_— , ~ 8 « } ‘ . : _— Wis = san vk g r State ee W. ea ee of Statistics and Immigration : I. M. HOWELL, SECRETARY OF STATE, EX-OFFICIO COMMISSIONER Dairying, Poultry and Stock Raising IN WASHINGTON By HARRY F. GILES, Deputy Commissioner OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON | e oe 1912 ois WITR VICINITIES. y exacths are, as far as possible, the very ting, lo s there stock anger of REMARKS verdoing eo os Sana ..:| Expenses for one year, $14,857.73; receipts, $20,640.19. Tia: ile ot for 7 | More in feeding cows than selling hay. S. atleast [fied farming. Perc aiein 0........| Do not recommend exclusively dairying, but diversi- ares Te O........| Expenses for one year, $7,345; receipts, $10,500. So) del ake (eee § We make certified milk; expenses and income larger | than average. rine ee O........| Intelligent farmers with energy needed. ye ale O........| Gross receipts nearly $10,000; rented land. eee cd O........| Operated by means of hired help. [stumps. ey fo........| Land yields 5 tons timothy to acre; all mine has lee ik ia fo........| Cows are all under 3% years old. Mite ae O........| We deliver milk and cream once a day in Davenport. Da eee * fo........| Have three men at $40 per month. ee gas” fo........| Expenses for 1911, $1,445; receipts, $2,910.37. aan as < «« fo........| Expenses for 1911, $510; receipts, $1,500. OS igh ae a [o........| Expenses for 1911, $3,220; receipts, $4,955 Aeris t=" 1O........| Much money here in peas, beans and aan fruits. ‘Sat a eae VO........| Land may be bought for $12 per acre. [together. ageterneacr fo........| Cows, potatoes, carrots, oats, barley, etc., go well & Feria ROnss-5-- Expenses for 1911, $800; receipts, $1,685. v0 tsa Expenses for 1911, $2,260; receipts, $3,700. A ey fo........| Some land at $50 per acre. y cattle... WRohersteeaicisl ss Two crops of clover hay are raised each year. PARAS cates ei Land worth $25 per acre. Re ‘to 39 EES vere I keep actual accounts the year round. Soret =!) Washington best state in Union for dairying. { horses stock...... NOS crepe siete» All products used in logging camps. Ree te NO ess. Raised and consumed 60 tons hay, 30 tons roots. ret Soe ****o........| 600 acres school land; leased. PD ge ang h No........| There is a co-operative creamery near. 23 gaaey res ......| Complete records not kept. (here. “tho Cian No........| Clover, timothy, alfalfa and roots grow splendidly abt (aa ieee Oeics esis Would sell on account of old age. Bi asiyee No........| Greatest trouble is in getting hired help. tg Atay NO........| On leased land. 4 Ne 4 aaa Just starting in work. ak 6.101] Sali'Sest ered in’ Vancouver at ide’ year round. RRM WO cs ss. Creamery sends wagon for cream twice a week. area Not for | Land as low as $20 per acre. eereee naa eases) * Peters caiala! bill ciain elute wielw. lela oie) e/elc\s[niwie © wlele ©1060 e/e\o 0h 1W.0\0\0 0 «(5 0\0'ealb a\0.6 sleleleo sic. sis « Pia rio ¢ |, Peete Meanie Land pastured after first cutting Oy So at Not at | 120 acres in clover, timothy and grain; rest in pasture present . ahs Gece BREE WIE S carers cuss Colonies could do better than individuals. ek SSPE 0........| Sold enough grain to buy all mill feed and alfalfa feed. Nona ******No........| Mountainous country and considerable range. —™, ‘ TABLE SHOWING IN CONDENSED FORM DESCRIPTIONS OF OTHER DAIRY RANCHES, TOGETHER WITH OPINIONS OF THE OWNERS OR MANAGERS AS TO CONDITIONS AND POSSIBILITIES IN THEIR IMMEDIATE VICIN TIES. This is submitted for the purpose of furnishing more sidelights regarding the advantages in Washington and not for deducing any exact conclusions other than that a general spirit of satisfaction and optimism pervades all sections of the state. The answers to questions are, as fur as possible, the very words of those reporting, long statements being necessarily paraphrased or shortened. Years Land used) Land used) Average ‘Are there plenty of chances | ts there OWNER or MANAGER Address County | Ailles trom} previous Ohfof markets for Breed Number | Number Other stock exclusively} partially Description of land Ato there opportunities ‘Terms prices of [fs dafrying] for others to sticored In | alien of REMARKS station | experience products ofhogs | chickens | for for renting cows | profitable) your vicloity | overdoing r } fisting dairying i | Stondard Investment Co. of Seattle,| Thoma King 19 | Seattle and Kent, 167 | Durhams and Holsteins. fo 70 | 0 Horses oy Asoo | Bottom « | Yes i 100 | Yes 5 Ses for ono year, $14,887 = SE 10, Goylo Brothors* ... «| Walla Walla None | Walla Walla .. 100 | Shorthorns and Jerseys, 200 200 to 800 | 85 Horses - 0 000 Yes 3 hay: f grain, $0 to 5 | Yes - en. miles away. Not ont More In feeding cows than selling hay. 4 vrp.atieaat) od farming. Broadview Dalry Oo. Rosalia, a py ora +} On itso 10 Spokane 6 | Jerseys ... to 100 None | Horses 49.5 .| Loam ... 4 for wheat; cash, §}-$1 acre.) $85 to $125) Yer . | Do not recommend exefostvely dati us but a ora Arpold, Anton O'Brien. ee 1 4 | Seattle 80 | Holsteins, atc. Home use} Ownuse | Nono Sandy loam with clay- Fis to $0 No. »| Expense for ono yoar, $7,065; receipts, $10.00, Dangdon, Ws Sumner, +| Plorce 1b | Seattio 40 | Jorseys .* None 50, Nono {} Olay Ionm « $100 4 No, }}AVo make certified milk; expenses and tieome tarcor 1, ands busitions aly ‘ q | than average, Papken, Bernhard 4| Ourtow...... | Perry « at 1} Spokane 12 | Grade Holsteins . 10 10 | Horses South-slopo prairie... $0 to $00 | Meat of all] Moat cortalaly .+s.s.s5 coo) NOcccosses{ Intelligent farmors with encres ested. farminiy | Torkek, J.T. Granddalles..... Klickitat -., a 5 | ‘ho Dalles, Oro, 65 | Grado Jersoys ray 40 | Horses «| Decomposed rock nnd volcanic as Sto $75 | ¥ Grows reewtota nearly $10,000; rented Innd. Huphrey, Guy 8 Ourlew.. | Ferry Very little | Curlew 20 20 | Sto 10 dor| 10 to 15 Rollinge bench #10 to $100) Operated by means of hired help. ym Seott, James... Sediro Woolley. Skagit 4b | Entiretite| Sette 10 5 10 | Ho River bottom 0 and wp) Land ylelde S tons timothy to acre: all nae nya) Arthur W Dunganens Clallam ‘ 12 | Dungeness. 80 75to 1 | 20to c | Non d Sto g100) Cows are/all under 83 years old, ‘Magnesia loam and clay toam Poor chance sh monthly terms | Lee W. Tt Davenport Lincoln 3 Davenport . 25 | Grade Jerseys and Holsteins..) 6Gto 20 on) Horses: «| Wheat ond grazing Iand. +] (NO) acres, S50 to 875 In. the county, , We deliver milk and cream ones a day fh Davenport. terial, EA Vancouver, } Clarke 20 | Portland, Ore. 50 | All erades - (dor. | Horses Sundy Joam +] Nearly alll have rente Sto Good channos fOr HERE Thais, Hnvo three man at MO per month Dnneniin, O, We. Grays River. Wahkiakum 4 _ 4 | Astoria, Ore. 2% | Grado Jerseys 8) | 2 Horses | Bottom Janu, sindy tonni. Very for, If an Edandup] Cereainiy| there ares 4 +) Expenses for 1013, $1.44 roonlpta, #2010.07, Bollo, Chas. M. Dwisp. .| Okanogan ., 6 None | Twisp . Sto 20 | Mixed Jerseys und other breeds} One for 100 Young horses Oreck valley, gravely sof) You . Sto H00) If done | Yes .... Jexpanses for IL, B50; Tecelpts, $1,000, every cow Atwood, Prank. Conway, Skagit ....,, 1 20 | Mr, Vernon .. % | Mixed ... 20 10) | Sheep and horses. Pent bottom, logged-ol «} $15 cash rent per nere.. »| Expenses for 191), 83,220; recelpte, 4,0, arrtnet,, Zobn Hvoraanss Whatcom « 1 12 | Gondensery at 7 | Mixed Jerseya None Afow | 1 Team Upland, mostly - 1] $10 fo $15 per cloured acre. 4] Mute money ero'in pear, beans sind email frulte. immons, Nawal, Pacliio 7 B | Astoria, Ore. - 15 | Jerseys nnd Shorthorns: 4 $ | Horsos- «| Sandy loam es ‘| Land mny be bought for Slt per nere, [together Patnor it Aniiniton: Snohomish ; 2h S| Seattle and Ariington 2 | Gurnseys -. 4 % | 10 Young stock Peat and upland: °)/ Gash or shates, ‘accord Cows, potatoes, carrots, Onte, Darley, eles, go well | ing to. stoo lark, James sons} Coltspel. Pend Oreille. 4 10 | Spokano 20 | Dorhams and Jorsoys 10to 25 | 4 to5)dox| Goats and horses Glay Jonm; timber and mendow.... Shires and cash Expenses for 1913, $800: rocelpte. #1085, inckaon, J. W Arlington, | Snohomish 5 a 2} Seaton S2 | Holsteins Noms | O\nuse | Horses and young cattle. -| Alluvial river bottom ; 1) Shinres—Ono-halt Kexponsen for 1911, 2,200; recolptir, $1,700, Poteraon, 1H. Montorano.. Chehalis « 6 4 | Aberdeen’ nnd Mfenteiano, 40 | Mixed. ctom | | Shorses +] River: bottom « y Cash +] Some tand at &0' per nero. a ‘Prout Lake. Kilekitat o 8 | Kifokitay county: < 16 | Purebred and Grado Jersoys 1m | Horses ) Liz | Volcanfe ash | think not « 3 ‘| wo crops of clover hay aro raised exch year. Northport. | Stoyens: 2 5 | Northport - 2 | Mostly Holstelns 5 | Horses nnd faney cattle. 0 100 | Sandy with clay subsol ‘| Soma . On very enuy terms. Very, rood fig to work, | Land worth #85 per acre. Setter) Henderson, Woodland. Cowllte: 1 42 | Portland nnd Sonttle. 10. | Terseys -. 7 Horses 190 -.++.| River bottom and sandy loam...-..| Onehalt oro rented Halves or cash No. No T keep wotual accounts the year rnin. ‘Ohide, H, Snohomish: Snohom!| q 8 Snohomish . Partly Jorsoys ... {20 Young cattle; 25 to a 120 -| Upland ce Yes «. You +| Waahlogton best state In Uolon for dairying. {Angora gonts; 4 horses Rockey, El Pacific « Willapn Harbor cities... «| Grado Jerseys Horses nd beat stock. -| Bottom bench, nnd clay and toam.| Not much You Yer .. +) All products tied In Tomelne earnpe. oe Jofferso} Port Townsend Jerseys Horses ... Low and upland Don't kn You « ‘bere »| Raleod and consumed 0) tong hay, % tone roots, ‘Okanogan | Wonatchos ...... a Torseys Work hors Sandy soll Yes Yes {] 00 meres school lands leaned. Okanogan .. {Hox 2} 6 | Wenatehea . Shorthorns and Jerseys | 0 Fino horses, Black sandy loam. Shares—Onebalt $00 to #100) Yes ......| For enorgetlo persons. s] Novos! (here te 8 cooperative creamery near. ‘Town Sumner. Pleros . 1 Not much | Seattle Mixed ... ;| 30 8 Horses . Sandy .. or Don'tknow) No .. sues »| Complete records not kept. There, ‘Mimbor Valley. Kilekitat «. 6 None } Portland Common ai | 2doz. | Horses - | Red shot soil and black swafl,-.... {ier but iimited) tor], eCe a Big opportunities »| Clover, Umothy, alfalfa and roote grow aptendity improved farms f lope rig) «| Woodland, .........-.| Cowlitz .. Ey 4 | Portland and Senttle, $8 | Partly Grade Jorsoys... {A few 100 | 9 Horses’. Bottom Innd «....- +|{ Many rented; none} .. Shares and cash rent... 4 Yor cesses] You -» +] Would sell on account of old age. | avallable now} By dolng own work +) Groatest na te tn getting hired help. MeLelah i, ‘Spokano . 6 | Holtelns and Roon Durhams.| Sto 40 | Horses Black loam ...... Yes. $3 per nore per year. Hay-tochaata Vail & Dalry Oo ‘Taeomn 22 | Grado Jerseys .. | 10 | Registered bull Sandy loam - No No Realy mera nd | Columbia. +} Starbnick Durfams and Jerseys. 3 190 forses and beef or range pattla Timber bottom . fone known pe there i. HDNet Sr i Jofferson 3) davierson county Holstelns «- 200 22 |B Homes ses ci 3] AlN eins of nO oan ihanal Noa eRe | Clarke ~ ani dd i Pu 20 to 40 v w work horses: jolumbin river bottom, fand| Gouldn’t 5 5 Keo, Wo i Ritts FUGWDNTE seessereee alll sien cece 15 to 20 | Horses and mules 120, | Some gravely, rocky: soma deep £0ll}.-cn sores. Creamery senile wagon for crenata tw Bohne, W. a, Mer.’ Spokane - Spokane . 400 | Holstelns, Jerseys, Durhams .. oo a 1,100 A. scrub pasture, 800 A-bottom| ‘Land as low ox f20 per acre. i Oilso, J. Wet King i 8 | Senttto Ayrahires 20 to 20 Abont 18 hories -| Bottom . 3 Yakima « 8 lalate It | Creamery Wwasons Red Durhatns I to 0 All young stock, {) Gravely ond sandy Yoam, ‘ valeed on 4 Kifckitat ... 2 { gormia } Portland, Ore, .. a | Ayrsbires and somo half-brecds| Sor 9 | isto 20 | Nono Level, surrounded by hills. Half of crop. 100 acres In elover, tmothy and gralo; tose In pasture. PMA ie Clallam .... or 90 | Senttio 100 | Grado Guornsoys ... <./41,80 year | Home use| None Mostly river bottom, some upland.) Not yory cood $2.0 por cow per month epande ont « Colonies could do better than tndiriduate. ecnditloi Trower, B. Chehalis 4 | Entiretife| Aberdeen and Hoquiam..| 40 | Jerseys ... s-+e+-] 100 to 150 25 Horses «. River bottom: Yea Yer For mon with some capital, +} Sold enough erals to boy all mill foed ant alfalf food, 3 ‘Doylor, W. Ferry .. ub None | Ourlew creamery .... 10 Terseys Home use 10 Some bee! ..-| Sandy loam .. You You Ye. Rysnaeen Mountafnous country aod considerable range, * Possoxs alos, ‘9m009 AITEG UWOSUTYSLM W19}SOAA [VOTdA] YW ‘“poylTWW 0 0} SUTITeA tone Wi STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF STATE 2 aes Burea eee u of Statistics and Immigration IM. HOWELL, Secretary of State Ex-Officio Commissioner DAIRYING, POULTRY AND STOCK RAISING IN WASHINGTON TS Var lela tl Cal Eis Deputy Commissioner LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. OFFICE OF THE BuREAU OF STATISTICS AND IMMIGRATION. Otympia, June 20, 1912. Hon. I. M. Howell, Ex-Officio Commissioner. Sir: Pursuant to your instructions, I have prepared and have the honor to transmit herewith a' report dealing with dairy- ing, poultry and stock raising in the State of Washington, with a recommendation that an edition of 12,000 copies of same be published for general distribution in connection with the work of this department. Respectfully, H. F. Gis, Deputy Commissioner. Approved for publication, July 1, 1912. I. M. HoweEt1, Ex-Officio Commissioner. => hh OF Th AUG BB 1512 YY TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page eee CALTUSITDT CAN A. ace oats aoe olen fas, ep oak een ere ie Wa dle Siew See vee be 4 IPO PEMORG, Lae a A Se Sa Santee ee ie ieee erat Eee ine ee eee 7 maGenerar Summary of Livestock Industries..........<....ccccee 9 Pe MEME ARITITCS *NCCHCE Ss Feed purchased— Middlings..... 13 tons... f 500 00 Corn meal.... Oat meal... .... AS SUR AEM ODL ok aoe hate’, choo. ocala b eee eee oes 280 00 Pe OTe yer od ero seicic, one ee Pa wy Soc 1,200 00 IBOSSESar erat Coe eee ee ere PRs 8% 200 00 WLHEHMEXPeENSE in fe Hes Fics tear 100 00 Oba Ee XPOMSEs eo cvs nce oe $2,720 00 Average per COW............. $68 00 Totals pEont, for Nerds: 2s. 65 oo. We os $3,664 30 PROME DEIICOW «oss 6. ee ic ha ee 91 60 Mrs. Jessie Gregg, Adna, Lewis county, has a ranch of 40 acres, all under cultivation, used by the State College for dem- onstration purposes. She has 20 young cows, pays $15.00 per acre for rent, keeps two men the year round at $40 and $50 per “€jun0g BUITYeA UI JoyyeaT pue joog Suranjovynueyy Possible Profits 49 month and board. For the month of January, 1911, her dairy accounts show the following: RECEIPTS. 18,048 pounds milk @ $1.90 cwt..... . $342 90 EXPENSES. RGR yeni Shar sas hare Giszeuaren eee moire. vk aya $90 00 1 ROGTAI BT bs hes Pea eed AE oe oS iy oe Foe tore 50 00 THGECECSE. (ON CADItAle ao. sos ow ge 6.8 oe 25 00 Insurance and incidentals........... 8 50 MOtal EXP CNSO ec 08 Gees wien eo 6. $173 50 HxpPeHSe Wer COW oo os science tees $8 67 Doptloprent dor MOnbi ss se. ee. oe: 169 40 IP Otiis POT: COW so cis: o oe: ao tyeteiece ccvor's\ 0-0 >< 8 45 A. M. Stevens, of Ellensburg, has one of the highest average herd records in the state. The ninth year of the herd of 11 cows ended August 31, 1910: 4,713.4 pounds of butter were produced and sold for $1,496.56, an average of $136.05 per cow. One of these cows, Gerties Black Beauty H. R. No. 176961 freshened March 7, 1910. From March 13, 1910, to March 13, 1911, she gave 13,598 11-16 pounds of milk, or 666.723 pounds of butter fat, equal to 784 38-100 pounds of butter; 85% fat. COWS ON CITY LOT. In many cities and towns of the state there are people who happen to own just a small plot of ground and take a great deal of delight in keeping one or two cows. The returns from _ this small outlay are always proportionately greater than the average cows of large herds, as the neighbors will pay good prices for all the milk produced. Lafe Learned, of Montesano, Chehalis county, presents a good illustration of what can be done in this respect. , He -has a six-year-old cow, three-quarters Jersey and one- quarter Red Polled. She calved April 22d. During the month from May 8th to June 8th of 1911 she gave 1,614 pounds of milk, which tested 6.6. On December 5th of the same year, when she was giving about 900 pounds per month, having been milked ey! 50 Darying in Washington about eight months, she tested 7.2. During the seven months from May Ist to December Ist, she gave 8,399 pounds of milk, or an average of 1,199 pounds per month. Her feed during that period was estimated to be about 20 sacks of shorts at $1.10 per sack, worth $22.00; one ton of hay at $12.00, and three months of pasture at one dollar per month, worth $3.00; total, $37.00. The gross receipts were $293.93, leaving a profit of $256.93, or about $36.00 per month for one cow. OTHER SUCCESSFUL PEOPLE. Many expressions were received from people in various parts of the state, practically all going to show that dairying is yielding a splendid profit. Lack of space forbids quoting from all, but a few will serve to convince the outsider of the general contentment of the Washington dairymen. Chas. A. Smith, secretary to J. P. Graves, Spokane, Wash- ington, says: “While we have not followed the dairy business as a money mak- ing proposition, we firmly believe that it is a very profitable industry, when handled under proper management. * * * * In our mind, the best locality for dairies in this section of the country is in what is known as the ‘Palouse Country,’ to the south of Spokane.” A successful farmer of Trout Lake, Klickitat county, says: “The returns per cow for butter fat are from $5 to $7.50 per month. Dual purpose cows are considered the best for this section as there is practically no market for other than beef stock, so that when by reason of heifers coming in the herds are increased, the fat cows can be more profitably turned off for beef. “T am satisfied that with well cured second-growth clover selected cows can be made to bring at least $10 per month for butter fat.” F. Henderson, Woodland, Cowlitz county, says: “T have bills of cream and milk sold for the last eleven years, also accounts of other products scld from the place. I find that my cows average 311 pounds of butter fat per cow for the year 1911, and count- ing hogs and calves to represent skim milk (as I keep hogs and fatten them on the milk) that the cows average $126.14 per cow. * * *” Iver Furness says: “Have 27 cows for dairying purposes. Average income from each per year, $112.50. Having no other stock or fowls, this will be all the information I can give you.” Possible Profits 51 Ed Valentine, Montesano, Washington, has 90 acres of chiefly bottom land; five years ago he paid for this $10,000.00. Today with the other improvements, it could not be bought for $25,- 000.00. “Last year, 1911, I milked 27 cows, keeping exact records of re- ceipts, which amounted to $3,756.50, varying from $250.00 during the poorest months when some of the cows were dry, to $390.00 when nearly all were giving milk. Some things will produce more money than dairying, but there is nothing so certain and you can always get cash. Besides the dairying, I produced 40 tons of potatoes, 2 tons of oats, $125 worth of hogs, and sold nearly $100 worth of calves. The total receipts of the farm would probably be about $5,000 per year.” SWINK RAISING IN WASHINGTON. Raising hogs as a side product of the dairy business as well as to utilize the scraps, waste matter, etc., that accumulate on practically every ranch has always been recognized as worth while by the majority of farmers. However, as an independent industry or the main work on the farm it has not received so much attention. VALUE OF SWINE IN WASHINGTON. Nearly 50 per cent. of the ranchers of Washington keep hogs, most of them as a side issue only, there being on an aver- age about 9 or 10 to each farm. Whitman county outstrips all others in their production, the total value of swine in that county April 15, 1910, bemg $332,317. The next in im- portance was King county with a valuation of $98,611. Other important counties in this respect are Walla Walla, Spokane, Klickitat, Lewis and Lincoln, each with a valuation of between $70,000 and $75,000. For the entire state this class of livestock was worth $1,674,927 or just about twice as much as in 1900. About two-thirds of this, $1,134,782, belongs to the counties east of the mountains. ‘The present indications are that there is now 25% more than in 1910, so that the total product of the entire state for 1912 would be about $2,000,000. In contrast with this should be considered the large number: of hogs shipped yearly from outside the state. In the year 1911 it can be safely estimated that hogs valued at nearly $5,- -000,000 alive were brought in, the larger part for domestic consumption. There will always be a good market for all that. can be produced. MONEY FROM HOGS LIKE “FINDING IT.” Without doubt the pig is almost a necessity on a well regu-. lated Washington farm where evervthing should be utilized for Artichokes, like potatoes, yield from 100 to 500 bushels per acre. 54 Swine Raising in Washington some purpose. In many cases it appears that much material which would otherwise have yielded nothing has been turned into the best of pork, fetching some ready meney which could scarcely have been more easily secured if the preducer had found it. In fact it is probably for this very reason that the hog has secured an enviable reputation as a side-product; so profitable is he in this respect that the tendency has been to keep him at this as his permanent labor. He greedily drinks the skim milk and is not over particular as to its freshness; he devours the cull fruit and vegetables, grunting no complaint as to their quality. His chief trouble is in getting filled up; for his powers of assimilation are practically unlimited while in- digestion is a malady unknown to him. In the meantime un- consciously he is working harder for the enrichment of his fortunate owner than any other animal, except goats, on the place, and at the same time he is manufacturing pork that will bring from 9c to 12c per pound wholesale. HOGS WILL HELP CLEAR LAND. If given an opportunity he will keep the orchard nicely cleaned up; he will help to solve the logged-off land problem by nosing down into the roots and exposing the soft parts to the air, and eating up ferns and other weeds. Fe enjoys even lizards and snakes, which are to him choice morsels. He will fertilize the soil and help it to yield excellent crops. In all this work he needs no boss standing over him. When his life’s work is done he then yields up the accumulated meat made from these various odds and ends, offering it for the benefit of all mankind. The hog should certainly be promoted. He has repeatedly shown what he can do as a side issue and deserves more oppor- tunities for demonstrating his gocd qualities on a larger scale. WASHINGTON PRESENTS IDEAL CONDITIONS. Whether on a large or small scale, the natural conditions in the State of Washington equal those of any other state for the advancement of this industry. Broad acres of land; abund- Swine Raising in Washington 55 ance and variety of feed and pasture; plenty of flowing streams ; general climatic conditions; sufficient sunshine and cooling shade; comparative freedom from pests and diseases are all favorable to the successful propagation of swine. If following the industry on a large scale, it is usually agreed that plenty of land for pasturage will help to produce the best results and enable the owner to raise them with the least amount of trouble and largest profit, as well as make healthier animals. Under these conditions the usual plan is to let the pigs, when weaned, run until a short period before fattening for the mar- ket. As light pork seems to bring the greater profits, the fat- tening period begins when the hog is 5 or 6 months old, and weighs from 100 to 150 pounds. When grain is high priced they should derive at least half their growth in this way. They are usually marketed weighing from 175 to 250 pounds. In this manner pork can be raised for 3c or 4c per pound and with usual prices will net 4c or 5c per pound in the hoof. PRINCIPAL FEEDS. Outside of the skim milk, slop, scraps, etc., the principal hog feeds which grow well in Washington, are corn, peas, wheat. barley, oats, alfalfa, clover, vetch and thousand-headed kale, as well as many succulent roots, including mangold wurtzels, beets artichokes and rutabagas. In Klickitat county there are many who fatten the hogs on peanuts, which grow well in that vicinity. Estimates of what the various crops will yield per acre are given elsewhere in this publication. SOME SUCCESSFUL MEN. There are many people in the state who are making a success of hogs as an independent industry. Among them are L. H. Lindbarger, R. F. D. No. 1, Moxey Valley, Yakima county. His success is attested by the fact that at the Portland Fat Stock Show recently he “cleaned the platter” in Short-Horn cattle and Poland-China hogs. He has 160 acres of volcanic ash which is excellent for alfalfa, corn, potatoes, carrots and 56 Swine Raising in Washnmgton peas. He aims to sell his hogs when 8 months old and weighing about 250 pounds. He keeps from 10 to 20 sows for breeding, worth about $3,000.00. He says: “IT consider Washington state in its infancy at present in the swine industry, but with the experiments of our swine consuming alfalfa in a ground form proven by experiments of our valuable agricultural stations, we are able to produce pork at a very small expense, say from 3 to 4144c per pound and with proper care there are no diseases here that are so prevalent in middle and eastern states. I have never lost a hog with disease, as care is the principle asset to the industry and none can expect to succeed without giving their swine the same atten- tion they would a valuable cow for a dairy.” In the wheat country the expression of R. D. Willams, Pomeroy, Garfield county, shows what can be done; he produces from 50 to 125 Poland-China and Duroc-Jersey hogs as a side issue to raising wheat and barley on a 640-acre farm: “T consider hog raising quite profitable if properly carried on. Pork can be produced for about 4 cents per pound. I wean them at 8 to 10 weeks old; pasture on alfalfa till 100 pounds weight, then feed them corn for a month or six weeks, depending on time of year. In cold weather they do not grow so fast. I sell them when about 180 pounds in weight. * * * * Hog raising taken up in connection with cows and corn and wheat would be very profitable, if taken up in the right spirit. Everybody here is raising wheat and barley, a very few ex- cepted.” Mr. John Cubbey some years ago purchased about 15 acres of land close to the city of Tacoma, and has made a specialty of raismg purebred Poland-China hogs, winning the first prize for Champion Boar at the A.-Y.-P. E., and as many as 400 premiums at other times. Though an old man now, he still keeps from 50 to 100, feeding them from the hotel slop and letting them pick up roots and ferns, fattening them when they are about 6 months old. When feeding, he figures the expense at from $1.00 to $1.50 per month for each hog until killing time, when they will fetch about $20.00 at from 6 to 8 months old, and weighing 200 pounds. When the hogs are being raised in connection with the dairy industry the suggestion of Donald McInnes of Dungeness, now president of the State Dairymen’s Association, are worth read- ing. By systematic breeding he insists on two litters per year AL. BROWN, FAR ms, SHemvercn & Pigs quietly mind their own business and will eat what no other animals want. 58 Swine Raising in Washington from his sows, one about the end of February and another about the first of September. As soon as they are weaned they are fed the skim milk with a little middlings or ground wheat mixed in. At the same time they are given the run of a pasture lot. At five months he begins to fatten and give them all the milk they can drink with a small amount of ground wheat. They are then ready for market and out of the way in time for the next semi-annual litter which is treated in the same way. Dur- ing the winter he feeds the sows mangold wurtzels and a small amount of skim milk. In the spring they are in fine shape for fallowing. 'The moderate temperature: of. Washington is es- pecially suitable for this double work on the part of the sows and the quick development of the pigs. STARTING IN. Practically all the men who have answered inquiries concern- ing the industry have said emphatically that there are good opportunities for others in their vicinity. However, the be- ginner must not fall into the error of supposing that a hog needs no care at all. To be sure he may do better than most animals will without attention, but it is folly for anyone to en- gage in any enterprise without a previous determination to get the most he can out of it from the first. No one should be satis- fied with moderate profit when by increased individual effort he can win even greater returns. ‘The most successful men agree that a careful study of the hog’s habits, likes and dislikes, should be made by the producer. It is usually best to start on a small scale (some advise a single sow), and get mature stock that has shown ability to produce good pigs and as many as possible to the litter. Too great expense should not be entailed in buildings and apparatus to start with. Land can be secured at almost any price according to location and amount of improvements. EXPRESSIONS FROM PORK PRODUCERS. The following are typical expressions. of the many enthusias- tic hog raisers in different parts of the state. Many very valu- Swine Raising im Washington 59 able suggestions are also given which should be of much aid to those contemplating entering this industry. K. H. Durham, Winthrop, Okanogan county, up the Methow valley and about 44 miles from a railroad station, raises some Berkshire and Duroc-Jerseys as a side issue to cattle and dairy- ing, feeding the skim milk to hogs, calves and chickens. He also feeds his hogs wheat and alfalfa, fattening them with corn: “We can raise corn, wheat, oats, barley and alfalfa, so I do not see why hogs would not be a profitable business if carried on right. Land ‘can be bought at prices ranging from $10 to $300, and will produce most anything you want.” John F. Rockhill & Sons, Turner, Columbia county, generally raises about 40 American Hampshire hogs as a side issue to cat- tle, horses and mules. “Raising hogs is one of the best businesses on the farm. In 1910 I sold over $700 worth. In 1911, I was changing to Hampshires and consequently did not have so many to sell. I butchered 10 half-breeds 7 months old that weighed 220 pounds and dressed 175 pounds apiece. Last week I sold 6, seven months old, with a total weight of 1,480 pounds. There are plenty of opportunities for others to make a suc- cess of the industry in this neighborhood in any part where there is water handy.” Alfred Polson, Mt. Vernon, Skagit county, has 320 acres, producing chiefly hay, oats, horses, and dairy cows. “IT have obtained the best results by having the pigs come in the fall of the year, when they require very Jittle feed to carry them through the winter months; turn them out on clover pasture with the other farm stock about May ist and keep them on pasture without any other feed until you can find a market for them as stock hogs, any time from August 1st to October ist. By that time they should weigh on an average about 150 pounds and should bring about 6c per pound on foot. In this way you save the labor and expense of fattening. My hogs net me about 60% profit.” John L. Harris, Kelso, Cowlitz county, keeps about 480 hogs of the Duroc-Jersey breed and dairy cows. “My hogs paid me about 150% on the investment. I boil the feed and give them much green stuff which grows well in this section. I usually sell them when about 10 months old, weighing about 200 pounds.” 60 Swine Raising in Washington H. L. Wiester is a rancher at Skamokawa, Wahkiakum county: : “Hog raising is carried on in this county chiefly as a side issue of dairying; enough are kept to use up the skim milk. I have tried feed- ing grain with the milk, ground wheat, whole wheat, corn, rolled bar- ley, etc., the past year and kept about four times the number of hogs as before.” W. E. Porter, Cedarville, Chehalis county, raises from 25 to 40 hogs, Chester Whites and Poland-Chinas, as a side issue to dairy, stock and horses. He has been on one ranch for 12 years. “T consider this country first class place to raise hogs, as they can get pasture all the winter. I let them rustle in the pasture, give them skim milk and finish them off with grain, sometimes peas and roots. I sell to the butcher when about 120 pounds in weight. It is easy money I get for pork. A good way to fatten hogs here is to turn them into a field of peas, let them harvest the crop and then sell them. I have sometimes done so, but have generally let them get most of their growth on pasture, skimmed milk, roots, and small potatoes, glean the stubble in grain fields and anything that might go to waste. Hogs are healthy and do well in this county. Red clover, field peas and wheat yield large crops and root crops also.” Arthur W. Cays, a man of 15 years’ experience, Dungeness, Clallam county, raises from 25 to 100 Poland-Chinas and Berk- shires (the latter as experiment only). The soil is magnetia loam and produces all crops fairly well, clover especially. Log- ged-off land in this locality can be bought for $30 to $40 per acre. “T consider hogs very profitable. I feed what milk I have, mostly to young pigs and to brood sows’ suckling pigs. With carrots and mangels I carry them through the winter, fattening them for market on grain (wheat, peas, barley). I find that for each 25 pounds of weight the hog weighs a daily ration of skimmed milk is 1 gallon, or 4 gallons to a pig of 100 pounds, 6 gallons to a pig of 150, or 1 pound of dry ground grain to each 25 pounds of weight, or 1 pound of grain to substitute or equal 1 gallon of milk. A pig of 150 pounds should gain on an average about 14% pounds per day and when all is favorable this can be beaten. I use no land to the advantage of hog raising except that I pasture at times, but am not able to estimate it. I find that peas stand first of all our grains as a hog feed, wheat next, then barley.” Seventy-five tons of Mangold Wurzels to the acre supply succulent feed at the lowest price, POULTRY INDUSTRY IN WASHINGTON. SUPERIOR ADVANTAGES. The poultry industry in Washington is described by the leading poultrymen of the state, as well as by many of the big dealers in poultry products, as “‘just im its infancy.” When we compare the present production, both of eggs and fattened stock with what the state annually consumes, the larger por- tion of which must necessarily be shipped from outside sources at considerable distance, it is consoling to know that the busi- ness is at present merely in its swaddling clothes, but a strong hope is expressed at the same time that it will immediately take on strength and develop as soon as possible into real maturity. TABLE SHOWING NUMBERS AND VALUES oF Vartous KINDS oF POULTRY IN WASHINGTON AT DATES INDICATED, AND NUMBER OF FARMS REPORT- ING HacH KIND IN 1910. | 1910 1900 (April 15) (June 1) Farms Reporting KIND —— | Number Value | Number Per cent of fowls of fowls Number of all farms TO Gal sass oe sae ae eres 44,906 79.9 2,272,775 $1,367, 440 1,356,715 CHICKENS) e8 sai ware inicio cole sioiste 44,862 79.8 2,204,114 1,289,328 | 1,196,639 MU KEY Sei 6 bis didc wie, loveters atoe revels 3,550 6.3 16,049 86,353 | 29,155 DUCKS) s55525% sosusibioess costae 2,558 4.6 13,179 ,883 66,433 GEESE eo eeccinos, Ne siaaiion Boke Maui 3,052 5.4 14,858 21,350 | 64,488 Guinea) TOWIS vwccic «ces ose cer 5 586 1.0 1,763 1,499 | eC) PISECOMS? sind bicia eases Sloe wrote 806 1.4 22,701 7,604 |° C) Pealowlsi: sii cicriacisselarstoehece 10 (ft) 54 171 (+) IPNEASATIES Maskkisic ine ces olste cneis 5 (t) 57 252, Ct) * Included with chickens. + Not reported. ft Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. STATISTICS. The 1910 census credits us for the entire feathered brood with 2,272,775 fowls, valued at $1,867,440. These figures represent an increase in 10 years of 916,060 fowls, valued at Superior Advantages 63 $752,602, or 67.5%. With this report as a basis, but keeping in mind some recent improved methods of handling poultry, it can be safely estimated that in the same year about 15,000,000 dozen eggs were produced. At the conservative rate of 30c per dozen, these would be worth $4,500,000. ‘There were shipped into the state about $6,000,000 worth, so that the total num- ber marketed in Washington would reach a value of at least $10,000,000. In the meantime the population of the state had grown to 1,141,990, an increase of 120%. It is quite evident that if the population gains as rapidly in the present decade as it did during the past, and there is every reason to believe that it will, then the poultry industry in order to overtake and keep pace with the increasing demand must proceed at five times the pres- ent rate. In other words, at present we need more than twice as many fowls as we now have; and in 1920 at least 12,000,000 will be needed in order to supply two eggs per day to every person expected to be in the state at that time. ADDITIONAL FAMILIES NEEDED. It can readily be seen from the above calculations that there are opportunities now for between 2,000 and 3,000 families in this line of endeavor alone. At the same rate there would be opportunities during the next 10 years for about 10,000 addi- tional families to make a good living, helping to supply the increased demand for eggs alone. WASHINGTON SHOULD EXPORT. However, there would be no necessity for limiting the de- velopment of poultry to the needs of Washington people. Many conditions point to this state as possessing splendid possibili- ties for exporting. Besides its productive powers, it is well! located and has direct communication with sections whose nat- ural conditions will compel the importing of such products. Even now it is necessary for us to send a great deal to Alaska as that territory is too far north to make a success in raising its own poultry. The future development of that country with 64 Poultry Raising in Washington extremes of temperature will mean an increased demand for eggs and stock from the nearest locality where they can be profitably produced. That place is undoubtedly the State of Washington, for the cold winters of Canada can hardly be ex- pected to encourage poultry raismg to any appreciable degree. It is quite likely, also, that parts of Canada herself will in time offer other good markets for Washington poultry and eggs. LEADING COUNTIES. The leading county at present, both in point of number and value of poultry, is King, having in the neighborhood of 200,- 000 fowls, valued at approximately $150,000. Close behind come Spokane, Pierce, and Whitman. Other counties of im- portance are Kitsap, Yakima, Lincoln, Whatcom, and Skagit. All the remaining have from 10,000 to 70,000 head apiece. ALL COUNTIES ADAPTABLE. Practically every county in Washington is adaptable in some measure for this industry, as in every section can be found all the necessary natural conditions. INFLUENCES OF MILD CLIMATE. In the article on dairying are figures showing the normal and mean temperatures in the vicinity of some of the large cities. In this chapter it is only necessary to note the relation of such a climate to the successful management of the industry under discussion. It has long since been demonstrated that of all useful crea- tures the hen is one of the most sensitive to climatic influences. One of the main efforts of man is to assist in adapting her to the various atmospheric conditions through which she must pass during a twelve-month period. Where the changes are frequent and at great extremes, this problem naturally becomes more important and more difficult to solve. In the colder climates, warmer and costlier buildings must usually be constructed. It is also necessary in such climates, since the chickens must be subjected to longer confinement, to build larger structures so Ham and Wggs, or Chicken Dinner, 66 Poultry Raising in Washington as to allow each bird more floor space. All this requires larger initial capital as well as a consequent additional maintenance fund. The freedom Washington enjoys from extremes of any nature and the unusual mildness of the winters would permit of both cheaper and smaller buildings. Less floor space is needed as the hens may be allowed outside much of the time. Experiments carried on at the Maine Agricultural Experi- ment Station tend to show that a colder temperature necessi- tates the hen consuming more feed in order to maintain the proper bodily warmth. ‘The difference would amount to con- siderable when a large number of hens are being kept for purely commercial purposes. WINTER EGGS MOST PROFITABLE. The successful poultryman always plans to have his hens laying as much as possible in the winter time when eggs fetch the best prices. This is the more readily done in a state that is blessed with the mildness of Washington winters. E. H. Rosen- kranz, Colfax, Whitman county, characterizes the situation when he says: “With our long pleasant winters, poultry can be kept on a profit paying basis the entire year. We have very little zero weather east of the Cascades and none on the west side, eliminating the expense of costly frost proof houses, the open front being used most entirely.” SOIL AND VEGETATION FAVORABLE. Soil that will produce good fruit, soil that is porous and well drained is also considered excellent for the successful rais- ing of poultry. Such land can be found in all parts of the state and close to the very best markets. The natural vegetation, too, is most favorable. Excellent crops of wheat, corn, oats, barley and other grains are produced, while in nearly all parts, green stuff and the succulent feeds can be grown luxuriously. In the western part of the state the thousand-headed kale and marrow cabbage will produce from 40 to 80 tons of green stuff to the acre, and can be left outside all the winter, the lower leaves being cut off as needed. It is just as essential for chick- Superior Advantages 67 ens to have plenty of green stuff as it for people to have vege- tables and for dairy cows to receive fresh forage. PURCHASING FEED. It will usually be true that although the poultryman is will- ing to raise his own green feed he will prefer not to be compelled to produce also the needed quantity of grain, as in most cases greater economy may be practiced by purchasing from those making a specialty of that branch of agriculture. They will raise it on cheaper land, in larger quantities, and at correspond- ingly smaller cost per bushel. However, plenty of grain can be easily secured as Washington is one of the most important wheat yielding states in the Union; a number of the counties being devoted almost entirely to that line of endeavor. This grain is of high quality and can be obtained at lower prices than in states where the poultrymen are compelled to pay large freight charges for shipping grain from a distance. Those who have preferences for a meat ration can usually secure a supply from the many slaughter houses and butcher shops located in various sections of the country. ‘Thus the feed question is well -settled whether the means be purchasing or raising and no mat- ‘ter what the reasonable rancher might consider best for his hens. MINIMUM DANGER FROM DISEASE. The many replies received from people to. whom inquiries ‘were sent would indicate that Washington is particularly free from diseases that effect poultry. Only a few reported losing any in that manner, while of those who did, only a small per- -centage of the stock was lost. In most cases it is the inexperi- -enced or over-confident that will suffer on such account. With ‘the open front building, used chiefly in the state, and the mod- -erate climate which permits plenty of outside exercise, there is hardly any danger at all from this source, providing the or- -dinary precautions are observed. Hon. Ed. E. Harden, su- “perior court judge of Whatcom county, who also takes a great ‘interest in poultry rearing, as he has many birds, speaks from “experience when he says: “I have found that the trouble which 68 Poultry Raising in Washington has caused the undoing of many would-be poultry kings is in not keeping the birds free from lice and from over-feeding, es- pecially of the young.” Surely the eradication of this latter trouble would add to the profits “both going and coming.” LARGE EGG YIELD. Washington poultry has won both interstate and national distinction. Although it is not the intention to dwell on this phase of the industry, nevertheless it is proper as illustratmg the possibilities, due partially to the favored conditions to men- tion Washington’s claim to the world’s record for yearly egg product of a single hen. This was owned by D. Tancred, of Kent, who by trap nesting recorded 295 eggs in 365 days. It should also be borne in mind that the average yield of a hen for the United States is 95 eggs, while the average for Washington is 120. The 150- and 200-egg hen is not an uncommon hen and may be the rule, providing a good strain of layers is secured and careful attention given to the work. GETTING STARTED. In getting a good start much, of course, depends on the in- dividual. Some persons will readily adapt themselves to new conditions, while others must first get considerable experience. Time would probably be saved in most instances if the beginner who expects to enter the work on a large scale, would seek an opportunity to work for some good practical poultryman ac- tually engaged in the work. If this is impossible or imprac- ticable, the conservative men advise starting out on a small scale for a year or so and getting the experience at less expense than what would be incurred in attempting big things too soon. A large farm is not needed in learning the fundamental prin- ciples. At the same time good poultry journals should be taken and the bulletins on this question by the State College and the United States Department of Agriculture should be studied. It would be out of place to try to suggest the breed. It might make some difference as to the particular locality in which one would settle. At any rate purebred stock have usually da ey 3 gory ““voiy-ay-L¥ SCEARK welve hundred little sleepy heads that will soon yield from $2,000 to $4,000 in eggs in one year. 70 Poultry Raismg m Washington proved the best. It is certain that it never pays to try to save on the quality of the stock. ‘The Mediteranian, American, Eng- lish, Asiatic and all miscellaneous varieties are bred here and all seem to do well. For laying purposes one should also be very particular regarding the strain. Some consider this of more importance than the breed itself. However, there seems to be a great deal in getting a breed for which one can feel a certain degree of affection. If one starts with a breed he doesn’t like it always pays to get rid of them as soon as possible and stock with a more satisfactory kind. There is a great tendency at the present day also to specialize in the different branches of the work, and though all are suc- cessfully carried on in Washington, no one should try to learn them all at the same time. The beginner would undoubtedly be wise in leaving the incubating work for more experience, and purchasing the day-old chicks or perhaps the three-month pul- lets. An advantage of this latter is that the cockerels and weak chickens have been weeded out and the most delicate period in the life of the chicken has been bridged. Complete attention can be given to the needs of laying hens. OPPORTUNITIES PLENTIFUL. Regarding quantity of land, many people are making a suc- cess on a few city lots, while some will fail on a ranch of many acres. Other things being equal, it would usually be best to try and secure at least 5 acres if one expects to keep from one to two thousand laying hens. With this amount, all the neces- sary green feed can be raised; there will be plenty of room for buildings, as well as ground, when the chickens can get sufficient exercise. If one wishes to raise fruit at the same time, such opportunities may be found in the vicinity of every market in the state. As fast as the land close up is put into use, the tendency is to build street car lines and interurbans into the territory further out, so that the transportation facilities are such as to make the best markets available. For a poultry ranch, too, it is generally a good policy to pay a little more Superior Advantages 71 for land comparatively close in than to purchase cheaper land at too great a distance from the market. Since a variety of natural conditions are presented, including differences in climate, vegetation and scenery, it would be well for the new settler to choose that part of the state which he may like the best and then to secure a location convenient to one of the best markets of that region. WHY THE HEN HAS BEEN NEGLECTED. It might be asked why Washington has not previously done more to develop an industry which is so much needed and which presents such excellent opportunities. In reply it must be said that as a new state, she has been busy raising the bumper crops of fruit, grain, and vegetables off the virgin soil; cutting the lumber from the hillsides; pulling up the nets loaded with fish; building roads to improve transportation; manufacturing of all kinds; loading coal onto cars; besides engaging in other occupations commanding immediate attention on the part of settlers. In the meantime the little hen has been quite modest in her proclamation, and has reserved her best for the men and women that are willing to show her a little attention and supply the necessary equipment for her labors. To those who carefully and intelligently administer to her wants, results similar to those portrayed in the pictures on other pages, will not be long in rewarding their efforts. One of the beauties of the work is that it is within the scope of the capabilities of all members of a family, while at the same time it can be made to engage the vigorous application of men desiring a life’s work that will bring financial progress and per- manent contentment. ‘suoyorgo jo AjueTd YIM Yyouer [nJooved v Jo ojdures oom VW Expressions from Poultrymen 73 EXPRESSIONS FROM POULTRYMEN. The following expressions are from people usually spoken of as experts as well as from people that have only recently started in the business. Letters of inquiry were sent all over the state and answers were invited from any that had ideas they cared to offer. Although it was not possible to reach all those en- gaged in the work, nor to publish every excellent report re- ceived, yet it is believed that these excerpts represent the aver- age opinion of the Washington people pursuing this industry, either in a large or small way. Besides the figures showing re- turns, many valuable suggestions are given here which may be read with much profit by those contemplating the healthful pleasures of poultry raising. Estimates and figures are sup- posed to be based on the year 1911. EXPERIMENT BY WESTERN WASHINGTON EXPERIMENT STATION. Poultry plant was started in spring of 1910 in location un- favored by soil conditions. The equipment consisted of incubator house with cight in- cubators and twelve houses on a lot of less than one-half acre; a laying house for 250 laying hens. The house was stocked with 250 selected pullets. The business was conducted as a commercial proposition, as distinct from the standpoint of a poultry fancier. Eggs were sold weekly at the regular market prices and chicks were hatched and sold. At the end of said pullets’ laying year, the account stood practically as follows: CREDITS. ETamiie Vall Wd > ab wien nretere ance wis ave eca5s 6 $1,200 00 Eggs sold (regular market value)... 2,200 00 Increase of stock @ 16c per pound.. 410 00 BOG ee ee ee ete ES oes $3,810 00 74 Poultry Raising in Washington DEBITS. : ENG LO (6 RPE BA Cui er ym, MCtn SS cat eee Neen t $917 00 Lut DOPE raatacretaews we a Ae eee oe eee 330 00 Buildin plamntroeas occas Sa oe ee 1,200 00 PO tal Patras oe ecce eee $2,447 00 NGt year en ee ee eee $90 00 BProits; 20) sy Caly.coatecater or sperianentvereec-eaer 500 00 Pronts;-sdiyear C000) tases ae a 5,000 00 Building tor, 4,000. birdsss a5 see 1,000 00 “Five acres of land and 1,000 birds will be enough for most men to handle. With such a flock one could raise and hatch chicks every month in the year and there would always be a surplus of setting hens.” D. V. Ault, of Everett, Washington, started in 1900 with a trio of White Minorcas. Being a fancier he keeps a limited number of hens. He says: “T never raised over fifty birds a year to maturity. Have now 50 hens, and 10 male birds. If I had to buy their quality, now it would cost me $1,000.00. Sold 4,800 eggs at 10c an egg last season, $480.00. Paid for feed last season, $185.60. Am selling eggs this season for $2.00, $3.00 and $5.00 per 15. Here is my idea of what it costs to start in poultry: HOLNVihiteseeshOnnsis seta ees seme $35 00 1 240-es2 incupatoncn osk . oanmlce eee 28 00 4° Philo, breeder \COOPS. sonics cane cies 20 00 1 Corning egg house, 500-hen capacity. 85 00 Cost of feed to maturity, six months.. 500 00 H. Heidenhain, Wenatchee, Chelan county: “In respect to markets we are very fortunate. Our town, with its. prosperous population, has an astonishing capacity for the good things of the world. But even in case the point of over supply for our local market should once be reached, we have in the three large cities of our state, Seattle, Tacoma and Spokane, especially in the former with its trade to Alaska, a willing market for years to come for all that we will produce. “For the benefit of men and women who wish to keep a small flock as a side issue, I might say that it costs about $1.00 per head for houses, coops and utensils. The expense of caring for a flock, not including labor, is about $1.50 per head per year. The profit derived from the flock is under ordinary conditions about $2.00 per head per annum.” Expressions from Poultrymen 79 D. Tancred, one of the big poultrymen of the state, located at Kent, King county, says: “The sale of chickens and breeding stock now constitutes the most profitable part of my own business, but I have kept as close an account of profits as possible, and when figuring all my products strictly on a basis of market quotations, my net returns have—ever since I got fairly started—always exceeded $2.00 per hen per year. For utility purposes alone I am sure that a fairly good worker can care properly for over 1,000 laying fowls.” John R. Crosswaite, ‘‘Conadale,” Deer Park, Spokane county, raises eggs for market purposes and also sells eggs and stock for breeding. With 40 birds he produced, during seven succes- sive months, beginning with January, 649, 738, 984, 999, 978. 896, 830 eggs, respectively, a total of 6,073. The value of these in chicks and eggs for hatching, amounted to $668.00 or $16.70 per bird. During the past season he cleared over $25.00 profit per head from 130 breeders in seven months, which he consid- ered very conservative in relation to what can be done. “We breed only the Anconas and have never been able to raise enough for the market. Layers well attended to, will net a profit of $3.50 for strictly market purposes, not figuring selling eggs for hatch- ing, etc. Our accounts show that it cost us $1.20 each to feed layers and 45c to raise a pullet to maturity. “We are now getting others interested so as to form a kind of poultry colony in order to better selling prices, which average some 38c the year around, and also to improve buying facilities. Three others are already with us, all with Anconas. “We will gladly help any beginners who would like to start egg work, and would be pleased to hear from several persons who could see their way to join us in a poultry colony. “The fire we had recently, crippled us so much that we have never been able to supply more than about ten per cent. of all stock ordered, and not more than 50 per cent. of eggs for hatching.” Dr. F. M. Rossiter runs the Sanitarium Poultry Ranch at North Yakima, raismg White Orpingtons and fruit. He started a flock a number of years ago with a hundred-dollar pen from Kellerstrass and a one-hundred-fifty-dollar pen from Eng- land. “The sales paid all expenses of coops and feed for the first year. In 1911 the total expenses were $345.00, the receipts were about $700.00 ‘9108 941 01 SBVSeqeIny Jo suo, A}XIG Expressions from Poultrymen 81 plus 200 pullets valued at $600.00 and 380 high bred cockerels valued at $300.00.” Geo. W. Holt, Auburn, King county, says: “When I started with poultry seven years ago, I knew nothing about the business and started on a commercial basis. I tried a number of breeds and finally decided to keep nothing but the White Leghorn. They will do better in large flocks than the heavier breeds.” Jens Svinth, of Roy, Pierce county, says: “T have four chicken houses 25x34, including feeding shed, and have ten yards of three-fourths acres each for each house. I leave the chickens in the one while I raise oats and clover on the other, and then change them every year. I have been in the business for the last twenty-one years and consider it very profitable.” Mrs. A. E. Stanford, Olympia, Thurston county, gives a good illustration of what can be done on a few city lots. She started in the work 10 years ago on account of failing health, and though she has been handicapped considerable by a lack of time, doing her own housework, she has made a success of the industry and found better health as well. “T have made it profitable from the first; I started with no capital except a few market hens which I used for hatching eggs purchased from breeders of thoroughbred stock. I have taken the best poultry journals, advertising in a small way at cost of about $12.00 per year. More business comes than I can handle. I am obliged to refuse many orders for eggs and stock. I keep only thoroughbred stock and adver. tise for breeding purposes. To insure success one must love the work and put into it all the attention to detail, the same intelligent effort and the same perseverance that one would to any other business. My advice to the beginner is commence in a small way; keep only thor- oughbred stock and do not get discouraged at early failures and dis- appointments.” J. P. Swanson, Spanaway, Pierce county, raises hens for eggs only and keeps exact records of receipts and expenses. “In 1911 I kept 600 hens from which I derived a profit of $935.92. In 1910 I made $1,019.90. I get rid of my cockerels as soon as I can for there is no money in them, especially when I have to buy all my feed and pay $30.00 and over per ton. One of the main things in a good laying hen is a good constitution.” Mrs. McClellan, O’Brien, King county, has about 17 acres of land and uses about 5 acres for raising chickens, turkeys, and also some ducks. She does all her own work. From 1,000 82 Poultry Raising in Washington White Leghorns, she averages 720 eggs per day, and sells them in Seattle. She was in business for about 10 years and has never seen eggs go lower than 20c, excepting once in 1901. In 1909 she cleared over $1,700 from 800 hens. At the present time her 1,000 hens cost about $3.50 per day to keep. In December, 1911, from 550 laying hens she sold 20 cases of eggs. Nothing could induce her to abandon the poultry business. E. H. Rosenkranz, Colfax, Whitman County, says: “While I have built very substantial buildings, the cost of which are about $1.00 per fowl, much cheaper buildings may be erected just as comfortable and practical while the cost need not exceed 50c per fowl. The larger the flock, the less the expense per head, as a great saving can be made on a larger building where there are less partitions. “Success in the business, however, requires some capital, the lack of which is the cause of many a failure. But by far the greatest and most essential thing is experience. The poultry business is like any other business, there must be knowledge, and experience will give us the latter. We all admit that the 200-egg hen does not run at large upon the farm. She must be bred up from the best laying specimen for years and will only then produce the 200 eggs under proper condi- tions. These conditions are first, housing; second, sanitary and com- fortable quarters, and third, feed and care. “TIT started with a small flock of one dozen hens and have built up a plant containing now about 400 birds, all thoroughbred Brown Leg- horns. I have nine acres of ground, half of which is planted to apples, the balance in pasture and alfalfa, enough to keep a cow, and I ex- pect to increase to about 1,000 birds this season, and with the excep- tion of a little outside labor the first three years, the poultry has dene it all, and is now making me a good living and a little surplus besides. “One man can easily take care of one thousand hens and if he makes but a profit of $1.50 per hen, it will bring him a nice income and let him and his family live a life of peace, comfort and independence.” R. L. Peck, county assessor of Skagit county, says: “The poultry business has not been gone into to any great extent in this county, although a number of our residents are beginning to wake up to the possibilities of this business and are laying their plans for going into it quite extensively.” Ernest E. Gaskill, county assessor of Island county, says regarding poultry in his section: “There is hardly a farmer that does not keep from 50 to 300 hens and from many small farmers this is their chief revenue while clear- Partial view of large Poultry Ranch at Kent, King county. 84 Poultry Raising in Washington ing and developing their small farms. There are several men who also make poultry their main occupation.” Belmat-Skinner Co., R. D. No. 1, Spokane, says: “To be successful one must thoroughly understand every detail of the poultry business and it is made up wholly of details. The shortest cut we know of in learning the poultry business is for the person that wants to learn, to give one year of his time to a good practical poultry- man.” W. C. Schreek, of Whidby Island Poultry Farm & Hatchery, Coupeville, Island county, says: “The beginner, if possible, should visit the person he expects to get his foundation stock from. On this visit be sure and have eyes open and note condition of stock and premises, also have a mind of what branch of the business you expect to take up and stock your yards ac- cordingly. Last, but not least, learn to feed what you get for profit not waste.” E. G. Francis, of Shelton, Mason county, says: “T have not been engaged in the poultry business exclusively. Nor- mally, I am able to make about one hundred per cent. on feed bought, not counting labor while doing a good deal of work not connected with the poultry business.” Mrs. J. W. G. Hanford, Spokane, specializes with White Wyandottes. She keeps a record of every hen. She has 15 that produced in one year 231, 260, 263, 222, 208, 232, 195, 224, 187, 234, 181, 210, 245, 223, and 238 eggs, respectively. “The chicken business is just like any other; what you get out of it depends on what you put into it. The hens are only half the battie. The handling is the other half. The combination that wins is good stock plus intelligent handling.” A. O. Jeffries, of Kent, King county, combines chickens with fruit raising. He hatches no eggs but buys the three-month pullets. “T find one year with another, my hens net me $1.00 a piece per year. Of course, if one would sell off the old stock and buy pullets every year, the profit would be greatly increased.” Arch. C. Tweedie, county auditor, Port Townsend, Jefferson county, says: “The main capital required to make a success of poultry raising is a willingness to follow the numerous small details that go to make up Turkeys, Ducks, Geese, Etc. 85 the sum total of the business with unfaltering fidelity, a determination to succeed in the face of disappointments, and an inborn love of the business. “Of course some money is to be desired in any business, and I should say that to a man who understood the business of raising poul- try, $1,000 would purchase him a five-acre logged-off tract, not too far from market, stock it with the necessary stock and would with care support him while he was improving his tract, such as clearing and planting to berries, etc. In this country and climate, chickens and fruit made an ideal combination, each improving the condition of the other. * * * * The profits depend a good deal on the character of the business you are running, a safe estimate of the profits of an egg farm would be $1.50 per hen per annum. Of course, you understand that the cost of feed has a great deal to do with this, and the man that can raise his own feed has a better chance to show a larger profit than the man that has to buy his feed in the open market. As to mar- kets, you cannot go very far wrong in the State of Washington, pro- vided you do not locate too far away from a town or means of reach- ing a town. ; “In conclusion, I would urge upon all prospective poultrymen before they go into business to study well the breed they intend to raise. It is foolish after you have stocked your farm with a certain breed of poultry to discover that you would have preferred some other breed, and while it takes time to make the change, you had better make it, for you obtain the best results when you are working with fowls that you really form. an affection for. * -* * #* “It costs no more to raise a standard bred fowl than it does a scrub, and the possibilities of profit are all with the former.” TURKEYS, DUCKS, GEESE AND OTHER FOWLS. Many people are profitably engaged in raising turkeys, ducks or geese, and recommend them to others as more re- munerative than chickens. DUCKS. Ducks are excellent layers and their eggs are relished by many people equally with hen’s. The Indian Runner seems to be the most popular among duck producers. For meat they can be fattened in about eight weeks and sold at about a 100% profit. At the present time a market is a certainty. 86 Poultry Raising in Washington C. H. Donald, Auburn, keeps ducks and hens on about a quarter of an acre of land: “T found ducks paid better than the chickens, so increased ducks and disposed of nearly all the chickens. “In 1911 we hatched all the ducks we could with two machines, 150-240 capacity, and sold them for from 25c to $2.00 each according to size. “The following is a fair estimate of expenses and receipts for 1911: EXPENSES. : Kalecand cabbage. 2c essa een $5 00 Corn, wheat, shorts, etc............. 200 00 Oilviorincubatines, --ve. eee eee 6 00 Other expenses, including loss...... 12 00 TOCA sco8 Eis Pian eee eee ene $223 00 RECEIPTS. Eggs sold for general market...... $75 00 Hees sold: tor breedineie as. eee 200 00 Stock consumed -% sazsaretcier ace ioe 37 50 Stock sold for consumption......... 30 00 Stock sold for breeding............. 150 00 Increase. Of StoCkac x ways. see Oe 76 00 Total recéiptss 2. sera ee $568 50 Mrs. C. G. McCarty, Route 1, Walla Walla, keeps about 50 head of Parti-Colored Indian Runner ducks: “T have not kept a connected record of all expenses, etc., but have kept account enough to know that it pays to keep poultry in this section of the country. Market eggs rarely sell for less than 15c per dozen in summer and in winter they reach 60c per dozen, wholesale. We have no trouble of disposing of our surplus duck eggs in the mar- ket. If properly cared for, young ducks should be nearly feathered in five or six weeks and ready for the market in eight weeks. It costs about 26c each to feed the Indian Runners until they are eight weeks old, when they should weigh three and a half to four pounds each. The early ones bring fifteen cents a pound and they average about twelve and one-half cents for the year.” William Bundy, Kent, Washington, raises chickens and ducks: “We never have any trouble disposing of eggs or stock. We ad- vertise the duck eggs and have filled orders for Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Minnesota and Alberta, besides scores of towns in Washington. We consider the industry profitable.” Another Friendly Family. Typical of thousands in all parts of the state. 88 Poultry Raising in Washington E. G. Vashus, Kent, King county, says: “In addition to our chickens, we had last year 25 Indian Runner ducks which through the year layed 4,557 eggs, or 182 each. At the market price of 25c they would bring $96.00, but as we sold the most for hatching they brought us over $200.00; besides we raised 300 young ducks, sold stock for $120.00, marketed $45.00 worth, and in- creased our flock to 95 birds.” John Cubby, of Tacoma, says: “There is more money in ducks than in any other bird. They lay better and fetch a good price when killed. I had five ducks last year which laid 180 eggs apiece in 12 months.” TURKEYS. Turkeys are raised in large flocks, both in eastern and west- ern Washington. The mammoth bronze variety is the most popular. They need the greatest attention while they are less than eight weeks old. After that they become very hardy and will get most of their own feed if sufficient pasture is supplied. They will always bring the top notch prices, especially at Thanksgiving and Christmas time. By applying to the State College at Pullman, a pamphlet on “Raising Turkeys by Ar- tificial Methods,” by H. G. Blanchard, can be secured. Some practical results are also given by H. E. Tuck, pro- prietor of the Fir Crest Farm, Kirkland, across Lake Wash- ington from Seattle. Three years ago he started to see if tur- keys could be raised profitably. In the year 1909 cut of a setting of 11 eggs he hatched out 8 and raised 4 to maturity. These weighed 12 pounds each at Tranksgiving. The next year out of 16 pullets he raised 10 to maturity, disposing of 7 at Thanksgiving and keeping 3 for breeding. The next year he bought a ten-year-old tom to mate with the three pul- lets. Out of 104 eggs laid he sold 20 for $5.00, placing the balance under hens. Out of these he raised 60 to maturity, selling 47 and keeping 13 for breeding. Total receipts for the 47 were $157.70 with an expense of $71.00, leaving $86.70 for the labor. He says: “T consider the Puget Sound climate well adapted to turkey raising and this season we expect to try for two or three hundred. We are Turkeys, Ducks, Geese, Etc. 89 especially indebted for our success to an Englishman who writes for one of the poultry journals. We find his ideas work out all right.” John S. McMillin, Roche Harbor, San Juan county, hatched out about 1,000 turkeys last year and brought about 700 to maturity. “We grow these birds primarily for breeding purposes, but of course sell our surplus upon the market, after using whatever is necessary for our hotel requirements. When properly and carefully handled, I think turkeys can be grown here very successfully and on a very profitable basis. It requires a great deal of patience and care when the birds are very small. After they are six or eight weeks old, how- ever, they are very hardy and easily handled. If suitable range is provided for them, they get most of their feed outside and can be grown at much less expense for feed than the larger varieties of chickens. The market for turkeys is nearly always good and par- ticularly about the holiday season. Prices are higher than for any other fowls that are grown.” GEESE. A few geese will be found on nearly every poultry farm. However, not many are engaged in raising them to any great extent. W. D. Good, of Mt. Vernon, gives a representative statement of what can be done in developing this branch of industry : “T have been in the poultry business for about eight years. I have had about twenty varieties of poultry but find that Toulouse geese are the easiest and most profitable to raise. That is when a person is in the right location. They would not do well on a city lot with no water. I have several acres of waste land outside of the dike where they can go in the water and rustle their own living. Sometimes I keep them in the field with the hogs and other stock. “T can raise them to maturity at a cost of from twenty-five to fifty cents each and they bring me from $2.00 to $2.50 apiece in the market.” J. W. Morris, a man of wide experience and manager of the chicken department of the Willows Poultry Ranch near Red- mond, says: “If you have plenty of pasture geese can be raised to advantage, for they will practically keep themselves until you are ready to fat- ten them. The Indian Runner ducks, too, will pay equally as well as chickens, for they are good layers. Chickens should clear outside of labor, from $1.50 to $2.00 per hen.” 90 Poultry Raising in Washington OTHER FOWLS. Guinea fowls, pigeons, pea fowls, and pheasants are also raised, but can hardly be considered important as industries. Of these pigeons are in the lead, there being about 25,000 in the state, valued at about 35c each. Some encouragement has of late been given by some counties to the propagation of pheasants for game purposes. ‘The future will probably see more development along this line. World’s Record Hen—295 eggs in 365 days—D. Tancred, Kent, owner. Number and Value of Domestic Animals 91 TABLE SHOWING NUMBER AND VALUE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN WASH- INGTON FOR THE YEAR 1891 AND FOR THE YEARS 1893-1905, INCLUSIVE. COMPILED FROM THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF COUNTY ASSESSORS TO STATE BoARD OF EQUALIZATION. (To get approximate actual values multiply valuation figures by 2%.) HORSES, MULES AND ASSES Year |——————_—_- No Value FLOM eres Sel stoys cillece oteie cine cpaiese 1891 . 168,013 | $6,439,733 iLO eeente ll aparaye aio sisie'l ots, s,0 (eis: 0,0 eace-© 1893 171;518 | 5,192,986 1894 . 162,933 | 3,643,474 - 1895 . 161,627 | 2,693,118 1896 ...| 155,485 | 2,361,290 1897 . 174,877 | 2,022,818 1898 . 171,985 | 2,001,495 1899 ...| 185,237 | 2,421,558 1900 ...| 181,870 | 2,399,968 1901 ...| 216,328 5,634, 745 1902 . 183,195 | 4,321,290 1903 . 189,243 | 4,342,270 1904 . 189,746 | 4,279,430 1905 . 210,716 | 6,213,969 SHEEP No. Value eseseeeree|seoeeesezreseeeiesesesesesl/eseesseseessi/sseesesesi/soeseeseese8 eeeesrereel|soeecseseseses|sesesessel/eosseseoeessi/eoseereerse/eeeeseee008 CATTLE No Value 226,667 | $3,924,118 206,372 2,980,845 190,470 | 2,190,168 195,179 | 2,414,7% 211,009 | 2,543,655 237,967 | 2,561,620 229,395 | 2,474,910 245,269 | 2,943,228 276,154 3,313,848 343,913 4,809,408 382,136 5,313, 904 380,295 6,082 ,010 397 , 267 5,887 ,085 406,569 | 5,738,017 290,021 580,042 286 , 487 358,107 361 , 286 328, 768 446,989 514,038 491 ,268 491 ,268 508 , 324 503 ,324 514,990 772,474 456 , 693 685,046 569,068 | 1,126,434 741,813 | 1,257,768 687,724 | 1,375,450 633,258 949, 493 525,770 ' 1,051,540 HOGS No Value 53,056 $157 ,917 53 ,487 187,211 67 , 782 169, 491 101,218 207 ,498 113 ,631 204 ,535 83,617 125,426 56,853 85,278 66,117 132 ,234 71,579 143 ,158 83,954 256,848 96,509 289,527 105,738 317,214 99,447 298 ,341 96,196 336 ,681 TABLE SHOWING NUMBER AND VALUE OF DoMESTIC ANIMALS IN WASH-. INGTON FOR THE YEARS 1905-1911, INCLUSIVE. COMPILED FROM AN- NUAL REPORTS OF CoUNTY ASSESSORS TO STATE BOARD OF HQUALIZA- TION. (To get approximate actual values multiply valuation figures by 2%.) HORSES WORK HORSES STALLIONS MULES AND 1, 2 and 3 years old ASSES Year ee —— No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value 1906 . 82,971 | $1,893,158 | 134,666 | $6,232,622 910 $272 ,500 4,157 $199,616 1907 . 76,658 | 1,729,431 | 142,637 | 7,197,982 1,201 372,310 5,132 256 ,600 1908 . 82,563 | 2,080,173 | 150,127 | 7,691,912 1,208 319,815 6,179 292 ,514 1909 92,777 2,491,680 | 154,947 8,499,447 1,050 323,216 8,377 444 ,900 1910 93,207 | 2,744,989 | 154,251 | 9,207,113 1,252 304,839 9,630 561, 968 191E.. 91,741 | 2,736,403 | 160,396 | 9,227,107 TL VAAL 803,965 | 11,270 643 ,044 BULLS, KEPT STOCK CATTLE MILCH COWS FOR BREEDING STOCK SHEEP = 1, 2 and 3 years old PURPOSES AND GOATS ear —__—_——_ ———. —_—__—_- No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value 1906 ...| 264,851 | $2,655,108 | 133,706 | $2,654,120 4,759 $118,715 | 489,244 | $1,101,400 1907 . 209,926 | 2,050,320 | 187,539 | 2,750,780 4,526 113,150 | 478,925 | 1,197,327 1908 . 184,305 | 1,893,945 | 148,085 | 2,926,806 4,606 93,944 | 415,661 961,785 1909 . 166,960 | 1,837,617 | 149,449 | 3,183,958 4,514 98,288 | 396,329 930,420 1910 144, 883 1,752,867 | 186,006 3,145,034 4,619 101,558 | 355,374 805,079 1911 120,524 1,512,542 ' 136,934 3,140,412 4,540 108,248 ' 382,528 776,178 SHEEP—BUCKS, Total KEPT FOR BREED- HOGS POULTRY) assessed Year ING PURPOSES valuation Sara ae ae ee ee ae En? ae a aa oO: No. Value No. Value Value livestock ROG Meare Akasa eeisrcioitre 7 ,'708 $38,515 81,904 $245, 712 $189,245 | $15,600,711 GONE SR cee Mins. seclee ciercretree 6 7,895 39,475 89,820 381,744 263.,230 16,352,299 TOS ai ers EN cic % a's ecto, fis 8,790 13,899 | 109,910 383 ,622 268,947 | 16,877,362 MOP ee yer vcrek ballet cle, cies alee 7,208 25,820 87,240 330,619 341,317 18,507 , 282 SER ase ber yorrecs t erarstea love 4,033 15,664 77,073 344,327 342 , 563 19,325,996 EO Meas tency svcdavavevcrstoce eraravels 5,677 19,501 93,915 432,656 400,832 ° 19,295,888 Number and Value of Domestic Animals SX 4 =r) ‘gosodand Sulpesrq 10} s[INq pue sMoo yorTor Surydooxe 0719¥0 ITV + “SUOI][VIS pUv sosIOY YIOM Surydeoxo TV x ZLPOFL' S$ | F86°9ST 68 | SOL‘IST 88 | 0L9°LGT LS | $66‘98L 98 | 0S0‘6F gs | Gis‘ Ir rs | gse‘c6 ss | #98‘06 Ze | S8L‘ FS TS | OFG‘° ZFS 08 | 096‘FL 6z | SIS‘ FZ. 8z | 0Fg‘0s LZ | SLT‘90L 9% | S8I‘FL GZ | FSF‘°ZS ¥Z | OZL‘S8 8% | 916°8% Zo | 01088 TZ | TLs‘TSt 02 | 096‘IF 61 | 082‘S2 8 | 686‘88 LL | OSL‘ZSF 9L | 098‘TS GL | sro‘cs FL | G62°1S SI. | LP2‘8 ZL | 002‘9 TL | 02F‘9% OL | SLP‘LS 6 | 02198 8 | OFP'9Z 1 | GZL‘F8T 9 | SOL‘F9 G | 060'8Z y | 068‘79 § | G0s‘9Z Z | OF9‘9T L | c6r‘sed on[eA Gh8‘P 098‘9 08g‘ 8133 GG0‘% SMOO HOTIN ‘ Zra‘zIc' Ts | F2G°OZT | PHOS SFOS 0LZ°TL | e96°s08$ TS3‘T L01‘126°6$ | 968'09T G09‘ 0ST SLL 082 ‘FZ 696 G80‘8z 19 GGT‘ LaG Z8S°9 GPL 5 ZOL OSF‘OL | 008‘89 098 ‘T 082‘ So 0GZ OI8‘Sco°L | 6FL ‘LT $28‘08 F98°% 0G ‘T (a3 OLZ°F 63 £92691 028‘Z OLP ‘98 eles Gcs SSL 016 ‘T G00‘ LT 89 GZG‘ PGP 918°8 GZ6‘8 GOL eer eer ee eres el lee eee eeoe 009‘T Z; Gf8 ‘CL LZS 699‘TS 8658 GsL‘T Tg 01s‘ L 66 PPP FOL 662° T 818° SP 8%‘ S 9G1,°9 CLL 068°S ¥G OFS‘ 61S OLL'P OST‘ TS 0cs ‘F GSo‘9% 67 G9 ‘GL 66 G96‘ GOL, 982‘ GT. 019‘ SF 688 ‘F GLE°S Gs GOLF 81 0821‘ 31 PPL'S Ges‘s 828 01 yy, OST ‘T j 002 ‘8% 618 G88 ‘GZ 696% 096‘T 68 org‘s FI 061 LST CGS FL0'S GZ9 O8T. j 00s*% yy G6G ‘Tg FFB G6G OFL 921 ‘8 868° 9, 089‘8 FL G60‘ 29% 0918 8oL‘F StF SPL'T GT O0L‘T G 6615 LG GhG 700'6 66F‘T $81 SI PLL OL 1ZG‘0% 18h 061991 €82°IL | 080‘@I 261 OL, ‘61 9L, OFS ‘SHS 668‘ 899° 2, 108 OST 1 OSL‘T P IS‘ 3s PIS 090‘8s 186‘S OIF ‘08 gec‘T G96 ‘6% COL 079‘ LI8 LL6‘ FI. 676 FL, 8099 S19‘ OL 092‘ cL 619° 11% G19°S 102 ‘ZS £86°Z 066‘ LT (ASG O01‘ IT 66 O1S‘S6T SLL‘S Ggc‘t9 ISL °F CGT‘ OL GLI 066 ‘9 83 GZS‘ ZS GOS‘S gcc‘ F Sep CFS L 008 j 009‘ 61 19% G6L‘FS FPL ‘S 006 ‘LT 808 OTL.L 79 LG‘ S69 181 ‘OT S1L‘8 802, G9 j 008 (6 OFS ZS Org $89‘, F¥8 008 9 0&Z T 091‘ ZS 99F G6L‘ZL Csr ‘T OST ‘9T TBS 0¢9°8 66 000‘608 oss‘ Lg8 ‘sq 90F‘F 008‘ SZ 80¢ 916°S LG 808 ‘SFL 998°% G6Pr‘°T OLT GP9‘SL Ser OLF‘T OL G¢8 ‘88 091‘s GPL ‘0% csL‘T ¢00‘ Gq) Ora‘ F SI 600‘ 88 GG0 ‘9% GPSS 080‘FS $89 eGo‘ OL 83 069°FLF 986‘), 619° 3S Fgg°% GPP ‘TL GG 0962 L 196‘ 26 8&8P‘T 082,‘ 2Z L06°% O91‘ FG 698 OLL‘8 82 OTL ‘TS LIB°S Gzs‘ TS 196°S CIO's tPF 00g‘ 91 OFL Ss L16‘S oE8‘ ST 619‘T GhP iit OSPF 9L C6F ‘0G 808 gc0‘9 109 GoL‘G +6 GPL‘ T 6 GFL 8cL G8S°S LLP ‘FS G0Z‘S 6F9'T 82 G29°S 6 168 ‘LST GOL'S o1s‘9 18 GPL‘ OL, 83% OLS‘F SI G80‘ TFL g9s‘s LST‘ TS OLG°S 056s © oF 0008 11 881,596 CSG‘ T G80‘ LE 120‘8 080 ‘os$ $00°T Goo‘ s$ SF CHO ‘66S 068‘6 ony[e A “ON on[VA “ON On[eA “ON on[eA “ON SASSV 1HTLLLIVO MOOLS ANV SHTOW SNOITTViLS SHSUOH MWUOM rN 6D HD co P= 0 Sor ‘9sL‘ss | TPL*16 |°°° °°“ STeqIOL COL‘ F9Z 9989 POOGOO OIC Aho bs fey, GG8°G1zZ 6h ‘8 peseees UBUD M, 8S‘ SS Gs. ers TMOOPEM AN OTS‘ 6L Glee “"* BTTVM BITeM CIP‘% &6 srs TOMABIAT MA P96 ‘GP S8G‘T socess'> TOSINY 989‘Z9 e89°% seers eesee SuUdAd1G C80 S6L BP9‘G eaecsieeeve eur yodg GEL‘Gs GZS |****** ~Ysturoyoug 089° SII sreeees BIUBULEHG CGR‘ OF Z8G‘T FOB OO ODOT itches (< PEL 8 08 DEM OO GOS Ta eyaqiieh toneks GLP‘ SZL 866° eeceerereeen Paya nes) & 062‘0L ivas “*2"* 971019 pued Gor’ FOS ee ceceseses dylaed OZL‘ L21 100°9, |" °° *=* “uesoueyO 612 ‘01 Tss eocececcees TOSBIL G98‘ F0G PO GE me |eeaenee OO, 88), ‘66 Gg9‘°z% eeeceesoee rece SIMO'T 00‘ 99 ZOGLC. | ee ee es TON GZ6 ‘66 918% seeesccose S819 DT Zes‘6L 969 woccccocece desqy OLF ‘621 gcp‘e oecscesneenes surly 01G‘'F 9ST eeoceeeee UOsieyor Gog ‘FL 618 eee e sree cere pues Gee‘ Ts PEL ‘e eeceseesccses query £96‘ TOL Z96'¢ FOO OOCIIT 0) (2) 14729) GCL‘ SL 616 THBH OO ohh pi foUeHCaL eee TF 1GS‘T eecccces cess AIIOT GIs‘ LIT 810° eecescece seisnog 8022S 622, eeeeeeeeen ZU[MO 026‘L9 6L2'Z sereess BIqUIN[OO c69°98 ST0'T EO CIUOGECOO Fy ach (Gg) OSL FZ GG), eecccccee ULETIVIO GOL,‘ 8S GOL‘T eceeeees eee uepeuo 91's STL verses sITBayO GPL, “TS ROME = PC22CRO0IG jo oyroe}s 209° T9 928T FORD OOGUOOGN yr iofshy Gcg‘ 18% g19°S eeoreeeeoce suULepV an[eA ‘ON xSASUOH, SHLINNOO (%z% Aq soinsy. UOMVNIVA [dyn sonyea yenjoe oyeurxordde 308 og.) ‘TIGL AVAA AOL NOILVZITVAOW AO Saquvog ALNNOD Ad GUNYALAY SV SHUILNNOD AT NOLONIHSVAA NI STIVWINY OILSHWOG JO HNIVA GNV WHAWAN ONIMOHS ATAV I, 93 Number and Value of Domestic Animals 888'C6z ‘61h 68 | 066‘088‘T 8s | 780‘086‘T 18 | $08‘88s 98 | SLO‘ 9FS Gs | 68F ‘TL FS | cec ‘oss sg | cos‘ LoF Zs | 019°828‘T TS | 096°S29 08 | 010‘°2S 62 | S6P‘2GS 82 | 082°Z21 1G | S8L°9TL 92 | 820°S6 Gz | 8c‘ T9 #Z | ZhS‘289 8% | 889‘F8 Zo | OLF ‘6L2‘T TZ | 861‘96S 0z | 998‘ LOF 61 | GLL°FO9 SL | 6FFO0T LL | L09' Ter ST 91 | 218°S8 GL | 229‘ FOL FL | OGL‘ L8P SL | ogo*S1s GL | 88I‘°S9T IL:| 068‘ FET. OL | G09‘ z99 Z99*8Gz OOF ‘FFF OSL‘ FS 899‘ TLL 066° S61 8G) ‘FLS GLZ‘ LEE OLL ‘88% 028‘ GLL$ TaN OD HO 6 B= 00 MOOLSAATT LO NOILVATVA ante A GHSSHUSSV ‘TV.LOL) AMLTOOd 9G9‘ZSts ci6‘'s6 \ 109°6T$ LLOG BLT OLLS 829‘ 28S 069 ‘ZS ZEs‘F a8) ‘S oag 023‘ 901 gol‘ zag #69 ‘Gd, LOLOL 016 TIL Z80‘8P LET‘ 61 6E8°L C6P'T eoeeeeoeereeeleor eee eee 116°S 06e‘T OIL‘ LT 86'S OFT OP Ge‘ TS 986 ‘GZ G90‘ T 688 FOL 89 LST. 66 6966 9901'S 191 9% #80‘ C68‘ T ese ‘0 990'Z CGP TIZ 118° COPS CIF‘ FS 869'F 098 $83 002‘T $LG Gor ‘6 82L‘T OLF SFL 08g°% Fs 3) oga‘T #08 OOT G8 Gos G0Z ors‘ GaP‘ q al 008‘Z 980‘T 668‘S 909 81s 09 680‘CT 686'9 TOL‘ ZL 988°% BLE 6ST 0L0‘8 T¢9‘s PISS 28S Pre ee ee ee ee ee PGE OLT. 968 coe HN on PN ee ea 192 Lz #10‘8 Z10°S oss 1g 899‘ SL 8cg‘G 18S ‘T. GG een eer ee eee owele eee ee . 102 6&8 006‘Z1 TgL‘¢ GL 08 OFZ GST ee9°6L 6S0‘F eee em eee eeeeoeleeee . 69'S 7ac‘z 988° 1% G62‘ 1, 010°S 88S ZLL°89 960‘ F8 GSI‘ TL PIL ‘T 0Z2'T 0&2 G20 ‘801 cor‘ 8g Ggg‘T. OLS Gg é 888 61 009‘ Sz PLP GOF'T seg 0F9'S Z18°T SIP‘S LoF 0G IL 200‘ T ¥68 Gc8‘Z 88P GG IL GLO‘ S0L‘Z G06‘), 6F0'S 019‘S PSL‘ T 088‘0% Wage qt 68g ‘TL OZL‘F GLE gg 810‘ 2S 696‘ ST. $60‘S cT9 02g OST FLO‘LS 919.56 FIP‘T 6LS shearers ences. eee ereeeee O8F CSS GPL‘ ZL Z0G‘Z OT “6 GZL Li 682 ‘1, Zoye0 66 PF GIP‘T £06 086‘ IL 662 ‘8 000‘T 0ZL 021 ‘68 #99 ‘0Z G68 ‘ST F28°S GZ G GtO'F FPO T 196'F OSI ‘T OL cL 629'G 682'T 61's $I¢ q T 008 81. 68h 52, 896‘ T. 982, GPE Z99‘T OF9 eco‘ icew CZs TOL 098‘00T 098‘ TS G1G‘6 ZOL‘T. 099 CSL LPP ‘FG 961‘ FZ 692° 11% GIL‘S 0614 gs 084 ‘SEs $6‘ FL on[vA | “ON on[v A “ON on[e A “ON sasodund SLVOD GNV SDOH DYNIGAHUA WOW daaHS MOOLS | *SHONT TUXHS 8h‘ 801s ore ‘F 0L8°F 6ST. Ges‘ 092 196°F 682 0SG‘T 08 G00°S 901 80'S IST 6803 S01 00L‘S GGZ 02L‘°S 662 GL 9% GPs ‘s F6L 218 0g $29°9 P&S 088 $s T00‘T GOT ocPr’s LOL OST'T zg OFL ST 28 FoG°S CEL 008 ‘T 99 org‘s 621 199 Ts OF9‘SL 1a G7 GhP‘S G8 G09 Ts OS GS 906 1g OFT 8 016 9% G18 SP c16‘s 981. 09¢ 68 co0‘s $9G 099°% OIL OLS 9% 909°% PGT OcP 61 9s8 88 09s‘ T$ G9 on[v A “ON sasodund ONICHA VOL ‘STTAA cece tees eereeeee erBa OT, sie e/s\ sie s\einie sie a s/e'sle 8/10) TTT A: were eos ee eee ose eee TeUIM eee eee error eeseene W007 UM eeoeeer eee eee ese Cover eee eeeeeee Coeeoes eee ee ee eene eeeeeeeesee CIeM BITBAA ' UINAVITe AA uo0jSsIMu,y, Ro uacince | BEE WS eo meee eo neresnvecee sueyodg ysturoqoug eIUBULeys SUEDE ODEO GEOR OGIO! Ure ners TSGOCUGEIOO ODOC soir half janets Uisivicie/s eile Sissa\sieie sis\s a" SRO OT OTE ITO OUGR OOO Cnn Cg) oho) PROTO ST ES IIT Ya) GE eeee ee eee ee ee esse uedsouvyoO Ce ee oe oe CC a) eee wee eee sere er oss oeee uoseNW uploourTy SIMO'T wee ee ee ee ee eres eene 18 WOLDS Corer eer erseesereses SBI119I DT ee desqiyyp eoere eee eee eee eee eee ene SUIS oer eee ee esses seee eoeeeeses TOSIOTpor beeeeeeeeees DUBIST reeereeeeeeeeerecsees aTp ID ti teeeeeeereeeeeerss DIQTIBO UIPTUe LT oo error eee ee eee es eons AIIOT eee eee eee eee eos eeee svi dnog i ee cy ZAI[MOD soe eeeoe eee eee esos eee vIquIn[oD eAIVLO Pee ee ee ee WeI[ePlO eeooerseee eee eee ee eee eee uvpyoO eee cere ees ee oee oes eee er eee ee er eseeeeeee cower eee ee ese eee esos coer eseeeee er eeoeseee sITeyayo u0jUued ulqOsV suUIepY SHLINNOO (%z Aq soansy uorenyea Ajdij[nu sonjeVa [enjov o}yBUTxXoIdde jos OF.) "dad TONOO—'TI6L AVAA AOA NOLLVZITVAOT @O SGUVOG ALNNOOD Ad GUINNALAY SV SAILNOOD AT NOLONTIHSVAA NI SIVWINY OLLSAWOG JO ANIVA ONV UWAWAN ONIMOHSY ATV NO HIN OOD 94 Population of Incorporated Cities and Towns LIST OF COUNTIES, CITIES, AND INCORPORATED TOWNS AND THEIR POPULATION AS GIVEN BY THE 1910 CENSUS REPORTS. (ARRANGED ACCORDING TO COUNTIES. ) Population. Lor “entire State co oe ae eel et enema eee 1,141,990 ADAMS COUNTY «22.0 ...46 10,920 GRANTS C OS IN NG ee ae 8,698 @unnineham’ 225.625 ss- ee 308 CoulleenCiiva ie ee 276 3 Pisce ea OO ae oe 161 IONIAN oa io os sc eee a8 323 Thien ee en ee 831 Hartlimev.. 0c ee eee 237 OLHSMG. Sele oe eek: ean JCC) 0) are ee Rey Amis aA 293 Ritzville* ae ee 1,859 Quine y | reverie tee 264 Nias tienes ee ere 300 ee sapsimuelsite al arenes ies ASOEIN COUN oyeee ea: 5,831 ete a NSO ¥ re ak eae ee ee 820 ES ANID C @ WINS ae eee 4,704 @larkstome 7 tere 1,257 Coupevyillet ict. cent 310 BENTON COUNDY*.2.=...4. 7,937 JEFFERSON COUNTY ..... 8,337 IRGINNEIMIES cscoosageuced Lae Port “Downsend —y.pethe 181 2 * Richie oe eee or KING COUNTY ........... 284,638 CHEHALIS COUNTY ....... 35,590 Bothell. ¢ os fe fo. sen ee Aberdeeny Sno ii sepsis ste te) rs 13,060 Tesaiqiialliy sacoieyeisce ss oes ce dean 628 Cosmopolisseen a ooee ooo. 1,132 5R(25 0 agi ERP eS as SILOS hace 5 1,908 Bilmia: caadke sata. onesie some Wirkland: a ciad. < ce cimkeeeys 532 Hoquiam: eee cara 8,171 North Bend ... 0.2.25... 299 Montesano* ............ 2,488 IPACHTOM ae cacao eee ee 413 Oakville see. eects ca enseren 465 Ren tOne ec eee aspen eee 2,740 OCOStanccs Fs Foes es 127 SERIO! Geacasogcacc ss 237,194 CHELAN COUNTY ......... 15,104 Retain prime ko a8 Cashmere Beene hiettelioise delestiolteervene’ 625 Miilkewila o.oo 361 Chelan esas weiss cecnieeneue eee Goer A ec be Se ere reer sae site, ai nicer ea eee Talkeside@ ss q5e 6 ace eroponavens 222, KITS AP COUNDY,~. 22.5556 17,647 Leavenworth ........... 1,551 Bremerton <.5 22. 4 oec0 ee 99 Wenatchee* ............ 4,050 elerleston eee era eee en ee Port Orchard* ......... CLALLAM COUNTY ....... 6,755 ems AGIOS 4-500 ooo. 2/286 ROWING Sons osos dao 45 364 CLARKE COUNTY ......... 26,115 KITTITAS COUNTY ....... 18,561 CG 1125 les BWM ic. Ae eieve ss less eee 2,749 Tacontee Ho sg a poF OOD OOKS , Bllensbure*® 26s. oes ene 4,209 Ridselicide es eae oe Host Uae ee eae ae ote VATICOUVEL Se aeicne etic GES OO ee rear eale 2 sh roa he aa a WASINOUEAN 5 Goooosueoods 456 KLICKITAT COUNTY ...... 10,180 VACOlM Rs Beare tate idee ene eat 435 Goldendale. See eee = 1,203 COLUMBIA COUNTY ...... 7,042 White Salmon .......... 682 Dayton* ..............- 2,389 LEWIS) COUNDY 77-6 eae 32,127 SHRUG OUIS= Soa scesonddaaac 761 Centralia® 05.8 ee Todd ja* COWLITZ COUNTY < 44-00 12,561 et i ee Be Castle Rocke, Stacoas sree. 998 311 cyt, eee ren 838 Kalamat. ce oe ae, fees 816 Reese musts keat ev hele saeco nen 375 FREOUSO: Sos eae Sarees Ge shcliemecens 2,039 Winlock PO Sam oe A ee eae 1.140 Woodland) 2c. ese lene Bea Be oe La ae agar Os bac ene orl ae le il oa y DOUGLAS COUNTY ....... 9,227 TENCO EN COUNTS So ae 188. Brideeporty am mises ciccuse one 431 Crest ae ee 3208 Mansfield yo wesc sche. § is ARS Geen ANI Save Gre acide OS EN > jc cone Siow eat if, 1) a 7 3 a S ae a ons hat LAY fs ai i - c oes } Fiaif) “> S yh WANs a | / i; WAGoes || hs ! ~ a, aS cy - ” ES ea ARC Ly ee Sect Zi on 2 : : ay) + BSE | ge | Ss ale Tho ND of Hat [pa WN wal | ‘i MTOM NO ce Me ~ ip a 2 Floste ee | 5 aa rE * Wash | g) faite = OZ . NUNC TNS LB D 112 & . - * é \ y n . f ; : Oi 0 sy sig) Pa ee Os le Sa cA Ch Ubi peal = a be ‘x: De a id ? ph i ae eS Ces Se S 3 y J m~ = * 4 = i Fi ‘ : j F ‘ : | = 14 a i q i } } ¢ 4 a act oy ny |