch cow, for example, whose lacteal vessels yield, in the form of milk, the above equivalents, may be benefited by an occasional feed of straw meal. Buack LEG, oR ANTHRAX. Various are the names given to an affection of the above kind. Some persons call it inflammatory fever, gangrene, ete. Then again it gets its name from the region in which it first appeared. So, if it first appears in the region of the thigh, it is called quarter ill, quarter evil, black quarter, joint murrain, ete.; hence it ap- pears to have as many names as there are locations for it. The Nature of Black Leg—Youatt, and other orthodox vet- erinary writers contend that this affection is a pure inflammatory VARIOUS OPERATIONS AND DISEASES. 649 fever, yet, at the same time, they admit that cattle of all descrip- tions, ages, and conditions are subject to it. Now, I think it will be very difficult to prove that inflammatory fever can attain a very high grade in the system of an animal in poor condition. The very reverse is the case; for disease of a low typhoid type, and those which are known to run a rapid course, are apt to pounce upon animals having but little vital resistance—being out of condition, as the saying is. In my opinion, this is an epizootic affection, and, like most epi- zodtics, its pathology must necessarily be obscure. In applying the terms black leg, black quarter, ete., to this affection (epizodtic or enzootic) leads us into error in supposing that it is merely a local affection, limited to a certain part, when, in fact, it is a gen- eral affection, showing itself in various parts of the economy at the same time. For example, in the early stage, when a limb or part is swollen and distended with gas, the various organs and functions of the body are more or less disturbed. Even in the early stage the respirations are short and quick ; pulse, accelerated (a mere fluttering action, scarcely perceptible) ; the coat stares ; rumination is suspended; the bowels are constipated, and the nervous system is affected; for the beast staggers, and soon be- tomes comatose ; death frequently takes place in the course of from twelve to twenty-four hours. It will be perceived, therefore, that the local affection is not proportionate, in degree or extent, to the severity and magnitude of the general symptoms; therefore it is a general disease. | The autopsy clearly indicates the ravages which this epizodtic or enzodtic makes on the general economy. YOUATT informs us that “the chief appearances after death will be venous congestion every-where. It affects both of the pleura, the whole substance of the lungs, brain, and peritoneum; the intestines and stomach are also affected. Therefore what we perceive externally, in the form of tumors, emphysema, ulcers, sloughing, and mortification are only the symptoms of a general malady. Mr. ERNEs informs us, through the pages of the “ Veterinarian,” that “black quar- ter” (which is the same as ‘black leg’) is neither more nor less than that dreadful malady of horses and cattle called by the French charbon. Anthrax would, perhaps, be the better appellation, see- ing its characters are a hard, circumscribed tumor, exceedingly painful, with tension and burning heat in the subcutaneous cel- 650 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. lular tissue. This is often depressed in its center, and sometimes preceded by a small opening. According to authorities, “the tumor of black leg, though small at first, suddenly increases in size, sometimes to that of a child’s head. Gangrene soon supervenes, beginning in the center and extending to the circumference, which rapidly converts the whole into an eschar of a black color, similar to a piece of charcoal ; henee its name—charbon. The eschar is sometimes several inches in diameter, and is almost always either preceded or accompanied by bladders, which form a sort of areola around it. There is also always an cedematous swelling, more or less considerable, owing to an emphysematous state, and an infiltration of serum or sero- gelatine into the cellular tissue, which crackles on pressure, caused by the presence of gases. The danger and rapidity of the disease are such that, when an animal is attacked, after a violent access of fever, it falls a sacrifice to it in a few hours, rarely exceeding twenty-four or thirty-six. All animals are subject to it, but the herbivorous more so than others. It is either epizodtic or enzootic ; the first is the most destructive.” I now consider the point settled regarding the nature of the disease ; namely, it is an epizodtic or enzootic affection, and, of course, is subject to the same laws which govern diseases of thit? type. This will explain the otherwise unaccountable variations which are observed in the symptoms of the affection when pre- vailing in different localities, and it also enables us to account for the great losses which Messrs. Shortfeed and Overfeed are con- tinually encountering. The fact is, all overfed animals may be ranked as gluttons, and all half-starved animals furnish a savory morsel for the great epizodtic pathological glutton, which, like the epidemic one that, hovering around the city of New Orleans, a few years ago, destroyed several thousands of its inhabitants ere it touched a single sober citizen. When this disease ranges in a single locality, it is supposed to have a spontaneous origin. Then the term enzodtic is applied to it; and if it prevail among the cattle of an extensive region, then it is called epizodtic. Causes.—The causes of this affection are as obscure as those of cholera, influenza, potato rot, ete. They seem to appear inde- pendent of local causes, occur at uncertain intervals, prevail for indefinite periods, and run their course in a short space of time. It is supposed by some persons that a disease of this character and VARIOUS OPERATIONS AND DISEASES. 651 nature is propagated by contagion or infection. How far it is engendered in these ways I am not prepared to decide. There must, however, have been a time when the disease did not exist, but must have arisen from a concurrence of natural causes; and if these were adequate to its production at an anterior period, they must be so at the present time. I shall, therefore, abandon all further speculation in this direction as unprofitable, for there is evidently no direct cause, but various are the predisposing, ex- citing, indirect, and morbid causes. The only way that I know of to prevent this malady is to keep the cattle in a physiological condition, by paying proper attention to breeding, feeding, rear- ing, and housing; for animals in a perfectly healthy state are certain to enjoy immunity from this and other diseases. I have noticed, at various times, articles in agricultural papers on the prevention of black leg, which, in the name of common humanity I am compelled to notice. The one I have thought proper to select reads as follows: “ Preventive-—Take spring calves in the month of October; cut a small incision in the hollow above the foot. On the top of the flesh a small blue vein appears; take a crooked instrument, in the shape of an awl, and put the point under the vein, raise it up so that it can be cut, and take about an eighth of an inch out of the vein. Don’t sew up the incision. It must be done on all the four feet. I have cut many hundreds, and have known of thou- sands being cut, and never knew of one dying with the above disease after being cut.” Now, I am not disposed to scold or find fault, nor question the intentions of men who recommend or practice such outrageous barbarities under the guise of doctoring sick animals, but I wish to remind the intelligent reader that cattle have nerves to feel, and are as keenly sensible to pain as we are; therefore all un- necessary operations, even should they have received the seal of antiquity, ought to be avoided. This is the age of progression. The lamp of veterinary science is illuminating the mystified halo which has hitherto surrounded our barn-yard practice; and before the barbarities of bygone days are practiced on our domestic ani- mals, let us be satisfied that we are using rational means for the recovery of the sick, such as science and common sense confirms. Just as rational would it be, if it were at all rational, to take an infant and divide one of the posterior veins of both feet, in view 652 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. of preventing disease common to adult life, which, after all, might never occur, the little creature not being predisposed thereto. Let any one just study. the anatomical structure of the foot of an ox, and he will learn that the vein which we are recommended to sever and amputate from is called the coronary, and is engaged in returning blood from the vast venous plexuses of the foot, which requires to come in contact with the lungs for purification and oxygenation. Any impediments, such as severing a vein, which interrupts the free circulation or return of blood to the heart and lungs, can not be beneficial, but otherwise. It will be seen that the vein is nothing more than an elastic hollow tube, a mere vehicle, through which the blood courses; therefore it can not be supposed to have any specific power over other parts of the organization in warding off disease. I shall not trouble the reader with any further remarks on the subject of irrational and barbarous prevention; for I presume that the introduction of the foregoing paragraph will answer all the purposes intended. Among physicians the disease is known as hcematosepsis ; and our experience is that it usually occurs among young stock, and generally in well-bred animals in high con- dition, or in native stock in low condition; yet it may occur in the system of any bovine, as the result of sudden change in the quality of the food. Treatment.—It is an unfortunate occurrence that this disease should ever have been classed as an inflammatory affection, for the error has led to a system of practice disastrous as the cattle plague. The following paragraph from Youarr will serve to show the orthodox method of treating inflammatory fever, and will also explain the reason why a great proportion of the ani- mals treated die: “The very name of the disease (inflammatory fever) indicates the mode of treatment. In a case of excessive vascular action, the first and most important step is copious depletion. As much blood must be taken as the animal will bear to lose; and the stream must flow on until the animal staggers or threatens to fall. Here, more than in any other disease, there must be no foolish directions about quantities. As much blood must be taken away as can be got; for it is only by the bold and persevering use of depletory measures that a malady can be subdued that runs its course so rapidly. Purging must immediately follow. The Ep- VARIOUS OPERATIONS AND DISEASES. 653 som salts are here, as in most inflammatory diseases, the hest ' purgative. A pound and a half, dissolved in water or gruel, and poured down the throat as gently as possible, should be our first dose; and no aromatic should accompany it. If this does not operate in the course of six hours, another pound should be given; and after that, half-pound doses, every six hours, until the effect is produced.” Tt is a wonder to me how any creature can survive such bar- barous treatment as this; yet, even at the present day, just such doctrines are taught in the schools and practiced on cattle, to the disgrace of science and shame on those men who perpetrate the wickedness. Blood-letting and purging can have no good effect on a disease like this, so prostrating, and which runs its course to mortification so rapidly. Such a wretched system of practice has always failed, and ever will fail. That form of treatment which reason and experience suggests is the best. For example, it would naturally occur, to the mind free from the prejudice of veterinary orthodoxy, that a disease which runs into sloughing and mortification in a few short hours must require life-sustaining agents; hence I recommend a very different mode of treatment from that heretofore practiced. I commence the treatment thus: Nowe Zeus pinits) ots hantshorme cc siselnsl se sis oc 4 dr. Mara wate srelatel ssl elaleiassteralcistisn tate etetels 1 qt. Mincturevoty blood root jer. sy chlessjaleiciel o's 1 oz Mix the hartshorn and tar-water first; then add the bloodroot. Drench (dose No. 1). The object in giving the hartshorn is to decarbonize the blood, and impart healthy stimulus to the nutri- ent system of blood-vessels and nerves; and this agent will do it. _ Should the animal show any lameness in the back or hind quar- ters, apply the following: INCOM Zac OmulWot cedar eee lines siars rclelereacerohe nan, O Ze Sulphuric ether.) yale oyioloboddone 2 o72. Minictune Of capsicumamiyeysicrenets cte)s is sects 1 02. Code liverpollyeiytepevetevataelolelcloyejs/cl-hoi«1=)s 6 02. First, mix the two oils; then add the ether, and shake them thoroughly ; lastly, add the tincture. The object in applying this preparation is to arouse capillary action, and thus prevent the en- gorgements, which, according to the best authorities, are every- where found. 654 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Four hours after administering “dose No. 1,” drench the pa- tient with the following: No. 1295 Diiqiid tary sic c's tervespoye aistelaih eres sraeiee 1 oz. GVGeOrINeis sino seis .cieleteis ays Sei olsen 4 oz. (Din eruel ye. siete a ete loilalel s| ove aketatetetete 1 qt. If the urgency of the case demands it, this dose may be re- peated, at intervals of four hours, until symptoms of improve- ment are observed. The tar is a powerful antiseptic, and prevents decomposition, emphysema, and mortification. All sores and ulcers must be dressed with pyroligneous acid, and kept constantly sprinkled with powdered bloodroot. All abscesses must be punctured with a thumb-lancet, their contents evacuated by pressure, and syringing them with soap-suds; and their cavities must be crammed with fine flour, Should any sores or ulcers be observed about the muzzle, mouth, or throat, tincture of matico is the remedy, or liquid tar. One ounce of the same may be introduced into the mouth of the patient; it will surely do good. If the patient be weak and debilitated, tonics are indi- cated; golden-seal, in two-drachm doses, may be incorporated in the food, in direct ratio to the urgency of the case. Biack ToNGuE. This epizodtic has raged very extensively, at different times, in North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Several per- sons have died from drinking milk from cows thus diseased. It appears that domestic cattle are not alone the sufferers, but that in Florida, particularly, the deer perish from the same disease in large numbers; and, according to a letter in the Savannah “ Re- publican,” dogs, and the buzzards in Burke County, Georgia, that have eaten the flesh of cattle that have died of the black tongue, have perished from the effects of such poisonous diet. The cause of this malignant disease does not seem to have been yet ascer- tained, though by many it is attributed to the rust, which, in vari- rious parts of the Southern States, as elsewhere, has affected the grain crops, and, it is said, in some places, the grass also. The cattle are attacked by stiffness, and walk as though foundered, while froth is discharged in large quantities from the mouth; they can eat nothing, fall away rapidly, and the tongue and gums VARIOUS OPERATIONS AND DISEASES. 655 become dreadfully swollen, and turn black, and death speedily releases them from their agony. Treatment.—The rapid progress which usually attends this dreadful epizootic calls for prompt and energetic treatment. It is evidently a congestive disease, and very apt to run into the typhoid stage and end in sudden death. The moment an ani- mal is suspected to be the subject of this malady, he should be drenched with INo. 130) Table salt... 2... Re Siam tea e aavele ie ohe peal? OZ Wiarmiwater a icie aie aen wnaes a Legit: Mincture) Of capsicUm:, «joe sis «s/s (c/ehs is 2 oz This medicine will act as a powerful antiseptic and stimu- lating tonic, thus preserving the animal tissues against putres- cence; and at the same time it relieves the venous congestion. If, on applying the hand to any part of the body, a crackling sound is elicited, the animal is then said to be emphysematous, - which signifies an accumulation of gas beneath the skin. The patient should then be immediately drenched with INGmeol ey roliomeous acidic cs vio 4ss'-'ele 56 4 OX Pure oil of sassafras......... Sfelalorelcts 28 drops. iimseedifeay rer retaotepet stellate seal) fais se lait Mix the oil with the latter, then add the acid. After having drenched the animal, apply a portion of the following to the tume- factions, or emphysematous region: INO, I8H4s SGG SKOED UoodoogoKobbuoGeoooKOGUCr 4 o7. OilWofisassabrastyciisssdoasie ee cisicteeiousre 4 02. Dissolve the sassafras in two ounces of alcohol. Binehune Oly ica psle wm /-)-ucleiatalolels/ ej efeh siete 2 02. Tincture of Peruvian bark........... 1 pt. Mix, and rub the external surface with a portion of the same, The swollen tongue should be frequently covered with fine salt; and the moment there appears any improvement, tonic medicines should be given. One ounce of the fluid extract of camomile flowers may be given, twice daily. This remedy will give tone to the system and restore the appetite. FRACTURED BONES. Fracture of bones, occurring among neat stock, is generally considered as a justifiable cause for their destruction; but I object 656 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. to this summary mode of disposing of unfortunate yet valuable animals; for the truth is many are killed that might be saved. The trouble of managing, and the expense of treating cases of fracture, often deter husbandmen from performing a duty incum- bent on them in view of protecting their property; but the trouble and expense are mere trifles when the usefulness of a valuable ani- mal is involved. The remedy in case of a simple fracture of bones, under the im- proved system of practice, is neither tedious nor expensive. ‘The bones unite very readily, if kept in contact, and the unity is secured by means of starched bandages. Where there is any laceration of the soft parts, and the bone is broken into, several pieces, the better way is to put an end to the sufferings of the creature, for recovery is impossible. The following case will give some idea of the method of treating simple fractures. An animal under treatment for fracture, may be placed in the trevis, if ne¢es- sary ; but I prefer to let the patient have its liberty in a box stall. The limb opposite to the fractured one will have to sustain more weight than usual; therefore I try to prevent swelling and stiff- ness by occasional hand-rubbing, or by bathing it once or twice daily, with a portion of the following: Now1332 OnlFor swormwoodseclae cy) eyo! «y-\- 21010 1 pound Mix. Let each affected animal have one handful of the above mix- ture every day. Mix it in a pint of dry oatmeal. If the animal refuses to eat it, liquefy the same with cow’s milk, and give as a drench. 736 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. TRICHINA SPIRALIS.” THE American people have been startled lately by the published accounts of a new and terrible disease in Germany, and especially in Saxony, which brings to mind some of the most dreadful plagues of Egypt. The disease in question, termed TRICHINIASIS, caused by the ravages on the human muscle of a minute worm, called Tr1- CHINIS SPIRALIS, coming so close upon the cattle disease, did, in- TEICHINA SPIRALIS AND OVA, AS SEEN IN THE MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN SUBJECT, MAGNI- FIED ABOUT TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY TIMES. deed, to the ignorant, appear to justify some of the recent prophecies of Dr. Cumming, but to the more intelligent, and especially to the medical mind, it came as an old story. Singularly enough, the worm which is now occupying the attention of German anatomists was discovered as long ago as 1835, by Professor OwEN. Both Mr. Joun Hinton, a demonstrator of anatomy at Guy’s, and Mr. THORMALD, the demonstrator at St. Bartholomew’s, had, two years previously, observed small white bodies interspersed among the muscles of subjects under dissection, and that they were of a gritty DISEASES OF SWINE. G3t character was evident from the manner in which they turned the edges of the knives. One of these specimens of affected muscle was, in the year mentioned, given to Professor OWEN by Mr. PaGET, then a student, for inspection. These speckles the dis- tinguished anatomist discovered, under the microscope, to be the capsule of a very fine worm, which was seen coiled up closely within it. From its hair-like fineness, its discoverer derived the term Trichina, and from the spiral manner in which it was invaria- bly found coiled up within its envelope, he added the word Spiralis ; hence the name by which it is known. TRICHINA SPIRALIS IN PORK, MAGNIFIED ABOUT TWO HUNDRED DIAMETERS. AFTER AN ORIGINAL DRAWING BY MR. DRAPER. An account of this newly-discovered parasite was published by Professor OWEN, in the “ Transactions of the Zodlogical Society,” in 1835, headed, “ Description of a Microscopie Entozoin infest- ing the Muscles of the Human Body.” ‘This paper gave a very minute account of the creature, illustrated with drawings, and es- tablished his claim to be the discoverer of one of our latest-found — inhabitants, which has made such a sensation in the world. The discovery made much noise at the time throughout Europe, and the Professor’s paper drew the attention of the anatomists of Eu- rope to the worm. But one or two cases were recorded of the presence of the parasite in the human body, and the matter re- mained in abeyance for some years, until the German professors again drew attention to it, and completed our knowledge of its method of introduction. Professor LuscHKA, of Tiibingen, car- 47 738 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ried our knowledge of the worm, perhaps, up to the highest point anatomically, and in the same year the method of transmission of the worm from one animal to another was made out by a series of experiments instituted by HERBST von NACHRICHTEN. He gave the flesh of a hedge-hog, which he knew to be infested with tri- china, to young dogs, and speedily found that all their voluntary muscles were full of these worms. But, although this important step was made out, little notice was taken of it. His experiments were repeated in Scotland and England, but the peculiar manner in which the worm got into the muscle was yet undiscovered. KENKER, in 1860, was lucky enough to supply this knowledge. The body of a servant girl, who had died with many of the symp- toms of typhus fever, came under the inspection of the anatomist. He found her voluntary muscles to be full of trichinee ; and upon inquiring into her case, he found that she had assisted in the mak- ing of sausages about three weeks before she was taken ill, and that she had eaten some of the raw meat a few days before her ill- ness commenced. The butcher who had killed the pig, and sey- eral members of the family, had been affected in the same manner as the girl, but had recovered. The sausages and hams were ex- amined, and were found to be full of worms, encapsuled, as it is termed, or surrounded with an envelope; but in the girl the worms were found among the muscles, in a free state. From this evidence the manner in which the parasite obtained entrance to the human body was fully made out. Pork (uncooked pork) was the vehicle by means of which the parasite was enabled to enter the human body. But, says the reader, why should pork only be the means of conveying the entozoa to the human body ? The reason is that the pig is the only animal eaten by man that is partially a carnivorous feeder. It is supposed that the pig ob- tains them from dead rats, which are often infested with these worms, or other garbage. Birds, although carrion feeders, can not, for some unknown reason, be infested with the worms. In the horse, calf, and the young and old dog, says Dr. Toupicuum, the young trichine are born, but they can not pierce the intestines, and, therefore, can not immigrate into the flesh. Of course, it is just possible that the worm may be conveyed, like the tape-worm, through the medium of impure water. Weare not likely to drink this, but it often happens that fruit and vegetables are watered from impure tanks, into which these creatures may have got. DISEASES OF SWINE. 739 It is certainly an objection to the modern system of watering with liquid manure, that in this way the tape-worm, and possibly the trichina, may find their way on to the vegetables which we eat, and in this way we may be receiving noxious intestinal worms into our system. For instance, some people water their strawber- ries with liquid manure, not thinking of the little serpent that may be hidden in the fruit. It is now known that, after entering the alimentary canal, the parasite finds its breeding-ground, and brings forth immense numbers of young, which immediately begin to make their way through the coats of the intestines and migrate into the muscles. It is a singular fact that these disagreeable adventurers always select the voluntary muscles, or those which are moved at our will. The heart and kidneys, and those parts of the viscera which act independently of the will, are scarcely ever affected. It is, in- deed, a matter of dispute how the worms get distributed so gen- erally over the body, some anatomists asserting that they make their way directly by boring, as the ship-worm bores through a piece of timber; but Dr. THupicuuM, who was appointed, in 1864, to investigate the subject, by the medical officer of the Privy Council, asserts that they enter the circulation, and are, in this manner, distributed equally over every part of the body. To use his words: “ Arrived in the capillaries (terminal blood-vessels), they penetrate.their two-coated walls, separating the fibers as a man separates the branches of a hedge, when creeping through it, and are now either at once in muscular tissue, their proper feeding- ground, or get into inhospitable tissues and cavities, and there either perish or escape from them by a renewed effort at locomo- tion, enter the circulation a second time, and ultimately perish in the lungs, or arrive in some muscle to obtain a late asylum.” This hypothesis, certainly, seems the most reasonable, as it is in agreement with the known means by which other entozoa migrate. Arrived at the muscular tissues, it seems again questionable whether the worm attacks the muscle only, or whether it is not deposited in the intervals which occur between the bundles of muscles. LEUCKHART says they penetrate the sarcolemma, and eat the muscular fiber itself. Dr. TauprcHum says that he has never seen but once the worm in the muscle, but always outside of it. It is certainly a strange fact that, in many cases, persons attacked with trichiniasis have not only perfectly recovered from its effects, 740 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. but have become as strong as ever. It could scarcely have hap- pened that the muscles of these patients had been fed upon by vast colonies of worms, which would have inevitably destroyed them beyond repair. The probability is that the worm finds its way into all the tissues. Between the third and fourth week after immigration, the trichina has become full-grown, and now it be- gins to prepare its capsule. It becomes fixed to the spot in which it is, solid matter is deposited around it, and, curled up, it lies im- movable in its plastic capsule, and dies unless received again into ‘the alimentary canal of another animal, which, in this case, of course, it never does. The presence of these encapsuled trichines in the muscles may cause irritation, but that speedily subsides ; and it is pretty clear that many persons suffer little harm from them while thus curled up, as they have been found in the bodies of subjects that have been dissected, and whose previous history gave no evidence of their existence. On the other hand, the disease, when severe, puts on many of the characteristic symptoms of well-known diseases. The fever caused by the presence of the parent worms in the intestines may be, as, indeed, it often has been, taken for gastric fever. Then, again, when the young worms are immigrating into the muscles, the most excruciating agony seizes the patient. He can not move a muscle without the utmost pain, and he lies generally upon his back, with his legs a little apart, covered with perspiration. The face and neck become tumid with a dropsical effusion, which generally extends to the legs and abdomen, An attack of acute rheumatic fever appears to have seized the individual, but for the want of the heart symptoms. Again, the disease stimulates chol- era and typhus, and, indeed, poisoning, in many of its symptoms; but those who have seen a genuine case of trichiniasis can not be deceived, as the whole symptoms present are consistent with no other disease. In cases of doubt, a piece of the living muscle has been excised from the biceps muscle of the arm; and this test is almost certain to be conclusive, as the worm is distributed, in severe cases, in profusion through every voluntary muscle of the entire body. Dr. THupicuum, speaking of a child who died of this disease, says, in his report to Mr. Suuon: “One preparation from the biceps muscle of a child, four and a half years of age, which died on the seventy-ninth day, contained the astounding number of DISEASES OF SWINE. 741 fifty-eight. Such a preparation was estimated to weigh one-fifth of a grain, and, therefore, every grain of muscle contained, on an average, one hundred trichine. Now, assuming the weight of the muscles of an adult to be only forty pounds, and assuming him to be a victim of trichiniasis, and the parasites equally distributed throughout his body, he would contain upward of twenty-eight millions of these animals.” The agony of this plague of worms attacking the fine fibers of nerves distributed throughout the frame can, from this estimate, be thoroughly understood in the fever and weakness caused by the destruction of fiber, and the. irritation is accounted for with equal ease. The progress of the disease is pretty much as follows: During the first stage, which lasts from a week to ten days, there is great intestinal disturbance, caused by the presence of the parent trich- ine in the intestines, giving rise, in severe cases, to alarming diar- rhea, as may be expected. The second stage lasts a fortnight or three weeks, seldom longer. During this time the immigration of the young trichinee, hatched in the intestinal passage, is taking place; hence the agony throughout the body, the dropsy in the face, the hurried breathing, and the fever. Although the dropsy becomes genuine, it in no manner depends upon kidney disease, as that organ is never affected in any way. In the fourth week the immigration has entirely ceased, and the worm is beginning to be incapsulated. From this time the patient begins to recover, the appetite improves, the pains become less, and, unless compli- cations arise, as in other severe fevers, the patient gradually passes into a state of health. Death may, however, take place at any stage of the disease. At the great outbreak of this disease which took place at Calbe, in Germany, it was observed to happen on the fifth, eighth, fourteenth, twenty-first, and forty-second days of the illness. Death generally is brought about by exhaustion. The exhaustive diarrhea which sometimes occurs, together with the inability to take food, and the terrible agony, easily explains this termination. The difficulty connected with the treatment of this disease is consequent upon the impossibility of knowing what is really the matter in its early stages, when treatment is alone useful. In regular outbreaks of the disease the physician is led to suspect the evil in the beginning, and then it can be cut short by destroying and expelling the parent worms before they have had time to col- 742 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. onize the intestines with their young. But at the commencement of an outbreak, or in isolated cases, the symptoms are too like those of gastric fever to lead to a suspicion of the real nature of the affection. A prevention is far better than cure, and, happily, this can be easily accomplished. As pork is the only means by which the par- asite can enter the human frame, we have only to take care that we eat it thoroughly cooked. The Englishman has a very strong prej- udice in favor of doing his leg of pork well, however much he may like beef and mutton underdone. The Germans are apt to suffer desperate outbreaks of this disease because they are fond of smoked sausages, in which no heat is applied to the meat. The severity of the infection depends, indeed, upon the amount of cooking to which the trichinous meat has been subjected, and the order in which it is affected is as follows: Raw meat, smoked sausages, cer- velat sausages, raw smoked ham, raw smoked sausage, fried sau- sage, fried meat-balls, brawn, pickled pork, blood sausage, boiled pork. As few people are likely to eat raw pork, there seems little danger to be apprehended from the most dangerous item in the list; but it is well to know that boiled pork is, in all cases, the most harmless. The power of the worm to resist heat and cold is very remarkable. They have been frozen to five degrees below centigrade, and been thawed to life again. Ordinary vermifuges are powerless against them. Their vitality is as great as the wheel- worm, which seems almost indestructible. Let our friends, then, take care never to touch the smallest portion of underdone pork, and beware of German sausages, bolognas, and things of the same kind, as they would beware of an assassin. Before the discovery of the new disease, trichiniasis, several epidemics occurred in Germany, which very much puzzled the physicians. In two or three cases it was supposed that the per- sons suffering had been poisoned in some mysterious manner, and judicial inquiries were instituted without any result. More gen- erally, however, the outbreaks were ascribed to rheumatic fever, or typhus fever. It was observed, at the time of their occurrence, that the outbreaks were confined to particular families, regiments, or villages. The symptoms, then obscure, are now recognized as those of trichiniasis; indeed, there seems to be little doubt that they were outbreaks of this disorder. They all occurred in the spring of the year, the time of pig-sticking in Germany, and the DISEASES OF SWINE. 743 very characteristic swelling of the face, in the absence of any kid- ney disease, was observed. The mortality arising from this disease is in direct ratio of the severity of the attack, and this depends upon the number of worms which may chance to be introduced into the body. One pig is sufficient to cause an epidemic far and wide; indeed, many of those which have ravaged Germany within these last three or four years have been traced to one trichinous pig. At the out- break at Planen one person died out of thirty attacked. At Calbe, where the epidemic was more severe, seven persons died out of thirty-eight infected; at Hettstiidt, where one trichinous pig in- fected one hundred and fifty-eight persons, twenty-eight died. From these facts the formidable nature of the infection may be gathered. If sudden epidemics can be traced to the action of an obscure worm, may we not hope that many of our disorders, now obscure in their origin, and, consequently, unmanageable and incurable, will in time come to light, and be amenable to treatment? Pos- sibly some more subtle power even than the microscope will be discovered, and give us the power of scrutinizing diseased condi- tions, and finding out the agents so stealthily at work in bringing the human machine to misery and premature death. The following very interesting and valuable article on the sub- ject of Trichina is translated from the German, expressly for this work, by E. F. Brown, V.S., of Chicago: The Trichina (Trichina Spiralis) was known to exist as early as 1832, and in 1835 received its name from Mr. OwEN. It was considered, until the year 1860, to be perfectly harmless. Autop- sies revealed the parasite as a very small speck, surrounded by a white, chalky capsule. In the Infirmary of Dresden, the servant girl of a butcher died after suffering violent pains in the muscles. The autopsy revealed numerous trichine not surrounded by cap- sules, hence they were not to be seen with the naked eye. After this, closer inquiries were made into the nature and habits of the trichine. The result of the investigations proved that the trichine are generated in the hog, and introduced into our system, not with the fat or liver, but with the lean pork; and they are sometimes found in capsules, and at others without them, and that the cap- sules are very soon destroyed, after their introduction into the 744 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. system, and thus the inclosed parasites are set free. The hyber- nated trichine grow very fast, so that they attain, in about three days, twice their original length, and in the same ratio alter their appearance. Nothing of their generative organs was then known, but now the creatures can be plainly distinguished as male and female. ‘They enter into very productive marriages, because one = = = = =——— SSS SSS SSS ExpLanation.—Fig. 1, Trichinous pork, as seen with the naked eye; 2, Young minute trichins roving about, magnified forty diameters; 3, Trichinee in capsules, magnified forty diame- ters; 4, Female trichina; 5, Male trichma, magnified two hundred diameters. (a) Head 5 (b) the tail. Near the female trichina is seen the ova and their young ones, just escaped from the genital organs. female brings forth, in a very short time, hundreds of live young ones. These new-born trichinze do not resemble their producers, for they are without any generative organs. They are very much like the parasite when first introduced into our system with the pork. The young trichinse remain not at home, like the old ones, but DISEASES OF SWINE. 745 at once commence to travel. They break through the intestines and enter the muscles known as the voluntary, where they con- tinue their march until they have found, in the finest fibers, a place fit for their encapsulation. On their journey to such locality they can not be seen with the naked eye, but only by means of a micro- scope. ‘They wander in the shape as presented in fig. 2, straight, or slightly bent. After they arrive at their destination, they curve or bend themselves in various ways, and thus make their way into the flesh fibers, and then they roll themselves up in their spindle- formed nest, which is spiral in form, like a watch-spring. The mass around the nest is, in the beginning, soft and transparent, but by degrees it becomes converted into a hard, impenetrable shell. | These shells can be seen in the flesh with the naked eye. They are the fine, white spots as seen in fig. 1. The trichina lives now in a perfectly-closed sac, or lemon-formed capsule, and is perfectly harmless. In this state, it seems that the trichina can exist in a latent state, for many years. From some cause or other, the chalk capsules get dissolved, and the hybernating parasites (until now without any genital organs) become males and females, and produce young ones, who live and act just as their predecessors—namely, generate, travel, etc. Accordingly, we find in the human and animal body (mostly in the hog) male and female trichine, and those in the stomach either straight or slightly bent. These new- born trichine, in the stomach and intestines, very soon become muscle trichinz, to be encapsuled, like the hermit in his cell. Every trichina is pointed at the mouth (a) and rounded at the other end (6), the pelvis. Between both openings is the gullet and intestines. The female trichina is about an eighth of an inch long, and has in its hind part (6) a bag containing about sixty or eighty balls (the ovary with eggs). Connected is a pipe conveying the trichinz, which come from the ova as live parasites, by the vagina. How long the parent can exist and generate can not be told, though it is supposed that it exists for three or four weeks after giving birth to the offspring. The male trichina is about half as large as the female, and on its posterior end (6) is a prominence divided into two flaps. His anterior construction shows the spermatic ves- sels. The new-born trichine without genitals are only to be seen when well magnified. They are very small, and are those which, after penetrating the intestines and the cellular texture of the ab- domen and cavity of the chest, enter the muscles, to be encapsuled. a 746 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. The traveling trichine (fig. 2) grow very fast on their journey. Finding food on their way, they roll themselves up just as they are about becoming encapsuled. In the course of a few weeks the parasite has almost attained its full length, but, not having any generative organs, it can not multiply. It is supposed that the encapsulated trichinee can live for several years, whereas the parents die in about six or eight weeks. It is not denied that the trichine are dangerous to the human subject, but the danger only occurs when the parasites are very numerous in the intestines and muscles. It is certain that a very few small pieces of trichinous pork can introduce a great many males and females into the system, that in a few days may send millions of young parasites into our muscles. The more trichin- ous food is eaten, and the more those parasites are introduced into the system, and the longer they remain there, the greater must be the suffering and danger. The parts affected or visited by the trichinee are the stomach, intestines, and muscles; and if this para- site is once introduced in the animal system, it produces an incur- able disease, for which there is no remedy. It is well for those who are fond of pork to be very cautious, and cook it thoroughly, because, if well cooked, the death of the parasite is sure. A LIST OF FLUID EXTRACTS, RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO VETERINARY PRACTICE, e By G. H. DADD, V. 8, WITH INSTRUCTION REGARDING THEIR ACTION, AND THE QUANTITY TO BE ADMINISTERED. HE introduction of medicines, in the form of Fiurip Ex- TRACTS, for the treatment of diseases incidental to domestic animals is considered a very great improvement over the old method of drenching by the pint or quart, to the great disgust of the patient as well as the practitioner, and the great danger attend- ing the administration of a large quanty of fluid which was neces- sary when crude materials were used. In the use of fluid extracts all danger is obviated and much labor saved, for the doses are quite small, rarely exceeding one fluid ounce. This can be merely placed on the tongue, the animal’s head being slightly elevated, and he swallows it without any difficulty or resistance. The fluid extracts bear an exact relation to the crude materials— that is, ounce for ounce—yet, from a variety of circumstances, they may vary slightly from this standard. It is, however, the inten- tion of the manufacturer to completely exhaust the active principle of the crude material and render the medicine uniform in strength. The fluid extracts used by the author are manufactured by Messrs. Garrison & Co., manufacturing chemists, of Chicago. They con- duct their evaporations at a very low temperature, by means of an improved steam bath, and use only select drugs, thereby prevent- ing the possibility of adulteration. I have used large quantities of medicine manufactured by the above-named firm, and find them (747) 748 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. equal if not superior to any in the market; therefore I do not hesitate to recommend them as efficient and reliable medicines, The doses here recommended apply to both horses and cattle. Fruurip Extract oF CHAMOMILE. (Anthemis Nobilis.) This is a valuable tonic, and is used in cases of derangement of the digestive organs. Dose, from two to four drachms. Fiuip Extract oF ARNICA. ( Leopard’ s-bane.) Arnica is chiefly used in veterinary practice as an external ap- plication in the treatment of wounds, sprains, and bruises. It is prepared as follows: Hluid extract Ofjarmicas (sine /sscrecis(eteiat steve exsleieve 4 oz. Proof spirits (equal parts of water and alcohol)... 1 pint. Mix. Apply a portion to the affected part two or three times daily. Fiur Exrract or WorMWwoop. (Artemisia Absinthium.) This is used as an anthelmintic for the expulsion of worms. The dose is one ounce (fluid), to be given every morning for a week, just before feeding-time. It not only has a tendency to ex- pel worms, but gives tone to the digestive organs, and corrects a morbid appetite. Fuurp Extract oF PLevuRisy Root, (Aseclepias Tuberosa.) This is used in pleurisy and irritable sore throat. Dose, four drachms, night and morning. The powdered root enters into the composition of some of the most celebrated cough powders. Fruuip Extract or MALE FERN. (Aspidium Filix Mas.) This is the celebrated remedy for the treatment of tape-worm, which is sometimes to be found in the intestines of young colts. LIST OF FLUID EXTRACTS. 749 Dose, four drachms, to be given every morning, on an empty stomach, for six or eight successive days, and longer if necessary. Friurip Extract or Bucuu. (Barosma Crenata.) This is used exclusively for the treatment of diseases of the urinary organs, retention of the urine, and for the treatment of the various forms of dropsy. Its direct action is diuretic, yet it also gives tone to the parts on which it acts. Dose, from four to eight drachms. Should an animal be suffering from retention of the urine, the diuretic action of the buchu may be augmented by adding to it a small quantity (equal parts) of sweet spirits of niter. For the treatment of spasm at the neck of the bladder, add to the dose of buchu an equal quantity of tincture of assafetida. Fiuip Exrracr oF InprAn Hemp (FOREIGN). (Cannabis Indicus Sativus.) This medicine acts as a narcotic and antispasmodic. Its use is indicated in all diseases attended with pain and restlessness, but is chiefly used for the treatment of tetanus or locked-jaw. Dose, two drachms, to be repeated as occasion may require. Fiuip Extract oF PRINCE’s PINE. (Pipsissewa.) - Prince’s pine is a very excellent tonic and diuretic in chronic diseases of the urinary organs, and has been used with much suc- cess in cases of local dropsy of the limbs, known as swelled legs, Dose, from four to six drachms, Fivurm Extract or Buack SNAKEROOT. ( Cimicifuga Racemosa.) This extract is considered a valuable agent for the treatment of spasmodic affections, which arise in consequence of derangement of some portion of the nervous system, It is an efficient remedy in hysteria. 750 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Fiurip Extract oF CoLcHIcum. (Colchicum Autumnale.) This extract is prepared from the roots and seeds of the plant. Tt is celebrated for the treatment of rheumatism, inflammatory diseases of the joints, and inter-articular lameness. Dose, one drachm, two or three times per day. Fiuip Extract oF YELLOW JESSAMINE. (Gelseminum Sempervirens.) This agent is used as a sedative in the treatment of pleurisy and pneumonia in the early or acute stage. It is also a powerful febri-: fuge, hence it is indicated in all acute fevers. It entirely dis- penses with use of the fleam. Dose, from one to three drachms. Fuurp Extract oF WITCH-HAZEL. (Hamamelis Virginica.) Witch-hazel is used as a local astringent in the treatment of “bog and blood spavin.” It is prepared for use as follows: Fluid extract of witch-hazel.........6. eS Favela 6 oz. Proot, Spiltisiais,c/eisiele aielec'sjccieleye ateiaveils Sieielessta Wah 1 pint. Mix. Apply a portion twice daily. Fuurp Extract or Hops. (Humulus Inpulus.) This preparation of hops is used as a tonic in general debility, and as a narcotic in diseases of the nervous system. It is a relia- ble remedy to induce sleep and relieve pain. Dose, from two to. four drachms, to be repeated as occasion seems to require. Fiurip Extract or GoLpEN SEAL. (Hydrastis Canadensis.) The golden seal is a pure tonic, and its use is indicated in all cases of debility, loss of appetite, derangement of the digestive organs, and torpidity of the liver. Dose, from two to four drachms, aa ee LIST OF FLUID EXTRACTS. 751 Friuip Extract oF SASSAFRAS. All the preparations of sassafras are more or less alterative. The fluid extract is used in view of purifying the blood in diseases of the skin, and in cases of chronic rheumatism. Dose, from four to six drachms. Friur Exrract or CuLver’s Root. (Leptandra Virginica.) This is employed, in the author’s practice, as a substitute for calomel, in the treatment of acute and chronic diseases of the liver, Dose, from two to four drachms. Fruur Extract oF LOBELIA. Lobelia is a very valuable antispasmodic, and is useful in dis- eases of a spasmodic character. The author has used it, with great success, in obstinate cases of spasmodic colic. Dose, two drachms. Fiurp Extract or BAYBERRY. (Myrica Cerifera.) Bayberry is successfully used as a stimulant and astringent in scours, diarrhea, and super-purgation. Dose, two drachms, to be administered in a small quantity of milk porridge. Friurp Extract oF Poppy-HEADS. (Papaver Somniferium.) This is used as a narcotic, in all cases that seem to require the exhibition of opium. It mitigates pain, induces sleep and rest, and is much safer than crude opium. Dose, from two to six drachms. Fruuip Extract oF POKE-ROOT. (Phytolacca Decandra.) This is used as an alterative in a disease occurring among cows, known as “garget,” or “caked udder.” Dose, from two to four drachms. 752 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY: Fiuip Extract or Marico. (Piper Angustifolium.) This is used as a styptic to bleeding wounds, internal hemor- rhages, and chronic diarrhea. Dose, from four to eight drachms. Fruuip Extract oF CUBEBS. This is a very valuable agent for the treatment of leucorrhea, gleet, nasal gleet, or discharges from mucous surfaces. Dose, from three to six drachms. Fium Exrract or BLack PEPPER. (Piper Nigrum.) This is a carminative and stimulant to the digestive organs, and is often used successfully in the treatment of stomach stag- gers. Dose, from two to four drachms. Fuiuip Extract or MANDRAKE. (Podophyllum Peltatum.) Mandrake is now used as a laxative and cathartic, in lieu of aloes. About one ounce will usually purge a horse, if followed up by sloppy bran-mashes. Fiurp Extract oF BLoopRoot. (Sanguinaria Canadensis.) This is used as an escharotic in the treatment of foul ulcers, and fungus growths. It is used, also, as a gargle in suppurative laryngitis, croup, putrid sore throat, ete. The gargle is prepared as follows: Minidsextract of) bloodroot..c< HM va Pls tava wvapeveyiotetaellete yeusteite ate! + 179 73 Eyes, squinting appearance Of......+++++++: aileddonehaterelcseile’si lining, of, whites, ..,4!. a1, 183 do. held drooping........ceesseeceevecerecececsoees 116, 208 do. -kept elevated... .cccccccsvcscsseccccscsecscvrcerececs 43 do. kept near the ground..... Foreletere SSO DOOU HOD BH NODO UO. 179 do. reposing on the manger.........ssceeeece cece cceceees 62 dom sswollenvand! dropsicallcc:.:+.).s.:c1-rsherereveteia s1¥)5) levee elereleiels ev 397 doy Ptossed backward: +.:0-s)s-crcicre-ereteietoteisiore's-colsie sess s Sogou 61 do. turning of to the sides........0e.2eseeees cece cece eeee 120 do. turned to the belly..... sYol cb evotey obotevevon ct otal choker tetetcl eletolie!s ard 179 do. turned toward flanks..... stowenshatoncirotalisieiieyehs eystoleleis eters 190, 223 do. violently thrust against the rack or wall.............+6+ 62 Health, general, slightly impaired..........-.s.seseeeseeees . 158 Heart, violent beating of........+eessseeeee jie) relshafasctonevs tele, ele 206 Heayiness and indolence following suddenly on activity........ 75 Heels, dry, horny scabs on........2++-- Ooh kek otevievevelota) efel slot elelotel 284. do. pinched in..... SH ODOOUOObODUS siwilovel ay hafeta re eievele steele stan. 330 do. © ulcers ON... veces eee aietcterefer els aVotevevaravorntter ey S6o00 te... 284 Hind limbs become suddenly too weak to support the body..... 66 Hock, enlargement at point of.........+.+-- ofetevere) erate RY O22 do. do. on inside Of......ccceeccceres Sooo cous DOC 323 Hock-joint, stiffness of.........00+e00s Sod Ob000 C RTDs cine OUL Itching, severe.........-. Ser stat ets Selclelererere trelolevarele or eteNieters soo. ull Jaw, swelling under......... Wet allet cteliel ol eels! oko: stents Soo goon ~. 412 Jugular veins congested ........seeeeeceees 50000050 Soin Oa uy drat do. do. pulsate like an artery.......eseseees 5.6 Ooovon 124 Lameness in hind leg. .......ceecesccerercscccsccevccsees . 370. Legs, Cold .....ees cece seceveeccecs shalleNolieeletels SaOehe sie e eels 183 do. hind, dropsical......cseccceccccescccccsvccccceseces 120 do. dow swollen... .5.ccceeccvcceceececcccces BO oacno ils) do. do. widely separated.....sseccsescccrccerescccccess 224 Go, > straddling 4.5.1.0). eteie) rele War DEPORT oh ateIb's leis brerelereieleiere 223 do.) tremble. setae. sje ses RIMES ieleta siieiels'e) oreetelare 206 Lethargy. .....eees EOD DDDICO ODIO ODOC ODDIE COCK BOLLE tee se HOO Limbs, cold eis ecc ass ees cecae selec asec cs cosss ees a AIS as DOG do. swellings on....... ‘AHAISSOSs Wak iat Baie eles ete Ma ietele eter s« 297 do. violently convulsed.........0s00 os PUT Rarer aon Lips, swelling Obi Gccerchone’ cles nt ateteterer sl cteteelefete 4c v 6-00 eb eree ese ee 297 | 760 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. PAGES ISTE SESS. je ce)jnsete da fe sienedetenereietebaiolor ate) kovesoveNeuey srehaRele lege alo raceneerete . 206 Loins, pressure on causes pain and crouching..........seeeee 223 hook, Vfixed andi stupidi sic sim 2.06 ss sees tole oiele ote loletee enn 75 dying, down ‘and. soon, risiiigis ie ss. 3:eg.rer.serolerete els ojciererenevenere 112, 178 Mio tion; Los. OF ss sacs. obese (ore ja doe we tailetalte cote te suse le elles, oletetonenchelen wenreuere 64 do. tremulous of various parts of the body............... 64 dow) )anwillineness, Of; 14 nate. 0a s0te tee fofeile fo tolslcie tereiiere eiopeforete 116 Mouth, bright. yellow; color. of lining of,.:.:...1.\j-10 temraieiee acter ste 212 GUO, He COG aise encitohe notshenexctetokonste proto Noloesla levels whaVare hahaileloetoreheraeretene 124 GO. PALL G UMP cheeses whale wle ele evel ehate restate’ witele aivelete oe epeveyene slorore aaa do. © Hdry and clammy. jeje ie ere inte oie + afatote tare tal alerts ern Rio 75 GO. PLO aman e vartjcs eyelet eters wie wrote oie locm ola <1 eie/ete tate aie 67, 162 Go-. whotandiclammiyjereyeishayorevetererstetec ere Bava ale] oe) o\aloss.o) 9) ie siolsteseljiohe 342 Tongue, foul.... 2... sees cece cece erence eee e ee ceetes tees 75 do. has a horny feel, and turns brown.....+-++eeeeseeees 112 Oe aa Miivil Cli sist scueusdSuseacssueyeu succor vend suk osioe lehejleitovelis'e(6f'e «\lofeite) ener 94, 187 dome cleademicoloned) aiveracrseieiels steve serie) «#1 © << eel shvieleunioieueh-« 179 do. of a bluish cast..........cecesevceroers pie todelatintel fe 205 do. slightly coated... ...-.+sssesesececerseceees 99, 198, 208 TOVPOY eee e eee cere eect tec e nec en cece eeene slojekehohey=iat--1~ 61 762 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. PAGES Turning, awkwardness in.........06. als setae ctete Boo A Sadcude 75 Umeonsciousness hs sss 2a isla d eae sid oie ol diate cid oh ol sb clepevabareterel aie 61 Umsteadimess 1 MOVIN oie ie: wrsser ei arol'eiasi'e ore) ole aria ey ovellereveveberenere 61, 208 Utine,-of a, dark yellow color. (5 cs:50.46'5 0040s 6 clererulererstaertels 99 dos) igh: coloredicie:cc1c)scjvc's ¢'o's eteicte ie ais.e ele, wlero ere meee 120, 332 QO! SCAM tise ioe ee Wie sin tole 0! oela'o (e's silelelsoteleleteheletetneteln ete «208 GOL KW CO.wcRMG eM). sc) ssieteleleslevohete eietelelaie%e oleeMleye olatetebelevetehey ei 223 do. frequent and painful discharge Of..........0+00eelswecssevis 224 do. light colored, almoSt transparent.......csccevccsccaee 230 do. , has the ‘smell. of musty: hays... ..cs. se ss ebeier betel eter 230 GO: lOOd yajaniere ciecruineles cos Giese eae teen te soci 6 237, 297 Vomit, continued efforts to.......cecccecee stel ait elslonetetel ey cieters 183 Vomiting, from both nostrils..........+.0. elere tials elate tele lolersveiere 187 Walking, leaning to one side in.......ece ai ola aiet silvia Ww elonv suciere 75 Windpipe, rattling sound 10... os. cewee cece ce seeeeeedeicns. IEE Wind, from the bowels..........+. st eeoeees aerators oe O90 BOVINE DEPARTMENT, Abdomen, enlarged and pendulous....2......0..scccceceeece 506 Appetite, loss"Of.) erie. cree eee ee es 434, 444, 447, 509, 545, 601 do. morbid, inclining to eat bones, stone, etc......... crore Ollie ole * sural Ato aars wrayer ete rete eoketet et everey este otal eet steranedetene oe. 619 Back,arched upward. iil ietalele'eeeleete we bod Gedo oie cielo tienes » 628 do. slightly roached............. SHooacedars BH Ghio bo wees OOd Bag, inflamed and swollen. ..........+..0-. Bs BG 6 Boom DueZ Bellowing, loudly......eeseeeseee sfeveteieeisie didi c welere eee MOU Belly, much enlarged.........ssse0e. Rye eee Kc todaoo 60s -- 506 do: “enlarced, with great palm 1s... . 2s see es slele seein 489 do. pressure upon, produces pain......... Soddcadoogodo0d8 480 do: struck» with hind feet. 17. ..00.". eletle alist ctel aictsl hehetelsiatatets .- 489 dor suddentandiisevere: pain tn’. {1M e's cee cere ses Selereneteterets 480 Gor PtUCkecmumertetle sists erels'e) ee a's's cls iste rs sotalol icletel dtcterateletetare 480 Bloods from» the rectum)". .c)0%s eeee + cece sdiocbdbodo0Kd 482 do: * voided in‘ the) urine.’.'..... 2’... nfo nioheletetelelelerctotoretetetater: 531 Body, surface of, hot...........- eee c ccc scccenstsescccers 628 Bones, prominent.\.\)0..0 se ccc e se cece recs veces BocosO on Hi Bowels, constipated... 2... secs eeceeeee Adaconc dod odaug sie, OLY) do. large, watery discharges from........... SbiawOGGNOUdS 454 do. yellow or greenish DOs Tee eielalele wieletelerstesiets cievelst £00 A GUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS. 763 PAGES Breast-bone, pressure upon, gives great pain........+e0- poe at 545 Chest, sudden and irregular nervous action of the muscles of.... 606 Coat, staring ...esseeeees bisie)spepebelorsvore Sits a} soi el SESTSNNS alle tailere| ee 601, 649 @onvalsions......0.0.05850%% Sool Ss le Rlclsit Ut Mielelele situ iwls peat OAL Cough, painful............00- sorosiehehato weereiato sare cheralgie rie seers 465 Go. slight ..cececsveccscccsccccsccccseccscccssces 444, 450 do. suppressed ..... afelled shievolicusl stole ellevoie) ohelle fo) ohofaltelotereteler ov oseiel a: 455 Cramps.....- ani aye fe fefeltire oN iota bts foveVelelulele siele te ites letolayeseietetalone’s:« 434 EGG WNOSE 4m ays 22 3:0 ai seis eieis oiele eal cles wltele mieishsielefolotn sholdicle:« 613 Debility..... SEARS SERRE A NGG OAS SEAM SM RIIEN crclore obelelerners 450, 506 Difficulty, in rising.......eeeeseee SOO UU OR OO CUOOE DIDO UG DOOUE 506 Wullmess::s24¢ssce55%-65--- U Seat ele days piste sete eter Otarets aks 434, 533, 601 Dung, hard........-. Gee be teli pose tebe sian eae ro auietetoiras eile ereyatlere(atetelsi-s/e0)e 480 do.” do: and black.....ss.2s00 ites deere ns vintiecs ve slcmeocee 619 do. lighter colored than usual.......ssesseeeeseuees Jo060 628 do. offensive odor from... .c.ersecceeessvcecceccesecssecs 449 do. streaked with blood..... apeyel stay chsrereieles sel chetotelsteleie\eletetsls} av 480 Hars, hot, drooping and mOist..... sess ceeseeecseeeesrececs 628 Himaciation .gecccrscccsseccscevrecccscccccres ayighot here eto Expectoration.....-+ a Wick la BANE Ile ee NiSGou Od CdooocoUcomodeD 450 Hyeballs protrude (‘stick out’)....+++eseseeereeeeees ere we OOF Hyelids, much swollen......+.seseeeeceeeeeeeeececs Fieve ioevoxe 454 do. of one eye irritated and swollen......++esseseeee wees DOD Byes, pain and tenderness of. ...+.-+++eeeeeee alveale brave re lorepel ese = 558 do. visible surfaces of, highly reddened........+.. 545, 607, 641 do. whites of, turned yellow........ssececececeeseers Serie SOs do. wild look from.......+ Bidirs ai dsa/0)6 e avle(ohs iss axexotetnlie’s) “fal sere OOD Hest. coldnic wesw sic wins ce seer vecesvcveees wenpis fe tede ehterereue sexe 444 VET sins see sin esses nay areig, Sha 8164 x's/5/o 1s brol eievevstone e¥etomtas 450, 455 Fleverishness ...cccececcvscs cece cece cers sccssecseseseeees 613 Fits, epileptic, accompanied ae loud bellowing and pawing the QTOUNG. cece were cece ecesrecseeececeseeeees 601 do. do. | with running at any thing in reach........-.-. 601 Flanks, anxious gazing at, with moaning....+.++e+eeeeereeceee 482 do. heaving at.....sssseeseeeees KOU OSU OOF . 447, 480, 619 do. left one swollen and hard..........sseseeeceeseres -. 471 Flesh, rapid loss Of.......seeeceseeeerercceeccreerreserers 449 Foot, discharge of bad smelling netics from...... wioldlens, Suefetevsiaie 623 Frantic... ..csccccrees cece vcees sotevete Yael siSietiele ohefeharetereronexe . 600 Frenzy... cesses cece ccerccesccess shetaleretofere shee s\eiais hel okerefelei sie 600 Giddiness and nervousness........seeeee big Mie eroehy epenel » ainjeilsto 6 © 602 Grunting, or moaning on being backed....-+e+seeesee rn 764 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ° PAGES Gums; eruptions OM. .iewiec cletrcins suet 531 L Hair of cattle as an epidemic ap- Labor, Signs Of......0.-sssessseees snoonsej 402 | PENdAgE .. eseeeeee severe 627 Clompesinait ura les scssplaccisseecieise sectors 492 Heart, description of................. 540 do. unnatural.........5...0s.--.0000- 493 do. - its function and diseases.... 543 | Laceration of the vagina............. 522 dow dilatation: Of.-cccnccsmeescese 544 ~ do of the cesophagus........ 459 do. hypertrophy of........ seeeeee 5B0 | Laryngitis ........cceeccecccesse cones cee 439 Heels Wenacks) iM csnsdeensersesiaccess 629 | Larynx, description of..............++ 441 Hemorrhage, uterine............ 500 | Light in barns, necessity of......... 657 Hernia, or ruptures........0c.ceeeeeee 562 | Liver, description Of.............++++0 611 do. inguinal............s0-. 563| do. inflammation Of.,...........2+ 613 do. strangulated .................. 563 | Loss of CUd..... sess Madeneaseiiescoeciys 478 do. ventralu......csseecseeeeseeeeeee 564] Lungs, inflammation of............... 4438 780 M PAGES MaMMILES si ereccrsccsesiacisssccsccnceseus 517 Mange jin cs sc scse 623 Milking, impr a ined: of. sone 642 Milk sickness.. 635 Muscles of en eye al Gast . 655 N Natural 1abOre i cccctccsessccsessscines ses 402 O (isophagus, description of............ 457 do. laceration Of............» 459 (sophagotomy, operation of......... 458 QOphithallm iar c.cseseeceutetstrcces 558 Origin of pleuro-pneumonia in Massachusetts.......sceccsecsee 419 Oxen, internal ruptures in........... 488 FP, PalsycShakinor.ccccsccssssecajecsesesas 606 Parasites: (cerebralessscscvcccucssssaces 601 IP AT CULULL OMG ase cieestacwletcdcscnes ccccesets 492 Pemphigus, or vesicular eruption.. 628 Bericarditisy.c:ccdecseesecteeneecleoseesiee 545 Pericardium and its diseases........ 545 Pharyngitis, or sore throat........... 452 Pharynx, description) Of.....00s.+.++- 453 PIM Me, (CAttlelses csecccieeseccineeesiccse em Pleura, description 0f....:..:.:-. +00. 455 PICULIS,<.ccs2etawser secsocoe st ecaeouerees 455 Pleuro-pneumonia, contagious...... 419 do. its introduction into South INFTIGAteesetes 427 PNUMONIA.ctecccccteceesec eeesennacoees 443 Pregnancy, treatment of cows dur- AND smeleesc . 504 do. noe on 506 Pierpenalteverienccrqccsciscerseccescees 507 Pulmonary apoplexy .....ccsseceeseees 453 R Red waterizcicesctwenscessleccciersaceeees. 536 RIM Merpest:c.ssscsccieceseslecseseleselecsiece 419 Rumen, distension of with food.... 471 Rumination, or remastication....... 466 do. Suspension Of.....e..0- . 478 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 8 PAGES Secretion of ile, bits uses, ete....... 612 Shaking palsy .s:s.cccsccscecssciwsceces . 606 Signs: of labor.::4.. csc ssceoessseeemecsssnaoe Hore throab.seccc see steacaccteccteccoreenees 452 Spasm of the bowels........secss-. 490 Spaying cows....... sat oceaerspinssaciecaess 661 do. improved method........... 666 Specific or periodic ophthalmia...... 559 Sprains Or Stralns-......50..e.ccseeces. 659 Steamed and cooked food for StOCKsrcercsesecansnceceecieence 645 Stomach, description of............... 465 Stricture in cows’ teats...........0.0 519 Sturdy, or cerebral parasites........ 601 Sympathy and its relations.......... 585 Symptoms of pregnancy.......s.c0e.0 506 Synopsis of dentition...........c.s066 477 Suspended rumination.............00. 478 T Tail-ail ......... secdeslsesecceusiecctosseees 597 Teats, Strictre ins. .cc.cccc-ssee-seeseOLLO do! Jobstruction ines). cecessss Ol Go!’ “tUMOrSins.. crocesweceetecens-eeOLU do) li jUrlesitosc..c..csconeseeeccces 520 GOs) MBOLET Cec neescisoseeteececoncee ees 520 do. pate . 520 Throat, sore.. 452 Thrush, or sore acne 464 Thymus gland, disease oon Sa0056 000000 643 Mon'oue, lack. .ccecsesceessorceeeseons 654 Treatment of cows during preg- THAT CY ercvcemets cece screnccmmencee 504 Tremblesitos.ceancsesecsceecsseshoreedeen 635 Triplets, birth Of<.occmescesssseceneccors 500 My MpPaNitis ecocneccesosaessescecceteecies 468 Twins, birth of..........0. Basgoasodoeocd 500 U Udder, inflammation of............0 517 Unnatural laborsccencsscccsose Boonicaoc 493 Ureters ee eccste sletosee soecloetecseneetace 530 Urinary, calculi... .cs.-sseesessoeseees 534 do. organs, diseases of......... 529 do. system, description of...... 529 Uterine hemorrhage.............0se00 500 Uterus, constriction Of........... we 508 INDEX 781 V PAGES PAGES Vagina, inversion of............s0000 Oa Womb: fallinovofenccscssccssceceseess Ole CLOMmeLACeTAtIONU Of tcesieccseeiece|- oO 22 Y W Vellowsy ormjaundice.t ec. asccesse sis 617 ifort isiapecieeacsonsciscsecceraessiensieeseeciaren OO ||), VOKe-ralll syvadecarestencceinccoenerseontte O20 Womb, dropsy Of.....ccccccecsccvecsssee OUG SHEEP AND SWINE. A PAGES Arnica, fluid extract of............+.. 748 Aconite, do. 0. ——ssessseseseoeee 754 B Bakewell on sheep........ 50000000 goog (UY Bayberry, fluid extract of............ 751 Belly, windy distention of, in sheep 716 Blankets for Sheep........cssscecseeses 711 Black snakeroot, fluid extract of... 749 Black pepper, Gh, GCs cgcage0¢ 752 Bloodroot, COMO Onn ecesccss 752 Bowels, constipation of, in sheep... 716 Breeding of Sheep...cecessesee cveeeece 707 Buchu, fluid extract of................ 749 C Catarrh, in Sheep......0...eeesceeeeers 715 Chamomile, fluid extract of.......... 748 Cholera Olea sesceiiaescciasessiescsss\s+° 725 do. do. Sutton oM.........0c0008 727 do. do. Dadd’s remedy for.... 735 Colchicum, fluid extract of........... 750 Constipation of bowels in sheep... 716 Cubebs, fluid extract of............... 752 Wulverisroot a GOs lcecwcclansscnes 751 D Dadd’s remedy for hog cholera...... 735 Diagnosis, guide t0.........2ssseeeeees 755 do. Equine Department...... 756 do. Bovine | "dos eee... 762 Diarrhea in sheep....... sopaodocecas0on 716 Diseases of sheep....... Aesctstioteeders 706 do. Of SWIME...........s2cereeeeee 717 Dysentery in sheep..........++++ cocoon aK) E PAGES Effects of impure air on swine...... (A) Extracts, fluid, list of.............0.0«6 747 Eye, inflammation of, in sheep...... 714 F Foot-rot in sheep....... poddadeNa9000 coco a HiME xtractswlistiOLseste: CINVOIIESFE 5c. 906000000 000. 000600 006000000 725 Hops, fluid extract of.........ceesss-0- 750 Hyposulphite of soda... 754 I Impure air, effects of on swine...... Indian hemp, fluid extract of........ 719 749 Inflammation of lungs in swine... 724 Inflammation of the eye in sheep.. 714 - do. of lungs do. .. 715 Intestinal worms in swine........... 724 J Jackets for Sheep......ccccsessseeeeeeee CAL L Labor, tedious, remedy for........... 758 Liver of sheep, hydatids in.......... 709 782 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. PAGES Sheep, diseases Of.....ssssscssssssss ee 706 do... improvement. Of...........0+ 00 706 do. Bakewell’s manner of DTCCMIN Per vcrsccsccotesesessseces 707 Soda, hyposulphite of..........csecc eee 754 Sutton on hog cholera........ Gocaboode 127 Swine, CISseases Of.....\.-:ces.cecccecees Tad do. effects of impure air on...... 719 T Tedious labor, remedy for,..... +000 753 TicksimjSheeps.scscsensecicorascrscscoses 714 Trichinaspiralisicsst..csieseecsses oo lOO do. do. Brown oN.......0066 743 Tympanites in Sheep.....ccccccceecese 716 Vi Valerian, fluid extract of........... 753 Vierligolin Sheep. .-.cececedeeeecsessere 711 W Witch-hazel, fluid extract of........ “750 WiormiSin (SWINC.s.....seecesscor accuses 724 Wormwood, fluid extract of......... 748 Wounds, remedy for..........seeceseees 753 Y Yellows in sheep.........cccccccsesseces 710 Yellow jessamine, fluid extract of.. 750 s PAGES Liver of sheep, disease of............ 710 Lobelia, fluid extract of............00 751 Lungs of sheep, inflammation of... 715 do of swine, do. . 124 M Male fern, fluid extract of........ +0 748 Matico, do. Closiiiniatsess scree 752 Mandrake, do. COP aiyersccsnoees 752 Measles; insporkercssctsctssacsssccesene 721 N Nostrils of sheep, gubs in........00 718 P Pleurisy root, fluid extract of....... 748 Pneumonia in SWIDE...........00000 000 724 Poke-root, fluid extract of........000 751 Poppy-heads, do. do. .......0.. 751 Pork, measles)ini.csd.cassscsscosesgsece 721 Prince’s pine, fluid extract of....... 749 Q Quinsy tin SWine. 2. cit cy eps diy i f £300 | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | } | :O) oO N N 3) ——$———§ ©O N oO oO oO WR Se dtu diosy yee ¢ eee hina Nie ae ie erie uae coe WEL Dorie ted RSS AME y yg. ‘ . x ; Potmttin: 2 4 " u Z PASicurssonone : a . ; : : ann Ae 2.4