WAY x LABS APR 11 1966 J y WIL JA Gee i A ys LOX Vy DEEP-OCEAN BIODETERIORATION OF MATERIALS — PART III. THREE OVEN ae CII WS) gCHONOL Neale] st Ap February 1966 Distribution of this document is unlimited. TA Ei et U. S. NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY N3 PORT HUENEME, CALIFORNIA no. 1 428 Wi DEEP-OCEAN BIODETERIORATION OF MATERIALS — PART III]. THREE YEARS AT 5,300 FEET Technical Report R-428 Y-RO11-01-01-042 by James S, Muraoka ABSTRACT This is Part II of a series of reports on the biological deterioration of materials in the deep ocean. It covers the data obtained after exposing 1,318 test specimens of 316 different materials for 35 months on the Pacific Ocean floor at a depth of 5,300 feet (Test Site 1). The materials were attached to a Submersible Test Unit (STU). The STU was retrieved in February 1965 and returned to the Laboratory for tests and analyses, Hydroid growths were found on all the test specimens placed on the STU. A few species of tube worms were found attached to metals, plastics, and coated test speci- mens. Most of the plastics and all the rope materials were covered with bacterial slime growth, Cotton and Manila rope specimens were severely deteriorated by bac- terial action. Wood panels, plastics, and Manila ropes were attacked by marine borers. Metals, natural and butyl rubber, and certain plastic materials were not affected. Distribution of this document is unlimited. Copies available at the Clearinghouse (CFST1!) $3.00 The Laboratory invites comment on this report, particularly on the results obtained by those who have applied the information. CONTENTS page TINTRO@ DW ETI@ING penta cca tie, cecal oas Na Nemec amis ack St caure soe eee ee 1 RESEARGHPMEMI@ DSta one case ters. ele tones: trove) och se lon) Mirena pee met eins ] @ceanegiaphiicelmionment omen eae es cerearney ceria tae eee a 1 BiologiealeANctivilhyy, emma sa ccna on tele cee rere eae rete tee a 2, RockeSamples: Si Aseperes le tach thicits 520i cs. onde can tientend 2 Sediment Samplesi ak thw ecpaee & sab es cry seomdeoedont hace Si 6 Amicbicic-Precucing Menne BEcieriGs 6666565000000 s06¢ 12 Hest Mateniallsop.n tea i pau Sacer te dicta Wo hci contuch bap aL ae 13 RESUIET Suence 5 eels PROP Rig MIG MS PR IS Ue D SAS dd RE SE 15 MenrinesGirowiimont SiG ompllexcmsegiet uns teuleniet ie Rae eds te 15 Metine Growin on SIU Materiales 66 o600608se08 6b Ss bo oo 6s 16 MetallSpecinens ks o oo) Sa aR aiiins Ae seein CP ee | arate 16 Nonmetall Specimens > jatit hts AOU ORG eee rr piasie 24 Marine Growth on Biological Test Materials .......2..+..2¢.2e+ee0- 24 DISCUSSION Gico tau ien a Me cite ce RACH lasek Pacloseem te Ghee Ee cucnee 28 FUINID TIN G'S ee okec oars aegis, Gaiam hci ese o B eee edie Lara Teakcasoe cee tetar 30 GOIN GEWISIOINS. ets ct a 07 te yeileareg tena} Gatusanie) Meee ete tote eee ae 31 OUR ESL AINIS er satinis ise ne ek Dace Naste cena on at en mne tnemaT eee ane ae eee 31 AGING WEEDGIMENIS . cores f iiac te ee ours ve ss. ten acon a) ok ec tee ace kat cua 32 APPENDIX — Biological Effects on Materials Assembled on Bio-racks ..... 33 REREREIN @BSmet sors cnn a. veer caer ta sei cect casei tel tek Gen ve uci outta eas 46 i TT MM 301 0040124 ? PREFACE The U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory is conducting a research program to determine the effects of the deep-ocean environment on materials. This research will be of great value in establishing the best materials to be used in deep-ocean con- struction in the Navy's conquest of "inner space.” A Submersible Test Unit (STU) was designed, on which many test specimens can be mounted. The STU can be lowered to the ocean bottom and left for long periods of exposure. Planned exposures range from 4 to 48 months at depths from 2,500 to 18,000 feet. Thus far, two deep-ocean test sites have been selected. Test Site | (nominal depth of 6,000 feet) is approximately 81 nautical miles southwest of Port Hueneme, California. Test Site II (nominal depth of 2,500 feet) is 75 nautical miles west of Port Hueneme. Additional test sites at depths of 12,000 and 18,000 feet may be chosen. This report deals with STU I-1, in place for 3 years at a depth of 5,300 feet. INTRODUCTION As part of a research program to determine the effects of the deep-ocean environment on various engineering materials, the U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory has placed six Submersible Test Units (STU's) on the ocean floor and five have been recovered. The first of the series, STU I-1, was emplaced at Test Site | in March 1962, followed by STU's I-2 and I-3 in October 1963 and STU I-4 in June 1964, STU II-1 was emplaced at Test Site II in June 1964, followed by STU II-2 in April 1965. The location of the two test sites is shown in Figure 1. STU I-3 was the first to be recovered, after 4 months of exposure at a depth of 5,640 feet. It was loaded with 1,367 test specimens of 492 materials. The effects of deep-ocean marine fouling and boring organisms upon these materials have been reported in Reference 1. STU II-1 was the second STU to be recovered, after 6 months of exposure in 2,340 feet of water. It was loaded with 2,385 specimens of 603 materials. The effects of deep-ocean marine animals upon these materials have been reported in Reference 2. Preliminary results of corrosion of metals have been reported in Reference 3. On 25 February 1965, STU I-1 loaded with 1,318 test specimens of 396 materials was the third STU to be recovered after 3 years (1,064 days) on the ocean floor in 5,300 feet of water (Figure 2). This report presents the materials and methods employed for attracting, collecting, and evaluating deep-ocean fouling and boring organisms, and the results of field and laboratory investigation of the recovered materials from SY Hele A fourth STU (STU I-4) was recovered on 18 July 1965 after 13 months exposure at a depth of 6,800 feet. The fifth STU was recovered on 22 October 1965 after 2 years exposure at a depth of 5,640 feet. The materials from both STU's are currently being evaluated and examined for corrosion and biodeterioration. RESEARCH METHODS Oceanographic Information Concurrently with the STU program, numerous oceanographic and biological data-collecting cruises to the STU sites have been conducted.4 These have produced information about the environmental parameters such as salinity, temperature, oxygen content, and biological activity. This information is essential in evaluating changes in the materials exposed on the ocean floor, especially the corrosion of metals. The environment at both Test Site | and Test Site II is presented in Table |. Test Site | was selected because the area provides a nominal 6,000-foot depth reasonably representative of the open-sea conditions in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. It is located approximately 80 nautical miles southwest of Port Hueneme, California. Because the rate of corrosion of certain metals and alloys are greatly influenced by the amount of dissolved oxygen concentration in seawater, it was desired to investi- gate the effects of the minimum oxygen zone upon these materials. Test Site II was selected because at this site at a depth of about 2,500 feet, the dissolved oxygen con- tent in seawater falls to a relatively low value and is known as "the minimum oxygen zone." Below and above this depth, the dissolved oxygen content increases. The underlying causes of the minimum oxygen zone are still imperfectly understood. Biological Activity When the Laboratory first decided to place STU I-1 on the ocean floor at Test Site | in March 1962, it was not known what kind of deep-sea creatures would be encountered, nor was the topography of the ocean bottom known. In order to obtain some information, a deep-sea camera was lowered from the stern of a vessel (YFU) while at the same time STU I-1 was being lowered to the ocean floor from the bow of the vessel. Numerous photographs were taken of the ocean floor close to where STU I-1 was placed. The photographs revealed that the topography of the ocean floor in the vicinity of STU I-1 was generally flat except for numerous small mounds built by mud-dwelling animals, The presence of these mounds indicates that there is considerable biological activity at the test site. During the course of photographing the ocean floor, a 5- to 6-foot-long sharklike fish with a large dorsal fin came into view of the camera and was photographed apparently drifting near the ocean floor in 5,300 feet of water (Figure 3). Rock Samples. Rock specimens were desired from this area to study fouling organisms attached to the rocks, since they could be expected to attach themselves to other materials placed there. A 10-inch-diameter by 36-inch-long steel pipe with retaining rods welded across the lower end of the pipe was employed for collecting rocks from the ocean floor. The pipe dredge was lowered to the ocean floor from an oceanographic vessel, USNS Davis, and the area dredged for rock specimens. Several passes were made across the area of Test Site | at a depth of 6,000 feet, and various- sized rocks were collected. A variety of organisms were attached to the rocks (Figure 4). These are listed in Table II. 2S I \ \\ WV Point Concepcion Test Site Il !& = San Migel te 4 Test Site | 120° Uw Nae 119° Santa Barbara San : Anacapa Is. Santa Barbara IES @ 3 San Nicolas ls. WS Figure 1. Test Sites. not to scale Santa Catalina Is. Figure 2, STU I-1 recovered from the sea being unloaded at dockside. Figure 3. Sea floor photograph showing large unidentified fish (5 to 6 feet long). Note the large dorsal fin. Some luminescent organisms are present. (Courtesy of Carl Shipek of the U. S. Navy Electronics Laboratory.) Figure 4, Photomicrograph of colonial (encrusting) bryozoa, deep-sea glass sponge, Foraminifera, and worm tubes on a rock surface (magnified). Table |. Summary of Environments at Test Sites | and II Depth, ft Temperature, °C Dissolved oxygen concentration, ml/L Salinity, o/oo (ppt) pH Hydrostatic pressure, psi Current, knots Sediment VY = 340) Test Site | Test Site II 5,300 2.53 1.26 34,56 7.44 2,500 Less than 0.5 Green mud containing glauconite, Foraminifera, quartz, etc. 7 46 1,030 0.3 max Green mud containing glauconite, Foraminifera, quartz, etc. Table I]. Fouling Organisms on Rocks From 6,000-Foot Depth Organisms Remarks Six or more different species of encrusting and erect forms; one Bryozoa : Rave encrusting form covered about 1] square inch of rock surface Foraminifera Many different species Glass sponges Several different deep-sea species ; Numerous large and small; Serpulid worm tubes g ihe the longest was over 4 inches Brittle stars One found in a pholad hole Chiton One 1/2 inch long Several rocks had deep holes bored by pholads (Figure 5); neither live pholads nor their empty shells were found in the holes, so it is not known whether these rock borers are active at this depth. There was a thick deposit (as much as 1/4 inch) of manganese oxide on the rock specimens. There is a report of finding and isolating 36 pure bacterial species from inside surface-sterilized manganese nodules. It is thought that bacteria play a major role in the formation of nodules.? Sediment Samples. Marine bacteria are one of the major biological agents in the deterioration and fouling of various materials submerged in the ocean. To deter- mine the type and activity of bacteria in the deep ocean, sediment samples were obtained and analyzed in the laboratory using standard microbiological methods. Sediment samples were also obtained to determine the type of marine animals found in the sediment. The following samplers were used: 1. A gravity core sampler which takes cores up to 4 feet long. 2. NCEL's scoop-type sampler which collects about 225 cubic inches of sediment from a soft bottom. 3. A ZoBell bacteriological sampler which was modified in order to collect a mixture of seawater and sediment at the seawater-sediment interface. Samples were collected in a sterile unit and were not contaminated with bacteria from surface water during descent and ascent. Figure 5. Rock sample from 6,000-foot depth showing numerous holes made by rock-boring animals. Bryozoa (erect type), tube worms, and legs of a brittle star are visible. The samplers have been described in Reference 1. The results of the bacterio- logical analysis of the sediment samples are presented in Tables III, IV, and V. The sulfate reducers found in the sediment samples are anaerobic bacteria which obtain their energy by the reduction of sulfate and sulfite in water in the absence of free oxygen. The end product of their metabolic process is hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes are considered to be responsible for the anaerobic corrosion of metals.© Microorganisms other than sulfate reducers, are also found to be responsible for metal corrosion./78,? The number of aerobic, anaerobic, and sulfate-reducing marine bacteria was determined in the laboratory on nutrient agar plates and in test tubes. Because of the different nutritional requirements of marine bacteria and the limitation in the enumeration procedure employed in this study, only a small percentage of the bacte- rial population may have been demonstrated by the analysis of the bottom samples. The following media were used for culturing marine microorganisms. Table Ill. Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in Core Samples of Sediment Depth of Sample Aerobes Below Soil Surface} (per gram of (in.) wet sediment) No. (ft) [cen C162 | 5,300 C163 | 5,300 C262 | 5,640 C362 | 5,640 C264 | 2,500 C164 | 2,500 ORs 32 Sd Anaerobes (per gram of wet sediment) Sulfate Reducers Present Table IV. Aerobic Bacteria in Scoop Samples of Sedimentl/ Aerobes (per gram of wet sediment) 1, Sulfate-reducing bacteria present in all these samples Table V. Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in Sediment Obtained With a ZoBell Bacteriological Sampler!/ Aerobes Anaerobes Depth (Ft) (per gram of (per gram of wet sediment) wet sediment) | Z462a 5,300 300,000 not tested Z462b 5,300 500,000 not tested Z5a62 5,300 1,500,000 500,000 Z5b62 5,300 1,870,000 500,000 Z5d62 5,300 1,700,000 600,000 Z11a63 5,640 1,500,000 600,000 Z11b63 5,640 2,000,000 600,000 1) Sulfate-reducing bacteria present in all these samples The nutrient medium for determining the general aerobic bacterial population consisted of 10 Bacto-peptone 5.0 gm Ferric phosphate 0.1 gm Yeast extract 1.0 gm Seawater (aged) 1,000 ml Bacto-agar 20 gm pH U9) To determine the general anaerobic bacterial population, the above medium was then treated with sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (1.0 gm/I) to lower the redox poten- tial, and with resazurin (0.001 gm/I) to serve as an indicator of anaerobiosis. The nutrient medium for determining the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria consisted of:!0 Potassium phosphate dibasic 0.2 gm Magnesium sulfate hydrated 0.2 gm Sodium sulfite 0.1 gm Ferrous ammonium sulfate 0.1 gm Calcium lactate 3.5 gm Ascorbic acid 0.1 gm Bacto-peptone 1.0 gm Yeast extract 1.0 gm Bacto-agar 3.0 gm Seawater 1,000 ml The pH was adjusted to 7.5, and the medium (agar excluded) was placed in test tubes with screw caps and sterilized. The screw caps were tightened when the medium was still warm to exclude atmospheric oxygen. Small samples of bottom sediment from various depths were placed in these test tubes and incubated for several days at 15°C. The sediment samples obtained with a scoop sampler were washed through a plastic screen to collect mud-dwelling organisms. The animals were bottled and pre- served in a 5-percent glycerol - alcoho! solution aboard ship for laboratory analysis. A variety of animals were found in these sediment samples. Annelid worms were the most abundant marine organisms collectedin the vicinity of STU I-1 (Figure 6). Other mud dwellers collected were nemertean or round worms, holothurian or sea cucumbers, (Figure 7), molluscans, and Foraminifera tests, The Foraminifera tests found in the sediment samples have been classified and reported in Reference 1. Figure 6. Annelid worms up to 6 inches in length found in a sediment sample. 11 Figure 7. A 1-inch-long holothurian (sea cucumber) found in a sediment sample. Antibiotic-Producing Marine Bacteria A bacteriological analysis was made of a sediment sample obtained from a depth of 1,500 feet of water off the coast of Port Hueneme during the early phase of this study. On one of the Petri dishes (pour plate) inoculated with the sediment sample and incubated for several days at 15°C, a relatively clear area surrounding one of the bacterial colonies was observed, The orange-pigmented bacteria had apparently produced an antimicrobial agent known as an antibiotic which inhibited the growth of other microorganisms, It plays an important role in regulating the microbial population of bottom sediment. The 3/16-inch-diameter colony had produced a 5/16-inch-wide clear area surrounding the colony. A few small yellow- pigmented bacterial colonies were not affected by the antibiotic substance and were growing inside the clear area. 12 The nutrient medium used on which the bacteria produced the antibiotic substance had the following composition: Bacto-tryptose 4 gm Bacto-neopeptone 1 gm Yeast extract 0.5 gm Ferric phosphate 0.1 gm Bacto-agar 15 gm Seawater (aged) 1,000 ml pH adjusted to TL = 13 The bacteria had the following morphological and cultural characteristics: Cell: Gram negative rod Orange-pigmented, A lony: , Soames circular, and flat Growth in nutrient medium made with distilled water: Tides Gi geri Growth in nutrient medium 5 Excellent growth made with seawater: - g This indicates that the bacterium was a true marine specie, and not a transplanted terrestrial specie. Test Materials For evaluating deep-ocean biological effects on nonmetallic specimens, two racks (bio-racks) were attached to the STU. The bio-racks were made of 1/4-inch- thick mild steel, and were covered with a vinyl red lead primer paint. The racks held ten plastic rods, four tubes, one pipe, and one rubber tube, all 3 feet long (Figure 8). The sections of the 3-foot-long plastic rods, tubes, and pipe, and rubber tube were treated in different ways. One section of each specimen was roughened, a second section was wrapped in burlap (a coal tar was used to adhere the first layer of the burlap to the specimen), a third section was taped with a friction tape and plastic electrical tape, and the fourth section was left smooth. The various wrappings were to provide a favorable foothold for the attachment and growth of deep-ocean fouling and boring organisms. A large piece of untreated fir wood was fitted around each of the specimens to act as bait to attract and lead any marine boring animals into direct contact with the specimen materials. *ainsodxa alo feq S>9D41 J091Hojo1g ul pe] quiessp S]Dl4e}OuW {Sol D1) ]OfewuU0U SNOIID A, °9 ainbi4 14 Natural fiber ropes such as cotton and Manila were placed on the bio-racks. One set of ropes was placed at the lower and another set at the upper section of the bio-racks. The ropes were held in place by interweaving them through the plastic specimens, and then tying them to the plastic specimens with a nylon parachute shroud line as shown in Figure 8. Other materials such as electrical conductors covered with 0.015-inch-thick insulation over a No. 16 tin-coated copper wire, and plastic sheet materials were secured to the bio-racks. In order to expose the test materials to biological deterioration in sediment (where bacteria are found to be most active) as well as in water, the two bio-racks were attached to the STU frame so that the lower portion would be buried in the bottom sediment and the upper portion exposed to seawater about 3 feet above the mud line (Figure 9). Other materials placed on the STU for the biodeterioration study include single and multiconductor electrical cable materials (Figure 10), and 3 x 6.2-inch cylindrical concrete specimens (Figure 11). Coral concrete cylinders were selected for exposure because mollusks including Lithophaga, Gastrochaena, and Petricola are known to bore into dead coral or coral limestones. Living coral colonies are not attacked by the burrowing animals to the same extent as dead coral. There are waterfront as well as nonwaterfront structures made of coral concrete on the island of Guam, The list of materials placed on STU I-1 for the biological deterioration study is presented in the Appendix. Additional information about these materials are given in the Appendix. Materials containing antifouling paints or other toxic substances were excluded from exposure aboard the STU. The current velocity at a depth of 5,300 feet was not great enough (less than 0.5 knot) to carry away any toxic substance which might alter the natural biological fauna found in the immediate vicinity of the STU. RESULTS Marine Growth on STU Complex A report on the method used to emplace STU I-1 complex on the ocean floor in 5,300 feet of water is presented in Reference 11. The sketch of the complex is shown in Figure 12, The subsurface gasoline-filled rubber buoy, the instrument package attached to the riser line, and the 1-inch-diameter twisted polypropylene riser line were lost sometime during the 35-month exposure period. The STU was retrieved by a grappling operation from aboard the USS Chickasaw, a fleet tug. The grappling hook snagged the nylon line and the chain which were stretched across the ocean floor and connected to the upper section of the STU frame. The recovered section of the polypropylene rope used as an inverted catenary line had a dense hydroid growth. Some of the hydroids were about 5 inches long. Slimy bacterial growth, annelid worms, white starfish, and actinarians (sea~anemones) were also found attached to the rope (Figure 13). The recovered polypropylene and nylon ropes were examined for signs of lacerations or cuts by fish, but no evidence of such an attack was found. The seriousness of fish bites on plastic ropes exposed in the Atlantic Ocean has been reported, !2,13 Slight amounts of hydroid growth were found on the STU frame, which was coated with a white vinyl paint. Typical fouling growth such as barnacles, bryozoa, and other attachment organisms were not found on the painted surface. Marine Growth on STU Materials Metal Specimens. The majority of test specimens on the STU were metals and metal alloys to study the effects of the deep-ocean environment on corrosion, The major fouling organisms found attached to the surface of metal specimens were species of hydroids belonging to the phylum Coelentra (the polyps). Trace to heavy hydroid growth were found on all the metal test specimens (Figure 14). Some of the hydroids were 3 to 4 inches long. The heaviest growth occurred on the surface of a 1 x 6 x 3/16-inch No. 316 stainless steel test specimen. Trace to very light growth occurred on the surface of copper based alloys and manganese bronze test specimens. The surface of the metal specimens where the hydroids were attached was not affected, This area was examined under a microscope for signs of corrosion in the form of pits. When a 2 x 2 x 1/8-inch stainless steel coupon used as a spacer between a test-specimen holder and a wood panel was pried loose from a wood surface, there were four elongated pits on the surface of the coupon. The pits contained black corrosion products. Several marine borers had penetrated the wood and were in direct contact with the metal, but no pitting of the metal surface was evident; how- ever, there were red rust stains at these sites. Two different kinds of surpulid worm tubes constructed of different materials were found on the test panels. One of these tubes was made of white calcareous material which was hard and brittle. Several such tubes were found attached to the surface of stainless steel panels which were partly exposed in the sediment (Figure 15). Approximately 1/2 inch of one end of a 1-inch worm tube was extended outward at right angle to the panel. This particular form of tube construction made by a surpulid worm was also found on coated and painted test panels, and on plastic materials (Figure 16). The second type of worm tubes was composed of fine and coarse sands, Forami- nifera tests, glauconite, and debris cemented together. A tube approximately 4 inches long was found on the surface of a Hastelloy C metal panel which was partly buried in the sediment (Figure 17). After the panel was cleaned in an acid bath (18 percent HCI by volume), the impression of the worm tube was still clearly visible on the metal surface (Figure 18). Figure 9, Biological test specimen racks secured to the frames of a STU before deep-sea exposure. 17 Figure 10. Single and multiconductor electrical cables before exposure. The ends are sealed with silicone rubber cement. nn shi Figure 11. Concrete cylinder in a rack before exposure. 18 *xa|dWos 1S JO D1yoOWaYysg *Z| aunBi4 ulDYy> “ul-| 4Jafow fusIIND ALS Jaysnjo kong 1aMO| uojAu "2415 “ul-p (tupkongq) aua|Adoiddjod wolp--ul-) Aipuasp> Pesseaut (¢uDAongq) adoi aua|Adoidkjod —. | “UI-8/7 WPUl|-a} Jaysnjo 4ongq 4saddn | SSDI RL IEEE LORRI RRR RR RRS ——— 19 Figure 13. Specimens of deep-sea annelid worms, white starfish, and sea anemones found attached to plastic rope. Figure 14. Hydroid growth on metal test panels. 20 Figure 15. White calcareous surpulid tube worm attached to a stainless stee! panel. Figure 16, White calcareous surpulid tube worms attached to the surface of an acrylic plastic, 2) surface of a Hastelloy C test panel. oO <= — Cc {e) £ — fo) = oO a 2 — & S oO po 2 (Za) Nn — ®o pas 2 ay Lge i eee is F Figure 18. Impression of the surpulid tube worms and hydroid growth are visible on metal panels even after being cleaned in an acid bath. 23 Numerous stalked marine animals up to 2-1/2 inches long were attached perpendicularly to the surface of metal specimens. These organisms are also a specie of hydroid (Figure 19). Fouling organisms such as barnacles and bryozoa were not found on any of the test specimens, Barnacles were of special concern because pits could result from localized oxygen-concentration cells formed on the surface of the metal beneath barnacle growth.!4 There are reports of finding barnacle species in the deep ocean, !5 Nonmetal Specimens. Hydroid growth was found on all the nonmetal test specimens such as painted and coated panels and plastic and elastomer materials. Numerous calcareous tube worms were found on the painted and coated panels, and on an acrylic sheet which was exposed about 8 feet above the sediment (Figure 16). A spiraled white calcareous worm tube was attached to the vinyl-painted metal test specimen holder about 6 feet above the bottom sediment (Figure 20). A worm tube about 4 inches long which was made of fine sands and other materials was found attached to a painted test panel exposed about 5 feet above the bottom sediment (Figure 21). The materials used in the fabrication of this tube were of much smaller composition compared to the materials used to form the tube in Figure 17, Marine Growth on Biological Test Materials As soon as the STU was placed aboard the ship, it was examined for the presence of marine animals which were not attached to any of the test panels. The animals were collected and preserved in a 5-percent glycerol - alcohol solution for classification in the laboratory. One was a white lobsterlike crustacean with pinchers (Figure 22). The specimen was sent to the Smithsonian Institution for classification. It was identified as a galatheid lobster, Munidopsis verrilli Benedict (family Galatheidae). The animals found in the deep-ocean environment are normally dark colored, and finding a white crustacean on the ocean floor in 5,300 feet of water is very unusual. The test panels secured to the lower portion of the STU were buried in the sediment as planned because samples of bottom mud were found adhered to the sur- face of a number of these test panels. When the vinyl-painted biological test specimen holders were examined in the laboratory, it was found that the lower section of the "U" channel iron exposed near the sediment, expecially the area in contact with the rope specimens, had turned black (Figure 23). This was probably the result of hydrogen sulfide produced by the sulfate-reducing bacteria combining with the lead in the paint to form lead sulfide, which is black. The area under the decaying rope specimen where slime bacteria were active could have produced an anaerobic environment suitable for the growth of sulfate-reducing microorganisms, Except for the change in color, neither the paint nor the metal underneath the painted surface was damaged. Species of pectens and limpets were found on the painted surface exposed near the sediment (Figure 24). 24 7 Figure 19, Stalked marine animal (hydroids) up to 2-1/2 inches long attached perpendicularly to the metal and plastic panel. Figure 20. Spiraled white calcareous worm tube attached to the vinyl- painted metal specimen holder. 25 Figure 21. Surpulid tube worm on a painted test panel which was exposed about 5 feet above the sediment. Munidopsis verrilli Benedict, (Family Galatheidae) © Figure 22, A white lobsterlike crustacean found on the STU. 26 Figure 23. Black area where the rope specimens were in contact with the orange painted surface. Figure 24. Species of deep-sea pecten and limpets found attached to STU materials. 27 The results and comments on the effects of deep-ocean organisms on various nonmetallic test specimens which were assembled on bio-racks (Figure 25) are pre- sented in the Appendix. Close visual inspection of the recovered materials was performed under a stereoscopic microscope; insulation resistance and voltage break- down tests were conducted on electrical conductors; and compressive strength tests were performed on cylindrical coral concrete specimens. A breaking-strength test on rope specimens could not be conducted since these materials were completely deteriorated by marine organisms. (Note dangling rope specimens in Figure 25.) DISCUSSION From the results obtained on the biological deterioration of materials exposed on the ocean floor at a depth of 5,300 feet for a period of 35 months, it is concluded that nonmetallic materials such as pine and greenheart wood, Manila and cotton ropes, silicone rubber insulation, friction tape, and jute fibers including burlap coated with coal tar are susceptible to total biological destruction and are not suitable for deep- ocean use. : All of the plastic rod and tube specimens were deteriorated in various degrees by marine boring animals in an area where a wooden bait piece was fitted around each specimen; however, other areas of the plastic materials were not affected. Some of the plastic materials such as cellulose acetate absorbed a considerable amount of water as compared to other plastic rods (moisture analyses were not performed). A vinyl plastic tube (NCEL No. 15) lost its plasticizer or some other chemicals used in the formulation of this particular plastic by either the forces of deep-ocean environment or by microbial activity or both. This resulted in a loss of flexibility and a reduction in the original dimension of the plastic tube. Of the various types of electrical insu- lation exposed near the ocean floor, silicone rubber was deteriorated by the nibbling and biting action of some unidentified mud-dwelling marine organisms. Identical materials which were exposed about 8 feet above the sediment were not affected. Coral concrete specimens which were exposed about 10 feet above the sediment were not affected by marine borers. The concrete specimens placed at this height may have been subjected to attack by relatively few borers because it has been found that the greatest borer activity occurs near the sediment layer and starts to decrease above the sediment layer. The following nonmetallic materials were not affected by marine organisms or by the seawater environment at this particular test site, and these could probably be used for deep-sea application at this site: concrete; electrical cable insulation such as neoprene, butyl rubber, natural rubber, Teflon, polyethylene, FEP, Bakelite, PVC, and nylon; plastic electrical insulating tape; plastic films and sheets such as Saran, polyethylene, and acrylic; nylon nuts and bolts; rubber tubing (vacuum); nylon para- chute cords; and cable clamps made of ethyl cellulose. The electrical cables and plastic films listed above were exposed to seawater about 8 feet above the sediment and were not subjected to the activity of microorganisms of the sediment nor to a variety of mud-dwelling animals found inhabiting the bottom sediment. 28 "AWDIY ALS O} PEYODIFO || 14S S201 Jsa4 jO9!Hojolq pup sjauod say Bul Moys UO!}IaS 18MO7 *A1aAo00e1 Jajyo Ajaypipaww! |-| MLS “Gz en6!4 z Ba = = = aS 29 The U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory made a study of the problem of locating, handling, placing, cooling, and maintaining an unattended nuclear power plant on the floor of the deep ocean.!© One of the problems considered was whether or not fouling would be encountered at great depths, and whether it would affect the operation of a reactor. From the information obtained about marine growth on the STU I-1 materials, it is envisioned that the finned plates for heat rejection mounted on a reactor unit placed at this particular test site could be completely covered by hydroid growths after prolonged submergence especially over an area of the plates where optimum temperature exists for the attachment and growth of hydroids. Ina study !7 to control marine fouling growth in pipe systems by treatment with hot water, water temperatures above 42°C were found to be effective. Deep-sea hydroids and other fouling organisms could probably be discouraged from growing on finned plates if the temperature of the plates was kept above 42°C. FINDINGS 1. There is considerable biological activity occurring in the sediment at Test Site I. 2. Marine fouling organisms such as bryozoa, tube worms, and glass sponges were found on rock samples collected near Test Site | in 6,000 feet of water. 3. Marine animals such as hydroids, sea anemones, annelid worms, and small white starfish were found on polypropylene and on nylon ropes used in the STU complex. 4, Hydroid growths in trace to heavy amounts were present on all the test specimens placed on the STU. Species of tube worms, limpets, and pectens were the other marine animals found attached to metals, plastics, and on coated test speci- mens. Typical fouling organisms such as bryozoa and barnacles were not found on these panels. 5. Marine microorganisms were responsible for the deterioration of (a) cotton and Manila rope specimens, (b) jute fibers (burlap coated with coal tar), and (c) vinyl plastic tube (NCEL No. 15). 6. Two species of marine borers were found in wood specimens and have been identified as Xylophaga washingtona Bartsch, and Xylophaga duplicata Knudsen. The borers were responsible for the deterioration of (a) Pine, fir, and greenheart wood. Some of the tunnels made by the borers through pine wood measured about 3/4 inch in diameter. Both of the borer species were found in pine wood; however, only one specie (Xylophaga duplicata) was found in greenheart wood, 30 (b) All of the 3-foot-long plastic rods and tubes. Shallow-to-deep holes were made on the surface of these materials and were restricted to an area where a large wooden bait piece was fitted around each plastic specimen, and (c) Manila rope specimens, The borers together with microorganisms destroyed the usefulness of the rope. The destruction was complete and rapid by marine borers measuring 1/4 inch in diameter which were found throughout the entire length of the rope specimens. Some of the borers had completely penetrated through the 1/2-inch-diameter rope. 7. Silicone rubber electrical cable insulation was deteriorated by nibbling and biting action of some marine animals. 8. The following materials were not affected by marine organisms: rubber tubing (vacuum), coral concrete, acrylic sheet, Saran and polyethylene films, nylon nuts and bolts, plastic electrical insulating tape, nylon parachute shroud line, ethy! cellulose cable clamps, and various electrical cable insulating materials such as neoprene, butyl rubber, natural rubber, Teflon, polyethylene, FEP, Bakelite, PVC, and nylon. CONCLUSIONS 1. The materials listed under Finding No. 8 are considered to be suitable for deep-ocean use in an environment such as at Test Site I. 2. Materials such as pine and greenheart wood, Manila and cotton ropes, silicone rubber insulation, friction tape, and jute fibers are susceptible to total bio- logical destruction and are not suitable for deep-ocean use. FUTURE PLANS Investigation of the effects of the deep-ocean environment upon materials is continuing. Test Site | (Nominal Depth of 6,000 Feet) STU I-4 which had been exposed at this test site since June 1964 at a depth of 6,800 feet was recovered in July 1965. The materials have been examined for bio- deterioration and writing of a report has been initiated. STU I-2 which had been exposed at a depth of 5,640 feet since October 1963 was retrieved in October 1965. The materials are presently being examined for biodeterioration. 31 Test Site Il (Nominal Depth of 2,500 Feet) STU II-2 was emplaced in April 1965. Plans are to retrieve it after a year's exposure at this depth. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dr. Ruth D. Turner, Harvard University, identified the marine borer specimens, - Dr. Raymond B. 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Deep-Ocean Effects on Insulation Resistance of Electrical Insulating Materials Materials Insulation Resistance (meg) Voltage (IS ails Jets) Before Exposure !/ After Exposure2/ Breakeown=/ Polyethylene 20, 100,000 2,500,000 None Polyvinyl chloride 4,400,000 500,000 None Silicone rubber 6,200,000 850,000 None GR-S rubber (SBR) 5,500,000 650,000 None Neoprene rubber 36,000 16,000 None ly Average of 8 wires 2, Average of 4 wires 3, Tested at 1,000 volts AC for 10 seconds Table VII. Materials Used in the Formulation of Insulating Materials (15 mils thick) Test Specimens Plasticizer Polyethylene (Standard polyethylene insulation) Fillers Antioxidant Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) GR-S rubber (SBR) Cumarone-indene resin and micro- crystalline wax Hard clay and | Polymerized water-ground | trimethyl whiting dihydroquinoline Silicone rubber Neoprene Light process (Type W) oil and petroleum 4, 4 thiobis (6-tert-buty| m-creosol) Hard clay 39 Figure 26. Holes made by borers on the surface of a Teflon plastic rod around an area under the wooden bait piece. The wood was destroyed by the borers. Figure 27. Over 100 holes made by borers on the surface of a cellulose acetate plastic rod around an area under the wooden bait piece, The wood was destroyed by the borers. AO Figure 28. Holes made by borers on surface of vinyl plastic tubes around an area under the wooden bait piece. The wood was destroyed by the borers. 1 POE EL eT TE Figure 29. The 1/2-inch-diameter cotton ropes deteriorated by micro- organisms. The rope fibers crumbled when handled. 4] Figure 30. The 1/2-inch-diameter Manila rope deteriorated by the combined effects of microorganisms and borers. Two borers are visible. Figure 31. Single and multiconductor electrical cables after 35 months near the sea floor, Hydroid growth can be seen attached to the insulation. 42 Figure 32. Pine-wood panel riddled by borers, Top panel shows numerous small entrance and breathing holes. Bottom panel shows the interior of same wood, 43 Figure 33. Pine-wood panel riddled by borers, The panels were sandwiched between two metals. P Figure 34. Greenheart wood riddled by borers, Xylophaga duplicata Knudsen, 44 Figure 35. Xylophaga duplicata Knudsen, The 1/4-inch-diameter bore: was found inside a greenheart wood panel. Figure 36, Cylindrical coral concrete specimens exposed about 10 feet above the bottom sediment for 35 months. 45 REFERENCES 1, U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Technical Report R-329: Deep-ocean biodeterioration of materials — Part 1, Four months at 5,640 feet, by J. S. Muraoka. Port Hueneme, Calif., Nov. 1964. 2. U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Technical Report R-393: Deep-ocean biodeterioration of materials — Part Il. Six months at 2,340 feet, by J. S. Muraoka,. Port Hueneme, Calif., Aug. 1965. 3. U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Technical Note N-695: Examples of corrosion of materials exposed on STU II-1 in the deep ocean (2,340 feet of depth for 197 days), by F. M. Reinhart. Port Hueneme, Calif., Feb. 1965. 4, U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Technical Note N-657: Environment of deep ocean test sites (nominal depth, 6,000') Latitude 33°46'N, Longitude 120°37'W, by K. O. Gray. Port Hueneme, Calif., Feb. 1965. 5. Henry L. Ehrlich. "Bacterial types associated with manganese nodules," paper pre- sented at Eastern New York Branch, American Society for Microbiology, Oct. 1961. (unpublished). 6. R.L. Starkey. "The general physiology of sulfate reducing bacteria in relation to corrosion," Producers Monthly, vol. 22, No. 8, pp. 12-30, June 1958. 7. National Research Council, Prevention of Deterioration Center. Bibliography on microbial corrosion of metals, compiled by Richard W. H. Lee. Washington, D.C., July 1963, PDL-48074. 8. I. B. Ulanovskii and N.S. Nikitina. "The effect of putrefactive aerobic bacteria on the corrosion of steel in sea water," translation of article from Mikrobiologiya, vol, 25, no. 1, 1956, pp. 66-71. (Associated Technical Services, Inc. Translation no. RJ-606.) 9, U.S. Naval Applied Science Laboratory. Technical memorandum on project SR-004-03-01, Task 0589, Lab. Project 9400-72; Bibliography on microbiological corrosion (deep-sea), Naval Base, Brooklyn, New York, June 1965. 10. R. Y. Morita and C. E. ZoBell. "Occurrence of bacteria in pelagic sediments collected during the mid-Pacific expedition," Deep-Sea Research, vol. 3, No. 1, Oct. 1955, pp. 66-73. 11, U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Technical Note N-458: Emplacement of the first submersible test unit on the sea floor — one mile deep, by R. E. Jones. Port Hueneme, Calif., Feb. 1963. 12. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Reference No, 65-22, Source character- istics of "fishbite" damage on deep-sea mooring lines, by H. J. Turner, Jr., and B. Prindle. April 1965 (unpublished manuscript). 13. P.B. Stimson. "Synthetic-fiber deep-sea mooring cables: Their life expectancy and susceptibility to biological attack,” Deep-Sea Research, vol. 12, No. 1, Feb. 1965, pp. 1-8. 14. C. V. Brouillette, "Corrosion Rates in Port Hueneme Harbor," Corrosion, vol. 14, No. 8, Aug. 1958, pp. 16-20. 15. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Marine fouling and its prevention; prepared for Bureau of Ships, Navy Department. Annapolis, Maryland, United States Naval Institute, 1952. (Contribution No. 580). 16. U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Technical Note N-545: Techniques for underwater nuclear power, by E. J. Beck, et al. Port Hueneme, Calif., Feb. 1965. 17. U.S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station. Report No, NS-013-118: Control of marine fouling in piping systems by treatment with hot water, Summary of Progress reports, Annapolis, Md., Jan. 1952. 47 DISTRIBUTION LIST CHIEFs BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS (CODE 42) COMMANDER» NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALIONSs PACIFICs FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96610 COMMANDING OFFICER» MOBILE CONSTRUCTION BATTALION NOe 7s FPO NEW YORK 09501 COMMANDING OFFICERs MOBILE CONSTRUCTION BATTALION NOe 8s FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96601 COMMANDING OFFICER» AMPHIBIOUS CONSTRUCTION BATTALION ls SAN DIEGO» CALIFe 2N22) COMMANDING OFFICER» AMPHIBIOUS CONSTRUCTION BATTALION 2» FPO NEW YORK 09501 OFFICER IN CHARGEs WESTERN PACIFIC DETACHMENT» AMPHIBIOUS CONSTRUCTION BATTALION 1s FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96662 CHIEF» BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY» NAVY DEPARTMENT» WASHINGTON» De Ceo 20390 : CHIEFs BUREAU OF SHIPSs NAVY DEPARTMENT» WASHINGTON»s De Ce 20360 CHIEF s BUREAU OF SUPPLIES AND ACCOUNTSs NAVY DEPARTMENTs WASHINGTON»s De Ceo 20360 DIRECTOR» NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY» WASHINGTONs De Ce 20390 COMMANDING OFFICER» OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHs BRANCH OFFICEs ATTN PATENT DEPARTMENT» 1030 EAST GREEN STREET» PASADENA» CALIFe 91101 COMMANDING OFFICER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» NAVAL STATIONs KEY WEST» FLAe 33040 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» NAVAL STATIONs LONG BEACHs CALIF 90802 COMMANDING OFFICER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL STATIONs FPO NEW YORK 09585 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL COMMUNICATION STATIONs ROUGH AND READY ISLAND» STOCKTON» CALIFe 95203 COMMANDING OFFICER» NAVAL AMPHIBIOUS BASE» LITTLE CREEK» NORFOLK» VAew 23521 OFFICER IN CHARGEs NAVAL CONSTRUCTION TRAINING UNIT» NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALION CENTER» DAVISVILLEs Re Ie 02854 OFFICER IN CHARGEs NAVAL SCHOOL» CIVIL ENGINEER CORPS OFFICERS» NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALION CENTER» PORT HUENEME s CALIFe 93041 SUPERINTENDENT» NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL» MONTEREY s CALIFe 93940 PRESIDENT» NAVAL WAR COLLEGEs NEWPORT» Re Ie 02844 COMMANDER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» PUGET SOUND NAVAL SHIPYARD» BREMERTON» WASHe 98314 COMMANDER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» CHARLESTON NAVAL SHIPYARD» Ue Se NAVAL BASEs CHARLESTON» Se Ce 29408 COMMANDER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs PEARL HARBOR NAVAL SHIPYARD» BOX 4009 FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96610 COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTORs> SOUND LABORATORY» FORT TRUMBULL» COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTORs DEFENSE LABORATORY» PANAMA CITY>» COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTOR s ANNAPOLISs MDe 21402 ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs NAVY UNDERWATER NEW LONDONs CONNe 06321 ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVY MINE FLAw 32402 NAVY MARINE ENGINEERING LABORATORY 5 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL SUPPLY DEPOT> MECHANICSBURGs PAe 17055 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs NAVAL SUPPLY DEPOT» NEWPORT » Re Ie 02840 COMMANDING OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALION CENTER» PORT HUENEME 5 CALIFe 93041 OFFICER IN CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTION» Ue Se NAVY BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS CONTRACTS» FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96680 RESIDENT OFFICER IN CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTIONs> BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS CONTRACTSs PACIFICs BOX 418% SAN BRUNO» CALIFe 94067 COMMANDING GENERALs MARINE CORPS RECRUIT DEPOT» PARRIS ISLANDs Se Ce 29905 COMMANDANT s MARINE CORPS SCHOOLSs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs QUANTICOs VAe 22134 COMMANDING GENERALs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» MARINE CORPS BASEs CAMP LEJEUNEs Ne Co 28542 COMMANDING GENERALs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs MARINE CORPS BASE s CAMP PENDLETONs CALIFe 92055 COMMANDING OFFICERs CAMP SMEDLEY De BUTLERs Ue Se MARINE CORPS» FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96673 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs NAVAL AIR STATIONs QUONSET POINTs Re Ie 02819 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL AIR STATIONs NORTH ISLANDs SAN DIEGOs CALIFe 92135 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» NAVAL AIR STATIONs CECIL FIELDs FLAe 32215 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL AIR STATION, GROSSE ILE» MICHe 48138 COMMANDING OFFICER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs NAVAL AIR STATION» MINNEAPOLIS» MINNe 55450 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs NAVAL AIR STATIONs WHIDBEY ISLAND» OAK HARBORs WASH. 98277 COMMANDING OFFICER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Use Se NAVAL AIR STATIONs FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96611 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs NAVAL AIR STATIONs NEW ORLEANS» LAe 70140 DISTRIBUTION LIST CHIEF s BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS (CODE 42) COMMANDER» NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALIONSs PACIFICs FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96610 COMMANDING OFFICERs MOBILE CONSTRUCTION BATTALION NOew 7s FPO NEW YORK 09501 COMMANDING OFFICERs MOBILE CONSTRUCTION BATTALION NOs 85 FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96601 COMMANDING OFFICER» AMPHIBIOUS CONSTRUCTION BATTALION 1s SAN DIEGOs CALIFe 92155 COMMANDING OFFICERs AMPHIBIOUS CONSTRUCTION BATTALION 2s FPO NEW YORK 09501 OFFICER IN CHARGEs WESTERN PACIFIC DETACHMENT» AMPHIBIOUS CONSTRUCTION BATTALION 1s FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96662 CHIEFs BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERYs NAVY DEPARTMENT» WASHINGTON» De Ceo 20390 CHIEF s BUREAU OF SHIPSs NAVY DEPARTMENT» WASHINGTON»s De Ce 20360 CHIEF» BUREAU OF SUPPLIES AND ACCOUNTSs NAVY DEPARTMENTs WASHINGTON» De Ce 20360 DIRECTOR» NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY» WASHINGTONs De Co 20390 COMMANDING OFFICER» OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHs BRANCH OFFICEs ATTN PATENT DEPARTMENTs 1030 EAST GREEN STREET» PASADENAs CALIFe 91101 COMMANDING OFFICER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs NAVAL STATIONs KEY WEST» FLAe 33040 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» NAVAL STATIONs LONG BEACH» CALIF 90802 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL STATIONs FPO NEW YORK 09585 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL COMMUNICATION STATIONs ROUGH AND READY ISLANDs STOCKTONs CALIFe 95203 COMMANDING OFFICER» NAVAL AMPHIBIOUS BASE» LITTLE CREEKs NORFOLKs VAe 23521 OFFICER IN CHARGEs NAVAL CONSTRUCTION TRAINING UNIT» NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALION CENTER» DAVISVILLEs Re Ile 02854 OFFICER IN CHARGEs NAVAL SCHOOL», CIVIL ENGINEER CORPS OFFICERS» NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALION CENTERs PORT HUENEMEs CALIFe 93041 SUPERINTENDENTs NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL» MONTEREY» CALIFe 93940 PRESIDENTs NAVAL WAR COLLEGEs NEWPORTs Re Ie 02844 COMMANDERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» PUGET SOUND NAVAL SHIPYARD» BREMERTON» WASH. 98314 COMMANDER»s ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs CHARLESTON NAVAL SHIPYARD» Ue Se NAVAL BASEs CHARLESTONs Se Co 29408 COMMANDERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs PEARL HARBOR NAVAL SHIPYARD» BOX 400% FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96610 COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTOR, SOUND LABORATORY» FORT TRUMBULL > COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTORs DEFENSE LABORATORY» PANAMA CITY» COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTOR s ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» NAVY UNDERWATER NEW LONDON» CONNe 06321 ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Use Se NAVY MINE FLA5 32402 NAVY MARINE ENGINEERING LABORATORY 9» ANNAPOLISs MDe 21402 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL SUPPLY DEPOTs MECHANICSBURGs PAe 17055 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» NAVAL SUPPLY DEPOT» NEWPORT > Re Ie 02840 COMMANDING OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALION CENTER» PORT HUENEME » CALIFe 93041 OFFICER IN CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTIONs Ue Se NAVY BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS CONTRACTS» FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96680 RESIDENT OFFICER IN CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTIONs BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS CONTRACTSs PACIFICs BOX 418s SAN BRUNOs CALIFe 94067 COMMANDING GENERAL» MARINE CORPS RECRUIT DEPOTs PARRIS ISLANDs Se Ce 29905 COMMANDANT s MARINE CORPS SCHOOLSs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs QUANTICO» VAe 22134 COMMANDING GENERAL» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» MARINE CORPS BASEs CAMP LEJEUNEs Ne Co 28542 COMMANDING GENERAL» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» MARINE CORPS BASE» CAMP PENDLETONs CALIFe 92055 COMMANDING OFFICERs CAMP SMEDLEY De BUTLERs Ue Se MARINE CORPS» FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96673 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» NAVAL AIR STATIONs QUONSET POINTs Re Ie 02819 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL AIR STATIONS NORTH ISLANDs SAN DIEGOs CALIFe 92135 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs NAVAL AIR STATIONs CECIL FIELDs FLAs 32215 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL AIR STATIONS GROSSE ILEs MICHe 48138 COMMANDING OFFICER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs NAVAL AIR STATION» MINNEAPOLIS» MINNe 55450 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER, NAVAL AIR STATIONs WHIDBEY ISLAND» OAK HARBOR» WASHe 98277 COMMANDING OFFICER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER» Ue Se NAVAL AIR STATIONs FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96611 COMMANDING OFFICERs ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs NAVAL AIR STATION» NEW ORLEANS» LAs 70140 COMMANDING OFFICER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se MARINE CORPS AIR STATIONS EL TORO» SANTA ANAs CALIFe 92709 COMMANDING OFFICER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL STATION» FPO SAN FRANCISCO 96640 COMMANDING OFFICER» ATTN PUBLIC WORKS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL STATIONs FPO NEW YORK 09597 COMMANDERs Ue Se NAVAL MISSILE CENTERs POINT MUGUs CALIFe 93041 CHIEF OF ENGINEERS» Ue Se ARMYs ATTN ENGCW-E»s WASHINGTON De Ce 20315 CHIEF OF ENGINEERSs Ue Se ARMYs ATTN ENGMC-E»s WASHINGTON De Ce 20315 HEADQUARTERS» Ue Se AIR FORCEs DIRECTORATE OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGs ATTN AFOCE=-ES» WASHINGTON De Ce 20330 COMMANDING OFFICER»s Ue Se NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALION CENTERs ATTN MATERTEL DEPARTMENT» CODE 1405 PORT HUENEME» CALIFe 93041 DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER: BUILDING 5s CAMERON STATIONs ALEXANDRIA» VAc DIRECTORs COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEYs Ue Se DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEs 6001 EXECUTIVE BOULEVARDs ROCKVILLEs MDe 20852 DIRECTOR OF DEFENSE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERINGs ROOM 3C-128 5 THE PENTAGONs ATIN TECHNICAL LIBRARY» WASHINGTON De Ce 20301 Ue Se BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR» ATTN MRe Te We MERMEL » WASHINGTON De Ce 20240 FACILITIES OFFICERs ATTN CODE 1085 OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHs WASHINGTON De Ceo COMMANDER NAVAL BEACH GROUP TWO» ATTN PROJECT OFFICER» Ue Se NAVAL AMPHIBIOUS BASEs LITTLE CREEKs NORFOLKs VAe 23521 Ue Se ARMYs ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORIES» ATTN STINFO BRANCHs FORT BELVOIR» VAs 22060 AIR FORCE WEAPONS LABORATORY» KIRTLAND AIR FORCE BASEs ATTN CODE WLRC» ALBUQUERQUE s Ne MEXe 87117 LIBRARY» DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY» Ue Se NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLs MONTEREYs CALIFe 93940 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS» WASHINGTON De Ce 20360 LIBRARY» PUBLIC DOCUMENTS DEPARTMENT» DUKE UNIVERSITY» DURHAMs Ne Co 27706 LIBRARY» CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT» UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII» HONOLULUs HAWATI 96822 DIRECTOR» INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES RESEARCH» UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA> MOREHEAD CITYs Ne Co 28557 DIRECTORs Ue Se NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORYs ATTN ; CODE 2027s WASHINGTON De Ce 20390 CHIEFs MATERIALS BRANCHs OFFICE OF SHIP CONSTRUCTIONs MARITIME ADMINISTRATION» WASHINGTON De Ce 20235 OFFICER IN CHARGE»s Ue Se FLEET WEATHER FACILITY: Ue Se NAVAL AIR STATIONS NORTH ISLANDs SAN DIEGOs CALIFe 92135 CDR Ae Re YINGLINGs USNs OCEANOGRAPHIC PROJECTS OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL STATIONs LONG BEACHs CALIFe 90802 MRe Je Be ALFERSs ATTN CODE 634Cs BUREAU OF SHIPS» NAVY DEPARTMENT» WASHINGTON, De Ce 20360 CDR Je Ce FRY» USNs CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS (OP-09B5)5 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY» BUREAU OF YARDS AND DCCKSs WASHINGTON De Ce 20390 CHIEFs BUREAU OF NAVAL WEAPONSs ATTN MRe Te JOHNSTONs WASHINGTONs De Ce 20360 CHIEFs BUREAU OF SHIPS» ATTN MRe Eo Ace BUKZINs WASHINGTON s De Ce 20360 COMMANDING OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL UNDERWATER ORDNANCE STATIONs ATIN MRe Se MILLIGANs NEWPORTs Re Ie 02844 COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTOR» Ue Se NAVAL APPLIED SCIENCE LABORATORY» ATTN MRe De He KALLASs Ue Se NAVAL BASEs BROOKLYNs Ne Ye 11251 COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTORs Ue Se NAVY ELECTRONICS LABORATORYs ATIN MRe Re Ke LOGANs SAN DIEGOs CALIFe 92152 COMMANDERs Ue Se NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY (WHITE OAK)» ATTN MRe Re Aco BEUTTENMULLERs SILVER SPRINGs MDe 20910 COMMANDERs Use Se NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICEs ATTN MRe Je DEPALMAs WASHINGTON De Ceo 20390 HEADs LIBRARY DIVISIONs Ue Se NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATIONs CHINA LAKEs CALIF. 93557 COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTERs CORPS OF ENGINEERS» Ue Se ARMY» 5201 LITTLE FALLS ROAD Ne Wes WASHINGTON De Coe 20016 COMMANDERs Ue Se NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICEs ATTN LIBRARY -— CODE 1640s WASHINGTON De Ce 20390 OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHs GEOPHYSICS BRANCHs WASHINGTON De Ce 20360 COMMANDERs Ue Se NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATIONs ATTN PASADENA ANNEX LIBRARY > 3202 EAST FOOTHILL BLVDes PASADENAs CALIFe 91197 LT JAMES He OSBORNs CEC» USNs 415 WEST BROCKSIDE DRIVEs BRYANs TEXe 77803 MRe De Je THEODOREs ATTN CODE 145 Ue Se COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEYs ROCKVILLEs MDe 20852 LIBRARYs HUDSON LABORATORIES» COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY» 145 PALISADE STREET» DOBBS FERRY» Ne Ye 10522 DIRECTOR» LAMONT GEOPHYSICAL FIELD STATIONs APO NEW YORK 09856 PLASTICS TECHNICAL EVALUATION CENTERs SMUPA-VP35 PICATINNY ARSENAL» DOVER» Ne Je 07801 DIRECTOR» WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONs ATTN REFERENCE ROOM, WOODS HOLEs MASSe 02543 DIRECTORs MARINE PHYSICAL LABORATORYs SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHYs SAN DIEGOs CALIF. 92152 DIRECTOR» APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORYs UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, 1013 Ne Ee 40TH STREET» SEATTLE» WASHe 98105 LIBRARY» LAMONT GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATOR»s COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY» PALISADES» Ne Ye 10964 BINGHAM OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORYs YALE UNIVERSITY: Pe Oc BOX 20255 YALE STATION, NEW HAVEN»s CONNe 06520 RESEARCH LIBRARY» CHESAPEAKE BAY INSTITUTEs THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY» OCEANOGRAPHY BUILDINGs BALTIMORE» MDe 21218 MIT LIBRARIANSs TECHNICAL REPORTS» ROOM 14 E=210s MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYs CAMBRIDGE» MASS. 02139 MRe We Me KECKs LABORATORY OF HYDRAULICS AND WATER RESOURCESs CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYs 1201 CALIFORNIA STREET» PASADENAs CALIFe 91109 PROFe Ge We HOUSNERs DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGs CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY» 1201 CALIFORNIA STREET» PASADENA» CALIFe 91109 DRe HERBERT We GRAHAMs BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES» BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY» WOODS HOLEs MASS. 02543 MRe WILLARD Je PIERSON JR» DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY» NEW YORK UNIVERSITYs NEW YORK 10453 DIRECTORs OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTEs FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITYs TALAHASSEEs FLAe 32306 DIRECTOR» INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE» THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS» PORT ARANSAS» Ti EXvem nS FISHERIES-OCEANOGRAPHY LIBRARY» 203 FISHERIES CENTER» UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON» SEATTLEs WASHe 98105 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT» TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY» COLLEGE STATIONs TEXe 77843 MRe LESLIE Ae CHAMBERS» ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATIONs UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAs LOS ANGELESs CALIFe 90007 MRe Re Fe MCALLISTER» PROFESSOR OF OCEANOGRAPHY» FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITYs BOCA RATONs FLA. 33432 DRe EVELYN SINHAs EDITOR» OCEANIC COORDINATE INDEXs 7730 HERSCHEL AVENUE» LA JOLLA» CALIFe 92037 DRe KEN PREISSs GEOLOGY AND CIVIL ENGINEERINGs DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY s UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS» URBANAs ILLe 61803 CAPTe ROLAND Re NEWMANs USN» OP 775 OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS, THE PENTAGON» WASHINGTONs De Co 20350 CAPTe We Je CHRISTENSENs CEC» USNs COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTOR» Ue Se NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY» PORT HUENEMEs CALIFe 93041 CDRe Je De ANDREWS» CECs USNs EXECUTIVE OFFICERs 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WASHINGTONs De Ce 20390 NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY» BOX Bs RODMANs CANAL ZONE 09585 TECHNICAL DIRECTOR» Ue Se NAVAL RADIOLOGICAL LABORATORY» SAN FRANCISCOs CALIFe 94135 COMMANDERs Ue Se NAVAL SHIPYARDs ATTN MATERIAL LABORATORY» BROOKLYN» NEW YORK 11201 Ue Se NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY» CHEMISTRY DIVISIONs WASHINGTONs De Ce 20390 DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFFs RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HEADQUARTERS» Ue Se MARINE CORPS» WASHINGTONs De Ce 20380 CHIEF OF ORDNANCEs Ue Se ARMY» ATIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY 9 WASHINGTONs De Ce 20390 COMMANDING OFFICERs SIGNAL CORPS ENGINEERING LABS» FORT MONMOUTHs NEW JERSEY 07703 COMMANDANTs Ue Se ARMED FORCES STAFF COLLEGE» Ue Se NAVAL BASE> NORFOLKs VIRGINIA 23511 OFFICER IN CHARGE» Ue Se NAVY UNIT» RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE>s TROYs NEW YORK 12180 COMMANDER» AMPHIBIOUS FORCE» Ue Se PACIFIC FLEET» SAN DIEGO» CALIFe 92155 COMMANDERs AMPHIBIOUS FORCE» Ue Se ATLANTIC FLEET» Ue Se NAVAL BASEs NORFOLKs VIRGINIA 23511 Ue Se NAVAL APPLIED SCIENCE 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FISHs DIRECTORs NARRAGANSETT MARINE LABORATORYs UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND, KINGSTONs RHODE ISLAND 02881 DRe De Je ZINNs DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGYs NARRAGANSETT MARINE LABORATORY 5 UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLANDs KINGSTONs RHODE ISLAND 02881 DRe Re He BAECHLERs Ue Se FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY: Ue Se DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE» MADISONs WISCONSIN 54301 DRe JOHN Be MORRELL» OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTEs FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY» TALLAHASSEEs FLORIDA 32306 DRe Te Co SCHEFFER» Ue Se FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY» Ue Se DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE» MADISONs WISCONSIN 53705 MRe ALLYN Ce VINE» GEOPHYSICS DEPARTMENT» WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS WOODS HOLEs MASSe 02543 DRe Ce He OPPENHEIMERs THE MARINE LABORATORY» UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI 5 MIAMIs FLORIDA 33146 DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN ENGINEERINGs FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY» BOCA RATON> FLORIDA 33432 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY» DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGYs BALTIMOREs MDe 21218 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGYs 77 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUEs 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INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY» LA JOLLAs CALIF 92037 DRe Pe Re BURKHOLDERs DIRECTORs MARINE BIOLOGY PROGRAMs LAMONT GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY» COLUMBIA UNIVERSITYs PALISADES» NEW YORK 10964 BINGHAM OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORY» YALE UNIVERSITY» NEW HAVENs CONNe 06520 HANCOCK FOUNDATIONs UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA» LOS ANGELESs CALIFe 90007 DIRECTORs DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS» COLLEGE STATIONs TEXAS 77843 MARINE LABORATORY» UNIVERSITY OF MIAMIs CORAL GABLESs FLAe 33146 TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER» USPHSs CINCINNATIs OHIO 45236 DIRECTORs BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT» UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIAs 405 HILGARD AVENUE> LOS ANGELES» CALIFe 90024 LIBRARY» UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA» UNIVERSITY PARKs LOS ANGELESs CALIFe 90007 LIBRARIANs THE BENDIX CORPORATION, UNDERSEA WARFARE AND OCEAN SCIENCE BRANCH» 11600 SHERMAN WAYs NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CALIFe 91605 DRe De DAVENPORT» DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGYs UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA» SANTA BARBARA» CALIFe 92706 DRe BEN 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