UC-NRLF B M DfiS 15T I lo REMINISCENCES. " I write these few pages, as I think in after years, if we live, the impressions now put down will recall more vividly her chief characteristics. From whatever point I look back at her, the main feature in her disposition which at once rises before me, is her buoyant joyousness, tempered by two other characteristics, namely, her sensitiveness, which might easily have been overlooked by a stranger, and her strong affection. Her joyousness and animal spirits radiated from her whole countenance, and rendered every movement elastic and full of life and vigour. It was delightful and cheerful to behold her. Her dear face now rises before me, as she used sometimes to come running downstairs with a stolen pinch of snuff for me her whole form radiant with the pleasure of giving pleasure. Even when playing with her cousins, when her joyousness almost passed into boisterousness, a single glance of my eye, not of displeasure (for I thank God I hardly ever cast one on her), but of want of sympathy, would for some minutes alter her whole countenance. " The other point in her character, which made her joy- ousness and spirits so delightful, was her strong affection, which was of a most clinging, fondling nature. When quite a baby, this showed itself in never being easy without touch- ing her mother, when in bed with her ; and quite lately she would, when poorly, fondle for any length of time one of her mother's arms. When very unwell, her mother lying down beside her seemed to soothe her in a manner quite different from what it would have done to any of our other children. So, again, she would at almost any time spend half an hour in arranging my hair, * making it,' as she called it, * beautiful,' or in smoothing, the poor dear darling, my collar or cuffs — in short, in fondling me. " Besides her joyousness thus tempered, she was in her manners remarkably cordial, frank, open, straightforward, natural, and without any shade of reserve. Her whole mind was pure and transparent. One felt one knew her thoroughly and could trust her. I always thought, that come what might, we should have had in our old age at least one loving soul WITH HIS CHILDREN. HI which nothing could have changed. All her movements were vigorous, active, and usually graceful. When going round the Sand-walk with me, although I walked fast, yet she often used to go before, pirouetting in the most elegant way, her dear face bright all the time with the sweetest smiles. Occasionally she had a pretty coquettish manner towards me, the memory of which is charming. She often used exagger- ated language, and when I quizzed her by exaggerating what she had said, how clearly can I now see the little toss of the head, and exclamation of * Oh, papa what a shame of you ! * In the last short illness her conduct in simple truth was an- gelic. She never once complained; never became fretful; was ever considerate of others, and was thankful in the most gentle, pathetic manner for everything done for her. When so exhausted that she could hardly speak, she praised every- thing that was given her, and said some tea * was beautifully good.' When I gave her some water she said, * I quite thank you; ' and these, I believe, were the last precious words ever addressed by her dear lips to me. "We have lost the joy of the household, and the solace of our old age. She must have known how we loved her. Oh, that she could now know how deeply, how tenderly, we do still and shall ever love her dear joyous face ! Bless- ings on her ! "April 30, 1851." We his children all took especial pleasure in the games he played at with us, but I do not think he romped much with us ; I suppose his health prevented any rough play. He used sometimes to tell us stories, which were considered especially delightful, partly on account of their rarity. ■ The way he brought us up is shown by a little story about my brother Leonard, which my father was fond of telling. He came into the drawing-room and found Leonard dancing about on the sofa, which was forbidden, for the sake of the springs, and said, "Oh, Lenny, Lenny, that's against all rules," and received for answer, " Then I think you'd better go out MEMCAL ^SCHOOL LUISMAMlf Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2007 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.arcliive.org/details/derbriefwechselz01dietricli a. ^. a^r^x^ [From the Century Magazine, THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN Including an Autobiographical Chapter EDITED BY HIS SON QHS/ FRANCIS DARWIN 19// IN TWO VOLUMES NEW YORK AND LONDON D. APPLETON AND COMPANY [911 Printed in the United States of America PREFACE In choosing letters for publication I have, been largely guided by the wish to illustrate my father's personal character. But his life was so essentially one of work, that a history of the man could not be writ- ten without following closely the career of the author. Thus it comes about that the chief part of the book falls into chapters whose titles correspond to the names of his books. In arranging the letters I have adhered as far as possible to chronological sequence, but the character and variety of his researches make a strictly chrono- logical order an impossibility. It was his habit to work more or less simultaneously at several subjects. Experimental work was often carried on as a refresh- ment or variety, while books entailing reasoning and the marshalling of large bodies of facts were being written. Moreover, many of his researches were allowed to drop, and only resumed after an interval of years. Thus a rigidly chronological series of letters would present a patchwork of subjects, each of which would be difficult to follow. The Table of Contents will show in what way I have attem.pted to avoid this result. In printing the letters I have followed (except in a iv PREFACE. few cases) the usual plan of indicating the existence of omissions or insertions. My father's letters give fre- quent evidence of having been written when he was tired or hurried, and they bear the marks of this cir- cumstance. In writing to a friend, or to one of his family, he frequently omitted the articles : these have been inserted without the usual indications, except in a few instances {e.g. vol. i. p. 177), where it is of spe- cial interest to preserve intact the hurried character of the letter. Other small words, such as of, to, &c., have been inserted usually within brackets. I have not followed the originals as regards the spelling of names, the use of capitals, or in the matter of punctu- ation. My father underlined many words in his let- ters ; these have not always been given in italics, — a rendering which would unfairly exaggerate their effect. The Diary or Pocket-book, from which quotations occur in the following pages, has been of value as sup- plying a frame-work of facts round which letters may be grouped. It is unfortunately written with great brevity, the history of a year being compressed into a page or less ; and contains little more than the dates of the principal events of his life, together with entries as to his work, and as to the duration of his more serious illnesses. He rarely dated his letters, so that but for the Diary it would have been all but impossi- ble to unravel the history of his books. It has also enabled me to assign dates to many letters which would otherwise have been shorn of half their value. Of letters addressed to my father I have not made much use. It was his custom to file all letters re- ceived, and when his slender stock of files (*' spits " as he called them) was exhausted, he would burn the let- ters of several years, in order that he might make use PREFACE. ^ of the liberated '' spits." This process, carried on for years, destroyed nearly all letters received before 1862. After that date he was persuaded to keep the more interesting letters, and these are preserved in an ac- cessible form. I have attempted to give, in Chapter III., some ac count of his manner of working. During the last eight years of his Ufe I acted as his assistant, and thus had an opportunity of knowing something of his hab- its and methods. I have received much help from my friends in the course of my work. To some I am indebted for rem- iniscences of my father, to others for information, crit- icisms, and advice. To all these kind coadjutors I gladly acknowledge my indebtedness. The names of some occur in connection with their contributions, but I do not name those to whom I am indebted for criti- cisms or corrections, because 1 should wish to bear alone the load of my short-comings, rather than to let any of it fall on those who have done their best to lighten it. It will be seen how largely I am indebted to Sir Joseph Hooker for the means of illustrating my father's life. The readers of these pages will, I think, be grateful to Sir Joseph for the care with which he has preserved his valuable collection of letters, and I should wish to add my acknowledgment of the gen- erosity with which he has placed it at my disposal, and for the kindly encouragement given throughout my work. To Mr. Huxley I owe a debt of thanks, not only for much kind help, but for his willing compliance with my request that he should contribute a chapter on the reception of the ' Origin of Species.* Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the cour- Vi PREFACE. tesy of the publishers of the ' Century Magazine ' who have freely given me the use of their illustrations. To Messrs. Maull and Fox and Messrs. Elliott and Fry I am also indebted for their kindness in allowing me the use of reproductions of their photographs. Francis Darwin. Cambridge, October, 1887. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGB I. — The Darwin Family i II. — Autobiography - ^5 III.— Reminiscences \ . . .87 LETTERS. IV. — Cambridge Life — 1828-1831 139 V. — The Appointment to the 'Beagle' — 1831 . . .160 VI.— The Voyage— 1831-1836 191 VIL— London and Cambridge— 1836-1842 243 VIIL— Religion 274 IX.— Life at Down— i 842-1854 287 X. — The Growth of the 'Origin of Species* . . .363 XL— The Growth of the 'Origin of Species '—Letters— 1843-1856 .380 XII.— The Unfinished Book— May 1856-JuNE 1858 . . .426 XIIL— The Writing of the 'Origin of Species'— June 18, 1858-N0V. 1859 472 XIV.— Professor Huxley on the Reception of the 'Origin of Species' 533 viii CONTENTS. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Charles Darwin in 1874 (?). From the ' Century Magazine.' The photograph by Captain L. Darwin, R. E. . Frontispiece. The House at Down. From the 'Century Magazine' Face p. 87 The Study at Down. From the 'Century Magazine' . . loi The Beagle laid ashore 160 LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN CHAPTER I. THE DARWIN FAMILY. The earliest records of the family show the Darwins to have been substantial yeomen residing on the northern hdr- ders of Lincolnshire, close to Yorkshire. The name is now- very unusual in England, but I believe that it is not unknown in the neighbourhood of Sheffield and in Lancashire. Down to the year 1600 we find the name spelt in a variety of ways — Derwent, Darwen, Darwynne, &c. It is possible, therefore, that the family migrated at some unknown date from York- shire, Cumberland, or Derbyshire, where Derwent occurs as the name of a river. The first ancestor of whom we know was one William Darwin, who lived,, about the year 1500, at Marton, near Gainsborough. His great grandson, Richard Darwyn, in- herited land at Marton and elsewhere, and in his will, dated 1584, " bequeathed the sum of 3^. 4^. towards the settyngeup of the Queene's Majestie's armes over the quearie (choir) doore in the parishe churche of Marton." * The son of this Richard, named William Darwin, and * We owe a knowledge of these earlier members of the family to re- searches amongst the wills at Lincoln, made by the well-known genealo- gist, Colonel Chester. 2 THE DARWIN FAMILY. described as " gentleman," appears to have been a successful man. Whilst retaining his ancestral land at Marton, he ac- quired through his wife and by purchase an estate at Cleat- ham, in the parish of Manton, near Kirton Lindsey, and fixed his residence there. This estate remained in the family down to the year 1760. A cottage with thick walls, some fish-ponds and old trees, now alone show where the " Old Hall " once stood, and a field is still locally known as the " Darwin Charity," from being subject to a charge in favour of the poor of Marton. William Darwin must, at least in part, have owed his rise in station to his appointment in 16 13 by James I. to the post of Yeoman of the Royal Armoury of Greenwich. The office appears to have been worth only ^t^t, a year, and the duties were probably almost nominal ; he held the post down to his death during the Civil Wars. The fact that this William was a royal servant may explain why his son, also named William, served when almost a boy for the King, as " Captain-Lieutenant " in Sir William Pel- ham's troop of horse. On the partial dispersion of the royal armies, and the retreat of the remainder to Scotland, the boy's estates were sequestrated by the Parliament, but they were redeemed on his signing the Solemn League and Cove- nant, and on his paying a fine which must have struck his finances severely ; for in a petition to Charles IL he speaks of his almost utter ruin from having adhered to the royal cause. During the Commonwealth, William Darwin became a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, and this circumstance probably led to his marriage with the daughter of Erasmus Earle, serjeant- at-law ; hence his great-grandson, Erasmus Darwin, the Poet, derived his Christian name. He ultimately became Recorder of the city of Lincoln, The eldest son of the Recorder, again called William, was born in 1655, and married the heiress of Robert Waring, a member of a good Staffordshire family. This lady inherited from the family of Lassells, or Lascelles, the manor and hall of Elston, near Newark, which has remained ever since in the THE DARWIN FAMILY. ^ family.* A portrait of this William Darwin at Elston shows him as a good-looking young man in a full-bottomed wig. This third William had two sons, William, and Robert who was educated as a barrister. The Cleatham property was left to William, but on the termination of his line in daughters reverted to the younger brother, who had received Elston. On his mother's death Robert gave up his profession and resided ever afterwards at Elston Hall. Of this Robert, Charles Darwin writes f :— " He seems to have had some taste for science, for he was an early member of the well-known Spalding Club ; and the celebrated antiquary Dr. Stukeley, in 'An Account of the almost entire Sceleton of a large Animal,' &c., published in the 'Philosophical Transactions,' April and May 1719, begins the paper as follows : * Having an account from my friend Robert Darwin, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn, a person of curiosity, of a human sceleton impressed in stone, found lately by the rector of Elston,' &c. Stukeley then speaks of it as a great rarity, ' the like whereof has not been observed before in this island to my knowledge.* Judging from a sort of litany written by Robert, and handed down in the family, he was a strong advocate of temperance, which his son ever afterwards so strongly advocated : — From a morning that doth shine, From a boy that drinketh wine, From a wife that talketh Latine, Good Lord deliver me ! * Captain Lassells, or Lascelles, of Elston was military secretary to Monk, Duke of Albemarle, during the Civil Wars. A large volume of account books, countersigned in many places by Monk, are now in the possession of my cousin Francis Darwin. The accounts might possibly prove of interest to the antiquarian or historian. A portrait of Captain I>assells in armour, although used at one time as an archery-target by some small boys of our name, was not irretrievably ruined. f What follows is quoted from Charles Darwin's biography of his grand- father, forming the preliminary notice to Ernst Krause's interesting essay, * Erasmus Darwin,' London, 1879, p. 4. 4 THE DARWIN FAMILY. " It is suspected that the third line may be accounted for by his wife, the mother of Erasmus, having been a very learned lady. The eldest son of Robert, christened Robert Waring, succeeded to the estate of Elston, and died there at the age of ninety-two, a bachelor. He had a strong taste for poetry, like his youngest brother Erasmus. Robert also cultivated botany, and, when an oldish man, he published his * Principia Botanica.' This book in MS. was beautifully written, and my father [Dr. R. W. Darwin] declared that he believed it was published because his old uncle could not endure that such fine caligraphy should be wasted. But this was hardly just, as the work contains many curious notes on biology — a subject wholly neglected in England in the last century. The public, moreover, appreciated the book, as the copy in my possession is the third edition." The second son, William Alvey, inherited Elston, and transmitted it to his granddaughter, the late Mrs. Darwin, of Elston and Creskeld. A third son, John, became rector of Elston, the living being in the gift of the family. The fourth son, and youngest child, was Erasmus Darwin, the poet and philosopher. The table on page 5 shows Charles Darwin's descent from Robert, and his relationship to some other members of the family, whose names occur in his correspondence. Among these are included William Darwin Fox, one of his earliest correspondents, and Francis Galton, with whom he main- tained a warm friendship for many years. Here also occurs the name of Francis Sacheverel Darwin, who inherited a love of natural history from Erasmus, and transmitted it to his son Edward Darwin, author (under the name of " High Elms ") of a 'Gamekeeper's Manual' (4th Edit. 1863), which shows keen observation of the habits of various animals. It is always interesting to see how far a man's personal characteristics can be traced in his forefathers. Charles Dar- win inherited the tall stature, but not the bulky figure of Erasmus ; but in his features there is no traceable resem- blance to those of his grandfather. Nor, it appears, had TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP. W . ^; ^ %" M H . n o w •-0 O "Ti CO I' CO W •r CO -^ 5 N > M .2 N '^2 xi ^_ o .52 oo -g-sl, o ^ > i-!h u^ r». 6 CO ps; X < s X -.S ^ (5« PhO y: ri O .- r*- ^ -^ Opt, 2^ < ^ Pi o oo C« M W > ►J N PS w <; . 6 THE DARWIN FAMILY. Erasmus the love of exercise and of field-sports, so character^ istic of Charles Darwin as a young man, though he had, like his grandson, an indomitable love of hard mental work. Be- nevolence and sympathy with others, and a great personal charm of manner, were common to the two. Charles Darwin possessed, in the highest degree, that " vividness of imagina- tion " of which he speaks as strongly characteristic of Eras- mus, and as leading ''to his overpowering tendency to theo- rise and generalise." This tendency, in the case of Charles Darwin, was fully kept in check by the determination to test his theories to the utmost. Erasmus had a strong love of all kinds of mechanism, for which Charles Darwin had no taste. Neither had Charles Darwin the literary temperament which made Erasmus a poet as well as a philosopher. He writes of Erasmus : * " Throughout his letters I have been struck with his indifference to fame, and the complete absence of all signs of any over-estimation of his own abilities, or of the success of his works." These, indeed, seein indications of traits most strikingly prominent in his own character. Yet we get no evidence in Erasmus of the intense modesty and simplicity that marked Charhs Darwin's whole nature. But by the quick bursts of anger provoked in Erasmus, at the sight of any inhumanity or injustice, we are again reminded of him. On the whole, however, it seems to me that we do not know enough of the essential personal tone of Erasmus Dar- win's character to attempt more than a superficial compari- son ; and I am left with an impression that, in spite of many resemblances, the two men were of a different type. It has been shown that Miss Seward and Mrs. Schimmelpenninck have misrepresented Erasmus Darwin's character.! It is, however, extremely probable that the faults which they exag- gerate were to some extent characteristic of the man ; and this leads me to think that Erasmus had a certain acerbity or severity of temper which did not exist in his grandson. * ' Life of Erasmus Darwin,' p. 68. f Ibid., pp. 77, 79. &c. ERASMUS DARWIN. ^ The sons of Erasmus Darwin inherited in some degree his intellectual tastes, for Charles Darwin writes of them as fol- lows : "His eldest son, Charles (born September 3, 1758), was a young man of extraordinary promise, but died (May 15, 1778) before he was twenty-one years old, from the effects of a wound received whilst dissecting the brain of a child. He inherited from his father a strong taste for various branches of science, for writing verses, and for mechanics. ... He also inherited stammering. With the hope of curing him, his father sent him to France, when about eight years old (1766- '67), with a private tutor, thinking that if he was not allowed to speak English for a time, the habit of stammering might be lost; and it is a curious fact, that in after years, when speaking French, he never stammered. At a very early age he collected specimens of all kinds. When sixteen years old he was sent for a year to [Christ Church] Oxford, but he did not like the place, and thought (in the words of his father) that the * vigour of his mind languished in the pursuit of clas- sical elegance like Hercules at the distaff, and sighed to be removed to the robuster exercise of the medical school of Edinburgh.' He stayed three years at Edinburgh, working hard at his medical studies, and attending 'with diligence all the sick poor of the parish of Waterleith, and supplying them with the necessary medicines.' The ^sculapian Society awarded him its first gold medal for an experimental inquiry on pus and mucus. Notices of him appeared in various jour- nals ; and all the writers agree about his uncommon energy and abilities. He seems like his father to have excited the warm affection of his friends. Professor Andrew Duncan . . . . spoke .... about him with the warmest affection forty-seven years after his death when I was a young medical student at Edinburgh .... "About the character of his second son, Erasmus (born 1759), I have little to say, for though he wrote poetry, he seems to have had none of the other tastes of his father. He had, however, his own peculiar tastes, viz., genealogy, the col- 2 8 THE DARWIN FAMILY. iecHng of coins, and statistics. When a boy he counted all the houses in the city of Lichfield, and found out the num- ber of inhabitants in as many as he could ; he thus made a census, and when a real one was first made, his estimate was found to be nearly accurate. His disposition was quiet and retiring. My father had a very high opinion of his abilities, and this was probably just, for he would not otherwise have been invited to travel with, and pay long visits to, men so dis- tinguished in different ways as Boulton the engineer, and Day the moralist and novelist." His death by suicide, in 1799, seems to have taken place in a state of incipient insanity. Robert Waring, the father of Charles Darwin, was born May 30, 1766, and entered the medical profession like his father. He studied for a few months at Leyden, and took his M. D.* at that University on Feb. 26, 1785. " His father " (Erasmus) " brought f him to Shrewsbury before he was twenty-one years old (1787), and left him ^£"20, saying, 'Let me know when you want more, and I will send it you.' His uncle, the rector of Elston, afterwards also sent him ;£'2o, and this was the sole pecuniary aid which he ever received . . . Erasmus tells Mr. Edgeworth that his son Robert, after being settled in Shrewsbury for only six months, * already had between forty and fifty patients.* By the second year he was in considerable, and ever afterwards in very large, practice." * * I owe this information to the kindness of Professor Rauwenhoflf, Di- rector of the Archives at Leyden. He quotes from the catalogue of doc- tors that " Robertus Waring Darwin, Anglo-britannus," defended (Feb. 26, 1785) in the Senate a Dissertation on the coloured images seen after looking at a bright object, and " Medicinse Doctor creatus est a clar. Para- dijs." The archives of Leyden University are so complete that Professor Rauwenhoflf is able to tell me that my grandfather lived together with a certain '* Petrus Crompton, Anglus," in lodgings in the Apothekersdijk. Dr. Darwin's Leyden dissertation was published in the * Philosophical Transactions,' and my father used to say that the work was in fact due to Erasmus Darwin.— F. D. f ' Life of Erasmus Darwin/ p. 85. DR. R. W. DARWIN. g Robert Waring Darwin married (April i8, 1796) Susannah, the daughter of his father's friend, Josiah Wedgwood, of Etruria, then in her thirty-second year. We have a miniature of her, with a remarkably sweet and happy face, bearing some resemblance to the portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds of her father ; a countenance expressive of the gentle and sympathetic nature which Miss Meteyard ascribes to her.* She died July 15, 1817, thirty-two years before her husband, whose death occurred on November 13, 1848. Dr. Darwin lived before his marriage for two or three years on St. John's Hill ; after- wards at the Crescent, where his eldest daughter Marianne was born ; lastly at the " Mount," in the part of Shrewsbury known as Frankwell, where the other children were born. This house was built by Dr. Darwin about 1800, it is now in the possession of Mr. Spencer Phillips, and has undergone but little alteration. It is a large, plain, square, red-brick house, of which the most attractive feature is the pretty green-house, opening out of the morning-room. The house is charmingly placed, on the top of a steep bank leading down to the Severn. The terraced bank is traversed by a long walk, leading from end to end, still called "the Doctor's Walk." At one point in this walk grows a Spanish chestnut, the branches of which bend back parallel to them- selves in a curious manner, and this was Charles Darwin's favourite tree as a boy, where he and his sister Catherine had each their special seat. The Doctor took a great pleasure in his garden, plantin^^ it with ornamental trees and shrubs, and being especially suc- cessful in fruit-trees ; and this love of plants was, I think, the only taste kindred to natural history which he possessed. Of the "Mount pigeons," which Miss Meteyard describes as illus- trating Dr. Darwin's natural-history taste, I have not been able to hear from those most capable of knowing. Miss Meteyard's account of him is not quite accurate in a few points. For instance, it is incorrect to describe Dr. Darwin * * A Group of Englishmen,' by Miss Meteyard, 1871. lO THE DARWIN FAMILY. as having a philosophical mind ; his was a mind especially given to detail, and not to generalising. Again, those who knew him intimately describe him as eating remarkably little, so that he was not " a great feeder, eating a goose for his din- ner, as easily as other men do a partridge."* In the matter of dress he was conservative, and wore to the end of his life knee-breeches and drab gaiters, which, however, certainly did not, as Miss Meteyard says, button above the knee — a form of costume chiefly known to us in grenadiers of Queen Anne's day, and in modern wood-cutters and ploughboys. Charles Darwin had the strongest feeling of love and re- spect for his father's memory. His recollection of everything that was connected with him was peculiarly distinct, and he spoke of him frequently; generally prefacing an anecdote with some such phrase as, " My father, who was the wisest man I ever knew, &c. . . ." It was astonishing how clearly he remembered his father's opinions, so that he was able to quote some maxims or hint of his in most cases of illness. As a rule, he put small faith in doctors, and thus his unlim- ited belief in Dr. Darwin's medical instinct and methods of treatment was all the more striking. His reverence for him was boundless and most touching. He would have wished to judge everything else in the world dispassionately, but anything his father had said was received with almost implicit faith. His daughter Mrs. Litchfield re- members him saying that he hoped none of his sons would ever believe anything because he said it, unless they were themselves convinced of its truth, — a feeling in striking con- trast with his own manner of faith. A visit which Charles Darwin made to Shrewsbury in 1869 left on the mind of his daughter who accompanied him a strong impression of his love for his old home. The then tenant of the Mount showed them over the house, &c., and with mistaken hospitality remained with the party during the whole visit. As they were leaving, Charles Darwin said, with * ' A Group of Englishmen,' p. 263. DR. R. W. DARWIN. jj a pathetic look of regret, " If I could have been left alone in that green-house for five minutes, I know I should have been able to see my father in his wheel-chair as vividly as if he had been there before me." Perhaps this incident shows what I think is the truth, that the memory of his father he loved the best, was that of him as an old man. Mrs. Litchfield has noted down a few words which illustrate well his feeling towards his father. She de- scribes him as saying with the most tender respect, " I think my father was a little unjust to me when I was young, but afterwards I am thankful to think I became a prime favourite with him." She has a vivid recollection of the expression of happy reverie that accompanied these words, as if he were reviewing the whole relation, and the remembrance left a deep sense of peace and gratitude. What follows was added by Charles Darwin to his auto- biographical * Recollections,' and was written about 1877 or 1878. '' I may here add a few pages about my father, who was in many ways a remarkable man. " He was about 6 feet 2 inches in height, with broad shoulders, and very corpulent, so that he was the largest man whom I ever saw. When he last weighed himself, he was 24 stone, but afterwards increased much in weight. His chief mental characteristics were his powers of observation and his sympathy, neither of which have I ever seen exceeded or even equalled. His sympathy was not only with the dis- tresses of others, but in a greater degree with the pleasures of all around him. This led him to be always scheming to give pleasure to others, and, though hating extravagance, to perform many generous actions. For instance, Mr. B , a small manufacturer in Shrewsbury, came to him one day, and said he should be bankrupt unless he could at once borrow ;£i 0,000, but that he was unable to give any legal security. My father heard his reasons for believing that he could ulti- mately repay the money, and from [his] intuitive perception 12 THE DARWIN FAMILY. of character felt sure that he was to be trusted. So he ad- vanced this sum, which was a very large one for him while young, and was after a time repaid. " I suppose that it was his sympathy which gave him un- bounded power of winning confidence, and as a consequence made him highly successful as a physician. He began to practise before he was twenty-one years old, and his fees during the first year paid for the keep of two horses and a servant. On the following year his practice was large, and so continued for about sixty years, when he ceased to attend on any one. His great success as a doctor was the more remarkable, as he told me that he at first hated his profession so much that if he had been sure of the smallest pittance, or if his father had given him any choice, nothing should have induced him to follow it. To the end of his life, the thought of an operation almost sickened him, and he could scarcely endure to see a person bled — a horror which he has trans- mitted to me — and I remember the horror which I felt as a schoolboy in reading about Pliny (I think) bleeding to death in a warm bath. . . . *' Owing to my father's power of winning confidence, many patients, especially ladies, consulted him when suffering from any misery, as a sort of Father-Confessor. He told me that they always began by complaining in a vague manner about their health, and by practice he soon guessed what was really the matter. He then suggested that they had been suffering in their minds, and now they would pour out their troubles, and he heard nothing more about the body. . . . Owing to my father's skill in winning confidence he received many strange confessions of misery and guilt. He often remarked how many miserable wives he had known. In several in- stances husbands and wives had gone on pretty well to- gether for between twenty and thirty years, and then hated each other bitterly ; this he attributed to their hav ing lost a common bond in their young children having grown up. '* But the most remarkable power which my father pos- DR. R. W. DARWIN. I^ sessed was that of reading the characters, and even the thoughts of those whom he saw even for a short time. We had many instances of the power, some of which seemed almost supernatural. It saved my father from ever making (with one exception, and the character of this man was soon discovered) an unworthy friend. A strange clergyman came to Shrewsbury, and seemed to be a rich man ; everybody called on him, and he was invited to many houses. My father called, and on his return home told my sisters on no account to invite him or his family to our house ; for he felt sure that the man was not to be trusted. After a few months he suddenly bolted, being heavily in debt, and was found out to be little better than an habitual swindler. Here is a case of trustfulness which not many men would have ventured on. An Irish gentleman, a complete stranger, called on my father one day, and said that he had lost his purse, and that it would be a serious inconvenience to him to wait in Shrews- bury until he could receive a remittance from Ireland. He then asked my father to lend him ;£"2o, which was immedi- ately done, as my father felt certain that the story was a true one. As soon as a letter could arrive from Ireland, one came with the most profuse thanks, and enclosing, as he said, a ;^2o Bank of England note, but no note was enclosed. I asked my father whether this did not stagger him, but he an- swered * not in the least.' On the next day another letter came with many apologies for having forgotten (like a true Irishman) to put the note into his letter of the day before. ... [A gentleman] brought his nephew, who was insane but quite gentle, to my father ; and the young man's insanity led him to accuse himself of all the crimes under heaven. When my father afterwards talked over the matter with the uncle, he. said, *I am sure that your nephew is really guilty of . . . a heinous crime.' Whereupon [the gentleman] said, * Good God, Dr. Darwin, who told you ; we thought that no human being knew the fact except ourselves ! * My father told me the story many years after the event, and I asked him how he distinguished the true from the false self-accusations ; and 14 THE DARWIN FAMILY. it was very characteristic of my father that he said he could not explain how it was. " The following story shows what good guesses my father could make. Lord Shelburne, afterwards the first Marquis of Lansdownc, was famous (as Macaulay somewhere remarks) for his knowledge of the affairs of Europe, on which he great- ly prided himself. He consulted my father medically, and afterwards harangued him on the state of Holland. My father had studied medicine at Leyden, and one day [while there] went a long walk into the country with a friend who took him to the house of a clergyman (we will say the Rev. Mr. A , for I have forgotten his name), who had married an Englishwoman. My father was very hungry, and there was little for luncheon except cheese, which he could never eat. The old lady was surprised and grieved at this, and as- sured my father that it was an excellent cheese, and had been sent her from Bowood, the seat of Lord Shelburne. My father wondered why a cheese should be sent her from Bowood, but thought nothing more about it until it flashed across his mind many years afterwards, whilst Lord Shelburne was talk- ing about Holland. So he answered, ' I should think from what I saw of the Rev. Mr. A , that he was a very able man, and well acquainted with the state of Holland.' My father saw that the Earl, who immediately changed the con- versation, was much startled. On tlje next morning my father received a note from the Earl, saying that he had delayed starting on his journey, and wished particularly to see my father. When he called, the Earl said, * Dr. Darwin, it is of the utmost importance to me and to the Rev. Mr. A to learn how you have discovered that he is the source of my information about Holland.' So my father had to explain the state of the case, and he supposed that Lord Shelburne was much struck with his diplomatic skill in guessing, for during many years afterwards he received many kind messages from him through various friends. I think that he must have told the story to his children ; for Sir C. Lyell asked me many years ago why the Marquis of Lansdowne (the son or grand- DR. R. W. DARWIN. j- son of the first marquis) felt so much interest about me, whom he had never seen, and my family. When forty new members (the forty thieves as they were then called) were added to the Athenaeum Club, there was much canvassing to be one of them; and without my having asked any one, Lord Lans- downe proposed me and got me elected. If I am right in my supposition, it was a queer concatenation of events that my father not eating cheese half-a-century before in Holland led to my election as a member of the Athenaeum, " The sharpness of his observation led him to predict with remarkable skill the course of any illness, and he suggested endless small details of relief. I was told that a young doctor in Shrewsbury, who disliked my father, used to say that he was wholly unscientific, but owned that his power of predict- ing the end of an illness was unparalleled. Formerly when he thought that I should be a doctor, he talked much to me about his patients. In the old days the practice of bleeding largely was universal, but my father maintained that far more evil was thus caused than good done ; and he advised me if ever I was myself ill not to allow any doctor to take more than an extremely small quantity of blood. Long before ty- phoid fever was recognised as distinct, my father told me that two utterly distinct kinds of illness were confounded under the name of typhus fever. He was vehement against drink- ing, and was convinced of both the direct and inherited evil effects of alcohol when habitually taken even in moderate quantity in a very large majority of cases. But he admitted and advanced instances of certain persons who could drink largely during their whole lives without apparently suffering any evil effects, and he believed that he could often before- hand tell who would thus not suffer. He himself never drank a drop of any alcoholic fluid. This remark reminds me of a case showing how a witness under the most favourable cir- cumstances may be utterly mistaken. A gentleman-farmer was strongly urged by my father not to drink, and was en- couraged by being told that he himself never touched any spirituous liquor. Whereupon the gentleman said, 'Come, l6 TriE DARWIN FAMILY. come, Doctor, this won't do — though it is very kind of you to say so for my sake — for I know that you take a very large glass of hot gin and water every evening after your dinner.' * So my father asked him how he knew this. The man an- swered, * My cook was your kitchen-maid for two or three years, and she saw the butler every day prepare and take to you the gin and water.' The explanation was that my father had the odd habit of drinking hot water in a very tall and large glass after his dinner ; and the butler used first to put some cold water in the glass, which the girl mistook for gin, and then filled it up with boiling water from the kitchen boiler. " My father used to tell me many little things which he had found useful in his medical practice. Thus ladies often cried much while telling him their troubles, and thus caused much loss of his precious time. He soon found that begging them to command and restrain themselves, always made them weep the more, so that afterwards he always encouraged them to go on crying, saying that this would relieve them more than anything else, and with the invariable result that they soon ceased to cry, and he could hear what they had to say and give his advice. When patients who were very ill craved for some strange and unnatural food, my father asked them what had put such an idea into their heads; if they answered that they did not know, he would allow them to try the food, and often with success, as he trusted to their having a kind of instinctive desire ; but if they answered that they had heard that the food in question had done good to some one else, he firmly refused his assent. " He gave one day an odd little specimen of human na- ture. When a very young man he was called in to consult with the family physician in the case of a gentleman of much distinction in Shropshire. The old doctor told the wife that the illness was of such a nature that it must end fatally. * This belief still survives, and was mentioned to my brother in 1884 by an old inhabitant of Shrewsbury. — F. D. DR. R. W. DARWIN. 1 7 My father took a different view and maintained that the gentleman would recover : he was proved quite wrong in all respects (I think by autopsy) and he owned his error. He was then convinced that he should never again be consulted by this family ; but after a few months the widow sent for him, having dismissed the old family doctor. My father was so much surprised at this, that he asked a friend of the widow to find out why he was again consulted. The widow an- swered her friend, that * she would never again see the odious old doctor who said from the first that her husband would die, while Dr. Darwin always maintained that he would recover ! ' In another case my father told a lady that her husband would certainly die. Some months afterwards he saw the widow, who was a very sensible woman, and she said, * You are a very young man, and allow me to advise you always to give, as long as you possibly can, hope to any near relative nursing a patient. You made me despair, and from that moment I lost strength.' My father said that he had often since seen the paramount importance, for the sake of the patient, of keeping up the hope and with it the strength of the nurse in charge. This he sometimes found difficult to do compatibly with truth. One old gentleman, however, caused him no such perplexity. He was sent for by Mr. P , who said, * From all that I have seen and heard of you I believe that you are the sort of man who will speak the truth, and if I ask, you will tell me when I am dying. Now I much desire that you should attend me, if you will promise, whatever I may say, always to declare that I am not going to die.* My father acquiesced on the understanding that his words should in fact have no meaning. " My father possessed an extraordinary memory, especially for dates, so that he knew, when he was very old, the day of the birth, marriage, and death of a multitude of persons in Shropshire ; and he once told me that this power annoyed him ; for if he once heard a date, he could not forget it ; and thus the deaths of many friends were often recalled to his mind. Owing to his strong memory he knew an extraordi- 1 8 THE DARWIN FAMILY. nary number of curious stories, which he liked to tell, as he was a great talker. He was generally in high spirits, and laughed and joked with every one — often with his servants — with the utmost freedom ; yet he had the art of making every one obey him to the letter. Many persons were much afraid of him. I remember my father telling us one day, with a laugh, that several persons had asked him whether Miss , a grand old lady in Shropshire, had called on him, so that at last he enquired why they asked him ; and he was told that Miss , whom my father had somehow mortally offended, was telling everybody that she would call and tell * that fat old doctor very plainly what she thought of him.* She had already called, but her courage had failed, and no one could have been more courteous and friendly. As a boy, I went to stay at the house of , whose wife was insane ; and the poor creature, as soon as she saw me, was in the most abject state of terror that I ever saw, weeping bitterly and asking me over and over again, ' Is your father coming ? ' but was soon paci- fied. On my return home, I asked my father why she was so frightened, and he answered he was very glad to hear it, as he had frightened her on purpose, feeling sure that she would be kept in safety and much happier without any restraint, if her husband could influence her, whenever she became at all violent, by proposing to send for Dr. Darwin; arvd these words succeeded perfectly during the rest of her long life. " My father was very sensitive, so that many small events annoyed him or pained him much. I once asked him, when he v»as old and could not walk, why he did not drive out for exercise ; and he answered, * Every road out of Shrewsbury is associated in my mind with some painful event.* Yet he was generally in high spirits. He was easily made very angry, but his kindness was unbounded. He was widely and deeply loved. " He was a cautious and good man of business, so that he hardly ever lost money by an investment, and left to his children a very large property. I remember a story showing DE. R. W. DARWIN. j^ how easily utterly false beliefs originate and spread. Mr E , a squire of one of the oldest families in Shropshire, and head partner in a bank, committed suicide. My father was sent for as a matter of form, and found him dead. 1 may mention, by the way, to show how matters were managed in those old days, that because Mr. E was a rather great man, and universally respected, no inquest was held over his body. My father, in returning home, thought it proper to call at the bank (where he had an account) to tell the manag- ing partners of the event, as it was not improbable that it would cause a run on the bank. Well, the story was spread far and wide, that my father went into the bank, drew out all his money, left the bank, came back again, and said, ' I may just tell you that Mr. E has killed himself,' and then departed. It seems that it was then a common belief that money with- drawn from a bank was not safe until the person had passed out through the door of the bank. My father did not hear this story till some little time afterwards, when the managing partner said that he had departed from his invariable rule of never allowing any one to see the account of another man, by having shown the ledger with my father's account to several persons, as this proved that my father had not drawn out a penny on that day. It would have been dishonorable in my father to have used his professional knowledge for his private advantage. Nevertheless, the supposed act was greatly ad- mired by some persons ; and many years afterwards, a gen- tleman remarked, * Ah, Doctor, what a splendid man of busi- ness you were in so cleverly getting all your money safe out of that bank ! ' '' My father's mind was not scientific, and he did not try to generalize his knowledge under general laws ; yet he formed a theory for almost everything which occurred. I do not think I gained much from him intellectually ; but his example ought to have been of much moral service to all his children. One of his golden rules (a hard one to follow) was, * Never become the friend of any one whom you cannot respect.' " 20 THE DARWIN FAMILY. Dr. Darwin had six children : * Marianne, married Dr. Henry Parker ; Caroline, married Josiah Wedgwood ; Eras- mus Alvey ; Susan, died unmarried ; Charles Robert ; Cathe- rine, married Rev. Charles Langton. The elder son, Erasmus, was born in 1804, and died un- married at the age of seventy-seven. He, like his brother, was educated at Shrewsbury School and at Christ's College, Cambridge. He studied medicine at Edinburgh and in London, and took the degree of Bachelor of Medicine at Cambridge. He never made any pretence of practising as a doctor, and, after leaving Cambridge, lived a quiet life in London. There was something pathetic in Charles Darwin's affec- tion for his brother Erasmus, as if he always recollected his solitary life, and the touching patience and sweetness of his nature. He often spoke of him as " Poor old Ras," or *' Poor dear old Philos " — I imagine Philos (Philosopher) was a relic of the days when they worked at chemistry in the tool-house at Shrewsbury — a time of which he always preserved a pleas- ant memory. Erasmus being rather more than four years older than Charles Darwin, they were not long together at Cambridge, but previously at Edinburgh they lived in the same lodgings, and after the Voyage they lived for a time to- gether in Erasmus' house in Great Marlborough Street. At this time also he often speaks with much affection of Eras- mus in his letters to Fox, using words such as '* my dear good old brother. ' In later years Erasmus Darwin came to Down occasionally, or joined his brother's family in a summer holi- day. But gradually it came about that he could not, through .'11 health, make up his mind to leave London, and then they only saw each other when Charles Darwin went for a week at a time to his brother's house in Queen Anne Street. The following note on his brother's character was written by Charles Darwin at about the same time that the sketch of his father was added to the * Recollections *: — * Of these Mrs. Wedgwood is now the sole survivor. ERASMUS DARWIN THE YOUNGER 21 " My brother Erasmus possessed a remarkably clear mind with extensive and diversified tastes and knowledge in litera- ture, art, and even in science. For a short time he collected and dried plants, and during a somewhat longer time experi- mented in chemistry. He was extremely agreeable, and his wit often reminded me of that in the letters and works of Charles Lamb. He was very kind-hearted. . . . His health from his boyhood had been weak, and as a consequence he failed in energy. His spirits were not high, sometimes low, more especially during early and middle manhood. He read much, even whilst a boy, and at school encouraged me to read, lending me books. Our minds and tastes were, hov/ever, so different, that I do not think I owe much to him intellectu- ally. I am inclined to agree with Francis Galton in believ- ing that education and environment produce only a small effect on the mind of any one, and that most of our qualities are innate." Erasmus Darwin's name, though not known to the general public, may be remembered from the sketch of his character in Carlyle's * Reminiscences,' which I here reproduce in part : — • '* Erasmus Darwin, a most diverse kind of mortal, came to seek us out very soon (* had heard of Carlyle in Germany, &c.') and continues ever since to be a quiet house-friend honestly attached ; though his visits latterly have been rarer and rarer, health so poor, I so occupied, &c., &c. He had something of original and sarcastically ingenious in him, one of the sincerest, naturally truest, and most modest of men ; elder brother of Charles Darwin (the famed Darwin on Species of these days) to whom I rather prefer him for intellect, had not his health quite doomed him to silence and patient idle- ness. . . . My dear one had a great favour for this honest Darwin always ; many a road, to shops and the like, he drove her in his cab (Darwingium Cabbum comparable to Georgium Sidus) in those early days when even the charge of omnibuses 22 THE DARWIN FAMILY. was a consideration, and his sparse utterances, sardonic often, were a great amusement to her. *A perfect gentleman,' she at once discerned him to be, and of sound worth and kindli- ness in the most unaffected form." * Charles Darwin did not appreciate this sketch of his brother ; he thought Carlyle had missed the essence of his most lovable nature. I am tempted by the wish of illustrating further the character of one so sincerely beloved by all Charles Darwin's children, to reproduce a letter to the Spectator (Sept. 3, 1881) by his cousin Miss Julia Wedgwood. " A portrait from Mr. Carlyle's portfolio not regretted by any who loved the original, surely confers sufficient distinc- tion to warrant a few words of notice, when the character it depicts is withdrawn from mortal gaze. Erasmus, the only brother of Charles Darwin, and the faithful and affectionate old friend of both the Carlyles, has left a circle of mourners who need no tribute from illustrious pen to embalm the memory so dear to their hearts ; but a wider circle must have felt some interest excited by that tribute, and may receive with a certain attention the record of a unique and indelible impression, even though it be made only on the hearts of those who cannot bequeath it, and with whom, there- fore, it must speedily pass away. They remember it with the same distinctness as they remember a creation of genius ; it has in like manner enriched and sweetened life, formed a common meeting-point for those who had no other ; and, in its strong fragrance of individuality, enforced that respect for the idiosyncracies of human character without which moral judgment is always hard and shallow, and often unjust. Carlyle was one to find a peculiar enjoyment in the combina- tion of liveliness and repose which gave his friend's society an influence at once stimulating and soothing, and the warmth * Carlyle's ' Reminiscences,* vol. ii. p. 208. ERASMUS DARWIN THE YOUNGER. 23 of his appreciation was not made known first in its posthu- mous expression ; his letters of anxiety nearly thirty years ago, when the frail life which has been prolonged to old age was threatened by serious illness, are still fresh in my memory, The friendship was equally warm with both husband and wife. I remember well a pathetic little remonstrance from her elicited by an avowal from Erasmus Darwin, that he preferred cats to dogs, which she felt a slur on her little ' Nero ; * and the tones in which she said, * Oh, but you are fond of dogs ! you are too kind not to be,* spoke of a long vista of small, gracious kindnesses, remembered with a tender gratitude. He was intimate also with a person whose friends, like those of Mr. Carlyle, have not always had cause to congratulate themselves on their place in her gallery, — Harriet Martineau. I have heard him more than once call her a faithful friend, and it always seemed to me a curious tribute to something in the friendship that he alone supplied ; but if she had written of him at all, I believe the mention, in its heartiness of apprecia- tion, would have afforded a rare and curious meeting-point with the other ' Reminiscences,' so like and yet so unlike. It is not possible to transfer the impression of a character ; we can only suggest it by means of some resemblance ; and it is a singular illustration of that irony which checks or directs our sympathies, that in trying to give some notion of the man whom, among those who were not his kindred, Carlyle appears to have most loved, I can say nothing more descriptive than that he seems to me to have had something in common with the man whom Carlyle least appreciated. The society of Erasmus Darwin had, to my mind, much the same charm as the writings of Charles Lamb. There was the same kind of playfulness, the same lightness of touch, the same tenderness, perhaps the same limitations. On another side of his nature, I have often been reminded of him by the quaint, delicate humour, the superficial intolerance, the deep springs of pity, the peculiar mixture of something pathetic with a sort of gay scorn, entirely remote from contempt, which distinguish the Ellesmere of Sir Arthur Helps' earlier dialogues. Perhaps 3 24 THE DARWIN FAMILY. we recall such natures most distinctly, when such a resem- blance is all that is left of them. The character is not merged in the creation ; and what we lose in the power to communi- cate our impression, we seem to gain in its vividness. Eras- mus Darwin has passed away in old age, yet his memory retains something of a youthful fragrance ; his influence gave much happiness, of a kind usually associated with youth, to many lives besides the illustrious one whose records justify, though certainly they do not inspire, the wish to place this fading chaplet on his grave." The foregoing pages give, in a fragmentary manner, as much perhaps as need be told of the family from which Charles Darwin came, and may serve as an introduction to the autobiographical chapter which follows. CHAPTER II. AUTOBIOGRAPHY. [My father's autobiographical recollections, given in the present chapter, were written for his children, — and written without any thought that they would ever be published. To many this may seem an impossibility ; but those who knew my father will understand how it was not only possible, but natural. The autobiography bears the heading, * Recollections of the Development of my Mind and Charac- ter,' and end with the following note : — " Aug. 3, 1876. This sketch of my life was begun about May 28th at Hopedene,* and since then I have written for nearly an hour on most afternoons." It will easily be understood that, in a narrative of a personal and intimate kind written for his wife and children, passages should occur which must here be omitted ; and I have not thought it necessary to indicate where such omissions are made. It has been found necessary to make a few corrections of obvious verbal slips, but the number of such alterations has been kept down to the minimum. — F. D.] A German Editor having written to me for an account of the development of my mind and character with some sketch of my autobiography, I have thought that the attempt would amuse me, and might possibly interest my children or their children. I know that it would have interested me greatly to have read even so short and dull a sketch of the mind of my grandfather, written by himself, and what he thought and did, and how he worked. I have attempted to write the fol- lowing account of myself, as if I were a dead man in another world looking back at my own life. Nor have I found this * Mr. Ilensleigh Wedgwood's house in Surrey, 26 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. difficult, for life is nearly over with me. I have taken no pains about my style of writing. I was born at Shrewsbury on February 12th, 1809, and my earliest recollection goes back only to when I was a few months over four years old, when we went to near Abergele for sea-bathing, and I recollect some events and places there with some little distinctness. My mother died in July 181 7, when I was a little over eight years old, and it is odd that I can remember hardly anything about her except her death-bed, her black velvet gown, and her curiously constructed work-table. In the spring of this same year I was sent to a day-school in Shrews- bury, where I stayed a year. I have been told that I was much slower in learning than my younger sister Catherine, and I believe that I was in many ways a naughty boy. By the time I went to this day-school * my taste for natu- ral history, and more especially for collecting, was well devel- oped. I tried to make out the names of plants,! and col- lected all sorts of things, shells, seals, franks, coins, and min- erals. The passion for collecting which leads a man to be a systematic naturalist, a virtuoso, or a miser, was very strong in me, and was clearly innate, as none of my sisters or brother ever had this taste. * Kept by Rev. G. Case, minister of the Unitarian Chapel in the High Street. Mrs. Darwin was a Unitarian and attended Mr. Case's chapel, and my father as a little boy went there with his elder sisters. But both he and his brother were christened and intended to belong to the Church of England ; and after his early boyhood he seems usually to have gone to church and not to Mr. Case's. It appears {Si. James' Gazette, Dec. 15, 1883) that a mural tablet has been erected to his memoiy in the chapel, which is now known as the ' Free Christian Church.' f Rev. W. A. Leighton, who was a schoolfellow of my father's at Mr. Case's school, remembers his bringing a flower to school and saying that his mother had taught him how by looking at the inside of the blossom the name of the plant could be discovered. Mr. Leighton goes on, " This greatly roused my attention and curiosity, and I inquired of him repeated- ly how this could be done ? " — but his lesson was naturally enough not transmissible. — F. D. BOYHOOD. 27 One little event during this year has fixed itself very firmly in my mind, and I hope that it has done so from my conscience having been afterwards sorely troubled by it ; it is curious as showing that apparently I was interested at this early age in the variability of plants ! I told another little boy (I believe it was Leighton, who afterwards became a well- known lichenologist and botanist), that I could produce vari- ously coloured polyanthuses and primroses by watering them with certain coloured fluids, which was of course a monstrous fable, and had never been tried by me. I may here also con- fess that as a little boy I was much given to inventing delib- erate falsehoods, and this was always done for the sake of causing excitement. For instance, I once gathered much valuable fruit from my father's trees and hid it in the shrub- bery, and then ran in breathless haste to spread the news that I had discovered a hoard of stolen fruit. I must have been a very simple. little fellow when I first went to the school. A boy of the name of Garnett took me into a cake shop one day, and bought some cakes for which he did not pay, as the shopman trusted him. When we came out I asked him why he did not pay for them, and he instant- ly answered, *'Why, do you not know that my uncle left a great sum of money to the town on condition that every tradesman should give whatever was wanted without pay- ment to any one who wore his old hat and moved [it] in a particular manner ? " and he then showed me how it was moved. He then went into another s'hop where he was trusted, and asked for some small article, moving his hat in the proper manner, and of course obtained it without pay- ment. When we came out he said, "Now if you like to go by yourself into that cake-shop (how well I remember its exact position) I will lend you my hat, and you can get what- ever you like if you move the hat on your head properly." I gladly accepted the generous offer, and went in and asked for some cakes, moved the old hat and was walking out of the shop, when the shopman made a rush at me, so I dropped the cates and ran for dear life, and was astonished by 28 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. being greeted with shouts of laughter by my false friend Garnett. I can say in my own favour that I was as a boy humane, but I owed this entirely to the instruction and example of my sisters. I doubt indeed whether humanity is a natural or in- nate quality. I was very fond of collecting eggs, but I never took more than a single egg out of a bird's nest, except on one single occasion, when I took all, not for their value, but from a sort of bravado. I had a strong taste for angling, and would sit for any number of hours on the bank of a river or pond watching 'the float ; when at Maer * I was told that I could kill the ^^orms with salt and water, and from that day I never spitted a living worm, though at the expense probably of some loss \)f success. Once as a very little boy whilst at the day school, or be- fore that time, I acted cruelly, for I beat a puppy, I believe, simply from enjoying the sense of power ; but the beating could not have been severe, for the puppy did not howl, of which I feel sure, as the spot was near the house This act lay heavily on my conscience, as is shown by my remember- ing the exact spot where the crime was committed. It prob- ably lay all the heavier from my love of dogs being then, and for a long time afterwards, a passion. Dogs seemed to know this, for I was an adept in robbing their love from their masters. I remember clearly only one other incident during this year whilst at Mr. Case's daily school, — namely, the burial of a dragoon soldier ; and it is surprising how clearly I can still see the horse with the man's empty boots and carbine sus- pended to the saddle, and the firing over the grave. This scene deeply stirred whatever poetic fancy there was in me. In the summer of 1818 I went to Dr. Butler's great school in Shrewsbury, and remained there for seven years till Mid- summer 1825, when I was sixteen years old. I boarded at * The house of his uncle, Josiah Wedgwood. BOYHOOD. 29 this school, so that I had the great advantage of living the life of a true schoolboy ; but as the distance was hardly more than a mile to my home, I very often ran there in the longer intervals between the callings over and before locking up at night. This, I think, was in many ways advantageous to me by keeping up home affections and interests. I remember in the early part of my school life that I often had to run very quickly to be in time, and from being a fleet runner was generally successful ; but when in doubt I prayed earnestly to God to help me, and I well remember that I attributed my success to the prayers and not to my quick running, and marvelled how generally I was aided. I have heard my father and elder sister say that I had, as a very young boy, a strong taste for long solitary walks ; but what I thought about I know not. I often became quite absorbed, and once, whilst'returning to school on the summit of the old fortifications round Shrewsbury, which had been converted into a public foot-path with no parapet on one side, I walked off and fell to the ground, but the height was only seven or eight feet. Nevertheless the number of thoughts which passed through my mind during this very short, but sudden and wholly unexpected fall, was astonishing, and seem hardly compatible with what physiologists have, I be- lieve, proved about each thought requiring quite an appreci- able amount of time. Nothing could have been worse for the development of my mind than Dr. Butler's school, as it was strictly classical, nothing else being taught, except a little ancient geography and history. The school as a means of education to me was simply a blank. During my whole life I have been singularly incapable of mastering any language. Especial attention was paid to verse-making, and this I could never do well. I had many friends, and got together a good collection of old verses, which by patching together, sometimes aided by other boys, I could work into any subject. Much attention was paid to learning by heart the lessons of the previous day ; this I could effect with great facility, learning forty or fifty 30 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. lines of Virgil or Homer, whilst I was in morning chapel ; but this exercise was utterly useless, for every verse was forgotten in forty-eight hours. I was not idle, and with the exception of versification, generally worked conscientiously at my classics, not using cribs. The sole pleasure I ever received from such studies, was from some of the odes of Horace, which I ad- mired greatly. When I left the school I was for my age neither high nor low in it ; and I believe that I was considered by all my mas- ters and by my father as a very ordinary boy, rather below the common standard in intellect. To my deep mortification my father once said to me, " You care for nothing but shoot- ing, dogs, and rat-catching, and you will be a disgrace to yourself and all your family." But my father, who was the kindest man I ever knew and whose memory I love with all my heart, must have been angry and somewhat unjust when he used such words. Looking back as well as I can at my character during my school life, the only qualities which at this period promised well for the future, were, that I had strong and diversified tastes, much zeal for whatever interested me, and a keen pleasure in understanding any complex subject or thing. I was taught Euclid by a private tutor, and I distinctly remem- ber the intense satisfaction which the clear geometrical proofs gave me. I remember, with equal distinctness, the delight which my uncle gave me (the father of Francis Galton) by explaining the principle of the vernier of a barometer. With respect to diversified tastes, independently of science, I was fond of reading various books, and I used to sit for hours reading the historical plays of Shakespeare, generally in an old window in the thick walls of the school. I read also other poetry, such as Thomson's ' Seasons,' and the recently pub- lished poems of Byron and Scott. I mention this because later in life I wholly lost, to my great regret, all pleasure from poetry of any kind, including Shakespeare. In connection with pleasure from poetry, I may add that in 1822 a vivid delight in scenery was first awakened in my mind, during a BOYHOOD. ^j riding tour on the borders of Wales, and this has lasted longer than any other aesthetic pleasure. Early in my school days a boy had a copy of the * Won- ders of the World,' which I often read, and disputed with other boys about the veracity of some of the statements ; and I believe that this book first gave me a wish to travel in re- mote countries, which was ultimately fulfilled by the voyage of the Beagle. In the latter part of my school life 1 became passionately fond of shooting ; I do not believe that any one could have shown more zeal for the most holy cause than I did for shooting birds. How well I remember kiUing my first snipe, and my excitement was so great that I had much diffi- culty in reloading my gun from the trembling of my hands. This taste long continued, and I became a very good shot. When at Cambridge I used to practise throwing up my gun to my shoulder before a looking-glass to see that I threw it up straight. Another and better plan was to get a friend to wave about a lighted candle, and then to fire at it with a cap on the nipple, and if the aim was accurate the little puff of air would blow out the candle. The explosion of the cap caused a sharp crack, and I was told that the tutor of the college re- marked, "What an extraordinary thing it is, Mr. Darwin seems to spend hours in cracking a horse-whip in his room, for I often hear the crack when I pass under his windows," I had many friends amongst the schoolboys, whom I loved dearly, and I think that my disposition was then very affec- tionate. With respect to science, I continued collecting minerals with much zeal, but quite unscientifically — all that I cared about was a ntvf-named mineral, and I hardly attempted to classify them, I must have observed insects with some little care, for when ten years old (1819) I went for three weeks to Plas Edwards on the sea-coast in Wales, I was very much in- terested and surprised at seeing a large black and scarlet Hemipterous insect, many moths (Zygaena), and a Cicindela which are not found in Shropshire, I almost made up my mind to begin collecting all the insects which I could find 32 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. dead, for on consulting my sister I concluded that it was not right to kill insects for the sake of making a collection. From reading White's * Selborne,' I took much pleasure in watching the habits of birds, and even made notes on the subject. In my simplicity I remember wondering why every gentleman did not become an ornithologist. Towards the close of my school life, my brother worked hard at chemistry, and made a fair laboratory with proper apparatus in the tool-house in the garden, and I was allowed to aid him as a servant in most of his experiments. He made all the gases and many compounds, and I read with great care several books on chemistry, such as Henry and Parkes' 'Chemical Catechism.' The subject interested me greatly, and we often used to go on working till rather late at night. This was the best part of my education at school, for it showed me practically the meaning of experimental science. The fact that we worked at chemistry somehow got known at school, and as it was an unprecedented fact, I was nicknamed ** Gas." I was also once publicly rebuked by the head-master. Dr. Butler, for thus wasting my time on such useless subjects; and he called me very unjustly a " poco curante," and as I did not understand what he meant, it seemed to me a fearful reproach. As I was doing no good at school, my father wisely took me away at a rather earlier age than usual, and sent me (Oct. 1825) to Edinburgh University with my brother, where I stayed for two years or sessions. My brother was completing his medical studies, though I do not believe he ever really in- tended to practise, and I was sent there to commence them. But soon after this period I became convinced from various small circumstances that my father would leave me property enough to subsist on with some comfort, though I never imagined that I should be so rich a man as I am ; but my belief was sufficient to check any strenuous efforts to learn medicine. The instruction at Edinburgh was altogether by lectures, and these were intolerably dull, with the exception of those EDINBURGH. ^^ on chemistry by Hope ; but to my mind there are no advan- tages and many disadvantages in lectures compared with read- ing. Dr. Duncan's lectures on Materia Medica at 8 o'clock on a winter's morning are something fearful to remember. Dr. made his lectures on human anatomy as dull as he was himself, and the subject disgusted me. It has proved one of the greatest evils in my life that I was not urged to practise dissection, for I should soon have got over my dis- gust ; and the practice would have been invaluable for all my future work. This has been an irremediable evil, as well as my incapacity to draw. I also attended regularly the clinical wards in the hospital. Some of the cases distressed me a good deal, and I still have vivid pictures before me of some of them ; but I was not so foolish as to allow this to lessen my attendance. I cannot understand why this part of my medical course did not interest me in a greater degree ; for during the summer before coming to Edinburgh I began at- tending some of the poor people, chiefly children and women in Shrewsbury : I wrote down as full an account as I could of the case with all the symptoms, and read them aloud to my father, who suggested further inquiries and advised me what medicines to give, which I made up myself. At one time I had at least a dozen patients, and I felt a keen interest in the work. My father, who was by far the best judge of character whom I ever knew, declared that I should make a successful physician, — meaning by this one who would get many patients. He maintained that the chief element of suc- cess was exciting confidence ; but what he saw in me which convinced him that I should create confidence I know not. I also attended on two occasions the operating theatre in the hospital at Edinburgh, and saw two very bad operations, one on a child, but I rushed away before they were completed. Nor did I ever attend again, for hardly any inducement would have been strong enough to make me do so ; this being long before the blessed days of chloroform. The two cases fairly haunted me for many a long year. My brpther stayed only one year at the University, so that 34 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. during the second year I was left to my own resources ; and this was an advantage, for I became well acquainted with several young men fond of natural science. One of these was A ins worth, who afterwards published his travels in As- syria ; he was a Wernerian geologist, and knew a little about many subjects. Dr. Coldstream was a very different young man, prim, formal, highly religious, and most kind-hearted ; he afterwards published some good zoological articles. A third young man was Hardie, who would, I think, have made a good botanist, but died early in India. Lastly, Dr. Grant, my senior by several years, but how I became acquainted with him I cannot remember; he published some first-rate zoological papers, but after coming to London as Professor in University College, he did nothing more in science, a fact which has always been inexplicable to me. I knew him well ; he was dry and formal in manner, with much enthusiasm beneath this outer crust. He one day, when we were walk- ing together, burst forth in high admiration of Lamarck and his views on evolution. I listened in silent astonishment, and as far as I can judge without any effect on my mind. I had previously read the * Zoonomia ' of my grandfather, in which similar views are maintained, but without producing any effect on me. Nevertheless it is probable that the hearing rather early in life such views maintained and praised may have favoured my upholding them under a different form in my * Origin of Species.' At this time I admired greatly the * Zoonomia ; ' but on reading it a second time after an inter- val of ten or fifteen years, I was much disappointed ; the proportion of speculation being so large to the facts given. Drs. Grant and Coldstream attended much to marine Zoology, and I often accompanied the former to collect ani- mals in the tidal pools, which I dissected as well as I could. I also became friends with some of the Newhaven fishermen, and sometimes accompanied them when they trawled for oysters, and thus got many specimens. But from not having had any regular practice in dissection, and from possessing only a wretched microscope, my attempts were very poor. EDINBURGH. -- Nevertheless I made one interesting little discovery, and read, about the beginning of the year 1826, a short paper on the subject before the Plinian Society. This was that the so- called ova of Flustra had the power of independent move- ment by means of cilia, and were in fact larvae. In another short paper I showed that the little globular bodies which had been supposed to be the young state of Fucus loreus were the egg-cases of the wormlike Pontobdella muricata. The Plinian Society was encouraged and, I believe, founded by Professor Jameson : it consisted of students and met in an underground room in the University for the sake of reading papers on natural science and discussing them. I used regularly to attend, and the meetings had a good effect on me in stimulating my zeal and giving me new congenial acquaintances. One evening a poor young man got up, and after stammering for a prodigious length of time, blushing crimson, he at last slowly got out the words, " Mr. President, I have forgotten what I was going to say." The poor fellow looked quite overwhelmed, and all the members were so sur- prised that no one could think of a word to say to cover his confusion. The papers which were read to our little society were not printed, so that I had not the satisfaction of seeing my paper in print ; but I believe Dr. Grant noticed my small discovery in his excellent memoir on Flustra. I was also a member of the Royal Medical Society, and attended pretty regularly; but as the subjects were exclusively medical, I did not much care about them. Much rubbish was talked there, but there were some good speakers, of whom the best was the present Sir J. Kay-Shuttleworth. Dr. Grant took me occasionally to the meetings of the Wernerian So- ciety, where various papers on natural history were read, dis- cussed, and afterwards published in the * Transactions.' I heard Audubon deliver there some interesting discourses on the habits of N. American birds, sneering somewhat unjustly at Waterton. By the way, a negro lived in Edinburgh, who had travelled with Waterton, and gained his livelihood by stuffing birds, which he did excellently : he gave me lessons 3^ AUTOBIOGRAPHY- for payment, and I used often to sit with him, for he was a very pleasant and intelligent man. Mr. Leonard Horner also took me once to a meeting of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, where I saw Sir Walter Scott in the chair as President, and he apologised to the meeting as not feeling fitted for such a position. I looked at him and at the whole scene with some awe and reverence, and I think it was owing to this visit during my youth, and to my having attended the Royal Medical Society, that I felt the honour of being elected a few years ago an honorary member of both these Societies, more than any other similar honour. If I had been told at that time that I should one day have been thus honoured, I declare that I should have thought it as ridiculous and improbable, as if I had been told that I should be elected King of England. During my second year at Edinburgh I attended 's lectures on Geology and Zoology, but they were incredibly dull. The sole effect they produced on me was the determi- nation never as long as I lived to read a book on Geology, or in any way to study the science. Yet I feel sure that I was prepared for a philosophical treatment of the subject ; for an old Mr. Cotton in Shropshire, who knew a good deal about rocks, had pointed out to me two or three years previ- ously a well-known large erratic boulder in the town of Shrewsbury, called the " bell-stone " ; he told me that there was no rock of the same kind nearer than Cumberland or Scotland, and he solemnly assured me that the world would come to an end before any one would be able to explain how this stone came where it now lay. This produced a deep impression on me, and I meditated over this wonderful stone. So that I felt the keenest delight when I first read of the action of icebergs in transporting boulders, and I gloried in the progress of Geology. Equally striking is the fact that I, though now only sixty-seven years old, heard the Professor, in a field lecture at Salisbury Craigs, discoursing on a trap- dyke, with amygdaloidal margins and the strata indurated on •each side, with volcanic rocks all around us, say that it was a SHOOTING. 3^ fissure filled with sediment from above, adding with a sneer that thore were men who maintained that it had been injected from beneath in a molten condition. When I think of this lecture, I do not wonder that I determined never to attend to Geology. From attending 's lectures, I became acquainted with the curator of the museum, Mr. Macgillivray, who afterwards published a large and excellent book on the birds of Scotland. I had much interesting natural-history talk with him, and he was very kind to me. He gave me some rare shells, for I at that time collected marine mollusca, but with no great zeal. My summer vacations during these two years were wholly given up to amusements, though I always had some book in hand, which I read with interest. During the summer of 1826 I took a long walking tour with two friends with knap- sacks on our backs through North Wales. We walked thirty miles most days, including one day the ascent of Snowdon. I also went with my sister a riding tour in North Wales, a servant with saddle-bags carrying our clothes. The autumns were devoted to shooting chiefly at Mr. Owen's, at Woodhouse, and at my Uncle Jos's,* at Maer. My zeal was so great that I used to place my shooting-boots open by my bed-side when I went to bed, so as not to lose half a minute in putting them on in the morning ; and on one occasion I reached a distant part of the Maer estate, on the 20th of August for black-game shooting, before I could see : I then toiled on with the game- keeper the whole day through thick heath and young Scotch firs. I kept an exact record of every bird which I shot through- out the whole season. One day when shooting at Wood- house with Captain Ov/en, the eldest son, and Major Hill, his cousin, afterwards Lord Berwick, both of whom I liked very much, I thought myself shamefully used, for every time after I had fired and thought that I had killed a bird, one of the two acted as if loading his gun, and cried out, ^' You must not * Josiah Wedgwood, the son of the founder of the Etruria Works. 38 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. count that bird, for I fired at the same time," and the game- keeper, perceiving the joke, backed them up. After some hours they told me the joke, but it was no joke to me, for I had shot a large number of birds, but did not know how many, and could not add them to my list, which I used to do by making a knot in a piece of string tied to a button-hole. This my wicked friends had perceived. How I did enjoy shooting ! but I think that I must have been half-consciously ashamed of my zeal, for I tried to per- suade myself that shooting was almost an intellectual employ- ment ; it required so much skill to judge where to find most game and to hunt the dogs well. One of my autumnal visits to Maer in 1827 was memora- ble from meeting there Sir J. Mackintosh, who was the best converser I ever listened to. I heard afterwards with a glow of pride that he had said, " There is something in that young man that interests me." This must have been chiefly due to his perceiving that I listened with much interest to everything which he said, for I was as ignorant as a pig about his subjects of history, politics, and moral philosophy. To hear of praise from an eminent person, though no doubt apt or certain to excite vanity, is, I think, good for a young man, as it helps to keep him in the right course. My visits to Maer during these two or three succeeding years were quite delightful, independently of the autumnal shooting. Life there was perfectly free ; the country was very pleasant for walking or riding ; and in the evening there was much very agreeable conversation, not so personal as it generally is in large family parties, together with music. In the summer the whole family used often to sit on the steps of the old portico, with the flower-garden in front, and with the steep wooded bank opposite the house reflected in the lake, with here and there a fish rising or a water-bird paddling about. Nothing has left a more vivid picture on my mind than these evenings at Maer. I was also attached to and greatly revered my Uncle Jos ; he was silent and reserved, so as to be a rather awful man ; but he sometimes talked openly CAMBRIDGE. ^q with me. He was the very type of an upright man, with the clearest judgment. I do not beHeve that any power on earth could have made him swerve an inch from what he consid- ered the right course. I used to apply to him in my mind the well-known ode of Horace, now forgotten by me, in which the words '' nee vultus tyranni, &c.," * come in. Cambridge 1828-1831. — After having spent two sessions in Edinburgh, my father perceived, or he heard from my sisters, that I did not like the thought of being a physician, so he proposed that I should become a clergym.an. He was very properly vehement against my turning into an idle sporting man, which then seemed my probable destination. I asked for some time to consider, as from what little I had heard or thought on the subject I had scruples about declaring my belief in all the dogmas of the Church of England ; though otherwise I liked the thought of being a country clergyman. Accordingly I read with care ' Pearson on the Creed,' and a few other books on divinity; and as I did not then in the least doubt the strict and literal truth of every word in the Bible, I soon persuaded myself that our Creed must be fully accepted. Considering how fiercely I have been attacked by the orthodox, it seems ludicrous that I once intended to be a clergyman. Nor was this intention and my father's wish ever formally given up, but died a natural death when, on leaving Cambridge, I joined the Beagle as naturalist. If the phre- nologists are to be trusted, I was well fitted in one respect to be a clergyman. A few years ago the secretaries of a Ger- man psychological society asked me earnestly by letter for a photograph of myself ; and some time afterwards I received the proceedings of one of the meetings, in which it seemed that the. shape of my head had been the subject of a public discus- * Justum et tenacem propositi virum Non civium ardor prava jubentiuiy Non vultus instantis tyranni Mente quatit solida. 40 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. sion, and one of the speakers declared that I had the bump of reverence developed enough for ten priests. As it was decided that I should be a clergyman, it was necessary that I should go to one of the English universities and take a degree ; but as I had never opened a classical book since leaving school, I found to my dismay, that in the two intervening years I had actually forgotten, incredible as it may appear, almost everything which I had learnt, even to some few of the Greek letters. I did not therefore proceed to Cambridge at the usual time in October, but worked with a private tutor in Shrewsbury, and went to Cambridge after the Christmas vacation, early in 1828. I soon recovered my school standard of knowledge, and could translate easy Greek books, such as Homer and the Greek Testament, with moder- ate facility. During the three years which I spent at Cambridge my time was wasted, as far as the academical studies were con- cerned, as completely as at Edinburgh and at school. I at- tempted mathematics, and even went during the summer of 1828 with a private tutor (a very dull man) to Barmouth, but I got on very slowly. The work was repugnant to me, chiefly from my not being able to see any meaning in the early steps in algebra. This impatience was very foolish, and in after years I have deeply regretted that I did not proceed far enough at least to understand something of the great leading principles of mathematics, for men thus endowed seem to have an extra sense. But I do not believe that I should ever have succeeded beyond a very low grade. With respect to Classics I did nothing except attend a few compulsory college lectures, and the attendance was almost nominal. In my second year I had to work for a month or two to pass the Little-Go, which I did easily. Again, in my last year I worked with some earnestness for my final degree of B. A., and brushed up my Classics, together with a little Algebra and Euclid, which latter gave me much, pleasure, as it did at school. In order to pass the B. A. examination, it was also necessary to get up Paley's ' Evidences of Christianity,' and CAMBRIDGE. ^{ his * Moral Philosophy.' This was done in a thorough man- ner, and I am convinced that I could have written out the v^hole of the ^ Evidences ' with perfect correctness, but not of course in the clear language of Paley. The logic of this book and, as I may add, of his * Natural Theology,' gave me as much delight as did Euclid. The careful study of these works, without attempting to learn any part by rote, was the only part of the academical course which, as I then felt and as I still believe, was of the least use to me in the education of my mind. I did not at that time trouble myself about Paley's premises ; and taking these on trust, I was charmed and convinced by the long line of argumentation. By an- swering well the examination questions in Paley, by doing Euclid well, and by not failing miserably in Classics, I gained a good place among the ol ttoAAoI or crowd of men who do not go in for honours. Oddly enough, I cannot remember how high I stood, and my memory fluctuates between the fifth, tenth, or twelfth, name on the list.* Public lectures on several branches were given in the University, attendance being quite voluntary ; but I was so sickened with lectures at Edinburgh that I did not even attend Sedgwick's eloquent and interesting lectures. Had I done so I should probably have become a geologist earlier than I did. I attended, however, Henslow's lectures on Botany, and liked them much for their extreme clearness, and the admirable illustrations ; but I did not study botany. Henslow used to take his pupils, including several of the older members of the University, field excursions, on foot or in coaches, to distant places, or in a barge down the river, and lectured on the rarer plants and animals which were observed. These excursions were delightful. •Although, as we shall presently see, there were some re- deeming features in my life at Cambridge, my time was sadly wasted there, and worse than wasted. From my passion for shooting and for hunting, and, when this failed, for ridmg * Tenth in the list of January 1831. 42 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. across country, I got into a sporting set, including some dis- sipated low-minded young men. We used often to dine together in the evening, though these dinners often included men of a higher stamp, and we sometimes drank too much, with jolly singing and playing at cards afterwards. I know that I ought to feel ashamed of days and evenings thus spent, but as some of my friends were very pleasant, and we were all in the highest spirits, I cannot help looking back to these times with much pleasure. But I am glad to think that I had many other friends of a widely different nature. I was very intimate with Whitley,* who was afterwards Senior Wrangler, and we used continu- ally to take long walks together. He inoculated me with a taste for pictures and good engravings, of which I bought some. I frequently went to the Fitzwilliam Gallery, and my taste must have been fairly good, for I certainly admired the best pictures, which I discussed with the old curator. I read also with much interest Sir Joshua Reynolds' book. This taste, though not natural to me, lasted for several years, and many of the pictures in the National Gallery in London gave me much pleasure ; that of Sebastian del Piombo exciting in me a sense of sublimity. I also got into a musical set, I believe by means of my warm-hearted friend, Herbert,! who took a high wrangler's degree. From associating with these men, and hearing them play, I acquired a strong taste for music, and used very often to time my walks so as to hear on week days the anthem in King's College Chapel. This gave me intense pleasure, so that my backbone would sometimes shiver. I am sure that there was no affectation or mere imitation in this taste, for ] used generally to go by myself to King's College, and I some- times hired the chorister boys to sing in my rooms. Never* * Rev. C. Whitley, Hon. Canon of Durham, formerly Reader in Natu- ral Philosophy in Durham University. f The late John Maurice Herbert, County Court Judge of Cardiff and the Monmouth Circuit. CAMBRIDGE. . , 43 theless I am so utterly destitute of an ear, that I cannot per- ceive a discord, or keep time and hum a tune correctly; and it is a mystery how I could possibly have derived pleasure from music. My musical friends soon perceived my state, and some- times amused themselves by making me pass an examination, which consisted in ascertaining how many tunes I could rec- ognise when they were played rather more quickly or slowly than usual. * God save the King,* when thus played, was a sore puzzle. There was another man with almost as bad an ear as I had, and strange to say he played a little on the flute. Once I had the triumph of beating him in one of our musical examinations. But no pursuit at Cambridge was followed with nearly so much eagerness or gave me so much pleasure as collecting beetles. It was the mere passion for collecting, for I did not dissect them, and rarely compared their external characters with published descriptions, but got them named anyhow. I will give a proof of my zeal : one day, on tearing off some old bark, I saw two rare beetles, and seized one in each hand ; then I saw a third and new kind, which I could not bear to lose, so that I popped the one which I held in my right hand into my mouth. Alas ! it ejected some intensely acrid fluid, which burnt my tongue so that I was forced to spit the beetle out, which was lost, as was the third one. I was very successful in collecting, and invented two new methods ; I employed a labourer to scrape during the winter, moss off old trees and place it in a large bag, and likewise to collect the rubbish at the bottom of the barges in which reeds are brought from the fens, and thus I got some very rare species. No poet ever felt more delighted at seeing his first poem published than I did at seeing, in Stephens* * Illustra- tions of British Insects,' the magic words, "captured by C. Darwin, Esq.** I was introduced to entomology by my sec- ond cousin, W. Darwin Fox, a clever and most pleasant man, who was then at Christ's College, and with whom I became extremely intimate. Afterwards I became well acquainted, 44 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. and went out collecting, with Albert Way of Trinity, who in after years became a well-known archaeologist ; also with H. Thompson of the same College, afterwards a leading agricult- urist, chairman of a great railway, and Member of Parlia- ment. It seems therefore that a taste for collecting beetles is some indication of future success in life ! I am surprised what an indelible impression many of the beetles which I caught at Cambridge have left on my mind. I can remember the exact appearance of certain posts, old trees and banks where I made a good capture. The pretty Panagceus crux-major was a treasure in those days, and here at Down I saw a beetle running across a walk, and on picking it up instantly perceived that it differed slightly from P. crux- major^ and it turned out to be P. quadripunciatus^ which is only a variety or closely allied species, differing from it very slightly in outline. I had never seen in those old days Lici- nus alive, which to an uneducated eye hardly differs from many of the black Carabidous beetles ; but my sons found here a specimen, and I instantly recognized that it was new to me ; yet I had not looked at a British beetle for the last twenty years. I have not as yet mentioned a circumstance which influ- enced my whole career more than any other. This was my friendship with Professor Henslow. Before coming up to Cambridge, I had heard of him from my brother as a man who knew every branch of science, and I was accordingly pre- pared to reverence him. He kept open house once every week when all undergraduates, and some older members of the University, who were attached to science, used to meet in the evening. I soon got, through Fox, an invitation, and went there regularly. Before long I became well acquainted with Henslow, and during the latter half of my time at Cam- bridge took long walks with him on most days ; so that I was called by some of the dons " the man who walks with Hens- low ; " and in the evening I was very often asked to join his family dinner. His knowledge was great in botany, ento- mology, chemistry, mineralogy, and geology. His strongest CAMBRIDGE. ^c taste was to draw conclusions from long-continued minute observations. His judgment was excellent, and his whole mind well balanced ; but I do not suppose that any one would say that he possessed much original genius. He was deeply religious, and so orthodox that he told me one day he should be grieved if a single word of the Thirty-nine Articles were altered. His moral qualities were in every way admirable. He was free from every tinge of vanity or other petty feeling ; and I never saw a man who thought so little about himself or his own concerns. His temper was imperturbably good, with the most winning and courteous manners ; yet, as I have seen, he could be roused by any bad action to the warmest indignation and prompt action. I once saw in his company in the streets of Cambridge alrhost as horrid a scene as could have been witnessed during the French Revolution. Two body-snatchers had been ar- rested, and whilst being taken to prison had been torn from the constable by a crowd of the roughest men, who dragged them by their legs along the muddy and stony road. They were covered from head to foot with mud, and their faces were bleeding either from having been kicked or from the stones ; they looked like corpses, but the crowd was so dense that I got only a few momentary glimpses of the wretched creatures. Never in my life have I seen such wrath painted on a man's face as was shown by Henslow at this horrid scene. He tried repeatedly to penetrate the mob ; but it was simply impossible. He then rushed away to the mayor, telling me not to follow him, but to get more policemen. I forget the issue, except that the two men were got into the prison without being killed. Henslow's benevolence was unbounded, as he proved by his many excellent schemes for his poor parishioners, when in after years he held the living of Hitcham. My intimacy with such a man ought to have been, and I hope was, an inestimable benefit. I cannot resist mentioning a trifling incident, which showed his kind consideration. Whilst ex- amining some pollen-grains on a damp surface, I saw the 46 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. tubes exserted, and instantly rushed off to communicate my surprising discovery to him. Now I do not suppose any other professor of botany could have helped laughing at my coming in such a hurry to make such a communication. But he agreed how interesting the phenomenon was, and explained its meaning, but made me clearly understand how well it was known; so I left him not in the least mortified, but well pleased at having discovered for myself so remarkable a fact, but determined not to be in such a hurry again to'communi- cate my discoveries. Dr. Whewell was one of the older and distinguished men who sometimes visited Henslow, and on several occasions I walked home with him at night. Next to Sir J. Mackintosh he was the best converser on grave subjects to whom I ever listened. Leonard Jenyns,* who afterwards published some good essays in Natural History,f often stayed with Henslow, who was his brother-in-law. I visited him at his parsonage on the borders of the Fens [Swaffham Bulbeck], and had many a good walk and talk with him about Natural History. I became also acquainted with several other men older than me, who did not care much about science, but were friends of Henslow. One was a Scotchman, brother of Sir Alexander Ramsay, and tutor of Jesus College : he was a delightful man, but did not live for many years. Another was Mr. Dawes, afterwards Dean of Hereford, and famous for his success in the education of the poor. These men and others of the same standing, together with Henslow, used sometimes to take distant excursions into the country, which I was allowed to join, and they were most agreeable. Looking back, I infer that there must have been some- thing in me a little superior to the common run of youths, otherwise the above-mentioned men, so much older than me and higher in academical position, would never have allowed * The well-known Soame Jenyns was cousin to Mr. Jenyns' father, f Mr. Jenyns (now Blomefield) described the fish for the Zoology of the Beagle ; and is author of a long series of papers, chiefly Zoological, GEOLOGY. .7 me to associate with them. Certainly I was not aware of any such superiority, and I remember one of my sporting friends, Turner, who saw me at work with my beetles, saying that I should some day be a Fellow of the Royal Society, and the notion seemed to me preposterous. During my last year at Cambridge, I read with care and profound interest Humboldt's * Personal Narrative.' This work, and Sir J. Herschel's * Introduction to the Study of Natural Philosophy,' stirred up in me a burning zeal to add even the most humble contribution to the noble structure of Natural Science. No one or a dozen other books influenced me nearly so much as these two. I copied out from Hum- boldt long passages about Teneriffe, and read them aloud on one of the above-mentioned excursions, to (I think) Hens- low, Ramsay, and Dawes, for on a previous occasion I had talked about the glories of Teneriffe, and some of the party declared they would endeavour to go there ; but I think that they were only half in earnest. I was, however, quite in ear- nest, and got an introduction to a merchant in London to enquire about ships ; but the scheme was, of course, knocked on the head by the voyage of the Beagle. My summer vacations were given up to collecting beetles, to some reading, and short tours. In the autumn my whole time was devoted to shooting, chiefly at Woodhouse and Maer, and sometimes with young Eyton of Eyton. Upon the whole the three years which I spent at Cambridge were the most joyful in my happy life ; for I was then in excellent health, and almost always in high spirits. As I had at first come up to Cambridge at Christmas, I was forced to keep two terms after passing my final exami- nation, at the commencement of 1831 ; and Henslow then persuaded me to begin the study of geology. Therefore on my return to Shropshire I examined sections, and coloured a map of parts round Shrewsbury. Professor Sedgwick in- tended to visit North Wales in the beginning of August to pursue his famous geological investigations amongst the older rocks, and Henslow asked him to allow me to accom- 48 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. pany him.* Accordingly he came and slept at my father's house. A short conversation with him during this evening pro- duced a strong impression on my mind. Whilst examining an old gravel-pit near Shrewsbury, a labourer told me that he had found in it a large worn tropical Volute shell, such as may be seen on the chimney-pieces of cottages ; and as l.e would not sell the shell, I was convinced that he had really found it in the pit. I told Sedgwick of the fact, and he at once said (no doubt truly) that it must have been thrown away by some one into the pit ; but then added, if really em- bedded there it would be the greatest misfortune to geology, as it would overthrow all that we know about the superficial deposits of the Midland Counties. These gravel-beds belong in fact to the glacial period, and in after years I found in them broken arctic shells. But I was then utterly astonished at Sedgwick not being delighted at so wonderful a fact as a tropical shell being found near the surface in the middle of England. Nothing before had ever made me thoroughly realise, though I had read various scientific books, that science consists in grouping facts so that general laws or con- clusions may be drawn from them. Next morning we started for Llangollen, Conway, Bangor, and Capel Curig. This tour was of decided use in teaching me a little how to make out the geology of a country. Sedg- wick often sent me on a line parallel to his, telling me to bring back specimens of the rocks and to mark the stratifica- tion on a map. I have little doubt that he did this for my good, as I was too ignorant to have aided him. On this tour * In connection with this tour my father used to tell a story about Sedgwick : they had started from their inn one morning, and had walked a mile or two, when Sedgwick suddenly stopped, and vowed that he would return, being certain " that damned scoundrel " (the waiter) had not given the chambermaid the sixpence intrusted to him for the purpose. He was ultimately persuaded to give up the project, seeing that there was no reason for suspecting the waiter of especial perfidy. — F. D. THE VOYAGE. .g I had a striking instance of how easy it is to overlook phe- nomena, however conspicuous, before they have been observed by any one. We spent many hours in Cwm Idwal, examin- ing all the rocks with extreme care, as Sedgwick was anxious to find fossils in them ; but neither of us saw a trace of the wonderful glacial phenomena all around us ; we did not notice the plainly scored rocks, the perched boulders, the lateral and terminal moraines. Yet these phenomena are so conspicuous that, as I declared in a paper published many years afterwards in the ' Philosophical Magazine,' * a house burnt down by fire did not tell its story more plainly than did this valley. If it had still been filled by a glacier, the phe- nomena would have been less distinct than they now are. At Capel Curig I left Sedgwick and went in a straight line by compass and map across the mountains to Barmouth, never following any track unless it coincided with my course. I thus came on some strange wild places, and enjoyed much this manner of travelling. I visited Barmouth to see some Cambridge friends who were reading there, and thence re- turned to Shrewsbury and to Maer for shooting ; for at that time I should have thought myself mad to give up the first days of partridge-shooting for geology or any other science. Voyagg of the * Beagle ' from December 27, 1831, to October 2, 1836. On returning home from my short geological tour in North Wales, I found a letter from Henslow, informing me that Captain Fitz-Roy was willing to give up part of his own cabin to any young man who would volunteer to go with him without pay as naturalist to the Voyage of the Beagle. I have given, as I believe, in my MS. Journal an account of ail the circumstances which then occurred ; I will here only say that I was instantly eager to accept the offer, but my father strongly objected, adding the words, fortunate for me. Philosophical Magazine,' 1842. 50 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. " If you can find any man of common sense who advises you to go I will give my consent." So I wrote that evening and refused the offer. On the next morning I went to Maer to be ready for September ist, and, whilst out shooting, my uncle* sent for me, offering to drive me over to Shrewsbury and talk with my father, as my uncle thought it would be wise in me to accept the offer. My father always maintained that he was one of the most sensible men in the world, and he at once consented in the kindest manner. I had been rather extravagant at Cambridge, and to console my father, said, "that I should be deuced clever to spend more than my allowance whilst on board the Beagle j " but he answered with a smile, " But they tell me you are very clever." Next day I started for Cambridge to see Henslow, and thence to London to see Fitz-Roy, and all was soon arranged. Afterwards, on becoming very intimate with Fitz-Roy, I heard that I had run a very narrow risk of being rejected, on account of the shape of my nose I He was an ardent dis- ciple of Lavater, and was convinced that he could judge of a man's character by the outline of his features ; and he doubted whether any one with my nose could possess sufficient energy and determination for the voyage. But I think he was after- wards well satisfied that my nose had spoken falsely. Fitz-Roy's character was a singular one, with very many noble features : he was devoted to his duty, generous to a fault, bold, determined, and indomitably energetic, and an ardent friend to all under his sway. He would undertake any sort of trouble to assist those whom he thought deserved assistance. He was a handsome man, strikingly like a gentle- man, with highly courteous manners, which resembled those of his maternal uncle, the famous Lord Castlereagh, as I was told by the Minister at Rio. Nevertheless he must have inherited much in his appearance from Charles H., for Dr. Wallich gave me a collection of photographs which he had m^de, and I was struck with the resemblance of one to Fitz- * Josiah Wedgwood. THE VOYAGE. ej Roy; and on looking at the name, I found it Ch. E. Sobieski Stuart, Count d'Albanie, a descendant of the same mon- arch. Fitz-Roy's temper was a most unfortunate one. It was usually worst in the early morning, and with his eagle eye he could generally detect something amiss about the ship, and was then unsparing in his blame. He was very kind to me, but was a man very difficult to live with on the intimate terms which necessarily followed from our messing by ourselves in the same cabin. We had several quarrels ; for instance, "early in the voyage at Bahia, in Brazil, he defended and praised slavery, which I abominated, and told me that he had just visited a great slave-owner, who had called up many of his slaves and asked them whether they were happy, and whether they wished to be free, and all answered " No." I then asked him, perhaps with a sneer, whether he thought that the answer of slaves in the presence of their master was worth anything? This made him excessively angry, and he said that as I doubted his word we could not live any longer together. I thought that I should have been compelled to leave the ship ; but as soon as the news spread, which it did quickly, as the captain sent for the first lieutenant to assuage his anger by abusing me, I was deeply gratified by receiving an invitation from all the gun-room officers to mess with them. But after a few hours Fitz-Roy showed his usual mag- nanimity by sending an officer to me with an apology and a request that I would continue to live with him. His character was in several respects one of the most noble which I have ever known. The voyage of the Beagle has been by far the most impor- tant event in my life, and has determined my whole career ; yet it depended on so small a circumstance as my uncle offer- ing to drive me thirty miles to Shrewsbury, which few uncles would have done, and on such a trifle as the shape of my nose. I have always felt that I owe to the voyage the first real training or education of my mind ; I was led to attend closely to several branches of natural history, and thus my 52 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. powers of observation were improved, though they were always fairly developed. The investigation of the geology of all the places visited was far more important, as reasoning here comes into play. On first examining a new district nothing can appear more hopeless than the chaos of rocks ; but by recording the strati- fication and nature of the rocks and fossils at many points, always reasoning and predicting what will be found else- where, light soon begins to dawn on the district, and the structure of the whole becomes more or less intelligible. I had brought with me the first volume of Lyell's ' Principles of Geology,' which I studied attentively; and the book was of the highest service to me in many ways. The very first place which I examined, namely St. Jago in the Cape de Verde islands, showed me clearly the wonderful superiority of Lyell's manner of- treating geology, compared with that of any other author, whose works I had with me or ever after- wards read. Another of my occupations was collecting animals of all classes, briefly describing and roughly dissecting many of the marine ones ; but from not being able to draw, and from not having sufficient anatomical knowledge, a great pile of MS. which I made during the voyage has proved almost useless. I thus lost much time, with the exception of that spent in acquiring some knowledge of the Crustaceans, as this was of service when in after years I undertook a monograph of the Cirripedia. During some part of the day I wrote my Journal, and took much pains in describing carefully and vividly all that I had seen ; and this was good practice. My Journal served also, in part, as letters to my home, and portions were sent to England whenever there was an opportunity. The above various special studies were, however, of no importance compared with the habit of energetic industry and of concentrated attention to whatever I was engaged in, which I then acquired. Everything about which I thought or read was made to bear directly on what I had seen or was THE VOYAGE. C3 likely to see ; and this habit of mind was continued during the five years of the voyage. I feel sure that it was this train- ing which has enabled me to do whatever I have- done in science. Looking backwards, I can now perceive how my love for science gradually preponderated over every other taste. Dur- ing the first two years my old passion for shooting survived in nearly full force, and I shot myself all the birds and ani- mals for my collection ; but gradually I gave up my gun more and more, and finally altogether, to my servant, as shooting interfered with my work, more especially with making out the geological structure of a country. I discovered, though un- consciously and insensibly, that the pleasure of observing and reasoning was a much higher one than that of skill and sport. That my mind became developed through my pursuits during the voyage is rendered probable by a remark made by my father, who was the most acute observer whom I ever saw, of a sceptical disposition, and far from being a believer in phre- nology ; for on first seeing me after the voyage, he turned round to my sisters, and exclaimed, "Why, the shape of his head is quite altered." To return to the voyage. On September nth (1831), I paid a flying visit with Fitz-Roy to the Beagle at Plymouth. Thence to Shrewsbury to wish my father and sisters a long farewell. On October 24th I took up my residence at Plym- outh, and remained there until December 27th, when the Beagle finally left the shores of England for her circumnavi- gation of the world. We made two earlier attempts to sail, but were driven back each time by heavy gales. These two months at Plymouth were the most miserable which I ever spent, though I exerted myself in various ways. I was out of spirits at the thought of leaving all my family and friends for so long a time, and the weather seemed to me inexpressi- bly gloomy. 1 was also troubled with palpitation and pain about the heart, and like many a young ignorant man, espe- cially one with a smattering of medical knowledge, was con- vinced that I had heart disease. I did not consult any doc- 54 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. tor, as I fully expected to hear the verdict that I was not fit for the voyage, and I was resolved to go at all hazards.. I need not here refer to the events of the voyage — where we went and what we did — as I have given a sufficiently full account in my published Journal. The glories of the vege- tation of the Tropics rise before my mind at the present time more vividly than anything else ; though the sense of sub- limity, which the great deserts of Patagonia and the forest- clad mountains of Tierra del Fuego excited in me, has left an indelible impression on my mind. The sight of a naked savage in his native land is an event which can never be for- gotten. Many of my excursions on horseback through wild countries, or in the boats, sorfie of which lasted several weeks, were deeply interesting: their discomfort and some degree of danger were at that time hardly a drawback, and none at all afterwards. I also reflect with high satisfaction on some of my scientific work, such as sclving the problem of coral islands, and making out the geological structure of certain islands, for instance, St. Helena. Nor must I pass over the discovery of the singular relations of the animals and plants inhabiting the several islands of the Galapagos archi- pelago, and of all of them to the inhabitants of South America. As far as I can judge of myself, I worked to the utmost during the voyage from the mere pleasure of investigation, and from my strong desire to add a few facts to the great mass of facts in Natural Science. But I was also ambitious to take a fair place among scientific men, — whether more ambitious or less so than most of my fellow- workers, I can form no opinion. The geology of St. Jago is very striking, yet simple : a stream of lava formerly flowed over the bed of the sea, formed of triturated recent shells and corals, which it has baked into a hard white rock. Since then the whole island has been up- heaved. But the line of white rock revealed to me a new and important fact, namely, that there had been afterwards subsi- THE VOYAGE. cc dence round the craters, which had since been in action, and had poured forth lava. It then first dawned on me that 1 might perhaps write a book on the geology of the various countries visited, and this made me thrill with delight. That was a memorable hour to me, and how distinctly I can call to mind the low cliff of lava beneath which I rested, with the sun glaring hot, a few strange desert plants growing near, and with living corals in the tidal pools at my feet. Later in the voyage, Fitz-Roy asked me to read some of my Journal, and declared it would be worth publishing ; so here was a second book in prospect ! Towards the close of our voyage I received a letter whilst at Ascension, in which my sisters told me that Sedgwick had called on my father, and said that I should take a place among the leading scientific men.' I could not at the time under- stand how he could have learnt anything of my proceedings, but I heard (I believe afterwards) that Henslow had read some of the letters which I wrote to him before the Philo- sophical Society of Cambridge,* and had printed them for private distribution. My collection of fossil bones, which had been sent to Henslow, also excited considerable atten- tion amongst palaeontologists. After reading this letter, I clambered over the mountains of Ascension with a bounding step, and made the volcanic rocks resound under my geologi- cal hammer. All this shows how ambitious I was ; but I think that I can say with truth that in after years, though I cared in the highest degree for the approbation of such men as Lyell and Hooker, who were my friends, I did npt care much about the general public. I do not mean to say that a favour- able review or a large sale of my books did not please me greatly, but the pleasure was a fleeting one, and I am sure that I have never turned one inch out of my course to gain fame. * Read at the meeting held November i6, 1835, and printed in a pam- phlet of 31 pp. for distribution among the members of the Society. 56 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. From my return to England {October 2, 1836) to my marriage {January 29, 1839). These two years and three months were the most active ones which I ever spent, though I was occasionally unwell, and so lost some time. After going backwards and forwards several times between Shrewsbury, Maer, Cambridge, and London, I settled in lodgings at Cambridge* on December 13th, where all my collections were under the care of Hens- low. I stayed here three months, and got my minerals and rocks examined by the aid of Professor Miller. I began preparing my * Journal of Travels,' which was not hard work, as my MS. Journal had been written with care, and my chief labour was making an abstract of my more in- teresting scientific results. I sent also, at the request of Lyell, a short account of my observations on the elevation of the coast of Chile to the Geological Society, f On March 7th, 1837, I took lodgings in Great Marlborough Street in London, and remained there for nearly two years, until I was married. During these two years I finished my Journal, read several papers before the Geological Society, began preparing the MS. for my ' Geological Observations,' and arranged for the publication of the * Zoology of the Voy- age of the Beagle* In July I opened my first note-book for facts in relation to the Origin of Species, about which I had long reflected, and never ceased working for the next twenty years. During these two years I also went a little into society, and acted as one of the honorary secretaries of the Geological Society. I saw a great deal of Lyell. One of his chief char- acteristics was his sympathy with the work of others, and I was as much astonished as delighted at the interest which he showed when, on my return to England, I explained to him my views on coral reefs. This encouraged me greatly, and his advice and example had much influence on me. During * In Fitzwilliam Street. f ' Geolog. Soc. Proc' ii. 1838, pp. 446-449. LONDON. -- this time I saw also a good deal of Robert Brown; I used often to call and sit with him during his breakfast on Sunday mornings, and he poured forth a rich treasure of curious ob- servations and acute remarks, but they almost always related to minute points, and he never with me discussed large or general questions in science. During these two years I took several short excursions as a relaxation, and one longer one to the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, an account of which was published in the ' Philosoph- ical Transactions,'* This paper was a great failure, and I am ashamed of it. Having been deeply impressed with what I had seen of the elevation of the land of South America, I attributed the parallel lines to the action of the sea; but I had to give up this view when Agassiz propounded his glacier- lake theory. Because no other explanation was possible under our then state of knowledge, I argued in favor of sea-action ; and my error has been a good lesson to me never to trust in science to the principle of exclusion. As I was not able to work all day at science, I read a good deal during these two years on various subjects, includ- ing some metaphysical books ; but I was not well fitted for such studies. About this time I took much delight in Words- worth's and Coleridge's poetry ; and can boast that I read the * Excursion ' twice through. Formerly Milton's * Paradise Lost ' had been my chief favourite, and in my excursions dur- ing the voyage of the Beagle^ when I could take only a single volume, I always chose Milton. From 77iy marriage, January 29, 1839, and residence in Upper Gower Street, to our leaving London and settling at Down, September 14, 1842. After speaking of his happy married life, and of his children, he continues : — During the three years and eight months whilst we resided in London, I did less scientific work, though I worked as * 1839, pp. 39-82. 58 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. hard as I possibly could, than during any other equal length of time in my life. This was owing to frequently recurring unwellness, and to one long and serious illness. The greater part of my time, when I could do anything, was devoted to my work on ' Coral Reefs,' which I had begun before my marriage, and of which the last proof-sheet was corrected on May 6th, 1842. This book, though a small one, cost me twenty months of hard work, as I had to read every work on the islands of the Pacific and to consult many charts. It was thought highly of by scientific men, and the theory therein given is, I think, now well established. No other work of mine was begun in so deductive a spirit as this, for the whole theory was thought out on the west coast of South America, before I had seen a true coral reef. I had therefore only to verify and extend my views by a care- ful examination of living reefs. But it should be observed that I had during the two previous years been incessantly at- tending to the effects on the shores of South America of the intermittent elevation of the land, together with denudation and the deposition of sediment. This necessarily led me to reflect much on the effects of subsidence, and it was easy to replace in imagination the continued deposition of sediment by the upward growth of- corals. To do this was to form my theory of the formation of barrier-reefs and atolls. Besides my work on coral-reefs, during my residence in London, I read before the Geological Society papers on the Erratic Boulders of South America,* on Earthquakes,! and on the Formation by the Agency of Earth-worms of Mould. J I also continued to superintend the publication of the ' Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle! Nor did I ever intermit col- lecting facts bearing on the origin of species ; and I could sometimes do this when I could do nothing else from illness. In the summer of 1842 I was stronger than I had been for some time, and took a little tour by myself in North Wales, * ' Geolog. Soc. Proc' iii. 1842. f * Geolog. Trans.' v. 1840. X ' Geolog. Soc. Proc' ii. 1838. LONDON. -Q for the sake of observing the effects of the old glaciers which formerly filled all the larger valleys. I published a short ac- count of what I saw in the 'Philosophical Magazine.'* This excursion interested me greatly, and it was the last time I was ever strong enough to climb mountains or to take long walks such as are necessary for geological work. During the early part of our life in London, I was strong enough to go into general society, and saw a good deal of several scientific men, and other more or less distinguished men. I will give my impressions with respect to some of them, though I have little to say worth saying. I saw more of Lyell than of any other man, both before and after my marriage. His mind was characterised, as it appeared to me, by clearness, caution, sound judgment, and a good deal of originality. When I made any remark to him on Geology, he never rested until he saw the whole case clearly, and often made me see it more clearly than I had done before. He would advance all possible objections to my suggestion, and even after these were exhausted would long remain dubious. A second characteristic was his hearty sympathy with the work of other scientific men. f On my return from the voyage of the Beagle^ I explained to him my views on coral-reefs, which differed from his, and I was greatly surprised and encouraged by the vivid interest which he showed. His delight in science was ardent, and he felt the* keenest interest in the future progress of mankind. He was very kind-hearted, and thoroughly liberal in his religious beliefs, or rather disbeliefs ; but he was a strong theist. His candour was highly remarkable. He exhibited this by becoming a convert to the Descent theory, though he had gained much fame by opposing Lamarck's views, and this after he had grown old. He reminded me that I had ** Philosophical Magazine,' 1842. f The slight repetition here observable is accounted for by the notes on Lyell, &c., having been added in April, 1881, a few years after the rest of the ' Recollections ' were written. 6o • AUTOBIOGRAPHY. many years before said to him, when discussing the opposition of the old school of geologists to his new views, "What a good thing it would be if every scientific man was to die when sixty years old, as afterwards he would be sure to oppose all new doctrines." But he hoped that now he might be allowed to live. The science of Geology is enormously indebted to Lyell — more so, as I believe, than to any other man who ever lived. When [I was] starting on the voyage of the Beagle, the saga- cious Henslow, who, like all other geologists, believed at that time in successive cataclysms, advised me to get and study the first volume of the * Principles,' which had then just been published, but on no account to accept the views therein ad- vocated. How differently would any one now speak of the 'Principles' ! I am proud to remember that the first place, namely, St. Jago, in the Cape de Verde archipelago, in which I geologised, convinced me of the infinite superiority of Lyell's views over those advocated in any other work known to me. The powerful effects of Lyell's works could formerly be plainly seen in the different progress of the science in France and England. The present total oblivion of Elie de Beau- mont's wild hypotheses, such as his ' Craters of Elevation ' and ' Lines of Elevation ' (which latter hypothesis I heard Sedgwick at the Geological Society lauding to the skies), may be largely attributed to Lyell. I saw a good deal of Robert Brown, " facile Princeps Bo- tanicorum," as he was called by Humboldt. He seemed to me to be chiefly remarkable for the minuteness of his obser- vations, and their perfect accuracy. His knowledge was extraordinarily great, and much died with him, owing to his excessive fear of ever making a mistake. He poured out his knowledge to me in the most unreserved manner, yet was strangely jealous on some points. I called on him two or three times before the voyage of the Beagle, and on one oc- casion he asked me to look through a microscope and de- scribe what I saw. This I did, and believe now that it was LONDON. 6l the marvellous currents of protoplasm in some vegetable cell. I then asked him what I had seen ; but he answered me, ''That is my little secret." He was capable of the most generous actions. When old, much out of health, and quite unfit for any exertion, he daily visited (as Hooker told me) an old man-servant, who lived at a distance (and whom he supported), and read aloud to him. This is enough to make up for any degree of scientific penuri- ousness or jealousy. I may here mention a few other eminent men, whom I have occasionally seen^ but I have little to say about them worth saying. I felt a high reverence for Sir J. Herschel, and was delighted to dine with him at his charming house at the Cape of Good Hope, and afterwards at his London house. I saw him, also, on a few other occasions. He never talked much, but every word which he uttered was worth listen- ing to. I once met at breakfast at Sir R. Murchison's house the illustrious Humboldt, who honoured me by expressing a wish to see me. I was a little disappointed with the great man, but my anticipations probably were too high. I can remember nothing distinctly about our interview, except that Humboldt was very cheerful and talked much. reminds me of Buckle whom I once met at Hens- leigh Wedgwood's. I was very glad to learn from him his system of collecting facts. He told me that he bought all the books which he read, and made a full index, to each, of the facts which he thought might prove serviceable to him, and that he could always remember in what book he had read anything, for his memory was wonderful. I asked him how at first he could judge what facts would be serviceable, and he answered that he did not know, but that a sort of instinct guided him. From this habit of making indices, he was en- abled to give the astonishing number of references on all sorts of subjects, which may be found in his * History of Civilisa- tion.* This book I thought most interesting, and read it twice, but I doubt whether his generalisations are worth any- 62 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. thing. Buckle was a great talker, and I listened to him say- ing hardly a word, nor indeed could I have done so for he left no gaps. When Mrs. Farrer began to sing, I jumped up and said that I must listen to her ; after I had moved away he turned around to a friend and said (as was overheard by my brother), ''Well, Mr. Darwin's books are much better than his conversation." Of other great literary men, I once met Sydney Smith at Dean Milman's house. There was something inexplicably amusing in every word which he uttered. Perhaps this was partly due to the expectation of being amused. He was talk- ing about Lady Cork, who was then extremely old. This was the lady who, as he said, was once so much affected by one of his charity sermons, that she borrowed a guinea from a friend to put in the plate. He now said " It is generally be- lieved that my dear old friend Lady Cork has been over- looked," and he said this in such a manner that no one could for a moment doubt that he meant that his dear old friend had been overlooked by the devil. How he managed to ex- press this I know not. I likewise once met Macaulay at Lord Stanhope's (the historian's) house, and as there was only one other man at dinner, I had a grand opportunity of hearing him converse, and he was very agreeable. He did not talk at all too much ; nor indeed could such a man talk too much, as long as he al- lowed others to turn the stream of his conversation, and this he did allow. Lord Stanhope once gave me a curious little proof of the accuracy and fulness of Macaulay's memory : many his- torians used often to meet at Lord Stanhope's house, and in discussing various subjects they would sometimes differ from Macaulay, and formerly they often referred to some book to see who was right ; but latterly, as Lord Stanhope noticed, no historian ever took this trouble, and whatever Macaulay said was final. On another occasion I met at Lord Stanhope's house, one of his parties of historians and other literary men, and LONDON. 5 amongst them were Motley and Grote. After luncheon I walked about Chevening Park for nearly an hour with Grote, and was much interested by his conversation and pleased by the simplicity and absence of all pretension in his manners. Long ago I dined occasionally with the old Earl, the father of the historian ; he was a strange man, but what little I knew of him I liked much. He was frank, genial, and pleasant. He had strongly marked features, with a brown complexion^ and his clothes, when I saw him, were all brown- He seemed to believe in everything which was to others utter- ly incredible. He said one day to me, " Why don't you give up your fiddle-faddle of geology and zoology, and turn to the occult sciences ? " The historian, then Lord Mahon, seemed shocked at such a speech to me, and his charming wife much amused. The last man whom I will mention is Carlyle, seen by me several times at my brother's house, and two or three times at my own house. His talk was very racy and interesting, just like his writings, but he sometimes went on too long on the same subject. I remember a funny dinner at my broth- er's, where, amongst a few others, were Babbage and Lyell, both of whom liked to talk. Carlyle, however, silenced every one by haranguing during the whole dinner on the advantages of silence. After dinner Babbage, in his grimmest manner, thanked Carlyle for his very interesting lecture on silence. Carlyle sneered at almost every one : one day in my house he called Grote's * History ' " a fetid quagmire, with nothing spiritual about it." I always thought, until his * Reminis- cences ' appeared, that his sneers were partly jokes, but this now seems rather doubtful. His expression was that of a depressed, almost despondent yet benevolent, man ; and it is notorious how heartily he laughed. I believe that his benevolence was real, though stained by not a little jealousy. No one can doubt about his extraordinary power of drawing pictures of things and men — far more vivid, as it appears to me, than any drawn by Macaulay. Whether his pictures of men were true ones is another question. 64 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. He has been all-powerful in impressing some grand moral truths on the minds of men. On the other hand, his views about slavery were revolting. In his eyes might was right. His mind seemed to me a very narrow one ; even if all branches of science, which he despised, are excluded. It is astonishing to me that Kingsley should have spoken of him as a man well fitted to advance science. He laughed to scorn the idea that a mathematician, such as Whewell, could judge, as I maintained he could, of Goethe's views on light. He thought it a most ridiculous thing that any one should care whether a glacier moved a little quicker or a little slower, or moved at all. As far as I could judge, I never met a man with a mind so ill adapted for scientific re- search. Whilst living in London, I attended as regularly as I could the meetings of several scientific socities, and acted as secre- tary to the Geological Society. But such attendance, and ordinary society, suited my health so badly that we resolved to live in the country, which we both preferred and have never repented of. Residence at Down from September 14, 1842, /^ the present time^ 1876. After several fruitless searches in Surrey and elsewhere, we found this house and purchased it. I was pleased with the diversified appearance of vegetation proper to a chalk district, and so unlike what I had been accustomed to in the Midland counties ; and still more pleased with the extreme quietness and rusticity of the place. It is not, however, quite so retired a place as a writer in a German periodical makes it, who says that my house can be approached only by a mule-track ! Our fixing ourselves here has answered ad- mirably in one way, which we did not anticipate, namely, by being very convenient for frequent visits from our chil- dren. Few persons can have lived a more retired life than we PUBLICATIONS. 65 have done. Besides short visits to the houses of relations, and occasionally to the seaside or elsewhere, we have gone nowhere. During the first part of our residence we went a little into society, and received a few. friends here ; but my health almost always suffered from the excitement, violent shivering and vomiting attacks being thus brought on. I have therefore been compelled for many years to give up all dinner-parties ; and this has been somewhat of a deprivation to me, as such parties always put me into high spirits. From the same cause I have been able to invite here very few sci- entific acquaintances. My chief enjoyment and sole employment throughout life has been scientific work ; and the excitement from such work makes me for the time forget, or drives quite away, my daily discomfort. I have therefore nothing to record during the rest of my life, except the publication of my several books. Perhaps a few details how they arose may be worth giving. My several Publications. — In the early part of 1844, "f^y observations on the volcanic islands visited during the voyage of the Beagle were published. In 1845, ^ took much pains in correcting a new edition of my * Journal of Researches,' which was originally published in 1839 as part of Fitz-Roy's work. The success of this, my first literary child, always tickles my vanity more than that of any of my other books. Even to this day it sells steadily in England and the United States, and has been translated for the second time into Ger- man, and into French and other languages. This success of a book of travels, especially of a scientific one, so many years after its first publication, is surprising. Ten thousand copies have been sold in England of the second edition. In 1846 my * Geological Observations on South America ' were pub- lished. I record in a little diary, which I have always kept, that my three geological books (' Coral Reefs' included) con- sumed four and a half years' steady work ; " and now it is ten years since my return to England. How much time have I lost by illness.?" I have nothing to say about these three (£ AUTOBIOGRAPHY. books except that to my surprise new editions have lately been called for.* In October, 1846, 1 began to work on * Cirripedia.' When on the coast of Chile, I found a most curious form, which burrowed into the shells of Concholepas, and which differed so much from all other Cirripedes that I had to form a new sub-order for its sole reception. Lately an allied burrowing genus has been found on the shores of Portugal. To under- stand the structure of my new Cirripede I had to examine and dissect many of the common forms ; and this gradually led me on to take up the whole group. I worked steadily on this subject for the next eight years, and ultimately published two thick volumes,! describing all the known living species, and two thin quartos on the extinct species. I do not doubt that Sir E. Lytton Bulwer had me in his mind when he intro- duced in one of his novels a Professor Long, who had written tv/o huge volumes on limpets. Although I was employed during eight years on this work, yet I record in my diary that about two years out of this time was lost by illness. On this account I went in 1848 for some months to Malvern for hydropathic treatment, which did me much good, so that on my return home I was able to resume work. So much was I out of health that when my dear father died on November 13th, 1848, I was unable to attend his funeral or to act as one of his executors. My work on the Cirripedia possesses, I think, considera- ble value, as besides describing several new and remarkable forms, I made out the homologies of the various parts — I dis- covered the cementing apparatus, though I blundered dread- fully about the cement glands — and lastly I proved the exist- ence in certain genera of minute males complemental to and parasitic on the hermaphrodites. This latter discovery has at last been fully confirmed ; though at one time a German * 'Geological Observations,' 2nd Edit. 1876. ' Coral Reefs,' 2nd Edit [874. f Published by the Ray Society. CIRRlPEDES. 67 writer was pleased to attribute the whole account to my fer- tile imagination. The Cirripedes form a highly varying and difficult group of species to class ; and my work was of con- siderable use to me, when I had to discuss in the * Origin of Species ' the principles of a natural classification. Neverthe- less, I doubt whether the work was worth the consumption of so much time. From September 1854 I devoted my whole time to arrang- ing my huge pile of notes, to observing, and to experiment- ing in relation to the transmutation of species. During the voyage of the Beagle I had been deeply impressed by discov- ering in the Pampean formation great fossil animals covered with armour like that on the existing armadillos ; secondly, by the manner in which closely allied animals replace one another in proceeding southwards over the Continent ; and thirdly, by the South American character of most of the pro- ductions of the Galapagos archipelago, and more especially by the manner in which they differ slightly on each island of the group ; none of the islands appearing to be very ancient in a geological sense. It was evident that such facts as these, as well as many others, could only be explained on the supposition that species gradually become modified ; and the subject haunted me. But it was equally evident that neither the action of the surrounding conditions, nor the will of the organisms (espe- cially in the case of plants) could account for the innumera- ble cases in which organisms of every kind are beautifully adapted to their habits of life — for instance, a woodpecker or a tree-frog to climb trees, or a seed for dispersal by hooks or plumes. I had always been much struqk by such adaptations, and until these could be explained it seemed to me almost useless to endeavour to prove by indirect evidence that species have been modified. After my return to England it appeared to me that by following the example of Lyell in Geology, and by collecting all facts which bore in any way on the variation of animals and plants under domestication and nature, some light might 68 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. perhaps be thrown on the whole subject. My first note-book was opened in July 1837. I worked on true Baconian prin- ciples, and without any theory collected facts on a wholesale scale, more especially with respect to domesticated produc- tions, by printed enquiries, by conversation with skilful breeders and gardeners, and by extensive reading. When I see the list of books of all kinds which I read and abstracted, including whole series of Journals and Transactions, I am surprised at my industry. I soon perceived that selection was the keystone of man's success in making useful races of animals and plants. But how selection could be applied to organisms living in a state of nature remained for some time a mystery to me. In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement * Malthus on Population,* and being well prepared to appre- ciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfa- vourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here then I had at last got a theory by which to work ; but I was so anxious to avoid prejudice, that I determined not for some time to write even the briefest sketch of it. In June 1842 I first allowed myself the satisfaction of writing a very brief abstract of my theory in pencil in 35 pages ; and this was enlarged during the sum- mer of 1844 into one of 230 pages, which I had fairly copied out and still possess. But at that time I overlooked one problem of great impor- tance ; and it is astonishing to me, except on the principle of Columbus and his egg, how I could have overlooked it and its solution. This problem is the tendency in organic beings descended from the same stock to diverge in character as they become modified. That they have diverged greatly is obvious from the manner in which species of all kinds can be classed under genera, genera under families, families under ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' 69 sub-orders and so forth ; and I can remember the very spot in the road, whilst in my carriage, when to my joy the solu- tion occurred to me ; and this was long after I had come to Down. The solution, as I believe, is that the modified off- spring of all dominant and increasing forms tend to become adapted to many and highly diversified places in the economy of nature. Early in 1856 Lyell advised me to write out my views pretty fully, and I began at once to do so on a scale three or four times as extensive as that which was afterwards followed in my ' Origin of Species ; * yet it was only an abstract of the materials which I had collected, and I got through about half the work on this scale. But my plans were over- thrown, for early in the summer of 1858 Mr. Wallace, who was then in the Malay archipelago, sent me an essay *' On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type ; " and this essay contained exactly the same theory as mine. Mr. Wallace expressed the wish that if I thought well of his essay, I should send it to Lyell for perusal. The circumstances under which I consented at the re- quest of Lyell and Hooker to allow of an abstract from my MS., together with a letter to Asa Gray, dated September 5, 1857, to be published at the same time with Wallace's Essay, are given in the * Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society,* 1858, p. 45. I was at first very unwilling to consent, as I thought Mr. Wallace might consider my doing so un- justifiable, for I did not then know how generous and noble was his disposition. The extract from my MS. and the letter to Asa Gray had neither been intended for publication, and were badly written. Mr. Wallace's essay, on the other hand, was admirably expressed and quite clear. Nevertheless, our joint productions excited very little attention, and the only published notice of them which I can remember was by Professor Haughton of Dublin, whose verdict was that all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old. This shows how necessary it is that any new view should be ^O AUTOBIOGRAPHY. explained at considerable length in order to arouse public attention. In September 1858 I set to work by the strong advice of Lyell and Hooker to prepare a volume on the transmutation of species, but was often interrupted by ill-health, and short visits to Dr. Lane's delightful hydropathic establishment at Moor Park. I abstracted the MS. begun on a much larger scale in 1856, and completed the volume on the same reduced scale. It cost me thirteen months and ten days' hard labour. It was published under the title of the * Origin of Species,' in Novem- ber 1859. Though considerably added to and corrected in the later editions, it has remained substantially the same book. It is no doubt the chief work of my life. It was from the first highly successful. The first small edition of 1250 copies was sold on the day of publication, and a second edition of 3000 copies soon afterwards. Sixteen thousand copies have now (1876) been sold in England ; and considering how stiff a book it is, this is a large sale. It has been translated into almost every European tongue, even into such languages as Spanish, Bohemian, Polish, and Russian. It has also, accord- ing to Miss Bird, been translated into Japanese,* and is there much studied. Even an essay in Hebrew has appeared on it, showing that the theory is contained in the Old Testa- ment ! The reviews were very numerous ; for some time I collected all that appeared on the * Origin ' and on my related books, and these amount (excluding newspaper reviews) to 265 ; but after a time I gave up the attempt in despair. Many separate essays and books on the subject have ap- peared ; and in Germany a catalogue or bibliography on ^' Darwinismus " has appeared every year or two. The success of the * Origin * may, I think, be attributed in large part to my having long before written two condensed sketches, and to my having finally abstracted a much larger manuscript, which was itself an abstract. By this means I was enabled to select the more striking facts and conclusions. * Miss Bird is mistaken, as I learn from Prof. Mitsukuri. — F. D. 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' ^j I had, also, during many years followed a golden rule, namely, that whenever a published fact, a new observation or thought came across me, which was opposed to my general results, to make a memorandum of it without fail and at once ; for I had found by experience that such facts and thoughts were far more apt to escape from the memory than favourable ones. Owing to this habit, very few objections were raised against my views which I had not at least noticed and at- tempted to answer. It has sometimes been said that the success of the ' Ori- gin* proved "that the subject was in the air," or "that men's minds were prepared for it." I do not think that this is strictly true, for I occasionally sounded not a few naturalists, and never happened to come across a single one who seemed to doubt about the permanence of species. Even Lyell and Hooker, though they would listen with interest to me, never seemed to agree. I tried once or twice to explain to able men what I meant by Natural Selection, but signally failed. What I believe was strictly true is that innumerable well- observed facts were stored in the minds of naturalists ready to take their proper places as soon as any theory which would receive them was sufficiently explained. Another element in the success of the book was its moderate size ; and this I owe to the appearance of Mr. Wallace's essay ; had I published on the scale in which I began to write in 1856, the book would have been four or five times as large as the * Origin,' and very few would have had the patience to read it. I gained much by my delay in publishing from about 1839, when the theory was clearly conceived, to 1859 ; and I lost nothing by it, for I cared very little whether men at- tributed most originality to me or Wallace ; and his essay no doubt aided in the reception of the theory. I was forestalled in only one important point, which my vanity has always made me regret, namely, the explanation by means of the Glacial period of the presence of the same species of plants and of some few animals on distant mountain summits and in the arctic regions. This view pleased me so much that I 6 72 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. wrote it out in extenso, and I believe that it was read by Hooker some years before E. Forbes published his celebrated memoir* on the subject. In the very few points in which we differed, I still think that I was in the right. I have never, of course, alluded in print to my having independently worked out this view. Hardly any point gave me so much satisfaction when I was at work on the * Origin,' as the explanation of the wide difference in many classes between- the embryo and the adult animal, and of the close resemblance of the embryos within the same class. No notice of this point was taken, as far as I remember, in the early reviews of the * Origin,' and I recol- lect expressing my surprise on this head in a letter to Asa Gray. Within late years several reviewers have given the whole credit to Fritz Miiller and Hackel, who undoubtedly have worked it out much more fully, and in some respects more correctly than I did. I had materials for a whole chap- ter on the subject, and I ought to have made the discussion longer ; for it is clear that I failed to impress my readers ; and he who succeeds in doing so deserves, in my opinion, all the credit. This leads me to remark that I have almost always been treated honestly by my reviewers, passing over those without scientific knowledge as not worthy of notice. My views have often been grossly misrepresented, bitterly opposed and ridi- culed, but this has been generally done, as I believe, in good faith. On the whole I do not doubt that my works have been over and over again greatly overpraised. I rejoice that I have avoided controversies, and this I owe to Lyell, who many years ago, in reference to my geological works, strongly ad- vised me never to get entangled in a controversy, as it rarely did any good and caused a miserable loss of time and temper. Whenever I have found out that I have blundered, or that my work has been imperfect, and when I have been con- temptuously criticised, and even when I have been over * *Geolog. Survey Mem.,' 1846. PUBLICATIONS. n^ praised, so that I have felt mortified, it has been my greatest comfort to say hundreds of times to myself that " I have worked as hard and as well as I could, and no man can do more than this." I remember when in Good Success Bay, in Tierra del Fuego, thinking (and, I believe, that I wrote home to the effect) that I could not employ my life better than in adding a little to Natural Science. This I have done to the best of my abilities, and critics may say what they like, but they cannot destroy this conviction. During the two last months of 1859 ^ was fully occupied in preparing a second edition of the ' Origin,' and by an enormous correspondence. On January ist, i860, I began arranging my notes for my work on the ' Variation of Ani- mals and Plants under Domestication; ' but it was not pub- lished until the beginning of 1868 ; the delay having been caused partly by frequent illnesses, one of which lasted seven months, and partly by being tempted to publish on other sub- jects which at the time interested me more. On May 15th, 1862, my little book on the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' which cost me ten months' work, was published : most of the facts had been slowly accumulated during several previous years. During the summer of 1839, ^^^i I believe, during the previous summer, I was led to attend to the cross- fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant. I attended to the subject more or less dur- ing every subsequent summer ; and my interest in it was greatly enhanced by having procured and read in November 1 84 1, through the advice of Robert Brown, a copy of C. K, Sprengel's wonderful book, ' Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur.' For some years before 1862 I had specially attended to the fertilisation of our British orchids ; and it seemed to me the best plan to prepare as complete a treatise on this group of plants as well as I could, rather than to utilise the great mass of matter which I had slowly collected with re- spect to other plants. 74 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. My resolve proved a wise one ; for since the appearance of my book, a surprising number of papers and separate works on the fertilisation of all kinds of flowers have ap- peared : and these are far better done than I could possibly have effected. The merits of poor old Sprengel, so long overlooked, are now fully recognised many years after his death. During the same year I published in the * Journal of the Linnean Society ' a paper *' On the Two Forms, or Dimor- phic Condition of Primula," and during the next five years, five other papers on dimorphic and trimorphic plants. I do not think anything in my scientific life has given me so much satisfaction as making out the meaning of the structure of these plants. I had noticed in 1838 or 1839 the dimorphism of Linum flavum^ and had at first thought that it was merely a case of unmeaning variability. But on examining the com- mon species of Primula I found that the two forms were much too regular and constant to be thus viewed. I therefore be- came almost convinced that the common cowslip and prim- rose were on the high road to become dioecious ; — that the short pistil in the one form, and the short stamens in the other form were tending towards abortion. The plants were therefore subjected under this point of view to trial ; but as soon as the flowers with short pistils fertilised with pollen from the short stamens, were found to yield more seeds than any other of the four possible unions, the abortion-theory was knocked on the head. After some additional experiment, it became evident that the two forms, though both were perfect hermaphrodites, bore almost the same relation to one another as do the two sexes of an ordinary animal. With Lythrum we have the still more wonderful case of three forms standing in a similar relation to one another. I afterwards found that the offspring from the union of two plants belonging to the same forms presented a close and curious analogy with hy- brids from the union of two distinct species. In the autumn of 1864 I finished a long paper on ' Climb- ing Plants,* and sent it to the Linnean Society. The writing PUBLICATIONS. yt of this paper cost me four months ; but I was so unwell when I received the proof-sheets that I was forced to leave them very badly and often obscurely expressed. The paper was little noticed, but when in 1875 it was corrected and published as a separate book it sold well. I was led to take up this sub- ject by reading a short paper by Asa Gray, published in 1858. He sent me seeds, and on raising some plants I was so much fascinated and perplexed by the revolving movements of the tendrils and stems, which movements are really very simple, though appearing at first sight very complex, that I procured various other kinds of climbing plants, and studied the whole subject. I was all the more attracted to it, from not being at all satisfied with the explanation which Henslow gave us in his lectures, about twining plants, namely, that they had a natural tendency to grow up in a spire. This explanation proved quite erroneous. Some of the adaptations displayed by Climbing Plants are as beautiful as those of Orchids for ensuring cross-fertilisation. My * Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestica- tion' was begun, as already stated, in the beginning of i860, but was not published until the beginning of 1868. It was a big book, and cost me four years and two months' hard labour. It gives all my observations and an immense number of facts collected from various sources, about our domestic produc- tions. In the second volume the causes and laws of variation, inheritance, &c., are discussed as far as our present state of knowledge permits. Towards the end of the work I give my well-abused hypothesis of Pangenesis. An unverified hypothe- sis is of little or no value ; but if any one should hereafter be led to make observations by which some such hypothesis could be established, I shall have done good service, as an astonishing number of isolated facts can be thus connected together and rendered intelligible. In 1875 a second and largely corrected edition, which cost me a good deal of labour, was brought out. My 'Descent of Man ' was published in February, 1871. As soon as I had become, in the year 1837 or 1838, convinced 1(> AUTOBIOGRAPHY. that species were mutable productions, I could not avoid the belief that man must come under the same law. Accordingly I collected notes on the subject for my own satisfaction, and not for a long time with any intention of publishing. Although in the ' Origin of Species ' the derivation of any particular species is never discussed, yet I thought it best, in order that no honourable man should accuse me of concealing my views, to add that by the work " light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history." It would have been useless and in- jurious to the success of the book to have paraded, without giving any evidence, my conviction with respect to his origin. But when I found that many naturalists fully accepted the doctrine of the evolution of species, it seemed to me advisable to work up such notes as I possessed, and to publish a special treatise on the origin of man. I was the more glad to do so, as it gave me an opportunity of fully discussing sexual selec- tion— a subject which had always greatly interested me. This subject, and that of the variation of our domestic productions, together with the causes and laws of variation, inheritance, and the intercrossing of plants, are the sole subjects which I have been able to write about in full, so as to use all the ma- terials which I have collected. The 'Descent of Man' took me three years to write, but then as usual some of this time was lost by ill health, and some was consumed by preparing new editions and other minor works. A second and largely corrected edition of the * Descent ' appeared in 1874. My book on the ' Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals' was published in the autumn of 1872. I had in- tended to give only a chapter on the subject in the * Descent of Man,' but as soon as I began to put my notes together, I saw that it would require a separate treatise. My first child was born on December 27th, 1839, ^"^ ^ ^^ once commenced to make notes on the first dawn of the vari- ous expressions which he exhibited, for I felt convinced, even at this early period, that the most complex-and fine shades of expression must all have had a gradual and natural origin. During the summer of the following year, 1840, I read Sir C. PUBLICATIONS. 77 Bell's admirable work on expression, and this greatly increased the interest which I felt in the subject, though I could not at all agree with his belief that various muscles had been spe- cially created for the sake of expression. From this time for- ward I occasionally attended to the subject, both with respect to man and our domesticated animals. My book sold largely; 5267 copies having been disposed of on the day of publication. In the summer of i860 I was idling and resting near Hart- field, where two species of Drosera abound ; and I noticed that numerous insects had been entrapped by the leaves. I carried home some plants, and on giving them insects saw the movements of the tentacles, and this made me think it proba- ble that the insects were caught for some special purpose. Fortunately a crucial test occurred to me, that of placing a large number of leaves in various nitrogenous and non-nitro- genous fluids of equal density ; and as soon as I found that the former alone excited energetic movements, it was obvious that here was a fine new field for investigation. During subsequent years, whenever I had leisure, I pur- sued my experiments, and my book on ' Insectivorous Plants * was published in July 1875 — ^^at is, sixteen years after my first observations. The delay in this case, as with all my other books, has been a great advantage to me ; for a man after a long interval can criticise his own work, almost as well as if it were that of another person. The fact that a plant should secrete, when properly excited, a fluid containing an acid and ferment, closely analogous to the digestive fluid of an animal, was certainly a remarkable discovery. During this autumn of 1876 I shall publish on the 'Effects of Cross and Self- Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom.' This book will form a complement to that on the ' Fertilisa- tion of Orchids,' in which I showed how perfect were the means for cross-fertilisation, and here I shall show how im- portant are the results. I was led to make, during eleven years, the numeious experiments recorded in this volume, by a mere accidental observation ; and indeed it required the accident to be repeated before my attention was thoroughly 78 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. aroused to the remarkable fact that seedlings of self-fertilised parentage are inferior, even in the first generation, in height and vigour to seedlings of cross-fertilised parentage. I hope also to republish a revised edition of my book on Orchids, and hereafter my papers on dimorphic and trimorphic plants, together with some additional observations on allied points which I never have had time to arrange. My strength will then probably be exhausted, and I shall be ready to exclaim " Nunc dimittis." Written May ist, 1881.— ' The Effects of Cross and Self- Fertilisation ' was published in the autumn of 1876; and the results there arrived at explain, as I believe, the endless and wonderful contrivances for the transportal of pollen from one plant to another of the same species. I now believe, however, chiefly from the observations of Hermann Miiller, that I ought to have insisted more strongly than I did on the many adapta- tions for self- fertilisation ; though I was well aware of many such adaptations. A much enlarged edition of my * Fertilisa- tion of Orchids' was published in 1877. In this same year 'The Different Forms of Flowers, &c.,' appeared, and in 1880 a second edition. This book consists chiefly of the several papers on Heterostyled flowers originally published by the Linnean Society, corrected, with much new matter added, together with observations on some other cases in which the same plant bears two kinds of flowers. As be- fore remarked, no little discovery of mine ever gave me so much pleasure as the making out the meaning of heterostyled flowers. The results of crossing such flowers in an illegiti- mate manner, I believe to be very important, as bearing on the sterility of hybrids ; although these results have been noticed by only a few persons. In 1879, I ^^^ a translation of Dr. Ernst Krause's * Life of Erasmus Darwin ' published, and I added a sketch of his character and habits from material in my possession. Many persons have been much interested by this little life, and I am surprised that only 800 or 900 copies were sold. In 1880 I published, with [my son] Frank's assistance, our PUBLICATIONS. 70 * Power of Movement in Plants.' This was a tough piece of work. The book bears somewhat the same relation to my little book on * Climbing Plants,' which ' Cross-Fertilisation ' did to the ' Fertilisation of Orchids ; ' for in accordance with the principle of evolution it was impossible to account for climbing plants having been developed in so many widely different groups unless all kinds of plants possess some slight power of movement of an analogous kind. This I proved to be the case ; and I was further led to a rather wide general- isation, viz. that the great and important classes of move- ments, excited by light, the attraction of gravity, &c., are all modified forms of the fundamental movement of circumnuta- tion. It has always pleased me to exalt plants in the scale of organised beings ; and I therefore felt an especial pleasure in showing how many and what admirably well adapted move- ments the tip of a root possesses. I have now (May i, 1881) sent to the printers the MS. of a little book on ' The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms.' This is a subject of but small im- portance ; and I know not whether it will interest any readers,* but it has interested me. It is the completion of a short paper read before the Geological Society more than forty years ago, and has revived old geological thoughts. I have now mentioned all the books which I have pub- lished, and these have been the milestones in my life, so that little remains to be said. I am not conscious of any change in my mind during the last thirty years, excepting in one point presently to be mentioned ; nor, indeed, could any change have been expected unless one of general deterioration. But my father lived to his eighty-third year with his mind as lively as ever it was, and all his faculties undimmed ; and I hope that I may die before my mind fails to a sensible ex- tent. I think that I have become a little more skilful in guessing right explanations and in devising experimental * Between November 1881 and February 1884, 8500 copies have been sold. 8o AUTOBIOGRAPHY. tests ; but this may probably be the result of mere practice, and of a larger store of knowledge. I have as much difficulty as ever in expressing myself clearly and concisely ; and this difficulty has caused me a very great loss of time ; but it has had the compensating advantage of forcing me to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus I have been led to see errors in reasoning and in my own observations or those of others. There seems to be a sort of fatality in my mind leading me to put at first my statement or proposition in a wrong or awkward form. Formerly I used to think about my. sen- tences before writing them down ; but for several years I have found that it saves time to scribble in a vile hand whole pages as quickly as I possibly can, contracting half the words ; and then correct deliberately. Sentences thus scribbled down are often better ones than I could have written deliberately. Having said thus much about my manner of writing, I will add that with my large books I spend a good deal of time over the general arrangement of the matter. I first make the rudest outline in two or three pages, and then a larger one in several pages, a few words or one word stand- ing for a whole discussion or series of facts. Each one of these headings is again enlarged and often transferred be- fore I begin to write in extenso. As in several of my books facts observed by others have been very extensively used, and as I have always had several quite distinct subjects in hand at the same time, I may mention that I keep from thirty to forty large portfolios, in cabinets with labelled shelves, into which I can at once put a detached reference or memorandum. I have bought many books, and at their ends I make an index of all the facts that concern my work ; or, if the book is not my own, write out a separate abstract, and of such abstracts I have a large drawer full. Before beginning on any subject I look to all the short indexes and make a general and classified index, and by taking the one or more proper portfolios I have all the information collected during my life ready for use. MENTAL QUALITIES. gj I have said that in one respect my mind has changed during the last twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty, or beyond it, poetry of many kinds, such as the works of Milton, Gray, Byron, Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Shelleyj gave me great pleasure, and even as a schoolboy I took intense delight in Shakespeare, especially in the historical plays. I have also said that formerly pictures gave me con- siderable, and music very great delight. But now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry : I have tried lately to read Shakespeare, and found it so intolerably dull that it nauseated me. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. Music generally sets me thinking too en- ergetically on what I have been at work on, instead of giving me pleasure. I retain some taste for fine scenery, but it does not cause me the exquisite delight which it formerly did. On the other hand, novels which are works of the imagina- tion, though not of a very high order, have been for years a wonderful relief and pleasure to me, and I often bless all novelists. A surprising number have been read aloud to me, and I like all if moderately good, and if they do not end un- happily— against which a law ought to be passed. A novel, according to my taste, does not come into the first class unless it contains some person whom one can thoroughly love, and if a pretty woman all the better. This curious and lamentable loss of the higher aesthetic tastes is all the odder, as books on history, biographies, and travels (independently of any scientific facts which they may contain), and essays on all sorts of subjects interest me as much as ever they did. My mind seems to have become a kind of machine for grinding general laws out of large collec- tions of facts, but why this should have caused the atrophy of that part of the brain alone, on which the higher tastes depend, I cannot conceive. A man with a mind more highly organised or better constituted than mine, would not, I sup- pose, have thus suffered ; and if I had to live my life again, I would have made a rule to read some poetry and listen to some music at least once every week ; for perhaps the parts 82 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. of my brain now atrophied would thus have been kept active through use. The loss of these tastes is a loss of happiness, and may possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character, by enfeebling the emotional part of our nature. My books have sold largely in England, have been trans- lated into many languages, and passed through several editions in foreign countries. I have heard it said that the success of a work abroad is the best test of its endur- ing value. I doubt whether this is at all trustworthy; but judged by this standard my name ought to last for a few years. Therefore it may be worth while to try to analyse the mental qualities and the conditions on which my suc- cess has depended ; though I am aware that no man can do this correctly. I have no great quickness of apprehension or wit which is so remarkable in some clever men, for instance, Huxley. I am therefore a poor critic : a paper or book, when first read, generally excites my admiration, and it is only after consider- able reflection that I perceive the weak points. My power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought is very limited; and therefore I could never have succeeded with metaphysics or mathematics. My memory is extensive, yet hazy : it suffices to make me cautious by vaguely telling me that I have observed or read something opposed to the con- clusion which I am drawing, or on the other hand in favour of it ; and after a time I can generally recollect where to search for my authority. So poor in one sense is my memory, that I have never been able to remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. Some of my critics have said, " Oh, he is a good observer, but he has no power of reasoning ! " I do not think that this can be true, for the ' Origin of Species ' is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and it has convinced not a few able men. No one could have written it without having some power of reasoning. I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or ju-dgment, such as every fairly sue- MENTAL QUALITIES. 83 cessful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree. On the favourable side of the balance, I think that I am superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully. My industry has been nearly as great as it could have been in the observation and collection of facts. What is far more important, my love of natural science has been steady and ardent. This pure love has, however, been much aided by the ambition to be esteemed by my fellow naturalists. From my early youth I have had the strongest desire to understand or explain whatever I observed, — that is, to group all facts under some general laws. These causes combined have given me the patience to reflect or ponder for any number of years over any unexplained problem. As far as I can judge, I am not apt to follow blindly the lead of other men. I have steadily endeavoured to keep my mind free so as to give up any hypothesis, however much beloved (and I cannot resist forming one on every subject), as soon as facts are shown to be opposed to it. Indeed, I have had no choice but to act in this manner, for with the exception of the Coral Reefs, I cannot remember a single first-formed hypothesis which had not after a time to be given up or greatly modified. This has naturally led me to distrust greatly deductive reason- ing in the mixed sciences. On the other hand, I am not very sceptical, — a frame of mind which I believe to be inju- rious to the progress of science. A good deal of scepticism in a scientific man is advisable to avoid much loss of time, but I have met with not a few men, who, I feel sure, have often thus been deterred from experiment or observations, which would have proved directly or indirectly serviceable. In illustration, I will give the oddest case which I have known. A gentleman (who, as I afterwards heard, is a good local botanist) wrote to me from the Eastern counties that the seed or beans of the common field-bean had this year everywhere grown on the wrong side of the pod. I wrote 84 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. back, asking for further information, as I did not understand what was meant; but I did not receive any answer for a very- long time. I then saw in two newspapers, one published in Kent and the other in Yorkshire, paragraphs stating that it was a most remarkable fact that " the beans this year had all grown on the wrong side." So I thought there must be some foundation for so general a statement. Accordingly, I went to my gardener, an old Keftish man, and asked him whether he had heard anything about it, and he answered, " Oh, no, sir, it must be a mistake, for the beans grow on the wrong side only on leap-year, and this is not leap-year." I then asked him how they grew in common years and how on leap- years, but soon found that he knew absolutely nothing of how they grew at any time, but he stuck to his belief. After a time I heard from my first informant, who, with many apologies, said that he should not have written to me had he not heard the statement from several intelligent farm- ers ; but that he had since spoken again to every one of them, and not one knew in the least what he had himself meant. So that here a belief — if indeed a statement with no definite idea attached to it can be called a belief — had spread over al- most the whole of England without any vestige of evidence. I have known in the course of my life only three inten- tionally falsified statements, and one of these may have been a hoax (and there have been several scientific hoaxes) which, however, took in an American Agricultural Journal. It re- lated to the formation in Holland of a new breed of oxen by the crossing of distinct species of Bos (some of which I hap- pen to know are sterile together), and the author had the im- pudence to state that he had corresponded with me, and that I had been deeply impressed with the importance of his re- sult. The article was sent to me by the editor of an English Agricultural Journal, asking for my opinion before republish- ing it. A second case was an account of several varieties, raised by the author from several species of Primula, which had spontaneously yielded a full complement of seed, although MENTAL QUALIIIES. g^ the parent plants had been carefully protected from the ac- cess of insects. This account was published before I had dis- covered the meaning of heterostylism, and the whole state- ment must have been fraudulent, or there was neglect in ex- cluding insects so gross as to be scarcely credible. The third case was more curious : Mr. Huth published in his book on * Consanguineous Marriage * some long extracts from a Belgian author, who stated that he had interbred rab- bits in the closest manner for very many generations, without the least injurious effects. The account was published in a most respectable Journal, that of the Royal Society of Bel- gium ; but I could not avoid feeling doubts — I hardly know why, except that there were no accidents of any kind, and my experience in breeding animals made me think this very im- probable. So with much hesitation I wrote to Professor Van Ben- eden, asking him whether the author was a trustworthy man. I soon heard in answer that the Society had been greatly shocked by discovering that the whole account was a fraud.* The writer had been publicly challenged in the Journal to say where he had resided and kept his large stock of rabbits while carrying on his experiments, which must have con- sumed several years, and no answer could be extracted from him. My habits are methodical, and this has been of not a little use for my particular line of work. Lastly, I have had ample leisure from not having to earn my own bread. Even ill- health, though it has annihilated several years of my life, has saved me from the distractions of society and amusement. Therefore my success as a man of science, whatever this may have amounted to, has been determined, as far as I can judge, by complex and diversified mental qualities and con- ditions. Of these, the most important have been — the love * The falseness of the published statements on which Mr. Huth relied has been pointed out by himself in a slip inserted in all the copies of his book which then remained unsold. ^ AUTOBIOGRAPHY. of science — unbounded patience in long reflecting over any subject — industry in observing and collecting facts — and a fair share of invention as well as of common sense. With such moderate abilities as I possess, it is truly surprising that I should have influenced to a considerable extent the belief of scientific men on some important points. DOWN HOUSE, FROM THE GARDEN. [From the Century Magazine, CHAPTER III. REMINISCENCES OF MY FATHER'S EVERYDAY LIFE. It is my wish in the present chapter to give some idea of my father's everyday life. It has seemed to me that I might carry out this object in the form of a rough sketch of a day's life at Down, interspersed with such recollection^ as are called up by the record. Many of these recollections, which have a meaning for those who knew my father, will seem colourless or trifling to strangers. Nevertheless, I give them in the hope that they may help to preserve that impression of his personal- ity which remains on the minds of those who knew and loved him — an impression at once so vivid and so untranslatable into words. Of his personal appearance (in these days of multiplied photographs) it is hardly necessary to say much. He was about six feet in height, but scarcely looked so tall, as he stooped a good deal ; in later days he yielded to the stoop ; but I can remember seeing him long ago swinging his arms back to open out his chest, and holding himself upright with a jerk. He gave one the idea that he had been active rather than strong; his shoulders were not broad for his height, though certainly not narrow. As a young man he must have had much endurance, for on one of the shore excursions from the Beagle, when all were suffering from want of water, he was one of the two who were better able than the rest to struggle on in search of it. As a boy he was active, and could jump a bar placed at the height of the "Adam's apple" in his neck. 88 REMINISCENCES. He walked with a swinging action, using a stick heavily shod with iron, which he struck loudly against the ground, producing as he went round the " Sand-walk " at Down, a rhythmical click which is with all of us a very distinct re- membrance. As he returned from the midday walk, often carrying the waterproof or cloak which had proved too hot, one could see that the swinging step was kept up by some- thing of an effort. Indoors his step was often slow and laboured, and as he went upstairs in the afternoon he might be heard mounting the stairs with a heavy footfall, as if each step were an effort. When interested in his work he moved about quickly and easily enough, and often in the middle of dictating he went eagerly into the hall to get a pinch of snufF, leaving the study door open, and calling out the last words of his sentence as he went. Indoors he sometimes used an oak stick like a little alpenstock, and this was a sign that he felt giddiness. In spite of his strength and activity, I think he must always have had a clumsiness of movement. He was natu- rally awkward with his hands, and was unable to draw at all well* This he always regretted much, and he frequently urged the paramount necessity of a young naturalist making himself a good draughtsman. He could dissect well under the simple microscope, but I think it was by dint of his great patience and carefulness. It was characteristic of him that he thought many little bits of skilful dissection something almost superhuman. He used to speak with admiration of the skill with which he saw New- port dissect a humble bee, getting out the nervous system with a few cuts of a line pair of scissors, held, as my father used to show, with the elbow raised, and in an attitude which certainly would render great steadiness necessary. He used to consider cutting sections a great feat, and in the last year of his life, with wonderful energy, took the pains to learn to * The figure representing the aggregated cell-contents in ' Insectivo- rous Plants ' was drawn by him. HABITS AND APPEARANCE. 89 cut sections of roots and leaves. His hand was not steady enough to hold the object to be cut, and he employed a common microtome, in which the pith for holding the object was clamped, and the razor slid on a glass surface in making the sections. He used to laugh at himself, and at his own skill in section-cutting, at which he would say he was " speech- less with admiration." On the other hand, he must have had accuracy of eye and power of co-ordinating his movements, since he was a good shot with a gun as a young man, and as a boy was skilful in throwing. He once killed a hare sitting in the flower-garden at Shrewsbury by throwing a marble at it, and, as a man, he once killed a cross-beak with a stone. He was so unhappy at having uselessly killed the cross-beak that he did not mention it for years, and then explained that he should never have thrown at it if he had not felt sure that his old skill had gone from him. When walking he had a fidgetting movement with his fingers, which he has described in one of his books as the habit of an old man. When he sat still he often took hold of one wrist with the other hand ; he sat with his legs crossed, and from being so thin they could be crossed very far, as may be seen in one of the photographs. He had his chair in the study and in the drawing-room raised so as to be much higher than ordinary chairs ; this was done because sitting on a low or even an ordinary chair caused him some discomfort. We used to laugh at him for making his tall drawing-room chair still higher by putting footstools on it, and then neu- tralising the result by resting his feet on another chair. His beard was full and almost untrimmed, the hair being grey and white, fine rather than coarse, and wavy or frizzled. His moustache was somewhat disfigured by being cut short and square across. He became very bald, having only a fringe of dark hair behind. His face was ruddy in colour, and this perhaps made people think him less of an invalid than he was. He wrote to Dr. Hooker (June 13, 1849), " Every one tells me that I look quite blooming and beautiful ; and most think I am QO REMINISCENCES. shamming, but you have never been one of those.** And it must be remembered that at this time he was miserably ill, far worse than in later years. His eyes were bluish grey under deep overhanging brows, with thick bushy projecting eyebrows. His high forehead was much wrinkled, but other- wise his face was not much marked or lined. His expression showed no signs of the continual discomfort he suffered. When he was excited with pleasant talk his whole manner was wonderfully bright and animated, and his face shared to the full in the general animation. His laugh was a free and sounding peal, like that of a man who gives himself sympa- thetically and with enjoyment to the person and the thing which have amused him. He often used some sort of gesture with his laugh, Hfting up his hands or bringing one down with a slap. I think, generally speaking, he was given to gesture, and often used his hands in explaining anything (e.g. the fertilisation of a flower) in a way that seemed rather an aid to himself than to the listener. He did this on occasions when most people would illustrate their explanations by means of a rough pencil sketch. He wore dark clothes, of a loose and easy fit. Of late years he gave up the tall hat even in London, and wore a soft black one in winter, and a big straw hat in summer. His usual out-of-doors dress was the short cloak in which Elliot and Fry's photograph represents him leaning against the pillar of the verandah. Two peculiarities of his indoor dress were that he almost always wore a shawl over his shoulders, and that he had great loose cloth boots lined with fur which he could slip on over his indoor shoes. Like most delicate people he suffered from heat as well as from chilliness ; it was as if he could not hit the balance between too hot and too cold ; often a mental cause would make him too hot, so that he would take off his coat if anything went wrong in the course of his work. He rose early, chiefly because he could not lie in bed, and I think he would have liked to get up earlier than he did. He took a short turn before breakfast, a habit which began DOGS. Qj when he went for the first time to a water-cure establishment. This habit he kept up till almost the end of his life. I used, as a little boy, to like going out with him, and I have a vague sense of the red of the winter sunrise, and a recollection of the pleasant companionship, and a certain honour and glory in it. He used to delight me as a boy by telling me how, in still earlier walks, on dark winter mornings, he had once or twice met foxes trotting home at the dawning. After breakfasting alone about 7*45, he went to work at once, considering the i^ hour between 8 and 9'3o one of his best working times. At 9*30 he came into the drawing-room for his letters — rejoicing if the post was a light one and being sometimes much worried if it was not. He would then hear any family letters read aloud as he lay on the sofa. The reading aloud, which also included part of a novel, lasted till about half-past ten, when he went back to work till twelve or a quarter past. By this time he considered his day's work over, and would often say, in a satisfied voice, "7V^ done a good day's work." He then went out of doors whether it was wet or fine ; Polly, his white terrier, went with him in fair weather, but in rain she refused or might be seen hesitating in the verandah, with a mixed expression of disgust and shame at her own want of courage ; generally, however, her conscience carried the day, and as soon as he was evi- dently gone she could not bear to stay behind. My father was always fond of dogs, and as a young man had the power of stealing away the affections of his sister's pets ; at Cambridge, he won the love of his cousin W. D. Fox's dog, and this may perhaps have been the little beast which used to creep down inside his bed and sleep at the foot every night. My father had a surly dog, who was de- voted to him, but unfriendly to every one else, and when he came back from the Beagle voyage, the dog remembered him, but in a curious way, which my father was fond of tell- ing. He went into the yard and shouted in his old manner ; the dog rushed out and set off with him on his walk, show- ing no more emotion or excitement than if the same thing 92 REMINISCENCES. had happened the day before, instead of five years ago. This story is made use of in the * Descent of Man,* 2nd Edit., P- 74- In my memory there were only two dogs which had much connection with my father. One was a large black and white half-bred retriever, called Bob, to which we, as children, were much devoted. He was the dog of whom the story of the " hot-house face " is told in the ' Expression of the Emotions.' But the dog most closely associated with my father was the above-mentioned Polly, a rough, white fox-terrier. She was a sharp-witted, affectionate dog ; when her master was going away on a journey, she always discovered the fact by the signs of packing going on in the study, and became low- spirited accordingly. She began, too, to be excited by seeing the study prepared for his return home. She was a cunning little creature, and used to tremble or put on an air of misery when ray father passed, while she was waiting for dinner, just as if she knew that he would say (as he did often say) that "she was famishing." My father used to make her catch biscuits off her nose, and had an affectionate and mock- solemn way of explaining to her before-hand that she must "be a very good girl." She had a mark on her back where she had been burnt, and where the hair had re-grown red instead of white, and my father used to commend her for this tuft of hair as being in accordance with his theory of pangenesis ; her father had been a red bull-terrier, thus the red hair appearing after the burn showed the presence of latent red gemmules. He was delightfully tender to Polly, and never showed any impatience at the attentions she re- quired, such as to be let in at the door, or out at the veran- dah window, to bark at "naughty people," a -self-imposed duty she much enjoyed. She died, or rather had to be killed, a few days after his death.* * The basket in which she usually lay curied up near the fire in his study is faithfully represented in Mr. Parson's drawing, " The Study at Down," facing page loi. WALKS. Q- My father's midday walk generally began by a call at the greenhouse, where he looked at any germinating seeds or experimental plants which required a casual examination, but he hardly ever did any serious observing at this time. Then he went on for his constitutional — either round the " Sand- walk," or outside his own grounds in the immediate neigh- bourhood of the house. The "Sand-walk" was a narrow strip of land ij acres in extent, with a gravel- walk round it. On one side of it was a broad old shaw with fair-sized oaks in it, which made a sheltered shady walk ; the other side was separated from a neighbouring grass field by a low quickset hedge, over which you could look at what view there was, a quiet little valley losing itself in the upland country towards the edge of the Westerham hill, with hazel coppice and larch wood, the remnants of what was once a large wood, stretch- ing away to the Westerham road. I have heard my father say that the charm of this simple little valley helped to make him settle at Down. The Sand-walk was planted by my father with a variety of trees, such as hazel, alder, lime, hornbeam, birch, privet, and dogwood, and with a long line of hollies all down the exposed side. In earlier times, he took a certain number of turns every day, and used to count them by means of a heap of flints, one of which he kicked out on the path each time he passed. Of late years I think he did not keep to any fixed number of turns, but took as many as he felt strength for. The Sand-walk was our play-ground as children, and here we continually saw my father as he walked round. He liked to see what we were doing, and was ever ready to sym- pathize in any fun that was going on. It is curious to think how, with regard to the Sand-walk in connection with my father, my earliest recollections coincide with my latest ; it shows how unvarying his habits have been. Sometimes when alone he stood still or walked stealthily to observe birds or beasts. It was on one of these occasions that some young squirrels ran up his back and legs, while their mother barked at them in an agony from the tree. He 54 REMINISCENCES. a%ays found birds* nests even up to the last years of his life, and we, as children, considered that he had a special genius in this direction. In his quiet prowls he came across the less common birds, but I fancy he used to conceal it from me, as a little boy, because he observed the agony of mind which I endured at not having seen the siskin or goldfinch, or what- ever it might have been. He used to tell us how, when he was creeping noiselessly along in the "Big-Woods," he came upon a fox asleep in the daytime, which was so much aston- ished that it took a good stare at him before it ran off. A Spitz dog which accompanied him showed no sign of excite- ment at the fox, and he used to end the story by wondering how the dog could have been sd faint-hearted. Another favourite place was " Orchis Bank," above the quiet Cudham valley, where fly- and musk-orchis grew among the junipers, and Cephalanthefa and Neottia under the beech boughs ; the little wood "Hangrove," just above this, he was also fond of, and here I remember his collecting grasses, when he took a fancy to make out the names of all the com- mon kinds. He was fond of quoting the saying of one of his little boys, who, having found a grass that his father had not seen before, had it laid by his own plate during dinner, remarking, " I are an extraordinary grass-finder ! " My father much enjoyed wandering slowly in the garden with my mother or some of his children, or making one of a party, sitting out on a bench on the lawn ; he generally sat, however, on the grass, and I remember him often lying under one of the big lime-trees, with his head on th:; green mound at its foot. In dry summer weather, when we often sat out, the big fly-wheel of the well was commonly heard spinning round, and so the sound became associated with those pleas- ant days. He used to like to watch us playing at lawn-ten- nis, and often knocked up a stray ball for us with the curved handle of his stick. Though he took no personal share in the management of the garden, he had great delight in the beauty of flowers — for instance, in the mass of Azaleas which generally stood in RIDING. - the drawing-room. I think he sometimes fused together his admiration of the structure of a flower and of its intrinsic beauty ; for instance, in the case of the big pendulous pink and white flowers of Dielytra. In the same way he had an affection, half-artistic, half-botanical, for the little blue Lo- belia. In admiring flowers, he would often laugh at the dingy high-art colours, and contrast them with the bright tints of nature. I used to like to hear him admire the beauty of a flower; it was a kind of gratitude to the flower itself, and a personal love for its delicate form and colour. I seem to remember him gently touching a flower he delighted in ; it was the same simple admiration that a child might have. He could not help personifying natural things. This feel- ing came out in abuse as well as in praise — e.g. of some, seed- lings—" The little beggars are doing just what I don't want them to." He would speak in a half-provoked, half-admiring way of the ingenuity of a Mimosa leaf in screwing itself out of a basin of water in which he had tried to fix it. One might see the same spirit in his way of speaking of Sundew, earth-worms, &c.* Within my memory, his only outdoor recreation, besides walking, was riding, which he took to on the recommendation of Dr. Bence Jones, and we had the luck to find for him the easiest and quietest cob in the world, named ** Tommy." He enjoyed these rides extremely, and devised a number of short rounds which brought him home in time for lunch. Our country is good for this purpose, owing to the number of small valleys which give a variety to what in a flat country would be a dull loop of road. He was not, I think, naturally fond of horses, nor had he a high opinion of their intelli- gence, and Tommy was often laughed at for the alarm he showed at passing and repassing the same heap of hedge- * Cf. Leslie Stephen's ' Swift,' 1882, p. 200, where Swift's inspection of the manners and customs of servants are compared to my father's observa- tions on worms, " The difference is,'" says Mr. Stephen, " that Darwin had none but kindly feelings for worms," 96 REMINISCENCES. clippings as he went round the field. I think he used to feel surprised at himself, when he remembered how bold a rider he had been, and how utterly old age and bad health had taken away his jierve. He would say that riding prevented him thinking much more effectually than walking — that hav- ing to attend to the horse gave him occupation sufficient to prevent any really hard thinking. And the change of scene which it gave him was good for spirits and health. Unluckily, Tommy one day fell heavily with him on Keston common. This, and an accident with another horse, upset his nerves, and he was advised to give up riding. If I go beyond my own experience, and recall what I have heard him say of his love for sport, &c., I can think of a good deal, but much of it would be a repetition of what is contained in his * Recollections.' At school he was fond of bat-fives, and this was the only game at which he was skilful. He was fond of his gun as quite a boy, and became a good shot ; he used to tell how in South America he killed twenty- three snipe in twenty-four shots. In telling the story he was careful to add that he thought they were not quite so wild as English snipe. Luncheon at Down came after his midday walk ; and here I may say a word or two about his meals generally. He had a boy-like love of sweets, unluckily for himself, since he was constantly forbidden to take them. He was not particu- larly successful in keeping the "vows," as he called them, which he made against eating sweets, and never considered them binding unless he made them aloud. He drank very little wine, but enjoyed, and was revived by, the little he did drink. He had a horror of drinking, and constantly warned his boys that any one might be led into drinking too much. I remember, in my innocence as a small boy, asking him if he had been ever tipsy ; and he answered very gravely that he was ashamed to say he had once drunk too much at Cambridge. I was much impressed, so that I know now the place where the question was asked. After his lunch, he read the newspaper, lying on the sofa CORRESPONDENCE. qm in the drawing-room. I think the paper was the only non- scientific matter which he read to himself. Everything else, novels, travels, history, was read aloud to him. He took so wide an interest in life, that there was much to occupy him in newspapers, though he laughed at the wordiness of the debates ; reading them, I think, only in abstract. His inter- est in politics was considerable, but his opinion on these matters was formed rather by the way than with any serious amount of thought. After he had read his paper, came his time for writing letters. These, as well as the MS. of his books, were written by him as he sat in a huge horse-hair chair by the fire, his paper supported on a board resting on the arms of the chair. When he had many or long letters to write, he would dictate them from a rough copy ; these rough copies were written on the backs of manuscript or of proof-sheets, and were almost illegible, sometimes even to himself. He made a rule of keeping all letters that he received ; this was a habit which he learnt from his father, and which he said had been of great use to him. He received many letters from foolish, unscrupulous people, and all of these received replies. He used to say that if he did not answer them, he had it on his conscience afterwards, and no doubt it was in great measure the courtesy with which he answered every one, which produced the universal and widespread sense of his kindness of nature, which was so evident on his death. He was considerate to his correspondents in other and lesser things, for instance when dictating a letter to a foreigner he hardly ever failed to say to me, " You'd better try and write well, as it's to a foreigner." His letters were generally written on the assumption that they would be carelessly read ; thus, when he was dictating, he was careful to tell me to make an important clause begin with an obvious paragraph *'to catch his eye," as he often said. How much he thought of the trouble he gave others by asking questions, will be well enough shown by his letters. It is difficult to say anything 98 REMINISCENCES. about the general tone of his letters, they will speak for them- selves. The unvarying courtesy of them is very striking. I had a proof of this quality in the feeling with which Mr. Hacon. his solicitor, regarded him. He had never seen my father, yet had a sincere feeling of friendship for him, and spoke especially of his letters as being such as a man seldom receives in the way of business : — " Everything I did was right, and everything was profusely thanked for." He had a printed form to be used in replying to trouble- some correspondents, but he hardly ever used it ; I suppose he never found an occasion that seemed exactly suitable. I remember an occasion on which it might have been used with advantage. He received a letter from a stranger stating that the writer had undertaken to uphold Evolution at a debating society, and that being a busy young man, without time for reading, he wished to have a sketch of my father's views. Even this wonderful young man got a civil answer, though I think he did not get much material for his speech. His rule was to thank the donors of books, but not of pamphlets. He sometimes expressed surprise that so few people thanked him for his books which he gave away liberally ; the letters that he did receive gave him much pleasure, because he habitually formed so humble an estimate of the value of all his works, that he was generally surprised at the interest which they excited. In money and business matters he was remarkably careful and exact. He kept accounts with great care, classifying them, and balancing at the end of the year like a merchant. I remember the quick way in which he would reach out for his account-book to enter each cheque paid, as though he were in a hurry to get it entered before he had forgotten it. His father must have allowed him to believe that he would be poorer than he really was, for some of the difficulty expe- rienced in finding a house in the country must have arisen from the modest sum he felt prepared to give. Yet he knew, of course, that he would be in easy circumstances, for in his ' Recollections ' he mentions this as one of the reasons for his BUSINESS. ^ not having worked at medicine with so much zeal as he would have done if he had been obliged to gain his living. He had a pet economy in paper, but it was rather a hobby than a real economy. All the blank sheets of letters received were kept in a portfolio to be used in making notes ; it was his respect for paper that made him write so much on the backs of his old MS., and in this way, unfortunately, he de- stroyed large parts of the original MS. of his books. His feeling about paper extended to waste paper, and he objected, half in fun, to the careless custom of throwing a spill into the fire after it had been used for lighting a candle. My father was wonderfully liberal and generous to all his children in the matter of money, and I have special cause to remember his kindness when I think of the way in which he paid some Cambridge debts of mine — making it almost seem a virtue in me to have told him of them. In his later years he had the kind and generous plan of dividing his surplus at the year's end among his children. He had a great respect for pure business capacity, and often spoke with admiration of a relative who had doubled his fortune. And of himself would often say in fun that what he really was proud of was the money he had saved. He also felt satisfaction in the money he made by his books. His anxiety to save came in a great measure from his fears that his children would not have health enough to earn their own livings, a foreboding which fairly haunted him for many years. And I have a dim recollection of his saying, " Thank God, you'll have bread and cheese," when I was so young that I was rather inclined to take it literally. When letters were finished, about three in the afternoon, he rested in his bedroom, lying on the sofa and smoking a cigarette, and listening to a novel or other book not scientific. He only smoked when resting, whereas snuff was a stimulant, and was taken during working hours. He took snuff for many years of his life, having learnt the habit at Edinburgh as a student. He had a nice silver snuff-box given him by Mrs. Wedgwood of Maer, v/hich. he valued . ipuch-;-:but he joo REMINISCENCES. rarely carried it, because it tempted hiui to take too many pinches. In one of his early letters he speaks of having given up snuff for a month, and describes himself as feeling " most lethargic, stupid, and melancholy." Our former neighbour and clergyman, Mr. Brodie Innes, tells me that at one time my father made a resolve not to take snuff except away from home, *' a most satisfactory arrangement for me," he adds, '' as I kept a box in my study to which there was access from the garden without summoning servants, and I had more fre- quently, than might have been otherwise the case, the privilege of a few minutes' conversation with my dear friend." He generally took snuff from a jar on the hall table, because having to go this distance for a pinch was a slight check ; the clink of the lid of the snuff jar was a very familiar sound. Sometimes when he was in the drawing-room, it would occur to him that the study fire must be burning low, and when some of us offered to see after it, it would turn out that he also wished to get a pinch of snuff. Smoking he only took to permanently of late years, though on his Pampas rides he learned to smoke with the Gauchos, and I have heard him speak of the great comfort of a cup of mate and a cigarette when he halted after a long ride and was unable to get food for .some time. The reading aloud often sent him to sleep, and he used to regret losing parts of a novel, for my mother went steadily on lest the cessation of the sound might wake him. He came down at four o'clock to dress for his walk, and he was so reg- ular that one might be quite certain it was within a few min- utes of four when his descending steps were heard. From about half-past four to half-past five he worked ; then he came to the drawing-room, and v»'as idle till it was time (about six) to go up for another rest with novel-reading and a cigarette. Latterly he gave up late dinner, and had a simple tea at half-past seven (while we had dinner), with an egg or a small piece of meat. After dinner he never stayed in the room, and used tc' .-tpologise 'by say'mg ^e v/as-an old woman, who THE STUDY AT DOWN. [From the Centurj/ Mii^azine. MUSIC. I^j must be allowed to leave with the ladies. This was one of the many signs and results of his constant weakness and ill- health. Half an hour more or less conversation would make to him the difference of a sleepless night, and of the loss perhaps of half the next day's work. After dinner he played backgammon with my mother, two games being played every night ; for many years a score o^ the games which each won was kept, and in this score he took the greatest interest. He became extremely animated over these games, bitterly lamenting his bad luck and exploding with exaggerated mock-anger at my mother's good fortune. After backgammon he read some scientific book to him- self, either in the drawing-room, or, if much talking was going on, in the study. In the evening, that is, after he had read as much as his strength would allow, and before the reading aloud began, he would often lie on the sofa and listen to my mother playing the piano. He had not a good ear, yet in spite of this he had a true love of fine music. He used to lament that his enjoy- ment of music had become dulled with age, yet within my recollection, his love of a good tune was strong. I never heard him hum more than one tune, the Welsh song " Ar hyd y nos," which he went through correctly ; he used also, I be- lieve, to hum a little Otaheitan song. From his want of ear he was unable to recognize a tune when he heard it again, but he remained constant to what he liked, and would often say, when an old favourite was played, '' That's a fine thing ; what is it ? " He liked especially parts of Beethoven's symphonies, and bits of Handel. He made a little list of all the pieces which he especially liked among those which my mother played — giving in a few words the impression that each one made on him — ^but these notes are unfortunately lost. He was sensitive to differences in style, and enjoyed the late Mrs. Vernon Lushington's playing intensely, and in June 1881, when Hans Richter paid a visit at Down, he was roused to strong enthusiasm by his magnificent performance on the piano. He much enjoyed good singing, and was moved al- 102 REMINISCENCES. most to tears by grand or pathetic songs. His niece Lady Farrer's singing of Sullivan's "Will he come" was a never- failing enjoyment to him. He was humble in the extreme about his own taste, and correspondingly pleased when he found that others agreed with him. He became much tired in the evenings, especially of late years, when he left the drawing-room about ten, going to bed at half-past ten. His nights were generally bad, and he often lay awake or sat up in bed for hours, suffering much discom- fort. He was troubled at night by the activity of his thoughts, and would become exhausted by his mind working at some problem which he would willingly have dismissed. At night, too, anything which had vexed or troubled him in the day would haunt him, and I think it was then that he suffered if he had not answered some troublesome person's letter. The regular readings, which I have mentioned, continued for so many years, enabled him to get through a great deal of the lighter kinds of literature. He was extremely fond of novels, and I remember well the way in which he would an- ticipate the pleasure of having a novel read to him, as he lay down, or lighted his cigarette. He took a vivid interest both in plot and characters, and would on no account know before- hand, how a story finished ; he considered looking at the end of a novel as a feminine vice. He could not enjoy any story with a tragical end, for this reason he did not keenly appreci- ate George Eliot, though he often spoke warmly in praise of * Silas Marner.* Walter Scott, Miss Austen, and Mrs. Gaskell, were read and re-read till they could be read no more. He had two or three books in hand at the same time — a novel and perhaps a biography and a book of travels. He did not often read out-of-the-way or old standard books, but gener- ally kept to the books of the day obtained from a circulating library. I do not think that his literary tastes and opinions were on a level with the rest of his mind. He himself, though he was clear as to what he thought good, considered that in matters of literary taste, he was quite outside the pale, and PICTURES. IQ^ often spoke of what those within it liked or disliked, as if they formed a class to which he had no claim to belong. In all matters of art he was inclined to laugh at professed critics, and say that their opinions were formed by fashion. Thus in painting, he would say how in his day every one admired masters who are now neglected. His love of pict- ures as a young man is almost a proof that he must have had an appreciation of a portrait as a work of art, not as a like- ness. Yet he often talked laughingly of the small worth of portraits, and said that a photograph was worth any number of pictures, as if he were blind to the artistic quality in a painted portrait. But this was generally said in his attempts to persuade us to give up the idea of having his portrait painted, an operation very irksome to him. This way of looking at himself as an ignoramus in all matters of art, was strengthened by the absence of pretence, which was part of his character. With regard to questions of taste, as well as to more serious things, he always had the courage of his opinions. I remember, however, an instance that sounds like a contradiction to this : when he was look- ing at the Turners in Mr. Ruskin's bedroom, he did not con- fess, as he did afterwards, that he could make out absolutely nothing of what Mr. Ruskin saw in them. But this little pretence was not for his own sake, but for the sake of cour- tesy to his host. He was pleased and amused when subse- quently Mr. Ruskin brought him some photographs of pict- ures (I think Vandyke portraits), and courteously seemed to value my father's opinion about them. Much of his scientific reading was in German, and this was a great labour to him ; in reading a book after him, I was. often struck at seeing, from the pencil-marks made each day where he left off, how little he could read at a time. He used to call German the " Verdammte," pronounced as if in English. He was especially indignant with Germans, because he was convinced that they could write simply if they chose, and often praised Dr. F. Hildebrand for writing German which was as clear as French. He sometimes gave a Qerman 8 104 REMINISCENCES. sentence to a friend, a patriotic German lady, and used to laugh at her if she did not translate it fluently. He himself learnt German simply by hammering away with a dictionary; he would say that his only way was to read a sentence a great many times over, and at last the meaning occurred to him. When he began German long ago, he boasted of the fact (as he used to tell) to Sir J. Hooker, who replied, "Ah, my dear fellow, that's nothing; I've begun it many times." In spite of his want of grammar, he managed to get on wonderfully with German, and the sentences that he failed to make out were generally really difficult ones. He never attempted to speak German correctly, but pronounced the words as though they were English ; and this made it not a little difficult to help him, when he read out a German sen- tence and asked for a translation. He certainly had a bad ear for vocal sounds, so that he found it impossible to per- ceive small differences in pronunciation. His wide interest in branches of science that were not specially his own was remarkable. In the biological sciences his doctrines make themselves felt so widely that there was something interesting to him in most departments of it. He read a good deal of many quite special works, and large parts of text books, such as Huxley's 'Invertebrate Anatomy,' or such a book as Balfour's * Embryology,' where the detail, at any rate, was not specially in his own line. And in the case of elaborate books of the monograph type, though he did not make a study of them, yet he felt the strongest admiration for them. In the non-biological sciences he felt keen sympathy with work of which he could not really judge. For instance, he used to read nearly the whole of * Nature,' though so much of it deals with mathematics and physics. I have often heard him say that he got a kind of satisfaction in reading articles which (according to himself) he could not understand. I wish I could reproduce the manner in which he would laugh at himself for it. READING. IOC It was remarkable, too, how he kept up his interest in subjects at which he had formerly worked. This was strik- ingly the case with geology. In one of his letters to Mr. Judd he begs him to pay him a visit, saying that since Lyell's death he hardly ever gets a geological talk. His observa- tions, made only a few years before his death, on the upright pebbles in the drift at Southampton, and discussed in a letter to Mr. Geikie, afford another instance. Again, in the letters to Dr. Dohrn, he shows how his interest in barnacles remained alive. I think it was all due to the vitality and persistence of his mind — a quality I have heard him speak of as if he felt that he was strongly gifted in that respect. Not that he used any such phrases as these about himself, but he would say that he had th^ power of keeping a subject or question more or less before him for a great many years. The extent to which he possessed this power appears when we consider the number of different problems which he solved, and the early period at which some of them began to occupy him. It was a sure sign that he was not well when he was idle at any times other than his regular resting hours ; for, as long as he remained moderately well, there was no break in the regularity of his life. Week-days and Sundays passed by alike, each with their stated intervals of work and rest. It is almost impossible, except for those who watched his daily life, to realise how essential to his well-being was the regular routine that I have sketched : and with what pain and diffi- culty anything beyond it was attempted. Any public appear- ance, even of the most modest kind, was an effort to him. In 187 1 he went to the little village church for the wedding of his elder daughter, but he could hardly bear the fatigue of being, present through the short service. The same may be said of the few other occasions on which he was present at similar ceremonies. I remember him many years ago at a christening ; a memory which has remained with me, because to us children it seemed an extraordinary and abnormal occurrence. I remember his look most distinctly at his brother Erasmus's I06 REMINISCENCES. funeral, as he stood in the scattering of snow, wrapped in a long black funeral cloak, with a grave look of sad reverie. When, after an interval of many years, he again attended a meeting of the Linnean Society, it was felt to be, and was in fact, a serious undertaking ; one not to be determined on without much sinking of heart, and hardly to be carried into effect without paying a penalty of subsequent suffering. In the same way a breakfast-party at Sir James Paget's, with some of the distinguished visitors to the Medical Congress (i88i), was to him a severe exertion. The early morning was the only time at which he could make any effort of the kind, with comparative impunity. Thus it came about that the visits he paid to his scientific friends in London were by preference made as early as ten in the morning. For the same reason he started on his journeys by the earliest possible train, and used to arrive at the houses of relatives in London when they were beginning their day. He kept an accurate journal of the days on which he worked and those on which his ill health prevented him from working, so that it would be possible to tell how many were idle days in any given year. In this journal — a little yellow Letts's Diary, which lay open on his mantel-piece, piled on the diaries of previous years — he also entered the day on which he started for a holiday and that of his return. The most frequent holidays were visits of a week to Lon- don, either to his brother's house (6 Queen Anne Street), or to his daughter's (4 Bryanston Street). He was generally persuaded by my mother to take these short holidays, when it became clear from the frequency of " bad days," or from the swimming of his head, that he was being overworked. He went unwillingly, and tried to drive hard bargains, stipu- lating, for instance, that he should come home in five days instead of six. Even if he were leaving home for no more than a week, the packing had to be begun early on the pre- vious day, and the chief part of it he would do himself. The discomfort of a journey to him was, at least latterly, chiefly in HOLIDAYS. IQ^ the anticipation, and in the miserable sinking feeling from which he suffered immediately before the start ; even a fairly long journey, such as that to Coniston, tired him wonderfully little, considering how much an invalid he was ; and he cer- tainly enjoyed it in an almost boyish way, and to a curious extent. Although, as he has said, some of his aesthetic tastes had suffered a gradual decay, his love of scenery remained fresh and strong. Every walk at Coniston was a fresh delight, and he was never tired of praising the beauty of the broken hilly country at the head of the lake. One of the happy memories of this time [1879] is that of a delightful visit to Grasmere : " The perfect day," my sister writes, " and my father's vivid enjoyment and flow of spirits, form a picture in my mind that I like to think of. He could hardly sit still in the carriage for turning round and getting up to admire the view from each fresh point, and even in re- turning he was full of the beauty of Rydal Water, though he would not allow that Grasmere at all equalled his beloved Coniston." Besides these longer holidays, there were shorter visits to various relatives — to his brother-in-law's house, close to Leith Hill, and to his son near Southampton. He always particu- larly enjoyed rambling over rough open country, such as the commons near Leith Hill and Southampton, the heath-covered wastes of Ashdown Forest, or the delightful " Rough " near the house of his friend Sir Thomas Farrer. He never was quite idle even on these holidays, and found things to ob- serve. At Hartfield he watched Drosera catching insects, &c. ; at Torquay he observed the fertilisation of an orchid {Spiranlhes), and also made out the relations of the sexes in Thyme. He was always rejoiced to get home after his holidays ; he used greatly to enjoy the welcome he got from his dog Polly, who would get wild with excitement, panting, squeak- ing, rushing round the room, and jumping on and off the r.hairs ; and he used to stoop down, pressing her face to his, I08 REMINISCENCES. letting her lick him, and speaking to her with a peculiarly tender, caressing voice. My father had the power of giving to these summer holi- days a charm which was strongly felt by all his family. The pressure of his work at home kept him at the utmost stretch of his powers of endurance, and when released from it, he entered on a holiday with a youthfulness of enjoyment that made his companionship delightful ; we felt that we saw more of him in a week's holiday than in a month at home. Some of these absences from home, however, had a de- pressing effect on him ; when he had been previously much overworked it seemed as though the absence of the custom- ary strain allowed him to fall into a peculiar condition of miserable health. Besides the holidays which I have mentioned, there were his visits to water-cure establishments. In 1849, when very ill, suffering from constant sickness, he was urged by a friend to try the water-cure, and at last agreed to go to Dr. Gully's establishment at Malvern. His letters to Mr. Fox show how much good the treatment did him ; he seems to have thought that he had found a cure for his troubles, but, like all other remedies, it had only a transient effect on him. However, he found it, at first, so good for him that when he came home he built himself a douche-bath, and the butler learnt to be his bathman. He paid many visits to Moor Park, Dr. Lane's water-cure establishment in Surrey, not far from Aldershot. These visits were pleasant ones, and he always looked back to them with pleasure. Dr. Lane has given his recollections of my father in Dr. Richardson's * Lecture on Charles Darwin,' October 22, 1882, from which I quote : — " In a public institution like mine, he was surrounded, of course, by multifarious types of character, by persons of both sexes, mostly very different from himself — commonplace peo- ple, in short, as the majority are everywhere, but like to him at least in this, that they were fellow-creatures and fellow- WITH HIS CHILDREN. IOq patients. And never was any one more genial, more con- siderate, more friendly, more altogether charming than he universally was." .... He " never aimed, as too often hap- pens with good talkers, at monopolising the conversation. It was his pleasure rather to give and take, and he was as good a listener as a speaker. He never preached nor prosed, but his talk, whether grave or gay (and it was each by turns), was full of life and salt — racy, bright, and animated." Some idea of his relation to his family and his friends may be gathered from what has gone before ; it would be impos- sible to attempt a complete account of these relationships, but a slightly fuller outline may not be out of place. Of his married life I cannot speak, save in the briefest manner. In his relationship towards my mother, his tender and sympa- thetic nature was shown in its most beautiful aspect. In her presence he found his happiness, and through her, his life, — which might have been overshadowed by gloom, — became one of content and quiet gladness. The * Expression of the Emotions' shows how closely he watched his children ; it was characteristic of him that (as I have heard him tell), although he was so anxious to observe accurately the expression of a crying child, his sympathy with the grief spoiled his observation. His note-book, in which are recorded sayings of his young children, shows his pleasure in them. He seemed to retain a sort of regretful memory of the childhoods which had faded away, and thus he wrote in his * Recollections ' : — " When you were very young it was my delight to play with you all, and I think with a sigh that such days can never return." I may quote, as showing the tenderness of his nature, some sentences from an account of his little daughter Annie, writ- ten a few days after her death : — " Our poor child, Annie, was born in Gower Street, on March 2, 1841, and expired at Malvern at mid-day on the 23rd of April, 185 1. no REMINISCENCES. " I write these few pages, as I think in after years, if we live, the impressions now put down will recall more vividly her chief characteristics. From whatever point I look back at her, the main feature in her disposition which at once rises before me, is her buoyant joyousness, tempered by two other characteristics, namely, her sensitiveness, which might easily have been overlooked by a stranger, and her strong affection. Her joyousness and animal spirits radiated from her whole countenance, and rendered every movement elastic and full of life and vigour. It was delightful and cheerful to behold her. Her dear face now rises before me, as she used sometimes to come running downstairs with a stolen pinch of snuff for me her whole form radiant with the pleasure of giving pleasure. Even when playing with her cousins, when her joyousness almost passed into boisterousness, a single glance of my eye, not of displeasure (for I thank God I hardly ever cast one on her), but of want of sympathy, would for some minutes alter her whole countenance. " The other point in her character, which made her joy- ousness and spirits so delightful, was her strong affection, which was of a most clinging, fondling nature. When quite a baby, this showed itself in never being easy without touch- ing her mother, when in bed with her ; and quite lately she would, when poorly, fondle for any length of time one of her mother's arms. When very unwell, her mother lying down beside her seemed to soothe her in a manner quite different from what it would have done to any of our other children. So, again, she would at almost any time spend half an hour in arranging rny hair, * making it,' as she called it, 'beautiful,' or in smoothing, the poor dear darling, my collar or cuffs — in short, in fondling me. " Besides her joyousness thus tempered, she was in her manners remarkably cordial, frank, open, straightforward, natural, and without any shade of reserve. Her whole mind was pure and transparent. One felt one knew her thoroughly and could trust her. I always thought, that come what might, we should have had in our old age at least one loving soul WITH HIS CHILDREN. HI which nothing could have changed. All her movements were vigorous, active, and usually graceful. When going round the Sand-walk with me, although I walked fast, yet she often used to go before, pirouetting in the most elegant way, her dear face bright all the time with the sweetest smiles. Occasionally she had a pretty coquettish manner towards me, the memory of which is charming. She often used exagger- ated language, and when I quizzed her by exaggerating what she had said, how clearly can I now see the little toss of the head, and exclamation of * Oh, papa what a shame of you ! * In the last short illness her conduct in simple truth was an- gelic. She never once complained; never became fretful; was ever considerate of others, and was thankful in the most gentle, pathetic manner for everything done for her. When so exhausted that she could hardly speak, she praised every- thing that was given her, and said some tea * was beautifully good.' When I gave her some water she said, * I quite thank you; ' and these, I believe, were the last precious words ever addressed by her dear lips to me. "We have lost the joy of the household, and the solace of our old age. She must have known how we loved her. Oh, that she could now know how deeply, how tenderly, we do still and shall ever love her dear joyous face ! Bless- ings on her ! "April 30, 1851." We his children all took especial pleasure in the games he played at with us, but I do not think he romped much with us ; I suppose his health prevented any rough play. Ke used sometimes to tell us stories, which were considered especially delightful, partly on account of their rarity. The way he brought us up is shown by a little story about my brother Leonard, which my father was fond of telling. He came into the drawing-room and found Leonard dancing about on the sofa, which was forbidden, for the sake of the springs, and said, " Oh, Lenny, Lenny, that's against all rules," and received for answer, " Then I think you'd better go out 112 REMINISCENCES. of the room." I do not believe he ever spoke an angry word to any of his children in his life ; but I am certain that it never entered our heads to disobey him. I well remember one occasion when my father reproved me for a piece of care- lessness ; and I can still recall the feeling of depression which came over me, and the care which he took to disperse it by speaking to me soon afterwards with especial kindness. He kept up his delightful, affectionate manner towards us all his life. I sometimes wonder that he could do so, with such an undemonstrative race as we are ; but I hope he knew how much we delighted in his loving words and manner. How often, when a man, I have wished when my father was behind my chair, that he would pass his hand over my hair, as he used to do when I was a boy. He allowed his grown-up chil- dren to laugh with and at him, and was, generally speaking, on terms of perfect equality with us. He was always full of interest about each one's plans or successes. We used to laugh at him, and say he would not believe in his sons, because, for instance, he would be a little doubtful about their taking some bit of work for which he did not feel sure that they had knowledge enough. On the other hand, he was only too much inclined to take a favourable view of our work. When I thought he had set too high a value on anything that I had done, he used to be indignant and inclined to explode in mock anger. His doubts were part of his hu- mility concerriing what was in any way connected with himself ; his too favourable view of our work was due to his sympathetic nature, which made him lenient to every one. He kf.'pt up towards his children his delightful manner of expressing his thanks; and I never wrote a letter, or read a page aloud to him, without receiving a few kind words of recogiiition. His love and goodness towards his litlle grand- son Bernard were great ; and he often spoke of the pleasure it was to him to see " his little face opposite to him" st lunch- eon. He and Bernard used to compare their tastes ; o\g.j in liking brown sugar better than white, &c.; the result being, " We always agree, don't we ? " WITH HIS CHILDREN. jj^ My sister writes : — " My first remembrances of my father are of the delights of his playing with us. He was passionately attached to his own children, although he was not an indiscriminate child- lover. To all of us he was the most delightful play-fellow, and the most perfect sympathiser. Indeed it is impossible adequately to describe how delightful a relation his was to his family, whether as children or in their later life. '* It is a proof of the terms on which we were, and also of how much he was valued as a play-fellow, that one of his sons when about four years old tried to bribe him with sixpence to come and play in working hours. We all knew the sacred- ness of working-time, but that any one should resist sixpence seemed an impossibility. " He must have been the most patient and delightful of nurses. I remember the haven of peace and comfort it seemed to me when I was unwell, to be tucked up on the study sofa, idly considering the old geological map hung on the wall. This must have been in his working hours, for I always picture him sitting in the horsehair arm-chair by the corner of the fire. "Another mark of his unbounded patience was the way in which we were suffered to make raids into the study when we had an absolute need of sticking-plaster, string, pins, scissors, stamps, foot-rule, or hammer. These and other such neces- saries were always to be found in the study, and it was the only place where this was a certainty. We used to feel it wrong to go in during work-time; still, when the necessity was great we did so. I remember his patient look when he said once, * Don't you think you could not come in again, I have been interrupted very often.' We used to dread going in for sticking-plaster, because he disliked to see that we had cut ourselves, both for our sakes and on account of his acute sensitiveness to the sight of blood. I well remember lurking about the passage till he was safe away, and then stealing in for the plaster. I J4 REMINISCENCES. " Life seems to me, as I look back upon it, to have been very regular in those early days, and except relations (and a few intimate friends), I do not think any one came to the house. After lessons, we were always free to go where we would, and that was chiefly in the drawing-room and about the garden, so that we were very much with both my father and mother. We used to think it most delightful when he told us any stories about the Beagle^ or about early Shrews- bury days — little bits about school-life and his boyish tastes. Sometimes too he read aloud to his children such books as Scott's novels, and I remember a few little lectures on the steam-engine. " I was more or less ill during the five years between my thirteenth and eighteenth years, and for a long time (years it seems to me) he used to play a couple of games of back- gammon with me every afternoon. He played them with the greatest spirit, and I remember we used at one time to keep account of the games, and as this record came out in favour of him, we kept a list of the doublets thrown by each, as I was convinced that he threw better than myself. " His patience and sympathy were boundless during this weary illness, and sometimes when most miserable I felt his sympathy to be almost too keen. When at my worst, we went to my aunt's house at Hartfield, in Sussex, and as soon as we had made the move safely he went on to Moor Park for a fortnight's water-cure. I can recall now how on his return I could hardly bear to have him in the room, the expression of tender sympathy and emotion in his face was too agitating, coming fresh upon me after his little absence. '* He cared for all our pursuits and interests, and lived our lives with us in a way that very few fathers do. But I am certain that none of us felt that this intimacy interfered the least with our respect or obedience. Whatever he said was absolute truth and law to us. He always put his whole mind into answering any of our questions. One trifling instance makes me feel how he cared for what we cared for. He had no special taste for cats, though he admired the pretty ways WITH HIS FAMILY. II5 of a kitten. But yet he knew and remembered the individu- alities of my many cats, and would talk about the habits and characters of the more remarkable ones years after they had died. "Another characteristic of his treatment of his children was his respect for their liberty, and for their personality. Even as quite a girl, I remember rejoicing in this sense of freedom. Our father and mother would not even wish to know what we were doing or thinking unless we wished to tell. He always made us feel that we were each of us creat- ures whose opinions and thoughts were valuable to him, so that whatever there was best in us came out in the sunshine of his presence. " I do not think his exaggerated sense of our good quali- ties, intellectual or moral, made us conceited, as might perhaps have been expected, but rather more humble and grateful to him. The reason being no doubt that the influence of his character, of his sincerity and greatness of nature, had a much deeper and more lasting effect than any small exalta- tion which his praises or admiration may have caused to our vanity." As head of a household he was much loved and respected ; he always spoke to servants with politeness, using the expres- sion, "would you be so good," in asking for anything. He was hardly ever angry with his servants ; it shows how seldom this occurred, that when, as a small boy, I overheard a servant being scolded, and my father speaking angrily, it impressed me as an appalling circumstance, and I remember running up stairs out of a general sense of awe. He did not trouble him- self about the management of the garden, cows, &c. He v'onsidered the horses so little his concern, that he used to ask doubtfully whether he might have a horse and cart to send to Keston for Drosera, or to the Westerham nurseries for plants, or the like. As a host my father had a peculiar charm : the presence of visitors excited him, and made him appear to his best Il6 REMINISCENCES. advantage. At Shrewsbury, he used to say, it was his father's wish that the guests should be attended to constantly, and in one of the letters to Fox he speaks of the impossibility of writing a letter while the house was full of company. I think he always felt uneasy at not doing more for the entertainment of his guests, but the result was successful ; and, to make up for any loss, there was the gain that the guests felt perfectly free to do as they liked. The most usual visitors were those who stayed from Saturday till Monday ; those who remained longer were generally relatives, and were considered to be rather more my mother's affair than his. Besides these visitors, there were foreigners and other strangers, who came down for luncheon and went away in the afternoon. He used conscientiously to represent to them the enormous distance of Down from London, and the labour it would be to come there, unconsciously taking for granted that they would find the journey as toilsome as he did him- self. If, however, they were not deterred, he used to arrange their journeys for them, telling them when to come, and prac- tically when to go. It was pleasant to see the way in which he shook hands with a guest who was being welcomed for the first time ; his hand used to shoot out in a way that gave one the feeling that it was hastening to meet the guest's hands. With old friends his hand came down with a hearty swing into the other hand in a way I always had satisfaction in see- ing. His good-bye was chiefly characterised by the pleasant way in which he thanked his guests, as he stood at the door, for having come to see him. These luncheons were very successful entertainments, there was no drag or flagging about them, my father was bright and excited throughout the whole visit. Professor De Candolle has described a visit to Down, in his admirable and sympathetic sketch of my father.* He speaks of his manner as resembling that of a "savant" of Oxford or Cambridge. * ' Darwin considere au point de vue des causes de son succ^s.'^ Geneva, 1882. MANNER. Il^r This does not strike me as quite a good comparison ; in his ease and naturalness there was more of the manner of some soldiers ; a manner arising from total absence of pretence or affectation. It was this absence of pose, and the natural and simple way in which he began talking to his guests, so as to get them on their own lines, which made him so charming a host to a stranger. His happy choice of matter for talk seemed to flow out of his sympathetic nature, and humble, vivid interest in other people's work. To some, I think, he caused actual pain by his modesty ; I have seen the late Francis Balfour quite discomposed by having knowledge ascribed to himself on a point about which my father claimed to be utterly ignorant. It is difficult to seize on the characteristics of my father's conversation. He had more dread than have most people of repeating his stories, and continually saia, "You must have heard me tell," or " I dare say I've told you." One peculiarity he had, which gave a curious effect to his conversation. The first few words of a sentence would often remind him of some exception to, or some reason against, what he was going to say ; and this again brought up some other point, so that the sentence would become a system of parenthesis within paren- thesis, and it was often impossible to understand the drift of what he was saying until he came to the end of his sentence. He used to say of himself that he was not quick enough to hold an argument with any one, and I think this was true. Unless it was a subject on which he was just then at work, he could not get the train of argument into working order quickly enough. This is shown even in his letters ; thus, in the case of two letters to Prof. Semper about the effect of isolation, he did not recall the series of facts he wanted until some days after the first letter had been sent off. When puzzled in talking, he had a peculiar stammer on the first word of a sentence. I only recall this occurring with words beginning with w ; possibly he had a special difficulty with this letter, for I have heard him say that as a boy he Il8 REMINISCENCES. could not pronounce w, and that sixpence was offered him if he could say " white wine," which he pronounced *' rite rine." Possibly he may have inherited this tendency from Erasmus Darwin, who stammered.* He sometimes combined his metaphors in a curious way, using such a phrase as "holding on like life," — a mixture of "holding on for his life," and ** holding on like grim death." It came from his eager way of putting emphasis into what he was saying. This sometimes gave an air of exaggeration where it was not intended ; but it gave, too, a noble air of strong and generous conviction ; as, for instance, when he gave his evidence before the Royal Commission on vivisection and came out with his words about cruelty, *' It deserves detestation and abhorrence." When he felt strongly about any similar question, he could hardly trust himself to speak, as he then easily became an^ry, a thing which he disliked excessively. He was conscious that his anger had a tendency to multiply itself in the utterance, and for this reason dreaded (for example) having to scold a servant. It was a great proof of the modesty of his style of talking, that, when, for instance, a number of visitors came over from Sir John Lubbock's for a Sunday afternoon call he never seemed to be preaching or lecturing, although he had so much of the talk to himself. He was particularly charming when " chaffing " any one, and in high spirits over it. His manner at such times was light-hearted and boyish, and his refine- ment of nature came out most strongly. So, when he was talking to a lady who pleased and amused him, the combina- tion of raillery and deference in his manner was delightful to see. When my father had several guests he managed them well, getting a talk with each, or bringing two or three together * My father related a Johnsonian answer of Erasmus Darwin's : " Don't you find it very inconvenient stammering, Dr. Darwin ? " " No, sir, be- cause I have time to think before I speak, and don't ask impertinent ques- tions." FRIENDS. jjQ round his chair. In these conversations there was always a good deal of fun, and, speaking generally, there was either a humorous turn in his talk, or a sunny geniality which served instead. Perhaps my recollection of a pervading ele- ment of humour is the more vivid, because the best talks were with Mr. Huxley, in whom there is the aptness which is akin to humour, even when humour itself is not there. My father enjoyed Mr. Huxley's humour exceedingly, and would often say, " What splendid fun Huxley is ! " I think he probably had more scientific argument (of the nature of a fight) with Lyell and Sir Joseph Hooker. He used to say that it grieved him to find that for the friends of his later life he had not the warm affection of his. youth. Certainly in his early letters from Cambridge he gives proofs of very strong friendship for Herbert and Fox ; but no one except himself would have said that his affection for his friends was not, throughout life, of the warmest possible kind. In serving a friend he would not spare himself, and precious time and strength were willingly given. He undoubtedly had, to an unusual degree, the power of attaching his friends to him. He had many warm friend- ships, but to Sir Joseph Hooker he was bound by ties of affection stronger than we often see among men. He wrote in his ' Recollections,' " I have known hardly any man more lovable than Hooker." His relationship to the village people was a pleasant one ; he treated them, one and all, with courtesy, when he came in contact with them, and took an interest in all relating to their welfare. Some time after he came to live at Down he helped to found a Friendly Club, and served as treasurer for thirty years. He took much trouble about the club, keep- ing its accounts with minute and scrupulous exactness, and taking pleasure in its prosperous condition. Every Whit- Monday the club used to march round with band and banner, and paraded on the lawn in front of the house. There he met them, and explained to them their financial position in a little speech seasoned with a few well worn jokes. He was often 9 I20 REMINISCENCES. unwell enough to make even this little ceremony an exertioHj but I think he never failed to meet them. He was also treasurer of the Coal Club, which gave him some work, and he acted for some years as a County Magis- trate. With regard to my father's interest in the affairs of the village, Mr. Brodie Innes has been so good as to give me his recollections : — "On my becoming Vicar of Down in 1846, we became friends, and so continued till his death. His conduct towards me and my family was one of unvarying kindness, and we repaid it by warm affection. " In all parish matters he was an aetive assistant ; in matters connected with the schools, charities, and other busi- ness, his liberal contribution was ever ready, and in the differences which at times occurred in that, as in other parishes, I was always sure of his support. He held that where there was really no important objection, his assistance should be given to the clergyman, who ought to know the circumstances best, and was chiefly responsible." His intercourse with strangers was marked with scrupulous and rather formal politeness, but in fact he had few oppor- tunities of meeting strangers. Dr. Lane has described* how, on the rare occasion of my father attending a lecture (Dr. Sanderson's) at the Royal Institution, " the whole assembly . . . rose to their feet to welcome him," while he seemed " scarcely conscious that such an outburst of applause could possibly be intended for himself." The quiet life he led at Down made him feel con- fused in a large society ; for instance, at the Royal Society's soirees he felt oppressed by the numbers. The feeling that he ought to know people, and the difficulty he had in remember- ing faces in his latter years, also added to his discomfort on * Lecture by Dr. B. W. Richardson, in St. George's Hall, Oct. 22, 1882. WORK. 121 such occasions. He did not realise that he would be recog- nised from his photographs, and I remember his being uneasy at being obviously recognised by a stranger at the Crystal Palace Aquarium. I must say something of his manner of working : one characteristic of it was his respect for time ; he never forgot how precious it was. This was shown, for instance, in the way in which he tried to curtail his holidays ; also, and more clearly, with respect to shorter periods. He would often say, that saving the minutes was the way to get work done ; he showed this love of saving the minutes in the difference he felt between a quarter of an hour and ten minutes' work ; he never wasted a few spare minutes from thinking that it was not worth while to set to work. I was often struck by his way of working up to the very limit of his strength, so that he suddenly stopped in dictating, with the words, " I believe I mustn't do any more." The same eager desire not to lose time was seen in his quick movements when at work. I particularly remember noticing this when he was making an experiment on the roots of beans, which required some care in manipulation ; fastening the little bits of card upon the roots was done carefully and necessarily slowly, but the in- termediate movements were all quick ; taking a fresh bean, seeing that the root was healthy, impaling it on a pin, fixing it on a cork, and seeing that it was vertical, &c. ; all these processes were performed with a kind of restrained eagerness. He always gave one the impression of working with pleasure, and not with any drag. I have an image, too, of him as he recorded the result of some experiment, looking eagerly at each root, &c., and then writing with equal eagerness. I remember the quick movement of his head up and down as he looked from the object to the notes. ' He saved a great deal of time through not having to do things twice. Although he would patiently go on repeating experiments where there was any good to be gained, he could not endure having to repeat an experiment which ought, if complete care had been taken, to have succeeded the first 122 REMINISCENCES. time — and this gave him a continual anxiety that the experi- ment should not be wasted; he felt the experiment to be sacred, however slight a one it was. He wished to learn as much as possible from an experiment, so that he did not con- fine himself to observing the single point to which the experi- ment was directed, and his power of seeing a number of other things was wonderful. I do not think he cared for prelimi- nary or rough observation intended to serve as guides and to be repeated. Any experiment done was to be of some use, and in this connection I remember how strongly he urged the necessity of keeping the notes of experiments which failed, and to this rule he always adhered. In the literary part of his work he had the same horror of losing time, and the same zeal in what he was doing at the moment, and this made him careful not to be obliged unneces- sarily to read anything a second time. His natural tendency was to use simple methods and few instruments. The use of the compound microscope has much increased since his youth, and this at the expense of the simple one. It strikes us nowadays as extraordinary that he should have had no compound microscope when he went his Beagle voyage ; but in this he followed the advice of Robt. Brown, who was an authority in such matters. He always had a great liking for the simple microscope, and maintained that nowadays it was too much neglected, and that one ought always to see as much as possible with the simple before taking to the compound microscope. In one of his letters he speaks on this point, and remarks that he always sus- pects the work of a man who never uses the simple micro- scope. His dissecting table was a thick board, let into a window of the study ; it was lower than an ordinary table, so that he could not have worked at it standing ; but this, from wishing to save his strength, he would not have done in any case. He sat at his dissecting-table on a curious low stool which had belonged to his father, with a seat revolving on a vertical spindle, and mounted on large castors, so that he could turn WORK. 123 easily from side to side. His ordinary tools, &c., were lying about on the table, but besides these a number of odds and ends were kept in a round table full of radiating drawers, and turning on a vertical axis, which stood close by his left side, as he sat at his microscope-table. The drawers were labelled, "best tools," "rough tools," "specimens," "preparations for specimens," &c. The most marked peculiarity of the con- tents of these drawers was the care with which little scraps and almost useless things were preserved ; he held the well- known belief, that if you threw a thing away you were sure to want it directly — and so things accumulated. If any one had looked at his tools, &c., lying on the table, he would have been struck by an air of simpleness, make-shift, and oddness. At his right hand were shelves, with a number of other odds and ends, glasses, saucers, tin biscuit boxes for germi- nating seeds, zinc labels, saucers full of sand, &c., &c. Con- sidering how tidy and methodical he was in essential things, it is curious that he bore with so many make-shifts : for in- stance, instead of having a box made of a desired shape, and stained black inside, he would hunt up something like what he wanted and get it darkened inside with shoe-blacking ; he did not care to have glass covers made for tumblers in which he germinated seeds, but used broken bits of irregular shape, with perhaps a narrow angle sticking uselessly out on one side. But so much of his experimenting was of a simple kind, that he had no need for any elaboration, and I think his habit in this respect was in great measure due to his desire to husband his strength, and not waste it on inessential things. His way of marking objects may here be mentioned. If he had a number of things to distinguish, such as leaves, flowers, &c., he tied threads of different colours round them. In particular he used this method when he had only two classes of objects to distinguish; thus in the case of crossed and self-fertilised flowers, one set would be marked with black and one with white thread, tied round the stalk of the 124 REMINISCENCES. flower. I remember well the look of two sets of capsules, gathered and waiting to be weighed, counted, &c., with pieces of black and of white thread to distinguish the trays in which they lay. When he had to compare two sets of seedlings, sowed in the same pot, he separated them by a partition of zinc-plate ; and the zinc label, which gave the necessary de- tails about the experiment, was always placed on a certain side, so that it became instinctive with him to know without reading the label which were the "crossed " and which were the "self-fertilised." His love of each particular experiment, and his eager zeal not to lose the fruit of it, came out markedly in these cross- ing experiments — in the elaborate care he took not to make any confusion in putting capsules into wrong trays, &c., &c. I can recall his appearance as he counted seeds under the simple microscope with an alertness not usually characterising such mechanical work as counting. I think he personified each seed as a small demon trying to elude him by getting into the wrong heap, or jumping away altogether ; and this gave to the work the excitement of a game. He had great faith in instruments, and I do not think it naturally occurred to him to doubt the accuracy of a scale or measuring glass, &c. He was astonished when we found that one of his mi- crometers differed from the other. He did not require any great accuracy in most of his measurements, and had not good scales; he had an old three-foot rule, which was the common property of the household, and was constantly being borrowed, because it was the only one which was certain to be in its place — unless, indeed, the last borrower had forgot- ten to put it back. For measuring the height of plants he had a seven-foot deal rod, graduated by the village carpenter. Latterly he took to using paper scales graduated to milli- meters. For small objects he used a pair of compasses and an ivory protractor. It was characteristic of him that he took scrupulous pains in making measurements with his somewhat rough scales. A trifling example of his faith in authority is that he took his " inch in terms of millimeters " from an old WORK. ,2- book, in which it turned out to be inaccurately given. He had a chemical balance which dated from the days when he worked at chemistry with his brother Erasmus. Measure- ments of capacity were made with an apothecary's measuring glass : I remember well its rough look and bad graduation. With this, too, I remember the great care he took in getting the fluid-line on to the graduation. I do not mean by this account of his instruments that any of his experiments suffered from want of accuracy in measurement, I give them as exam- ples of his simple methods and faith in others — faith at least in instrument-makers, whose whole trade was a mystery to him. A few of his mental characteristics, bearing especially on his mode of working, occur to me. There was one quality of mind which seemed to be of special and extreme advantage in leading him to make discoveries. It was the power of never letting exceptions pass unnoticed. Everybody notices a fact as an exception when it is striking or frequent, but he had a special instinct for arresting an exception. A point appar- ently slight and unconnected with his present work is passed over by many a man almost unconsciously with some half- considered explanation, which is in fact no explanation. It was just these things that he seized on to make a start from. In a certain sense there is nothing special in this procedure, many discoveries being made by means of it. I only mention it because, as I watched him at work, the value of this power to an experimenter was so strongly impressed upon me. Another quality which was shown in his experimental works was his power of sticking to a subject ; he used almost to apologise for his patience, saying that he could not bear to be beaten, as if this were rather a sign of weakness on his part. He often quoted the saying, " It's dogged as does it ; '* and I think doggedness expresses his frame of mind almost better than perseverance. Perseverance seems hardly to ex- press his almost fierce desire to force the truth to reveal itself. He often said that it was important that a man should know 126 REMINISCENCES. the right point at which to give up an inquiry. And I think it was his tendency to pass this point that inclined him to apologise for his perseverance, and gave the air of doggedness to his work. He often said that no one could be a good observer unless he was an active theoriser. This brings me back to what I said about his instinct for arresting exceptions : it was as though he were charged with theorising power ready to flow into any channel on the slightest disturbance, so that no fact, however small, could avoid releasing a stream of theory, and thus the fact became magnified into importance. In this way it naturally happened that many untenable theories occurred to him; but fortunately his richness of imagination was equalled by his power of judging and condemning the thoughts that occurred to him. He was just to his theories, and did not condemn them unheard ; and so it happened that he was willing to test what would seem to most people not at all worth testing. These rather wild trials he called " fool's experiments," and enjoyed extremely. As an exam- ple I may mention that finding the cotyledons of Biophytum to be highly sensitive to vibrations of the table, he fancied that they might perceive the vibrations of sound, and there- fore made me play my bassoon close to a plant. * The love of experiment was very strong in him, and I can remember the way he would say, " I shan't be easy till I have tried it," as if an outside force were driving him. He enjoyed experimenting much more than work which only entailed reasoning, and when he was engaged on one of his books which required argument and the marshalling of facts, he felt experimental work to be a rest or holiday. Thus, while work^ ing upon the 'Variations of Animals and Plants,' in 1 860-61, he made out the fertilisation of Orchids, and thought himself idle for giving so much time to them. It is interesting to think that so important a piece of research should have been * This is not so much an example of superabundant theorising from a small cause, but only of his wish tq test the most improbable ickas. WORK. 127 undertaken and largely worked out as a pastime in place of more serious work. The letters to Hooker of this period con- tain expressions such as, '' God forgive me for being so idle : I am quite sillily interested in this work." The intense pleas- ure he took in understanding the adaptations for fertilisation is strongly shown in these letters. He speaks in one of his letters of his intention of working at Drosera as a rest from the * Descent of Man.' He has described in his ' Recollec- tions ' the strong satisfaction he felt in solving the problem of heterostylism. And I have heard him mention that the Geol- ogy of South America gave him almost more pleasure than anything else. It was perhaps this delight in work requiring keen observation that made him value praise given to his observing powers almost more than appreciation of his other qualities. For books he had no respect, but merely considered them as tools to be worked with. Thus he did not bind them, and even when a paper book fell to pieces from use, as happened to Muller's ' Befruchtung,' he preserved it from complete dis- solution by putting a metal clip over its back. In the same way he would cut a heavy book in half, to make it more con- venient to hold. He used to boast that he made Lyell pub- lish the second edition of one of his books in two volumes in- stead of in one, by telling him how he had been obliged to cut it in half. Pamphlets were often treated even more severe- ly than books, for he would tear out, for the sake of saving room, all the pages except the one that interested him. The consequence of all this was, that his library was not orna- mental, but was striking from being so evidently a working CQllection of books. He was methodical in his manner of reading books and pamphlets bearing on his own work. He had one shelf on which were piled up the books he had not yet read, and an- other to which they were transferred after having been read, and before being catalogued. He would often groan over his unread books, because there were so many which he knew he should never read, Many a book was at once transferred to 128 REMINISCENCES. the other heap, either marked with a cypher at the end, to show that it contained no marked passages, or inscribed, per- haps, " not read," or " only skimmed." The books accumu- lated in the "read" heap until the shelves overflowed, and. then, with much lamenting, a day was given up to the cata- loguing. He disliked this work, and as the necessity of under- taking the work became imperative, would often say, in a voice of despair, "We really must do these books soon." In each book, as he read it, he marked passages bearing on his work. In reading a book or pamphlet, &c., he made pencil-lines at the side of the page, often adding short remarks, and at the end made a list of the pages marked. When it was to be catalogued and put away, the marked pages were looked at, and so a rough abstract of the book was made. This abstract would perhaps be written under three or four headings on different sheets, the facts being sorted out and added to the previously collected facts in dif- ferent subjects. He had other sets of abstracts arranged, not according to subject, but according to periodical. When col- lecting facts on a large scale, in earlier years, he used to read through, and make abstracts, in this way, of whole series of periodicals. In some of his early letters he speaks of filling several note-books with facts for his book on species ; but it was certainly early that he adopted his plan of using portfolios as described in the * Recollections.'* My father and M. de CandoUe were mutually pleased to discover that they had adopted the same plan of classifying facts. De Candolle de- scribes the method in his * Phytologie,' and in his sketch of my father mentions the satisfaction he felt in seeing it in action at Down. Besides these portfolios, of which there are some dozens full of notes, there are large bundles of MS. marked "used " * The racks on which the portfolios were placed are shown in the illus- tration, " The Study of Down," facing p. loi, in the recess at the right- hand side of the fire-place. STYLE. I2Q and put away. He felt the value of his notes, and had a horror of their destruction by fire. I remember, when some alarm of fire had happened, his begging me to be especially careful, adding very earnestly, that the rest of his life would be miserable if his notes and books were to be destroyed. He shows the same feeling in writing about the loss of a manuscript, the purport of his words being, " I have a copy, or the loss would have killed me." In writing a book he would spend much time and labour in making a skeleton or plan of the whole, and in enlarging and sub-classing each heading, as described in his 'Recollections.' I think this careful arrangement of the plan was not at all essential to the building up of his argument, but for its presentment, and for the arrangement of his facts. In his 'Life of Erasmus Darwin,* as it was first printed in slips, the growth of the book from a skeleton was plainly visible. The arrangement was altered afterwards, because it was too formal and categorical, and seemed to give the character of his grandfather rather by means of a list of qualities than as a complete picture. It was only within the last few years that he adopted a plan of writing which he was convinced suited him best, and which is described in the * Recollections ; ' namely, writing a rough copy straight off without the slightest attention to style. It was characteristic of him that he felt unable to write with sufficient want of care if he used his best paper, and thus it was that he wrote on the backs of old proofs or manuscript. The rough copy was th^n reconsidered, and a fair copy was made. For this purpose he had foolscap paper ruled at v/ide intervals, the lines being needed to prevent him writing so closely that correction became difficult. The fair copy was then corrected, and was recopied before Toeing sent to the printers. The copying was done by Mr. E. Norman, who began this work many years ago when village schoolmaster at Down. My father became so used to Mr. Norman's hand- writing, that he could not correct manuscript, even when clearly written out by one of his children, until it had been recopied by Mr. Norman. The MS., on returning from Mr. I30 REMINISCENCES. Norman, was once more corrected, and then sent off to the printers. Then came the work of revising and correcting the proofs, which my father found especially wearisome. It was at this stage that he first seriously considered the style of what he had written. When this was going on he usually started some other piece of work as a relief. The correction of slips consisted in fact of two processes, for the correction were first written in pencil, and then re-considered and written in ink. When the book was passing through the " slip " stage he was glad to have corrections and suggestions from others. Thus my mother looked over the proofs of the 'Origin.* In some of the later works my sister, Mrs. Litchfied, did much of the correction. After my sister's marriage perhaps most of the work fell to my share. My sister, Mrs. Litchfield, writes : — " This work was very interesting in itself, and it was inex- pressibly exhilarating to work for him. He was always so ready to be convinced that any suggested alteration was an improvement, and so full of gratitude for the trouble taken. I do not think that he ever used to forget to tell me what im- provement he thought that I had made, and he used almost to excuse himself if he did not agree with any correction. I think I felt the singular modesty and graciousness of his nature through thus working for him in a way I never should otherwise have done. " He did not write with ease, and was apt to invert his sentences both in writing and speaking, putting the qualifying clause before it was clear what it was to qualify. He corrected a great deal, and was eager to express himself as well as he possibly could." Perhaps the commonest corrections needed were of obscu- rities due to the omission of a necessary link in the reasoning, something which he had evidently omitted through familiarity with the subject. Not that there was any fault in the sequence STYLE. 1 21 of the thoughts, but that from familiarity with his argument he did not notice when the words failed to reproduce his thought. He also frequently put too much matter into one sentence, so that it had to be cut up into two. On the whole, I think the pains which my father took over the literary part of the work was very remarkable. He often laughed or grumbled at himself for the difficulty which he found in writing English, saying, for instance, that if a bad arrangement of a sentence was possible, he should be sure to adopt it. He once got much amusement and satisfaction out of the difficulty which one of the family found in writing a short circular. He had the pleasure of correcting and laugh- ing at obscurities, involved sentences, and other defects, and thus took his revenge for all the criticism he had himself to bear with. He used to quote with astonishment Miss Martineau's advice to young authors, to write straight off and send the MS. to the printer without correction. But in some cases he acted in a somewhat similar manner. When a sentence got hopelessly involved, he would ask himself, " now what do you want to say ? " and his answer written down, would often disentangle the confusion. His style has been much praised ; on the other hand, at least one good judge has remarked to me that it is not a good style. It is, above all things, direct and clear; and it is characteristic of himself in its simplicity, bordering on naivete, and in its absence of pretence. He had the strongest disbelief in the common idea that a classical scholar must write good English ; indeed, he thought that the contrary was the case. In writing, he sometimes showed the same tendency to strong expressions as he did in conversation. Thus in the * Origin,' p. 440, there is a description of a larval cirripede, *'with six pairs of beautifully constructed natatory legs, a pair of magnificent compound eyes, and extremely complex antennae." We used to laugh at him for this sentence, which we com- pared to an advertisement. This tendency to give himself up to the enthusiastic turn of his thought, without fear of being ludicrous, appears elsewhere in his writings. 132 REMINISCENCES. His courteous and conciliatory tone towards his reader is remarkable, and it must be partly this quality which revealed his personal sweetness of character to so many who had never seen him. I have always felt it to be a curious fact, that he who had altered the face of Biological Science, and is in this respect the chief of the moderns, should have written and worked in so essentially a non-modern spirit and manner. In reading his books one is reminded of the older naturalists rather than of the modern school of writers. He was a Naturalist in the old sense of the word, that is, a man who works at many branches of the science, not merely a specialist in one. Thus it is, that, though he founded whole new divisions of special subjects — such as the fertilisation of flowers, insectivorous plants, dimorphism, &c. — yet even in treating these very subjects he does not strike the reader as a specialist. The reader feels like a friend who is being talked to by a courteous gentleman, not like a pupil being lectured by a professor. The tone of such a book as the * Origin ' is charming, and almost pathetic ; it is the tone of a man who, convinced of the truth of his own views, hardly expects to convince others ; it is just the reverse of the style of a fanatic, who wants to force people to believe. The reader is never scorned for any amount of doubt which he may be imagined to feel, and his scepticism is treated with patient respect. A sceptical reader, or perhaps even an unreasonable reader, seems to have been generally present to his thoughts. It was in consequence of this feeling, perhaps, that he took much trouble over points which he imagined would strike the reader, or save him trouble, and so tempt him to read. For the same reason he took much interest in the illustra- tions of his books, and I think rated rather too highly their value. The illustrations for his earlier books were drawn by professional artists. This was the case in 'Animals and Plants,' the ' Descent of Man,' and the * Expression of the Emotions.' On the other hand, ' Climbing Plants,* * Insec- tivorous Plants,' the 'Movements of Plants,' and 'Forms of Flowers,* were, to a large extent, illustrated by some of his STYLE. J33 children — my brother George having drawn by far the most. It was delightful to draw for him, as he was enthusiastic in his praise of very moderate performances. I remember well his charming manner of receiving the drawings of one of his daughters-in-law, and how he would finish his words of praise by saying, " Tell A , Michael Angelo is nothing to it." Though he praised so generously, he always looked closely at the drawing, and easily detected mistakes or carelessness. He had a horror of being lengthy, and seems to have been really much annoyed and distressed when he found how the * Variations of Animals and Plants ' was growing under his hands. I remember his cordially agreeing with ' Tristram Shandy's * words, ** Let no man say, ' Come, I'll write a duodecimo.' " His consideration for other authors was as marked a char- acteristic as his tone towards his reader. He speaks of all other authors as persons deserving of respect. In cases where, as in the case of 's experiments on Drosera, he thought lightly of the author, he speaks of him in such a way that no one would suspect it. In other cases he treats the confused writings of ignorant persons as though the fault lay with himself for not appreciating or understanding them. Besides this general tone of respect, he had a pleasant way of expressing his opinion on the value of a quoted work, or his obligation for a piece of private information. His respectful feeling was not only morally beautiful, but was I think of practical use in making him ready to consider the ideas and observations of all manner of people. He used almost to apologise for this, and would say that he was at first inclined to rate everything too highly. . It was a great merit in his mind that, in spite of having so strong a respectful feeling towards what he read, he had the keenest of instincts as to whether a man was trustworthy or not. He seemed to form a very definite opinion as to the accuracy of the men whose books he read ; and made use of this judgment in his choice of facts for use in argument or as illustrations. I gained the impression that he felt this 134 REMINISCENCES. power of judging of a man's trustworthiness to be of much value. He had a keen feeling of the sense of honour that ought to reign among authors, and had a horror of any kind of lax- ness in quoting. He had a contempt for the love of honour and glory, and in his letters often blames himself for the pleasure he took in the success of his books, as though he were departing from his ideal — a love of truth and careless- ness about fame. Often, when writing to Sir J. Hooker what he calls a boasting letter, he laughs at himself for his conceit and want of modesty. There is a wonderfully interesting letter which he wrote to my mother bequeathing to her, in case of his death, the care of publishing the manuscript of his first essay on evolution. This letter seems to me full of the intense desire that his theory should succeed as a contribu- tion to knowledge, and apart from any desire for personal fame. He certainly had the healthy desire for success which a man of strong feelings ought to have. But at the time of the publication of the * Origin ' it is evident that he was over- whelmingly satisfied with the adherence of such men as Lyell, Hooker, Huxley, and Asa Gray, and did not dream of or desire any such wide and general fame as he attained to. Connected with his contempt for the undue love of fame, was an equally strong dislike of all questions of priority. The letters to Lyell, at the time of the * Origin,' show the anger he felt with himself for not being able to repress a feeling of dis- appointment at what he thought was Mr. Wallace's forestall- ing of all his years of work. His sense of literary honour comes out strongly in these letters ; and his feeling about priority is again shown in the admiration expressed in his ' Recollections ' of Mr. Wallace's self-annihilation. His feeling about reclamations, including answers to at- tacks and all kinds of discussions, was strong. It is simply expressed in a letter to Falconer (1863.?), "If I ever felt angry towards you, for whom I have a sincere friendship, I should begin to suspect that I was a little mad. I was very sorry about your reclamation, as I think it is in every case a ILL-HEALTH. ,^5 mistake and should be left to others. Whether I should so act myself under provocation is a different question." It was a feeling partly dictated by instinctive delicacy, and partly by a strong sense of the waste of time, energy, and temper thus caused. He said that he owed his determination not to get into discussions * to the advice of Lyell, — advice which he transmitted to those among his friends who were given to paper warfare. If the character of my father's working life is to be under- stood, the conditions of ill-health, under which he worked, must be constantly borne in mind. He bore his illness with such uncomplaining patience, that even his children can hardly, I believe, realise the extent of his habitual suffering. In their case the difficulty is heightened by the fact that, from the days of their earliest recollections, they saw him in constant ill-health, — and saw him, in spite of it, full of pleas- ure in what pleased them. Thus, in later life, their percep- tion of what he endured had to be disentangled from the impression produced in childhood by constant genial kind- ness under conditions of unrecognised difficulty. No one indeed, except my mother, knows the full amount of suffering he endured, or the full amount of his wonderful patience. For all the latter years of his life she never left him for a night ; and her days were so planned that all his resting hours might be shared with her. She shielded him from every avoidable annoyance, and omitted nothing that might save him trouble, or prevent him becoming overtired, or that might alleviate the many discomforts of his ill-health. I hesi- tate to speak thus freely of a thing so sacred as the life-long * He departed from his mle in his " Note on the Habits of the Pampas Woodpecker, Colaptes campesins" ' Proc. Zool. Soc.,' 1870, p. 705 : also in a letter published in the 'Athenaeum' (1863, p. 554), in which case he afterwards regretted that he had not remained silent. His replies to criti- cisms, in the later editions of the 'Origin,' can hardly be classed as infrac- tions of his rule. 10 136 REMINISCENCES. devotion which prompted all this constant and tender care. But it is, I repeat, a principal feature of his life, that for nearly forty years he never knew one day of the health of ordinary men, and that thus his life was one long struggle against the weariness and strain of sickness. And this cannot be told without speaking of the one condition which enabled him to bear the strain and fight out the struggle to the end. LETTERS The earliest letters to which I have access are those written by my father when an undergraduate at Cambridge. The history of his life, as told in his correspondence, must therefore begin with this period. CHAPTER IV. CAMBRIDGE LIFE. [My father's Cambridge life comprises the time between the Lent Term, 1828, when he came up as a Freshman, and the end of the May Term, 1831, when he took his degree and left the University. It appears from the College books, that my father ** admis- sus est pensionarius minor sub Magistro Shaw" on Oct. 15, 1827. He did not come into residence till the Lent Term, 1828, so that, although he passed his examination in due sea- son, he was unable to take his degree at the usual time, — the beginning of the Lent Term, 1831. In such a case a man usually took his degree before Ash-Wednesday, when he was called '* Baccalaureus ad Diem Cinerum," and ranked with the B. A.'s of the year. My father's name, however, occurs in the list of Bachelors " ad Baptistam," or those admitted between Ash-Wednesday and St. John Baptist's Day (June 24th) ; * he therefore took rank among the Bachelors of 1832. He "kept" for a term or two in lodgings, over Bacon the tobacconist's ; not, however, over the shop in the Market Place, now so well known to Cambridge men, but in Sidney Street. For the rest of his time he had pleasant rooms on the south side of the first court of Christ's, f * " On Tuesday last Charles Darwin, of Christ's College, was admitted B. A." — Cambridge Chronicle, Friday, April 29, 1831. f The rooms are on the first floor, on the west side of the middle stair- case. A medallion (given by my brother) has recently been let into the wall of the sitting-room. I^o CAMBRIDGE. .^TAT. 19-22. What determined the choice of this college for his brother Erasmus and himself I have no means of knowing. Erasmus the elder, their grandfather, had been at St. John's, and this college might have been reasonably selected for them, being connected with Shrewsbury School. But the life of an under- graduate at St. John's seems, in those days, to have been a troubled one, if I may judge from the fact that a relative of mine migrated thence to Christ's to escape the harassing dis- cipline of the place. A story told by Mr. Herbert * illustrates the same state of things : — "In the beginning of the October Term of 1830, an inci- dent occurred which was attended with somewhat disagree- able, though ludicrous consequences to myself. Darwin asked me to take a long walk with him in the Fens, to search for some natural objects he was desirous of having. After a very long, fatiguing day's work, we dined together, late in the evening, at his rooms in Christ's College ; and as soon as our dinner was over we threw ourselves into easy chairs and fell sound asleep. I was the first to awake, about three in the morning, when, having looked at my watch, and knowing the strict rule of St. John's, which required men in statu pupillari to come into college before midnight, I rushed homeward at the utmost speed, in fear of the consequences, but hoping that the Dean would accept the excuse as sufficient when I told him the real facts. He, however, was inexorable, and refused to receive my explanations, or any evidence I could bring; and although during my undergraduateship I had never been reported for coming late into College, now, when I was a hard-working B. A., and had five or six pupils, he sentenced me to confinement to the College walls for the rest of the term. Darwin's indignation knew no bounds, and the stupid injustice and tyranny of the Dean raised not only a per- fect ferment among my friends, but was the subject of expostu- lation from some of the leading members of the University." My father seems to have found no difficulty in living at * See p. 42. CHRIST'S COLLEGE. I^, peace with all men in and out of office at Lady Margaret's other foundation. The impression of a contemporary of my father's is that Christ's in their day was a pleasant, fairly quiet college, with some tendency towards " horsiness " ; many of the men made a custom of going to Newmarket during the races, though betting was not a regular practice. In this they were by no means discouraged by the Senior Tutor, Mr. Shaw, who was himself generally to be seen on the Heath on these occasions. There was a somewhat high proportion of Fellow-Commoners, — eight or nine, to sixty or seventy Pen- sioners, and this would indicate that it was not an unpleasant college for men with money to spend and with no great love of strict discipline. The way in which the service was conducted in chapel shows that the Dean, at least, was not over zealous. I have heard my father tell how at evening chapel the Dean used to read alternate verses of the Psalms, without making even a pretence of waiting for the congregation to take their share. And when the Lesson was a lengthy one, he would rise and go on with the Canticles after the scholar had read fifteen or twenty verses. It is curious that my father often spoke of his Cambridge life as if it had been so much time wasted, forgetting that, although the set studies of the place were barren enough for him, he yet gained in the highest degree the best advantages of a University life — the contact with men and an opportunity for his mind to grow vigorously. It is true that he valued at its highest the advantages which he gained from associating with Professor Henslow and some others, but he seemed to consider this as a chance outcome of his life at Cambridge, not an advantage for which Alma Mater could claim any credit. One of my father's Cambridge friends was the late Mr. J. M. Herbert, County Court Judge for South Wales, from whom I was fortunate enough to obtain some notes which help us to gain an idea of how my father impressed his contemporaries. Mr. Herbert writes : '* I think it was in the spring of 1828 that I first met Darwin, either at my 142 CAMBRIDGE. .ETAT. 19-22. cousin Whitley's rooms in St. John's, or at the rooms of some other of his old Shrewsbury schoolfellows, with many of whom I was on terms of great intimacy. But it certainly was in the summer of that year that our acquaintance ripened into intimacy, when we happened to be together at Barmouth, for the Long Vacation, reading with private tutors, — he with Eatterton of St. John's, his Classical and Mathematical Tutor, and I with Yate of St. John's." The intercourse between them practically ceased in 1831, when my father said good-bye to Herbert at Cambridge, on starting on his Beagle voyage. I once met Mr. Herbert, then almost an old man, and I was much struck by the evident warmth and freshness of the affection with which he remem- bered my father. The notes from which I quote end with this warm-hearted eulogium : " It would be idle for me to speak of his vast intellectual powers ... but I cannot end this cursory and rambling sketch without testifying, and I doubt not all his surviving college friends would concur with me, that he was the most genial, warm-hearted, generous, and affectionate of friends ; that his sympathies were with all that was good and true; and that he had a cordial hatred for everything false, or vile, or cruel, or mean, or dishonourable. He was not only great, but pre-eminently good, and just, and ioveable." Two anecdotes told by Mr. Herbert show that my father's feeling for suffering, whether of man or beast, was as strong in him as a young man as it was in later years : " Before he left Cambridge he told me that he had made up his mind not to shoot any more ; that he had had two days' shooting at his friend's, Mr. Owen of Woodhouse ; and that on the second day, when going over some of the ground they had beaten on the day before, he picked up a bird not quite dead, but lingering from a shot it had received on the previous day ; and that it had made and left such a painful impression on his mind, that he could not reconcile it to his conscience to continue to derive pleasure from a sport which inflicted such cruel suffering." MR. HERBERT'S RECOLLECTIONS. j^^ To realise the strength of the feeling that led to this re- solve, we must remember how passionate was his love of sport. We must recall the boy shooting his first snipe,* and trembling with excitement so that he could hardly reload his gun. Or think of such a sentence as, " Upon my soul, it is only about a fortnight to the * First,* then if there is a bliss on earth that isit."t Another anecdote told by Mr. Herbert illustrates again his tenderness of heart: — " When at Barmouth he and I went to an exhibition of * learned dogs.' In the middle of the entertainment one of the dogs failed in performing the trick his master told him to do. On the man reproving him, the dog put on a most piteous expression, as if in fear of the whip. Darwin seeing it, asked me to leave with him, saying, * Come along, I can't stand this any longer ; how those poor dogs must have been licked.'" It is curious that the same feeling recurred to my father more than fifty years afterwards, on seeing some performing dogs at the Westminster Aquarium ; on this occasion he was reassured by the manager telling him that the dogs were taught more by reward than by punishment. Mr. Herbert goes on : — " It stirred one's inmost depth of feeling to hear him descant upon, and groan over, the horrors of the slave- trade, or the cruelties to which the suffering Poles were sub- jected to at Warsaw. . . . These, and other like proofs have left on my mind the conviction that a more humane or tender- hearted man never lived." His old college friends agree in speaking with aftectionate warmth of his pleasant, genial temper as a young man. From what they have been able to tell me, I gain the impression of a young man overflowing with animal spirits — leading a varied healthy life — not over-industrious in the set studies of the place, but full of other pursuits, which were followed with a * * Recollections,' p. 34. f Letter from C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. 144 CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 19-22. rejoicing enthusiasm. Entomology, riding, shooting in the fens, suppers and card-playing, music at King's Chapel, en- gravings at the Fitzwilliam Museum, walks with Professor Henslow — all combined to fill up a happy life. He seems to have infected others with his enthusiasm. Mr. Herbert re- lates how, during the same Barmouth summer, he was pressed into the service of " the science " — as my father called col- lecting beetles. They took their daily walks together among the hills behind Barmouth, or boated in the Mawddach estu- ary, or sailed to Sarn Badrig to land there at low water, or went fly-fishing in the Cors-y-gedol lakes. *' On these occa- sions Darwin entomologized most industriously, picking up creatures as he walked along, and bagging everything which seemed worthy of being pursued, or of further examination. And very soon he armed me with a bottle of alcohol, in which I had to drop any beetle which struck me as not of a common kind. I performed this duty with some diligence in my con- stitutional walks ; but alas ! my powers of discrimination sel- dom enabled me to secure a prize — the usual result, on his examining the contents of my bottle, being an exclamation, * Well, old Cherbury * * (the nickname he gave me, and by which he usually addressed me), * none of these will do.* " Again, the Rev. T. Butler, who was one of the Barmouth reading-party in 1828, says : " He inoculated me with a taste for Botany which has stuck by me all my life." Archdeacon Watkins, another old college friend of my father's, remembers him unearthing beetles in the willows between Cambridge and Grantchester, and speaks of a certain beetle the remembrance of whose name is " Crux major." f How enthusiastically must my father have exulted over this beetle to have impressed its name on a companion so that he remembers it after half a century ! Archdeacon Watkins goes on : " I do not forget the long and very interesting conversa- tions that we had about Brazilian scenery and tropical vege- * No doubt in allusion to the title of Lord Herbert of Cherbury. f PandgcBus crux-majof. FRIENDS. ,.- tation of all sorts. Nor do I forget the way and the vehe- mence with which he rubbed his chin when he got excited on such subjects, and discoursed eloquently of lianas, or- chids, &c." He became intimate with Henslow, the Professor of Botany, and through him with some other older members of the University. " But," Mr. Herbert writes, " he always kept up the closest connection with the friends of his own standing ; and at our frequent social gatherings— at breakfast, wine or supper parties— he was ever one of the most cheerful, the most popular, and the most welcome." My father formed one of a club for dining once a week, called the Gourmet * Club, the members, besides himself and Mr. Herbert (from whom I quote), being Whitley of St. John's, now Honorary Canon of Durham ; f Heaviside of Sidney, now Canon of Norwich ; Lovett Cameron of Trinity, now vicar of Shoreham ; Blane of Trinity, who held a high post during the Crimean war; H. Lowe I (now Sherbrooke) of Trinity Hall ; and Watkins of Emmanuel, now Archdeacon of York. The origin of the club's name seems already to have become involved in obscurity. Mr. Herbert says that it was chosen in derision of another " set of men who called themselves by a long Greek name signifying * fond of dainties,' but who falsified their claim to such a designation by their weekly practice of dining at some roadside inn, six miles from Cambridge, on mutton •chops or beans and bacon." Another old member of the club tells me that the name arose because the members were given to making experiments on *' birds and beasts, which were before unknown to human palate." He says that hawk and bittern were tried, and that their zeal broke down over an old brown owl, ** which was indescrib- able." At any rate, the meetings seemed to have been suc- cessful, and to have ended with " a game of mild vingt-et-un." * Mr. Herbert mentions the name as ' The Glutton Club.' f Formerly Reader in Natural Philosophy at Durham University. X Brother of Lord Sherbrooke. 146 • CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 19-22. Mr. Herbert gives an amusing account of the musical examinations described by my father in his 'Recollections.' Mr. Herbert speaks strongly of his love of music, and adds, " What gave him the greatest delight was some grand sym- phony or overture of Mozart's or Beethoven's, with their full harmonies. ' On one occasion Herbert remembers " accom- panying him to the afternoon service at King's, when we heard a very beautiful anthem. At the end of one of the parts, which was exceedingly impressive, he turned round to me and said, with a deep sigh, * How's your backbone .? ' " He often spoke of a feeling of coldness or shivering in his back on hearing beautiful music. Besides a love of music, he had certainly at this time a love of fine literature ; and Mr. Cameron tells me that he used to read Shakespeare to my father in his rooms at Christ's, who took much pleasure in it. He also speaks of his " great liking for first-class line engravings, especially those of Ra- phael Morghen and Muller ; and he spent hours in the Fitz- william Museum in looking over the prints in that collection." My father's letters to Fox show how sorely oppressed he felt by the reading of an examination : " I am reading very hard, and have spirits for nothing. I actually have not stuck a beetle this term." His despair over mathematics must have been profound, when he expressed a hope that Fox's silence is due to '' your being ten fathoms deep in the Mathe- matics ; and if you are, God help you^ for so am I, only with this difference, I stick fast in the mud at the bottom, and there I shall remain." Mr. Herbert says : " He had, I im- agine, no natural turn for mathematics, and he gave up his mathematical reading before he had mastered the first part of Algebra, having had a special quarrel with Surds and the Binomial Theorem." We get some evidence from his letters to Fox of my father's intention of going into the Church. " I am glad," he writes,* " to hear that you are reading divinity. I should * March 18, 1829. W. D. FOX. I^^ like to know what books you are reading, and your opinions about them ; you need not be afraid of preaching to me pre- maturely." Mr. Herbert's sketch shows how doubts arose in my father's mind as to the possibility of his taking Orders. He writes, " We had an earnest conversation about going into Holy Orders ; and I remember his asking me, with reference to the question put by the Bishop in the ordination service, 'Do you trust that you are inwardly moved by the Holy Spirit, &c.,* whether I could answer in the affirmative, and on my saying I could not, he said, * Neither can I, and therefore I cannot take orders.* " This conversation appears to have taken place in 1829, and if so, the doubts here expressed must have been quieted, for in May 1830, he speaks of having some thoughts of reading divinity with Henslow. The greater number of the following letters are addressed by my father to his cousin, William Darwin Fox. Mr. Fox's relationship to my father is shown in the pedigree given in Chapter I. The degree of kinship appears to have remained a problem to my father, as he signs himself in one letter *' a — " Their friendship was, in fact, due to their being n undergraduates together. My father's letters show clearly enough how genuine the friendship was. In after years, dis- tance, large families, and ill-health on both sides, checked the intercourse ; but a warm feeling of friendship remained. The correspondence was never quite dropped and continued till Mr. Fox's death in 1880. Mr. Fox took orders, and worked as a country clergyman until forced by ill-health to leave his living in Delamere Forest. His love of natural history remained strong, and he became a skilled fancier of many kinds of birds, &c. The index to ' Animals and Plants,' and my father's later correspondence, show how much help he received from his old College friend.] 148 CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 19-22. [1828. C. Darwin to J. M. Herbert. Saturday Evening [September 14, 1828].* My dear old Cherbury, I am about to fulfil my promise of writing to you, but I am sorry to add there is a very selfish motive at the bottom. I am going to ask you a great favour, and you cannot imagine how much you will oblige me by procuring some more speci- mens of some insects which I dare say I can describe. In the first place, I must inform you that I have taken some of the rarest of the British Insects, and their being found near Barmouth, is quite unknown to the Entomological world : I think I shall write and inform some of the crack entomol- ogists. But now for business. Several more specimens, if you can procure them without much trouble, of the following insects: — The violet-black coloured beetle, found on Craig Storm,f under stones, also a large smooth black one very like it ; a bluish metallic-coloured dung-beetle, which is very common on the hill-sides ; also, if you would be so very kind as to cross the ferry, and you will find a great number under the stones on the waste land of a long, smooth, jet-black beetle (a great many of these) ; also, in the same situation, a very small pinkish insect, with black spots, with a curved thorax projecting beyond the head ; also, upon the marshy land over the ferry, near the sea, under old sea-weed, stones, &c., you will find a small yellowish transparent beetle, with two or four blackish marks on the back. Under these stones there are two sorts, one much darker than the other ; the lighter-col- oured is that which I want. These last two insects are ex- cessively j-are, and you will really extremely oblige me by taking all this trouble pretty soon. Remember me most kindly to * The postmark being Derby seems to show that the letter was written from his cousin, W. D. Fox's house, Osmaston, near Derby. \ The top of the hill immediately behind Barmouth was called Craig- Storm, a hybrid Cambro-English word. 1829] SHOOTING. i^g Butler, tell him of my success, and I dare say both of you will easily recognise these insects. I hope his caterpillars go on well. I think many of the Chrysalises are well worth keeping. I really am quite ashamed [of] so long a letter all about my own concerns ; but do return good for evil, and send me a long account of all your proceedings. In the first week I killed seventy-five head of game — a very contemptible number — but there are very few birds. I killed, however, a brace of black game. Since then I have been staying at the Fox's, near Derby ; it is a very pleasant house, and the music meeting went off very well. I want to hear how Yates likes his gun, and what use he has made of it. If the bottle is not large you can buy another for me, and when you pass through Shrewsbury you can leave these treasures, and I hope, if you possibly can, you will stay a day or two with me, as I hope I need not say how glad I shall be to see you again. Fox remarked what deuced good-natured fellows your friends at Barmouth must be ; and if I did not know that you and Butler were so, I would not think of giving you so much trouble. Believe me, my dear Herbert, Yours, most sincerely, Charles Darwin. Remember me to all friends. [In the following January we find him looking forward with pleasure to the beginning of another year of his Cam- bridge life : he writes to Fox — " I waited till to-day for the chance of a letter, but I will wait no longer. I must most sincerely and cordially congratulate you on having finished all your labours. I think your place a very good one considering by how much you have beaten many men who had the start of you in reading. I do so wish I were now in Cambridge (a very selfish wish, however, as I was not with you in all your troubles and misery), to join in all the glory and happiness, which dangers 150 CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 19-22. [1829 gone by can give. How we would talk, walk, and entomolo- gise ! Sappho should be the best of bitches, and Dash, of dogs : then should be 'peace on earth, good will to men,' — which, by the way, I always think the most perfect descrip- tion of happiness that words can give."] C. Darwin to W. JD, Fox. Cambridge, Thursday [February 26, 1829]. My dear Fox, When I arrived here on Tuesday I found to my great grief and surprise, a letter on my table which I had written to you about a fortnight ago, the stupid porter never took the trouble of getting the letter forwarded. I suppose you have been abusing me for a most ungrateful wretch ; but I am sure you will pity me now, as nothing is so vexatious as having written a letter in vain. Last Thursday I left Shrewsbury for London, and stayed there till Tuesday, on which I came down here by the ' Times.* The first two days I spent entirely with Mr. Hope,* and did little else but talk about and look at insects ; his collection is most magnificent, and he himself is the most generous of entomologists ; he has given me about 160 new species, and actually often wanted to give me the rarest insects of which he had only two specimens. He made many civil speeches, and hoped you will call on him some time with me, whenever we should happen to be in London. He greatly compliments our exertions in Entomology, and says we have taken a won- derfully great number of good insects. On Sunday I spent the day with Holland, who lent me a horse to ride in the Park with. On Monday evening I drank tea with Stephens ; f his * Founder of the Chair of Zoology at Oxford. t J. F. Stephens, author of ' A Manual of British Coleoptera,' 1839, and other works. 1829.] SHOOTING. 15 J cabinet is more magnificent than the most zealous entomolo- gist could dream of ; he appears to be a very good-humoured pleasant little man. Whilst in town I went to the Royal Institution, Linnean Society, and Zoological Gardens, and many other places where naturalists are gregarious. If you had been with me, I think London would be a very delightful place ; as things were, it was much pleasanter than I could have supposed such a dreary wilderness of houses to be. I shot whilst in Shrewsbury a Dundiver (female Goo- sander, as I suppose you know). Shaw has stuffed it, and when I have an opportunity I will send it to Osmaston. There have been shot also five Waxen Chatterers, three of which Shaw has for sale ; would you like to purchase a specimen ? I have not yet thanked you for your last very long and agreeable letter. It would have been still more agreeable had it contained the joyful intelligence that you were coming up here ; my two solitary breakfasts have already made me aware how very very much I shall miss you. Ht :¥ * * * Believe me, My dear old Fox, Most sincerely yours, C. Darwin. [Later on in the Lent term he writes to Fox : — " I am leading a quiet everyday sort of a life ; a little of Gibbon's History in the morning, and a good deal of Van John in the evening ; this, with an occasional ride with Sim- cox and constitutional with Whitley, makes up the regular routine of my days. I see a good deal both of Herbert and Whitley, and the more I see of them increases every day the respect I have for their excellent understandings and disposi- tions. They have been giving some very gay parties, nearly sixty men there both evenings."] II 152 CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 19-22. [1829. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. Christ's College [Cambridge], April i [1829]. My dear Fox, In your letter to Holden you are pleased to observe " that of all the blackguards you ever met with I am the greatest." Upon this observation I shall make no remarks, excepting that I must give you all due credit for acting on it most rig- idly. And now I should like to know in what one particular are you less of a blackguard than I am .? You idle old wretch, why have you not answered my last letter, which I am sure I forwarded to Clifton nearly three weeks ago ? If I was not really very anxious to hear what you are doing, I should have allowed you to remain till you thought it worth while to treat me like a gentleman. And now having vented my spleen in scolding you, 3.nd having told you, what you must know, how very much and how anxiously I want to hear how you and your family are getting on at Clifton, the purport of this letter is finished. If you did but know how often I think of you, and how often I regret your absence, I am sure 1 should have heard from you long enough ago. I find Cambridge rather stupid, and as I know scarcely any one that walks, and this joined with my lips not being quite so well, has reduced me to a sort of hybernation. ... I have caught Mr. Harbour letting have the first pick of the beetles ; accordingly we have made our final adieus, my part in the affecting scene consisted in telling him he was a d — d rascal, and signifying I should kick him down the stairs if ever he appeared in my rooms again. It seemed altogether mightily to surprise the young gentleman. I have no news to tell you ; indeed, when a correspondence has been broken off like ours has been, it is difficult to make the first start again. Last night there was a terrible fire at Linton, eleven miles from Cambridge. Seeing the reflection so plainly in the sky. Hall, Woodyeare, Turner, and myself thought we would ride and see it. We set out at half-past nine, and rode like incarnate devils there, and did not return till two in the 1829.] CONDOLENCE. ic^ morning. Altogether it was a most awful sight. I cannot conclude without telling you, that of all the blackguards I ever met with, you are the greatest and the best. C. Darwin. C. Darwin to IV. D. Fox. [Cambridge, Thursday, April 23, 1829.] My dear Fox, I have delayed answering your last letter for these few days, as I thought that under such melancholy circumstances my writing to you would be probably only giving you trouble. This morning 1 received a letter from Catherine informing me of that event,* which, indeed, from your letter, I had hardly dared to hope would have happened otherwise. I feel most sincerely and deeply for you and all your family ; but at the same time, as far as any one can, by his own good principles and religion, be supported under such a misfortune, you, I am assured, will know where to look for such support. And after so pure and holy a comfort as the Bible affords, I am equally assured how useless the sympathy of all friends must appear, although it be as heartfelt and sincere, as I hope you believe me capable of feeling. At such a time of deep dis- tress I will say nothing more, excepting that I trust your father and Mrs. Fox bear this blow as well as, under such circum- stances, can be hoped for. I am afraid it will be a long time, my dear Fox, before we meet ; till then, believe me at all times, Yours most affectionately, Charles Darwin. C. Darwin to IV. D. Fox. Shrewsbury, Friday [July 4, 1829]. My dear Fox, I should have written to you before only that whilst our expedition lasted I was too much engaged, and the conclu- * The death of Fox's sister, Mrs. Bristowe. 154 CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 19-22. [1829, sion was so unfortunate, that I was too unhappy to write to you till this week's quiet at home. The thoughts of Wood- house next week has at last given me courage to relate my unfortunate case. I started from this place about a fortnight ago to take an entomological trip with Mr. Hope through all North Wales ; and Barmouth was our first destination. The two first days I went on pretty well, taking several good insects ; but for the rest of that week my lips became suddenly so bad,* and I myself not very well, that I was unable to leave the room, and on the Monday I retreated with grief and sorrow back again to Shrewsbury. The first two days I took some good insects. . . . But the days that I was unable to go out, Mr. Hope did wonders .... and to'day I have received another parcel of insects from him, such Colymbetes, such Carabi, and such magnificent Elaters (two species of the bright scarlet sort). I am sure you will properly sympathise with my un- fortunate situation : I am determined I will go over the same ground that he does before autumn comes, and if working hard will procure insects I will bring home a glorious stock. * * * * * My dear Fox, Yours most sincerely, Chas. Darwin. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. Shrewsbury, July 18, 1829. I am going to Maer next week in order to entomologise, and shall stay there a week, and for the rest of this summer I intend to lead a perfectly idle and wandering life. . . . You see I am much in the same state that you are, with this difference, you make good resolutions and never keep them ; I never make them, so cannot keep them ; it is all very well writing in this manner, but I must read for my Little-go. Graham smiled and bowed so very civilly, when he told me Probably with eczema, from which he often suffered. 1829.1 MUSIC. 55 that he was one of the six appointed to make the examination stricter, and that they were determined this would make it a very different thing from any previous examination, that from all this I am sure it will be the very devil to pay amongst all idle men and entomologists. Erasmus, we expect home in a few weeks' time : he intends passing next winter in Paris. Be sure you order the two lists of insects published by Stephens, one printed on both sides, and the other only on one ; you will find them very useful in many points of view. Dear old Fox, yours, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. Christ's College, Thursday [October i6, 1829]. My dear Fox, I am afraid you will be very angry with me for not having written during the Music Meeting, but really I was worked so hard that I had no time ; I arrived here on Monday and found my rooms in dreadful confusion, as they have been taking up the floor, and you may suppose that I have had plenty to do for these two days. The Music Meeting* was the most glorious thing I ever experienced ; and as for Mali- bran, words cannot praise her enough, she is quite the most charming person I ever saw. We had extracts out of several of the best operas, acted in character, and you cannot imagine how very superior it made the concerts to any I ever heard before. J. de Begnis \ acted * II Fanatico ' in character ; be- ing dressed up an extraordinary figure gives a much greater effect to his acting. He kept the whole theatre in roars of laughter. I liked Madame Blasis very much, but nothing will do after Malibran, who sung some comic songs, and [a] person's heart must have been made of stone not to have lost it to her. I lodged very near the Wedgwoods, and lived entirely with them, which was very pleasant, and had you * At Birmingham. f De Begnis's Christian name was Giuseppe. 156 CAMBRIDGE. .^TAT. 19-22. [1830. been there it would have been quite perfect. It knocked me up most dreadfully, and I will never attempt again to do two things the same day. ¥e * * * * C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. [Cambridge] Thursday [March, 1830]. My dear Fox, I am through my Little-Go ! ! ! I am too much exalted to humble myself by apologising for not having written before. But I assure you before I went in, and when my nerves were in a shattered and weak condition, your injured person often rose before my eyes and taunted me with my idleness. But I am through, through, through. I could write the whole sheet full with this delightful word. I went in yesterday, and have just heard the joyful news. I shall not know for a week which class I am in. The whole examination is carried on in a different system. It has one grand advantage— being over in one day. They are rather strict, and ask a wonderful number of questions. And now I want to know something about your plans ; of course you intend coming up here : what fun we will have together; what beetles we will catch; it will do my heart good to go once more together to some of our old haunts. I have two very promising pupils in Entomology, and we will make regular campaigns into the Fens. Heaven protect the beetles and Mr. Jenyns, for we won't leave him a pair in the whole country. My new Cabinet is come down, and a gay little affair it is. And now for the time— I think I shall go for a few days to town to hear an opera and see Mr. Hope ; not to mention my brother also, whom I should have no objection to see. If I go pretty soon, you can come afterwards, but if you will settle your plans definitely, I will arrange mine, so send me a letter by return of post. And I charge you let it be favour- able— that is to say, come directly. Holden has been or- dained, and drove the Coach out on the Monday. I do not l830.] BEETLE COLLECTING. 157 think he is looking very well. Chapman wants you and myself to pay him a visit when you come up, and begs to be remembered to you. You must excuse this short letter, as I have no end more to send off by this day's post. I long to see you again, and till then, My dear good old Fox, Yours most sincerely, C. Darwin. [In August he was in North Wales and wrote to Fox : — " I have been intending to write every hour for the last fortnight, but really have had no time. I left Shrewsbury this day fortnight ago, and have since that time been working from morning to night in catching fish or beetles. This is literally the first idle day I have had to myself ; for on the rainy days I go fishing, on the good ones entomologising. You may recollect that for the fortnight previous to all this, you told me not to write, so that I hope I have made out some sort of defence for not having sooner answered your two long and very agreeable letters."] C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. [Cambridge, November 5, 1830.] My dear Fox, I have so little time at present, and am so disgusted by reading that I have not the heart to write to anybody. I have only written once home since I came up. This must excuse me for not having answered your three letters, for which I am really very much obliged. . . . I have not stuck an insect this term, and scarcely opened a case. If I had time I would have sent you the insects which I have so long promised ; but really I have not spirits or time to do anything. Reading makes me quite desperate; the plague of getting up all my subjects is next thing to intoler- able. Henslow is my tutor, and a most adinirable one he makes ; the hour with him is the pleasantest in the whole day. T58 CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. iq-22. [1831. I think he is quite the most perfect man I ever met with. I have been to some very pleasant parties there this term. His good-nature is unbounded. I am sure you will be sorry to hear poor old Whitley's father is dead. In a worldly point of view it is of great con- sequence to him, as it will prevent him going to the Bar for some time. — (Be sure answer this :) What did you pay for the iron hoop you had made in Shrewsbury ? Because I do not mean to pay the whole of the Cambridge man's bill. You need not trouble yourself about the Phallus, as I have bought up both species. I have heard men say that Henslow has some curious religious opinions. I never perceived anything of it, have you ? I am very glad to hear, after all your delays, you have heard of a curacy where you may read all the com- mandments without endangering your throat. I am also still more glad to hear that your mother continues steadily to improve. I do trust that you will have no further cause for uneasiness. With every wish for your happiness, my dear old Fox, Believe me yours most sincerely, Charles Darwin. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. Cambridge, Sunday, January 23, 1831. My dear Fox, I do hope you will excuse my not writing before I took my degree. I felt a quite inexplicable aversion to write to anybody. But now I do most heartily congratulate you upon passing your examination, and hope you find your curacy comfortable. If it is my last shilling (I have not many), I will come and pay you a visit. I do not know why the degree should make one so miserable, both before and afterwards. I recollect you were sufficiently wretched before, and I can assure [you] I am now, and what makes it the more ridiculous is, I know not what about. I believe it is a beautiful provision of nature to make one regret the less leaving so pleasant a place as Cambridge ; i83i.] DEGREE. I^^ and amongst all its pleasures — I say it for once and for all — none so great as my friendship with you. I sent you a news- paper yesterday, in which you will see what a good place [loth] I have got in the Poll. As for Christ's, did you ever see such a college for producing Captains and Apostles ? * There are no men either at Emmanuel or Christ's plucked. Cameron is gulfed, together with other three Trinity scholars! My plans are not at all settled. I think I shall keep this term, and then go and economise at Shrewsbury, return and take my degree. A man may be excused for writing so much about himself when he has just passed the examination ; so you must excuse [me]. And on the same principle do you write a letter brimful of yourself and plans. I want to know something about your examination. Tell me about the state of your nerves ; what books you got up, and how perfect. I take an interest about that sort of thing, as the time will come when I must suffer. Your tutor, Thompson, begged to be remem- bered to you, and so does Whitley. If you will answer this, I will send as many stupid answers as you can desire. Believe me, dear Fox, Chas. Darwin. * The " Captain " is at the head of the " Poll " : the " Apostles " are the last twelve in the Mathematical TriDos. CHAPTER V. THE APPOINTMENT TO THE * BEAGLE.* [In a letter addressed to Captain Fitz-Roy, before the Beagle sailed, my father wrote, " What a glorious day the 4th of November * will be to me — my second life will then commence, and it shall be as a birthday for the rest of my life." The circumstances which led to this second birth — so much more important than my father then imagined — are con- nected with his Cambridge life, but may be more appropri- ately told in the present chapter. Foremost in the chain of circumstances which led to his appointment to the Beagle^ was my father's friendship with Professor Henslow. He wrote in a pocket-book or diary, which contain a brief record of dates, &c., throughout his life : — "1831. Christmas. — ^Passed my examination for B. A. de- gree and kept the two following terms. " During these months lived much with Professor Hens- low, often dining with him and walking with him ; became slightly acquainted with several of the learned men in Cam- bridge, which much quickened the zeal which dinner parties and hunting had not destroyed. ** In the spring paid Mr. Dawes a visit with Ramsay and Kirby, and talked over an excursion to Teneriffe. In the * The Beagle did not however make her final and successful start until December 27. THE BEAGLE LAID ASHORE, RIVER SANTA CRUZ HENSLOW. l6i spring Henslow persuaded me to think of Geology, and intro- duced me to Sedgwick. During Midsummer geologised a little in Shropshire. ^^ August, — Went on Geological tour* by Llangollen, Ruthin, Conway, Bangor, and Capel Curig, where I left Pro- fessor Sedgwick, and crossed the mountain to Barmouth." In a letter to Fox (May, 1831), my father wTites : — " I am very busy . . . and see a great deal of Henslow, whom I do not know whether I love or respect most." His feeling for this admirable man is finely expressed in a letter which he wrote to Rev. L. Blomefield (then Rev. L. Jenyns), when the latter was engaged in his * Memoir of Professor Henslow ' (published 1862). The passage \ has been made use of in the first of the memorial notices written for * Nature,' and Mr. Romanes points out that my father, ** while describing the character of another, is unconsciously giving a most accurate description of his own " : — *' I went to Cambridge early in the year 1828, and soon became acquainted, through some of my brother entomolo- gists, with Professor Henslow, for all who cared for any branch of natural history were equally encouraged by him. Nothing could be more simple, cordial, and unpretending than the encouragement which he afforded to all young naturalists. I soon became intimate with him, for he had a remarkable power of making the young feel completely at ease with him ; though we were all awe-struck with the amount of his knowledge. Before I saw him, I heard one young man sum up his attaintments by simply saying that he knew every- thing. When I reflect how immediately we felt at perfect ease with a man older, and in every way so immensely our superior, I think it was as much owing to the transparent sincerity of * Mentioned by Sedgwick in his preface to Salter's 'Catalogue of Cam- brian and Silurian Fossils,' 1873. f ' Memoir of the Rev. John Stevens Henslow, M. A.,' by the Rev. Leonard Jenyns. 8vo. London, 1862, p. 51. l62 APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' /E TAT. 22, his character as to his kindness of heart ; and, perhaps, even still more, to a highly remarkable absence in him of all self- consciousness. One perceived at once that he never thought of his own varied knowledge or clear intellect, but solely on the subject in hand. Another charm, which must have struck every one, was that his manner to old and distinguished persons and to the youngest student was exactly the same : and to all he showed the same winning courtesy. He would receive with interest the most trifling observation in any branch of natural history ; and however absurd a blunder one might make, he pointed it out so clearly and kindly, that one left him no way disheartened, but only determined to be more accurate the. next time. In short, no man could be better formed to win the entire confidence of the young, and to encourage them in their pursuits. ** His lectures on Botany were universally popular, and as clear as daylight. So popular were they, that several of the older members of the University attended successive courses. Once every week he kept open house in the evening, and all who cared for natural history attended these parties, which, by thus favouring inter-communication, did the same good in Cambridge, in a very pleasant manner, as the Scientific So- cieties do in London. At these parties many of the most distinguished members of the University occasionally attend- ed ; and when only a few were present, I have listened to the great men of those days, conversing on all sorts of sub- jects, with the most varied and brilliant powers. This was no small advantage to some of the younger men, as it stimu- lated their mental activity and ambition. Two or three times in each session he took excursions with his botanical class ; either a long walk to the habitat of some rare plant, or in a barge down the river to the fens, or in coaches to some more distant place, as to Gamlingay, to see the wild lily of the valley, and to catch on the heath the rare natter-jack These excursions have left a delightful impression on my mind. He was, on such occasions, in as good spirits as a boy, and laughed as heartily as a boy at the misadventures HENSLOW. 163 of those who chased ths splendid swallow-tail butterflies across the broken and treacherous fens. He used to pause every now and then to lecture on some plant or other object ; and something he could tell us on every insect, shell, or fossil collected, for he had attended to every branch of natural history. After our day's work we used to dine at some inn or house, and most jovial we then were. I believe all who joined these excursions will agree with me that they have left an enduring impression of delight on our minds. " As time passed on at -Cambridge I became very inti- mate with Professor Henslow, and his kindness was un- bounded ; he continually asked me to his house, and allowed me to accompany him in his walks. He talked on all sub- jects, including his deep sense of religion, and was entirely open. I owe more than I can express to this excellent man. . . . " During the years when I associated so much with Pro- fessor Henslow, I never once saw his temper even ruffled. He never took an ill-natured view of any one's character, though very far from blind to the foibles of others. It always struck me that his mind could not be even touched by any paltry feeling of vanity, envy, or jealousy. With all this equability of temper and remarkable benevolence, there was no insipidity of character. A man must have been blind not to have perceived that beneath this placid exterior there was a vigorous and determined will. When principle came into play, no power on earth could have turned him one hair's- breadth. . . . '* Reflecting over his character with gratitude and rever- ence, his moral attributes rise, as they should do in the highest character, in pre-eminence over his intellect." In a letter to Rev. L. Blomefield (Jenyns), May 24, 1862, my father wrote with the same feelings that he had expressed in his letters thirty years before : — *' I thank you most sincerely for your kind present of your Memoir of Henslow. I have read about half, and it has 164 APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' ^TAT. 22. interested me much. I did not think that I could have venerated him more than I did ; but your book has even exalted his character in my eyes. From turning over the pages of the latter half, I should think your account would be invaluable to any clergyman who wished to follow poor dear Henslow's noble example. What an admirable man he was." ' The geological work mentioned in the quotation from my father's pocket-book was doubtless of importance as giving him some practical experience, and perhaps of more impor- tance in helping to give him some confidence in himself. In July of the same year, 1831, he was "working like a tiger" at Geology, and trying to make a map of Shropshire, but not finding it "as easy as I expected." In writing to Henslow about the same time, he gives some account of his work : — " I should have written to you some time ago, only I was determined to wait for the clinometer, and I am very glad to say I think it will answer admirably. I put all the tables in my bedroom at every conceivable angle and direction. I will venture to say I have measured them as accurately as any geologist going could do .... I have been working at so many things that I have not got on much with geology. I suspect the first expedition I take, clinometer and hammer in hand, will send me back very little wiser and a good deal more puzzled than when I started. As yet I have only in- dulged in hypotheses, but they are such powerful ones that I suppose, if they were put into action for but one day, the world would come to an end." He was evidently most keen to get to work with Sedgwick, -or he wrote to Henslow : " I have not heard from Professor Sedgwick, so I am afraid he will not pay the Severn forma- tions a visit. I hope and trust you did your best to urge him." My father has given in his Recollections some account of this Tour. There too we read of the projected excursion to the Ca- THE OFFER. ige naries, of which slight mention occurs in letters to Fox and Henslow. In April 1831 he writes to Fox: "At present I talk, think, and dream of a scheme I have almost hatched of going to the Canary Islands. I have long had a wish of seeing tropical scenery and vegetation, and, according to Humboldt, Teneriffe is a very pretty specimen." And again in May : '* As for my Canary scheme, it is rash of you to ask questions ; my other friends most sincerely wish me there, I plague them so with talking about tropical scenery, &c. Eyton will go next summer, and I am learning Spanish." Later on in the summer the scheme took more definite form, and the date seems to have been fixed for June, 1832. He got information in London about passage-money, and in July was working at Spanish and calling Fox " un grandisimo lebron," in proof of his kno.wledge of the language ; which, however, he found "intensely stupid." But even then he seems to have had some doubts about his companions' zeal, for he writes to Henslow (July 27, 1831) : *' I hope you con- tinue to fan your Canary ardour. I read and re-read Hum- boldt ; do you do the same ? I am sure nothing will prevent us seeing the Great Dragon Tree." Geological work and Teneriffe dreams carried him through the summer, till on returning from Barmouth for the sacred I St of September, he received the offer of appointment as Naturalist to the Beagle. The following extract from the pocket-book will be a help in reading the letters : — "Returned to Shrewsbury at end of August. Refused offer of voyage, " September. — Went to Maer, returned with Uncle Jos. to Shrewsbury, thence to Cambridge. London. " i\th, — Went with Captain Fitz-Roy in steamer to Plym- outh to see the Beagle. " 22nd. — Returned to Shrewsbury, passing through Cam- bridge. l66 APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' .^TAT. 22. [1831. ** October 2nd. — Took leave of my home. Stayed in London. " 24///. — Reached Plymouth. *' October and November. — These months very miserable. ^^ December lot/i. — Sailed, but were obliged to put back. "21st. — Put to sea again, and were driven back. " 27//^. — Sailed from England on our Circumnavigation." George Peacock * to J. S. Henslow. 7 Suffolk Street, Pall Mall East. [1831.] My dear Henslow, Captain Fitz-Roy is going out to survey the southern coast of Tierra del Fuego, and afterwards to visit many of the South Sea Islands, and to return by the Indian Archi- pelago. The vessel is fitted out expressly for scientific pur- poses, combined with the survey ; it will furnish, therefore, a rare opportunity for a naturalist, and it would be a great mis- fortune that it should be lost. An offer has been made to me to recommend a proper person to go out as a naturalist with this expedition ; he will be treated with every consideration. The Captain is a young man of very pleasing manners (a nephew of the Duke of Grafton), of great zeal in his profession, and who is very highly spoken of; if Leonard Jenyns could go, what treasures he might bring home with him, as the ship would be placed at his disposal whenever his inquiries made it necessary or desirable. In the absence of so accomplished a naturalist, is there any person whom you could strongly recommend ? he must be such a person as would do credit to our recommenda- tion. Do think of this subject, it would be a serious loss to the cause of natural science if this fine opportunity was lost. * ' « 4c * ♦ * Formerly Dean of Ely, and Lowndean Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge, i83i.] THE OFFER. ^^y The ship sails about the end of September. Write immediately, and tell me what can be done. Believe me, My dear Henslow, Most truly yours, George Peacock. y. S. Henslow to C. Darwin. Cambridge, August 24, 183 1. My dear Darwin, Before I enter upon the immediate business of this letter, let us condole together upon the loss of our inestimable friend poor Ramsay, of whose death you have undoubtedly heard long before this. I will not now dwell upon this painful subject, as I shall hope to see you shortly, fully expecting that you will eagerly catch at the offer which is likely to be made you of a trip to Tierra del Fuego, and home by the East Indies. I have been asked by Peacock, who will read and forward this to you from London, to recommend him a Naturalist as companion to Captain Fitz-Roy, employed by Government to survey the southern extremity of America. I have stated that I consider you to be the best qualified person I know of who is likely to undertake such a situation. I state this not in the supposi- tion of your being 2i finished naturalist, but as amply qualified for collecting, observing, and noting, anything worthy to be noted in Natural History. Peacock has the appointment at his disposal, and if he cannot find a man willing to take the office, the opportunity will probably be lost. Captain Fitz- Roy wants a man (I understand) more as a companion than a mere collector, and would not take any one, however good a naturalist, who was not recommended to him likewise as a gentleman. Particulars of salary, &c., I know nothing. The voyage is to last two years, and if you take plenty of books with you, anything you please may be done. You will have ample opportunities at command. In short, I suppose there 12 l68 APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' ^.TAT. 22. [1831. never was a finer chance for a man of zeal and spirit ; Cap- tain Fitz-Roy is a young man. What I wish you to do is in- stantly to come and consult with Peacock (at No. 7 Suffolk Street, Pall Mall East, or else at the University Club), and learn further particulars. Don't put on any modest doubts or fears about your disqualifications, for I assure you I think you are the very man they are in search of ; so conceive your- self to be tapped on the shoulder by your bum-bailiff and affectionate friend, J. S. Henslow. The expedition is to sail on 25th September (at earliest), so there is no time to be lost. G, Peacock to C. Darwin. [1831.] My dear Sir, I received Henslow's letter last night too late to forward it to you by the post ; a circumstance which I do not regret, as it has given me an opportunity of seeing Captain Beaufort at the Admiralty (the Hydrographer), and of stating to him the offer which I have to make to you. He entirely approves of it, and you may consider the situation as at your absolute disposal. I trust that you will accept it, as it is an opportu- nity which should not be lost, and I look forward with great interest to the benefit which our collections of Natural His- tory may receive from your labors. The circumstances are these ; — Captain Fitz-Roy (a nephew of the Duke of Grafton) sails at the end of September, in a ship to survey, in the first in- stance, the South Coast of Tierra del Fuego, afterwards to visit the South Sea Islands, and to return by the Indian Archipelago to England. The expedition is entirely for sci- entific purposes, and the ship will generally wait your leisure for researches in Natural History, &c. Captain Fitz-Roy is a public-spirited and zealous officer, of delightful manners, and greatly beloved by all his brother officers. He went with 1831.] THE OFFER REFUSED. 69 Captain Beechey,* and spent ^^1500 in bringing over and educating at his own charge three natives of Patagonia. He engages at his own expense an artist at ;^2oo a year to go with him. You may be sure, therefore, of having a very pleasant companion, who will enter heartily into all your views. The ship sails about the end of September, and you must lose no time in making known your acceptance to Captain Beaufort, Admiralty Hydrographer. I have had a good deal of correspondence about this matter [with Henslow ?], who feels, in common with myself, the greatest anxiety that you should go. I hope that no other arrangements are likely to interfere with it. * * * * . The Admiralty are not disposed to give a salary, though they will furnish you with an official appointment, and every accommodation. If a salary should be required, however, I am inclined to think that it would be granted. Believe me, my dear Sir, Very truly yours, George Peacock. C. Darwin to J. S. Henslow. Shrewsbury, Tuesday [August 30?, 1831]. My dear Sir, Mr. Peacock's letter arrived on Saturday, and I received it late yesterday evening. As far as my own mind is con- cerned, I should, I think certainly^ most gladly have accepted the opportunity which you so kindly have offered me. But my father, although he does not decidedly refuse me, gives such strong advice against going, that I should not be com- fortable if I did not follow it. My father's objections are these : the unfitting me to * For • Beechey ' read ' King.' I do not find the name Fitz-Roy in the list of Beechey's officers. The Fuegians were brought back from Captain King's voyage. I pro APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' .ETAT. 22. [1831. settle down as a Clergyman, my little habit of seafaring, the shortness of the time, and the chance of my not suiting Captain Fitz-Roy. It is certainly a very serious objection, the very short time for all my preparations, as not only body but mind wants making up for such an undertaking. But if it had not been for my father I would have taken all risks. What was the reason that a Naturalist was not long ago fixed upon ? I am very much obliged for the trouble you have had about it ; there certainly could not have been a better opportunity. * * * * * My trip with Sedgwick answered most perfectly. I did not hear of poor Mr. Ramsay's loss till a few days before your letter. I have been lucky hitherto in never losing any person for whom I had any esteem or affection. My ac- quaintance, although very short, was sufficient to give me those feelings in a great degree. I can hardly make myself believe he is no more. He was the finest character I ever knew. Yours most sincerely, My dear Sir, Ch. Darwin. I have written to Mr, Peacock, and I mentioned that I have asked you to sen^ one line in the chance of his not getting my letter. I have also asked him to communicate with Captain Fitz-Roy. Even if I was to go, my father dis- liking would take away all energy, and I should want a good stock of that. Again I must thank you, it adds a little to the heavy but pleasant load of gratitude which I owe to you. C, Darwin to R. W. Darwin, [Maer] August 31, [1831]. My dear Father, I am afraid I am going to make you again very uncom- fortable. But, upon consideration, I think you will excuse me once again, stating my opinions on the offer of the l83i.] MR. DARWIN'S OBJECTIONS. I71 voyage. My excuse and reason is the different way all the Wedgwoods view the subject from what you and my sisters do. I have given Uncle Jos* what I fervently trust is an accurate and full list of your objections, and he is kind enough to give his opinions on all. The list and his answers will be enclosed. But may I beg of you one favour, it will be doing me the greatest kindness, if you will send me a decided answer, yes or no ? If the latter, I should be most ungrateful if I did not implicitly yield to your better judgment, and to the kindest indulgence you have shown me all through my life ; and you may rely upon it I will never mention the sub- ject again. If your answer should be yes ; I will go directly to Henslow and consult deliberately with him, and then come to Shrewsbury. The danger appears to me and all the Wedgwoods not great. The expense cannot be serious, and the time I do not think, anyhow, would be more thrown away than if I stayed at home. But pray do not consider that I am so bent on going that I would for one single moment hesitate, if you thought that after a short period you should continue un- comfortable. I must again state I cannot think it would unfit me here- after for a steady life. I do hope this letter will not give you much uneasiness. I send it by the car to-morrow morning ; if you make up your mind directly will you send me an answer on the following day by the same means } If this letter should not find you at home, I hope you will answer as soon as you conveniently can. I do not know what to say about Uncle Jos' kindness ; I never can forget how he interests himself about me. Believe me, my dear father, Your affectionate son, Charles Darwin. * Josiah Wedgwood. 172 APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' ^TAT. 22. [1831, [Here follows the list of objections which are referred to in the following letter : — (i.) Disreputable to my character as a Clergyman here- after. (2.) A wild scheme. (3.) That they must have offered to many others before me the place of Naturalist. (4.) And from its not being accepted there must be some serious objection to the vessel or expedition. (5.) That I should never settle down to a steady life here- after. (6.) That my accommodations would be most uncomfort- able. (7.) That you [/>. Dr. Darwin] should consider it as again changing my profession. (8.) That it would be a useless undertaking.] Josiah Wedgwood to R. W. Darwin. Maer, August 31, 1831. [Read this last.]* My dear Doctor, I feel the responsibility of your application to me on the offer that has been made to Charles as being weighty, but as you have desired Charles to consult me, I cannot refuse to give the result of such consideration as I have been able to [give ?] it. Charles has put down what he conceives to be your prin- cipal objections, and I think the best course I can take will be to state what occurs to me upon each of them. 1. I should not think that it would be in any degree dis- reputable to his character as a Clergyman. I should on the contrary think the offer honourable to him ; and the pursuit of Natural History, though certainly not professional, is very suitable to a clergyman. 2. I hardly know how to meet this objection, but he would * In C. Darwin's writing. [831.1 JOSIAH WEDGWOOD'S ADVICE. j^^ have definite objects upon which to employ himself, and might acquire and strengthen habits of application, and I should think would be as likely to do so as in any way in which he is likely to pass the next two years at home. 3. The notion did not occur to me in reading the letters ; and on reading them again with that object in my mind I see no ground for it. 4. I cannot conceive that the Admiralty would send out a bad vessel on such a service. As to objections to the expe- dition, they will differ in each man's case, and nothing would, I think, be inferred in Charles's case, if it were known that others had objected. 5. You are a much better judge of Charles's character than I can be. If on comparing this mode of spending the next two years with the way in which he will probably spend them, if he does not accept this offer, you think him more likely to be rendered unsteady and unable to settle, it is undoubtedly a weighty objection. Is it not the case that sailors are prone to settle in domestic and quiet habits ? 6. I can form no opinion on this further than that if ap- pointed by the Admiralty he will have a claim to be as well accommodated as the vessel will allow. 7. If I saw Charles now absorbed in professional studies I should probably think it would not be advisable to interrupt them ; but this is not, and, I think, will not be the case with him. His present pursuit of knowledge is in the same track as he would have to follow in the expedition. 8. The undertaking would be useless as regards his pro- fession, but looking upon him as a man of enlarged curiosity, it affords him such an opportunity of seeing men and things as happens to few. You will bear in mind that I have had very little time for consideration, and that you and Charles are the persons who must decide. i am. My dear Doctor, Affectionately yours, JosiAH Wedgwood. 1^4 APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' ^TAT 22. [1831. C. Darwin to J. S. Henslow. Cambridge, Red Lion [Sept. 2], 183 1. My dear Sir, I am just arrived ; you will guess the reason. My father has changed his mind. I trust the place is not given away. I am very much fatigued, and am going to bed. I dare say you have not yet got my second letter. How soon shall I come to you in the morning.? Send a verbal answer. Good-night, Yours, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to Miss Susan Darwin. Cambridge, Sunday Morning [September 4]. My bear Susan, As a letter would not have gone yesterday, I put off writing till to-day. I had rather a wearisome journey, but got into Cambridge very fresh. The whole of yesterday I spent with Henslow, thinking of what is to be done, and that I find is a great deal. By great good luck I know a man of the name of Wood, nephew of Lord Londonderry. He is a great friend of Captain Fitz-Roy, and has written to him about me. I heard a part of Captain Fitz-Roy's letter, dated some time ago, in which he says : " I have a right good set of officers, and most of my men have been there before." It seems he has been there for the last few years ; he was then second in command with the same vessel that he has now chosen. He is only twenty-three years old, but [has] seen a deal of service, and won the gold medal at Portsmouth. The Admiralty say his maps are most perfect. He had choice of two vessels, and he chose the smallest. Henslow will give me letters to all travellers in town whom he thinks may assist me. Peacock has sole appointment of Naturalist. The first [831.] CAPTAIN FITZ-ROY. 175 person offered was Leonard Jenyns, who was so near accept- ing it that he packed up his clothes. But having [a] living, he did not think it right to leave it — to the great regret of all his family.. Henslow himself was not very far from accept- ing it, for Mrs. Henslow most generously, and without being asked, gave her consent ; but she looked so miserable that Henslow at once settled the point. ***** I am afraid there will be a good deal of expense at first. Henslow is much against taking many things ; it is [the] mistake all young travellers fall into. I write as if it was settled, but Henslow tells me by no means to make up my mind till I have had long conversations with Captains Beau- fort and Fitz-Roy. Good-bye. You will hear from me con- stantly. Direct 17 Spring Gardens. Tell nobody in Shrop- shire yet. Be sure not. C. Darwin. I was so tired that evening I was in Shrewsbury that I thanked none of you for your kindness half so much as I felt. Love to my father. The reason I don't want people told in Shropshire : in case I should not go, it will make it more flat. C. Darwin to Miss S. Darwin. 17 Spring Gardens, Monday [September 5, 1831J. I have so little time to spare that I have none to waste in re-writing letters, so that you must excuse my bringing up the other with me and altering it. The last letter was written in the morning. In [the] middle of [the] day. Wood received a letter from Captain Fitz-Roy, which I must say was most straightforward and gentlemanlike^ but so much against my going, that I immediately gave up the scheme ; and Henslow did the same, saying that he thought Peacock had acted very wrong in misrepresenting things so much. 1^6 ArrOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' /ETAT. 22. [1831. I scarcely thought of going to town, but here I am ; and now for more details, and much more promising ones. Cap- tain Fitz-Roy is [in] town, and I have seen him ; it is no use attempting to praise him as much as I feel inclined to do, for you would not believe me. One thing I am certain, nothing could be more open and kind than he was to me. It seems he had promised to take a friend with him, v/ho is in office and cannot go, and he only received the letter five minutes before I came in ; and this makes things much better for me, as want of room was one of Fitz-Roy's greatest objections. He offers me to go share in everything in his cabin if I like to come, and every sort of accommodation that I can have, but they will not be numerous. He says nothing would be so miserable for him as having me with him if I was uncom- fortable, as in a small vessel we must be thrown together^ and thought it his duty to state everything in the worst point of view. I think I shall go on Sunday to Plymouth to see the vessel. There is something most extremely attractive in hio man- ners and way of coming straight to the point. If I live with him, he says I must live poorly — no wine, and the plainest dinners. The scheme is not certainly so good as Peacock describes. Captain Fitz-Roy advises me not [to] make up my mind quite yet, but that, seriously, he thinks it will have much more pleasure than pain for me. The vessel does not sail till the loth of October. It contains sixty men, five or six officers, &c., but is a small vessel. It will probably be out nearly three years. I shall pay to the mess the same as [the] Captain does himself, ;£3o per annum ; and Fitz-Roy says if I spend, including my outfitting, ;^5oo, it will be beyond the extreme. But now for still worse news. The round the world is not certain^ but the chance most excellent. Till that point is decided, I will not be so. And you may believe, after the many changes I have made, that nothing but my reason shall decide me. Fitz-Roy says the stormy sea is exaggerated ; that if I do not choose to remain with them, I can at any time get home 1831.] CAPTAIN FITZ-ROY. I ^7 to England, so many vessels sail that way, and that during bad weather (probably two months), if I like I shall be left in some healthy, safe and nice country ; that I shall always have assist- ance ; that he has many books, all instruments, guns, at my service ; that the fewer and cheaper clothes I take the better. The manner of proceeding will just suit me. They anchor the ship, and then remain for a fortnight at a place. I have made Captain Beaufort perfectly understand me. He says if I start and do not go round the world, I shall have good reason to think myself deceived. I am to call the day after to-morrow, and, if possible, to receive more certain instructions. The want of room is decidedly the most serious objection ; but Captain Fitz-Roy (probably owing to Wood's letter) seems determined to make me [as] comfortable as he possibly can. I like his manner of proceeding. He asked me at once, " Shall you bear being told that I want the cabin to myself — when I want to be alone? If we treat each other this way, I hope we shall suit ; if not, probably we should wish each other at the devil." We stop a week at [the] Madeira Islands, and shall see most of [the] big cities in South America. Captain Beaufort is drawing up the track through the South Sea. I am writ- ing in [a] great hurry ; I do not know whether you take inter- est enough to excuse treble postage. I hope I am judging reasonably, and not through prejudice, about Captain Fitz- Roy ; if so, I am sure we shall suit. I dine with him to-day. I could write [a] great deal more if I thought you liked it, and I had at present time. There is indeed a tide in the affairs of man, and I have experienced it, and I had entirely given it up till one to-day. Love to my father. Dearest Susan, good-bye. Ch. Darwin. 178 APPOINTMENT TO THE » BEAGLE.' yETAT. 22. [1831 C. Darwin to J. S. Henslow. London, Monday, [September 5, 1831]. My dear Sir, Gloria in excelsis is the most moderate beginning I can think of. Things are more prosperous than I should have thought possible. Captain Fitz-Roy is everything that is delightful. If I was to praise half so much as I feel in- clined, you would say it was absurd, only once seeing him. I think he really wishes to have me. He offers me to mess with him, and he will take care I have such room as is possible. But about the cases he says I must limit myself ; but then he thinks like a sailor about size. Captain Beaufort says I shall be upon the Boards, and then it will only cost me like other officers. Ship sails loth of October. Spends a week at Madeira Islands ; and then Rio de Janeiro. They all think most extremely probable, home by the Indian archipelago ; but till that is decided, I will not be so. What has induced Captain Fitz-Roy to take a better view of the case is, that Mr. Chester, who was going as a friend, cannot go, so that I shall have his place in every re- spect. Captain Fitz-Roy has [a] good stock of books, many of which were in my list, and rifles, &c., so that the outfit will be much less expensive than I supposed. The vessel will be out three years. I do not object so that my father does not. On Wednesday I have another interview with Captain Beaufort, and on Sunday most likely go with Captain Fitz-Roy to Plymouth. So I hope you will keep on thinking on the subject, and just keep memoranda of what may strike you. I will call most probably on Mr. Burchell and introduce myself. I am in lodgings at 17 Spring Gardens. You cannot imagine anything more pleasant, kind, and open than Captain Fitz-Roy 's manners were to me. I am sure it will be my fault if we do not suit. What changes I have had. Till one to-day I was building i83i.] W. D. FOX. . ^yg castles in the air about hunting foxes in Shropshire, now llamas in South America. There is indeed a tide in the affairs of men. If you see Mr. Wood, remember me very kindly to him. Good-bye. My dear Henslow, Your most sincere friend, Chas. Darwin. Excuse this letter in such a hurry. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox, 17 Spring Gardens, London, September 6, 1831. ***** Your letter gave me great pleasure. You cannot imagine how much your former letter annoyed and hurt me.* But, thank heaven, I firmly believe that it was my own entire fault in so interpreting your letter. I lost a friend the other day, and I doubt whether the moral death (as I then wickedly supposed) of our friendship did not grieve me as much as the real and sudden death of poor Ramsay. We have known each other too long to need, I trust, any more explanations. But I will mention just one thing — that on my death- bed, I think I could say I never uttered one insincere (which at the time I did not fully feel) expression about my regard for you. On thing more — the sending immediately the insects, on my honour, was an unfortunate coincidence. I forgot how you naturally would take them. When you look at them now, I hope no unkindly feelings will rise in your mind, and that you will believe that you have always had in me a sincere, and I will add, an obliged friend. The very many pleasant minutes that we spent together in Cambridge rose like departed spirits in judgment against me. May we have * He had misunderstood a letter of Fox's as implying a charge of false- hood. 1 8o APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE/ .^TAT. 22. [1831. many more such, will be one of my last wishes in leaving England. God bless you, dear old Fox. May you always be happy. Yours truly, Chas. Darwin. I have left your letter behind, so do not know whether I direct right. C. Darwin to Miss Susan Darwin. 17 Spring Gardens, Tuesday, [September 6, 1831.] My dear Susan, Again I am going to trouble you. I suspect, if I keep on at this rate, you will sincerely wish me at Tierra del Fuego, or any other Terra, but England. First I will give my commissions. Tell Nancy to make me some twelve instead of eight shirts. Tell Edward to send me up in my carpet-bag (he can slip the key in the bag tied to some string), my slippers, a pair of lightish walking- shoes, my Spanish books, my new microscope (about six inches long and three or four deep), which must have cotton stuifed in- side ; my geological compass ; my father knows that ; a little book, if I have got it in my bedroom — * Taxidermy.* Ask my father if he thinks there would be any objection to my taking arsenic for a little time, as my hands are not quite well, and I have always observed that if I once get them well, and change my rnanner of living about the same time, they will generally remain well. What is the dose ? Tell Edward my gun is dirty. What is Erasmus's direction ? Tell me if you think there is time to write and receive an answer before I start, as I should like particularly to know what he thinks about it. I suppose you do not know Sir J. Mackintosh's direction } I write all this as if it was settled, but it is not more than it was, excepting that from Captain Fitz-Roy wishing me so much to go, and, from his kindness, I feel a predestination I shall start, I spent a very pleasant evening with him yester- f83i.] PREPARATIONS. igl day. He must be more than twenty-three years old ; he is of a slight figure, and a dark but handsome edition of Mr. Kynaston, and, according to my notions, pre-eminently good manners. He is all for economy, excepting on one point — viz., fire-arms. He recommends me strongly to get a case of pistols like his, which cost ;£6o ! ! and never to go on shore anywhere without loaded ones, and he is doubting about a rifle ; he says I cannot appreciate the luxury of fresh meat here. Of course I shall buy nothing till everything is settled ; but I work all day long at my lists, putting in and striking out articles. This is the first really cheerful day I have spent since I received the letter, and it all is owing to the sort of involuntary confidence I place in my Ifeau ideal of a Captain. We stop at Teneriffe. His object is to stop at as many places as possible. He takes out twenty chronometers, and it will be a " sin " not to settle the longitude. He tells me to get it down in writing at the Admiralty that I have the free choice to leave as soon and whenever I like. I dare say you expect I shall turn back at the Madeira ; if I have a morsel of stomach left, I won't give up. Excuse my so often troub- ling and writing : the one is of great utility, the other a great amusement to me. Most likely I shall write to-morrow. Answer by return of post. Love to my father, dearest Susan. C. Darwin. As my instruments want altering,, send my things by the * Oxonian * the same night. C. Darwin to Miss Susan Darwin. London, Friday Morning, September 9, 1831. My dear Susan, I have just received the parcel. I suppose it was not de- livered yesterday owing to the Coronation. I am very much obliged to my father, and everybody else. Everything is done quite right. I suppose by this time you have received my letter written next day, and I hope will send off the things. My affairs remain in statu quo. Captain Beaufort says I am 1 82 APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' ^TAT. 22. [1831. on the books for victuals, and he thinks I shall have no diffi- culty about my collections when I come home. But he is too deep a fish for me to make him out. The only thing that now prevents me finally making up my mind, is the want of certainty about the South Sea Islands ; although morally I have no doubt we should go there whether or no it is put in the instructions. Captain Fitz-Roy says I do good by plagu- ing Captain Beaufort, it stirs him up with a long pole. Cap- tain Fitz-Roy says he is sure he has interest enough (particu- larly if this Administration is not everlasting — I shall soon turn Tory !), anyhow, even when out, to get the ship ordered home by whatever track he likes. From what Wood says, I presume the Dukes of Grafton and Richmond interest them- selves about him. By the way, Wood has been of the great- est use to me ; and I am sure his personal introduction of me inclined Captain Fitz-Roy to have me. To explain things from the very beginning : Captain Fitz- Roy first wished to have a Naturalist, and then he seems to have taken a sudden horror of the chances of having some- body he should not like on board the vessel. He confesses his letter to Cambridge was to throw cold water on the scheme. I don't think we shall quarrel about politics, although Wood (as might be expected from a Londonderry) solemnly warned Fitz-Roy that I was a Whig. Captain Fitz-Roy was before Uncle Jos., he said, " now your friends will tell you a sea- captain is the greatest brute on the face of the creation. I do not know how to help you in this case, except by hoping you will give me a trial." How one does change I I actually now wish the voyage was longer before we touch land. I feel my blood run cold at the quantity I have to do. Everybody seems ready to assist me. The Zoological want to make me a corresponding member. All this I can construct without crossing the Equator. But one friend is quite invaluable, viz., a Mr. Yarrell, a stationer, and excellent naturalist.* He goes * William Yarrell, well known for his ' History of British Birds ' and 'History of British Fishes,' was born in 1784. He inherited from his 1831.I THE SHOPS SHUT. jg^ to the shops with me and bullies about prices (not that I yet buy) : hang me if I give jQ6o for pistols. Yesterday all the shops were shut, so that I could do noth- ing ; and I was child enough to give jQi is. for an excellent seat to see the Procession.* And it certainly was very well worth seeing. I was surprised that any quantity of gold could make a long row of people quite glitter. It was like only what one sees in picture-books of Eastern processions. The King looked very well, and seemed popular, but there was very little enthusiasm ; so little that I can hardly think there will be a coronation this time fifty years. The Life Guards pleased me as much as anything — they are quite magnificent ; and it is beautiful to see them clear a crowd. You think that they must kill a score at least, and apparently they really hurt nobody, but most dieucedly frighten them. Whenever a crowd was so dense that the people were forced off the causeway, one of these six-feet gentlemen, on a black horse, rode straight at the place, mak- ing his horse rear very high, and fall on the thickest spot. You would suppose men were made of sponge to see them shrink away. In the evening there was an illumination, and much grander than the one on the Reform Bill. All the principal streets were crowded just like a race-ground. Carriages generally being six abreast, and I will venture to say not go- ing one mile an hour. The Duke of Northumberland learnt a lesson last time, for his house was very grand ; much more so than the other great nobility, and in much better taste ; every window in his house was full of straight lines of brilliant lights, and from their extreme regularity and number had a beautiful effect. The paucity of invention was very striking, crowns, anchors, and "W. R.'s" were repeated in endless father a newsagent's business, to which he steadily adhered up to his death, " in his 73rd year." He was a man of a thoroughly amiable and honour- able character, and was a valued office-bearer of several of the learned Societies. * The Coronation of William IV. 13 l84 APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.* .T.TAT. 22. [1831. succession. The prettiest were gas-pipes with small holes ; they were almost painfully brilliant. I have written so much about the Coronation, that I think you will have no occasion to read the Morning Herald. For about the first time in my life I find London very pleasant ; hurry, bustle, and noise are all in unison with my feelings. And I have plenty to do in spare moments. I work at Astronomy, as I suppose it would astound a sailor if one did not know how to find Latitude and Longitude. I am now going to Captain Fitz-Roy, and will keep [this] letter open till evening for anything that may occur. I will give you one proof of Fitz-Roy being a good officer — all the offi- cers are the same as before ; two-thirds of his crew and [the] eight marines who went before all offered to come again, so the service cannot be so very bad. The Admiralty have just issued orders for a large stock of canister-meat and lemon- juice, &c. &c. I have just returned from spending a long day with Captain Fitz-Roy, driving about in his gig, and shopping. This letter is too late for to-day's post. You may consider it settled that I go. Yet there is room for change if any untoward accident should happen ; this I can see no reason to expect. I feel convinced nothing else will alter my wish of going. I have begun to order things. I have procured a case of good strong pistols and an excel- lent rifle for ;^5o, there is a saving ; a good telescope, with compass, ^5, and these are nearly the only expensive instru- ments I shall want. Captain Fitz-Roy has everything. I never saw so (what I should call, he says not) extravagant a man, as regards himself, but as economical towards me. How he did order things ! His fire-arms will cost ;£^4oo at least. I found the carpet bag when I arrived all right, and much obliged. I do not think I shall take any arsenic ; shall send partridges to Mr. Yarrell ; much obliged. Ask Edward to bargain with Clemson to make for my gun — two spare ham- mers or cocks, two main-springs, two sere-springs, four nipples or plugs — I mean one for each barrel, except nipples, of which there must be two for each, all of excellent quality, and set i83i.] VISIT TO TLYMOUTH. 185 about them immediately ; tell Edward to make inquiries about prices. I go on Sunday per packet to Plymouth, shall stay one or two days, then return, and hope to find a letter from you ; a few days in London ; then Cambridge, Shrews- bury, London, Plymouth, Madeira, is my route. It is a great bore my writing so much about the Coronation ; I could fill another sheet. I have just been with Captain King, Fitz- Roy's senior officer last expedition ; he thinks that the ex- pedition will suit me. Unasked, he said Fitz-Roy's temper was perfect. He sends his own son with him as midship- man. The key of my microscope was forgotten ; it is of no consequence. Love to all. Chas. Darwin. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. 17 Spring Gardens (and here I shall remain till I start) [September 19, 183 1]. My dear Fox, I returned from my expedition to see the Beagle at Plym- outh on Saturday, and found your most welcome letter on my table. It is quite ridiculous what a very long period these last twenty days have appeared to me, certainly much more than as many weeks on ordinary occasions ; this will account for my not recollecting how much I told you of my plans. ***** But on the whole it is a grand and fortunate opportunity; there will be so many things to interest me — fine scenery and an endless occupation and amusement in the different branches of Natural History ; then again navigation and meteorology will amuse me on the voyage, joined to the grand requisite of there being a pleasant set of officers, and, as far as I can judge, this is certain. On the other hand there is very con- siderable risk to one's life and health, and the leaving for so very long a time so many people whom I dearly love, is often- times a feeling so painful that it requires all my resolution to overcome it. But everything is now settled, and before the l86 APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' .^TAT. 22. [^831 20th of October I trust to be on the broad sea. My objection to the vessel is its smallness, which cramps one so for room for packing my own body and all my cases, &c., &c. As to its safety, I hope the Admiralty are the best judges; to a landsman's eye she looks very small. She is a ten-gun three- masted brig, but, I believe, an excellent vessel. So much for my future plans, and now for my present. I go to-night by the mail to Cambridge, and from thence, after settling my affairs, proceed to Shrewsbury (most likely on Friday 23rd, or perhaps before) ; there I shall stay a few days, and be in London by the ist of October, and start for Plymouth on the 9th. And now for the principal part of my letter. I do not know how to tell you how very kind I feel your offer of com- ing to see me before I leave England. Indeed I should like it very much ; but I must tell you decidedly that I shall have very little time to spare, and that little time will be almost spoilt by my having so much to think about ; and secondly, I can hardly think it worth your while to leave your parish for such a cause. But I shall never forget such generous kindness. Now I know you will act just as you think right ; but do not come up for my sake. Any time is the same for me. I think from this letter you will know as much of my plans as I do myself, and will judge accordingly the where and when to write to me. Every now and then I have mo- ments of glorious enthusiasm, when I think of the date and cocoa-trees, the palms and ferns so lofty and beautiful, every- thing new, everything sublime. And if I live to see years in after life, how grand must such recollections be ! Do you know Humboldt.-* (if you don't, do so directly.) With what intense pleasure he appears always to look back on the days spent in the tropical countries, I hope when you next write to Osmaston, [you will] tell them my scheme, and give them my kindest regards and farewells. Good-bye, my dear Fox, Yours ever sincerely, Chas. Darwin. i83i.] BAROMETERS. jg- C. Darwin to R. Fitz-Roy. 17 Spring Gardens [October 17 ? 1831]. Dear Fitz-Roy, Very many thanks for your letter ; it has made me most comfortable, for it would have been heart-breaking to have left anything quite behind, and I never should have thought of sending things by some other vessel. This letter will, I trust, accompany some talc. I read your letter without at- tending to the name. But I have now procured some from Jones, which appears very good, and I will send it this even- ing by the mail. You will be surprised at not seeing me propria persona instead of my handwriting. But I had just found out that the large steam-packet did not intend to sail on Sunday, and I was picturing to myself a small, dirty cabin, with the proportion of 39-40ths of the passengers very sick, when Mr. Earl came in and told me the Beagle would not sail till the beginning of November. This, of course, settled the point ; so that I remain in London one week more. I shall then send heavy goods by steamer and start myself by the coach on Sunday evening. Have you a good set of mountain barometers ? Several great guns in the scientific world have told me some points in geology to ascertain which entirely depend on their relative height. If you have not a good stock, I will add one more to the list. I ought to be ashamed to trouble you so much, but will you send one line to inform me } I am daily becoming more anxious to be off, and, if I am so, you must be in a per- fect fever. What a glorious day the 4th of November will be to me ! My second life will then commence, and it shall be as a birthday for the rest of my life. Believe me, dear Fitz-Roy, Yours most sincerely, Chas. Darwin. Monday. — I hope I have not put you to much inconven- ience by ordering the room in readiness. l88 APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' ^TAT. 22. [1831, C, Darwin to J. S. Henslow. Devonport, November 15, 1831. My dear Henslow, The orders are come down from the Admiralty, and every- thing is finally settled. We positively sail the last day of this month, and I think before that time the vessel will be ready. She looks most beautiful, even a landsman must admire her. We all think her the most perfect vessel ever turned out of the Dockyard. One thing is certain, no vessel has been fitted out so expensively, and with so much care. Everything that can be made so is of mahogany, and nothing can exceed the neatness and beauty of all the accommodations. The in- structions are very general, and leave a great deal to the Captain's discretion and judgment, paying a substantial as well as a verbal compliment to him. ***** No vessel ever left England with such a set of Chronom- eters, viz. twenty-four, all very good ones. In short, every- thing is well, and I have only now to pray for the sickness to moderate its fierceness, and I shall do very well. Yet I should not call it one of the very best opportunities for natu- ral history that has ever occurred. The absolute want of room is an evil that nothing can surmount. I think L. Jenyns did very wisely in not coming, that is judging from my own feelings, for I am sure if I had left college some few years, or been those years older, I never could have endured it. The officers (excepting the Captain) are like the freshest fresh- men, that is in their manners, in everything else widely differ- ent. Remember me most kindly to him, and tell him if ever he dreams in the night of palm-trees, he may in the morning comfort himself with the assurance that the voyage would not have suited him. I am much obliged for your advice, de Mathematicis. I suspect when I am struggling with a triangle, I shall often wish myself in your room, and as for those wicked sulky surds, I do not know what I shall do without you to conjure them. :i3i] DEVENPORT. ig^ My time passes away very pleasantly. I know one or two pleasant people, foremost of whom is Mr. Thunder-and-light- ning Harris,* whom 1 dare say you have heard of. My chief employment is to go on board the Beagle^ and try to look as much like a sailor as I can. I have no evidence of having taken in man, woman or child. I am going to ask you to do one more commission, and I trust it will be the last. When I was in Cambridge, I wrote to Mr. Ash, asking him to send my College account to my father, after having subtracted about ^30 for my furniture. This he has forgotten to do, and my father has paid the bill, and I want to have the furniture-money transmitted to my father. Perhaps you would be kind enough to speak to Mr. Ash. I have cost my father so much money, I am quite ashamed of myself. I will write once again before sailing, and perhaps you will write to me before then. Remember me to Professor Sedgwick and Mr. Peacock. Believe me, yours affectionately, - Chas. Darwin. C. Darwin to J. S. Henslow. Devonport, December 3, 1831. My dear Henslow, . It is now late in the evening, and to-night I am going to sleep on board. On Monday we most certainly sail, so you may guess in what a desperate state of confusion we are all in. If you were to hear the various exclamations of the officers, you would suppose we had scarcely had a week's notice. I am just in the same way taken all aback^ and in such a bustle I hardly know what to do. The number of things to be done is infinite. I look forward even to sea-sick- ness with something like satisfaction, anything must be better than this state of anxiety. I am very much obliged for your * William Snow Harris, the Electrician. I QO APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.' .^TAT. 22. [1831. last kind and affectionate letter. I always like advice from you, and no one whom I have the luck to know is more capa- ble of giving it than yourself. Recollect, when you write, that I am a sort oiproUg^oi yours, and that it is yourbounden duty to lecture me. I will now give you my direction ; it is at first, Rio ; but if you will send me a letter on the first Tuesday (when the packet sails) in February, directed to Monte Video, it will give me very great pleasure ; I shall so much enjoy hearing a little Cambridge news. Poor dear old Alma Mater / I am a very worthy son in as far as affection goes. I have little more to write about .... I cannot end this without telling you how cordially I feel grateful for the kindness you have shown me during my Cambridge life. Much of the pleasure and utility which I may have derived from it is owing to you. I long for the time when we shall again meet, and till then be- lieve me, my dear Henslow, Your affectionate and obliged friend, Ch. Darwin. Remember me most kindly to those who take any interest in me. CHAPTER VI. THE VOYAGE. *• There is a natural good-humoured energy in his letters just like himself.' — From a letter of Dr. R. W. Darwin's to Prof. Henslow. [The object of the Beagle voyage is briefly described in my father's ^Journal of Researches,' p. i, as being "to com- plete the Survey of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, com- menced under Captain King in 1826 to 1830; to survey the shores of Chile, Peru, and some island in the Pacific; and to carry a chain of chrono metrical measurements round the world." The Beagle is described as a well-built little vessel, of 235 tons, rigged as a barque, and carrying six guns. She belonged to the old class of ten- gun brigs, which were nick- named "coffins," from their liability to go down in severe weather. They were very " deep-waisted," that is, their bul- warks were high in proportion to their size, so that a heavy sea breaking over them might be highly dangerous. Never- theless, she lived through the five years' work, in the most stormy regions in the world, under Commanders Stokes and Fitz-Roy, without a serious accident. When re-commissioned in 1 83 1 for her second voyage, she was found (as I learn from Admiral Sir James Sulivan) to be so rotten that she had jiractically to be rebuilt, and it was this that caused the long delay in refitting. The upper deck was raised, making her much safer in heavy weather, and giving her far more com- 192 THE VOYAGE. .ETAT. 22. fortable accommodation below. By these alterations and by the strong sheathing added to her bottom she was brought up to 242 tons burthen. It is a proof of the splendid seaman- ship of Captain Fitz-Roy and his officers that she returned without having carried away a spar, and that in only one of the heavy storms that she encountered was she in great danger. She was fitted out for the expedition with all possible care, being supplied with carefully chosen spars and ropes, six boats, and a " dinghy; " lightning conductors, "invented by Mr. Harris, were fixed in all the masts, the bowsprits, and even in the flying jib-boom." To quote my father's description, written from Devonport, November 17, 1831 : "Everybody, who can judge, says it is one of the grandest voyages that has almost ever been sent out. Everything is on a grand scale. Twenty-four chronometers. The whole ship is fitted up with mahogany ; she is the admiration of the whole place. In short, everything is as prosperous as human means can make it." Owing to the smallness of the vessel, every one on board was cramped for room, and my father's accommodation seems to have been small enough : *' I have just room to turn round," he writes to Henslow, "and that is all." Admiral Sir James Sulivan writes to me : " The narrow space at the end of the chart-table was his only accommodation for working, dress- ing, and sleeping; the hammock being left hanging over his head by day, when the sea was at all rough, that he might lie on it with a book in his hand when he could not any longer sit at the table. His only stowage for clothes being several small drawers in the corner, reaching from deck to deck ; the top one being taken out when the hammock was hung up, with- out which there was not length for it, so then the foot-clews took the place of the top drawer. For specimens he had a very small cabin under the forecastle." Yet of this narrow room he wrote enthusiastically, Sep- tember 17, 1 83 1 : — " When I wrote last I was in great alarm about my cabin. The cabins were not then marked out, but THE SHIP. I^^ when I left they were, and mine is a capital one, certainly next best to the Captain's and remarkably light. My com- panion most luckily, I think, will turn out to be the officer whom I shall like best. Captain Fitz-Roy says he will take care that one corner is so fitted up that I shall be com- fortable in it and shall consider it my home, but that also I shall have the run of his. My cabin is the drawing one ; and in the middle is a large table, on which we two sleep in ham- mocks. But for the first two months there will be no drawing to be done, so that it will be quite a luxurious room, and good deal larger than the Captain's cabin." My father used to say that it was the absolute necessity of tidiness in the cramped space of the Beagle that helped ' to give him his methodical habits of working.' On the Beagle^ too, he would say, that he learned what he considered the golden rule for saving time ; i. ^., taking care of the min- utes. Sir James Sulivan tells me that the chief fault in the outfit of the expedition was the want of a second smaller vessel to act as tender. This want was so much felt by Captain Fitz- Roy that he hired two decked boats to survey the coast of Patagonia, at a cost of ;^iioo, a sum which he had to supply, although the boats saved several thousand pounds to the country. He afterwards bought a schooner to act as a tender, thus saving the country a further large amount. He was ultimately ordered to sell the schooner, and was compelled to bear the loss himself, and it was only after his death that some inadequate compensation was made for all the losses which he suffered through his zeal. For want of a proper tender, much of the work had to be done in small open whale boats, which were sent away from the ship for weeks together, and this in a climate, where the crews were exposed to severe hardships from the almost constant rains, which sometimes continued for weeks together. The completeness of the equipment was also in other respects largely due to the public spirit of Ca'ptain Fitz-Roy. He provided at his own cost an artist, and a skilled instrument- 194 THE VOYAGE. ^TAT. 22. maker to look after the chronometers.* Captain Fitz-Roy's wish was to take "some well-educated and scientific person " as his private guest, but this generous offer was only accepted by my father on condition of being allowed to pay a fair share of the expense of the Captain's table ; he was, moreover, on the ship's books for victuals. In a letter to his sister (July 1832) he writes contentedly of his manner of life at sea : — " I do not think I have ever given you an account of how the day passes. We breakfast at eight o'clock. The invariable maxim is to throw away all politeness — that is, never to wait for each other, and bolt off the minute one has done eating, &c. At sea, when the weather is calm, I work at marine animals, with which the whole ocean abounds. If there is any sea up I am either sick or contrive to read some voyage or travels. At one we dine. You shore-going people are lamentably mistaken about the manner of living on board. We have never yet (nor shall we) dined off salt meat. Rice and peas and calavanses are excellent vegetables, and, with good bread, who could want more ? Judge Alderson could not be more temperate, as nothing but water comes on the table. At five we have tea. The midshipmen's berth have all their meals an hour before us, and the gun-room an hour afterwards." The crew of the Beagle consisted of Captain Fitz-Roy, '* Commander and Surveyor," two lieutenants, one of whom (the first lieutenant) was the late Captain W^ickham, Governor of Queensland; thepresent Admiral Sir James Sulivan, K.C.B., was the second lieutenant. Besides the master and two mates, there was an assistant-surveyor, the present Admiral Lort Stokes. There were also a surgeon, assistant-surgeon, two midshipmen, master's mate, a volunteer (ist class), purser, carpenter, clerk, boatswain, eight marines, thirty-four seamen, and six boys. There are not now (1882) many survivors of my father's old ship-mates. Admiral Mellersh, Mr. Hamond, and Mr. Philip * Either one or both were on the books for victuals. THE OFFICERS. 195 King, of the Legislative Council of Sydney, and Mr. Usborne, are among the number. Admiral Johnson died almost at the same time as my father. He retained to the last a most pleasant recollection of the voyage of the Beagle^ and of the friends he made on board her. To his children their names were familiar, from his many stories of the voyage, and we caught his feeling of friendship for many who were to us nothing more than names. It is pleasant to know how affectionately his old companions remembered him. Sir James Sulivan remained, throughout my father's life- time, one of his best and truest friends. He writes : — " I can confidently express my belief that during the five years in the Beagle^ he was never known to be out of temper, or to say one unkind or hasty word of or to any one. You will therefore readily understand how this, combined with the admiration of his energy and ability, led to our giving him the name of * the dear old Philosopher.' " * Admiral Mellersh writes to me : — " Your father is as vividly in my mind's eye as if it was only a week ago that I was in the Beagle with him ; his genial smile and conversation can never be forgotten by any who saw them and heard them. I was sent on two or three occasions away in a boat with him on some of his scientific excursions, and always looked forward to these trips with great pleasure, an anticipation that, unlike many others, was always realised. I think he was the only man I ever knew against whom I never heard a word said ; and as people when shut up in a ship for five years are apt to get cross with each other, 'that is saying a good deal. Certainly we were always so hard at work, we had no time to quarrel, but if we had done so, I feel sure your father would have tried (and have been successful) to throw oil on the troubled waters." * His other nickname was " The Flycatcher." I have heard my father tell how he overheard the boatswain of the Beagle showing another boat- swain over the ship, and pointing out the officers : " That's our first lieu- tenant ; that's our doctor ; that's our flycatcher." 96 THE VOYAGE. ^.TAT. 22. Admiral Stokes, Mr. King, Mr, Usborne, and Mr. Ha- mond, all speak of their friendship with him in the same warm- hearted way. Of the life on board and on shore his letters give some idea. Captain Fitz-Roy was a strict officer, and made him- self thoroughly respected both by officers and men. The occasional severity of his manner was borne with because every one on board knew that his first thought was his duty, and that he would sacrifice anything to the real welfare of the ship. My father writes, July 1834, " We all jog on very well together, there is no quarrelling on board, which is something to say. The Captain keeps all smooth by rowing every one in turn." The best proof that Fitz-Roy was valued as a commander is given by the fact that many * of the crew had sailed with him in the Beagle s former voyage, and there were a few officers as well as seamen and marines, who had served in the Adventure or Beagle during the whole of that expedition. My father speaks of the officers as a fine determined set of men, and especially of Wickham, the first lieutenant, as a "glorious fellow." The latter being responsible for the smartness and appearance of the ship strongly objected to his littering the decks, and spoke of specimens as "d — d beastly devilment," and used to add, " If I were skipper, I would soon have you and all your d — d mess out of the place." A sort of halo of sanctity was given to my father by the fact of his dining in the Captain's cabin, so that the midship- men used at first to call him '* Sir," a formality, however, which did not prevent his becoming fast friends with the younger officers. He wrote about the year 1861 or 1862 to Mr. P. G. King, M. L. C, Sydney, who, as before stated, was a midshipman on board the Beagle : — " The remembrance of old days, when we used to sit and talk on the booms of the Beagle^ will always, to the day of my death, make me glad to * 'Voyage of the Achientior and Beagle,' vol, ii. p, 21. SEA SICKNESS. lO^ hear of your happiness and prosperity." Mr. King describes the pleasure my father seemed to take " in pointing out to me as a youngster the delights of the tropical nights, with theif balmy breezes eddying out of the sails above us, and the sea lighted up by the passage of the ship through the never-end- ing streams of phosphorescent animalculae." It has been assumed that his ill-health in later years was due to his having suffered so much from sea-sickness. This he did not himself believe, but rather ascribed his bad health to the hereditary fault which came out as gout in some of the past generations. I am not quite clear as to how much he actually suffered from sea-sickness ; my impression is distinct that, according to his own memory, he was not actually ill after the first three weeks, but constantly uncomfortable when the vessel pitched at all heavily. But, judging from his let- ters, and from the evidence of some of the officers, it would seem that in later years he forgot the extent of the discomfort from which he suffered. Writing June 3, 1836, from the Cape of Good Hope, he says : " It is a lucky thing for me that the voyage is drawing to its close, for I positively suffer more from sea-sickness now than three years ago." Admiral Lort Stokes wrote to the Times, April 25, 1883 : — " May I beg a corner for my feeble testimony to the marvellous persevering endurance in the cause of science of that great naturalist, my old and lost friend, Mr. Charles Darwin, whose remains are so very justly to be honoured with a resting-place in Westminster Abbey } " Perhaps no one can better testify to his early and most trying labours than myself. We worked together for several years at the same table in the poop cabin of the Beagle during her celebrated voyage, he with his microscope and myself at the charts. It was often a very lively end of the little craft, and distressingly so to my old friend, who suffered greatly from sea-sickness. After perhaps an hour's work he would say to me, * Old fellow, I must take the horizontal for it,' that being the best relief position from ship motion ; a stretch igg THE VOYAGE. ^TAT. 22. out on one side of the table for some time would enable him to resume his labours for a while, when he had again to lie down. "It was distressing to witness this early sacrifice of Mr, Darwin's health, who ever afterwards seriously felt the ill- effects of the Beagle's voyage." Mr. A. B. Usborne writes, " He was a dreadful sufferer from sea-sickness, and at times, when I have been officer of the watch, and reduced the sails, making the ship more easy, and thus relieving him, I have been pronounced by him to be * a good officer,' and he would resume his microscopic ob- servations in the poop cabin." The amount of work that he got through on the Beagle shows that he was habitually in full vigour ; he had, however, one severe illness, in South Amer- ica, when he was received into the house of an Englishman, Mr. Corfield, who tended him with careful kindness. I have heard him say that in this illness every secretion of the body was affected, and that when he described the symptoms to his father Dr. Darwin could make no guess as to the nature of the disease. My father was sometimes inclined to think that the breaking up of his health was to some extent due to this attack. The Beagle letters give ample proof of his strong love of home, and all connected with it, from his father down to Nancy, his old nurse, to whom he sometimes sends his love. His delight in home-letters is shown in such passages as : — " But if you knew the glowing, unspeakable delight, which I felt at being certain that my father and all of you were well, only four months ago, you would not grudge the labour lost in keeping up the regular series of letters." Or again — his longing to return in words like these : — ** It is too delightful to think that I shall see the leaves fall and hear the robin sing next autumn at Shrewsbury. My feelings are those of a schoolboy to the smallest point; I doubt whether ever boy longed for his holidays as much as I do to see you all again. I am at present, although nearly LETTERS. IC9 half the world is between me and home, beginning to arrange what I shall do, where I shall go during the first week." Another feature in his letters is the surprise and delight with which he hears of his collections and observations being o^ some use. It seems only to have gradually occurred to him that he would ever be more than a collector of specimens and facts, of which the great men were to make use. And even as to the value of his collections he seems to have had much doubt, for he wrote to Henslow in 1834 : — " I really began to think that my collections were so poor that you were puzzled what to say ; the case is now quite on the opposite tack, for you are guilty of exciting all my vain feelings to a most comfortable pitch ; if hard work will atone for these thoughts, I vow it shall not be spared." After his return and settlement in London, he began to realise the value of what he had done, and wrote to Cap- tain Fitz-Roy — '* However others may look back to the Beagle's voyage, now that the small disagreeable parts are well-nigh forgotten, I think it far the most fortunate circumstance in my life that the chance afforded by your offer of taking a Naturalist fell on me. I often have the most vivid and delightful pictures of what I saw on board the Beagle pass before my eyes. These recollections, and what I learnt on Natural History, I would not exchange for twice ten thousand a year." In selecting the following series of letters, I have been guided by the wish to give as much personal detail as pos- sible. I have given only a few scientific letters, to illustrate the way in which he worked, and how he regarded his own results. In his ' Journal of Researches ' he gives incidentally some idea of his personal character ; the letters given in the present chapter serve to amplify in fresher and more spon- taneous words that impression of his personality which the * Journal ' has given to so many readers.] 200 THE VOYAGE. ^TAT. 23. [1832. C, Danvin to R. IV. Darwin. Bahia, or San Salvador, Brazils [February 8, 1832]. I find after the first page I have been writing to my sisters. My dear Father, I am writing this on the 8th of February, one day's sail past St. Jago (Cape de Verd), and intend taking the chance of meeting with a homeward-bound vessel somewhere about the equator. The date, however, will tell this whenever the opportunity occurs. I will now begin from the day of leaving England, and give a short account of our progress. We sailed, as you know, on the 27th of December, and have been fortunate enough to have had from that time to the present a fair and moderate breeze. It afterwards proved that we had escaped a heavy gale in the Channel, another at Madeira, and another on [the] Coast of Africa. But in escaping the gale, we felt its consequences — a heavy sea. In the Bay of Biscay there was a long and continuous swell, and the misery I endured from sea-sickness is far beyond what I ever guessed at. I believe you are curious about it. I will give you all my dear-bought experience. Nobody who has only been to sea for twenty-four hours has a* right to say that sea- sickness is even uncomfortable. The real misery only be- gins when you are so exhausted that a little exertion makes a feeling of faintness come on. I found nothing but lying in my hammock did me any good. I must especially except your receipt of raisins, which is the only food that the stomach will bear. On the 4th of January we were not many miles from Madeira, but as there was a heavy sea running, and the island lay to windward, it was not thought worth while to beat up to it. It afterwards has turned out it was lucky we saved ourselves the trouble. I was much too sick even to get up to see the distant outline. On the 6th, in the evening, we sailed into the harbour of Santa Cruz. I now first felt even moderately well, and I was picturing to myself all the delights i832.] PEAK OF TENERIFFE. 201 of fresh fruits growing in beautiful valleys, and reading Hum- boldt's descriptions of the island's glorious views, when per- haps you may nearly guess at our disappointment, when a small pale man informed us we must perform a strict quaran- tine of twelve days. There was a death-like stillness in the ship till the Captain cried " up jib," and we left this long- wished for place. We were becalmed for a day between Teneriffe and the Grand Canary, and here I first experienced any enjoyment. The view was glorious. The Peak of Teneriffe was seen amongst the clouds like another world. Our only drawback was the extreme wish of visiting this glorious island. Tell Eyton never to forget either the Canary Islands or South America; that I am sure it will well repay the necessary trouble, but that he must make up his mind to find a good deal of the latter. I feel certain he will regret it if he does not make the attempt. From Teneriffe to St. Jago the voyage was extremely pleasant. I had a net astern the vessel which caught great numbers of curious animals, and fully occupied my time in my cabin, and on deck the weather was so delight- ful and clear, that the sky and water together made a picture. On the 1 6th we arrived at Port Praya, the capital of the Cape de Verds, and there we remained twenty-three days, viz., till yesterday, the 7 th of February. The time has flown away most delightfully, indeed nothing can be pleasanter ; exceed- ingly busy, and that business both a duty and a great delight. I do not believe I have spent one half-hour idly since leaving Teneriffe. St. Jago has afforded me an exceedingly rich har- vest in several branches of Natural History. I find the de- scriptions scarcely worth anything of many of the commoner animals that inhabit the Tropics. I allude, of course, to those of the lower classes. Geologising in a volcanic country is most delightful ; besides the interest attached to itself, it leads you into most beautiful and retired spots. Nobody but a person fond of Natural History can imagine the pleasure of strolling under cocoa-nuts in a thicket of bananas and coffee-plants, and an 202 THE VOYAGE. ^TAT. 23. [1S32. endless number of wild flowers. And this island, that has given me so much instruction and delight, is reckoned the most uninteresting place that we perhaps shall touch at dur- ng our voyage. It certainly is generally very barren, but the valleys are more exquisitely beautiful, from the very contrast. It is utterly useless to say anything about the scenery ; it would be as profitable to explain to a blind man colours, as to a person who has not been out of Europe, the total dissimi- larity of a tropical view. Whenever I enjoy anything, I always either look forward to writing it down, either in my log-book (which increases in bulk), or in a letter ; so you must excuse raptures, and those raptures badly expressed. I find my col- lections are increasing wonderfully, and from Rio I think I shall be obliged to send a cargo home. All the endless delays which we experienced at Plymouth have been most fortunate, as I verily believe no person ever went out better provided for collecting and observing in the different branches of Natural History. In a multitude of counsellors I certainly found good. I find to my great sur- prise that a ship is singularly comfortable for all sorts of work. Everything is so close at hand, and being cramped makes one so methodical, that in the end I have been a gainer. I already have got to look at going to sea as a regular quiet place, like going back to home after staying away from it. In short, I find a ship a very comfortable house, with everything you want, and if it was not for sea-sickness the whole world would be sailors. I do not think there is much danger of Erasmus setting the example, but in case there should be, he may rely upon it he does not know one-tenth of the sufferings of sea- sickness. I like the officers much more than I did at first, especially Wickham, and young King and Stokes, and indeed all of them. The Captain continues steadily very kind, and does everything in his power to assist me. We see very little of each other when in harbour, our pursuits lead us in such dif- ferent tracks. I never in my life met with a man who could endure nearly so great a share of fatigue. He works inces- 1832.] CROSSING THE EQUATOR, 203 santly, and when apparently not employed, he is thinking. If he does not kill himself, he will during this voyage do a won- derful quantity of work. I find I am very well, and stand the little heat we have had as yet as well as anybody. We shall soon have it in real earnest. We are now sailing for Fernando Noronha, off the coast of Brazil, where we shall not stay very long, and then examine the shoals between there and Rio, touching perhaps at Bahia. I will finish this letter when an opportunity of sending it occurs. February 26th. — About 280 miles from Bahia. On the loth we spoke the packet Lyra, on her voyage to Rio. I sent a short letter by her, to be sent to England on [the] first opportunity. We have been singularly unlucky in not meet- ing with any homeward-bound vessels, but I suppose [at] Bahia we certainly shall be able to write to England. Since writing the first part of [this] letter nothing has occurred except crossing the Equator, and being shaved. This most disagreeable operation consists in having your face rubbed with paint and tar, which forms a lather for a saw which repre- sents the razor, and then being half drowned in a sail filled with salt water. About 50 miles north of the line we touched at the rocks of St. Paul ; this little speck (about i of a mile across) in the Atlantic has seldom been visited. It is totally barren, but is covered by hosts of birds ; they were so un- used to men that we found we could kill plenty with stones and sticks. After remaining some hours on the island, we returned on board with the boat loaded with our prey. From this we went to Fernando Noronha, a small island where the [Brazilians] send their exiles. The landing there was attended with so much difficulty owing [to] a heavy surf that the Cap- tain determined to sail the next day after arriving. My one day on shore was exceedingly interesting, the whole island is one single wood so matted together by creepers that it is very difficult to move out of the beaten path. I find the Natural History of all these unfrequented spots most exceedingly interesting, especially the geology. I have written this much in order to save time at Bahia. 204 ^^^^ VOYAGE. ALT AT. 23. [1832 Decidedly the most striking thing in the Tropics is the novelty of the vegetable forms. Cocoa-nuts could well be imagined from drawings, if you add to them a graceful light- ness which no European tree partakes of. Bananas and plan- tains are exactly the same as those in hothouses, the acacias or tamarinds are striking from the blueness of their foliage ; but of the glorious orange trees, no description, no drawings, will give any just idea; instead of the sickly green of our oranges, the native ones exceed the Portugal laurel in the darkness of their tint, and infinitely exceed it in beauty of form. Cocoa-nuts, papaws, the light green bananas, and oranges, loaded with fruit, generally surround the more luxu- riant villages. Whilst viewing such scenes, one feels the im- possibility that any description should come near the mark, much less be overdrawn. March 1st. — Bahia, or San Salvador. I arrived at this place on the 28th of February, and am now writing this letter after having in real earnest strolled in the forests of the new world. No person could imagine anything so beautiful as the ancient town of Bahia, it is fairly embosomed in a luxuriant wood of beautiful trees, and situated on a steep bank, and overlooks the calm waters of the great bay of All Saints. The houses are white and lofty, and, from the windows being narrow and long, have a very light and elegant appearance. Convents, porticos, and public buildings, vary the uniformity of the houses ; the bay is scattered over with large ships ; in short, and what can be said more, it is one of the finest views in the Brazils. But the exquisite glorious pleasure of walking amongst such flowers, and such trees, cannot be comprehended but by those who have experienced it. Although in so low a latitude the locality is not disagreeably hot, but at present it is very damp, for it is the rainy season. I find the climate as yet agrees admirably with me; it makes me long to live quietly for some time in such a country. If you really want to have [an idea] of tropical countries, study Humboldt. Skip the scientific parts, and commence after leaving Tener- iffe. My feelings amount to admiration the more I read him 1832.J LIFE AT SEA. 205 Tell Eyton (I find I am writing to my sisters !) how exceed- ingly I enjoy America, and that I am sure it will be a great pity if he does not make a start. This letter will go on the 5th, and I am afraid will be some time before it reaches you ; it must be a warning how in other parts of the world you may be a long time without hearing. A year might by accident thus pass. About the 12th we start for Rio, but we remain some time on the way in sound- ing the Albrolhos shoals. Tell Eyton as far as my experience goes let him study Spanish, French, drawing, and Humboldt. I do sincerely hope to hear of (if not to see him) in South America. I look forward to the letters in Rio — till each one is acknowledged, mention its date in the next. We have beat all the ships in manoeuvring, so much so that the commanding officer says, we need not follow his example; because we do everything better than his great ship. I begin to take great interest in naval points, more especially now, as I find they all say we are the No. i in South America. I suppose the Captain is a most excellent officer. It was quite glorious to-day how we beat the Samarang in furling sails. It is quite a new thing for a " sounding ship " to beat a regular man-of-war ; and yet the Beagle is not at all a particular ship. Erasmus will clearly perceive it when he hears that in the night I have actually sat down in the sacred precincts of the quarter deck. You must excuse these queer letters, and recollect they are generally written in the evening after my day's work. I take more pains over my log-book, so that eventually you will have a good account of all the places I visit. Hitherto the voyage has answered admirably to me, and yet I am now more fully aware of your wisdom in throw- ing cold water on the whole scheme ; the chances are so numerous of turning out quite the reverse ; to such an extent do I feel this, that if my advice was asked by any person on a similar occasion, I should be very cautious in encouraging him. I have not time to write to anybody else, so send to Maer to let them know, that in the midst of the glorious tropical scenery, I do not forget how instrumental they were 2o6 THE VOYAGE. yETAT. 23. [1832, in placing me there. I will not rapturise again, but I give myself great credit in not being crazy out of pure delight. Give my love to every soul at home, and to the Owens. I think one's affections, like other good things, flourish and increase in these tropical regions. The conviction that I am walking in the New World is even yet marvellous in my own eyes, and I dare say it is little less so to you, the receiving a letter from a son of yours in such a quarter. Believe me, my dear Father, Your most affectionate son, Charles Darwin, C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. Botofogo Bay, near Rio de Janeiro, May, 1832 My dear Fox, I have delayed writing to you and all my other friends till I arrived here and had some little spare time. My mind has been, since leaving England, in a perfect hurricane of delight and astonishment, and to this hour scarcely a minute has passed in idleness. . . . At St. Jago my natural history and most delightful labours commenced. During the three weeks I collected a host of marine animals, and enjoyed many a good geological walk. Touching at some islands, we sailed to Bahia, and from thence to Rio, where I have already been some weeks. My collec- tions go on admirably in almost every branch. As for in- sects, I trust I shall send a host of undescribed speci.es to England. I believe they have no small ones in the collec- tions, and here this morning I have taken minute Hydropori, Noterus, Colymbetes, Hydrophilus, Hydrobius, Gromius, &c., &c., as specimens of fresh-water beetles. I am entirely occu- pied with land animals, as the beach is only sand. Spiders and the adjoining tribes have perhaps given me, from their novelty, the most pleasure. I think I have already taken several new genera. 1832.3 RIO. 207 But Geology carries the day : it is like the pleasure of gambling. Speculating, on first arriving, what the rocks may be, I often mentally cry out 3 to i tertiary against primitive ; but the latter have hitherto won all the bets. So much for the grand end of my voyage ; in other respects things are equally flourishing. My life, when at sea, is so quiet, that to a person who can employ himself, nothing can be pleasanter ; the beauty of the sky and brilliancy of the ocean together make a picture. But when on shore, and wandering in the sublime forests, surrounded by views more gorgeous than even Claude ever imagined, I enjoy a delight which none but those who have experienced it can understand. If it is to be done, it must be by studying Humboldt. At our ancient snug breakfasts, at Cambridge, I little thought that the wide Atlantic would ever separate us ; but it is a rare privilege that with the body, the feelings and memory are not divided. On the contrary, the pleasantest scenes in my life, many of which have been in Cambridge, rise from the contrast of the present, the more vividly in my imagination. Do you think any diamond beetle will ever give me so much pleasure as our old friend crux major 1 .... It is one of my most constant amusements to draw pictures of the past ; and in them I often see you and poor little Fan. Oh, Lord, and then old Dash, poor thing ! Do you recollect how you all tormented me about his beautiful tail } .... Think when you are picking insects off a haw- thorn-hedge on a fine May day (wretchedly cold, I have no doubt), think of me collecting amongst pine-apples and orange- trees ; whilst staining your fingers with dirty blackberries, think and be envious of ripe oranges. This is a proper piece of bravado, for I would walk through many a mile of sleet, snow, or rain to shake you by the hand. My dear old Fox, God bless you. Believe me. Yours very affectionately, Chas. Darwin. 208 THE VOYAGE. .ETAT. 23. [1832 C. Darwin to J. S. Hens low. Rio de Janeiro, May 18, 1832. My dear Henslow, ***** Till arriving at Teneriffe (we did not touch at Madeira) I was scarcely out of my hammock, and really suffered more than you can well imagine from such a cause. At Santa Cruz, whilst looking amongst the clouds for the Peak, and repeating to myself Humboldt's sublime descriptions, it was announced we must perform twelve days' strict quarantine. We had made a short passage, so *' Up jib," and away for St. Jago. You will say all this sounds very bad, and so it was ; but from that to the present time it has been nearly one scene of continual enjoyment. A net over the stern kept me at full work till we arrived at St. Jago. Here we spent three most delightful weeks. The geology was pre-eminently interest- ing, and I believe quite new ; there are some facts on a large scale of upraised coast (which is an excellent epoch for all the volcanic rocks to date from), that would interest Mr. Lyell. One great source of perplexity to me is an utter ignorance whether I note the right facts, and whether they are of suffi- cient importance to interest others. In the one thing collect- ing I cannot go wrong. St. Jago is singularly barren, and produces few plants or insects, so that my hammer was my usual companion, and in its company most delightful hours I spent. On the coast I collected many marine animals, chiefly gasteropodous (I think some new). I examined pretty ac- curately a Caryopyllia^ and, if my eyes are not bewitched, former descriptions have not the slightest resemblance to the animal. I took several specimens of an Octopus which pos- sessed a most marvellous power of changing its colours, equal- ling any chameleon, and evidently accommodating the changes to the colour of the ground which it passed over. Yellowish green, dark brown, and red, were the prevailing colours ; this fact appears to be new, as far as I can find out. Geology and 1832.] RIO MACAO. 209 the invertebrate animals will be my chief object of pursuit through the whole voyage. We then sailed for Bahia, and touched at the rock of St. Paul. This is a serpentine formation. Is it not the only island in the Atlantic which is not volcanic ? We likewise stayed a few hours at Fernando Noronha ; a tremendous surf was running so that a boat was swamped, and the Captain would not wait. I find my life on board when we are on blue water most delightful, so very comfortable and quiet — it is almost impossible to be idle, and that for me is saying a good deal. Nobody could possibly be better fitted in every respect for collecting than I am ; many cooks have not spoiled the broth this time. Mr. Brown's little hints about microscopes, &c., have been invaluable. I am well off in books, the * Dic- tionnaire Classique ' is most useful. If you should think of any thing or book that would be useful to me, if you would write one line, E. Darwin, Wyndham Club, St. James's Street, he will procure them, and send them with some other things to Monte Video, which for the next year will be my head- quarters. Touching at the Abrolhos, we arrived here on April 4th, when amongst others I received your most kind letter. You may rely on it during the evening I thought of the many most happy hours I have spent with you in Cambridge. I am now living at Botofogo, a village about a league from the city, and shall be able to remain a month longer. The Beagle\idJs, gone back to Bahia, and will pick me up on its return. There is a most important error in the longitude of South America, to settle which this second trip has been undertaken. Our chronometers, at least sixteen of them, are going superbly ; none on record have ever gone at all like them. A few days after arriving I started on an expedition of 150 miles to Rio Macao, which lasted eighteen days. Here I first saw a tropical forest in all its sublime grandeur — nothing but the reality can give any idea how wonderful, how magnifi- cent the scene is. If I was to specify any one thing I should give the pre-eminence to the host of parasitical plants. Your 2IO THE VOYAGE. ^£TAT. 23. [1832 engraving is exactly true, but underrates rather than exag- gerates the kixuriance. I never experienced such intense delight. I formerly admired Humboldt, I now almost adore him ; he alone gives any notion of the feelings which are raised in the mind on first entering the Tropics. I am now collecting fresh-water and land animals ; if what was told me in London is true, viz., that there are no small insects in the collections from the Tropics, I tell Entomologists to look out and have their pens ready for describing. I have taken as minute (if not more so) as in England, Hydropori, Hygroti, Hydrobii, Pselaphi, Staphylini, Curculio, &c. &c. It is exceed- ingly interesting observing the difference of genera and species from those which I know; it is however much less than I had expected. I am at present red-hot with spiders ; they are very interesting, and if I am not mistaken I have already taken some new genera. I shall have a large box to send very soon to Cambridge, and with that I will mention some more natural history particulars. The Captain does everything in his power to assist me, and we get on very well, but I thank my better fortune he has not made me a renegade to Whig principles. I would not be a Tory, if it was merely on account of their cold hearts about that scandal to Christian nations — Slavery. I am very good friends with all the officers. I have just returned from a walk, and as a specimen, how little the insects are known. Noterus, according to the * Dic- tionnaire Classique,' contains solely three European species, I in one haul of my net took five distinct species ; is this not quite extraordinary.^ .... Tell Professor Sedgwick he does not know how much I am indebted to him for the Welsh Expedition ; it has given me an interest in Geology which I would not give up for any consideration. I do not think I ever spent a more delightful three weeks than pounding the North-west Mountains. I look forward to the geology about Monte Video as I hear there are slates there, so I presume in that district I shall find the junctions of the Pampas, and the enormous granite forma- 1^32 J BOTOFOGO BAY. 211 tion of Brazils. At Bahia the pegmatite and gneiss in beds iiad the same direction, as observed by Humboldt, prevailing over Columbia, distant 1300 miles — is it not wonderful ? Monte Video will be for a long time my direction. I hope you will write again to-me, there is nobody from whom I like receiving advice so much as from you. . . . Excuse this almost uninteUigible letter, and believe me, my dear HensloWj with the warmest feelings of respect and friendship. Yours affectionately, Chas. Darwin. C. Darwin to J. M, Herbert. Botofogo Bay, Rio de Janeiro, June 1832. My dear old Herbert, Your letter arrived here when I had given up all hopes o^ receiving another, it gave me, therefore, an additional degree of pleasure. At such an interval of time and space one does learn to feel truly obliged to those who do not forget one. The memory when recalling scenes past by, affords to us exiles one of the greatest pleasures. Often and often whilst wandering amongst these hills do I think of Barmouth, and, I may add, as often wish for such a companion. What a con- trast does a walk in these two places afford ; here abrupt and stony peaks are to the very summit enclosed by luxuriant woods ; the whole surface of the country, excepting where cleared by man, is one impenetrable forest. How different from Wales, with its sloping hills covered with turf, and its open valleys. I was not previously aware how intimately what may be called the moral part is connected with the enjoyment of scenery. I mean such ideas, as the history of the country, the utility of the produce, and more especially the happiness of the people living with them. Change the English labourer into a poor slave, working for another, and you will hardly recognise the same view. I am sure you will be glad to hear how very well every part (Heaven forefend, 212 THE VOYAGE. ^TAT. 23. [1832 except sea-sickness) of the expedition has answered. We have already seen Teneriffe and the Great Canary ; St. Jago where I spent three most delightful weeks, revelling in the delights of first naturalising a tropical volcanic island, and besides other islands, the two celebrated ports in the Brazils, viz. Bahia and Rio. I was in my hammock till we arrived at the Canaries, and I shall never forget the sublime impression the first view of Teneriffe made on my mind. The first arriving into warm weather was most luxuriously pleasant ; the clear blue sky of the Tropics was no common change after those accursed south- west gales at Plymouth. About the Line it became weltering hot. We spent one day at St. Paul's, a little group of rocks about a quarter of a mile in circumference, peeping up in the midst of the Atlantic. There was such a scene here. Wick- ham (ist Lieutenant) and I were the only two who landed with guns and geological hammers, &c. The birds by myriads were too close to shoot ; we then tried stones, but at last, proh pudor ! my geological hammer was the instrument of death. We soon loaded the boat with birds and eggs. Whilst we were so engaged, the men in the boat were fairly fighting with the sharks for such magnificent fish as you could not see in the London market. Our boat would have made a fine subject for Snyders, such a medley of game it contained. We have been here ten weeks, and shall now start for Monte Video, when I look forward to many a gallop over the Pam- pas. I am ashamed of sending such a scrambling letter, but if you were to see the heap of letters on my table you would understand the reason. . . . I am glad to hear music flourishes so well in Cambridge ; but it [is] as barbarous to talk to me of " celestial concerts " as to a person in Arabia of cold water. In a voyage of this sort, if one gains many new and great pleasures, on the other side the loss is not inconsiderable. How should you like to be suddenly debarred from seeing every person and place, which you have ever known and loved, for five years 1 I do assure you I am occasionally " taken aback " by this reflec- 1832.J MONTE VIDEO. 213 tion ; and then for man or ship it is not so easy to right again. Remember me most sincerely to the remnant of most excel- lent fellows whom I have the good luck to know in Cambridge — I mean Whitley and Watkins. Tell Lowe I am even be- neath his contempt. I can eat salt beef and musty biscuits for dinner. See what a fall man may come to ! My direction for the next year and a half will be Monte Video. God bless you, my very dear old Herbert. May you al- ways be happy and prosperous is my most cordial wish. Yours affectionately, Chas. Darwin. C. Darwin to F. Watkins, Monte Video, River Plata, August 18, 1832. My dear Watkins, I do not feel very sure you will think a letter from one so far distant will be worth having; I write therefore on the selfish principle of getting an answer. In the different coun- tries we visit the entire newness and difference from England only serves to make more keen the recollection of its scenes and delights. In consequence the pleasure of thinking of, and hearing from one's former friends, does indeed become great. Recollect this, and some long winter's evening sit down and send me a long account of yourself and our friends ; both what you have, and what [you] intend doing ; otherwise in three or four more years when I return you will be all strangers to me. Considering how many months have passed, we have not in the Beagle made much way round the world. Hitherto everything has well repaid the necessary trouble and loss of comfort. We stayed three weeks at the Cape de Verds ; it was no ordinary pleasure rambling over the plains of lava under a tropical sun, but when I first entered on and beheld the luxuriant vegetation in Brazil, it was realizing the visions in the * Arabian Nights.' The brilliancy of the scenery 214 THE VOYAGE. iETAT. 23. [1832. throws one into a delirium of delight, and a beetle hunter is not likely soon to awaken from it, when whichever way he turns fresh treasures meet his eye. At Rio de Janeiro three months passed away like so many weeks. I made a most de- lightful excursion during this time of 150 miles into the coun- try. I stayed at an estate which is the last of the cleared ground, behind is one vast impenetrable forest. It is almost impossible to imagine the quietude of such a life. Not a human being within some miles interrupts the solitude. To seat oneself amidst the gloom of such a forest on a decaying trunk, and then think of home, is a pleasure worth taking some trouble for. We are at present in a much less interesting country. One single walk over the undulatory turf plain shows every- thing which is to be seen. It is not at all unlike Cambridge- shire, only that every hedge, tree and hill must be levelled, and arable land turned into pasture. All South America is in such an unsettled state that we have not entered one port without some sort of disturbance. At Buenos Ayres a shot came whistling over our heads ; it is a noise I had never before heard, but I found I had an instinctive knowledge of what it meant. The other day we landed our men here, and took possession, at the request of the inhabitants, of the cen- tral fort. We philosophers do not bargain for this sort of work, and I hope there will be no more. We sail in the course of a day or two to survey the coast of Patagonia ; as it is entirely unknown, I expect a good deal of interest. But already do I perceive the grievous difference between sailing on these seas and the Equinoctial ocean. In the " Ladies' Gulf," as the Spaniard's call it, it is so luxurious to sit on deck and enjoy the coolness of the night, and admire the new constellations of the South. ... I wonder when we shall ever meet again ; but be it when it may, few things will give me greater pleasure than to see you again, and talk over the long time we have passed together. If you were to meet me at present I certainly should be looked at like a wild beast, a great grizzly beard and flushing i833.] FUEGIANS. 21 5 jacket would disfigure an angel. Believe me, my dear Wat kins, with the warmest feelings of friendship, Ever yours, Charles Darwin. C Darwin to J. S. Henslow. April II, 1833. My dear Henslow, We are now running up from the Falkland Islands to the Rio Negro (or Colorado). The Beagle will proceed to Monte Video ; but if it can be managed I intend staying at the former place. It is now some months since we have been at a civilised port ; nearly all this time has been spent in the most southern part of Tierra del Fuego. It is a detestable place ; gales succeed gales with such short intervals that it is difficult to do anything. We were twenty-three days off Cape Horn, and could by no means get to the westward. The last and final gale before we gave up the attempt was unusually severe. A sea stove one of the boats, and there was so much water on the decks that every place was afloat; nearly all the paper for drying plants is spoiled, and half of this curious collection. We at last ran into harbour, and in the boats got to the west by the inland channels. As I was one of this party I was very glad of it. With two boats we went about 300 miles, and thus I had an excellent opportunity of geologising and seeing much of the savages. The Fuegians are in a more miserable state of barbarism than I had expected ever to' have seen a human being. In this inclement country they are absolutely naked, and their temporary houses are like what children make in summer with boughs of trees. I do not think any spectacle can be more interesting than the first sight of man in his primitive wildness. It is an interest which cannot well be imagined until it is experienced. I shall never forget this when entering Good Success Bay — 15 2i6 THE VOYACxE. .4iTAT. 23. [1833, the yell with which a party received us. They were seated on a rocky point, surrounded by the dark forest of beech ; as they threw their arms wildly round their heads, and their long hair streaming, they seemed the troubled spirits of another world. The climate in some respects is a curious mixture of severity and mildness ; as far as regards the animal king- dom, the former character prevails ; I have in consequence not added much to my collections. The Geology of this part of Tierra del Fuego was, as in- deed every place is, to me very interesting. The country is non-fossiliferous, and a common-place succession of gran- itic rocks and slates ; attempting to make out the relation of cleavage, strata, &c., &c., was my chief amusement. The mineralogy, however, of some of the rocks will, I think, be curious from their resemblance to those of volcanic origin. 9|C SfC >|C Tfr 5fC After leaving Tierra del Fuego we sailed to the Falklands. I forgot to mention the fate of the Fuegians whom we took back to their country. They had become entirely European in their habits and wishes, so much so that the younger one had forgotten his own language, and their countrymen paid but very little attention to them. We built houses for them and planted gardens, but by the time we return again on our passage round the Horn, I think it will be very doubtful how much of their property will be left unstolen. . . . When I am sea-sick and miserable, it is one of my highest consolations to picture the future when we again shall be pacing together the roads round Cambridge. That day is a weary long way off. We have another cruise to make to Tierra del Fuego next summer, and then our voyage round the world will really commence. Captain Fitz-Roy has pur- chased a large schooner of 170 tons. In many respects it will be a great advantage having a consort — perhaps it may somewhat shorten our cruise, which I most cordially hope it may. I trust, however, that the Coral Reefs and various ani- mals of the Pacific may keep up my resolution. Remember r833] " HOME LETTERS. 217 me most kindly to Mrs. Henslow and all other friends ; I am a true lover of Alma Mater and all its inhabitants. Believe me, my dear Henslow, Your affectionate and most obliged friend, Charles Darwin. C. Darwin to Miss C. Darwin. Maldonado, Rio Plata, May 22, 1833. . . . The following business piece is to my father. Hav- ing a servant of my own would be a really great addition to my comfort. For these two reasons : as at present the Cap- tain has appointed one of the men always to be with me, but I do not think it just thus to take a seaman out of the ship ; and, secondly, when at sea I am rather badly off for any one to wait on me. The man is willing to be my servant, and all the expenses would be under jQ6o per annum. I have taught him to shoot and skin birds, so that in my main object he is very useful. I have now left England nearly a year and a half, and I find my expenses are not above ;£^2oo per annum ; so that, it being hopeless (from time) to write for permission, I .have come to the conclusion that you would allow me this expense. But I have not yet resolved to ask the Captain, and the chances are even that he would not be willing to have an additional man in the ship. I have men- tioned this because for a long time I have been thinking about it. June. — I have just received a bundle more letters. I do not know how to thank you all sufficiently. One from Cath- erine, Feb. 8th, another from Susan, March 3rd, together with notes from Caroline and from my father ; give my best love to my father. I almost cried for pleasure at receiving it ; it was very kind thinking of writing to me. My letters are both few, short, and stupid in return for all yours ; but I always ease my conscience by considering the Journal as a long let- ter. If I can manage it, I will, before doubling the Horn, send the rest. I am quite delighted to find the hide of the 2l8 THE VOYAGE. .ETAT. 24. [1833. Megatherium has given you all some little interest in my, employments. These fragments are not, however, by any means the most valuable of the geological relics. I trust and believe that the time spent in this voyage, if thrown away for all other respects, will produce its full worth in Natural History ;. and it appears to me the doing what little we can to increase the general stock of knowledge is as respectable an object of life as one can in any likelihood pursue. It is more the result of such reflections (as I have already said) than much immediate pleasure which now makes me con- tinue the voyage, together with the glorious prospect of the future, when passing the Straits of Magellan, we have in truth the world before us. Think of the Andes, the luxuriant forest of Guayaquil, the islands of the South Sea, and New South Wales. How many magnificent and characteristic views, how many and curious tribes of men we shall see ! What fine opportunities for geology and for studying the in- finite host of living beings ! Is not this a prospect to keep up the most flagging spirit ? If I was to throw it away, I don't think I should ever rest quiet in my grave. I certainly should be a ghost and haunt the British Museum. How famously the Ministers appear to be going on. I always much enjoy political gossip and what you at home think will, &c., &c., take place. I steadily read up the weekly paper, but it is not sufficient to guide one's opinion ; and I find it a very painful state not to be as obstinate as a pig in politics. I have watched how steadily the general feeling, as shown at elections, has been rising against Slavery. What a proud thing for England if she is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it ! I was told before leaving England that after living in slave countries all my opinions would be altered ; the only alteration I am aware of is forming a much higher estimate of the negro character. It is impossible to see a negro and not feel kindly towards him ; such cheerful, open, honest expressions and such fine muscular bodies. I never saw any of the diminutive Portuguese, with their mur- derous countenances, without almost wishing for Brazil to 1833-] GOOD SUCCESS BAY. 219 follow the example of Hayti ; and, considering the enormous healthy-looking black population, it will be wonderful if, at some future day, it does not take place. There is at Rio a man (I know not his title) who has a large salary to prevent (I believe) the landing of slaves ; he lives at Botofogo, and yet that was the bay where, during my residence, the greater number of smuggled slaves were landed. Some of the Anti- Slavery people ought to question about his office ; it was the subject of conversation at Rio amongst the lower English. . . . C. Darwin to J. M. Herbert. Maldonado, Rio Plata, June 2, 1833. My dear Herbert, I have been confined for the last three days to a miserable dark room, in an old Spanish house, from the torrents of rain ; I am not, therefore, in very good trim for writing ; but, defy- ing the blue devils, I will send you a few lines, if it is merely to thank you very sincerely for writing to me. I received your letter, dated December ist, a short time since. We are now passing part of the winter in the Rio Plata, after having had a hard summer's work to the south. Tierra del Fuego is indeed a miserable place ; the ceaseless fury of the gales is quite tremendous. One evening we saw old Cape Horn, and three weeks afterwards we were only thirty miles to wind- ward of it. It is a grand spectacle to see all nature thus raging ; but Heaven knows every one in the Beagle has seen enough in this one summer to last them "their natural lives. The first place we landed at was Good Success Bay. It was here Banks and Solander met such disasters on ascending one of the mountains. The weather was tolerably fine, and I enjoyed some walks in a wild country, like that behind Bar- mouth. The valleys are impenetrable from the entangled woods, but the higher parts, near the limits of perpetual snow, are bare. From some of these hills the scenery, from its sav- age, solitary character, was most sublime. The only inhabi- tant of these heights is the guanaco, and with its shrill neigh- 220 THE VOYAGE. ^TAT. 24. [1833. ing it often breaks the stillness. The consciousness that no European foot had ever trod much of this ground added to the delight of these rambles. How often and how vividly have many of the hours spent at Barmouth come before my mind ! I look back to that time with no common pleasure ; at this moment I can see you seated on the hill behind the inn, almost as plainly as if you were really there. It is neces- sary to be separated from all which one has been accus- tomed to, to know how properly to treasure up such recollec- tions, and at this distance, I may add, how properly to esteem such as yourself, my dear old Herbert. I wonder when I shall ever see you again. I hope it may be, as you say, sur- rounded with heaps of parchment ; but then there must be, sooner or later, a dear little lady to take care of you and your house. Such a delightful vision makes me quite envious. This is a curious life for a regular shore-going person such as myself ; the worst part of it is its extreme length. There is certainly a great deal of high enjoyment, and on the contrary a tolerable share of vexation of spirit. Everything, however, shall bend to the pleasure of grubbing up old bones, and cap- tivating new animals. By the way, you rank my Natural History labours far too high. I am nothing more than a lions' provider : I do not feel at all sure that they will not growl and finally destroy me. It does one's heart good to hear how things are going on in England. Hurrah for the honest Whigs ! I trust they will soon attack that monstrous stain on our boasted liberty. Colo- nial Slavery. I have seen enough of Slavery and the dis- positions of the negroes, to be thoroughly disgusted with the lies and nonsense one hears on the subject in England. Thank God, the cold-hearted Tories, who, as J. Mackintosh used to say, have no enthusiasm, except against enthusiasm, have for the present run their race. I am sorry, by your let- ter, to hear you have not been well, and that you partly at- tribute it to want of exercise. I wish you were here amongst the green plains ; we would take walks which would rival the Dolgelly ones, and you should tell stories, which I would be- i834.] A NEW OSTRICH. 221 lieve, even to a cubic fathom of pudding. Instead I must take my solitary ramble, think of Cambridge days, and pick up snakes, beetles and toads. Excuse this short letter (you know I never studied * The Complete Letter-writer '), and be- lieve me, my dear Herbert, Your affectionate friend, Charles Darwin. C. Darwin to J. S. Hens low. East Falkland Island, March, 1834. I am quite charmed with Geology, but like the wise animal between two bundles of hay, I do not know which to like the best ; the old crystalline group of rocks, or the softer and fossiliferous beds. When puzzling about stratifi- cations, &c., I feel inclined to cry " a fig for your big oysters, and your bigger megatheriums." But then when digging out some fine bones, I wonder how any man can tire his arms with hammering granite. By the way I have not one clear idea about cleavage, stratification, lines of upheaval. I have no books which tell me much, and what they do I cannot apply to what I see. In consequence I draw my own con- clusions, and most gloriously ridiculous ones they are, I some- times fancy. . . . Can you throw any light into my mind by telling me what relation cleavage and planes of deposition bear to each other ? And now for my second section, Zoology. I have chiefly been employed in preparing myself for the South Sea by examining the polypi of the smaller Corallines in these lati- tudes. Many in themselves are very curious, and I think are quite undescribed ; there was one appalling one, allied to a Flustra, which I dare say I mentioned having found to the northward, where the cells have a movable organ (like a vult- ure's head, with a dilatable beak), fixed on the edge. But what is of more general interest is the unquestionable (as it appears to me) existence of another species of ostrich, besides the Struthio rhea. All the Gauchos and Indians state it is the case, and I place the greatest faith in their observations. 222 THE VOYAGE. ^TAT. 25. [1834. I have the head, neck, piece of skin, feathers, and legs of one. The differences are chiefly in the colour of the feathers and scales on legs, being feathered below the knees, nidifi- cation, and geographical distribution. So much for what I have lately done ; the prospect before me is full of sunshine, ^ne weather, glorious scenery, the geology of the Andes, plains abounding with organic remains (which perhaps I may have the good luck to catch in the very act of moving), and lastly, an ocean, its shores abounding with life, so that, if nothing unforeseen happens, I will stick to the voyage, although for what I can see this may last till we return a fine set of white- headed old gentlemen. I have to thank you most cordially for sending me the books. I am now reading the Oxford • Report ; ' * the whole account of your proceedings is most glorious ; you remaining in England cannot well imagine how excessively interesting I find the reports. I am sure from my own thrilling sensations when reading them, that they cannot fail to have an excellent effect upon all those residing in distant colonies, and who have little opportunity of seeing the periodicals. My hammer has flown with redoubled force on the devoted blocks ; as I thought over the eloquence of the Cambridge President, I hit harder and harder blows. I hope to give my arms strength for the Cordilleras. You will send me through Capt. Beaufort a copy of the Cambridge ' Report.' I have forgotten to mention that for some time past, and for the future, I will put a pencil cross on the pill-boxes con- taining insects, as these alone will require being kept particu- larly dry ; it may perhaps save you some trouble. AVhen this letter will go I do not know, as this little seat of discord has lately been embroiled by a dreadful scene of murder, and at present there are more prisoners than inhabitants. If a mer- chant vessel is chartered to take them to Rio, I will send some specimens (especially my few plants and seeds). Re- * The second meeting of the British Association was held at Oxford in 1832, the following year it was at Cambridge. i834.] JEMMY BUTTON. 223 member me to all my Cambridge friends. I love and treasure up every recollection of dear old Cambridge. I am much obliged to you for putting my name down to poor Ramsay's monument ; I never think of him without the warmest admi- ration. Farewell, my dear Henslow, Believe me your most obliged and affectionate friend, Charles Darwin. C. Darwin to Miss C. Darwin. East Falkland Island, April 6, 1834. My dear Catherine, When this letter will reach you I know not, but probably some man-of-war will call here before, in the common course of events, I should have another opportunity of writing. * * * * * After visiting some of the southern islands, we beat up through the magnificent scenery of the Beagle Channel to Jemmy Button's * country. We could hardly recognise poor Jemmy. Instead of the clean, well-dressed stout lad we left him, we found him a naked, thin, squalid savage. York and Fuegia had moved to their own country some months ago, the former having stolen all Jemmy's clothes. Now he had nothing except a bit of blanket round his waist. Poor Jemmy was very glad to see us, and, with his usual good feeling, brought several presents (otter-skins, which are most valuable to themselves) for his old friends. The Captain offered to take him to England, but this, to our surprise, he at once refused. In the evening his young wife came along- side and showed us the reason. He was quite contented. Last year, in the height of his indignation, he said "his country people no sabe nothing — damned fools " — now they were very good people, with too much to eat, and all the luxuries of life. Jemmy and his wife paddled away in their * Jemmy Button, York Minster, and Fuegia Basket, were natives of Tierra del Fuego, brought to England by Captain Fitz-Roy in his former voyage, and restored to their country by him in 1832. 224 THE VOYAGE. ^TAT. 25. [1854. canoe loaded with presents, and very happy. The most curious thing is, that Jemmy, instead of recovering his own language, has taught all his friends a little English, "J. But- ton's canoe " and " Jemmy's wife come," " Give me knife," &c., was said by several of them. We then bore away for this island — this little miserable seat of discord. We found that the Gauchos, under pretence of a revolution, had murdered and plundered all the English- men whom they could catch, and some of their own country- men. All the economy at home makes the foreign movements of England most contemptible. How different from old Spain. Here we, dog-in-the-manger fashion, seize an island, and leave to protect it a Union Jack ; the possessor has, of course, been murdered ; we now send a lieutenant with four sailors, with- out authority or instructions. A man-of-war, however, ven- tured to leave a party of marines, and by their assistance, and the treachery of some of the party, the murderers have all been taken, there being now as many prisoners as inhabitants. This island must some day become a very important halting- place in the most turbulent sea in the world. It is mid-way between Australia and the South Sea to England ; between Chili, Peru, &c., and the Rio Plata and the Rio de Janeiro. There are fine harbours, plenty of fresh water, and good beef. It would doubtless produce the coarser vegetables. In other respects it is a wretchmd place. A little time since, I rode across the island, and returned in four days. My ex- cursion would have been longer, but during the whole time it blew a gale of wind, with hail and snow. There is no fire- wood bigger than heath, and the whole country is, more or less, an elastic peat-bog. Sleeping out at night was too miserable work to endure it for all the rocks in South America. We shall leave this scene of iniquity in two or three days, and go to the Rio de la Sta. Cruz. One of the objects is to look at the ship's bottom. We struck rather heavily on an unknown rock off Port Desire, and some of her copper is torn off. After this is repaired the Captain has a glorious scheme ; i834.] PLANS. 225 it is to go to the very head of this river, that is probably to the Andes. It is quite unknown ; the Indians tell us it is two or three hundred yards broad, and horses can nowhere ford it. I cannot imagine anything more interesting. Our plans then are to go to Fort Famine, and there we meet the Adventure^ who is employed in making the Chart of the Falklands. This will be in the middle of winter, so I shall see Tierra del Fuego in her white drapery. We leave the straits to enter the Pacific by the Barbara Channel, one very little known, and which passes close to the foot of Mount Sarmiento (the high- est mountain in the south, excepting Mt. ! ! Darwin! !). We then shall scud away for Concepcion in Chili. I believe tiie ship must once again steer southward, but if any one catches me there again, I will give him leave to hang me up as a scarecrow for all future naturalists. I long to be at work in the Cordilleras, the geology of this side, which I understand pretty well is so intimately connected with periods of violence in that great chain of mountains. The future is, indeed, to me a brilliant prospect. You say its very brilliancy frightens you ; but really I am very careful ; I may mention as a proof, in all my rambles I have never had any one accident or scrape. . . . Continue in your good custom of writing plenty of gossip ; I much like hearing all about all things. Remem- ber me most kindly to Uncle Jos, and to all the Wedgwoods. Tell Charlotte (their married names sound downright un- natural) I should like to have written to her, to have told her how well everything is going on ; but it would only have been a transcript of this letter, and I have a host of animals at this minute surrounding me which all require embalming and numbering. I have not forgotten the comfort I received that day at Maer, when my mind was like a swinging pendulum. Give my best love to my father. I hope he will forgive all my extravagance, but not as a Christian, for then I suppose he would send me no more money. Good-bye, dear, to you, and all your goodly sisterhood. Your affectionate brother, Chas. Darwin. 226 THE VOYAGE. .T^TAT. 25. [1834 My love to Nancy ; * tell her, if she was now to see me with my great beard, she would think I was some worthy Solomon, come to sell the trinkets. C. Darwin to C. Whitley. Valparaiso, July 23, 1834. My dear Whitley, I have long intended writing, just to put you in mind that there is a certain hunter of beetles, and pounder of rocks still in existence. Why I have not done so before I know not, but it will serve me right if you have quite forgotten me. It is a very long time since I have heard any Cambridge news ; I neither know where you are living or what you are doing. I saw your name down as one of the indefatigable guardians of the eighteen hundred philosophers'. I was delighted to see this, for when we last left Cambiidge you were at sad variance with poor science ; you seemed to think her a public prostitute working for popularity. If your opinions are the same as formerly, you would agree most admirably with Captain Fitz-Roy, — the object of his most devout abhorrence is one of the d — d scientific Whigs. As captains of men-of- war are the greatest men going, far greater than kings or schoolmasters, I am obliged to tell him everything in my own favour. I have often said I once had a very good friend, an out-and-out Tory, and we managed to get on very well to- gether. But he is very much inclined to doubt if ever I really was so much honoured ; at present we hear scarcely anything about politics ; this saves a great deal of trouble, for we all siick to our former opinions rather more obstinately than be- fore, and can give rather fewer reasons for doing so. I do hope you will write to me : (* H. M. S. Beagle, S, \merican Station ' will find me). I should much like to hear in what state you are both in body and mind. / Quie'fi Sabe'i as the people say here (and God knows they well may, for * His old nurse. 1834.] A NAKED FUEGIAN. 22^ they do know little enough), if you are not a married man, and may be nursing, as Miss Austen says, little olive branches, little pledges of mutual affection. Eheu ! Eheu ! this puts me in mind of former visions of glimpses into futurity, where I fancied I saw retirement, green cottages, and white petti- coats. What will become of me hereafter I know not ; I feel like a ruined man, who does not see or care how to extricate himself. That this voyage must come to a conclusion my reason tells me, but otherwise I see no end to it. It is im- possible not bitterly to regret the friends and other sources of pleasure one leaves behind in England ; in place of it there is much solid enjoyment, some present, but more in anticipa- tion, when the ideas gained during the voyage can be com- pared to fresh ones. I find in Geology a never-failing interest, as it has been remarked, it creates the same grand ideas re- specting this world which Astronomy does for the universe. We have seen much fine scenery ; that of the Tropics in its glory and luxuriance exceeds even the language of Humboldt to describe. A Persian writer could alone do justice to it, and if he succeeded he would in England be called the * Grand- father of all liars.'" But I have seen nothing which more completely aston- ished me than the first sight of a savage. It was a naked Fuegian, his long hair blowing about, his face besmeared with paint. There is in their countenances an expression which I believe, to those who have not seen it, must be in- conceivably wild. Standing on a rock he uttered tones and made gesticulations, than which the cries of domestic animals are far more intelligible. When I return to England, you must take me in hand with respect to the fine arts. I yet recollect there was a man called Raffaelle Sanctus. How delightful it will be once again to see, in the Fitzwilliam, Titian's Venus. How much more than delightful to go to some g^od concert or fine opera. These recollections will not do. I shall not be able to-morrow to pick out the entrails of some small animal with half my usual gusto. Pray tell me some news about 228 THE VOYAGE. .€TAT. 25. [1834 Cameron, Watkins, Marindin the two Thompsons of Trinity, Lowe, Heaviside, Matthew. Herbert I have heard from. How is Henslow getting on ? and all other good friends of dear Cambridge .'' Often and often do I think over those past hours, so many of which have been passed in your com- pany. Such can never return, but their recollection can never die away. God bless you, my dear Whitley, Believe me, your most sincere friend, Chas. Darwin. C. Darwin to Miss C. Darwin, Valparaiso, November 8, 1834. My dear Catherine, My last letter was rather a gloomy one, for I was not very well when I wrote it. Now everything is as bright as sunshine. I am quite well again after being a second time in bed for a fortnight. Captain Fitz-Roy very generously has delayed the ship ten days on my account, and without at the time telling me for what reason. We have had some strange proceedings on board the Beagle, but which have ended most capitally for all hands. Captain Fitz-Roy has for the last two months been working extremely hard, and at the same time constantly annoyed by interruptions from officers of other ships; the selling the schooner and its consequences were very vexatious ; the cold manner the Admiralty (solely I believe because he is a Tory) have treated him, and a thousand other, &c. &c.'s, has made him very thin and unwell. This was accompanied by a morbid depression of spirits, and a loss of all decision and resolution. . . . All that Bynoe [the Surgeon] could say, that it was merely the effect of bodily health and exhaustion after such application, would not do ; he invalided, and Wickham was appointed to the command. By the instructions Wickham could only finish the survey of the southern part, and would then have been obliged to return direct to England. The f834.] CAPTAIN FITZ-ROY. 229 grief on board the Beagle about the Captain's decision was universal and deeply fell ; one great source of his annoyment was the feeHng it impossible to fulfil the whole instruc- tions; from his state of mind it never occurred to him that the very instructions ordered him to do as much of the West coast as he has time for, and then proceed across the Pacific. Wickham (very disinterestedly giving up his own promo- tion) urged this most strongly, stated that when he took the com- mand nothing should induce him to go to Tierra del Fuego again ; and then asked the Captain what would be gained by his resignation ? why not do the more useful part, and return as commanded by the Pacific. The Captain at last, to every one's joy, consented, and the resignation was with- drawn. Hurrah ! hurrah ! it is fixed the Beagle shall not go one mile south of Cape Tres Montes (about 200 miles south of Chiloe), and from that point to Valparaiso will be finished in about five months. We shall examine the Chonos Archipelago, entirely unknown, and the curious inland sea behind Chiloe. For me it is glorious. Cape Tres Montes is the most southern point where there is much geological interest, as there the modern beds end. The Captain then talks of crossing the Pacific ; but I think we shall persuade him to finish the Coast of Peru, where the climate is delightful, the country hideously sterile, but abounding with the highest interest to a geologist. For the first time since leaving England I now see a clear and not so distant prospect of returning to you all : crossing the Pacific, and from Sydney home, will not take much time. As soon as the Captain invalided I at once determined to leave the Beagle, but it was quite absurd what a revolution in five minutes was effected in all my feelings. I have long been grieved and most sorry at the interminable length of the voyage (although I never would have quitted it) ; but the minute it was all over, I could not make up my mind to return. I could not give up all the geological castles in the air which 230 'THE VOYAGE. ^TAT. 25. [1834. I had been building up for the last two years. One whole night I tried to think over the pleasure of seeing Shrewsbury again, but the barren plains of Peru gained the day. I made the following scheme (I know you will abuse me, and perhaps if I had put it in execution, my father would have sent a mandamus after me) ; it was to examine the Cordilleras of Chili during this summer, and in winter go from port to port on the coast of Peru to Lima, returning this time next year to Valparaiso, cross the Cordilleras to Buenos Ayres, and take ship to England. Would not this have been a fine excursion, and in sixteen months I should have been with you all ? To have endured Tierra del Fuego and not seen the Pacific would have been miserable. . . . I go on board to-morrow ; I have been for the last six weeks in Corfield's house. You cannot imagine what a kind friend I have found him. He is universally liked, and re- spected by the natives and foreigners. Several Chileno Sig- noritas are very obligingly anxious to become the signoras of this house. Tell my father I have kept my promise of being extravagant in Chili. I have drawn a bill of ;£'ioo (had it not better be notified to Messrs. Robarts & Co.) ; ;£"5o goes to the Captain for the ensuing year, and ^^o I take to sea for the small ports ; so that /^om fide I have not spent ;£'i8o during these last four months. I hope not to draw another bill for six months. All the foregoing particulars were only settled yesterday. It has done me more good than a pint of medi- cine, and I have not been so happy for the last year. If it had not been for my illness, these four months in Chili would have been very pleasant. I have had ill luck, however, in only one little earthquake having happened. I was lying in bed when there was a party at dinner in the house ; on a sudden I heard such a hubbub in the dining-room ; without a word being spoken, it was devil take the hindmost who should get out first ; at the same moment I felt my bed slightly vibrate in a lateral direction. The party were old stagers, and heard the noise which always precedes a shock ; and no old stager looks at an earthquake with philosophical eyes. . . . 1835-] THE ANDES. 23 1 Good-bye to you all ; you will not have another letter for some time. My dear Catherine, Yours affectionately, Chas. Darwin. My best love to my father, and all of you. Love to Nancy. C. Darwin to Miss S. Darwin. Valparaiso, April 23, 1835. My dear Susan, I received, a few days since, your letter of November; the three letters which I before mentioned are yet missing, but I do not doubt they will come to life. I returned a week ago from my excursion across the Andes to Mendoza. Since leaving England I have never made so successful a journey ; it has, however, been very expensive. I am sure my father would not regret it, if he could know how deeply I have en- joyed it : it was something more than enjoyment ; I cannot express the delight which I felt at such a famous winding-up of all my geology in South America. I literally could hardly sleep at nights for thinking over my day's work. The scenery was so new, and so majestic ; everything at an elevation of 12,000 feet bears so different an aspect from that in a lower country. I have seen many views more beautiful, but none with so strongly marked a character. To a geologist, also, there are such manifest proofs of excessive violence ; the strata of the highest pinnacles are tossed about like the crust of a broken pie. I crossed by the Portillo Pass, which at this time of the year is apt to be dangerous, so could not afford to delay there. After staying a day in the stupid town of Mendoza, I began my return by Uspallate, which I did very leisurely. My whole trip only took up twenty-two days. I travelled with, for me, uncommon comfort, as I carried a bed! My party consisted of two Peons and ten mules, two of which were with baggage, or rather food, in case of being snowed up. Everything, however, favoured me ; not even a speck of 16 232 THE VOYAGE. .ETAT. 26. [1835. this year's snow had fallen on the road. I do not suppose any of you can be much interested in geological details, but I will just mention my principal results : — Besides under- standing to a certain extent the description and manner of the force which has elevated this great line of mountains, I can clearly demonstrate that one part of the double line is of an age long posterior to the other. In the more ancient line, which is the true chain of the Andes, I can describe the sort and order of the rocks which compose it. These are chiefly remarkable by containing a bed of gypsum nearly 2000 feet thick — a quantity of this substance I should think unparalleled in the world. What is of much greater conse- quence, I have procured fossil shells (from an elevation of 12,000 feet). I think an examination of these will give an approximate age to these mountains, as compared to the strata of Europe. In the other line of the Cordilleras there is a strong presumption (in my own mind, conviction) that the enormous mass of mountains, the peaks of which rise to 13,000 and 14,000 feet, are so very modern as to be con- temporaneous with the plains of Patagonia (or about with the upper strata of the Isle of Wight). If this result shall be considered as proved,* it is a very important fact in the theory of the formation of the world; because, if such wonderful changes have taken place so recently in the crust of the globe, there can be no reason for supposing former epochs of ex- cessive violence. These modern strata are very remarkable by being threaded with metallic veins of silver, gold, copper, &c. ; hitherto these have been considered as appertaining to older formations. In these same beds, and close to a gold- mine, I found a clump of petrified trees, standing upright, with layers of fine sandstone deposited round them, bearing the impression of their bark. These trees are covered by other sandstones and streams of lava to the thickness of sev- eral thousand feet. These rocks have been deposited be- . * The importance of these results has been fully recognized by geolo. gists. . ; I835-] LIMA. 2^^ neath water ; yet it is clear the spot where the trees grew must once have been above the level of the sea, so that it is certain the land must have been depressed by at least as many thousand feet as the superincumbent subaqueous de- posits are thick. But I am afraid you will tell me I am prosy with my geological descriptions and theories. . . . Your account of Erasmus' visit to Cambridge has made me long to be back there. I cannot fancy anything more de- lightful than his Sunday round of King's, Trinity, and those talking giants, Whewell and Sedgwick ; I hope your musical tastes continue in due force. I shall be ravenous for the pianoforte. . . . . I have not quite determined whether I will sleep at the * Lion * the first night when I arrive per * Wonder,' or disturb you all in the dead of the night ; everything short of that is absolutely planned. Everything about Shrewsbury is growing in my mind bigger and more beautiful ; I am certain the acacia and copper beech are two superb trees ; I shall know every bush, and I will trouble you young ladies, when each of you cut down your tree, to spare a few. As for the view behind the house, I have seen nothing like it. It is the same with North Wales ; Snowdon, to my mind, looks much higher and much more beautiful than any peak in the Cordilleras. So you will say, with my benighted faculties, it is time to re- turn, and so it is, and I long to be with you. Whatever the trees are, I know what I shall find all you. I am writing nonsense, so farewell. My most affectionate love to all, and I pray forgiveness from my father. Yours most affectionately, Charles Darwin. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. Lima, July, 1835. My dear Fox, I have lately received two of your letters, one dated June and the other November, 1834 (they reached me, however, in an inverted order). I was very glad to receive a history 2 34 THE VOYAGE. ^TAT. 26. [1835. of this most important year in your life. Previously I had only heard the plain fact that you were married. You are a true Christian and return good for evil, to send two such let- ters to so bad a correspondent as I have been. God bless you for writing so kindly and affectionately ; if it is a pleas- ure to have friends in England, it is doubly so to think and know that one is not forgotten because absent. This voyage is terribly long. I do so earnestly desire to return, yet I dare hardly look forward to the future, for I do not know what will become of me. Your situation is above envy : I do not venture even to frame such happy visions. To a person fit to take the office, the life of a clergyman is a type of all that is respectable and happy. You tempt me by talking of your fireside, whereas it is a sort of scene I never ought to think about. I saw the other day a vessel sail for England ; it was quite dangerous to know how easily I might turn deserter. As for an English lady, I have almost forgotten what she is — something very angelic and good. As for the women in these countries, they wear caps and petticoats, and a very few have pretty faces, and then all is said. But if we are not wrecked on some unlucky reef, I will sit by that same fireside in Vale Cottage and tell some of the wonderful stories, which you seem to anticipate and, I presume, are not very ready to be- lieve. Gracias a dios^ the prospect of such times is rather shorter than formerly. From this most wretched * City of the Kings * we sail in a fortnight, from thence to Guayaquil, Galapagos, Marquesas, Society Islands, &c., &c. I look forward to the Galapagos with more interest than any other part of the voyage. They abound with active volcanoes, and, I should hope, contain Tertiary strata. I am glad to hear you have some thoughts of beginning Geology. I hope you will ; there is so much larger a field for thought than in the other branches of Nat- ural History. I am become a zealous disciple of Mr. Lyell's views, as known in his admirable book. Geologising in South America, I am tempted to carry parts to a greater extent even than he does. Geology is a capital science to begin, as i836.] TAHITI. 235 it requires nothing but a little reading, thinking, and hammer- ing. I have a considerable body of notes together ; but it is a constant subject of perplexity to me, whether they are of sufficient value for all the time I have spent about them, or whether animals would not have been of more certain value. I shall indeed be glad once again to see you and tell you how grateful I feel for your steady friendship. God bless you, my very dear Fox. Believe me, Yours affectionately, Chas. Darwin. C. Darwin to J. S. Henslow. Sydney, January, 1836. My dear Henslow, This is the last opportunity of communicating with you before that joyful day when I shall reach Cambridge. I have very little to say : but I must write if it is only to express my joy that the last year is concluded, and that the present one, in which the Beagle will return, is gliding onwards. We have all been disappointed here in not finding even a single letter; we are, indeed, rather before our expected time, otherwise, I dare say, I should have seen your handwriting. I must feed upon the future, and it is beyond bounds de- lightful to feel the certainty that within eight months I shall be residing once again most quietly in Cambridge. Cer- tainly, I never was intended for a traveller ; my thoughts are always rambling over past or future scenes ; I cannot enjoy the present happiness for anticipating the future, which is about as foolish as the dog who dropped the real bone for its shadow. ***** In our passage across the Pacific we only touched at Tahiti and New Zealand ; at neither of these places or at sea had I much opportunity of working. Tahiti is a most charm- ing spot. Everything which former navigators have written 27,6 THE VOYAGE. /ETAT. 26. [1836. is true. * A new Cytheraea has risen from the ocean.' De- licious scenery, climate, manners of the people are all in har- mony. It is, moreover, admirable to behold what the mis- sionaries both here and at New Zealand have effected. I firmly believe they are good men working for the sake of a good cause. I much suspect that those who have abused or sneered at the missionaries have generally been such as were not very anxious to find the natives moral and intelligent beings. During the remainder of our voyage we shall only visit places generally acknowledged as civilised, and nearly all under the British flag. These will be a poor field for Natural History, and without it I have lately discovered that the pleasure of seeing new places is as nothing. I must return to my old resource and think of the future, but that I may not become more prosy, I will say farewell till the day arrives, when I shall see my Master in Natural History, and can tell him how grateful I feel for his kindness and friendship. Believe me, dear Henslow, Ever yours, most faithfully, Chas. Darwin. C. Darwin to Miss S. Darwin. Bahia, Brazil, August 4 [1836]. My dear Susan, I will just write a few lines to explain the cause of this letter being dated on the coast of South America. Some singular disagreements in the longitudes made Captain Fitz- Roy anxious to complete the circle in the southern hemi- sphere, and then retrace our steps by our first line to England. This zigzag manner of proceeding is very grievous ; it has put the finishing stroke to my feelings. I loathe, I abhor the sea and all ships which sail on it. But I yet believe we shall reach England in the latter half of October. At Ascension I received Catherine's letter of October, and yours of Novem- ber ; the letter at the Cape was of a later date, but letters of all sorts are inestimable treasures, and I thank you both for 1836.] BAH I A. • 237 them. The desert, volcanic rocks, and wild sea of Ascension, as soon as I knew there was news from home, suddenly wore a pleasing aspect, and I set to work with a good-will at my old work of Geology. You would be surprised to know how entirely the pleasure in arriving at a new place depends on letters. W« only stayed four days at Ascension, and then made a very ^ood passage to Bahia. I little thought to have put my foot on South American coast again. It has been almost painful to find how much good enthusiasm has been evaporated during the last four years. I can now walk soberly through a Brazilian forest; not but what it is exquisitely beautiful, but now, instead of seeking for splendid contrasts, I compare the stately mango trees with the horse-chestnuts of England. Although this zigzag has lost us at least a fortnight, in some respects I am glad of it. I think I shall be able to carry away one vivid picture of inter-tropical scenery. We go from hence to the Cape de Verds ; that is, if the winds or the Equatorial calms will allow us. I have some faint hopes that a steady foul wind might induce the Captain to proceed direct to the Azores. For which most untoward event I heartily pray. Both your letters were full of good news ; especially the expressions which you tell me Professor Sedgwick used about my collections. I confess they are deeply gratifying — I trust one part at least will turn out true, and that I shall act as I now think— as a man who dares to waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of life. Professor Sedgwick men- tioning my name at all gives me hopes that he will assist me with his advice, of which, in my geological questions, I stand much in need. It is useless to tell you from the shameful state of this scribble that I am writing against time, having been out all morning, and now there are some strangers on board to whom I must go down and talk civility. Moreover, as this letter goes by a foreign ship, it is doubtful whether it will ever arrive. Farewell, my very dear Susan and all of you. Good-bye. C. Darwin. 238 THE VOYAGE. /ETAT. 27. [1836. C. Darwin to J. S. Hemlow. St. Helena, July 9, 1836. My dear Henslow, I am going to ask you to do me a favour. I am very anxious to belong to the Geological Society. I do not know, but I suppose it is necessary to be proposed some time be- fore being ballotted for ; if such is the case, would you be good enough to take the proper preparatory steps ? Professor Sedgwick very kindly offered to propose me before leaving England, if he should happen to be in London. I dare say he would yet do so. I have very little to write about. We have neither seen, done, or heard of anything particular for a long time past ; and indeed if at present the wonders of another planet could be displayed before us, I believe we should unanimously exclaim, what a consummate plague. No schoolboys ever sung the half sentimental and half jovial strain of * dulce domum ' with more fervour, than we all feel inclined to do. But the whole subject of ' dulce domum,* and the delight of seeing one's friends, is most dangerous, it must infallibly make one very prosy or very boisterous. Oh, the degree to which I long to be once again living quietly with not one single novel object near me! No one can imagine it till he has been whirled round the world during five long years in a ten-gun-brig. I am at present living in a small house (amongst the clouds) in the centre of the island, and within stone's throw of Napoleon's tomb. It is blowing a gale of wind with heavy rain and wretchedly cold ; if Napoleon's ghost haunts his dreary place of confinement, this would be a most excel- lent night for such wandering spirits. If the weather chooses to permit me, I hope to see a little of the Geology (so often partially described) of the island. I suspect that differently from most volcanic islands its structure is rather complicated. It seems strange that this little centre of a distinct creation should, as is asserted, bear marks of recent elevation. The Beagle proceeds from this place to Ascension, then to 1836.] SIR J. HERSCHEL. 239 the Cape de Verds (what miserable places !) to the Azores to Plymouth, and then to home. That most glorious of all days in my life will not, however, arrive till the middle of October. Some time in that month you will see me at Cambridge, where I must directly come to report myself to you, as my first Lord of the Admiralty. At the Cape of Good Hope we all on board suffered a bitter disappointment in missing nine months* letters, which are chasing us from one side of the globe to the other. I dare say amongst them there was a letter from you ; it is long since I have seen your hand- writing, but I shall soon see you yourself, which is far better. As I am your pupil, you are bound to undertake the task of criticising and scolding me for all the things ill done and not done at all, which I fear I shall need much ; but I hope for the best, and I am sure I have a good if not too easy task- master. At the Cape Captain Fitz-Roy and myself enjoyed a mem- orable piece of good fortune in meeting Sir J. Herschel. We dined at his house and saw him a few times besides. He was exceedingly good natured, but his manners at first ap- peared to me rather awful. He is living in a very comforta- ble country house, surrounded by fir and oak trees, which alone in so open a country, give a most charming air of seclu- sion and comfort. He appears to find time for everything ; he showed us a pretty garden full of Cape bulbs of his own collecting, and I afterwards understood that everything was the work of his own hands. ... I am very stupid, and I have nothing more to say ; the wind is whistling so mournfully over the bleak hills, that I shall go to bed and dream of England. Good night, my dear Henslow, Yours most truly obliged and affectionately, Chas. Darwin. 240 THE VOYAGE. 7ETAT. 27. [1836. C. Darwin to J. S. Henslow. Shrewsbury, Thursday, October 6, [1836]. My dear Henslow, I am sure you will congratulate me on the delight of once again being home. The Beagle arrived at Falmouth on Sun- day evening, and I reached Shrewsbury yesterday morning. I am exceedingly anxious to see you, and as it will be neces- sary in four or five days to return to London to get my goods and chattels out of the Beagle^ it appears to me my best plan to pass through Cambridge. I want your advice on many points ; indeed I am in the clouds, and neither know what to do or where to go. My chief puzzle is about the geologi- cal specimens — who will have the charity to help me in de- scribing their mineralogical nature ? Will you be kind enough to write to me one line by return of post ^ saying whether you are now at Cambridge ? I am doubtful till I hear from Captain Fitz-Roy whether I shall not be obliged to start be- fore the answer can arrive, but pray try the chance. My dear Henslow, I do long to see you ; you have been the kindest friend to me that ever man possessed. I can write no more, for I am giddy with joy and confusion. Farewell for the present. Yours most truly obliged, Charles Darwin. C Darwin to R. Fitz-Roy. Shrewsbury, Thursday morning, October 6, [1836]. My dear Fitz-Roy, I arrived here yesterday morning at breakfast time, and, thank God, found all my dear good sisters and father quite well. My father appears more cheerful and very little older than when I left. My sisters assure me I do not look the least different, and I am able to return the compliment. In- deed, all England appears changed excepting the good old i836.] HOME. 241 town of Shrewsbury and its inhabitants, which, for all I can see to the contrary, may go on as they now are to Doomsday. I wish with all my heart I was writing to you amongst your friends instead of at that horrid Plymouth. But the day will soon come, and you will be as happy as I now am. I do assure you I am a very great man at home ; the five years' voyage has certainly raised me a hundred per cent. I fear such greatness must experience a fall. I am thoroughly ashamed of myself in what a dead-and- half-alive state I spent the few last days on board ; my only excuse is that certainly I was not quite well. The first day in the mail tired me, but as I drew nearer to Shrewsbury everything looked more beautiful and cheerful. In passing Gloucestershire and Worcestershire I wished much for you to admire the fields, woods, and orchards. The stupid people on the coach did not seem to think the fields one bit greener than usual ; but I am sure we should have thoroughly agreed that the wide world does not contain so happy a prospect as the rich cultivated land of England. I hope you will not forget to send me a note telling me how you go on. I do indeed hope all your vexations and trouble with respect to our voyage, which we now know has an end, have come to a close. If you do not receive much satisfaction for all the mental and bodily energy you have expended in His Majesty's service, you will be most hardly treated. I put my radical sisters into an uproar at some of the prudent (if they were not honest Whigs, I would say shabby) proceedings of our Government. By the way, I must tell you for the honour and glory of the family that my father has a large engraving of King George IV. put up in his sitting-room. But I am no renegade, and by the time we meet my politics will be as firmly fixed and as wisely founded as ever they were. I thought when I began this letter I would convince you what a steady and sober frame of mind I was in. But I find I am writing most precious nonsense. Two or three of our labourers yesterday immediately set to work and got most 242 THE VOYAGE. ^TAT. 27. [1836, excessively drunk in honour of the arrival of Master Charles. Who then shall gainsay if Master Charles himself chooses to make himself a fool. Good-bye. God bless you ! I hope you are as happy, but much wiser, than your most sincere but unworthy philosopher, Chas. Darwin. CHAPTER VII. LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. I 836-1 842. [The period illustrated by the following letters includes the years between my father's return from the voyage of the Beagle and his settling at Down. It is marked by the gradual appearance of that weakness of health which ulti- mately forced him to leave London and take up his abode for the rest of his life in a quiet country house. In June, 1 84 1, he writes to Lyell : " My father scarcely seems to ex- pect that I shall become strong for some years ; it has been a bitter mortification for me to digest the conclusion that the * race is for the strong,' and that I shall probably do little more but be content to admire the strides others make in science." There is no evidence of any intention of entering a profes- sion after his return from the voyage, and early in 1840 he wrote to Fitz-Roy : ** I have nothing to wish for, excepting stronger health to go on with the subjects to which I have joyfully determined to devote my life." These two conditions — permanent ill-health and a passion- ate love of scientific work for its own sake — determined thus early in his career, the character of his whole future life. They impelled him to lead a retired life of constant labour, carried on to the utmost limits of his physical power, a life which signally falsified his melancholy prophecy. The end of the last chapter saw my father safely arrived 244 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 27. at Shrewsbury on October 4, 1836, " after an absence of five years and two days." He wrote to Fox : " You cannot imagine how gloriously delightful my first visit was at home ; is was worth the banishment." But it was a pleasure that he could not long enjoy, for in the last days of October he was at Greenwich unpacking specimens from the Beagle. As to the destination of the collections he writes, somewhat de- spondingly, to Henslow : — " I have not made much progress with the great men. I find, as you told me, that they are all overwhelmed with their own business. Mr. Lyell has entered, in the most good- natured manner, and almost without being asked, into all my plans. He tells me, however, the same story, that I must do all myself. Mr. Owen seems anxious to dissect some of the animals in spirits, and, besides these two, I have scarcely met any one who seems to wish to possess any of my specimens. I must except Dr. Grant, who is willing to examine some of the corallines. I see it is quite unreasonable to hope for a minute that any man will undertake the examination of a whole order. It is clear the collectors so much outnumber the real naturalists that the latter have no time to spare. " I do not even find that the Collections care for receiving, the unnamed specimens. The Zoological Museum * is nearly full, and upwards of a thousand specimens remain unmounted. I dare say the British Museum would receive them, but I can- not feel, from all I hear, any great respect even for the pres- ent state of that establishment. Your plan will be not only the best, but the only one, namely, to come down to Cam- bridge, arrange and group together the different families, and then wait till people, who are already working in different branches, may want specimens. But it appears to me [that] to do this it will be almost necessary to reside in London. As far as I can yet see my best plan will be to spend several months in Cambridge, and then when, by your assistance, I * The Museum of the Zoological Society, then at 33 Bruton Street The collection was some years later broken up and dispersed. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 245 know on what ground I stand, to emigrate to London, where I can complete my Geology and try to push on the Zoology. I assure you I grieve to find how many things make me see the necessity of living for some time in this dirty, odious London. For even in Geology I suspect much assistance and communication will be necessary in this quarter, for in- stance, in fossil bones, of which none excepting the fragments of Megatherium have been looked at, and I clearly see that without my presence they never would be. . . . " I only wish I had known the Botanists cared so much for specimens * and the Zoologists so little ; the proportional number of specimens in the two branches should have had a very different appearance. I am out of patience with the Zoologists, not because they are overworked, but for their mean, quarrelsome spirit. I went the other evening to the Zoological Society, where the speakers were snarling at each other in a manner anything but like that of gentlemen. Thank Heavens ! as long as I remain in Cambridge there will not be any danger of falling into any such contemptible quarrels, whilst in London I do not see how it is to be avoided. Of the Naturalists, F. Hope is out of London ; Westwood I have not seen, so about my insects I know nothing. I have seen Mr. Yarrell twice, but he is so evidently oppressed with busi- ness that it is too selfish to plague him with my concerns. He has asked me to dine with the Linnean on Tuesday, and on Wednesday I dine with the Geological, so that I shall see all the great men. Mr. Bell, I hear, is so much occupied that there is no chance of his wishing for specimens of rep- * A passage in a subsequent letter shows that his plants also gave him some anxiety. " I met Mr. Brown a few days after you had called on him ; he asked me in rather an ominous manner what I meant to do with my plants. In the course of conversation Mr. Broderip, who was present, re- marked to him, ' You forget how long it is since Captain King's expedi- tion.' He answered, * Indeed, I have something in the shape of Captain Kings's undescribed plants to make me recollect it.' Could a better reason be given, if I had been asked, by me, for not giving the plants to the Brit- sh Museum?" 246 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 27. tiles. I have forgotten to mention Mr. Lonsdale,* who gave me a most cordial reception, and with whom I had much most interesting conversation. If I was not much more inclined for geology than the other branches of Natural History, I am sure Mr. Lyell's and Lonsdale's kindness ought to fix me. You cannot conceive anything more thoroughly good-natured than the heart-and-soul manner in which he put himself in my place and thought what would be best to do. At first he was all for London versus Cambridge, but at last I made him confess that, for some time at least, the latter would be for me much the best. There is not another soul whom I could ask, excepting yourself, to wade through and criticise some of those papers which I have left with you. Mr. Lyell owned that, second to London, there was no place in England so good for a Naturalist as Cambridge. Upon my word I am ashamed of writing so many foolish details ; no young lady ever described her first ball with more particularity." A few days later he writes more cheerfully : " I became acquainted with Mr. Bell, f who to my surprise expressed a good deal of interest about my Crustacea and reptiles, and seems willing to work at them. I also heard that Mr. Broderip would be glad to look over the South American shells, so that things flourish well with me." About his plants he writes with characteristic openness as to his own ignorance : '* You have made me known amongst the botanists, but I felt very foolish when Mr. Don remarked on the beautiful appearance of some plant with an astounding long name, and asked me about its habitation. Some one else seemed quite surprised that I knew nothing about a Carex * William Lonsdale, b. 1794, d. 1871, was originally in the army, and served at the battles of Salamanca and Waterloo. After the war he left the service and gave himself up to science. He acted as assistant secre- tary to the Geological Society from 1829-42, when he resigned, owing to ill health. f T. Bell, F.R.S., formerly Prof, of Zoology in King's College, London, and sometime secretary to the Royal Society. He afterwards described the reptiles for the zoology of the voyage of the Beagle. GEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 247 from I do not knov/ where. I was at last forced to plead most entire innocence, and that I knew no more about the plants which I had collected than the man in the moon." As to part of his Geological Collection he was soon able to write : *' I [have] disposed of the most important part [of J my collections, by giving ail the fossil bones to the College of Surgeons, casts of them will be distributed, and descrip- tions published. They are very curious and valuable ; one head belonged to some gnawing animal, but of the size of a Hippopotamus! Another to an ant-eater of the size of a horse ! " It is worth noting that at this time the only extinct mam- malia from South America, which had been described, were Mastodon (three species) and Megatherium. The remains of the other extinct Edentata from Sir Woodbine Parish's col- lection had not been described. My father's specimens in- cluded (besides the above-mentioned Toxodon and Scelido- therium) the remains of Mylodon, Glossotherium, another gigantic animal allied to the ant-eater, and Macrauchenia, His discovery of these remains is a matter of interest in itself, but it has a special importance as a point in his own life, since it was the vivid impression produced by excavating them with his own hands * that formed one of the chief starting-points of his speculation on the origin of species. This is shown in the following extract from his Pocket Book for this year (1837) : " In July opened first note-book on Transmutation of Species. Had been greatly struck from about the month of previous March on character of South American fossils, and species on Galapagos Archipelago. These facts (espe- cially latter), origin of all my views."] * I have often heard him speak of the despair with which he had to break off the projecting extremity of a huge, partly excavated bone, when the boat waiting for him would wait no longer. 17 248 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 27. [1836. 1836-1837. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. 43 Great Marlborough Street, November 6th [1836]. My dear Fox, I have taken a shamefully long time in answering youi letter. But the busiest time of the whole voyage has been tranquillity itself to this last month. After paying Henslow a short but very pleasant visit, I came up to town to wait for the Beagle s arrival. At last I have removed all my property from on board, and sent the specimens of Natural History to Cambridge, so that I am now a free man. My London visit has been quite idle as far as Natural History goes, but has been passed in most exciting dissipation amongst the Dons in science. All my affairs, indeed, are most prosperous ; I find there are plenty who will undertake the description of whole tribes of animals, of which I know nothing. So that about this day month I hope to set to work tooth and nail at the Geology, which I shall publish by itself. It is quite ridiculous what an immensely long period it appears to me since landing at Falmouth. The fact is I have talked and laughed enough for years instead of weeks, so [that] my memory is quite confounded with the noise. I am delighted to hear you are turned geologist : when I pay the Isle of Wight a visit, which I am determined shall somehow come to pass, you will be a capital cicerone to the famous line of dislocation. I really suppose there are few parts of the world more interesting to a geologist than your island. Amongst the great scientific men, no one has been nearly so friendly and kind as Lyell. I have seen him several times, and feel inclined to like him much. You cannot imagine how good-naturedly he entered into all my plans. I speak now only of the London men, for Henslow was just like his former self, and therefore a most cordial and affectionate friend. When you pay London a visit I shall be very proud to take you to the Geological Society, for be it known, I was i837-l CHRIST'S COLLEGE. 249 proposed to be a F. G. S. last Tuesday. It is, however, a great pity that these and the other letters, especially F. R. S., are so very expensive. I do not scruple to ask you to write to me in a week's time in Shrewsbury, for you are a good letter writer, and if people will have such good characters they must pay the penalty. Good-bye, dear Fox. Yours, C. D. [His affairs being thus so far prosperously managed he was able to put into execution his plan of living at Cambridge, where he settled on December loth, 1836. He was at first a guest in the comfortable home of the Henslows, but after- wards, for the sake of undisturbed work, he moved into lodg- ings. He thus writes to Fox, March 13th, 1837, from Lon- don : — " My residence at Cambridge was rather longer than I expected, owing to a job which I determined to finish there, namely, looking over all my geological specimens. Cambridge yet continues a very pleasant, but not half so merry a place as before. To walk through the courts of Christ's College, and not know an inhabitant of a single room, gave one a feeling half melancholy. The only evil I found in Cambridge was its being too pleasant : there was some agreeable party or another every evening, and one cannot say one is engaged with so much impunity there as in this great city." A trifling record of my father's presence in Cambridge occurs in the book kept in Christ's College combination-room, where fines and bets were recorded, the earlier entries giving a curious impression of the after-dinner frame of mind of the fellows. The bets were not allowed to be made in money, but were, like the fines, paid in wine. The bet which my father made and lost is thus recorded : — ''^ Feb. 23, 1837. — Mr. Darwin v. Mr. Baines, that the com- bination-room measures from the ceiling to the floor more than (x) feet. i Bottle paid same day. 250 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 28. [1837. " N. B. Mr. Darwin may measure at any part of the room he pleases." Besides arranging the geological and mineralogical speci- mens, he had his ' Journal of Researches ' to work at, which occupied his evenings at Cambridge. He also read a short paper at the Zoological Society,* and another at the Geologi- cal Society,! on the recent elevation of the coast of Chili. Early in the spring of 1837 (March 6th) he left Cambridge for London, and a week later he was settled in lodgings at 36 Great Marlborough Street ; and except for a " short visit to Shrewsbury " in June, he worked on till September, being almost entirely employed on his * Journal.* He found time, however, for two papers at the Geological Society.}; He writes of his work to Fox (March, 1837): — " In your last letter you urge me to get ready the book. I am now hard at work and give up everything else for it. Our plan is as follows : Captain Fitz-Roy writes two volumes out of the materials collected during the last voyage under Capt. King to Tierra del Fuego, and during our circumnavigation. I am to have the third volume, in which I intend giving a kind of journal of a naturalist, not following, however, always the ord^r of time, but rather the order of position. The habits of animals will occupy a large portion, sketches of the geology, the appearance of the country, and personal details will make the hodge-podge complete. Afterwards I shall write an account of the geology in detail, and draw up some zoological papers. So that I have plenty of work for the next year or two, and till that is finished I will have no holi- days." * "Notes upon Rhea Americana," *Zool. Soc. Proc' v. 1837, pp. 35, 36. f * Geol. Soc. Proc' ii. 1838, pp. 446-449. %'■'■ h sketch of the deposits containing extinct mammalia in the neigh- bourhood of the Plata," * Geol. Soc. Proc' ii. 1838, pp. 542-544 ; and "On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and Indian oceans, as deduced from the study of coral formations," ' Geol. Soc Proc* ii. 1838, PP- 552-554. i837.] ZOOLOGY OF THE BEAGLE. 25 1 Another letter to Fox (July) gives an account of the prog- ress of his work : — " I gave myself a holiday and a visit to Shrewsbury [in June], as I had finished my Journal. I shall now be very busy in filling up gaps and getting it quite ready for the press by the first of August. I shall always feel respect for every one who has written a book, let it be what it may, for I had no idea of the trouble which trying to write common English could cost one. And, alas, there yet remains the worst part of all, correcting the press. As soon as ever that is done I must put my shoulder to the wheel and commence at the Geology. I have read some short papers to the Geological Society, and they were favourably received by the great guns, and this gives me much confidence, and I hope not a very great deal of vanity, though I confess I feel too often like a peacock admiring his tail. I never expected that my Geology would ever have been worth the consideration of such men as Lyell, who has been to me, since my return, a most active friend. My life is a very busy one at present, and I hope may ever remain so ; though Heaven knows there are many serious drawbacks to such a life, and chief amongst them is the little time it allows one for seeing one's natural friends. For the last three years, I have been longing and longing to be living at Shrewsbury, and after all now in the course of several months, I see my dear good people at Shrewsbury for a week. Susan and Catherine have, however, been staying with my brother here for some weeks, but they had returned home before my visit." Besides the work already mentioned he had much to busy him in making arrangements for the publication of the ' Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle' The following letters illustrate this subject.] 252 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. .ETAT. 28. [1837 C. Darwin to L. Jenyns* 36 Great Marlborough Street, April loth, 1837. Dear Jenyns, During the last week several of the zoologists of this place have been urging me to consider the possibility of publishing the * Zoology of the Beagle's Voyage ' on some uniform plan. Mr. Macleayt has taken a great deal of interest in the sub- ject, and maintains that such a publication is very desirable, because it keeps together a series of observations made re- specting animals inhabiting the same part of the world, and allows any future traveller taking them with him. How far this facility of reference is of any consequence I am very doubtful ; but if such is the case, it would be more satis- factory to myself to see the gleanings of my hands, after hav- ing passed through the brains of other naturalists, collected together in one work. But such considerations ought not to have much weight. The whole scheme is at present merely floating in the air ; but I was determined to let you know, as I should much like to know what you think about it, and whether you would object to supply descriptions of the fish to such a work instead of to ' Transactions.' I apprehend the whole will be impracticable, without Government will aid in engraving the plates, and this I fear is a mere chance, only I think I can put in a strong claim, and get myself well backed by the naturalists of this place, who nearly all take a * Now Rev. L. Blomefield. f William Sharp Macleay was the son of Alexander Macleay, formerly Colonial Secretary of New South Wales, and for many years Secretary of the Linnean Society. The son, who was a most zealous Naturalist, and had inherited from his father a very large general collection of insects, made Entomology his chief study, and gained great notoriety by his now forgotten Quinary System, set forth in the Second Part of his ' Horae En- tomologicse,' published in 1821. — [I am indebted to Rev. L. Blomefield for the foregoing note.] t337.] the journal. 253 good deal of interest in my collections. I mean to-morrow to see Mr. Yarrell ; if he approves, I shall begin and take more active steps ; for I hear he is most prudent and most wise. It is scarcely any use speculating about any plan, but I thought of getting subscribers and publishing the work in parts (as long as funds would last, for I myself will not lose money by it). In such case, whoever had his own part ready on any order might publish it separately (and ultimately the parts might be sold separately), so that no one should be de- layed by the other. The plan would resemble, on a humble scale, Ruppel's * Atlas,' or Humboldt's * Zoologie,* where Latreille, Cuvier, &c., wrote different parts. I myself should have little to do with it ; excepting in some orders adding habits and ranges, &c., and geographical sketches, and per- haps afterwards some descriptions of invertebrate ani- mals .... I am working at my Journal ; it gets on slowly, though I am not idle. I thought Cambridge a bad place from good dinners and other temptations, but I find London no better, and I fear it may grow worse. I have a capital friend in Lyell, and see a great deal of him, which is very advanta- geous to me in discussing much South American geology. I miss a walk in the country very much ; this London is a vile smoky place, where a man loses a great part of the best en- joyments in life. But I see no chance of escaping, even for a week, from this prison for a long time to come. I fear it will be some time before we shall meet ; for I suppose you will not come up here during the spring, and I do not think I shall be able to go down to Cambridge. How I should like to have a good walk along the Newmarket road to- morrow, but Oxford Street must do instead. I do hate the streets of London. Will you tell Henslow to be careful with the edible fungi from Tierra del Fuego, for I shall want some specimens for Mr. Brown, who seems particularly interested about them. Tell Henslow, I think my silicified wood ,has unflintified Mr. Brown's heart, for he was very gracious to me, and talked about the Galapagos plants ; but before he never 254. LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. yETAT. 28. [1837. would say a word. It is just striking twelve o'clock ; so I will wish you a very good night. My dear Jenyns, Yours most truly, C. Darwin. [A few weeks later the plan seems to have been matured, and the idea of seeking Government aid to have been adopted.] C. Darwin to J. S. Henslow. 36 Great Marlborough Street, [i8th May, 1837]. My dear Henslow, I was very glad to receive your letter. I wanted much to hear how you were getting on with your manifold labours. Indeed I do not wonder your head began to ache ; it is al- most a wonder you have any head left. Your account of the Gamlingay expedition was cruelly tempting, but I cannot anyhow leave London. I wanted to pay my good, dear peo- ple at Shrewsbury a visit of a few days, but I found I could not manage it ; at present I am waiting for the signatures of the Duke of Somerset, as President of the Linnean, and of Lord Derby and Whewell, to a statement of the value of my collection ; the instant I get this I shall apply to Government for assistance in engraving, and so publish the 'Zoology' on some uniform plan. It is quite ridiculous the time any operation requires which depends on many people. I have been working very steadily, but have only got two- thirds through the Journal part alone, I find, though I re- main daily many hours at work, the progress is very slow : it is an awful thing to say to oneself, every fool and every clever man in England, if he chooses, may make as many ill- natured remarks as he likes on this unfortunate sentence. ***** [In August he writes to Henslow to announce the success of the scheme for the publication of the * Zoology of the i8370 GOVERNMENT GRANT. 255 Voyage of the Buigle,' through the promise of a grant of ;^iooo from the Treasury : " I have delayed writing to you, to thank you most sincerely for having so effectually managed my affair. I waited till I had an interview with the Chancel- lor of the Exchequer.* He appointed to see me this morn- ing, and I had a long conversation with him, Mr. Peacock being present. Nothing could be more thoroughly obliging and kind than his whole manner. He made no sort of re- striction, but only told me to make the most of [the] money, which of course I am right willing to do. " I expected rather an awful interview, but I never found anything less so in my life. It will be my fault if I do not make a good work ; but I sometimes take an awful fright that I have not materials enough. It will be excessively satisfactory at the end of some two years to find all materials made the most they were capable of." Later in the autumn he wrote to Henslow : " I have not been very well of late, with an uncomfortable* palpitation of the heart, and my doctors urge me strongly to knock off all work, and go and live in the country for a few weeks." He accordingly took a holiday of about a month at Shrewsbury and Maer, and paid Fox a visit in the Isle of Wight. It was, I believe, during this visit, at Mr. Wedgwood's house at Maer, that he made his first observations on the work done by earthworms, and late in the autumn he read a paper on the subject at the Geological Society. f During these two months he was also busy preparing the scheme of the ' Zool- ogy of the Voyage of the Beagle^' and in beginning to put to* gether the Geological results of his travels. The following letter refers to the proposal that he should take the Secretaryship of the Geological Society.] * T. Spring Rice. f *' On the formation of mould," ' Geol. Soc. Proc' ii. 1838, pp 574- 576. 256 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. .^TAT. 28. fiSa;. C. Darwin to J. S. Henslow. October 14th, [1837], My dear Henslow, ... I am much obliged to you for your message about the Secretaryship. I am exceedingly anxious for you to hear my side of the question, and will you be so kind as afterwards to give me your fair judgment. The subject has haunted me all summer. I am unwilling to undertake the office for the following reasons : First, my entire ignorance of EngUsh Geology, a knowledge of which would be almost necessary in order to shorten many of the papers before reading them be- fore the Society, or rather to know what parts to skip. Again, my ignorance of all languages, and not knowing how to pro- nounce a single word of French — a language so perpetually quoted. It would be disgraceful to the Society to have a Secretary who could not read French. Secondly, the loss of time ; pray consider that I should have to look after the artists, superintend and furnish materials for the Government work, which will come out in parts, and which must appear regularly. All my Geological notes are in a very rough state ; none of my fossil shells worked up ; and I have much to read. I have had hopes, by giving up society and not wasting an hour, that I should finish my Geology in a year and a half, by which time the description of the higher animals by others would be completed, and my whole time would then neces- sarily be required to complete myself the description of the invertebrate ones. If this plan fails, as the Government work must go on, the Geology would necessarily be deferred till probably at least three years from this time. In the present state of the science, a great part of the utility of the little I have done would be lost, and all freshness and pleasure quite taken from me. I know from experience the time required to make ab- stracts even of my own papers for the * Proceedings.' If I was Secretary, and had to make double abstracts of each paper, studying them before reading, and attendance would at leasi i837.] SECRETARYSHIP. 257 cost me three days (and often more) in the fortnight. There are likewise other accidental and contingent losses of time ; I know Dr. Royle found the office consumed much of his time. If by merely giving up any amusement, or by working harder than I have done, I could save time, I would under- take the Secretaryship ; but I appeal to you whether, with my slow manner of writing, with two works in hand, and with the certainty, if I cannot complete the Geological part within a fixed period, that its publication must be retarded for a very long time,— whether any Society whatever has any claim on me for three days' disagreeable work every fortnight. I can- not agree that it is a duty on my part, as a follower of science, as long as I devote myself to the completion of the work I have in hand, to delay that, by undertaking what rnay be done by any person who happens to have more spare time than I have at present. Moreover, so early in my scientific life, with so very much as I have to learn, the office, though no doubt a great honour, &c., for me, would be the more burden- some. Mr. Whewell (I know very well), judging from him- self, will think I exaggerate the time the Secretaryship would require ; but I absolutely know the time which with me the simplest writing consumes, I do not at all like appearing so selfish as to refuse Mr. Whewell, more especially as he has always shown, in the kindest manner, an interest in my affairs. But I cannot look forward with even tolerable comfort to un- dertaking an office without entering on it heart and soul, and that would be impossible with the Government work and the Geology in hand. My last objection is, that I doubt how far my health will stand the confinement of what I have to do, without any ad- ditional work. I merely repeat, that you may know I am not speaking idly, that when I consulted Dr. Clark in town, he at first urged me to give up entirely all writing and even cor- recting press for some weeks. Of late anything which flurries me completely knocks me up afterwards, and brings on a vio- lent palpitation of the heart. Now the Secretaryship would be a periodical source of more annoying trouble to me than 258 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT, 28. [1837 all the rest of the fortnight put together. In fact, till I return to town, and see how I get on, if I wished the office ever so much, I could not say I would positively undertake ito I beg of you to excuse this very long prose all about myself, but the point is one of great interest. I can neither bear to think myself very selfish and sulky, nor can I see the possibility of my taking the Secretaryship without making a sacrifice of all my plans and a good deal of comfort. If you see Whewell, would you telL him the substance of this letter ; or, if he will take the trouble, he may read it. My dear Henslow, I appeal to you in loco parentis. Pray tell me what you think .'^ But do not judge me by the activity of mind which you and a few others possess, for in that case the rnore difficult things in hand the pleasanter the work ; but, though I hope I never shall be idle, such is not the case with me. Ever, dear Henslow, Yours most truly, C. Darwin. [He ultimately accepted the post, and held it for three years — from February 16, 1838, to February 19, 1841. After being assured of the Grant for the publication of the * Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle,' there was much to be done in arranging the scheme of publication, and this occupied him during part of October and November.] C. Darwin to J. S. Henslow. [4th November, 1837.] My dear Henslow, . . . Pray tell Leonard* that my Government work is going on smoothly, and I hope will be prosperous. He will see in the Prospectus his name attached to the fish ; I set my shoulders to the work with a good heart. I am very much better than I was during the last month before my Shrews- * Rev. L. Jenyns. 1838.] CAMBRIDGE. 25^ bury visit. I fear the Geology will take me a great deal of time ; I was looking over one set of notes, and the quantity I found I had to read, for that one place was frightful. If I live till I am eighty years old I shall not cease to marvel at finding myself an author ; in the summer before I started, if any one had told me that I should have been an angel by this time, I should have thought it an equal impossibility. This marvellous transformation is all owing to you. I am sorry to find that a good many errata are left in the part of my volume, which is printed. During my absence Mr. Colburn employed some goose to revise, and he has mul- tiplied, instead of diminishing my oversights ; but for all that, the smooth paper and clear type has a charming appear- ance, and I sat the other evening gazing in silent admiration at the first page of my own volume, when I received it from the printers ! Good-bye, my dear Henslow, C. Darwin. 1838. [From the beginning of this year to nearly the end of June, he was busily employed on the zoological and geological re- sults of his voyage. This spell of work was interrupted only by a visit of three days to Cambridge, in May ; and even this short holiday was taken in consequence of failing health, as we may assume from the entry in his diary : "May ist, un- well," and from a letter to his sister (May 16, 1838), when he wrote : — " My trip of three days to Cambridge has done me such wonderful good, and filled my limbs with such elasticity,, that I must get a little work out of my body before another holi- day." This holiday seems to have been thoroughly enjoyed ; he wrote to his sister : — " Now for Cambridge : I stayed at Henslow's house and enjoyed my visit extremely. My friends gave me a most cordial welcome. Indeed, I was quite a lion there. Mrs. Henslow unfortunately was obliged to go on Friday for a 26o LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. .^TAT. 29. [183&. visit in the country. That evening we had at Henslow's a brilliant party of all the geniuses in Cambridge, and a most remarkable set of men they most assuredly are. On Saturday I rode over to L. Jenyns', and spent the morning with him. I found him very cheerful, but bitterly complaining of his solitude. On Saturday evening dined at one of the Colleges, played at bowls on the College Green after dinner, and was deafened with nightingales singing. Sunday, dined in Trinity ; capital dinner, and was very glad to sit by Professor Lee * . . . ; I find him a very pleasant chatting man, and in high spirits like a boy, at having lately returned from a living or a curacy, for seven years in Somersetshire, to civilised society and oriental manuscripts. He had exchanged his living to one within fourteen miles of Cambridge, and seemed perfectly happy. In the evening attended Trinity Chapel, and heard *The Heavens are telling the Glory of God,' in magnificent style ; the last chorus seemed to shake the very walls of the College. After chapel a large party in Sedgwick's rooms. So much for my Annals." He started, towards the end of June, on his expedition to Glen Roy, of which he writes to Fox : " I have not been very well of late, which has suddenly determined me to leave Lon- don earlier than I had anticipated. I go by the steam-packet to Edinburgh, — take a solitary walk on Salisbury Craigs, and call up old thoughts of former times, then go on to Glasgow and the great valley of Inverness, near which I intend stop- ping a week to geologise the parallel roads of Glen Roy, thence to Shrewsbury, Maer for one day, and London for smoke, ill- health and hard work." He spent ''eight good days" over the Parallel Roads. His Essay on this subject was written out during the same summer, and published by the Royal Society. f He wrote in his Pocket Book : " September 6 [1838]. Finished the paper * Samuel Lee, of Queens', was Professor of Arabic from 1819 to 1831, ad Regius Professor of Hebrew from 1831 to 1848. f ' Phil. Trans.' 1839, pp. 39-82. 1838.] GLEN ROY. 261 on ' Glen Roy,* one of the most difficult and instructive tasks I was ever engaged on." It will be remembered that in his ' Recollections ' he speaks of this paper as a failure, of which he was ashamed. At the time at which he wrote, the latest theory of the for. mation of the Parallel Roads was that of Sir Lauder Dick and Dr. Macculloch, who believed that lakes had anciently existed in Glen Roy, caused by dams of rock or allu- vium. In arguing against this theory he conceived that he had disproved the admissibility of any lake theory, but in this point he was mistaken. He wrote (Glen Roy paper, p. 49) ''the conclusion is inevitable, that no hypo- thesis founded on the supposed existence of a sheet of water confined by barriers, that is a lake, can be admitted as solving the problematical origin of the parallel roads of Lochaber." Mr. Archibald Geikie has been so good as to allow me to quote a passage from a letter addressed to me (Nov. 19, 1884) in compliance with my request for his opinion on the charac- ter of my father's Glen Roy work : — " Mr. Darwin's * Glen Roy * paper, I need not say, is marked by all his characteristic acuteness of observation and determination to consider all possible objections. It is a curious example, however, of the danger of reasoning by a method of exclusion in Natural Science. Finding that the waters which formed the terraces in the Glen Roy region could not possibly have been dammed back by barriers of rock or of detritus, he saw no alternative but to regard them as the work of the sea. Had the idea of transient barriers of glacier-ice occurred to him, he would have found the diffi- culties vanish from the lake-theory which he opposed, and he would not have been unconsciously led to minimise the alto- gether overwhelming objections to the supposition that the terraces are of marine origin." It may be added that the idea of the barriers being formed by glaciers could hardly have occurred to him, considering what was the state of knowledge at the time, and bearing in 262 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 29. [1838. mind his want of opportunities of observing glacial action on a large scale. The latter half of July was passed at Shrewsbury and Maer. The only entry of any interest is one of being " very idle " at Shrewsbury, and of opening "a note-book connected with metaphysical inquiries." In August he records that he read " a good deal of various amusing books, and paid some attention to metaphysical subjects." The work done during the remainder of the year comprises the book on coral reefs (begun in October), and some work on the phenomena of elevation in S. America.] C. Darwin to C. Lyell. 36 Great Marlborough Street, August 9th [1838]. My dear Lyell, I did not write to you at Norwich, for I thought I should have more to say, if I waited a few more days. Very many thanks for the present of your ' Elements,* which I received (and I believe the very first copy distributed) together with your note. I have read it through every word, and am full of admiration of it, and, as I now see no geologist, I must talk to you about it. There is no pleasure in reading a book if one cannot have a good talk over it ; I repeat, I am full of admiration of it, it is as clear as daylight, in fact I felt in many parts some mortification at thinking how geologists have laboured and struggled at proving what seems, as you have put it, so evidently probable. I read with much interest your sketch of the secondary deposits ; you have contrived to make it quite "juicy," as we used to say as children of a good story. There was also much new to me, and I have to copy out some fifty notes and references. It must do good, the heretics against common sense must yield. . . . By the way, do you recollect my telling you how much I disliked the manner referred to his other works, as much as to say, " You must, ought, and shall buy everything I have written." To my mind, you have somehow quite 1838.] GLEN ROY. 263 avoided this ; your references only seem to say, " I can't tell you all in this work, else I would, so you must go to the * Principles ' " ; and many a one, I trust, you will send there, and make them, like me, adorers of the good science of rock- breaking. You will see I am in a fit of enthusiasm, and good cause I have to be, when I find you have made such infinitely more use of my Journal than I could have anticipated. I will say no more about the book, for it is all praise. I must, however, admire the elaborate honesty with which you quote the words of all living and dead geologists. My Scotch expedition answered brilliantly ; my trip in the steam-packet was absolutely pleasant, and I enjoyed the spectacle, wretch that I am, of two ladies, and some small children quite sea-sick, I being well Moreover, on my return from Glasgow to Liverpool, I triumphed in a similar manner over some full-grown men. I stayed one whole day in Edin- burgh, or more truly on Salisbury Craigs ; I want to hear some day what you think about that classical ground, — the structure was to me new and rather curious, — that is, if I understand it right. I crossed from Edinburgh in gigs and carts (and carts without springs, as I never shall forget) to Loch Leven. I was disappointed in the scenery, and reached Glen Roy on Saturday evening, one week after leaving Marl- borough Street. Here I enjoyed five [?] days of the most beautiful weather with gorgeous sunsets, and all nature look- ing as happy as I felt. I wandered over the mountains in all directions, and examined that most extraordinary district. I think, without any exceptions, not even the first volcanic island, the first elevated beach, or the passage of the Cor- dillera, was so interesting to me as this week. It is far the most remarkable area I ever examined. I have fully con- vinced myself (after some doubting at first) that the shelves are sea-beaches, although I could not find a trace of a shell ; and I think I can explain away most, if not all, the difficul- ties. I found a piece of a road in another valley, not hith- erto observed, which is important ; and I have some curious facts about erratic blocks, one of which was perched up on 18 264 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. .€TAT. 29. [1838. a peak 2200 feet above the sea. I am now employed in writing a paper on the subject, which I find very amusing work, excepting that I cannot anyhow condense it into rea- sonable limits. At some future day I hope to talk over some of the conclusions with you, which the examination of Glen Roy has led me to. Now I have had my talk out, I am much easier, for I can assure you Glen Roy has aston- ished me. I am living very quietly, and therefore pleasantly, and am crawling on slowly but steadily with my work. I have come to one conclusion, which you will think proves me to be a very sensible man, namely, that whatever you say proves right ; and as a proof of this, I am coming into your way of only working about two hours at a spell ; I then go out and do my business in the streets, return and set to work again-, and thus make two separate days out of one. The new plan answers capitally ; after the second half day is finished I go and dine at the Athenaeum like a gentleman, or rather like a lord, for I am sure the first evening I sat in that great drawing- room, all on a sofa by myself, I felt just like a duke. I am, full of admiration at the Athenaeum, one meets so many people there that one likes to see. The very first time I dined there {i.e. last week) I met Dr. Fitton * at the door, and he got to- gether quite a party — Robert Brown, who is gone to Paris and Auvergne, Macleay \}^ and Dr. Boott.f Your helping me into * W. H. Fitton (b. 1780, d. 1861) was a physician and geologist, and sometime president of the Geological Society. He established the * Pro- ceedings,' a mode of publication afterwards adopted by other societies. f Francis Boott (b. 1792, d. 1863) is chiefly known as a botanist through his work on the genus Carex. He was also well known in connection with the Linnean Society of which he was for many years an office-bearer. He is described (in a biographical sketch published in the Gardenejs' Chtonicle, 1864) as having been one of the first physicians in London who gave up the customary black coat, knee-breeches and silk stockings, and adopted the ordinary dress of the period, a blue coat with brass buttons, and a buff waiscoat, a costume which he continued to wear to the last. After giving up practice, which he did early in life, he spent much of his time in acts of unpretending philanthropy. 1838.3 FITTON, BOOTT. 26$ the Athenaeum has not been thrown away, and I enjoy it the more because I fully expected to detest it. I am writing you a most unmerciful letter, but I shall get Owen to take it to Newcastle. If you have a mind to be a very generous man you will write to me from Kinnordy,* and tell me some Newcastle news, as well as about the Craig, and about yourself and Mrs. Lyell, and everything else in the world I will send by Hall the * Entomological Transactions," which I have borrowed for you ; you will be disappointed in 's papers, that is if you suppose my dear friend has a single clear idea upon any one subject. He has so involved recent insects and true fossil insects in one table that I fear you will not make much out of it, though it is a subject which ought I should think to come into the ' Principles.* You wii? be amused at some of the ridiculo-sublime passages in the papers, and no doubt will feel acutely a sneer there is at your- self. I have heard from more than one quarter that quarrel- ling is expected at Newcastle ; f I am sorry to hear it. I met old this evening at the Athenaeum, and he muttered something about writing to you or some one on the subject ; I am however all in the dark. 1 suppose, however, I shall be illuminated, for I am going to dine with him in a few days, as my inventive powers failed in making any excuse. A friend of mine dined with him the other day, a party of four, and they finished ten bottles of wine — a pleasant prospect for me ; but I am determined not even to taste his wine, partly for the fun of seeing his infinite disgust and surprise. . . . I pity you the infliction of this most unmerciful letter Pray remember me most kindly to Mrs. Lyell when you arrive at Kinnordy. I saw her name-in the landlord's book of In* verorum. Tell Mrs. Lyell to read the second series of * Mr. Slick of Slickville's Sayings.* ... He almost beats " Samivel,*' that prince of heroes. Good night, my dear Lyell ; you will think I have been drinking some strong drink to write so *The house of Lyell's father. f At the meeting of the British Association, 266 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 29. [1838, much nonsense, but I did not even taste Minerva's small beer to-day. Yours most sincerely, Chas. Darwin. C. Darwin to C. LyelL Friday night, September 13th [1838]. My dear Lyell, I was astonished and delighted at your gloriously long letter, and I am sure I am very much obliged to Mrs. Lyell for having taken the trouble to write so much.* I mean to have a good hour's enjoyment and scribble away to you, who have so much geological sympathy that I do not care how egotistically I write. . . . I have got so much to say about all sorts of trifling things that I hardly know what to. begin about. I need not say how pleased I am to hear that Mr. Lyell f likes my Journal. To hear such tidings is a kind of resurrection, for I feel towards my first-born child as if it had long since been dead, buried, and forgotten ; but the past is nothing and the future everything to us geologists, as you show in your capital motto to the * Elements.' By the way, have you read the article, in the * Edinburgh Review,' on M. Comte, ' Cours de la Philoso- phic ' (or some such title) ? It is capital ; there are some fine sentences about the very essence of science being prediction, which reminded me of " its law being progress." I will now begin and go through your letter seriatim. I dare say your plan of putting the Elie de Beaumont's chapter separately and early will be very good ; anyhow, it is showing a bold front in the first edition which is to be translated into French. It will be a curious point to geologists hereafter to note how long a man's name will support a theory so com- pletely exposed as that of De Beaumont's has been by you ; you say you " begin to hope that the great principles there insisted on will stand the test of time." Begin to hope : why, * Lyell dictated much of his correspondence. \ Father of the geologist 1838,] GEOLOGY. 267 the possibility of a doubt has never crossed my mind for many a day. This may be very unphilosophical, but my geological salvation is staked on it. After having just corne back from Glen Roy, and found how difficulties smooth away under your principles, it makes me quite indignant that you should talk of hoping. With respect to the question, how far my coral theory bears on De Beaumont's theory, I think it would be prudent to quote me with great caution until my whole ac- count is published, and then you (and others) can judge how far there is foundation for such generalisation. Mind, I do not doubt its truth ; but the extension of any view over such large spaces, from comparatively few facts, must be received with much caution. I do not myself the least doubt that within the recent (or as you, much to my annoyment, would call it, " New Pliocene ") period, tortuous bands — not all the bands parallel to each other — have been elevated and cor- responding ones subsided, though within the same period some parts probably remained for a time stationary, or even subsided. I do not believe a more utterly false view could have been invented than great straight lines being suddenly thrown up. When my book on Volcanoes and Coral Reefs will be published I hardly know ; I fear it will be at least four or five months ; though, mind, the greater part is written. I find so much time is lost in correcting details and ascertain- ing their accuracy. The Government Zoological work is a millstone round my neck, and the Glen Roy paper has lost me six weeks. I will not, however, say lost ; for, supposing I can prove to others* satisfaction what I have convinced myself is the case, the inference I think you will allow to be important. I cannot doubt that the molten matter beneath the earth's crust possesses a high degree of fluidity, almost like the sea beneath the block ice. By the way, I hope you will give me some Swedish case to quote, of shells being pre- served on the surface, but not in contemporaneous beds of gravel. . . . Remember what I have often heard you say : the country 268 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. yf:TAT. 29. [1838 is very bad for the intellects ; the Scotch mists will put out some volcanic speculations. You see I am affecting to be- come very Cockneyfied, and to despise the poor country- folk, who breathe fresh air instead of smoke, and see the goodly fields instead of the brick houses in Marlborough Street, the very sight of which I confess I abhor. I am glad to hear what a favourable report you give of the British Association. I am the more pleased because I have been fighting its battles with Basil Hall, Stokes, and several others, having made up my mind, from the report in the Athenccum^ that it must have been an excellent meeting. I have been much amused with an account I have received of the wars of Don Roderick* and Babbage. What a grievous pity it is that the latter should be so implacable. . . . This is a most rigmarole letter, for after each sentence I take breath, and you will have need of it in reading it. . . . I wish with all my heart that my Geological book was out. I have every motive to work hard, and will, following your steps, work just that degree of hardness to keep well. I should like my volume to be out before your new edition of * Principles ' appears. Besides the Coral theory, the volcanic chapters will, I think, contain some new facts. I have lately been sadly tempted to be idle — that is, as far as pure geology is concerned — by the delightful number of new views which have been coming in thickly and steadily, — on the classifica- tion and affinities and instincts of animals — bearing on the question of species. Note-book after note-book has been filled with facts which begin to group themselves clearly un- der sub-laws. Good night, my dear Lyell. I have filled my letter and enjoyed my talk to you as much as I can without having you in propria persond. Think of the bad effects of the country — so once more good night. Ever yours, Chas. Darwin. Pray again give my best thanks to Mrs. Lyell. * Murchison. ib39j MARRIAGE. 269 [The record of what he wrote during the year does not give a true index of the most important work that was in progress, — the laying of the foundation-stones of what was to be the achievement of his life. This is shown in the fore- going letter to Lyell, where he speaks of being " idle," and the following extract from a letter to Fox, written in June, is of interest in this point of view : " I am delighted to hear you are such a good man as not to have forgotten my questions about the crossing of animals. It is my prime hobby, and I really think some day I shall be able to do something in that most intricate subject, species and varieties."] 1839 to 1841. [In the winter of 1839 (Jan. 29) my father was married to his cousin, Emma Wedgwood.* The house in which they lived for the first few years of their married life, No. 12 Upper Gower Street, was a small common-place London house, with a drawing-room in front, and a small room be- hind, in which they lived for the sake of quietness. In later years my father used to laugh over the surpassing ugliness of the furniture, carpets, &c., of the Gower Street house. The only redeeming feature was a better garden than most Lon- don houses have, a strip as wide as the house, and thirty yards long. Even this small space of dingy grass made their London house more tolerable to its two country-bred in- habitants. Of his life in London he writes to Fox (October 1839) : "'We are living a life of extreme quietness ; Delamere itself, which you describe as so secluded a spot, is, I will answer for it, quite dissipated compared with Gower Street. We have given up all parties, for they agree with neither of us ; and if one is quiet in London, there is nothing like its quiet- * Daughter of Josiah Wedgwood of Maer, and grand-daughter of the founder of the Etruria Pottery Works. 2^0 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. yETAT. 30. [1839. ness — there is a grandeur about its smoky fogs, and the dull distant sounds of cabs and coaches ; in fact you may per- ceive I am becoming a thorough-paced Cockney, and I glory in thoughts that I shall be here for the next six months." The entries of ill health in the Diary increase in number during these years, and as a consequence the holidays be- come longer and more frequent. From April 26 to May 13, 1839, he was at Maer and Shrewsbury. Again, from August 23 to October 2 he was away from London at Maer, Shrews- bury, and at Birmingham for the meeting of the British Association. The entry under August 1839 is: "During my visit to Maer, read a little, was much unwell and scandalously idle. I have derived this much good, that nothing is so intolerable as idleness." At the end of 1839 his eldest child was born, and it was then that he began his observations ultimately published in the 'Expression of the Emotions.' His book on this subject, and the short paper published in * Mind,'* show how closely he observed his child. He seems to have been surprised at his own feelings for a young baby, for he wrote to Fox (July 1840) : " He [/. e. the baby] is so charming that I cannot pre- tend to any modesty. I defy anybody to flatter us on our baby, for I defy any one to say anything in its praise of which we are not fully conscious. ... I had not the smallest conception there was so much in a five-month baby. You will perceive by this that I have a fine degree of paternal fervour." During these years he worked intermittently at ' Coral Reefs,* being constantly interrupted by ill health. Thus he speaks of "recommencing" the subject in February 1839, and again in the October of the same year, and once more in July 1841, "after more than thirteen months' interval." His other scientific work consisted of a contribution to the Geo- * July 1877. i840.] HEALTH. 271 logical Society,* on the boulders and " till " of South America, as well as a few other minor papers on geological subjects. He also worked busily at the ornithological part of the Zool- ogy of the Beagle^ i. e. the notice of the habits and ranges of the birds which were described by Gould.] C. Darwin to C. Lye//. • Wednesday morning [February 1840]. My dear Lyell, Many thanks for your kind note. I will send for the Scotsman. Dr. Holland thinks he has found out what is the matter with me, and now hopes he shall be able to set me going again. Is it not mortifying, it is now nine weeks since I have done a whole day's work, and not more than four half days. But I won't grumble any more, though it is hard work to prevent doing so. Since receiving your note I have read over my chapter on Coral, and find I am prepared to stand by almost everything ; it is much more cautiously and accurately written than I thought. I had set my heart upon having my volume completed before your new edition, but not, you may believe me, for you to notice anything new in it (for there is very little besides details), but you are the one man in Europe whose opinion of the general truth of a toughish argument I should be always most anxious to hear. My MS. is in such confusion, otherwise I am sure you should most willingly, if it had been worth your while, have looked at any part you choose. ***** [In a letter to Fox (January 1841) he shows that his *' Species work " was still occupying his mind : — " If you attend at all to Natural History I send you this P.S. as a memento, that I continue to collect all kinds of facts about * Varieties and Species,' for my some-day work to be so entitled ; the smallest contributions thankfully accepted ; de- scriptions of offspring of all crosses between all domestic birds * 'Geol. Soc. Proc' iii. 1842, and ' Geol. Soc. Trans.* vi. 2^2 LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE. ^TAT. 33. [1842 and animals, dogs, cats, &c., &c., very valuable. Don't for- get, if your half-bred African cat should die that I should be very much obliged for its carcase sent up in a little hamper for the skeleton ; it, or any cross-bred pigeons, fowl, duck, &c., &c., will be more acceptable than the finest haunch of venison, or the finest turtle." Later in the year (September) he writes to Fox about his health, and also with reference to his plan of moving into the country : — " I have steadily been gaining ground, and really believe now I shall some day be quite strong. I write daily for a couple of hours on my Coral volume, and take a little walk or ride every day. I grow very tired in the evenings, and am not able to go out at that time, or hardly to receive my near- est relations ; but my life ceases to be burdensome now that I can do something. We are taking steps to leave London, and live about twenty miles from it on some railway."] 1842. [The record of work includes his volume on * Coral Reefs,' * the manuscript of which was at last sent to the printers in January of this year, and the last proof corrected, in May. He thus writes of the work in his diary : — ** I commenced this work three years and seven months ago. Out of this period about twenty months (besides work during Beagle s voyage) has been spent on it, and besides it, I have only compiled the Bird part of Zoology ; Appendix to Journal, paper on Boulders, and corrected papers on Glen Roy and earthquakes, reading on species, and rest all lost by illness." In May and June he was at Shrewsbury and Maer, whence he went on to make the little tour in Wales, of which he spoke in his * Recollections,' and of which the results were published as " Notes on the effects produced by the ancient glaciers of * A notice of the Coral Reef work appeared in the Geograph. Soc. Jour- nal, xii., p. 115. i842.] ANCIENT GLACIERS, 273 Caernarvonshire, and on the Boulders transported by floating Ice."* Mr. Archibald Geikie speaks of this paper as standing " almost at the top of the long list of English contributions to the history of the Ice Age." f The latter part of this year belongs to the period including the settlement at Down, and is therefore dealt with in another chapter.] * ' Philosophical Magazine,' 1842, p. 352. f Charles Darwin, • Nature ' Series, p. 2^. CHAPTER VIII, RELIGION. [The history of this part of my father's life may justly in> elude some mention of his religious views. For although, as he points out, he did not give continuous systematic thought to religious questions, yet we know from his own words that about this time (1836-39) the subject was much before his mind. In his published works he was reticent on the matter of religion, and what he has left on the subject was not written with a view to publication.* I believe that his reticence arose from several causes. He felt strongly that a man's religion is an essentially private mat- ter, and one concerning himself alone. This is indicated by the following extract from a letter of 1879 • — t ** What my own views may be is a question of no conse- quence to any one but myself. But, as you ask, I may state that my judgment often fluctuates ... In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind." * As an exception may be mentioned, a few words of concurrence with Dr. Abbot's ' Truths for the Times,' which my father allowed to be pub- lished in the Index. f Addressed to Mr. J. Fordyce, and published by him in his ' Aspects of Scepticism,' 1883, RELIGION. 275 He naturally shrank from wounding the sensibilities of others in religious matters, and he was also influenced by the consciousness that a man ought not to publish on a subject to which he has not given special and continuous thought. That he felt this caution to apply to himself in the matter of religion is shown in a letter to Dr. F. E. Abbot, of Cam- bridge, U. S. (Sept. 6, 187 1). After explaining that the weakness arising from his bad health prevented him from feeling "equal to deep reflection, on the deepest subject which can fill a man's mind," he goes on to say: "With respect to my former notes to you, I quite forget their con- tents. I have to write many letters, and can reflect but little on what I write ; but I fully believe and hope that I have never written a word, which at the time I did not think ; but I think you will agree with me, that anything which is to be given to the public ought to be maturely weighed and cau- tiously put. It never occurred to me that you would wish to print any extract from my notes : if it had, I would have kept a copy. I put ' private ' from habit, only as yet partially ac- quired, from some hasty notes of mine having been printed, which were not in the least degree worth printing, though otherwise unobjectionable. It is simply ridiculous to suppose that my former note to you would be worth sending to me, with any part marked which you desire to print ; but if you like to do so, I will at once say whether I should have any objection. I feel in some degree unwilling to express myself publicly on religious subjects, as I do not feel that I have thought deeply enough to justify any publicity." I may also quote from another letter to Dr. Abbot (Nov, 16, 187 1 ), in which my father gives more fully his reasons for not feeling competent to write on religious and moral sub- jects : — " I can say with entire truth that I feel honoured by your request that I should become a contributor to the Index^ and am much obliged for the draft. I fully, also, subscribe to the proposition that it is the duty of every one to spread what he believes to be the truth ; and I honour you for doing 2'] 6 RELIGION. SO, with so much devotion and zeal. But I cannot comply with your request for the following reasons ; and excuse me for giving them in some detail, as I should be very sorry to appear in your eyes ungracious. My health is very weak : I never pass 24 hours without many hours of discomfort, when I can do nothing whatever. I have thus, also, lost two whole consecutive months this season. Owing to this weakness, and my head being often giddy, I am unable to master new subjects requiring much thought, and can deal only with old materials. At no time am I a quick thinker or writer : what- ever I have done in science has solely been by long ponder- ing, patience and industry. " Now I have never systematically thought much on relig- ion in relation to science, or on morals in relation to society ; and without steadily keeping my mind on such subjects for a long period, I am really incapable of waiting anything worth sending to the Index'' He was more than once asked to give his views on relig- ion, and he had, as a rule, no objection to doing so in a pri- vate letter. Thus in answer to a Dutch student he wrote (April 2, 1873) :— " I am sure you will excuse my writing at length, when I tell you that I have long been much out of health, and am now staying away from my home for rest. " It is impossible to answer your question briefly ;^ and I am not sure that I could do so, even if I wrote at some length. But I may say that the impossibility of conceiving that this grand and wondrous universe, with our conscious selves, arose through chance, seems to me the chief argument for the exist- ence of God ; but whether this is an argument of real value, I have never been able to decide. I am aware that if we ad- mit a first cause, the mind still craves to know whence it came, and how it arose. Nor can I overlook the difficulty from the immense amount of suffering through the world. I am, also, induced to defer to a certain extent to the judg- ment of the many able men who have fully believed in God ; but here again I see how poor an argument this is. The RELIGION. 277 safest conclusion seems to me that the whole subject is be- yond the scope of man's intellect ; but man can do his duty." Again in 1879 ^^ was applied to by a German student, in a similar manner. The letter was answered by a member of my father's family, who wrote : — " Mr. Darwin begs me to say that he receives so many let- ters, that he cannot answer them all. " He considers that the theory of Evolution is quite com- patible with the belief in a God ; but that you must remember that different persons have different definitions of what they mean by God." This, however, did not satisfy the German youth, who again wrote to my father, and received from him the follow- ing reply : — " I am much engaged, an old man, and out of health, and I cannot spare time to answer your questions fully, — nor in- deed can they be answered. Science has nothing to do with Christ, except in so far as the habit of scientific research makes a man cautious in admitting evidence. For myself, I do not believe that there ever has been any revelation. As for a future life, every man must judge for himself between conflicting vague probabilities." The passages which here follow are extracts, somev/hat abbreviated, from a part of the Autobiography, written in 1876, in which my father gives the history of his religious views : — " During these two years * I was led to think much about religion. Whilst on board the Beagle I was quite orthodox, and I remember being heartily laughed at by several of the officers (though themselves orthodox) for quoting the Bible as an unanswerable authority on some point of morality. I suppose it was the novelty of the argument that amused them. But I had gradually come by this time, i.e. 1836 to 1839, to see that the Old Testament was no more to be trusted than the sacred books of the Hindoos. The question then con- * Oct. 1836 to Jan. 1839. 278 RELIGION. tinually rose before my mind and would not be banished, — is it credible that if God were now to make a revelation to the Hindoos, he would permit it to be connected with the belief in Vishnu, Siva, &c., as Christianity is connected with the Old Testament ? This appeared to me utterly incred- ible. '* By further reflecting that the clearest evidence would be requisite to make any sane man believe in the miracles by which Christianity is supported, — and that the more we know of the fixed laws of nature the more incredible do miracles become, — that the men at that time were ignorant and credu- lous to a degree almost incomprehensible by us, — that the Gospels cannot be proved to have been written simultaneous- ly with the events, — that they differ in many important de- tails, far too important, as it seemed to me, to be admitted as the usual inaccuracies of eye-witnesses ; — by such reflections as these, which I give not as having the least novelty or value, but as they influenced me, I gradually came to disbelieve in Christianity as a divine revelation. The fact that many false religions have spread over large portions of the earth like wild-fire had some weight with me. " But I was very unwilling to give up my belief ; I feel sure of this, for I can well remember often and often invent- ing day-dreams of old letters between distinguished Romans, and manuscripts being discovered at Pompeii or elsewhere, which confirmed in the most striking manner all that was written in the Gospels. But I found it more and more diffi- cult, with free scope given to my imagination, to invent evi- dence which would suffice to convince me. Thus disbelief crept over me at a very slow rate, but was at last complete. The rate was so slow that I felt no distress. " Although I did not think much about the existence of a personal God until a considerably later period of my life, I will here give the vague conclusions to which I have been driven. The old argument from design in Nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive, fails, now that the law of natural selection has been discovered. RELIGION. 279 We can no longer argue that, for instance, the beautiful hinge of a bivalve shell must have been made by an intelligent being, like the hinge of a door by man. There seems to be no more design in the variability of organic beings, and in the action of natural selection, than in the course which the wind blows. But I have discussed this subject- at the end of my book on the ' Variations of Domesticated Animals and Plants,' * and the argument there given has never, as far as I can see, been answered. " But passing over the endless beautiful adaptations which we everywhere meet with, it may be asked how can the gen- erally beneficent arrangement of the world be accounted for ? Some writers indeed are so much impressed with the amount of suffering in the world, that they doubt, if we look to all sentient beings, whether there is more of misery or of happi- ness ; whether the world as a whole is a good or bad one. According to my judgment happiness decidedly prevails, though this would be very difficult to prove. If the truth of this conclusion be granted, it harmonizes well with the effects which we might expect from natural selection. If all the individuals of any species were habitually to suffer to an ex- treme degree, they would neglect to propagate their kind ; but we have no reason to believe that this has ever, or at least often occurred. Some other considerations, moreover, lead to the belief that all sentient beings have been formed so asi to enjoy, as a general rule, happiness. * My father asks whether we are to behave that the forms are preor- dained of the broken fragments of rock tumbled from a precipice which are fitted together by man to build his houses. If not, why should we believe that the variations of domestic animals or plants are preordained for the sake of the breeder? "But if we give up the principle in one case, . . . no shadow of reason can be assigned for the belief that variations, alike in nature and the result of the same general laws, which have been the ground- work through natural selection of the formation of the most perfectly adapted animals in the world, man included, were intentionally and spe- cially guided." — * The Variation of Animals and Plants,' 1st Edit, vol. ii. p. 431— F. D. 19 28o RELIGION. " Every one who believes, as I do, that all the corporeal and mental organs (excepting those which are neither advan- tageous nor disadvantageous to the possessor) of all beings have been developed through natural selection, or the survival of the fittest, together with use or habit, will admit that these organs have been formed so that their possessors may com- pete successfully with other beings, and thus increase in num- ber. Now an animal may be led to pursue that course ot action which is most beneficial to the species by suffering, such as pain, hunger, thirst, and fear ; or by pleasure, as in eating and drinking, and in the propagation of the species, &c. ; or by both means combined, as in the search for food. But pain or suffering of any kind, if long continued, causes depression and lessens the power of action, yet is well adapted to make a creature guard itself against any great or sudden evil. Pleasurable sensations, on the other hand, may be long continued without any depressing effect ; on the contrary, they stimulate the whole system to increased action. Hence it has come to pass that most or all sentient beings have been developed in such a manner, through natural selection, that pleasurable sensations serve as their habitual guides. We see this in the pleasure from exertion, even occasionally from .great exertion of the body or mind, — in the pleasure of our daily meals, and especially in the pleasure derived from socia- bility, and from loving our families. The sum of such pleas- ures as these, which are habitual or frequently recurrent, give, as I can hardly doubt, to most sentient beings an excess of happiness over misery, although many occasionally suffer much. Such suffering is quite compatible with the belief in Natural Selection, which is not perfect in its action, but tends only to render each species as successful as possible in the battle for life with other species, in wonderfully complex and changing circumstances. " That there is much suffering in the world no one dis- putes. Some have attempted to explain this with reference to man by imagining that it serves for his moral improvement. But the number of men in the world is as nothing compared RELIGION. 2^1 with that of all other sentient beings, and they often suffer greatly without any moral improvement. This very old argu- ment from the existence of suffering against the existence of an intelligent First Cause seems to me a strong one ; whereas, as just remarked, the presence of much suffering agrees well with the view that all organic beings have been developed through variation and natural selection. " At the present day the most usual argument for the ex- istence of an intelligent God is drawn from the deep inward conviction and feelings which are experienced by most persons. " Formerly I was led by feelings such as those just referred to (although I do not think that the religious sentiment was ever strongly developed in me), to the firm conviction of the existence of God, and of the immortality of the soul. In my Journal I wrote that whilst standing in the midst of the grand- eur of a Brazilian forest, " it is not possible to give an ade- quate idea of the higher feelings of wonder, admiration, and devotion, which fill and elevate the mind." I well remember my conviction that there is more in man than the mere breath of his body. But now the grandest scenes would not cause any such convictions and feelings to rise in my mind. It may be truly said that I am like a man who has become colour-blind, and the universal belief by men of the existence of redness makes my present loss of perception of not the least value as evidence. This argument would be a valid one if all men of all races had the same inward conviction of the existence of one God ; but we know that this is very far from being the case. Therefore I cannot see that such inward convictions and feelings are of any weight as evidence of what really exists. The state of mind which grand scenes formerly excited in me, and which was intimately connected with a belief in God, did not essentially differ from that which is often called the sense of sublimity ; and however difficult it may be to explain the genesis of this sense, it can hardly be advanced as an argument for the existence of God, any more than the powerful though vague and similar feelings excited by music. 282 RELIGION. "With respect to immortality, nothing shows me [so clearly] how strong and almost instinctive a belief it is, as the consideration of the view now held by most physicists, namely, that the sun with all the planets will in time grow too cold for life, unless indeed some great body dashes into the sun, and thus gives it fresh life. Believing as I do that man in the distant future will be a far more perfect creature than he now is, it is an intolerable thought that he and all other senti- ent beings are doomed to complete annihilation after such long-continued slow progress. To those who fully admit the immortality of the human soul, the destruction of our world will not appear so dreadful. " Another source of conviction in the existence of God, connected with the reason, and not with the feelings, im- presses me as having much more weight. This follows from the extreme difficulty or rather impossibility of conceiving this immense and wonderful universe, including man with his capacity of looking far backwards and far into futurity, as the result of blind chance or necessity. When thus reflecting I feel compelled to look to a First Cause having an intelligent mind in some degree analogous to that of man ; and I de- serve to be called a Theist. This conclusion was strong in my mind about the time, as far as I can remember, when I wrote the ' Origin of Species ; ' and it is since that time that it has very gradually, with many fluctuations, become weaker. But then arises the doubt, can the mind of man, which has, as I fully believe, been developed from a mind as low as that possessed by the lowest animals, be trusted when it draws such grand conclusions .-* " I cannot pretend to throw the least light on such ab- struse problems. The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us ; and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic." The following letters repeat to some extent what has been given from the Autobiography. The first one refers to * The Boundaries of Science, a Dialogue,' published in * Mac- millan's Magazine,' for July 1861.] RELIGION. 283 C. Darwin to Miss Julia Wedgwood. July II [1861J. Some one has sent us ' Macmillan * ; and I must tell you how much I admire your Article ; though at the same time I must confess that I could not clearly follow you in some parts, which probably is in main part due to my not being at all accustomed to metaphysical trains of thought. I think that you understand my book * perfectly, and that I find a very rare event with my critics. The ideas in the last page have several times vaguely crossed my mind. Owing to sev- eral correspondents I have been led lately to think, or rather to try to think over some of the chief points discussed by you. But the result has been with me a maze — something like thinking on the origin of evil, to which you allude. The mind refuses to look at this universe, being what it is, with- out having been designed ; yet, where one would most ex- pect design, viz. in the structure of a sentient being, the more I think on the subject, the less I can see proof of design. Asa Gray and some others look at each variation, or at least at each beneficial variation (which A. Gray would compare with the rain drops \ which do not fall on the sea, but on to the land to fertilize it) as having been providentially designed. Yet when I ask him whether he looks at each variation in the rock-pigeon, by which man has made by accumulation a pouter or fantail pigeon, as providentially designed for man's * The ' Origin of Species.* f Dr. Gray's rain-drop metaphor occurs in the Essay ' Darwin and his Reviewers' (' Darwiniana,' p. 157): "The whole animate life of a country depends absolutely upon the vegetation, the vegetation upon the rain. The moisture is furnished by the ocean, is raised by the sun's heat from the ocean's surface, and is wafted inland by the winds. But what multi- tudes of rain-drops fall back into the ocean — are as much without a final cause as the incipient varieties which come to nothing ! Does it therefore follow that the rains which are bestowed upon the soil with such rule and average regularity were not designed to support vegetable and animal life ? " 284 RELIGION. amusement, he does not know what to answer ; and if he, or any one, admits [that] these variations are accidental, as far as purpose is concerned (of course not accidental as to their cause or origin) ; then I can see no reason why he should rank the accumulated variations by which the beautifully adapted woodpecker has been formed, as providentially de- signed. For it would be easy to imagine the enlarged crop of the pouter, or tail of the fantail, as of some use to' birds, in a state of nature, having peculiar habits of life. These are the considerations which perplex me about design ; but whether you will care to hear them, I know not. ***** [On the subject of design, he wrote (July i860) to Dr. Gray : " One word more on * designed laws * and * undesigned results.' I see a bird which I want for food, take my gun and kill it, I do this designedly. An innocent and good man stands under a tree and is killed by a flash of lightning. Do you believe (and I really should like to hear) that God de- signedly killed this man ? Many or most persons do believe this ; I can't and don't. If you believe so, do you believe that when a swallow snaps up a gnat that God designed that that particular swallow should snap up that particular gnat at that particular instant ? I believe that the man and the gnat are in the same predicament. If the death of neither man nor gnat are designed, I see no good reason to believe that their yfrj/ birth or production should be necessarily de- signed."] C. Darwin to W. Graham. Down, July 3rd, 1881. Dear Sir, I hope that you will not think it intrusive on my part to thank you heartily for the pleasure which I have derived from reading your admirably written 'Creed of Science,* though I have not yet quite finished it, as now that I am old I read very slowly. It is a very long time since any other book has interested me so much. The work must have cost you several years and much hard labour with full leisure for RELIGION. 285 work. You would not probably expect any one fully to agree with you on so many abstruse subjects ; and there are some points in your book which I cannot digest. The chief one is that the existence of so-called natural laws implies purpose. I cannot see this. Not to mention that many expect that the several great laws will some day be found to follow inevitably from some one single law, yet taking the laws as we now know them, and look at the moon, where the law ot gravitation — and no doubt of the conservation of energy — of the atomic theory, &c. &c., hold good, and I cannot see that there is then necessarily any purpose. Would there be pur- pose if the lowest organisms alone, destitute of consciousness existed in the moon ? But I have had no practice in abstract reasoning, and I may be all astray. Nevertheless you have expressed my inward conviction, though far more vividly and clearly than I could have done, that the Universe is not the result of chance.* But then with me the horrid.doubt always arises whether the convictions of man's mind, which has been developed from the mind of the lower animals, are of any value or at all trustworthy. Would any one trust in the con- victions of a monkey's mind, if there are any convictions in such a mind ? Secondly, I think that I could make some- what of a case against the enormous importance which you attribute to our greatest men ; I have been accustomed to think, second, third, and fourth rate men of very high im- portance, at least in the case of Science. Lastly, I could show fight on natural selection having done and doing more * The Duke of Argyll (' Good Words,' Ap. 18S5, p. 244) has recorded a few words on this subject, spoken by my father in the last year of his life. "... in the course of that conversation I said to Mr. Darwin, with refer- ence to some of his own remarkable works on the ' Fertilization of Orchids,' and upon ' The Earthworms,' and various other observations he made of the wonderful contrivances for certain purposes in nature — I said it was impossible to look at these without seeing that they were the effect and the expression of mind. I shall never forget Mr. Darwin's answer. He looked at me very hard and said, ' Well, that often comes over me with overwhelming force ; but at other times,' and he shook his head vaguely, adding, ' it seems to go away.' " 286 RELIGION. for the progress of civilization than you seem inclined to admit. Remember what risk the nations of Europe ran, not so many centuries ago of being overwhelmed by the Turks, and how ridiculous such an idea now is ! The more civilized so-called Caucasian races have beaten the Turkish hollow in the struggle for existence. Looking to the world at no very distant date, what an endless number of the lower races will have been eliminated by the higher civilized races through- out the world. But I will write no more, and not even men- tion the many points in your work which have much inter- ested me. I have indeed cause to apologise for troubling you with my impressions, and my sole excuse is the excite- ment in my mind which your book has aroused. I beg leave to remain, Dear Sir, Yours faithfully and obliged, Charles Darwin. [My father spoke little on these subjects, and I can con- tribute nothing from my own recollection of his conversation which can add to the impression here given of his attitude towards Religion. Some further idea of his views may, how- ever, be gathered from occasional remarks in his letters.] * * Dr. Aveling has published an account of a conversation with my father. I think that the readers of this pamphlet (' The Religious Views of Charles Darwin,' Free Thought Publishing Company, 1883) may be misled into seeing more resemblance than really existed between the po- sitions of my father and Dr. Aveling : and I say this in spite of my con= viction that Dr. Aveling gives quite fairly his impressions of my father's views. Dr. Aveling tried to show that the terms " Agnostic " and " Atheist " were practically equivalent — that an atheist is one who, without denying the existence of God, is without God, inasmuch as he is unconvinced ot the existence of a Deity. My father's replies implied his preference foi' the unaggressive attitude of an Agnostic. Dr. Aveling seems (p. 5) to regard the absence of aggressiveness in my father's views as distinguishing them in an unessential manner fiom his own. But, in my judgment, it is precisely differences of this kind which distinguish him so completely from the class of thinkers to which Dr, Aveling belongs. CHAPTER IX. LIFE AT DOWN, 1842-1854. " My life goes on like clockwork, and I am fixed on the spot where I shall end it." Letter to Captain Fitz-Roy, October, 1846, [With the view of giving in the following chapters a con- nected account of the growth of the * Origin of Species,' I have taken the more important letters bearing on that subject out of their proper chronological position here, and placed them with the rest of the correspondence bearing on the same subject ; so that in the present group of letters we only get occasional hints of the growth of my father's views, and we may suppose ourselves to be looking at his life, as it might have been looked at by those who had no knowledge of the quiet development of his theory of evolution during this period. On Sept. 14, 1842, my father left London with his family and settled at Down.* In the Autobiographical chapter, his motives for taking this step in the country are briefly given. He speaks of the attendance at scientific societies, and ordi- nary social duties, as suiting his health so "badly that we * I must not omit to mention a member of the household who accom- panied him. This was his butler, Joseph Parslow, who remained in the family, a valued friend and servant, for forty years, and became, as Sir Joseph Hooker once remarked to me, " an integral part of the family, and felt to be such by all visitors at the house." 288 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. resolved to live in the country, which we both preferred and have never repented of." His intention of keeping up with scientific life in London is expressed in a letter to Fox (Dec, 1842):— " I hope by going up to town for a night every fortnight or three weeks, to keep up my communication with scientific men and my own zeal, and so not to turn into a complete Kentish hog." Visits to London of this kind were kept up for some years at the cost of much exertion on his part. I have often heard him speak of the wearisome drives of ten miles to or from Croydon or Sydenham — the nearest stations — with an old gardener acting as coachman, who drove with great caution and slowness up and down the many hills. In later years, all regular scientific intercourse with London became, as be- fore mentioned, an impossibility. The choice of Down was rather the result of despair than of actual preference ; my father and mother were weary of house-hunting, and the attractive points about the place thus seemed to them to counterbalance its somewhat more obvious faults. It had at least one desideratum, namely quietness. Indeed it would have been difficult to find a more retired place so near to London. In 1842 a coach drive of some twenty miles was the only means of access to Down ; and even now that railways have crept closer to it, it is singularly out of the world, with nothing to suggest the neighbour- hood of London, unless it be the dull haze of smoke that sometimes clouds the sky. The village stands in an angle between two of the larger high-roads of the country, one leading to Tunbridge and the other toWesterham and Eden- bridge. It is cut off from the Weald by a line of steep chalk hills on the south, and an abrupt hill, now smoothed down by a cutting and embankment, must formerly have been something of a barrier against encroachments from the side of London. In such a situation, a village, communicating with the main lines of traffic, only by stony tortuous lanes^ may well have been enabled to preserve its retired character. THE VILLAGE. 289 Nor is it hard to believe in the smugglers and their strings of pack-horses making their way up from the lawless old villages of the Weald, of which the memory still existed when my father settled in Down. The village stands on solitary upland country, 500 to 600 feet above the sea, — a country with little natural beauty, but possessing a certain charm in the shaws, or straggling strips of wood, capping the chalky banks and looking down upon the quiet ploughed lands of the valleys. The village, of three or four hundred inhabitants, consists of three small streets of cottages meeting in front of the little flint-built church. It is a place where new-comers are seldom seen, and the names occurring far back in the old church registers are still well known in the village. The smock-frock is not yet quite extinct, though chiefly used as a ceremonial dress by the "bearers " at funer- als : but as a boy I remember the purple or green smocks of the men at church. The house stands a quarter of a mile from the village, and is built, like so many houses of the last century, as near as possible to the road — a narrow lane winding away to the Westerham high-road. In 1842, it was dull and unattractive enough : a square brick building of three storeys, covered with shabby whitewash and hanging tiles. The garden had none of the shrubberies or walls that now give shelter ; it was overlooked from the lane, and was open, bleak, and desolate. One of my father's first undertakings was to lower the lane by about two feet, and to build a flint wall along that part of it which bordered the garden. The earth thus exca- vated was used in making banks and mounds round the lawn : these were planted with evergreens, which now give to the garden its retired and sheltered character. The house was made to look neater by being covered with stucco, but the chief improvement effected was the building of a large bow extending up through three storeys. This bow became covered with a tangle of creepers, and pleasantly varied the south side of the house. The drawing-room, with its verandah opening into the garden, as well as the study in 290 LIFE AT DOWN. .T^TAT. 33-45. which my father worked during the later years of his life, were added at subsequent dates. Eighteen acres of land were sold with the house, of which twelve acres on the south side of the house formed, a pleasant field, scattered with fair-sized oaks and ashes. From this field a strip was cut off and converted into a kitchen garden, in which the experimental plot of ground was situated, and where the greenhouses were ultimately put up. The following letter to Mr. Fox (March 28th, 1843) gives among other things my father's early impressions of Down : — " I will tell you all the trifling particulars about myself that I can think of. We are now exceedingly busy with the first brick laid down yesterday to an addition to our house ; with this, with almost making a new kitchen garden and sundry other projected schemes, my days are very full. I find all this very bad for geology, but I am very slowly progressing with a volume, or rather pamphlet, on the volcanic islands which we visited : I manage only a couple of hours per day and that not very regularly. It is uphill work writing books, which cost money in publishing, and which are not read even by geologists. I forget whether I ever described this place : it is a good, very ugly house with 18 acres, situated on a chalk flat, 560 feet above sea. There are peeps of far distant country and the scenery is moderately pretty : its chief merit is its extreme rurality. I think I was never in a more per- fectly quiet country. Three miles south of us the great chalk escarpment quite cuts us off from the low country of Kent, and between us and the escarpment there is not a village or gentleman's house, but only great woods and arable fields (the latter in sadly preponderant numbers), so that we are abso- lutely at the extreme verge of the world. The whole country is intersected by foot-paths ; but the surface over the chalk is clayey and sticky, which is the worst feature in our purchase. The dingles and banks often remind me of Cambridgeshire and walks with you to Cherry Hinton, and other places, though the general aspect of the country is very different. I was looking over my arranged cabinet (the only remnant I 'JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES.' 29I have preserved of all my English insects), and was admiring Fanagceus Crux-major : it is curious the vivid manner in which this insect calls up in my mind your appearance, with little Fan trotting after, when I was first introduced to you. Those entomological days were very pleasant ones. I am very much stronger corporeally, but am little better in being able to stand mental fatigue, or rather excitement, so that I cannot dine out or receive visitors, except relations with whom I can pass some time after dinner in silence." I could have wished to give here some idea of the position which, at this })criod of his life, my father occupied among scientific men and the reading public generally. But con- temporary notices are few and of no particular value for my purpose, — which therefore must, in spite of a good deal of pains, remain unfulfilled. His ' Journal of Researches ' was then the only one of his books which had any chance of being commonly known. But the fact that it was published with the ' Voyages ' of Captains King and Fitz-Roy probably interfered with its general popu- larity. Thus Lyell wrote to him in 1838 (' Lyell's Life,' ii. p. 43), *'I assure you my father is quite enthusiastic about your journal .... and he agrees with me that it would have a large sale if published separately. He was disappointed at hearing that it was to be fettered by the other volumes, for, although he should equally buy it, he feared so many of the public would be checked from doing so." In a notice of the three voyages in the ' Edinburgh Review ' (July, 1839), there is nothing leading a reader to believe that he would find it more attractive than its fellow-volumes. And, as a fact, it did not become widely known until it was separately pub- lished in 1845. It may be noted, however, that the 'Quar- terly Review* (December, 1839) called the attention of its readers to the nierits of the * Journal ' as a book of travels. The reviewer speaks of the '* charm arising from the fresh- ness of heart which is thrown over these virgin pages of a strong intellectual man and an acute and deep observer." The German translation (1844) of the * Journal ' received 292 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. a favourable notice in No. 12 of the ' Heidelberger Jahr- biicher der Literatur,' 1847 — where the Reviewer speaks of the author's " varied canvas, on which he sketches in lively colours the strange customs of those distant regions with their remarkable fauna, flora and geological peculiarities." Alluding to the translation, my father writes — " Dr. Dieffenbach^ . . . has translated my * Journal ' into German, and I must, with unpardonable vanity, boast that it was at the instigation of Liebig and Humboldt." The geological work of which he speaks in the above letter to Mr. Fox occupied him for the whole of 1843, ^^^ was pub- lished in the spring of the following year. It was entitled * Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, together with some brief notices on the geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope ' : it formed the second part of the ' Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle,' published " with the Approval of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury." The volume on * Coral Reefs ' forms Part I. of the series, and was published, as we have seen, in 1842. For the sake of the non-geological reader, I may here quote Professor Geikie's words * on these two volumes — which were up to this time my father's chief geological works. Speaking of the * Coral Reefs/ he says : — p. 17, " This well-known treatise, the most original of all its author's geological memoirs, has become one of the classics of geological literature. The origin of those remarkable rings of coral-rock in mid-ocean has given rise to much speculation, but no satisfactory solution of the problem has been proposed. After visiting many of them, and examining also coral reefs that fringe islands and con- tinents, he offered a theory which for simplicity and grandeur strikes every reader with astonishment. It is pleasant, after the lapse of many years, to recall the delight with which one first read the * Coral Reefs ' ; how one watched the facts being marshalled into their places, nothing being ignored or passed * Charles Darwin, ' Nature' Series, 1882. THEORY OF CORAL ISLANDS. 293 lightly over; and how, step by step, one was led to the grand conclusion of wide oceanic subsidence. No more admirable example of scientific method was ever given to the world, and even if he had written nothing else, the treatise alone would have placed Darwin in the very front of investigators of nature." It is interesting to see in the following extract from one of Lyell's letters* how warmly and readily he embraced the theory. The extract also gives incidentally some idea of the theory itself. " I am very full of Darwin's new theory of Coral Islands, and have urged Whewell to make him read it at our next meeting. I must give up my volcanic crater theory for ever, though it cost me a pang at first, for it accounted for so much, the annular form, the central lagoon, the sudden rising of an isolated mountain in a deep sea ; all went so well with the notion of submerged, crateriform, and conical volcanoes, . . . and then the fact that in the South Pacific we had scarcely any rocks in the regions of coral islands, save two kinds, coral limestone and volcanic ! Yet spite of all this, the whole theory is knocked on the head, and the annular shape and central lagoon have nothing to do with volcanoes, nor even with a crateriform bottom. Perhaps Darwin told you when at the Cape what he considers the true cause .'^ Let any mountain be submerged gradually, and coral grow in the sea in which it is sinking, and there will be a ring of coral, and finally only a lagoon in the centre. Why ? For the same reason that a barrier reef of coral grows along certain coasts : Australia, &c. Coral islands are the last efforts of drowning continents to lift their heads above water. Regions of eleva- tion and subsidence in the ocean may be traced by the state of the coral reefs." There is little to be said as to published contemporary criticism. The book was not reviewed in the * Quarterly Review' till 1847, when a favourable notice was * To Sir John Herschel, May 24, 1837. ' Life of Sir Charles Lyell,' vol. ii. p. 12. 294 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 38-45. given. The reviewer speaks of the "bold and startling" character of the work, but seems to recognize the fact that the views are generally accepted by geologists. By that time the minds of men were becoming more ready to receive geol- ogy of this type. Even ten years before, in 1837, Lyell * says, "people are now much better prepared to believe Dar- win when he advances proofs of the slow rise of the Andes, than they were in 1830, when I first startled them with that doctrine." This sentence refers to the theory elaborated in my father's geological observations on South America (1846), but the gradual change in receptivity of the geological mind must have been favourable to all his geological work. Never- theless, Lyell seems at first not to have expected any ready -acceptance of the Coral theory ; thus he wrotp to my father in 1837: — "I could think of nothing for days after your lesson on coral reefs, but of the tops of submerged continents. It is all true, but do not flatter yourself that you will be be- lieved till you are growing bald like me, with hard work and vexation at the incredulity of the world." The second part of the ' Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle^ i.e. the volume on Volcanic Islands, which specially concerns us now, cannot be better described than by again quoting from Professor Geikie (p. 18) : — " Full of detailed observations, this work still remains the best authority on the general geological structure of most of the regions it describes. At the time it was written the * crater of elevation theory,' though opposed by Constant Provost, Scrope, and Lyell, was generally accepted, at least on the Continent. Darwin, however, could not receive it as a valid explanation of the facts ; and though he did not share the view of its chief opponents, but ventured to propose a hypothesis of his own, the observations impartially made and described by him in this volume must be regarded as having contributed towards the final solution of the difficulty." Pro- fessor Geikie continues (p. 21): "He is one of the earliest * ' Life of Sir Charles Lyell/ vol. ii. p. 6. •GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.' 295, writers to recognize the magnitude of the denudation to which even recent geological accumulations have been subjected. One of the most impressive lessons to be learnt from his ac- count of ' Volcanic Islands ' is the prodigious extent to which they have been denuded. ... He was disposed to attribute more of this work to the sea than most geologists would now admit ; but he lived himself to modify his original views, and on this subject his latest utterances are quite abreast of the time." An extract from a letter of my father's to Lyell shows his estimate of his ov/n work. " You have pleased me much by saying that you intend looking through my 'Volcanic Isl- ands' : it cost me eighteen months ! ! ! and I have heard of very few who have read it. Now I shall feel, whatever little (and little it is) there is confirmatory of old work, or new, will work its effect and not be lost." The third of his geological books, * Geological Observa- tions on South America,' may be mentioned here, although it was not published until 1846. " In this work the author em- bodied all the materials collected by him for the illustration of South American Geology, save some which have been pub- lished elsewhere. One of the most important features of the book was the evidence which it brought forward to prove the slow interrupted elevation of the South American Continent during a recent geological period."* Of this book my father wrote to Lyell : — *' My volume will be about 240 pages, dreadfully dull, yet much condensed. I think whenever you have time to look through it, you will think the collection of facts on the elevation of the land and on the formation of terraces pretty good." Of his special geological work as a whole, Professor Geikie, while pointing out that it was not " of the same epoch-making kind as his biological researches," remarks that he " gave a powerful impulse to " the general reception of Lyell's teach- ing " by the way in which he gathered from all parts of the world facts in its support." * Geikie, loc. cit, 80 296 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45 Work of the Period 1842 to 1854. The work of these years may be roughly divided into a period of geology from 1842 to 1846, and one of zoology from 1846 onwards. I extract from his diary notices of the time spent on his geological books and on his * Journal.' 'Volcanic Islands.' Summer of 1842 to January, 1844. 'Geology of South America.' July, 1844, to April, 1845. Second Edition of 'The Journal,' October, 1845, to Octo- ber, 1846. The time between October, 1846, and October, 1854, was practically given up to working at the Cirripedia (Barnacles) ; the results were published in two volumes by the Ray Society in 185 1 and 1854. His volumes on the Fossil Cirripedes were published by the Palaeontographical Society in 1851 and 1854. Some account of these volumes will be given later. The minor works may be placed together, independently of subject matter. " Observations on the Structure, &c., of the genus Sagitta," Ann. Nat. Hist, xiii., 1844, pp. 1-6. " Brief Descriptions of several Terrestrial Planarise, &c.," Ann. Nat. Hist, xiv., 1844, pp. 241-251. "An Account of the Fine Dust* which often Falls on Vessels in the Atlantic Ocean," Geol. Soc. Journ. ii., 1846, pp. 26-30. "On the Geology of the Falkland Islands/' Geol. Soc. Journ. ii., 1846, pp. 267-274. " On the Transportal of Erratic Boulders, &c.," Geol. Soc. Journ. iv., 1848, pp. S'^SS^S-f * A sentence occurs in this paper of interest, as showing that the author was alive to the importance of all means of distribution : — " The fact that particles of this size have been brought at least 330 miles from the land is interesting as bearing on the distribution of Cryptogamic plants." f An extract from a letter to Lyell, 1847, is of interest in connection with this essay : — " Would you be so good (if you know it) as to put Maclarer's WORK OF THE PERIOD. 297 The article ** Geology," in the Admiralty Manual of Sci- entific Enquiry (1849), pp. 156-195. This was written in the spring of 1848. " On British Fossil Lepadidae," ' Geol. Soc. Journ.' vi., 1850, pp. 439-440. " Analogy of the structure of some Volcanic Rocks with that of Glaciers," ' Edin. Roy. Soc. Proc' ii., 185 1, pp. 17-18, Professor Geikie has been so good as to give me (in a letter dated Nov. 1885) his impressions of my father's article in the * Admiralty Manual.' He mentions the following points as characteristic of the work : — " I. Great breadth of view. No one who had not prac- tically studied and profoundly reflected on the questions dis- cussed could have written it. "2. The insight so remarkable in all that Mr. Darwin ever did. The way in which he points out lines of enquiry that would elucidate geological problems is eminently typical of him. Some of these lines have never yet been adequately followed ; so with regard to them he was in advance of his time. *' 3. Interesting and sympathetic treatment. The author at once puts his readers into harmony with him. He gives them enough of information to show how delightful the field is to which he invites them, and how much they might ac complish in it. There is a broad sketch of the subjec. address on the enclosed letter and post it. It is chiefly to enquire in what paper he has described the Boulders on Arthur's Seat. Mr. D. Mihie in the last Edinburgh 'New Phil. Journal' [1847], has a long paper on it. He says : ' Some glacialists have ventured to explain the transportation ot boulders even in the situation of those now referred to, by imagining that they were transported on ice floes,' &c. He treats this view, and the scratching of rocks by icebergs, as almost absurd . . . he has finally stirred me up so, that (without you would answer him) I think I will send a paper in opposition to the same Journal. I can thus introduce some old remarks of mine, and some new, and will insist on your capital observations in N. America. It is a bore to stop one's work, but he has made me quite wroth." 298 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. which everybody can follow, and there is enough of detail to instruct and guide a beginner and start him on the right track. " Of course, geology has made great strides since 1849, and the article, if written now, would need to take notice of other branches of enquiry, and to modify statements which are not now quite accurate ; but most of the advice Mr. Dar win gives is as needful and valuable now as when it was given. It is curious to see with what unerring instinct he seems to have fastened on the principles that would stand the test of time." In a letter to Lyell (1853) my father wrote, ''I went up for a paper by the Arctic Dr. Sutherland, on ice action, read only in abstract, but I should think with much good matter. It was very pleasant to hear that it was written owing to the Admiralty Manual." To give some idea of the r'etired life which now began for my father at Down, I have noted from his diary the short periods during which he was away from home between the autumn of 1842, when he came to Down, and the end of 1854, 1843, July. — Week at Maer and Shrewsbury. „ October. — Twelve days at Shrewsbury. 1844, April. — Week at Maer and Shrewsbury. „ July. — Twelve days at Shrewsbury. i2>4^, September 15. — Six weeks, "Shrewsbury, Lincoln- shire, York, the Dean of Manchester, Waterton, Chatsworth." 1846, February. — Eleven days at Shrewsbury. » July- — Ten days at Shrewsbury. „ September. — Ten days at Southampton, &c., for the British Association. 1847, February. — Twelve days at Shrewsbury. „ June. — Ten days at Oxford, &c., for the British As- sociation. „ October. — Fortnight at Shrewsbury. 1843 ] CAPTAIN FITZ-ROY. 299 1848, May. — Fortnight at Shrewsbury. „ July. — Week at Swanage. „ October, — Fortnight at Shrewsbury. „ November. — Eleven days at Shrewsbury. 1849, March to June. — Sixteen weeks at Malvern. „ September. — Eleven days at Birmingham for the British Association. 1850, June. — Week at Malvern. „ August. — Week at Leith Hill, the house of a relativa „ October. — Week at the house of another relative. 185 1, March. — Week at Malvern. „ April. — Nine days at Malvern. „ July. — Twelve days in London. 1852, March. — Week at Rugby and Shrewsbury. „ September. — Six days at the house of a relative. 1853, July. — Three weeks at Eastbourne. „ August. — Five days at the military Camp at Chob- ham. 1854, March. — Five days at the house of a relative. „ July. — Three days at the house of a relative. „ October. — Six days at the house of a relative. It will be seen that he was absent from home sixty weeks in twelve years. But it must be remembered that much of the remaining time spent at Down was lost through ill- health.] Letters. C. Darwin to R. Fitz~Roy. Down [March 31st, 1843]. Dear Fitz-Roy, — I read yesterday with surprise and the greatest interest, your appointment as Governor of New Zea- land. I do not know whether to congratulate you on it, but I am sure I may the Colony, on possessing your zeal and energy. I am most anxious to know whether the report is true, for I cannot bear the thoughts of your leaving the country without seeing you once again ; the past is often in 30O LIFE AT DOWN. yi:TAT. 33-45. [1843 my memory, and I feel that I owe to you much bygone enjoy- ment, and the whole destiny of my life, which (had my health been stronger) v/ould have been one full of satisfaction to me. During the last three months I have never once gone up to London without intending to call in the hopes of seeing Mrs. Fitz-Roy and yourself; but I find, most unfortunately for myself, that the little excitement of breaking out of my most quiet routine so generally knocks me up, that I am able to do scarcely anything when in London, and I have not even been able to attend one evening meeting of the Geological Society. Otherwise, I am very well, as are, thank God, my wife and two children. The extreme retirement of this place suits us all very well, and we enjoy our country life much. But I am writing trifles about myself, when your mind and time must be fully occupied. My object in writing is to beg of you or Mrs. Fitz-Roy to have the kindness to send me one line to say whether it is true, and whether you sail soon. I shall come up next week for one or two days ; could you see me for even five minutes, if I called early on Thursday morning, viz. at nine or ten o'clock, or at whatever hour (if you keep early ship hours) you finish your breakfast. Pray remember me very kindly to Mrs. Fitz-Roy, who I trust is able to look at her long voyage with boldness. Believe me, dear Fitz-Roy, Your ever truly obliged, Charles Darwin. [A quotation from another letter (1846) to Fitz-Roy may be worth giving, as showing my father's affectionate remem- brance of his old Captain. ** Farewell, dear Fitz-Roy, I often think of your many acts of kindness to me, and not seldomest on the time, no doubt quite forgotten by you, when, before making Madeira, you came and arranged my hammock with your own hands, and which, as I afterwards heard, brought tears into my father's eyes."] 1844-] 'VESTIGES OF CREATION.' ^OF C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. [Down, September 5, 1843.] Monday morning. My dear Fox, — When I sent off the glacier paper, I was just going out and so had no time to write. I hope your friend will enjoy (and I wish you were going there with him) his tour as much as I did. It was a kind of geological novel. But your friend must have patience, for he will not get a good glacial eye for a few days. Murchison and Count Key- serling rushed through North Wales the same autumn and could see nothing except the effects of rain trickling over the rocks ! I cross-examined Murchison a little, and evi- dently saw he had looked carefully at nothing. I feel certain about the glacier-effects in North Wales. Get up your steam, if this weather lasts, and have a ramble in Wales ; its glorious scenery must do every one's heart and body good. I wish I had energy to come to Delamere and go with you ; but as you observe, you might as well ask St. Paul's, Whenever I give myself a trip, it shall be, I think, to Scotland, to hunt for more parallel roads. My marine theory for these roads was for a time knocked on the head by Agassiz ice-work, but it is now reviving again. . . . Farewell, — we are getting nearly finished — almost all the workmen gone, and the gravel laying down on the walks. Ave Maria ! how the money does go. There are twice as many temptations to extravagance in the country compared with London. Adios. Yours, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down [1844?]. .... I have also read the ' Vestiges,' * but have been somewhat less amused at it than you appear to have been : * ' The Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation ' was published anonymously in 1844, and is confidently believed to have been written by 302 LIFE AT DOWN. AiTAT. 33-45. [1844-5 the writing and arrangement are certainly admirable, but his geology strikes me as bad, and his zoology far worse. I should be very much obliged, if at any future or leisure time you could tell me on what you ground your doubtful belief in imagination of a mother affecting her offspring.* I have attended to the several statements scattered about, but do not believe in more than accidental coincidences. W. Hunter told my father, then in a lying-in hospital, that in many thousand cases, he had asked the mother, before her confine- ment, whether anything had affected her imagination, and re- corded the answers ; and absolutely not one case came right, though, when the child was anything remarkable, they after- wards made the cap to fit. Reproduction seems governed by such similar laws in the whole animal kingdom, that I am most loth [to believe]. . . . C. Darwin to J. M. Herbert. Down [1844 or 1845]. My dear Herbert, — I was very glad to see your hand- writing and hear a bit of news about you. Though you can- not come here this autumn, I do hope you and Mrs. Herbert will come in the winter, and we will have lots of talk of old times, and lots of Beethoven. the late Robert Chambers. My father's copy gives signs of having been carefully read, a long list of marked passages being pinned in at the end. One useful lesson he seems to have learned from it. He virrites : '* The idea of a fish passing into a reptile, monstrous. I will not specify any genealogies — much too little known at present." He refers again to the book in a letter to Fox, February, 1845 : " Have you read that strange, unphilosophical, but capitally-written book, the ' Vestiges ' : it has made more talk than any work of late, and has been by some attributed to me — ■ at which I ought to be much flattered and unflattered." * This refers to the case of a relative of Sir J. Hooker's, who insisted that a mole, which appeared on one of her children, was the effect of fright upon herself on having, before the birth of the child, blotted with sepia a copy of Turner's ' Liber Studiorum ' that had been lent to her with spe- cial injunctions to be careful. 1845] SIR J. D. HOOKER. 303 I have little or rather nothing to say about myself ; we live like clock-work, and in what most people would consider the dullest possible manner. I have of late been slaving extra hard, to the great discomfiture of wretched digestive organs, at South America, and thank all the fates, I have done three- fourths of it. Writing plain English grows with me more and more difficult, and never attainable. As for your pre- tending that you will read anything so dull as my pure geo- logical descriptions, lay not such a flattering unction on my soul * for it is incredible. I have long discovered that geolo- gists never read each other's works, and that the only object in writing a book is a proof of earnestness, and that you do not form your opinions without undergoing labour of some kind. Geology is at present very oral, and what I here say is to a great extent quite true. But I am giving you a dis- cussion as long as a chapter in the odious book itself. I have lately been to Shrewsbury, and found my father surprisingly well and cheerful. Believe me, my dear old friend, ever yours, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, Monday [February loth, 1845]. My dear Hooker, — I am much obliged for your very agreeable letter ; it was very good-natured, in the midst of your scientific and theatrical dissipation, to think of writing so long a letter to me. I am astonished at your news, and I must condole with you in yoMX present view of the Professor- ship,t and most heartily deplore it on my own account. There * On the same subject he wrote to Fitz-Roy : " I have sent my * South American Geology ' to Dover Street, and you will get it, no doubt, in the course of time. You do not know what you threaten when you propose to read it — it is purely geological. I said to my brother, ' You will of course read it,* and his answer was, ' Upon my life, I would sooner even buy it.' " f Sir J. D. Hooker was a candidate for the Professorship of Botany at Edinburgh University. 304 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. [1845. is something so chilling in a separation of so many hundred miles, though we did not see much of each other when nearer. You will hardly believe how deeply I regret for myself your present prospects. I had looked forward to [our] seeing much of each other during our lives. It is a heavy disap- pointment ; and in a mere selfish point of view, as aiding me in my work, your loss is indeed irreparable. But, on the other hand, I cannot doubt that you take at present a de- sponding, instead of bright, view of your prospects : surely there are great advantages, as well as disadvantages. The place is one of eminence ; and really it appears to me there are so many indifferent workers, and so few readers, that it is a high advantage, in a purely scientific point of view, for a good worker to hold a position which leads others to attend to his work. I forget whether you attended Edinburgh, as a student, but in my time there was a knot of men who were far from being the indifferent and dull listeners which you expect for your audience. Reflect what a satisfaction and honour it would be to 7nake a good botanist — with your dis- position you will be to many what Henslow was at Cambridge to me and others, a most kind friend and guide. Then what a fine garden, and how good a Public Library ! why, Forbes always regrets the advantages of Edinburgh for work : think of the inestimable advantage of getting within a short walk of those noble rocks and hills and sandy shores near Edinburgh ! Indeed, I cannot pity you much, though I pity myself ex- ceedingly in your loss. Surely lecturing will, in a year or two, with your great capacity for work (whatever you may be pleased to say to the contrary) become easy, and you will have a fair time for your Antarctic Flora and general views of distribution. If I thought your Professorship would stop your work, I should wish it and all the good worldly conse- quences at el Diavolo. I know I shall live to see you the first authority in Europe on that grand subject, that almost keystone of the laws of creation, Geographical Distribution. Well, there is one comfort, you will be at Kew, no doubt, every year, so I shall finish by forcing down your throat my i845.] THE 'JOURNAL.' 305 sincere congratulations. Thanks for all your news. I grieve to hear Humboldt is failing ; one cannot help feeling, though unrightly, that such an end is humiliating : even when I saw him he talked beyond all reason. If you see him again, pray give him my most respectful and kind compliments, and say that I never forget that my whole course of life is due to having read and re-read as a youth his ' Personal Narrative.* How true and pleasing are all your remarks on his kindness ; think how many opportunities you will have, in your new place, of being a Humboldt to others. Ask him about the river in N. E. Europe, with the Flora very different on its opposite banks. I have got and read your Wilkes ; what a feeble book ''n matter and style, and how splendidly got up ! Do write me a line from Berlin. Also thanks for the proof- sheets. I did not, however, mean proof plates ; I value them, as saving me copying extracts. Farewell, my dear Hooker, with a heavy heart I wish you joy of your prospects. Your sincere friend, C. Darwin. [The second edition of the * Journal,' to which the follow- ing letter refers, was completed between April 25th and Au- gust 25th. It was published by Mr. Murray in the 'Colonial and Home Library,' and in this more accessible form soon had a large sale. Up to the time of his first negotiations with Mr. Murray for its publication in this form, he had received payment only in the form of a large number of presentation copies, and he seems to have been glad to sell the copyright of the second edition to Mr. Murray for 150/. The points of difference between it and the first edition are of interest chiefly in connection with the growth of the- author's views on evolution, and will be considered later.] 3o6 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. [1845. C. Darwin to C. Lyell. Down [July, 1845]. My dear Lyell, — I send you the first part * of the new- edition [of the 'Journal of Researches '], which I so entirely owe to you. You will see that I have ventured to dedicate it to yoUjf and I trust that this cannot be disagreeable. I have long wished, not so much for your sake, as for my own feelings of honesty, to acknowledge more plainly than by mere refer- ence, how much I geologically owe you. Those authors, how- ever, who like you, educate people's minds as well as teach them special facts, can never, I should think, have full justice done them except by posterity, for the mind thus insensibly improved can hardly perceive its own upward ascent. I had intended putting in the present acknowledgment in the third part of my Geology, but its sale is so exceedingly small that I should not have had the satisfaction of thinking that as far as lay in my power I had owned, though imperfectly, my debt. Pray do not think that I am so silly, as to suppose that my dedication can any ways gratify 5^ou, except so far as I trust you will receive it, as a most sincere mark of my gratitude and friendship. I think I have improved this edition, espe- cially the second part, which I have just finished. I have added a good deal about the Fuegians, and cut down into half the mercilessly long discussion on climate and glaciers, &c. I do not recollect anything added to the first part, long enough to call your attention to ; there is a page of descrip- tion of a very curious breed of oxen in Banda Oriental. I should like you to read the few last pages ; there is a little discussion on extinction, which wdll not perhaps strike you * No doubt proof-sheets. f The dedication of the second edition of the ' Journal of Researches,' is as follows : — " To Charles Lyell, Esq., F. R. S., this second edition is dedicated with grateful pleasure — as an acknowledgment that the chief part of whatever scientific merit this Journal and the other works of the Author may possess, has been derived from studying the well-known and admirable ' Principles of Geology.' " i845.] I. YELL'S 'NORTH AMERICA.' 307 as new, though it has so struck me, and has placed in my mind all the difficulties with respect to the causes of extinc- tion, in the same class with other difficulties which are gener- ally quite overlooked and undervalued by naturalists ; I ought, however, to have made my discussion longer and shewn by facts, as I easily could, how steadily every species must be checked in its numbers. I received your Travels * yesterday ; and I like exceed- ingly its external and internal appearance ; I read only about a dozen pages last night (for I was tired with hay-making), but I saw quite enough to perceive how very much it will in- terest me, and how many passages will be scored. I am pleased to find a good sprinkling of Natural History ; I shall be astonished if it does not sell very largely. . . . How sorry I am to think that we shall not see you here again for so long ; I wish you may knock yourself a little bit up before you start and require a day's fresh air, before the ocean breezes blow on you. . . . Ever yours, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to C. Lyell. Down, Saturday [August ist, 1845]. My dear Lyell, — I have been wishing to write to you for a week past, but every five minutes' worth of strength has been expended in getting out my second part.f Your note pleased me a good deal more I dare say than my dedication did you, and I thank you much for it. Your work has in- terested me much, and I will give you my impressions, though, as I never thought you would care to hear what I thought of the non-scientific parts, I made no notes, nor took pains to remember any particular impression of two- thirds of the first volume. The first impression I should say * * Travels in North America,' 2 vols., 1845. f Of the second edition of the ' Journal of Researches.* 3o8 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45, [1845. would be with most (though I have literally seen not one soul since reading it) regret at there not being more of the non-scientific [parts]. I am not a good judge, for I have read nothing, /. e. non-scientific about North America, but the whole struck me as very new, fresh, and interesting. Your discussions bore to my mind the evident stamp of matured thought, and of conclusions drawn from facts observed by yourself, and not from the opinions of the people whom you met ; and this I suspect is comparatively rare. Your slave discussion disturbed me much ; but as you would care no more for my opinion on this head than for the ashes of this letter, I will say nothing except that it gave me some sleepless, most uncomfortable hours. Your account of the religious state of the States particularly interested me ; I am surprised throughout at your very proper boldness against the Clergy. In your University chapter the Clergy, and not the State of Education, are most severely and justly handled, and this I think is very bold, for I conceive you might crush a leaden-headed old Don, as a Don, with more safety, than touch the finger of that Corporate Animal, the Clergy. What a contrast in Education does England shew itself! Your apology (using the term, like the old religionists who meant anything but an apology) for lectures, struck me as very clever ; but all the arguments in the world on your side, are not equal to one course of Jamieson's Lectures on the other side, which I formerly for my sins experienced. Although I had read about the ' Coalfields in North America,' I never in the smallest degree really comprehended their area, their thickness and favourable position ; nothing hardly astounded me more in your book. Some few parts struck me as rather heterogeneous, but I do not know whether to an extent that at all signified. I missed however, a good deal, some general heading to the chapters, such as the two or three principal places visited. One has no right to expect an author to write down to the zero of geo- graphical ignorance of the reader ; but I not knowing a single place, was occasionally rather plagued in tracing your course. i845l LYELL'S 'PRINCIPLES.* 309 Sometimes in the beginning of a chapter, in one paragraph your course was traced through a half dozen places ; anyone, as ignorant as myself, if he could be found, would prefer such a disturbing paragraph left out. I cut your map loose, and I found that a great comfort ; I could not follow your engraved track. I think in a second edition, interspaces here and there of one line open, would be an improvement. By the way, I take credit to myself in giving my Journal a less scientific air in having printed all names of species and genera in Romans ; the printing looks, also, better. All the illustrations strike me as capital, and the map is an admirable volume in itself. If your ' Principles ' had not met with such universal admi- ration, I should have feared there would have been too much geology in this for the general reader ; certainly all that the most clear and light style could do, has been done. To my- self the geology was an excellent, well-condensed, well-di- gested resume of all that has been made out in North Amer- ica, and every geologist ought to be grateful to you. The summing up of the Niagara chapter appeared to me the grandest part ; I was also deeply interested by your discussion on the origin of the Silurian formations. I have made scores of scores marking passages hereafter useful to me. All the coal theory appeared to me very good ; but it is no use going on enumerating in this manner. I wish there had been more Natural History ; I liked all the scattered fragments. I have now given you an exact transcript of my thoughts, but they are hardly worth your reading. . . . C. Darivin to C. Lyell. Down, August 25th [1845]. My dear Lyell, — This is literally the first day on which I have had any time to spare ; and I will amuse myself by beginning a letter to you. . . . I was delighted with your letter in which you touch on Slavery ; I wish the same feelings had been apparent in your published discussion. But I will not write on this subject, I 310 LIFE AT DOWN. yETAT. 33-45. [1845 should perhaps annoy you, and most certainly myself. I have exhaled myself with a paragraph or two in my Journal on the sin of Brazilian slavery ; you perhaps will think that it is in answer to you ; but such is not the case. I have remarked on nothing which I did not hear on the coast of South America. My few sentences, however, are merely an explosion of feeling. How could you relate so placidly that atrocious sentiment * about separating children from their parents ; and in the next page speak of being distressed at the whites not having prospered ; I assure you the contrast made me exclaim out. But I have broken my intention, and so no more on this odious deadly subject. There is a favourable, but not strong enough review on you, in the Gardeners' Chronicle. I am sorry to see that Lind- ley abides by the carbonic acid gas theory. By the way, I was much pleased by Lindley picking out my extinction para- graphs and giving them uncurtailed. To my mind, putting the comparative rarity of existing species in the same cate- gory with extinction has removed a great weight ; though of course it does not explain anything, it shows that until we can explain comparative rarity, we ought not to feel any surprise at not explaining extinction. . . . I am much pleased to hear of the call for a new edition of the * Principles ' : what glorious good that work has done. I fear this time you will not be amongst the old rocks ; how I shall rejoice to live to see you publish and discover another stage below the Silurian — it would be the grandest step pos- sible, I think. I am very glad to hear what progress Bunbury is making in fossil Botany ; there is a fine hiatus for him to fill up in this country. I will certainly call on him this winter. . . . From what little I saw of him, I can quite believe every- thing which you say of his talents. . . . * In the passage referred to, Lyell does not give his own views, but those of a planter. 1845.] 'COSMOS.* 311 C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Shrewsbury [1845 ?], My dear Hooker, — I have just received your note, which has astonished me, and has most truly grieved me. - 1 never for one minute doubted of your success, for I most errone- ously imagined, that merit was sure to gain the day. I feel most sure that the day will come soon, when those who have voted against you, if they have any shame or conscience in them, will be ashamed at having allowed politics to blind their eyes to your qualifications, and those qualifications vouched for by Humboldt and Brown ! Well, those testimonials must be a consolation to you. Prohpudor ! I am vexed and indig- nant by turns. I cannot even take comfort in thinking that I shall see more of you, and extract more knowledge from your well-arranged stock. I am pleased to think, that after having read a few of your letters, I never once doubted the position you will ultimately hold amongst European Botanists. 1 can think about nothing else, otherwise I should like [to] discuss * Cosmos ' * with you. I trust you will pay me and my wife a visit this autumn at Down. I shall be at Down on the 24th, and till then moving about. My dear Hooker, allow me to call myself Your very true friend, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to C. Lyell. October 8th [1845], Shrewsbury. ... I have lately been taking a little tour to see a farm I have purchased in Lincolnshire,! and then to York, where I * A translation of Humboldt's ' Kosmos.' f He speaks of his Lincolnshire farm in a letter to Henslow (July 4th) : — " I have bought a farm in Lincolnshire, ajid when I go there thi^ autumn, I mean to see what I can do in providing any cottage on my small estate with gardens. It is a hopeless thing to look to, but I believe few things would do this country more good in future ages th^n the destruction 21 312 LTFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. [1845 visited the Dean of Manchester,* the great maker of Hybrids, who gave me much curious information. I also visited Waterton at Walton Hall, and was extremely amused with my visit there. He is an amusing strange fellow ; at our early dinner, our party consisted of two Catholic priests and two Mulattresses ! He is past sixty years old, and the day before ran down and caught a leveret in a turnip-field. It is a fine old house, and the lake swarms with water-fowl. I then saw Chatsworth, and was in transport with the great hothouse ; it is a perfect fragment of a tropical forest, and the sight made me think with delight of old recollections. My little ten-day tour made me feel wonderfully strong at the time, but the good effects did not last. My wife, I am sorry to say, does not get very strong, and the children are the hope of the family, for they are all happy, life, and spirits. I have been much interested with Sedgwick's review ; f though I find it far from popular with our scientific readers. I think some few passages savour of the dogmatism of the pulpit, rather than of the philosophy of the Professor's Chair ; and some of the wit strikes me as only worthy of in the * Quarterly.' Nevertheless, it is a grand piece of argument against muta- bility of species, and I read it with fear and trembling, but was well pleased to find that I had not overlooked any of the arguments, though I had put them to myself as feebly as of primogeniture, so as to lessen the difference in land-wealth, and make more small freeholders. How atrociously unjust are the stamp laws, which render it so expensive for the poor man to buy his quarter of an acre ; it makes one's blood burn with indignation." * Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert. The visit is mentioned in a letter to Dr. Hooker : — " I have been taking a little tour, partly on business, and visited the Dean of Manchester, and had very much interesting talk with him on hybrids, sterility, and variation, &c., &c. He is full of self-gained knowledge, but knows surprisingly little what others have done on the same subjects. He is very heterodox on ' species ' : not much better, as most naturalists would esteem it, than poor Mr. Vestiges." f Sedgwick's review of the ' Vestiges of Creation ' in the ' Edinburgh Review ' July, 1845, 1846. J BOTANY. 313 milk and water. Have you read * Cosmos ' yet ? The Eng- lish translation is wretched, and the semi-metaphysico-politico descriptions in the first part are barely intelligible ; but I think the volcanic discussion well worth your attention, it has astonished me by its vigour and information. I grieve to find Humboldt an adorer of Von Buch, with his classification of volcanos, craters of elevation, &c., &c., and carbonic acid gas atmosphere. He is indeed a wonderful man. I hope to get home in a fortnight and stick to my weary- ful South America till I finish it. I shall be very anxious to hear how you get on from the Horners, but you must not think of wasting your time by writing to me. We shall miss, indeed, your visits to Down, and I shall feel a lost man in London without my morning " house of call '* at Hart Street, . . . Believe me, my dear Lyell, ever yours, C. Darwin. C Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, Farnborough, Kent, Thursday, September, 184O. My dear Hooker, — I hope this letter will catch you at Clifton, but I have been prevented writing by being unwell, and having had the Horners here as visitors, which, with my abominable press-work, has fully occupied my time. It is, indeed, a long time since we wrote to each other ; though, I beg to tell you, that I wrote last, but what about I cannot remember, except, I know, it was after reading your last numbers,* and I sent you a uniquely laudatory epistle, con- sidering it was from a man who hardly knows a Daisy from a Dandelion to a professed Botanist. . . . I cannot remember what papers have given me the im- pression, but I have that, which you state to be the case, firmly fixed on my mind, namely, the little chemical impor- tance of the soil to its vegetation. What a strong fact it is, * Sir J. D. Hook-^r's Antarctic Botany, 314 LIFE AT DOWN. /ETAT. 33-45. as R. Brown once remarked to me, of certain plants being calcareous ones here, which are not so under a more favour- able climate on the Continent, or the reverse, for I forget which ; but you, no doubt, will know to what I refer. By- the-way, there are some such cases in Herbert's paper in the * Horticultural Journal.' * Have you read it : it struck me as extremely original, and bears directly on your present re- searches.! To a non-botanist the chalk has the most peculiar aspect of any flora in England ; why will you not come here to make your observations ? We go to Southampton, if my courage and stomach do n'ot fail, for the Brit. Assoc. (Do you not consider it your duty to be there }) And why cannot you come here afterward and work 2 .... The Monograph of the Cirripedia, October 1846 to October 1854. [Writing to Sir J. D. Hooker in 1845, my father says : "I hope this next summer to finish my South American Geology, then tc get out a little Zoology, and hurrah for my species work. , . ." This passage serves to show that he had at this time no intention of making an exhaustive study of the Cir- ripedes. Indeed it would seem that his original intention was. as I learn from Sir J. D. Hooker, merely to work out one special problem. This is quite in keeping with the following passage in the Autobiography : " When on the coast of Chile, I found a most curious form, which burrowed into the shells of Concholepas, and which differed so much from all other Cirripedes that I had to form a new sub-order for its sole reception. ... To understand the structure of my new Cir- ripede I had to examine and dissect many of the common forms ; and this gradually led me on to take up the whole group." In later years he seems to have felt some doubt as to the value of these eight years of work, — for instance when * • Journal of the Horticultural Society,' 1846. f Sir J. D. Hooker was at this time attending to polymorphism, varia- bility, &c. CIRRIPEDES. 315 he wrote in his Autobiography — " My work was of consider- able use to me, when I had to discuss in the ' Origin of Spe- cies,' the principles of a natural classification. Nevertheless I doubt whether the work was worth the consumption of so much time." Yet I learn from Sir J. D. Hooker that he cer- tainly recognised at the time its value to himself as system- atic training. Sir Joseph writes to me : " Your father recog- nised three stages in his career as a biologist : the mere collector at Cambridge ; the collector and observer in the Beagle^ and for some years afterwards; and the trained natu- ralist after, and only after the Cirripede work. That he was a thinker all along is true enough, and there is a vast deal in his writings previous to the Cirripedes that a trained natu- ralist could but emulate. ... He often alluded to it as a valued discipline, and added that even the * hateful ' work of digging out synonyms, and of describing, not only improved his methods but opened his eyes to the difficulties and mer- its of the works of the dullest of cataloguers. One result was that he would never allow a depreciatory remark to pass unchallenged on the poorest class of scientific workers, pro- vided that their work was honest, and good of its kind. I have always regarded it as one of the finest traits of his character, — this generous appreciation of the hod-men of science, and of their labours . . . and it was monographing the Barnacles that brought it about." Professor Huxley allows me to quote his opinion as to the value of the eight years given to the Cirripedes : — " In my opinion your sagacious father never did a wiser thing than when he devoted himself to the years of patient toil which the Cirripede-book cost him. " Like the rest of us, he had no proper training in biologi- cal science, and it has always struck me as a remarkable in- stance of his scientific insight, that he saw the necessity of giving himself such training, and of his courage, that he did not shirk the labour of obtaining it. '' The great danger which besets all men of large specula- tive faculty, is the temptation to deal with the accepted state- 3i6 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. ments of facts in natural science, as if they were not only correct, but exhaustive ; as if they might be dealt with de- ductively, in the same way as propositions in Euclid may be dealt with. In reality, every such statement, however true it may be, is true only relatively to the means of observation and the point of view of those who have enunciated it. So far it may be depended upon. But whether it will bear every speculative conclusion that may be logically deduced from it, is quite another question. " Your father was building a vast superstructure upon the foundations furnished by the recognised facts of geological and biological science. In Physical Geography, in Geology proper, in Geographical Distribution, and in Palaeontology, he had acquired an extensive practical training during the voyage of the Beagle. He knew of his own knowledge the way in which the raw materials of these branches of science are acquired, and was therefore a most competent judge of the speculative strain they would bear. That which he needed, after his return to England, was a corresponding acquaintance with Anatomy and Development, and their rela- tion to Taxonomy— and he acquired this by his Cirripede work. "Thus, in my apprehension, the value of the Cirripede monograph lies not merely in the fact that it is a very admi- rable piece of work, and constituted a great addition to posi- tive knowledge, but still more in the circumstance that it was a piece of critical self-discipline, the effect of which mani- fested itself in everything your father wrote afterwards, and saved him from endless errors of detail. " So far from such work being a loss of time, I believe it would have been well worth his while, had it been practi- cable, to have supplemented it by a special study of em- bryology and physiology. His hands would have been greatly strengthened thereby when he came to write out sundry chapters of the * Origin of Species.' But of course in those days it was almost impossible for him to find facilities for such work." CIRRIPEDES. 317 No one can look at the two volumes on the recent Cirri- pedes, of 399 and 684 pages respectively (not to speak of the volumes on the fossil species), without being struck by the immense amount of detailed work which they contain. The forty plates, some of them with thirty figures, and the four- teen pages of index in the two volumes together, give some rough idea of the labour spent on the work.* The state of knowledge, as regards the Cirripedes, was most unsatisfactory at the time that my father began to work at them. As an illustration of this fact, it may be mentioned that he had even to re-organise the nomenclature of the group, or, as he expressed it, he ** unwillingly found it indispensable to give names to several valves, and to some few of the softer parts of Cirripedes." t It is interesting to learn from his diary the amount of time which he gave to different genera. Thus the genus Chthamalus, the description of which occupies twenty-two pages, occupied him for thirty-six days ; Coro- nula took nineteen days, and is described in twenty-seven pages. Writing to Fitz-Roy, he speaks of being "for the last half-month daily hard at work in dissecting a little ani- mal about the size of a pin's head, from the Chonos archi- pelago, and I could spend another month, and daily see more beautiful structure." Though he became excessively weary of the work before the end of the eight years, he had much keen enjoyment in the course of it. Thus he wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker (1847 ?) : — " As you say, there is an extraordinary pleasure in pure observation ; not but what I suspect the pleasure in this case is rather derived from comparisons forming in one's mind with allied structures. After having been so long employed in w^riting my old geological observations, it is delightful to use one's eyes and fingers again." It was, in fact, a return to * The reader unacquainted with Zoology will find some account of the more interesting results in Mr. Romanes' article on "Charles Darwin" ('Nature' Series, 1882). f Vol. i. p. 3. 3i8 LIFE AT DOWN. .ETAT. 33-45. the work which occupied so much of his time when at sea during his voyage. His zoological notes of that period give an impression of vigorous work, hampered by ignorance and want of appliances ; and his untiring industry in the dissec- tion of marine animals, especially of Crustacea, must have been of value to him as training for his Cirripede work. Most of his work was done with the simple dissecting micro- scope— but it was the need which he found for higher powers that induced him, in 1846, to buy a compound microscope. He wrote to Hooker : — '^ When I was drawing with L., I was so deHghted with the appearance of the objects, especially with their perspective, as seen through the weak powers of a good compound microscope, that I am going to order one ; indeed, I often have structures in which the ^V is not power enough." During part of the time covered by the present chapter, my father suffered perhaps more from ill-health than at any other time of his life. He felt severely the depressing influ- ence of these long years of illness ; thus as early as 1840 he wrote to Fox : ** I am grown a dull, old, spiritless dog to what I used to be. One gets stupider as one grows older I think." It is not wonderful that he should so have written, it is rather to be wondered at that his spirit withstood so great and constant a strain. He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker in 1845 : " You are very kind in your enquiries about my health ; I have nothing to say about it, being always much the same, some days better and some worse. I believe I have not had one whole day, or rather night, without my stomach having been greatly disordered, during the last three years, and most days great prostration of strength : thank you for your kindness; many of my friends, I believe, think me a hypochondriac." Again, in 1849, ^^ notes in his diary: — "January ist to March loth. — Health very bad, with much sickness and fail- ure of power. Worked on all well days." This was written just before his first visit to Dr. Gully's Water-Cure Establish- ment at Malvern. In April of the same year he wrote : — "I 1846.] BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 3IQ believe I am going on very well, but I am rather weary of my present inactive life, and the water-cure has the most extra- ordinary effect in producing indolence and stagnation of mind : till experiencing it, I could not have believed it possi- ble. I now increase in weight, have escaped sickness for thirty days." He returned in June, after sixteen weeks' ab- sence, much improved in health, and, as already described (p. 108), continued the water-cure at home for some time.] C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down [October, 1846]. My dear Hooker, — I have not heard from Sulivan * lately ; when he last wrote he named from 8th to loth as the most likely time. Immediately that I hear, I will fly you a line, for the chance of your being able to come. I forget whether you know him, but I suppose so ; he is a real good fellow. Anyhow, if you do not come then, I am very glad that you propose coming soon after. . . . I am going to begin some papers on the lower marine animals, which will last me some months, perhaps a year, and then I shall begin looking over my ten-year-long accumu- lation of notes on species and varieties, which, with writ- ing, I dare say will take me five years, and then, when pub- lished, I dare say I shall stand infinitely low in the opinion of all sound Naturalists — so this is my prospect for the fu- ture. Are you a good hand at inventing names. I have a quite new and curious genus of Barnacle, which I want to name, and how to invent a name completely puzzles me. By the way, I have told you nothing about Southampton. We enjoyed (wife and myself) our week beyond measure : the papers were all dull, but I met so many friends and made so many new acquaintances (especially some of the Irish Naturalists), and took so many pleasant excursions. I * Admiral Sir B. J. Sulivan, formerly an officer of the Beagle. 320 LIFE AT DOWN. ALTAT. 33-45. [1847. wish you had been there. On Sunday we had so pleasant an excursion to Winchester with Falconer,* Colonel Sabine,t and Dr. Robinson, I and others. I never enjoyed a day more in my life. I missed having a look at H. Watson.* I suppose you heard that he met Forbes and told him he had a severe article in the Press. I understood that Forbes explained to him that he had no cause to complain, but as the article was printed, he would not withdraw it, but offered it to Forbes for him to append notes to it, w"hich Forbes naturally de- clined. . . . C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, April 7th [1847 ?]. My dear Hooker, — I should have written before now, had I not been almost continually unwell, and at present I am suffering from four boils and swellings, one of which hardly allows me the use of my right arm, and has stopped all my work, and damped all my spirits. I was much disappointed at missing my trip to Kew, and the more so, as I had forgotten you would be away all this month ; but I had no choice, and was in bed nearly all Friday and Saturday. I congratulate * Hugh Falconer, born i8og, died 1865. Chiefly known as a palaeontol- ogist, although employed as a botanist during his whole career in India, where he was also a medical officer in H. E. I. C. Service ; he was super- intendent of the Company's garden, first at Saharunpore, and then at Cal- cutta, He was one of the first botanical explorers of Kashmir. Falconer's discoveries of Miocene mammalian remains in the Sewalik Hills, were, at the time, perhaps the greatest "finds" which had been made. His book on the subject, ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' remained unfinished at the time of his death. f The late Sir Edward Sabine, formerly President of the Royal Society, and author of a long series of memoirs on Terrestrial Magnetism. % The late Dr. Thomas Romney Robinson, of the Armagh Observa- tory. * The late Hewett Cottrell Watson, author of the ' Cybele Britannica,' one of a most valuable series of works on the topography and geographical distribution of the plants of the British Islands. i847] THE rOCKET ALMANACK. 321 you over your improved prospects about India,* but at the same time must sincerely groan over it. I shall feel quite lost without you to discuss many points with, and to point out (ill-luck to you) difficulties and objections to my species hy- potheses. It will be a horrid shame if money stops your expe- dition ; but Government will surely help you to some extent. . . . Your present trip, with your new views, amongst the coal-plants, will be very interesting. If you have spare time, but not without^ I should enjoy having some news of your progress. Your present trip will work well in, if you go to any of the coal districts in India. Would this not be a good object to parade before Government ; the utilitarian souls would comprehend this. By the way, I will get some work out of you, about the domestic races of animals in India. . . . C. Darwin to L. Jenyns (Blomefield) . Down [1847]. Dear Jenyns, — I am very much obliged for the capital little Almanack ; \ it so happened that I was wishing for one to keep in my portfolio. I had never seen this kind before, and shall certainly get one for the future. I think it is very amusing to have a list before one's eyes of the order of ap- * Sir J. Hooker left England on November 11, 1847, for his Hima- layan and Tibetan journey. The expedition was supported by a small grant from the Treasury, and thus assumed the character of a Government mission. f " This letter relates to a small Almanack first published in 1843, under, the name of ' The Naturalists' Pocket Almanack,' by Mr. Van Voorst, and which I edited for him. It was intended especially for those who interest themselves in the periodic phenomena of animals and plants, of which a select list was given under each month of the year. " The Pocket Almanack contained, moreover, miscellaneous informa- tion relating to Zoology and Botany ; to Natural History and other scien- tific societies ; to public Museums and Gardens, in addition to the ordi- nary celestial phenomena found in most other Almanacks. It continued to be issued till 1847, after which year the publication was abandoned." — From a letter from Rev. L. Blomefield to F. Darwin. 322 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. [1847 pearance of the plants and animals around one ; it gives a fresh interest to each fine day. There is one point 1 should like to see a little improved, viz., the correction for the clock at shorter intervals. Most people, I suspect, who like myself have dials, will wish to be more precise than with a margin of three minutes. I always buy a shilling almanack for this sole end. By the way, yours, i. (f.. Van Voorst's Almanack, is very dear ; it ought, at least, to be advertised post-free for the shilling. Do you not think a table (not rules) of conver- sion of French into English measures, and perhaps weights, would be exceedingly useful ; also centigrade into Fahren- heit,— magnifying powers according to focal distances.'*— in fact you might make it the most useful publication of the age. I know what I should like best of all, namely, current meteo- rological remarks for each month, with statement of average course of winds and prediction of weather, in accordance .with movements of barometer. People, I think, are always amused at knowing the extremes and means of temperature for corresponding times in other years. I hope you will go on with it another year. With many thanks, my dear Jenyns, Yours very truly, Charles Darwin. C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, Sunday [April i8th, 1847]. My dear Hooker, — I return with many thanks Watson's letter, which I have had copied. It is a capital one, and I am extremely obliged to you for obtaining me such valuable information. Surely he is rather in a hurry when he says intermediate v-arieties must almost be necessarily rare, other- wise they would be taken as the types of the species ; for he overlooks numerical frequency as an element. Surely if A, B, C were three varieties, and if A were a good deal the com- monest (therefore, also, first known), it would be taken as the type, without regarding whether B was quite intermediate or not, or whether it was rare or not What capital essays W i847] H. C. WATSON, 323 would write ; but I suppose he has written a good deal in the * Phytologist.' You ought to encourage him to publish on variation ; it is a shame that such facts as those in his let- ter should remain unpublished. I must get you to introduce me to him ; would he be a good and sociable man for Drop- more ? * though if he comes, Forbes must not (and I think you talked of inviting Forbes), or we shall have a glorious bat- tle. I should like to see sometime the war correspondence. Have you the ' Phytologist,' and could you sometime spare it? I would go through it quickly. ... I have read your last five numbers,t and as usual have been much interested in several points, especially with your discussions on the beech and potato. I see you have introduced several sentences against us Transmutationists. I have also been looking through the latter volumes of the * Annals of Natural History,' and have read two such soulless, pompous papers of , quite worthy of the author .... The contrast of the papers in the Annals with those in the Annales is rather humiliating ; so many papers in the former, with short descriptions of species, with- out one word on their affinities, internal structure, range or habits. I am now reading , and I have picked out some things which have interested me ; but he strikes me as rather dullish, and with all his Materia Medica smells of the doctor's shop. I shall ever hate the name of the Materia Medica, since hearing Duncan's lectures at eight o'clock on a winter's morning — a whole, cold, breakfastless hour on the properties of rhubarb ! I hope your journey will be very prosperous. Believe me, my dear Hooker, Ever yours, C. Darwin. P.S. — I think I have only made one new acquaintance of late, that is, R. Chambers ; and I have just received a * A much enjoyed expedition made from Oxford — when the British Association met there in 1847. f Of the Botany of Hooker's ' Antarctic Voyage.' 324 ^'IFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45- [1847. presentation copy of the sixth edition of the ' Vestiges.' Some- how I now feel perfectly convinced he is the author. He is in France, and has written to me thence. C. Darwin io J, D, Hooker. Down [1847 ?]• ... I am delighted to hear that Brongniart thought Sigillaria aquatic, and that Binney considers coal a sort of submarine peat. I would bet 5 to i that in twenty years this will be generally admitted ; * and I do not care for whatever the botanical difficulties or impossibilities may be. If I could but persuade myself that Sigillaria and Co. had a good range of depth, /. ., it implies that C. D. is the oldest name that I know of ; but in order that you and others may judge of the propriety of that name, you must ascertain when, and by whom, the name was first coined. Now, if to the specific name C. D., I append the name A. B., of its first describer, I at once furnish you with the clue to the dates when, and the book in which, this description was given, and I thus assist you in determining whether C. D. be really the oldest, and therefore the correct, designation. I do, however, admit that the priority principle (excellent as it is) has a tendency, when the author's name is added, to encourage vanity and slovenly work. I think, howeyer, that much might be done to discourage those obscure and unsatis- factory definitions of which you so justly complain, by writing down the practice. Let the better disposed naturalists com- bine to make a formal protest against all vague, loose, and inadequate definitions of (supposed) new species. Let a committee (say of the British Association) be appointed to prepare a sort of Class List of the various modern works in which new species are described, arranged in order of merit. The lowest class would contain the worst examples of the kind, and their authors would thus be exposed to the obloquy which they deserve, and be gibbeted /// terror em for the edifi- cation of those who may come after. I have thus candidly stated my views (I hope intelligibly) of what seems best to be done in the present transitional and dangerous state of systematic zoology. Innumerable labour- ers, many of them crotchety and half-educated, are rushing 1849] NOMENCLATURE. 337 into the field, and it depends, I think, on the present genera- tion whether the science is to descend to posterity a chaotic mass, or possessed of some traces of law and organisation. If we could only get a congress of deputies from the chief scien- tific bodies of Europe and America, something might be done, but, as the case stands, I confess I do not clearly see my way, beyond humbly endeavouring to reform Number One. Yours ever, H. E. Strickland. C. Darwin to Hugh Strickland. Down, Sunday [Feb. 4th, 1849]. My dear Strickland, — I am, in truth, greatly obliged to you for your long, most interesting, and clear letter, and the Report. I will consider your arguments, which are of the greatest weight, but I confess I cannot yet bring myself to reject very well-knoum names, not in one country, but over the world, for obscure ones, — simply on the ground that I do not believe I should be followed. Pray believe that I should break the law of priority only in rare cases ; will you read the enclosed (and return it), and tell me whether it does not stagger you ? (N. B. I promise that I will not give you any more trouble.) I want simple answers, and not for you to waste your time in reasons ; I am curious for your answer in regard to Balanus. I put the case of Otion, &c., to W. Thompson, who is fierce for the law of priority, and he gave it up in such well-known names. I am in a perfect maze of doubt on nomenclature. In not one large genus of Cirripedia has any one species been correctly defined ; it is pure guess- work (being guided by range and commonness and habits) to recognise any species : thus I can make out, from plates or descriptions, hardly any of the British sessile cirripedes. I cannot bear to give new names to all the species, and yet I shall perhaps do wrong to attach old names by little better than guess ; I cannot at present tell the least which of two species all writers have meant by the common Anatifera ^^8 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. [1849. IcETois ; I have, therefore, given that name to the one which is rather the commonest. Literally, not one species is properly- defined ; not one naturalist has ever taken the trouble to open the shell of any species to describe it scientifically, and yet all the genera have half-a-dozen synonyms. For argwnenfs sake, suppose I do my work thoroughly well, any one who happens to have the original specimens named, I will say by Chenu, who has figured and named hundreds of species, will be able to upset all my names according to the law of priority (for he may maintain his descriptions are sufficient), do you think it advantageous to science that this should be done : I think not, and that convenience and high merit (here put as mere argument) had better come into some play. The subject is heart-breaking. I hope you will occasionally turn in your mind my argu- ment of the evil done by the *'mihi" attached to specific names ; 1 can most clearly see the excessive evil .it has caused ; in mineralogy I have myself found there is no rage to merely name ; a person does not take up the subject without he in- tends to work it out, as he knows that his only claim to merit rests on his work being ably done, and has no relation what- ever to naming. I give up one point, and grant that reference to first describer's name should be given in all systematic works, but I think something would be gained if a reference was given without the author's name being actually appended as part of the binomial name, and I think, except in sys- tematic works, a reference, such as I propose, would damp vanity much. I think a very wrong spirit runs through all Natural History, as if some merit was due to a man for merely naming and defining a species ; I think scarcely any, or none, is due ; if he works out minutely and anatomically any one species, or systematically a whole group, credit is due, but I must think the mere defining a species is nothing, and that no injustice is done him if it be overlooked, though a great inconvenience to Natural History is thus caused. I do not think more credit is due to a man for defining a species, than to a carpenter for making a box. But I am foolish and rabid :S49.] NOMENCLATURE. 339 against species-mongers, or rather against their vanity ; it is useful and necessary work which must be done ; but they act as if they had actually made the species, and it was their own property. I use Agassiz's nomenclator ; at least two-thirds of the dates in the Cirripedia are grossly wrong. I shall do what I can in fossil Cirripedia, and should be very grateful for specimens ; but I do not believe that species (and hardly genera) can be denned by single valves ; as in every recent species yet examined their forms vary greatly : to describe a species by valves alone, is the same as to de- scribe a crab from small portions of its carapace alone, these portions being highly variable, and not, as in Crustacea, modelled over viscera. I sincerely apologise for the trouble which I have given you, but indeed I will give no more. Yours most sincerely, C. Darwin. P. S. — In conversation I found Owen and Andrew Smith much inclined to throw over the practice of attaching au- thors* names ; I believe if I agitated I could get a large party to join. W. Thompson agreed some way with me, but was not prepared to go nearly as far as I am. C. Darwin to Hugh Strickland. Down, Feb. lOth [1849]. My dear Strickland,— I have again to thank you cor- dially for your letter. Your remarks shall fructify to some extent, and I will try to be more faithful to rigid virtue and priority ; but as for calling Balanus " Lepas " (which I did not think of), I cannot do it, my pen won't write it — it is im- possible. I have great hopes some of my difficulties will dis- appear, owing to wrong dates in Agassiz, and to my having to run several genera into one, for I have as yet gone, in but few cases, to original sources. With respect to adopting my 340 LIFE AT DOWN. /ETAT. 33-45, 11849. own notions in my Cirripedia book, I should rot like to do so without I found others approved, and in some public way — nor, indeed, is it well adapted, as I can never recog- nise a species without I have the original specimen, which, fortunately, I have in many cases in the British Museum. Thus far I mean to adopt my notion, as never putting mihi or *' Darwin " after my own species, and in the anatomical text giving no authors' names at all, as the systematic Part will serve for those who want to know the History of a species as far as I can imperfectly work it out. . . . C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. [The Lodge, Malvern, March 28th, 1849.] My dear Hooker, — Your letter of the 13th of October has remained unanswered till this day ! What an ungrateful return for a letter which interested me so much, and which contained so much and curious information. But I have had a bad winter. On the 13th of November, my poor dear father died, and no one who did not know him would believe that a man above eighty-three years old could have retained so tender and affectionate a disposition, with all his sagacity unclouded to the last. I was at the time so unwell, that I was unable to travel, which added to my misery. Indeed, all this winter I have been bad enough . . . and my nervous system began to be affected, so that my hands trembled, and head was often swimming. I was not able to do anything one day out of three, and was altogether too dispirited to write to you, or to do anything but what I was compelled. I thought I was rapidly going the way of all flesh. Having heard, accident- ally, of two persons who had received much benefit from the water-cure, I got Dr. Gully's book, and made further en- quiries, and at last started here, with wife, children, and all our servants. We have taken a house for two months, and have been here a fortnight. I am already a little stronger. i849| HOMCEOPATHY. 3^1 . . . Dr. Gully feels pretty sure he can do me good, which most certainly the regular doctors could not. ... I feel cer- tain that the water-cure is no quackery. How I shall enjoy getting back to Down with renovated health, if such is to be my good fortune, and resuming the beloved Barnacles. Now I hope that you will forgive me for my negligence in not having sooner answered your letter. I was uncommonly interested by the sketch you give of your intended grand expedition, from which I suppose you will soon be returning. How earnestly I hope that it may prove in every way successful. . . . [When my father was at the Water-cure Establishment at Malvern he was brought into contact with clairvoyance, of which he writ?es in the following extract from a letter to Fox, September, 1850. "You speak about Homoeopathy, which is a subject which makes me more wrath, even than does Clairvoyance. Clairvoyance so transcends belief, that one's ordinary facul- ties are put out of the question, but in homoeopathy common sense and common observation come into play, and both these must go to the dogs, if the infinitesimal doses have any effect whatever. How true is a remark I saw the other day by Quetelet, in respect to evidence of curative processes, viz., that no one knows in disease what is the simple result of nothing being done, as a standard with which to compare homoeopathy, and all other such things. It is a sad flaw, I cannot but think, in my beloved Dr. Gully, that he believes in everything. When Miss was very ill, he had a clair- voyant girl to report on internal changes, a mesmerist to put her to sleep — an homoeopathist, viz. Dr. , and himself as hydropathist ! and the girl recovered." A passage out of an earlier letter to Fox (December, 1844) shows that he was equally sceptical on the subject of mesmerism: "With respect to mesmerism, the whole country resounds with wonderful facts or tales ... I have just heard 342 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. [1849. of a child, three or four years old (whose parents and self I well knew) mesmerised by his father, which is the first fact which has staggered me. I shall not believe fully till I see or hear from good evidence of animals (as has been stated is possible) not drugged, being put to stupor ; of course the im- possibility would not prove mesmerism false ; but it is the only clear experimentum cruets^ and I am astonished it has not been systematically tried. If mesmerism was investi- gated, like a science, this could not have been left till the present day to be done satisfactorily ^ as it has been I believe left. Keep some cats yourself, and do get some mesmeriser to attempt it. One man told me he had succeeded, but his experiments were most vague, as was likely from a man who said cats were more easily done than other animals, because they were so electrical ! "] C. Darwin to C. Lyell. Down, December 4th [1849]. My dear Lyell, — This letter requires no answer, and I write from exuberance of vanity. Dana has sent me the Geology of the United States Expedition, and I have just read the Coral part. To begin with a modest speech, / am astonished at my own accuracy ! ! If I were to rewrite now my Coral book there is hardly a sentence I should have to alter, except that I ought to have attributed more effect to recent volcanic action in checking growth of coral. When I say all this I ought to add that the consequences of the theory on areas of subsidence are treated in a separate chapter to which I have not come, and in this, I suspect, we shall differ more. Dana talks of agreeing with my theory in most points ; I can find out not one in which he differs. Considering how in- finitely more he saw of Coral Reefs than I did, this is won- derfully satisfactory to me. He treats me most courteously There now, my vanity is pretty well satisfied. . . l849.] GEOLOGY. 343 C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Malvern, April 9th, 1849. My dear Hooker, — The very next morning after posting my last letter (I think on 23rd of March), I received your two interesting gossipaceous and geological letters ; and the latter I have since exchanged with Lyell for his. I will write higglety-pigglety just as subjects occur. I saw the Review in the * Athenaeum,' it was written in an ill-natured spirit ; but the whole virus consisted in saying that there was not novelty enough in your remarks for publication. No one, nowadays, cares for reviews. I may just mention that my Journal got some real good dihM^Qy "presumption," &c. — ended with saying that the volume appeared " made up of the scraps and rub- bish of the author's portfolio." I most truly enter into what you say, and quite believe you that you care only for the re- view with respect to your father ; and that this alone would make you like to see extracts from your letters more properly noticed in this same periodical. I have considered to the very best of my judgment whether any portion of your present letters are adapted for the * Athenaeum ' (in which I have no interest ; the beasts not having even noticed my three geologi- cal volumes which I had sent to them), and I have come to the conclusion it is better not to send them. I feel sure, considering all the circumstances, that without you took pains and wrote with care^ a condensed and finished sketch of some striking feature in your travels, it is better not to send any- thing. These two letters are, moreover, rather too geologi- cal for the ' Athenaeum,' and almost require woodcuts. On the other hand, there are hardly enough details for a commu- nication to the Geological Society. I have not the smallest doubt that your facts are of the highest interest with regard to glacial action in the Himalaya ; but it struck both Lyell and myself that your evidence ought to have been given more distinctly. . . . I have written so lately that I have nothing to say about myself ; my health prevented me going on with a crusade 23 344 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. [1849. against "mihi " and "nobis," of which you warn me of the dangers. I showed my paper to three or four Naturalists, and they all agreed with me to a certain extent : with health and vigour, I would not have shown a white feather, [and] with aid of half-a-dozen really good Naturalists, I believe something might have been done against the miserable and degrading passion of mere species naming. In your letter you wonder what " Ornamental Poultry " has to do with Barnacles ; but do not flatter yourself that I shall not yet live to finish the Barnacles, and then make a fool of myself on the subject of species, under which head ornamental Poultry are very interesting. . . . C. Darwin to C. Lyell. The Lodge, Malvern [June, 1849]. ... I have got your book,* and have read all the first and a small part of the second volume (reading is the hardest work allowed here), and greatly I have been interested by it. It makes me long to be a Yankee. E. desires me to say that she quite " gloated " over the truth of your remarks on re- ligious progress ... I delight to think how you will disgust some of the bigots and educational dons. As yet there has not been much Geology or Natural History, for which I hope you feel a little ashamed. Your remarks on all social subjects strike me as worthy of the author of the ' Principles.' And yet (I know it is prejudice and pride) if I had written the Principles, I never would have written any travels; but I believe I am more jealous about the honour and glory of the Principles than you are yourself. . . . C. Darwin to C. Lyell. September 14th, 1849. . . . I go on with my aqueous processes, and very steadily but slowly gain health and strength. Against all rules, I dined * ' A Second Visit to the United States.' i849] LORD STANHOPE. 345 at Chevening with Lord Mahon, who did me the great honour of calling on me, and how he heard of me I can't guess. I was charmed with Lady Mahon, and any one might have been proud at the pieces of agreeableness which came from her beautiful lips with respect to you. I like old Lord Stanhope very much ; though he abused Geology and Zoology heartily. '' To suppose that the Omnipotent God made a world, found it a failure, and broke it up, and then made it again, and again broke it up, as the Geologists say, is all fiddld faddle. Describing Species of birds and shells, &c., is all fiddle faddle. ..." I am heartily glad we shall meet at Birmingham, as I trust we shall, if my health will but keep up. I work now every day at the Cirripedia for 2 J hours, and so get on a little, but very slowly. I sometimes, after being a whole week employed and having described perhaps only two species, agree men- tally with Lord Stanhope, that it is all fiddle faddle ; how- ever, the other day I got a curious case of a unisexual, instead of hermaphrodite cirripede, in which the female had the com- mon cirripedial character, and in two valves of her shell had two little pockets, in each of which she kept a little husband ; I do not know of any other case where a female invariably has two husbands, I have one still odder fact, common to several species, namely, that though they are hermaphrodite, they have small additional, or as I shall call them, complemental males, one specimen itself hermaphrodite had no less than seven^ of these complemental males attached to it. Truly the schemes and wonders of Nature are illimitable. But I am running on as badly about my cirripedia as about Geology ; it niakes me groan to think that probably I shall never again have the exquisite pleasure of making out some new district, of evolving geological light out of some troubled dark region. So I must make the best of my Cirripedia. . . . 346 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. [1849 C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, October 12th, 1849. ... By the way, one of the pleasantest parts of the Brit- ish Association was my journey down to Birmingham with Mrs. Sabine, Mrs. Reeve, and the Colonel ; also Col. Sykes and Porter. Mrs. Sabine and myself agreed wonderfully on many points, and in none more sincerely than about you. We spoke about your letters from the Erebus ; and she quite agreed with me, that you and the author^ of the description of the cattle hunting in the Falklands, would have made a capital book together ! A very nice woman she is, and so is her sharp and sagacious mother. . . . Birmingham was very flat compared to Oxford, though I had my wife with me. We saw a good deal of the Lyells and Horners and Robinsons (the President) ; but the place was dismal, and I was pre- vented, by being unwell, from going to Warwick, though that, /*. ^., the party, by air accounts, was wonderfully inferior to Blenheim, not to say anything of that heavenly day at Drop- more. One gets weary of all the spouting. . . . You ask about my cold-water cure ; I am going on very well, and am certainly a little better every month, my nights mend much slower than my days. I have built a douche, and am to go on through all the winter, frost or no frost. My treatment now is lamp five times per week, and shallow bath for five minutes afterwards ; douche daily for five minutes, and dripping sheet daily. The treatment is wonderfully tonic, and I have had more better consecutive days this month than on any previous ones. ... I am allowed to work now two and a half hours daily, and I find it as much as I can do *, for the cold-water cure, together with three short walks, is curiously exhausting ; and I am actually forced to go to bed at eight o'clock completely tired. I steadily gain in weight, * Sir J. Hooker wrote the spirited description of cattle hunting in Sir J. Ross's * Voyage of Discovery in the Southern Regions,' 1847, vol. ii., p. 245. t8i9J water-cure. 347 and eat immensely, and am never oppressed with my food. I have lost the involuntary twitching of the muscle, and all the fainting feelings, &c — black spots before eyes, &c. Dr. Gully thinks he shall quite cure me in six or nine months more. The greatest bore, which I find in the water-cure, is the having been compelled to give up all reading, except the newspapers ; for my daily two and a half hours at the Bar- nacles is fully as much as I can do of anything which occu- pies the mind ; I am consequently terribly behind in all sci- entific books. I have of late been at work at mere species describing, which is much more difficult than I expected, and has much the same sort of interest as a puzzle has ; but I confess I often feel wearied with the work, and cannot help sometimes asking myself what is the good of spending a week or fortnight in ascertaining that certain just perceptible dif- ferences blend together and constitute varieties and not species. As long as I am on anatomy I never feel myself in that disgusting, horrid, cui bono^ inquiring, humour. What miserable work, again, it is searching for priority of names. I have just finished two species, which possess seven generic, and twenty- four specific names! My chief comfort is, that the work must be sometime done, and I may as well do it, as any one else. I have given up my agitation against mihi and nobis j my paper is too long to send to you, so you must see it, if you care to do so, on your return. By-the-way, you say in your letter that you care more for my species work than for the Barnacles ; now this is too bad of you, for I declare your decided approval of my plain Barnacle work over theoretic species work, had very great influence in deciding me to go on with the former, and defer my species paper. . . . •[The following letter refers to the death of his little daughter, which took place at Malvern on April 24, 1851 :] 348 LII*E AT DOWN. .^TAT. 33-45- [1851. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. Down, April 29th [1851]. My dear Fox, — I do not suppose you will have h.eard of our bitter and cruel loss. Poor dear little Annie, when going on very well at Malvern, was taken with a vomiting attack, which was at first thought of the smallest importance ; but it rapidly assumed the form of a low and dreadful fever, which carried her off in ten days. Thank God, she suffered hardly at all, and expired as tranquilly as a little angel. Our only consolation is that she passed a short, though joyous life She was my favourite child ; her cordiality, openness, buoyant joyousness and strong affections made her most lovable. Poor dear little soul. Well it is all over. . . . C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. Down, March 7th [1852]. My dear Fox, — It is indeed an age since we have had any communication, and very glad I was to receive your note. Our long silence occurred to me a few weeks since, and I had then thought of writing, but was idle. I congratulate and condole with you on your tenth child ; but please to observe when I have a tenth, send only condolences to me. We have now seven children, all well, thank God, as well as their mother ; of these seven, five are boys ; and my father used to say that it was certain that a boy gave as much trouble as three girls ; so that bond fide we have seventeen children. It makes me sick whenever I think of professions ; all seem hopelessly bad, and as yet I cannot see a ray of light. I should very much like to talk over this (by the way, my three bugbears are Californian and Australian gold, beggaring me by making my money on mortgage worth nothing ; the French coming by the Westerham and Sevenoaks roads, and there- fore enclosing Down ; and thirdly, professions for my boys), and I should like to talk about education, on which you ask me what we are doing. No one can more truly despise the i852.] EDUCATION. 349 old stereotyped stupid classical education than I do ; but yet I have not had courage to break through the trammels. After many doubts we have just sent our eldest boy to Rugby, where for his age he has been very well placed. ... I honour, admire, and envy you for educating your boys at home. What on earth shall you do with your boys ? Towards the end of this month we go to see W. at Rugby, and thence for five or six days to Susan * at Shrewsbury ; I then return home to look after the babies, and E. goes to F. Wedgwood's of Etruria for a week. Very many thanks for your most kind and large invitation to Delamere, but I fear we can hardly compass it. I dread going anywhere, on account of my stomach so easily failing under any excitement. I rarely even now go to London ; not that I am at all worse, perhaps rather better, and lead a very comfortable life with my three hours of daily work, but it is the life of a hermit. My nights are always bad, and that stops my becoming vigourous. You ask about water-cure. I take at intervals of two or three months, five or six weeks of moderately severe treatment, and always with good effect. Do you come here, I pray and beg whenever you can find time ; you cannot tell how much pleasure it would give me and E. I have finished the ist vol. for the Ray Society of Pedunculated Cirripedes, which, as I think you are a member, you will soon get. Read what I describe on the sexes of Ibla and Scalpellum. I am now at work on the Sessile Cirripedes, and am wonderfully tired of my job : a man to be a systematic naturalist ought to work at least eight hours per day. You saw through me, when you said that I must have wished to have seen the effects of the [word illegible] Debacle, for I was saying a week ago to E., that had I been as I was in old days, I would have been certainly off that hour. You ask after Erasmus ; he is much as usual, and constantly more or less unwell. Susan * is much better, and very flourishing and happy. Catherine* is at Rome, and has enjoyed it in a degree that is quite astonish- * His sisters. 350 LIFE AT DOWN. ALTAT. 33-45. [1852, ing to my old dry bones. And now I think I have told you enough, and more than enough about the house of Darwin ; so my dear old friend, farewell. What pleasant times we had in drinking coffee in your rooms at Christ's College, and think of the glories of Crux major.* Ah, in those days there were no professions for sons, no ill-health to fear for them, no Cali- fornian gold, no French invasions. How paramount the future is to the present when one is surrounded by chiK dren. My dread is hereditary ill-health. Even death is bet- ter for them. My dear Fox, your sincere friend, C. Darwin. P. S. — Susan has lately been working in a way which I think truly heroic about the scandalous violation of the Act against children climbing chimneys. We have set up a little Society in Shrewsbury to prosecute those who break the law. It is all Susan's doing. She has had very nice letters from Lx)rd Shaftesbury and the Duke of Sutherland, but the brutal Shropshire squires are as hard as stones to move. The Act out of London seems most commonly violated. It makes one shudder to fancy one of one's own children at seven years old being forced up a chimney — to say nothing of the conse- quent loathsome disease and ulcerated limbs, and utter moral degradation. If you think strongly on this subject, do make some enquiries; add to your many good works, this other one, and try to stir up the magistrates. There are several people making a stir in different parts of England on this subject. It is not very likely that you would wish for such, but I could send you some essays and information if you so liked, either for yourself or to give away. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. Down [October 24th, 1852]. My dear Fox, — I received your long and most welcome letter this morning, and will answer it this evening, as I shall be very busy with an artist, drawing Cirripedia, and much * The beetle Panagccm crux-major. 1852.] OLD DAYS. 351 overworked for the next fortnight. But first you deserve to be well abused — and pray consider yourself well abused — for thinking or writing that I could for one minute be bored by any amount of detail about yourself and belongings. It is just what I like hearing; believe me that I often think of old days spent with you, and sometimes can hardly believe what a jolly careless individual one was in those old days. A bright autumn evening often brings to mind some shooting excursion from Osmaston. I do indeed regret that we live so far off each other, and that I am so little locomotive. I have been unusually well of late (no water-cure), but I do not find that I can stand any change better than formerly. . . The other day I went to London and back, and the fatigue, though so trifling, brought on my bad form of vomiting. I grieve to hear that your chest has been ailing, and most sincerely do I hope that it is only the muscles ; how frequently the voice fails with the clergy. I can well understand your reluctance to break up your large and happy party and go abroad ; but your life is very valuable, so you ought to be very cautious in good time. You ask about all of us, now five boys (oh ! the professions ; oh ! the gold ; and oh ! the French — these three oh's all rank as dreadful bugbears) and two girls . . . but another and the worst of my bugbears is hereditary weakness. All my sisters are well except Mrs. Parker, who is much out of health ; and so is Erasmus at his poor average : he has lately moved into Queen Anne Street. I had heard of the intended marriage * of your sister Frances. I believe I have seen her since, but my memory takes me back some twenty-five years, when she was lying down. I remember well the delightful expression of her countenance. I most sincerely wish her all happiness. I see I have not answered half your queries. We like very well all that we have seen and heard of Rugby, and have never repented of sending [W.] there. I feel sure schools have greatly improved since our days ; but I hate schools and * To the Rev. J. Hughes, 352 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. [1853 the whole system of breaking through the affections of the family by separating the boys so early in life ; but I see no help, and dare not run the risk of a youth being exposed to the temptations of the world without having undergone the milder ordeal of a great school. I see you even ask after our pears. We have lots of Beurr^es d'Aremberg, Winter Nelis, Marie Louise, and " Ne plus Ultra," but all off the wall ; the standard dwarfs have borne a few, but I have no room for more trees, so their names would be useless to me. You really must make a holiday and pay us a visit sometime ; nowhere could you be more heartily welcome. I am at work at the second volume of the Cirripedia, of which creatures I am wonderfully tired. I hate a Barnacle as no man ever did before, not even a sailor in a slow-sailing ship. My first volume is out ; the only part worth looking at is on the sexes of Ibla and Scalpellum. I hope by next summer to have done with my tedious work. Farewell, — do come whenever you can possibly manage it. I cannot but hope that the carbuncle may possibly do you good : I have heard of all sorts of weaknesses disappearing after a carbuncle. I suppose the pain is dreadful, I agree most entirely, what a blessed discovery is chloroform. When one thinks of one's children, it makes quite a little difference in one's happiness. The other day I had five grinders (two by the elevator) out at a sitting under this wonderful sub- stance, and felt hardly anything. My dear old friend, yours very affectionately, Charles Darwin. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox, Down, January 2gth [1853]. My dear Fox, — Your last account some months ago was so little satisfactory that I have often been thinking of you, and should be really obliged if you would give me a few lines, and tell me how your voice and chest are. I most sincerely hope that your report will be good. . . . Our second lad has i853.] EDUCATION. 353 a strong mechanical turn, and we think of making him an engineer. I shall try and find out for him some less classical school, perhaps Bruce Castle. I certainly should like to see more diversity in education than there is in any ordinary school — no exercising of the observing or reasoning faculties, no general knowledge acquired — I must think* it a wretched system. On the other hand, a boy who has learnt to stick at Latin and conquer its difficulties, ought to be able to stick at any labour. I should always be glad to hear anything about schools or education from you. I am at my old, never-end- ing subject, but trust I shall really go to press in a few months with my second volume on Cirripedes. I have been much pleased by finding some odd facts in my first volume believed by Owen and a few others, whose good opinion I regard as final. ... Do write pretty soon, and tell me all you can about yourself and family ; and I trust your report of your- self may be much better than your last. ... I have been very little in London of late, and have not seen Lyell since his return from America ; how lucky he was to exhume with his own hand parts of three skeletons of reptiles out of the Carboniferous strata, and out of the inside of a fossil tree, which had been hollow within. Farewell, my dear Fox, yours affectionately, Charles Darwin. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. 13 Sea Houses, Eastbourne, [July 15th? 1853]. My dear Fox, — Here we are in a state of profound idle- ness, which to me is a luxury; and we should all, I believe, have been in a state of high enjoyment, had it not been for the detestable cold gales and much rain, which always gives much ennui to children away from their homes. I received your letter of 13th June, when working like a slave with Mr Sowerby at drawing for my second volume, and so put oft answering it till when I knew I should be at leisure. I was 354 LIFE AT DOWN. .TLTAT. 33-45. [1853. extremely glad to get your letter. I had intended a couple of months ago sending you a savage or supplicating jobation to know how you were, when I met Sir P. Egerton, who told me you were well, and, as usual, expressed his admiration of your doings, especially your farming, and the number of ani- mals, including children, which you kept on your land= Eleven children, ave Maria ! it is a serious look-out for you. Indeed, I look at my five boys as something awful, and hate the very thoughts of professions, &c. If one could insure moderate health for them it would not signify so much, for I cannot but hope, with the enormous emigration, professions will somewhat improve. But my bugbear is hereditary weak- ness. I particularly like to hear all that you can say about education, and you deserve to be scolded for saying "you did not mean to torment me with a long yarn." You ask about Rugby. I like it very well, on the same principle as my neighbour, Sir J. Lubbock, likes Eton, viz., that it is not worse than any other school ; the expense, with all 6-v., dr-v., including some clothes, travelling expenses, &c., is from ;^iio tO;j^i2o per annum. I do not think schools are so wicked as they were, and far more industrious. The boys, I think, live too secluded in their separate studies ; and I doubt whether they will get so much knowledge of character as boys used to do; and this, in my opinion, is the one good of public schools over small schools. I should think the only superiority of a small school over home was forced regularity in their work, which your boys perhaps get at your home, but which I do not believe my boys would get at my home. Otherwise, it is quite lamentable sending boys so early in life from their home. ... To return to schools. My main objection to them, as places of education, is the enormous proportion of time spent over classics. I fancy (though perhaps it is only fancy) that I can perceive the ill and contracting effect on my eldest boy's mind, in checking interest in anything in which reason- ing and observation come into play. Mere memory seems to be worked. I shall certainly look out for some school with more diversified studies for my younger boys. I was talking i853.] CONDOLENCE. 355 lately to the Dean of Hereford, who takes most strongly this view ; and he tells me that there is a school at Hereford com- mencing on this plan ; and that Dr. Kennedy at Shrewsbury is going to begin vigorously to modify that school. . . . I am extremely glad to hear that you approved of my cirri- pedial volume. I have spent an almost ridiculous amount of labour on the subject, and certainly would never have under- taken it had I foreseen what a job it was. I hon/^ to have finished by the end of the year. Do write again before a very long time ; it is a real pleasure to me to hear from you. Farewell, with my wife's kindest remembrances to yourself and Mrs. Fox. My dear old friend, yours affectionately, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to IV. D. Fox. Down, August loth [1853]. My dear Fox, — I thank you sincerely for writing to me so soon after your most heavy misfortune. Your letter affected me so much. We both most truly sympathise with you and Mrs. Fox. We too lost, as you may remember, not so very long ago, a most dear child, of whom I can hardly yet bear to think tranquilly ; yet, as you must know from your own most painful experience, time softens and deadens, in a manner truly wonderful, one's feelings and regrets. At first it is indeed bitter, I can only hope that your health and that of poor Mrs. Fox may be preserved, and that time may do its work softly, and bring you all together, once again, as the happy family, which, as I can well believe, you so lately formed. My dear Fox, your affectionate friend, Charles Darwin. [The following letter refers to the Royal Society's Medal, which was awarded to him in November, 1853 :] 356 I^IFE AT DOWN. .?^TAT. 33-45. [1853 C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, November 5th [1853]. My dear Hooker, — Amongst my letters received this morning, I opened first one from Colonel Sabine; the con- tents certainly surprised me very much, but, though the letter was a very kind one, somehow, I cared very little indeed for the announcement it contained. I then opened yours, and such is the effect of warmth, friendship, and kindness from one that is loved, that the very same fact, told as you told it, made me glow with pleasure till my very heart throbbed. Believe me, I shall not soon forget the pleasure of your letter. Such hearty, affectionate sympathy is worth more than all the medals that ever were or will be coined. Again, my dear Hooker, I thank you. I hope Lindley * will never hear that he was a competitor against me ; for really it is almost ridiculous (of course you would never repeat that I said this, for it would be thought by others, though not, I believe, by you, to be affectation) his not having the medal long before me ; I must feel sure that you did quite right to propose him ; * John Lindley (b. 1799, d. 1865) was the son of a nurseryman near Norwich, through whose failure in business he was thrown at the age of twenty on his own resources. He was befriended by Sir W. Hooker, and employed as assistant librarian by Sir J. Banks. He seems to have had enormous capacity of work, and is said to have translated Richard's 'Ana- lyse du Fruit ' at one sitting of two days and three nights. He became Assistant-Secretary to the Horticultural Society, and in 1829 was appointed Professor of Botany at University College, a post which he held for up- wards of thirty years. His writings are numerous : the best known being perhaps his ' Vegetable Kingdom,' published in 1846. His influence in helping to introduce the natural system of classification was considerable, and he brought "all the weight of his teaching and all the force of his controversial powers to support it," as against the Linnean system univer- sally taught in the earlier part of his career. Sachs points out (Geschichte dar Botanik, 1875, p. 161), that though Lindley adopted in the main a sound classification of plants, he only did so by abandoning his own the- oretical principle that the physiological importance of an organ is a meas- ure of its classificatory value. i854.] GEOLOGY. 35^ and what a good, dear, kind fellow you are, nevertheless, to rejoice in this honour being bestowed on me. ^\idX pleasure I have felt on the occasion, I owe almost entirely to you. Farewell, my dear Hooker, yours affectionately, C. Darwin. P. S. — You may believe what a surprise it was, for I had never heard that the medals could be given except for papers in the ' Transactions.' All this will make me work with better heart at finishing the second volume. C. Darwin to C. Lyell. Down, February i8th [1854]. My dear Lyell, — I should have written before, had it not seemed doubtful whether you would go on to Teneriffe, but now I am extremely glad to hear your further progress is certain ; not that I have much of any sort to say, as you may well believe when you hear that I have only once been in London since you started. I was particularly glad to see, two days since, your letter to Mr. Horner, with its geological news ; how fortunate for you that jour knees are recovered. I am astonished at what you say of the beauty, though I had fancied it great. It really makes me quite envious to think of your clambering up and down those steep valleys. And what a pleasant party on your return from your expeditions. I often think of the delight which I felt when examining vol- canic islands, and I can remember even particular rocks which I struck, and the smell of the hot, black, scoriaceous cliffs ; but of those hot smells you do not seem to have had much. I do quite envy you. How I should like to be with you, and speculate on the deep and narrow valleys. How very singular the fact is which you mention about the inclination of the strata being greater round the circum- ference than in the middle of the island ; do you suppose the elevation has had the form of a flat dome? I remember in the 358 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. [185^ Cordillera being often struck with the greater abruptness of the strata in the low extreme outermost ranges, compared with the great mass of inner mountains. I dare say you will have thought of measuring exactly the width of any dikes at the top and bottom of any great cliff (which was done by Mr. Searle [?] at St. Helena), for it has often struck me as very odd that the cracks did not die out oftener upwards. I can think of hardly any news to tell you, as I have seen no one since being in London, when I was delighted to see Forbes looking so well, quite big and burly. I saw at the Museum some of the surprisingly rich gold ore from North Wales. Ramsay also told me that he has lately turned a good deal of New Red Sandstone into Permian, together with the Labyrinthodon. No doubt you see newspapers, and know that E. de Beaumont is perpetual Secretary, and will, I suppose, be more powerful than ever ; and Le Verrier has Arago's place in the Observatory. There was a meeting lately at the Geological Society, at which Prestwich (judging from what R. Jones told me) brought forward your exact theory, viz. that the whole red clay and flints over the chalk plateau hereabouts is the residuum from the slow dissolution of the chalk ! As regards ourselves, we have no news, and are all well. The Hookers, sometime ago, stayed a fortnight with us, and, to our extreme delight, Henslow carne down, and was most quiet and comfortable here. It does one good to see so com- posed, benevolent, and intellectual a countenance. There have been great fears that his heart is affected ; but, I hope to God, without foundation. Hooker's book * is out, and most beautifully got up. He has honoured me beyond meas- ure by dedicating it to me ! As for myself, I am got to the page 112 of the Barnacles, and that is the sum total of my history. By-the-way, as you care so much about North America, I may mention that I had a long letter from a ship- mate in Australia, who says the Colony is getting decidedly * Sir J. Hooker's ' Himalayan Journal.* i854.] 'HIMALAYAN JOURNAL.' 359 republican from the influx of Americans, and that all the great and novel schemes for working the gold are planned and executed by these men. What a go-a-head nation it is! Give my kindest remembrances to Lady Lyell, and to Mrs. Bunbury, and to Bunbury. I most heartily wish that the Canaries may be ten times as interesting as Madeira, and that everything may go on most prosperously with your whole party. My dear Lyell, Yours most truly and affectionately, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to /. D. Hooker. Down, March ist [1854]. My dear Hooker, — I finished yesterday evening the first volume, and I very sincerely congratulate you on hav- ing produced a first-class book * — a book which certainly will last. I cannot doubt that it will take its place as a standard, not so much because it contains real solid matter, but that it gives a picture of the whole country. One can feel that one has seen it (and desperately uncomfortable I felt in going over some of the bridges and steep slopes), and one realises all the great Physical features. You have in truth reason to be proud ; consider how few travellers there have been with a profound knowledge of one subject, and who could in addition make a map (which, by-the-way, is one of the most distinct ones I ever looked at, wherefore blessings alight on your head), and study geology and meteorology ! I thought I knew you very well, but I had not the least idea that your Travels were your hobby ; but I am heartily glad of it, for I feel sure that the time will never come when you and Mrs. Hooker will not be proud to look back at the labour be- stowed on these beautiful volumes. Your letter, received this morning, has interested me ex- * ' Himalayan Joumai.' 360 LIFE AT DOWN. ^TAT. 33-45. [1854. tremely, and I thank you sincerely for telling me your old thoughts and aspirations. All that you say makes me even more deeply gratified by the Dedication ; but you, bad man, do you remember asking me how I thought Lyell would like the work to be dedicated to him } I remember how strongly I answered, and 1 presume you wanted to know what I should feel ; whoever would have dreamed of your being so crafty ? 1 am glad you have shown a little bit of ambition about your Journal, for you must know that I have often abused you for not caring more about fame, though, at the same time, I must confess, I have envied and honoured you for being so free (too free, as I have always thought) of this " last infirmity of, &c." Do not say, " there never was a past hitherto to me — the phantom was always in view," for you will soon find other phantoms in view. How well I know this feeling, and did formerly still more vividly; but I think my stomach has much deadened my former pure enthusiasm for science and knowledge. I am writing an unconscionably long letter, but I must return to the Journals, about which I have hardly said any- thing in detail. Imprimis, the illustrations and maps appear to me the best I have ever seen ; the style seems to me everywhere perfectly clear (how rare a virtue), and some pas- sages really eloquent. How excellently you have described the .upper valleys, and how detestable their climate ; I felt quite anxious on the slopes of Kinchin that dreadful snowy night. Nothing has astonished me more than your physical strength ; and all those devilish bridges ! Well, thank good- ness ! it is not very likely that I shall ever go to the Hima- laya. Much in a scientific point of view has interested me, especially all about those wonderful moraines. I certainly think I quite realise the valleys, more vividly perhaps from having seen the valleys of Tahiti. I cannot doubt that the Himalaya owe almost all their contour to running water, and that they have been subjected to such action longer than any mountains (as yet described) in the world. What a contrast with the Andes ! i854] TASMANIA. 361 Perhaps you would like to hear the very little that I can say per contra^ and this only applied to the beginning, in which (as it struck me) there was not flow enough till you get to Mirzapore on the Ganges (but the Thugs were most inter- esting), where the stream seemed to carry you on more equably with longer sentences and longer facts and discus- sions, &c. In another edition (and 1 am delighted to hear that Murray has sold all off), I would consider whether this part could not be condensed. Even if the meteorology was put in foot-notes, I think it would be an improvement. All the world is against me, but it makes me very unhappy to see the Latin names all in Italics, and all mingled with English names in Roman type ; but I must bear this burden, for all men of Science seem to think it would corrupt the Latin to dress it up in the same type as poor old English. Well, I am very proud of my book ; but there is one bore, that I do not much like asking people whether they have seen it, and how they like it, for I feel so much identified with it, that such questions become rather personal. Hence, I cannot tell you the opinion of others. You will have seen a fairly good review in the 'Athenaeum.' What capital news from Tasmania : it really is a very re- markable and creditable fact to the Colony.* I am always building veritable castles in the air about emigrating, and Tasmania has been my head-quarters of late ; so that I feel very proud of my adopted country : it is really a very singu- lar and delightful fact, contrasted with the slight appreciation of science in the old country. I thank you heartily for your letter this morning, and for all the gratification your Dedica- tion has given me ; I could not help thinking how much ^ would despise you for not having dedicated it to some great man, who would have done you and it some good in the eyes of the world. Ah, my dear Hooker, you were very soft on this head, and justify what I say about not caring enough for * This refers to an unsolicited grant by the Colonial Governmen' ^owards the expenses of Sir J. Hooker's ' Flora of Tasmania.' 362 LIFE AT DOWN. .^TAT. 33-45. [1854. your own fame. I wish I was in every way more worthy of your good opinion. Farewell. How pleasantly Mrs. Hooker and you must rest from one of your many labours. . . . Again farewell : I have written a wonderfully long letter. Adios, and God bless you. My dear Hooker, ever yours, C. Darwin. P.S. — I have just looked over my rambling letter; I see that I have not at all expressed my strong admiration at the amount of scientific work, in so many branches, which you have effected. It is really grand. You have a right to rest on your oars ; or even to say, if it so pleases you, that " your meridian is past ; " but well assured do I feel that the day of your reputation and general recognition has only just begun to dawn [In September, 1854, his Cirripede work was practically finished, and he wrote to Dr. Hooker : " I have been frittering away my time for the last several weeks in a wearisome manner, partly idleness, and odds and ends, and sending ten thousand Barnacles out of the house all over the world. But I shall now in a day or two begin to look over my old notes on species. What a deal I shall have to discuss with you ; I shall have to look sharp that I do not * progress' into one of the greatest bores in life, to the few like you with lots of knowledge."] CHAPTER X. THE GROWTH OF THE ' ORIGIN OF SPECIES.* [On page 67, the growth of the ' Origin of Species ' has been briefly described in my father's words. The letters given in the present and following chapters will illustrate and amplify the history thus sketched out. It is clear that in the early part of the voyage of the Beagle he did not feel it inconsistent with his views to express himself in thoroughly orthodox language as to the genesis of new species. Thus in 1834 he wrote* at Valparaiso: '*I have already found beds of recent shells yet retaining their colour at an elevation of 1300 feet, and beneath, the level country is strewn with them. It seems not a very improbable conjecture that the want of animals may be owing to none having been created since this country was raised from the sea." This passage does not occur in the published ' Journal,* the last proof of which was finished in 1837 ; and this fact harmonizes with the change we know to have been proceed- ing in his views. But in the published 'Journal ' we find pas- sages which show a point of view more in accordance with orthodox theological natural history than with his later views. Thus, in speaking of the birds Synallaxis and Scytalopus (ist edit. p. 353 ; 2nd edit. p. 289), he says : "When finding, as in this case, any animal which seems to play so insignificant * MS. Journals, p. 468. 364 THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' a part in the great scheme of nature, one is apt to wonder why a distinct species should have been created." A comparison of the two editions of the * Journal ' is in- structive, as giving some idea of the development of his views on evolution. It does not give us a true index of the mass of conjecture which was taking shape in his mind, but it shows us that he felt sure enough of the truth of his belief to allow a stronger tinge of evolution to appear in the second edition. He has mentioned in the Autobiography (p. 68) that it was not until he read Malthus that he got a clear view of the potency of natural selection. This was in 1838 — a year after he finished the first edition (it was not published until 1839), ^^^ five years before the second edition was written (1845). Thus the turning-point in the formation of his theory took place between the writing of the two editions. I will first give a few passages which are practically the same in the two editions, and which are, therefore, chiefly of interest as illustrating his frame of mind in 1837. The case of the tv/o species of Molothrus (ist edit. p. 61 ; 2nd edit. p. 53) must have been one of the earliest instances noticed by him of the existence of representative species — a phenomenon which we know (' Autobiography,* p. 68) struck him deeply. The discussion on introduced animals (ist edit, p. 139; 2nd edit. p. 120) shows how much he was impressed by the complicated interdependence of the inhabitants of a given area. An analogous point of view is given in the discussion (ist edit. p. 98 ; 2nd edit. p. 85) of the mistaken belief that large animals require, for their support, a luxuriant vegetation ; the incorrectness of this view is illustrated by the comparison of the fauna of South Africa and South America, and the vege- tation of the two continents. The interest of the discussion is that it shows clearly our a priori ignorance of the condi tions of life suitable to any organism. There is a passage which has been more than once quoted as bearing on the origin of his views. It is where he dis- cusses the striking difference between the species of mice on THE 'NATURALIST'S VOYAGE.' 365 the east and west of the Andes (ist edit. p. 399): "Unless we suppose the same species to have been created in two dif- ferent countries, we ought not to expect any closer similarity between the organic beings on the opposite sides of the Andes than on shores separated by a broad strait of the sea." In the 2nd edit. p. 327, the passage is almost verbally identi- cal, and is practically the same. There are other passages again which are more strongly evolutionary in the 2nd edit., but otherwise are similar to the corresponding passages in the ist edition. Thus, in describ- ing the blind Tuco-tuco (ist edit. p. 60 ; 2nd edit. p. 52), in the first edition he makes no allusion to what Lamarck might have thought, nor is the instance used as an example of modi- fication, as in the edition of 1845. A striking passage occurs in the 2nd edit. (p. 173) on the relationship between the "extinct edentata and the living sloths, ant-eaters, and armadillos." " This wonderful relationship in the same continent be- tween the dead and the living, will, I do not doubt, hereafter throw more light on the appearance of organic beings on our earth, and their disappearance from it, than any other class of facts." This sentence does not occur in the ist edit, but he was evidently profoundly struck by the disappearance of the gigan- tic forerunners of the present animals. The difference be- tween the discussions in the two editions is most instructive. In both, our ignorance of the conditions of life is insisted on, but in the second edition, the discussion is made to lead up to a strong statement of the intensity of the struggle for life. Then follows a comparison between rarity * and extinction, which introduces the idea that the preservation and domi- nance of existing species depend on the degree in which they are adapted to surrounding conditions. In the first edition. * In the second edition, p. 146, the destruction of Niata cattle by droughts is given as a good example of our ignorance of the causes of rar- ity or extinction. The passage does not occur in the first edition. 306 THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' he is merely " tempted to believe in such simple relations as variation of climate and food, or introduction of enemies, or the increased number of other species, as the cause of the succession of races." But finally (ist edit.) he ends the chapter by comparing the extinction of a species to the ex- haustion and disappearance of varieties of fruit-trees : as if he thought that a mysterious term of life was impressed on each species at its creation. The difference of treatment of the Galapagos problem is of some interest. In the earlier book, the American type of the productions of the islands is noticed, as is the fact that the different islands possess forms specially their own, but the importance of the whole problem is not so strongly put for- ward. Thus, in the first edition, he merely says : — " This similarity of type between distant islands and con- tinents, while the species are distinct, has scarcely been suffi- ciently noticed. The circumstance would be explained, ac- cording to the views of some authors, by saying that the crea- tive power had acted according to the same law over a wide area." — (ist edit. p. 474.) This passage is not given in the second edition, and the generalisations on geographical distribution are much wider and fuller. Thus he asks : — ** Why were their aboriginal inhabitants, associated . . . in different proportions both in kind and number from those on the Continent, and therefore acting on each other in a dif- ferent manner — why were they created on American types of organisation ? " — (2nd edit. p. 393.) The same difference of treatment is shown elsewhere in this chapter. Thus the gradation in the form of beak pre- sented by the thirteen allied species of finch is described in the first edition (p. 461) without comment. Whereas in the second edition (p. 380) he concludes : — '* One might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this Archipelago, one species has been taken and modified for different ends." On the whole it seems to me remarkable that the difference NOTE-BOOK OF 1837. 367 between the two editions is not greater ; it is another proof of the author's caution and self-restraint in the treatment of his theory. After reading the second edition of the ' Jour- nal,* we find with a strong sense of surprise how far devel- oped were his views in 1837. We are enabled to form an opinion on this point from the note-books in which he wrote down detached thoughts and queries. I shall quote from the first note-book, completed between July 1837 and February 1838 : and this is the more worth doing, as it gives us an in- sight into the condition of his thoughts before the reading of Malthus. The notes are written in his most hurried style, so many words being omitted, that it is often difficult to arrive at the meaning. With a few exceptions (indicated by square brackets) * I have printed the extracts as written ; the punctuation, however, has been altered, and a few obvious slips corrected where it seemed necessary. The extracts are not printed in order, but are roughly classified. f " Propagation explains why modern animals same type as extinct, which is law, almost proved." " We can see why structure is common in certain countries when we can hardly believe necessary, but if it was necessary to one forefather, the result would be as it is. Hence ante- lopes at Cape of Good Hope; marsupials at Australia." " Countries longest separated greatest differences— if sepa- rated from immersage, possibly two distinct types, but each having its representatives — as in Australia." " Will this apply to whole organic kingdom when our planet first cooled <* " The two following extracts show that he applied the theory * In the extracts from the note-book ordinary brackets represent my father's parentheses. f On the first page of the note-book, is written " Zoonomia " ; this seems to refer to the first few pages in which reproduction by gemmation is discussed, and where the " Zoonomia " is mentioned. Many pages have been cut out of the note-book, probably for use in writing the Sketch of 1844, and these would have no doubt contained the most interesting extracts. 368 THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' of evolution to the " whole organic kingdom " from plants to man. *'If we choose to let conjecture run wild, then animals, our fellow brethren in pain, disease, death, suffering and fam- ine— our slaves in the most laborious works, our companions in ouj amusements — they may partake [of?] our origin in one common ancestor — we may be all melted together." " The different intellects of man and animals not so great as between living things without thought (plants), and Hving things with thought (animals)." The following extracts are again concerned with an a priori view of the probability of the origin of species by descent [" propagation," he called it]. *' The tree of life should perhaps be called the coral of life, base of branches dead ; so that passages cannot be seen." " There never may have been grade between pig and tapir, yet from some common progenitor. Now if the intermediate ranks had produced infinite species, probably the series would have been more perfect." At another place, speaking of intermediate forms he says : — " Cuvier objects to propagation of species by saying, why have not some intermediate forms been discovered between Palaeotherium, Megalonyx, Mastodon, and the species now living ? Now according to my view (in S. America) parent of all Armadilloes might be brother to Megatherium — uncle now dead." Speaking elsewhere of intermediate forms, he remarks : — '' Opponents will say — show them me. I will answer yes, if you will show me every step between bulldog and grey- hound." Here we see that the case of domestic animals was already present in his mind as bearing on the production of natural species. The disappearance of intermediate forms naturally leads up to the subject of extinction, with which the next extract begins. NOTE-BOOK OF 1837. 369 " It is a wonderful fact, horse, elephant, and mastodon, dying out about same time in such different quarters. " Will Mr. Lyell say that some [same ?] circumstance killed it over a tract from Spain to South America ? — (Never). " They die, without they change, like golden pippins ; it is a generation of species like generation of individuals. " Why does individual die ? To perpetuate certain peculi- arities (therefore adaptation), and obliterate accidental varie- ties, and to accommodate itself to change (for, of course, change, even in varieties, is accommodation). Now this argument applies to species. '' If individual cannot propagate he has no issue — so with species. *' If species generate other species^ their race is not utterly cut off : — like golden pippins, if produced by seed, go on — otherwise all die. " The fossil horse generated, in South Africa, zebra — and continued — perished in America. " All animals of same species are bound together just like buds of plants, which die at one time, though produced either sooner or later. Prove animals like plants — trace gradation between associated and non-associated animals — and the story will be complete." Here we have the view already alluded to of a term of life impressed on a species. But in the following note we get extinction connected with unfavourable variation, and thus a hint is given of natural selection : " With respect to extinction, we can easily see that [a] variety of [the] ostrich (Petise), may not be well adapted, and thus perish out ; or, on the other hand, like Orpheus [a Galapagos bird], being favourable, many might be produced. This requires [the] principle that the permanent variations produced by confined breeding and changing circumstances are continued and produced according to the adaptation of such circumstance, and therefore that death of species is a 370 THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES/ consequence (contrary to what would appear from America) of non-adaptation of circumstances." The first part of the next extract has a similar bearing. The end of the passage is of much interest, as showing that he had at this early date visions of the far-reaching character of the theory of evolution : — *' With belief of transmutation and geographical grouping, we are led to endeavour to discover causes of change ; the manner of adaptation (wish of parents } }), instinct and struct- ure becomes full of speculation and lines of observation. View of generation being condensation,* test of highest or- ganisation intelligible .... My theory would give zest to recent and fossil comparative anatomy ; it would lead to the ^tudy of instincts, heredity, and mind-heredity, whole [of] metaphysics. *' It would lead to closest examination of hybridity and generation, causes of change in order to know what we have come from and to what we tend — to what circumstances favour crossing and what prevents it — this, and direct exam- ination of direct passages of structure in species, might lead to laws of change, which would then be [the] main object of study, to guide our speculations." The following two extracts have a similar interest ; the second is especially interesting, as it contains the germ of concluding sentence of the ' Origin of Species 'if — " Before the attraction of gravity discovered it might have been said it was as great a difficulty to account for the movement of all [planets] by one law, as to account for each separate one ; so to say that all mammalia were born from *I imagine him to mean that each generation is " condensed" to a small number of the best organized individuals. f 'Origin of Species' (edit, i.), p. 490: — " There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ; and that whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved." NOTE-BOOK OF 1837. 37 1 one stock, and since distributed by such means as we can recognise, may be thought to explain nothing. "Astronomers might formerly have said that God fore- ordered each planet to move in its particular destiny. In the same manner God orders each animal created with certain forms in certain countries, but how much more simple and sublime [a] power — let attraction act according to certain law, such are inevitable consequences — let animals be cre- ated, then by the fixed laws of generation, such will be their successors. '* Let the powers of transportal be such, and so will be the forms of one country to another — let geological changes go at such a rate, so will be the number and distribution of the species ! ! " The three next extracts are of miscellaneous interest : — " When one sees nipple on man's breast, one does not say some use, but sex not having been determined — so with use- less wings under elytra of beetles — born from beetles with wings, and modified — if simple creation merely, would have been born without them." *' In a decreasing population at any one moment fewer closely related (few species of genera) ; ultimately few genera (for otherwise the relationship would converge sooner), and lastly, perhaps, some one single one. Will not this account for the odd genera with few species which stand between great groups, which we are bound to consider the increasing ones ? " The last extract which I shall quote gives the germ of his theory of the relation between alpine plants in various parts of the world, in the publication of which he was forestalled by E. Forbes (see vol. i. p. 72). He says, in the 1837 note- book, that alpine plants, "formerly descended lower, there- fore [they are] species of lower genera altered, or northern plants." When we turn to the Sketch of his theory, written in 1844 (still therefore before the second edition of the * Journal ' was completed), we find an enormous advance made on the note- 372 THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' book of 1837. The Sketch is in fact a surprisingly complete presentation of the argument afterwards familiar to us in the ' Origin of Species.' There is some obscurity as to the date of the short Sketch which formed the basis of the 1844 Essay. We know from his own words (vol. i., p. 68), that it was in June 1842 that he first wrote out a short sketch of his views.* This statement is given with so much circumstance that it is almost impossible to suppose that it contains an error of date. It agrees also 'with the following extract from his Diary. 1842. May 1 8th. Went to Maer. ** June 15th to Shrewsbury, and on i8th to Capel Curig. During my stay at Maer and Shrewsbury (five years after commencement) wrote pencil-sketch of species theory." Again in the introduction to the * Origin,' p. i, he writes, "after an interval of five years' work" [from 1837, i.e. in 1842], " I allowed myself to speculate on the subject, and drew up some short notes." Nevertheless in the letter signed by Sir C. Lyell and Sir J. D. Hooker, which serves as an introduction to the joint paper of Messrs. C. Darwin and A. Wallace on the * Tendency of Species to form Varieties,'! the essay of 1844 (extracts from which form part of the paper) is said to have been "sketched in 1839, and copied in 1844." This statement is obviously made on the authority of a note written in my father's hand across the Table of Contents of the 1844 Essay. It is to the following effect: "This was sketched in 1839, and copied out in full, as here written and read by you in 1844." I conclude that this note was added in 1858, when the MS. was sent to Sir J. D. Hooker (see Letter of June 29, 1858, p. 476), There is also some further evidence on this side of the question. Writing to Mr. Wallace (Jan. 25, 1859) my father says : — " Every one whom I have seen has thought * This version I cannot find, and it was probably destroyed, like so much of his MS., after it had been enlarged and re-copied in 1844. \ • Linn. Soc. Journal,' 1858, p. 45. SKETCH OF 1844. 373 your paper very well written and interesting. It puts my extracts (written in 1839, now just twenty years ago !), which I must say in apology were never for an instant intended for publication, into the shade." The statement that the earliest sketch was written in 1839 has been frequently made in bio- graphical notices of my father, no doubt on the authority of the * Linnean Journal,' but it must, I think, be considered as erroneous. The error may possibly have arisen in this way. In writing on the Table of Contents of the 1844 MS. that it was sketched in 1839, I think my father may have intended to imply that the framework of the theory was clearly thought out by him at that date. In the Autobiography (p. 71) he speaks of the time, ''about 1839, when the theory was clearly conceived," meaning, no doubt, the end of 1838 and begin- ning of 1839, when the reading of Malthus had given him the key to the idea of natural selection. But this explanation does not apply to the letter to Mr. Wallace ; and with regard to the passage * in the * Linnean Journal * it is difficult to understand how it should have been allowed to remain as it now stands, conveying, as it clearly does, the impression that 1839 was the date of his earliest written sketch. The sketch of 1844 is written in a clerk's hand, in two hundred and thirty-one pages folio, blank leaves being alter- nated with the MS. with a view to amplification. The text has been revised and corrected, criticisms being pencilled by himself on the margin. It is divided into two parts : I. " On the variation of Organic Beings under Domestication and in their Natural State." II. " On the Evidence favourable and opposed to the view that Species are naturally formed races descended from common Stocks." The first part contains the main argument of the * Origin of Species.' It is founded, as is the argument of that work, on the study of domestic animals, and both the Sketch and the ' Origin ' open with a * My father certainly saw the proofs of the paper, for he added a foot- note apologising for the style of the extracts, on the ground that the " work was never intended for publication." 374 THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' chapter on variation under domestication and on artificial selection. This is followed, in both essays, by discussions on variation under nature, on natural selection, and on the struggle for life. Here, any close resemblance between the two essays with regard to arrangement ceases. Chapter III. of the Sketch, which concludes the first part, treats of the variations which occur in the instincts and habits of animals, and thus corresponds to some extent with Chapter VII. of the 'Origin' (ist edit.). It thus forms a complement to the chapters which deal with variation in structure. It seems to have been placed thus early in the Essay to prevent the hasty rejection of the whole theory by a reader to whom the idea of natural selection acting on instincts might seem impossible. This is the more probable, as the Chapter on Instinct in the 'Origin' is specially mentioned (Introduction, p. 5) as one of the "most apparent and gravest difficulties on the theory." Moreover the chapter in the Sketch ends with a discussion, " whether any particular corporeal structures are so wonderful as to justify the rejection primd facie of our the- ory." Under this heading comes the discussion of the eye, which in the 'Origin' finds its place in Chapter VI. under " Difficulties of the Theory." The second part seems to have been planned in accordance with his favourite point of view with regard to his theory. This is briefly given in a letter to Dr. Asa Gray, November nth, 1859 : "I cannot possibly be- lieve that a false theory would explain so many classes of facts, as I think it certainly does explain. On these grounds I drop my anchor, and believe that the difficulties will slowly disappear." On this principle, having stated the theory in the first part, he proceeds to show to what ex- tent various wide series of facts can be explained by its means. Thus the second part of the Sketch corresponds roughly to the nine concluding Chapters of the First Edition of the ' Origin.' But we must exclude Chapter VII. (' Origin ') on Instinct, which forms a chapter in the first part of the Sketch, and Chapter VIII, (' Origin ') on Hybridism, a subject SKETCH OF 1844. 375 treated in the Sketch with ' Variation under Nature ' in the first part. The following list of the chapters of the second part of the Sketch will illustrate their correspondence with the final chapters of the * Origin.' Chapter I. " On the kind of intermediateness necessary, and the number of such intermediate forms." This includes a geological discussion, and corresponds to parts of Chapters VI. and IX. of the * Origin.' Chapter II. " The gradual appearance and disappearance of organic beings." Corresponds to Chapter X. of the * Origin.' Chapter III. " Geographical Distribution.*' Corresponds, to Chapters XI. and XII. of the 'Origin.' Chapter IV. ''Affinities and Classification of Organic beings." Chapter V. "Unity of Type," Morphology, Embryology. Chapter VI. Rudimentary Organs. These three chapters correspond to Chapter XII. of the ' Origin.' Chapter VII. Recapitulation and Conclusion. The final sentence of the Sketch, which we saw in its first rough form in the Note Book of 1837, closely resembles the final sentence of the ' Origin,' much of it being identical. The ' Origin ' is not divided into two " Parts," but we see traces of such a division having been present in the writer's mind, in this re- semblance between the second part of the Sketch and the final chapters of the ' Origin.' That he should speak * of the chapters on transition, on instinct, on hybridism, and on the geological record, as forming a group, may be due to the di- vision of his early MS. into two parts. Mr. Huxley, who was good enough to read the Sketch at my request, while remarking that the "main lines of argu- ment," and the illustrations employed are the same, points out that in the 1844 Essay, " much more weight is attached * * Origin,' Introduction, p. 5. 3/6 THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' to the influence of external conditions in producing variation, and to the inheritance of acquired habits than in the ' Origin.' " It is extremely interesting to find in the Sketch the first mention of principles familiar to us in the ' Origin of Species.* Foremost among these may be mentioned the principle of Sexual Selection, which is clearly enunciated. The important form of selection known as *' unconscious," is also given. Here also occurs a statement of the law that peculiarities tend to appear in the offspring at an age corresponding to that at which they occurred in the parent. Professor Newton, who was so kind as to look through the 1844 Sketch, tells me that my father's remarks on the migration of birds, incidentally given in more than one passage, show that he had anticipated the views of some later writers. With regard to the general style of the Sketch, it is not to be expected that it should have all the characteristics of the * Origin,' and we do not, in fact, find that balance and con- trol, that concentration and grasp, which are so striking in the work of 1859. In the Autobiography (p. 68, vol. i) my father has stated what seemed to him the chief flaw of the 1844 Sketch ; he had overlooked " one problem of great importance,*' the problem of the divergence of character. This point is dis- cussed in the * Origin of Species,' but, as it may not be familiar to all readers, I will give a short account of the difliculty and its solution. The author begins by stating that varieties differ from each other less than species, and then goes on : " Nevertheless, according to my view, varieties are species in process of formation How then does the lesser dif- ference between varieties become augmented into the greater difference between species?"* He shows how an analogous divergence takes place under domestication where an origin- ally uniform stock of horses has been split up into race-horses, * 'Origin,' ist edit. p. iii. PRINCIPLE OF DIVERGENCE. 377 dray-horses, &c., and then goes on to explain how the same principle applies to natural species. " From the simple cir- cumstance that the more diversified the descendants from any- one species become in structure, constitution, and habits, by so much will they be better enabled to seize on many and widely diversified places in the polity of nature, and so be enabled to increase in numbers." The principle is exemplified by the fact that if on one plot of ground a single variety of wheat be sown, and on to another a mixture of varieties, in the latter case the produce is greater. More individuals have been able to exist because they were not all of the same variety. An organism becomes more perfect and more fitted to survive when by division of labour the different functions of life are performed by differ- ent organs In the same way a species becomes more efficient and more able to survive when different sections of the species become differentiated so as to fill different stations. In reading the Sketch of 1844, I have found it difficult to recognise the absence of any definite statement of the prin- ciple of divergence as a flaw in the Essay, Descent with modification implies divergence, and we become so habituated to a belief in descent, and therefore in divergence, that we do not notice the absence of proof that divergence is in itself an advantage. As shown in the Autobiography, my father in 1876 found it hardly credible that he should have overlooked the problem and its solution. The following letter will be more in place here than its chronological position, since it shows what was my father's feeling as to the value of the Sketch at the time of its com- pletion.] C. Darwin to Mrs. Darwtn. Down, July 5, 1844. I have just finished my sketch of my species theory. If, as I believe, my theory in time be accepted even by one com- petent judge, it will be a considerable step in science. 378 THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.* I therefore write this in case of my sudden death, as my most solemn and last request, which I am sure you will con- sider the same as if legally entered in my will, that you will devote ;£'4oo to its publication, and further, will yourself, or through Hensleigh,* take trouble in promoting it. I wish that my sketch be given to some competent person, with this sum to induce him to take trouble in its improvement and enlargement. I give to him all my books on Natural History, which are either scored or have references at the end to the pages, begging him carefully to look over and consider such passages as actually bearing, or by possibility bearing, on this subject. I wish you to make a list of all such books as some temptation to an editor. I also request that you will hand over [to] him all those scraps roughly divided in eight or ten brown paper portfolios. The scraps, with copied quota- tions from various works, are those which may aid my editor. I also request that you, or some amanuensis, will aid in de- ciphering any of the scraps which the editor may think possi- bly of use. I leave to the editor's judgment whether to in- terpolate these facts in the text, or as notes, or under appen- dices. As the looking over the references and scraps will be a long labour, and as the correcting and enlarging and altering my sketch will also take considerable time, I leave this sum of ;^4oo as some remuneration, and any profits from the work. I consider that for this the editor is bound to get the sketch published either at a publisher's or his own risk. Many of the scrap in the portfolios contains mere rude suggestions and early views, now useless, and many of the facts will probably turn out as having no bearing on my theory. With respect to editors, Mr. Lyell would be the best if he would undertake it ; I believe he would find the work pleas- ant, and he would learn some facts new to him. As the ed- itor must be a geologist as well as a naturalist, the next best editor would be Professor Forbes of London. The next best (and quite best in many respects) would be Professor Hens- * Mr. H. Wedgwood. -^ SKETCH OF 1844. 379 low. Dr. Hooker would be very good. The next, Mr. Strick- land.* If none of these would undertake it, I would request you to consult with Mr. Lyell, or some other capable man for some editor, a geologist and naturalist. Should one other hundred pounds make the difference of procuring a good editor, request earnestly that you will raise £,S^o. My remaining collections in Natural History may be given to any one or any museum where it would be accepted. . . . [The following note seems to have formed part of the original letter, but may have been of later date : '' Lyell, especially with the aid of Hooker (and of any good zoological aid), would be best of all. Without an editor will pledge himself to give up time to it, it would be of no use paying such a sum. " It there should be any difficulty in getting an editor who would go thoroughly into the subject, and think of the bear- ing of the passages marked in the books and copied out of scraps of paper, then let my sketch be published as it is, stating that it was done several years ago \ and from memory without consulting any works, and with no intention of pub- lication in its present form." The idea that the Sketch of 1844 might remain, in the event of his death, as the only record of his work, seems to have been long in his mind, for in August 1854, when he had finished with the Cirripedes, and was thinking of beginning his ** species work," he added on the back of the above letter, " Hooker by far best man to edit my species volume. August 1854."] * After Mr. Strickland's name comes the following sentence, which has been erased but remained legible. " Professor Owen would be very good ; but I presume he would not undertake such a work." \ The words " several years ago and," seem to have been added at a later date. CHAPTER XI. THE GROWTH OF THE * ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' LETTERS, 1 843-1 856. [The history of my father's life is told more completely in his correspondence with Sir J. D. Hooker than in any other series of letters ; and this is especially true of the history of the growth of the * Origin of Species.' This, therefore, seems an appropriate place for the following notes, which Sir Joseph Hooker has kindly given me. They give, moreover, an in- teresting picture of his early friendship with my father : — "My first meeting with Mr. Darwin was in 1839, in Tra- falgar Square. I was walking with an officer who had been his shipmate for a short time in the Beagle seven years be- fore, but who had not^ I believe, since met him. I was intro- duced ; the interview was of course brief, and the memory of him that I carried away and still retain was that of a rather tall and rather broad-shouldered man, with a slight stoop, an agreeable and animated expression when talking, beetle brows, and a hollow but mellow voice ; and that his greeting of his old acquaintance was sailor-like — that is, delightfully frank and cordial. I observed him well, for I was already aware of his attainments and labours, derived from having read various proof-sheets of his then unpublished ' Journal.' These had been submitted to Mr. (afterwards Sir Charles) Lyell by Mr. Darwin, and by him sent to his father, Ch. Lyell, Esq., of Kinnordy, who (being a very old friend of my father- and taking a kind interest in my projected career as a natu 1843.] SIR J. D. HOOKER'S REMINISCENCES. 38 1 ralist) had allowed me to peruse them. At this time I was hurrying on my studies, so as to take my degree before volun- teering to accompany Sir James Ross in the Antarctic Expe- dition, which had just been determined on by the Admiralty; and so pressed for time was I, that I used to sleep with the sheets of the * Journal ' under my pillow, that I might read them between waking and rising. They impressed me pro- foundly, I might say despairingly, with the variety of acquire- ments, mental and physical, required in a naturalist who should follow in Darwin's footsteps, whilst they stimulated me to enthusiasm in the desire to travel and observe. ** It has been a permanent source of happiness to me that I knew so much of Mr. Darwin's scientific work so many years before that intimacy began which ripened into feelings as near to those of reverence for his life, works, and char- acter as is reasonable and proper. It only remains to add to this little episode that I received a copy of the * Journal ' complete, — a gift from Mr. Lyell, — a few days before leaving England. " Very soon after the return of the Antarctic Expedition .ny correspondence with Mr. Darwin began (December, 1843) jy his sending me a long letter, warmly congratulating me on my return to my family and friends, and expressing a wish to hear more of the results of the expedition, of which he had derived some knowledge from private letters of my own (written to or communicated through Mr. Lyell). Then, plunging at once into scientific matters, he directed my atten- tion to the importance of correlating the Fuegian Flora with that of the Cordillera and of Europe, and invited me to study the botanical collections which he had made in the Galapagos Islands, as well as his Patagonian and Fuegian plants. " This led to me sending him an outline of the conclusions I had formed regarding the distribution of plants in the southern regions, and the necessity of assuming the destruc- tion of considerable areas of land to account for the relations of the flora of the so-called Antarctic Islands. I do not sup- pose that any of these ideas were new to him, but they led 382 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1843. to an animated and lengthy correspondence full of instruc- tion." Here follows the letter (1843) to Sir J. D. Hooker above referred to.] My dear Sir, — I had hoped before this time to have had the pleasure of seeing you and congratulating you on your safe return from your long and glorious voyage. But as I seldom go to London, we may not yet meet for some time — without you are led to attend the Geological Meetings. I am anxious to know what you intend doing with all your materials — I had so much pleasure in reading parts of some of your letters, that I shall be very sorry if I, as one of the public, have no opportunity of reading a good deal more. I suppose you are very busy now and full of enjoyment: how well I remember the happiness of my first few months of England — it was worth all the discomforts of many a gale ! But I have run from the subject, which made me write, of expressing my pleasure that Henslow (as he informed me a few days since by letter) has sent to you my small collec- tion of plants. You cannot think how much pleased I am, as I feared they would have been all lost, and few as they are, they cost me a good deal of trouble. There are a very few notes, which I believe Henslow has got, describing the habitats, &c., of some few of the more remarkable plants. I paid particular attention to the Alpine flowers of Tierra del Fuego, and I am sure I got every plant which was in flower in Patagonia at the seasons when we were there. I have long thought that some general sketch of the Flora of the point of land, stretching so far into the southern seas, would be very curious. Do make comparative remarks on the species allied to the European species, for the advantage of botanical igno- ramuses like myself. It has often struck me as a curious point to find out, whether there are many European genera in T. del Fuego which are not found along the ridge of the Cordillera ; the separation in such case would be so enormous. Do point out in any sketch you draw up, what genera are 1843] GALAPAGOS FLORA. 383 American and what European, and how great the differences of the species are, when the genera are European, for the sake of the ignoramuses. I hope Henslow will send you my Galapagos plants (about which Humboldt even expressed to me considerable curiosity) — I took much pains in collecting all I could. A Flora of this archipelago would, I suspect, offer a nearly parallel case to that of St. Helena, which has so long excited interest. Pray excuse this long rambling note, and believe me, my dear sir, yours very sincerely, C. Darwin. Will you be so good as to present my respectful compli- ments to Sir W. Hooker. [Referring to Sir J. D, Hooker's work on the Galapagos Flora, my father wrote in 1846 : **I cannot tell -you how delighted and astonished I am at the results of your examination ; how wonderfully they sup- port my assertion on the differences in the animals of the different islands, about which I have always been fearful,** Again he wrbte (1849) : — " I received a few weeks ago your Galapagos papers,* and I have read them since being here. I really cannot express too strongly my admiration of the geographical discussion : to my judgment it is a perfect model of what such a paper should be ; it took me four days to read and think over. How interesting the Flora of the Sandwich Islands appears to be, how I wish there were materials for you to treat its flora as you have done the Galapagos. In the Systematic paper I was rather disappointed in not finding general remarks on affinities, structures, Src, such as you often give in con- versation, and such as De Candolle and St. Hilaire introduced ^ These papers include the results of Sir J. D. Hooker's examination of my father's Galapagos plants, and were published by the Linnean Society in 1849. 384 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1844. in almost all their papers, and which make them interesting even to a non-Botantist." "Very soon afterwards [continues Sir J. D. Hooker] in a letter dated January 1844, the subject of the * Origin of Spe- cies ' was brought forward by him, and I believe that I was the first to whom he communicated his then new ideas on the subject, and which being of interest as a contribution to the history of Evolution, I here copy from his letter " : — ] C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. [January nth, 1844.] Besides a general interest about the southern lands, I have been now ever since my return engaged in a very presump- tuous work, and I know no one individual who would not say a very foolish one. I was so struck with the distri- bution of the Galapagos organisms, &c. &c., and with the character of the American fossil mammifers, &c. &c., that I determined to collect blindly every sort of fact, which could bear any way on what are species. I have read heaps of agricultural and horticultural books, and have never ceased collecting facts. At last gleams of light have come, and I am almost convinced (quite contrary to the opinion I started with) that species are not (it is like confessing a murder) immutable. Heaven forfend me from Lamarck nonsense of a '* tendency to progression," " adaptations from the slow willing of animals," &c.! But the conclusions I am led to are not widely different from his ; though the means of change are wholly so. I think I have found out (here's presump- tion !) the simple way by which species become exquisitely adapted to various ends. You will now groan, and think to yourself, "on what a man have I been wasting my time and writing to.'* I should, five years ago, have thought so. . . . [The following letter written on February 23, 1844, shows that the acquaintanceship with Sir J. D. Hooker was then 1844] GALAPAGOS FLORA. 385 fast ripening into friendship. The letter is chiefly of interest as showing the sort of problems then occupying my father's mind :] Dear Hooker, — I hope you will excuse the freedom of my address, but I feel that as co-circum-wanderers and as fellow labourers (though myself a very weak one) we may throw aside some of the old-world formality. ... I have just finished a little volume on the volcanic islands which we visited. I do not know how far you care for dry simple geology, but I hope you will let me send you a copy. I suppose I can send it from London by common coach con- veyance. ... I am going to ask you some more questions, though I daresay, without asking them, I shall see answers in your work, when published, which will be quite time enough for my purposes. First for the Galapagos, you will see in my Journal, that the Birds, though peculiar species, have a most obvious S. American aspect : I have just ascertained the same thing holds good with the sea-shells. It is so with those plants which are peculiar to this archipelago ; you state that their numerical proportions are continental (is not this a very curious fact }) but are they related in forms to S. Amer- ica. Do you know of any other case of an archipelago, with the separate islands possessing distinct representative species? I have always intended (but have not yet done so) to examine Webb and Berthelot on the Canary Islands for this object. Talking with Mr. Bentham, he told me that the separate islands of the Sandwich Archipelago possessed distinct repre- sentative species of the same genera of Labiatse : would not this be worth your enquiry .^ How is it with the Azores ; to be sure the heavy western gales would tend to diffuse the same species over that group. I hope you will (I dare say my hope is quite superfluous) attend to this general kind of affinity in isolated islands, though I suppose it is more difficult to perceive this sort of relation in plants, than in birds or quadrupeds, the groups of 386 GROWTPI OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1844 which are, I fancy, rather more confined. Can St. Helena be classed, though remotely, either with Africa or S. America ? From some facts, which I have collected, I have been led to conclude that the fauna of mountains are ei'f/ier remarkably similar (sometimes in the presence of the same species and at other times of same genera), or that they are remarkably dis- similar ; and it has occurred to me that possibly part of this peculiarity of the St. Helena and Galapagos floras may be attributed to a great part of these two Floras being moun- tain Floras. I fear my notes will hardly serve to distinguish much of the habitats of the Galapagos plants, but they may in some cases ; most, if not all, of the green, leafy plants come from the summits of the islands, and the thin brown leafless plants come from the lower arid parts : would you be so kind as to bear this remark in mind, when examining my collection. I will trouble you with only one other question. In dis- cussion with Mr. Gould, I found that in most of the genera of birds which range over the whole or greater part of the world, the individual species have wider ranges, thus the Owl is mundane, and many of the species have very wide ranges. So I believe it is with land and fresh-water shells — and I might adduce other cases. Is it not so with Cryptogamic plants ; have not most of the species wide ranges, in those genera which are mundane ? I do not suppose that the converse holds, viz. — that when a species has a wide range, its genus also ranges wide. Will you so far oblige me by occasionally thinking over this ? It would cost me vast trouble to get a list of mundane phanerogamic genera and then search how far the species of these genera are apt to range wide in their several countries ; but you might occa- sionally, in the course of your pursuits, just bear this in mind, though perhaps the point may long since have occurred to you or other Botanists. Geology is bringing to light interest- ing facts, concerning the ranges of shells; I think it is pretty well established, that according as the geographical range oi a species is wide, so is its persistence and duration in time. I 1844.] SIR J. D. HOOKER'S REMINISCENCES. 38; hope you will try to grudge as little as you can the trouble of my letters, and pray believe me very truly yours, C. Darwin. P. S. I should feel extremely obliged for your kind offer of the sketch of Humboldt ; I venerate him, and after having had the pleasure of conversing with him in London, I shall still more like to have any portrait of him. [What follows is quoted from Sir J. Hooker's notes. *' The next act in the drama of our lives opens with per- sonal intercourse. This began with an invitation to breakfast with him at his brother's (Erasmus Darwin's) house in Park Street ; which was shortly afterwards followed by an invita- tion to Down to meet a few brother Naturalists. In the short intervals of good health that followed the long illnesses which oftentimes rendered life a burthen to him, between 1844 and 1847, I had many such invitations, and delightful they were. A more hospitable and more attractive home under every point of view could not be imagined — of Society there were most often Dr. Falconer, Edward Forbes, Professor Bell, and Mr. Waterhouse — there were long walks, romps with the children on hands and knees, music that haunts me still. Darwin's own hearty manner, hollow laugh, and thorough enjoyment of home life with friends ; strolls with him all together, and interviews with us one by one in his study, to discuss questions in any branch of biological or physical knowledge that we had followed ; and which I at any rate always left with the feeling that I had imparted nothing and carried away more than I could stagger under. Latterly, as his health became more seriously affected, I was for days and weeks the only visitor, bringing my work with me and enjoy- ing his society as opportunity offered. It was an established rule that he every day pumped me, as he called it, for half an hour or so after breakfast in his study, when he first brought out a heap of slips with questions botanical, geo- graphical, &c., for me to answer, and concluded by telling 388 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1844. me of the progress he had made in his own work, asking my opinion on various points. I saw no more of him till about noon, when I heard his mellow ringing voice calling my name under my window — this was to join him in his daily forenoon walk round the sand-walk.* On joining him I found him in a rough grey shooting-coat in summer, and thick cape over his shoulders in winter, and a stout staff in his hand ; away we trudged through the garden, where there was always some experiment to visit, and on to the sand- walk, round which a fixed number of turns were taken, during which our conversation usually ran on foreign lands and seas, old friends, old books, and things far off to both mind and eye. " In the afternoon there was another such walk, after which he again retired till dinner if well enough to join the family ; if not, he generally managed to appear in the drawing-room, where seated in his high chair, with his feet in enormous car- pet shoes, supported on a high stool — he enjoyed the music or conversation of his family.'' Here follows a series of letters illustrating the growth of my father's views, and the nature of his work during this period.] C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down [1844]. . . . The conclusion, which I have come at is, that those areas, in which species are most numerous, have oftenest been divided and isolated from other areas, united and again di- vided ; a process implying antiquity and some changes in the external conditions. This will justly sound very hypothetical. I cannot give my reasons in detail ; but the most general con- clusion, which the geographical distribution of all organic beings, appears to me to indicate, is that isolation is the chief concomitant or cause of the appearance of new forms (I well * See p. 93. 1844.] MUTABILITY OF SPECIES. 389 know there are some staring exceptions). Secondly, from seeing how often the plants and animals swarm in a country, when introduced into it, and from seeing what a vast number of plants will live, for instance in England, if kept free from weeds, and native plants, I have been led to consider that the spreading and number of the organic beings of any country depend less on its external features, than on the number of forms, which have been there originally created or produced. I much doubt whether you will find it possible to explain the number of forms by proportional differences of exposure ; and I cannot doubt if half the species in any country were destroyed or had not been created, yet that country would appear to us fully peopled. With respect to original creation or production of new forms, I have said that isolation appears the chief element. Hence, with respect to terrestrial pro- ductions, a tract of country, which had oftenest within the late geological periods subsided and been converted into islands, and reunited, I should expect to contain most forms. But such speculations are amusing only to one self, and in this case useless, as they do not show any direct line of observation : if I had seen how hypothetical [is] the little, which I have unclearly written, I would not have troubled you with the reading of it. Believe me, — at last not hypo- thetically, Yours very sincerely, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, 1844. .• . . I forget my last letter, but it must have been a very silly one, as it seems I gave my notion of the number of species being in great degree governed by the degree to which the area had been often isolated and divided ; I must have been cracked to have written it, for I have no evidence, without a person be willing to admit all my views, and then it does follow ; but in my most sanguine moments, all I expect, is that I shall be able to show even to sound Natu- ralists, that there are two sides to the question of the immu- 390 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1844 lability of species ; — that facts can be viewed and grouped under the notion of allied species having descended from common stocks. With respect to books on this subject, I do not know of any systematical ones, except Lamarck's, which is veritable rubbish ; but there are plenty, as Lyell, Pritchard, &c., on the view of the immutability. Agassiz lately has brought the strongest argument in favour of immu- tability. Isidore G. St. Hilaire has written some good Essays, tending towards the mutability-side, in the ' Suites a Buffon,' entitled " Zoolog. Generale." Is it not strange that the author, of such a book as the ' Animaux sans Vertebres,' should have written that insects, which never see their eggs, should will (and plants, their seeds) to be of particular forms, so as to become attached to particular objects. The other, common (specially Germanic) notion is hardly less absurd, viz. that climate, food, &c., should make a Pediculus formed to climb hair, or wood-pecker, to climb trees. I believe all these absurd views arise, from no one having, a£ far as I know, approached the subject on the side of variation under domes- tication, and having studied all that is known about domesti- cation. I was very glad to hear your criticism on island-floras and on non-diffusion of plants : the subject is too long for a letter: I could defend myself to some considerable extent, but I doubt whether successfully in your eyes, or indeed in my own. . . . C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down [July, 1844]. ... I am now reading a wonderful book for facts on variation — Bronn, * Geschichte der Natur.' It is stiff German : it forestalls me, sometimes I think delightfully, and some- times cruelly. You will be ten times hereafter more horrified at me than at H. Watson. I hate arguments from results, but on my views of descent, really Natural History becomes a sublimely grand result-giving subject (now you may quiz me for so foolish an escape of mouth). ... I must leave this 18451 MUTABILITY OF SPECIES. 391 letter till to-morrow, for I am tired ; but I so enjoy writing to you, that I must inflict a little more on you. Have you any good evidence for absence of insects in small islands ? I found thirteen species in Keeling Atoll. Flies are good fertilizers, and I have seen a microscopic Thrips and a Cecidomya take flight from a flower in the direction of another with pollen adhering to them. In Arctic countries a bee seems to go as far N. as any flower C. Dai-win to J. D. Hooker. Shrewsbury [September, 1845]. My dear Hooker, — I write a line to say that Cosmos * arrived quite safely [N.B. One sheet came loose in Pt. I.], and to thank you for your nice note. I have just begun the introduction, and groan over the style, which in such parts is full half the battle. How true many of the remarks are (/. e. as far as I can understand the wretched English) on the scenery ; it is an exact expression of one's own thoughts. I wish I ever had any books to lend you in return for the many you have lent me. . . . All of what you kindly say about my species work does not alter one iota my long self-acknowledged presumption in accumulating facts and speculating on the subject of varia- tion, without having worked out my due share of species. But now for nine years it has been anyhow the greatest amuse- ment to me. Farewell, my dear Hooker, I grieve more than you can well believe, over our prospect of so seldom meeting. I have never perceived but one fault in you, and that you have grievously, viz. modesty ; you form an exception to Sydney Smith's aphorism, that merit and modesty have no other connection, except in their first letter. Farewell, C. Darwin. * A translation of Humboldt's ' Kosmos/ 26 392 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1845 C. Darwin to L. Jenyns (^Blome field). Down, Oct. I2th, [1845]. My dear Jenyns, — Thanks for your note. I am sorry to say I have not even the tail-end of a fact in English Zoology to communicate. I have found that even trifling observations require, in my case, some leisure and energy, both of which ingredients I have had none to spare, as writing my Geology thoroughly expends both. I had always thought that I would keep a journal and record everything, but in the way I now live I find I observe nothing to record. Looking after my garden and trees, and occasionally a very little walk in an idle frame of mind, fills up every afternoon in the same man- ner. I am surprised that with all your parish affairs, you have had time to do all that which you have done. I shall be very glad to see your little work * (and proud should I have been if I could have added a single fact to it). My work on the species question has impressed me very forcibly with the importance of all such works as your intended one, contain- ing what people are pleased generally to call trifling facts. These are the facts which make one understand the working or economy of nature. There is one subject, on which I am very curious, and which perhaps you may throw some light on, if you have ever thought on it ; namely, what are the checks and what the periods of life, — by which the increase of any given species is limited. Just calculate the increase of any bird, if you assume that only half the young are reared, and these breed : within the natural (/. ^., if free from acci- dents) life of the parents the number of individuals will be- come enormous, and I have been much surprised to think how great destruction must annually or occasionally be falling * Mr. Jenyns' ' Observations in Natural History.' It is prefaced by an Introduction on " Habits of observing as connected with the study of Natural History," and followed by a " Calendar of Periodic Phenomena in Natural History," with " Remarks on the importance of such Registers." My father seems to be alluding to this Register in the P.S. to the letter dated Oct. 17, 1846. i845.] STRUGGLE FOR LIFE. 393 on every species, yet the means and period of such destruc- tion is scarcely perceived by us. 1 have continued steadily reading and collecting facts on variation of domestic animals and plants, and on the question of what are species. I have a grand body of facts, and I think I can draw some sound conclusions. The general con- clusions at which I have slowly been driven from a directly opposite conviction, is that species are mutable, and that allied species are co-descendants from common stocks. I know how much I open myself to reproach for such a con- clusion, but I have at least honestly and deliberately come to it. I shall not publish on this subject for several years. At present I am on the Geology of South America. I hope to pick up from your book some facts on slight variations in structure or instincts in the animals of your acquaintance. Believe me, ever yours, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to L. Jenyns* Down, [1845 ?]. My dear Jenyns, — I am very much obliged to you for the trouble you have taken in having written me so long a note. The question of where, when, and how the check to the increase of a given species falls appears to me par- ticularly interesting, and our difficulty in answering it shows how really ignorant we are of the lives and habits of our most familiar species. I was aware of the bare fact of old birds driving away their young, but had never thought of the effect you so clearly point out, of local gaps in number being thus immediately filled up. But the original difficulty remains; for if your farmers had not killed your sparrows and rooks, what would have become of those which now immigrate into your parish ? in the middle of England one is too far distant from the natural limits of the rook and sparrow to suppose * Rev. L. Blomefield. 394 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN." [1845. that the young are thus far expelled from Cambridgeshire. The check must fall heavily at some time of each species' life ; for, if one calculates that only half the progeny are reared and bred, how enormous is the increase ! One has, however, no business to feel so much surprise at one's ignorance, when one knows how impossible it is without statistics to con- iecture the duration of life and percentage of deaths to births in mankind. If it could be shown that apparently the birds of passage which breed here and increase, return in the suc- ceeding years in about the skme number, whereas those that come here for their winter and non-breeding season annually, come here with the same numbers, but return with greatly decreased numbers, one would know (as indeed seems probable) that the check fell chiefly on full-grown birds in the winter season, and not on the eggs and very young birds, which has appeared to me often the most probable period. If at any time any remarks on this subject should occur to you, I should be most grateful for the benefit of them. With respect to my far distant work on species, I must have expressed myself with singular inaccuracy if I led you to suppose that I meant to say that my conclusions were inevitable. They have become so, after years of weighing puzzles, to myself alone ; but in my wildest day-dream, I never expect more than to be able to show that there are two sides to the question of the immutability of species, /. e. whether species are directly created or by intermediate laws (as with the life and death of individuals). I did not approach the subject on the side of the difficulty in determining what are species and what are varieties, but (though, why I should give you such a history of my doings it would be hard to say) from such facts as the relationship between the living and extinct mammifers in South America, and between those liv- ing on the Continent and on adjoining islands, such as the Galapagos. It occurred to me that a collection of all such analogous facts would throw light either for or against the view of related species being co-descendants from a common 1846.] MR. JENYNS' 'OBSERVATIONS.' 395 stock. A long searching amongst agricultural and horticult- ural books and people makes me believe (I well know how absurdly presumptuous this must appear) that I see the way in which new varieties become exquisitely adapted to the external conditions of life and to other surrounding beings. I am a bold man to lay myself open to being thought a com- plete fool, and a most deliberate one. From the nature of the grounds which make me believe that species are mutable in form, these grounds cannot be restricted to the closest- allied species ; but how far they extend I cannot tell, as my reasons fall away by degrees, when applied to species more and more remote from each other. Pray do not think that I am so blind as not to see that there are numerous immense difficulties in my notions, but they appear to me less than on the common view. I have drawn up a sketch and had it copied (in 200 pages) of my conclusions ; and if I thought at some future time that you would think it worth reading, I should, of course, be most thankful to have the criticism of so competent a critic. Excuse this very long and egotistical and ill-written letter, which by your remarks you had led me into, and believe me, Yours very truly, C. Darwin, C. Darwin to L. Jenyns, Down, Oct. 17th, 1846. Dear Jenyns, — I have taken a most ungrateful length of time in thanking you for your very kind present of your ' Observations.' But I happened to have had in hand several other books, and have finished yours only a few days ago. I found it very pleasant reading, and many of your facts inter- ested me much. I think I was more interested, which is odd, with your notes on some of the lower animals than on the higher ones. The introduction struck me as very good ; but this is what I expected, for I well remember being quite de- lighted with a preliminary essay to the first number of the 'Annals of Natural History.* I missed one discussion, and 396 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1846. think myself ill-used, for I remember your saying you would make some remarks on the weather and barometer, as a guide for the ignorant in prediction. I had also hoped to have perhaps met with some remarks on the amount of variation in our common species. Andrew Smith once declared he would get some hundreds of specimens of larks and sparrows from all parts of Great Britain, and see whether, with finest meas- urements, he could detect any proportional variations in beaks or limbs, &c. This point interests me from having lately been skimming over the absurdly opposite conclusions of Gloger and Brehm ; the one making half-a-dozen species out of every common bird, and the other turning so many re- puted species into one. Have you ever done anything of this kind, or have you ever studied Gloger's or Brehm's works ? I was interested in your account of the martins, for I had just before been utterly perplexed by noticing just such a pro- ceeding as you describe : I counted seven, one day lately, visiting a single nest and sticking dirt on the adjoining wall. I may mention that I once saw some squirrels eagerly splitting those little semi-transparent spherical galls on the back of oak- leaves for the maggot within ; so that they are insectivorous. A Cychrus rostratus once squirted into my eyes and gave me extreme pain ; and I must tell you what happened to me on the banks of the Cam, in my early entomological days : under a piece of bark I found two Carabi (I forget which), and caught one in each hand, when lo and behold I saw a sacred PanagcBus crux major ! I could not bear to give up either of my Carabi^ and to lose Panagceus was out of the question ; so that in despair I gently seized one of the Carabi between my teeth, when to my unspeakable disgust and pain the little in- considerate beast squirted his acid down my throat, and I lost both Carabi 2indi Panagceus! I was quite astonished to hear of a terrestrial Planaria j for about a year or two ago I de- scribed in the ' Annals of Natural History ' several beautifully coloured terrestrial species of the Southern Hemisphere, and thought it quite a new fact. By the way, you speak of a sheep with a broken leg not having flukes : I have heard my l849.] VARIABILITY. 39; father aver that a fever, or any serious accident, as a Droken limb, will cause in a man all the intestinal worms to be evacu- ated. Might not this possibly have been the case with the flukes in their early state ? I hope you were none the worse for Southampton ; * I wish I had seen you looking rather fatter. I enjoyed my week extremely, and it did me good. I missed you the last few days, and we never managed to see much of each other ; but there were so many people there, that I for one hardly saw anything of any one. Once again I thank you very cordially for your kind present, and the pleasure it has given me, and believe me, Ever most truly yours, C. Darwin. P.S. — I have quite forgotten to say how greatly interested I was with your discussion on the statistics of animals : when will Natural History be so perfect that such points as you discuss will be perfectly known about any one animal } C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Malvern, June 13 [1849]. ... At last I am going to press with a small poor first- fruit of my confounded Cirripedia, viz. the fossil pedunculate cirripedia. You ask what effect studying species has had on my variation theories; I do not think much — I have felt some difficulties more. On the other hand, I have been struck (and probably unfairly from the class) with the varia- bility of every part in some slight degree of every species. When the same organ is rigorously compared in many indi- viduals, I always find some slight variability, and conse- quently that the diagnosis of species from minute differences is always dangerous. I had thought the same parts of the same species more resemble (than they do anyhow in Cirri- pedia) objects cast in the same mould. Systematic work * The meeting of the British Association. 398 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1849. would be easy were it not for this confounded variation, which, however, is pleasant to me as a speculatist, though odious to me as a systematist. Your remarks on the dis- tinctness (so unpleasant to me) of the Himalayan Rubi, wil- lows, &c., compared with those of northern [Europe ?], &c,, are very interesting ; if my rude species-sketch had any small share in leading you to these observations, it has already done good and ample service, and may lay its bones in the earth in peace. I never heard anything so strange as Fal- coner's neglect of your letters ; I am extremely glad you are cordial with him again, though it must have cost you an effort. Falconer is a man one must love. . . . May you pros- per in every way, my dear Hooker. Your affectionate friend, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, Wednesday [September, n. d.]. . . . Many thanks for your letter received yesterday, which, as always, set me thinking : I laughed at your attack at my stinginess in changes of level towards Forbes,* being so liberal towards myself ; but I must maintain, that I have never let down or upheaved our mother-earth's surface, for the sake of explaining any one phenomenon, and I trust I have very seldom done so without some distinct evidence. So I must still think it a bold step (perhaps a very true one) * Edward Forbes, born in the Isle of Man 18 15, died 1854. His best known work was his Report on the distribution of marine animals at dif- ferent depths in the Mediterranean. An important memoir of his is re- ferred to in my father's ' Autobiography,' p. 72. He held successively the posts of Curator to the Geological Society's Museum, and Professor of Natural History in the Museum of Practical Geology ; shortly before he died he was appointed Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. He seems to have impressed his contemporaries as a man of strikingly versatile and vigorous mind. The above allusion to changes of level refers to Forbes's tendency to explain the facts of geographical dis- tribution by means of an active geological imagination. 1849.] LAMARCK, THE 'VESTIGES/ 399 to sink into the depths of ocean, within the period of existing species, so large a tract of surface. But there is no amount or extent of change of level, which I am not fully prepared to admit, but I must say I should like better evidence, than the identity of a few plants, which possibly (I do not say probably) might have been otherwise transported. Particu- lar thanks for your attempt to get me a copy of * L'Espece,'* and almost equal thanks for your criticisms on him : I rather misdoubted him, and felt not much inclined to take as gospel his facts. I find this one of my greatest difficulties with foreign authors, viz. judging of their credibility. How pain- fully (to me) true is your remark, that no one has hardly a right to examine the question of species who has not minutely described many. I was, however, pleased to hear from Owen (who is vehemently opposed to any mutability in species), that he thought it was a very fair subject, and that there was a mass of facts to be brought to bear on the question, not hitherto collected. My only comfort is (as I mean to attempt the subject), that I have dabbled in several branches of Natu- ral History, and seen good specific men work out my species, and know something of geology (an indispensable union) ; and though I shall get more kicks than half-pennies, I will, life serving, attempt my work. Lamarck is the only excep- tion, that I can think of, of an accurate describer of species at least in the Invertebrate Kingdom, who has disbelieved in permanent species, but he in his absurd though clever work has done the subject harm, as has Mr. Vestiges, and, as (some future loose naturalist attempting the same speculations will perhaps say) has Mr. D. . . . C. Darwin. * Probably Godron's essay, published by the Academy of Nancy in 1848-49, and afterwards as a separate book in 1859. 400 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1853 C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, September 25th [1853]. My dear Hooker, — I have read your paper with great interest ; it seems all very clear, and will form an admirable introduction to the New Zealand Flora, or to any Flora in the world. How few generalizers there are among systematists : I really suspect there is something absolutely opposed to each other and hostile in the two frames of mind required for systematising and reasoning on large collections of facts. Many of your arguments appear to me very well put, and, as far as my experience goes, the candid way in which you discuss the subject is unique. The whole will be very use- ful to me whenever I undertake my volume, though parts take the wind very completely out of my sails ; it will be all nuts to me . . . for I have for some time determined to give the arguments on both sides (as far as I could), instead of arguing on the mutability side alone. In my own Cirripedial work (by the way, thank you for the dose of soft solder ; it does one — or at least rae — a great deal of good) — in my own work I have not felt conscious that disbelieving in the mere permanence of species has made much difference one way or the other ; in some few cases (if publishing avowedly on doctrine of non-permanence), I should not have affixed names, and in some few cases should have affixed names to remarkable varieties. Cer- tainly I have felt it humiliating, discussing and doubting, and examining over and over again, when in my own mind the only doubt has been whether the form varied to-day or yesterday (not to put too fine a point on it, as Snagsby * would say). After describing a set of forms as distinct species, tearing up my MS., and making them one species, tearing that up and making them separate, and then making them one again (which has hapened to me), I have gnashed my teeth, cursed species, and asked what sin I had committed to be * In ' Bleak House.' i853.] NEW ZEALAND FLORA. 4OI SO punished. But I must confess that perhaps nearly the same thing would have happened to me on any scheme of work. I am heartily glad to hear your Journal * is so much ad vanced ; how magnificently it seems to be illustrated ! An " Oriental Naturalist,'' with lots of imagination and not too much regard to facts, is just the man to discuss species ! I think your title of * A Journal of a Naturalist in the East ' very good ; but whether "in the Himalaya" would not be better, I have doubted, for the East sounds rather vague. . . . C. Darwin to J. D, Hooker. [1853] My dear Hooker, — I have no remarks at all worth sending you, nor, indeed, was it likely that I should, con- sidering how perfect and elaborated an essay it is.f As far as my judgment goes, it is the most important discussion on the points in question ever published. I can say no more. I agree with almost everything you say ; but I require much time to digest an essay of such quality. It almost made me gloomy, partly from feeling I could not answer some points which theoretically I should have liked to have been differ- ent, and partly from seeing so far better done than I could hdiVQ done, discussions on some points which I had inteftded to have taken up. . . . I much enjoyed the slaps you have given to the provincial species-mongers. I wish I could have been of the slightest use : I have been deeply interested by the whole essay, and congratulate you on having produced a memoir which I be- lieve will be memorable. I was deep in it when your most considerate note arrived, begging me not to hurry. I thank Mrs. Hooker and yourself most sincerely for your wish to see me. I will not let another summer pass without seeing you at Kew, for indeed I should enjoy it much. . . . * Sir J. D. Hooker's ' Himalayan Journal.' f ' New Zealand Flora,' 1853. 402 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1854. You do me really more honour than I have any claim to, putting me in after Lyell on ups and downs. In a year or two's time, when I shall be at my species book (if I do not break down), I shall gnash my teeth and abuse you for having put so many hostile facts so confoundedly well. Ever yours affectionately, C. Darwin. C. Darivin to J. D. Hooker. Down, March 26th [1854]. My dear Hooker, — I had hoped that you would have had a little breathing-time after your Journal, but this seems to be very far from the case; and I am the more obliged (and somewhat contrite) for the long letter received this morning, most juicy with news and most interesting to me in many ways. I am very glad indeed to hear of the reforms, &c., in the Royal Society. With respect to the Club,* I am deeply interested ; only two or three days ago, I was regret- ting to my wife, how I was letting drop and being dropped by nearly all my acquaintances, and that I would endeavour to go oftener to London ; I was not then thinking of the Club, which, as far as any one thing goes, would answer my exact object i;i keeping up old and making some new acquaintances. * The Philosophical Club, to which my father was elected (as Professor Bonney is good enough to inform me) on April 24, 1854. He resigned his membership in 1864. The Club was founded in 1847. The number of members being limited to 47, it was proposed to christen it ** the Club of 47," but the name was never adopted. The nature of the Club may be gathered from its first rule : " The purpose of the Club is to promote as much as possible the scientific objects of the Royal Society ; to facilitate inter- course between those Fellows who are actively engaged in cultivating the various branches of Natural Science, and who have contributed to its prog- ress ; to increase the attendance at the evening meetings, and to encour- age the contribution and discussion of papers." The Club met for dinner (at first) at 6, and the chair was to be quitted at 8.15, it being expected that members would go to the Royal Society. Of late years the dinner has been at 6.30, the Society meeting in the afternoon. i854.] HUMBOLDT— AGASSIZ. 403 I will therefore come up to London for every (with rare ex- ceptions) Club- day, and then my head, I think, will allow me on an average to go to every other meeting. But it is griev- ous how often any change knocks me up. I will further pledge myself, as I told Lyell, to resign after a year, if I did not attend pretty often, so that I should at worst encumber the Club temporarily. If you can get me elected, I certainly shall be very much pleased. Very many thanks for answers about Glaciers. I am very glad to hear of the second Edit.* so very soon; but am not surprised, for I have heard of several, in our small circle, reading it with very much pleasure. I shall be curious to hear what Humboldt will say : it will, I should think, delight him, and meet with more praise from him than any other book of Travels, for I cannot remember one, which has so many subjects in common with him. What a wonderful old fellow he is By the way, I hope, when you go to Hitcham, towards the end of May, you will be forced to have some rest. I am grieved to hear that all the bad symptoms have not left Henslow ; it is so strange and new to feel any uneasiness about his health. I am particularly obliged to you for sending me Asa Gray's letter ; how very pleasantly he writes. To see his and your caution on the species-question ought to overwhelm me in confusion and shame ; it does make me feel deuced uncomfortable. . . . It is delightful to hear all that he says on Agassiz : how very singular it is that so eminently clever a man, with such t?nmense knowledge on many branches of Natural History, should write as he does. Lyell told me that he was so delighted with one of his (Agassiz) lectures on progressive development, &c., &c., that he went to him afterwards and told him, ''that it was so delightful, that he could not help all the time wishing it was true." I seldom see a Zoological paper from North America, without observing the impress of Agassiz's doc- trines— another proof, by the way, of how great a man he is. I was pleased and surprised to see A. Gray's remarks on * Of the Himalayan Journal. 404 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1854. crossing, obliterating varieties, on which, as you know, I have been collecting facts for these dozen years. How awfully flat I shall feel, if when I get my notes together on species, &c., &c., the whole thing explodes like an empty puff-ball. Do not work yourself to death. Ever yours most truly, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, Nov. 5th [1854], My dear Hooker, — I was delighted to get your note yesterday. I congratulate you very heartily,* and whether you care much or little, I rejoice to see the highest scientific judgment-court in Great Britain recognise your claims. I do hope Mrs. Hooker is pleased, and E. desires me particularly to send her cordial congratulations. ... I pity you from the very bottom of my heart about your after-dinner speech, which I fear I shall not hear. Without you have a very much greater soul than I have (and I believe that you have), you will find the medal a pleasant little stimulus, when work goes badly, and one ruminates that all is vanity, it is pleasant to have some tangible proof, that others have thought some- thing of one's labours. Good-bye my dear Hooker, I can assure [you] that we both most truly enjoyed your and Mrs. Hooker's visit here. Farewell. My dear Hooker, your sincere friend, C. Darwin. C, Darwin to J. D. Hooker. March 7 [1855]. ... I have just finished working well at Wollaston'sf * Insecta Maderensia * : it is an admirable work. There is a very curious point in the astounding proportion of Coleoptera * On the award to him of the Royal Society's Medal. I Thomas Vernon Wollaston died (in his fifty-seventh year, as I believe) on Jan 4, 1878. His health forcing him in early manhood to winter in i8s5.] INSECTA MADERENSIA. 405 that are apterous ; and I think I have guessed the reason, VIZ., that powers of flight would be injurious to insects inha- biting a confined locality, and expose them to be blown to the sea : to test this, I find that the insects inhabiting the Dezerte Grande, a quite small islet, would be still more exposed to this danger, and here the proportion of apterous insects is even considerably greater than on Madeira Proper. Wollas- ton speaks of Madeira and the other Archipelagoes as being " sure and certain witnesses of Forbes* old continent," and of course the Entomological world implicitly follows this view. But to my eyes it would be difficult to imagine facts more opposed to such a view. It is really disgusting and humi- liating to see directly opposite conclusions drawn from the same facts. I have had some correspondence with Wollaston on this and other subjects, and I find that he coolly assumes, (i) that formerly insects possessed greater migratory powers than now, (2) that the old land was specially rich in centres of creation, (3) that the uniting land was destroyed before the special creations had time to diffuse, and (4) that the land was broken down before certain families and genera had time to reach from Europe or Africa the points of land in question. Are not these a jolly lot of assumptions ? and yet I shall see for the next dozen or score of years Wollaston quoted as proving the former existence of poor Forbes* Atlantis. the south, he devoted himself to a study of the Coleoptera of Madeira, the Cape de Verdes, and St. Helena, whence he deduced evidence in support of the belief in the submerged continent of ' Atlantis.' In an obituary notice by Mr. Rye (' Nature,' 1878) he is described as v/orking persistently " upon a broad conception of the science to which he was devoted," while being at the same time " accurate, elaborate, and precise ad punctum, and naturally of a minutely critical habit." His first scientific paper was written when he was an undergraduate at Jesus College, Cambridge. While at the University, he was an Associate and afterwards a Member of the Ray Club : this is a small society which still meets once a week, and where the undergraduate members, or Associates, receive much kindly encourage, ment from their elders. 4o6 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1855 I hope I have not wearied you, but I thought you would like to hear about this book, which strikes me as excellent in its facts, and the author a most nice and modest man. Most truly yours, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. Down, March 19th [1855]. My dear Fox, — How long it is since we have had any communication, and I really want to hear how the world goes with you ; but my immediate object is to ask you to observe a point for me, and as I know now you are a very busy man with too much to do, I shall have a good chance of your doing what I want, as it would be hopeless to ask a quite idle man. As you have a Noah's Ark, I do not doubt that you have pigeons. (How I wish by any chance they were fantails !) Now what I want to know is, at what age nestling pigeons have their tail feathers sufficiently developed to be counted. I do not think I ever saw a young pigeon. I am hard at work at my notes collecting and comparing them, in order in some two or three years to write a book with all the facts and arguments, which I can collect, for and versus the immutability of species. I want to get the young of our domestic breeds, to see how young, and to what degree the differences appear. I must either breed myself (which is no amusement but a horrid bore to me) the pigeons or buy their young ; and before I go to a seller, whom I have heard of from Yarrell, I am really anxious to know something about their development, not to expose my excessive ignorance, and therefore be excessively liable to be cheated and gulled. With respect to the one point of the tail feathers, it is of course in relation to the wonderful development of tail feathers in the adult fantail. If you had any breed of poultry pure, I would beg a chicken with exact age stated, about a week or fortnight old ! to be sent in a box by post, if you could have the heart to kill one ; and secondly, would let me pay post- iS55.] FEATHERS-SKELETONS. 407 age. . . Indeed, I should be very glad to have a nestling common pigeon sent, for I mean to make skeletons, and have already just begun comparing wild and tame ducks. And I think the results rather curious,* for on weighing the several bones very carefully, when perfectly cleaned the proportional weights of the two have greatly varied, the foot of the tame having largely increased. How I v/ish I could get a little wild duck of a week old, but that I know is almost impos- sible. With respect to ourselves, I have not much to say ; we have now a terribly noisy house with the whooping cough, but otherwise are all well. Far the greatest fact about myself is that I have at last quite done with the everlasting barnacles. At the end of the year we had two of our little boys very ill with fever and bronchitis, and all sorts of ailments. Partly for amusement, and partly for change of air, we went to Lon- don and took a house for a month, but it turned out a great failure, for that dreadful frost just set in when we went, and all our children got unwell, and E. and I had coughs and colds and rheumatism nearly all the time. We had put down first on our list of things to do, to go and see Mrs. Fox, but literally after waiting some time to see whether the weather would not improve, we had not a day when we both could go out. I do hope before very long you will be able to manage to pay us a visit. Time is slipping away, and we are getting oldish. Do tell us about yourself and all your large family. I know you will help me if you can with information about the young pigeons ; and anyhow do write before very long. My dear Fox, your sincere old friend, C. Darwin. * " I have just been testing practically what disuse does in reducinir parts ; I have made skeleton of wild and tame duck (oh, the smell of well- boiled, high duck ! !) and I find the tame-duck wing ought, according to scale of wild prototype, to have its two wings 360 grains in weight, but it has it only 317." — A letter to Sir J. Hooker, 1855. 27 4o8 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1855 P.S. — Amongst all sorts of odds and ends, with which I am amusing myself, I am comparing the seeds of the varia- tions of plants. I had formerly some wild cabbage seeds, which I gave to some one, was it to you ? It is a thousand to one it was thrown away, if not I should be very glad of a pinch of it. [The following extract from a letter to Mr. Fox (March 27th, 1855) refers to the same subject as the last letter, and gives some account of the '* species work : " " The way I shall kill young things will be to put them under a tumbler glass with a teaspoon of ether or chloroform, the glass being pressed down on some yielding surface, and leave them for an hour or two, young have such power of revivication. (I have thus killed moths and butterflies.) The best way would be to send ihem as you procure them, in pasteboard chip-box by post, on which you could write and just tie up with string ; and you will really make me happier by allowing me to keep an account of postage, &c. Upon my word I can hardly believe that any one could be so good-natured as to take such trouble and do such a very disagreeable thing as kill babies ; and I am very sure I do not know one soul who, except your- self, would do so. I am going to ask one thing more ; should old hens of any above poultry (not duck) die or become so old as to be useless, I wish you would send her to me per rail, addressed to " C. Darwin, care of Mr. Acton, Post-office, Bromley, Kent." Will you keep this address .? as shortest way for parcels. But I do not care so much for this, as I could buy the old birds dead at Baily to make skeletons. I should have written at once even if I had not heard from you, to beg you not to take trouble about pigeons, for Yarrell has persuaded me to attempt it, and I am now fitting up a place, and have written to Baily about prices, &c., &c. Some- time (when you are better) I should like very much to hear a little about your "Little Call Duck " ; why so called ? And where you got it ? and what it is like ? . . . I was so ignorant I did not even know there were three varieties of Dorking fowl : how do they differ ? . , . 1855] MUTABILITY OF SPECIES. 409 I forget whether I ever told you what the object of my present work is, — it is to view all facts that I can master (eheu, eheu, how ignorant I find I am) in Natural History (as on geographical distribution, palaeontology, classification, hybridism, domestic animals and plants, &c., &c., &c.) to see how far they favour or are opposed to the notion that wild species are mutable or immutable : I mean with my utmost power to give all arguments and facts on both sides. I have a number of people helping me in every way, and giving me most valuable assistance ; but I often doubt whether the sub- ject will not quite overpower me. So much for the quasi-business part of my letter. I am very very, sorry to hear so indifferent account of your health : with your large family your life is very precious, and I am sure with all your activity and goodness it ought to be a happy one, or as happy as can reasonably be expected with all the cares of futurity on one. One cannot expect the present to be like the old Crux- major days at the foot of those noble willow stumps, the memory of which I revere. I now find my little entomology which I wholly owe to you, comes in very useful. I am very glad to hear that you have given yourself a rest from Sun- day duties. How much illness you have had in your life ! Farewell my dear Fox. I assure you I thank you heartily for your proffered assistance."] C. Darwin to W. D. Fox. Down, May 7th [1855]. My dear Fox, — My correspondence has cost you a deal of trouble, though this note will not. I found yours on my return home on Saturday after a week's work in London. Whilst there I saw Yarrell, who told me he had carefully ex- amined all points in the Call Duck, and did not feel any doubt about it being specifically identical, and that it had crossed freely with common varieties in St. James's Park. I should therefore be very glad for a seven-days* duckling and 4IO GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1855. for one of the old birds, should one ever die a natural death. Yarrell told me that Sabine had collected forty varieties of the common duck ! . . . Well, to return to business ; nobody, I am sure, could fix better for me than you the characteristic age of little chickens ; with respect to skeletons, I have feared it would be impossible to make them, but I suppose I shall be able to measure limbs, &c., by feeling the joints. What you say about old cocks just confirms what I thought, and I will make my skeletons of old cocks. Should an old wild turkey ever die, please remember me ; I do not care for a baby turkey, nor for a mastiff. Very many thanks for your offer. I have puppies of bull-dogs and greyhound in salt, and I have had cart-horse and race-horse young colts care- fully measured. Whether I shall do any good I doubt. I am getting out of my depth. Most truly yours, C. Darwin. [An extract from a letter to Mr. Fox may find a place here, though of a later date, viz. July, 1855 : '* Many thanks for the seven days' old white Dorking, and for the other promised ones. I am getting quite a ' chamber of horrors,' I appreciate your kindness even more than be- fore ; for I have done the black deed and murdered an angelic little fantail and pouter at ten days old. I tried chloroform and ether for the first, and though evidently a perfectly easy death, it was prolonged ; and for the second I tried putting lumps of cyanide of potassium in a very large damp bottle, half an hour before putting in the pigeon, and the prussic acid gas thus generated was very quickly fatal." A letter to Mr. Fox (May 23rd, 1855) gives the first men- tion of my father's laborious piece of work on the breeding of pigeons : '* I write now to say that I have been looking at some of our mongrel chickens, and I should say one week old would i855.] PIGEON FANCYING. 4II do very well. The chief points which I am, and have been for years, very curious about, is to ascertain whether the young of our domestic breeds differ as much from each other as do their parents, and I have no faith in anything short of actual measurement and the Rule of Three. I hope and be- lieve I am not giving so much trouble without a motive of sufficient worth. I have got my fantails and pouters (choice birds, I hope, as I paid 20^. for each pair from Baily) in a grand cage and pigeon-house, and they are a decided amuse- ment to me, and delight to H." In the course of my father's pigeon-fancying enterprise he necessarily became acquainted with breeders, and was fond of relating his experiences as a member of the Columbarian and Philoperistera Clubs, where he met the purest enthusiasts of the "fancy," and learnt much of the mysteries of their art. In writing to Mr. Huxley some years afterwards, he quotes from a book on * Pigeons ' by Mr. J. Eaton, in illustration of the " extreme attention and close observation " necessary to be a good fancier. "In his [Mr. Eaton's] treatise, devoted to the Almond Tumbler alone^ which is a sub-variety of the short-faced vari- ety, which is a variety of the Tumbler, as that is of the Rock- pigeon, Mr. Eaton says : * There are some of the young fan- ciers who are over-covetous, who go for all the five properties at once [/. ^., the five characteristic points which are mainly attended to, — C. D.], they have their reward by getting noth- ing.' In short, it is almost beyond the human intellect to attend to all the excellencies of the Almond Tumbler ! " To be a good breeder, and to succeed in improving any breed, beyond everything enthusiasm is required. Mr. Eaton has gained lots of prizes, listen to him. " * If it was possible for noblemen and gentlemen to know the amazing amount of solace and pleasure derived from the Almond Tumbler, when they begin to understand their (/. ^., the tumbler's) properties, I should think that scarce any nobleman or gentleman would be without their aviaries of Almond Tumblers,' " 412 GROWTH OF THE * ORIGIN.' [1855. My father was fond of quotirxg this passage, and always with a tone of fellow-feeling for the author, though, no doubt, he had forgotten his own wonderings as a child that " every gentleman did not become an ornithologist." — (* Autobiogra- phy,' p. 32.) To Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, the well-known writer on poul- try, &c., he was indebted for constant advice and co-opera- tion. Their correspondence began in 1855, and lasted to 1 881, when my father wrote : " I can assure you that I often look back with pleasure to the old days when I attended to pigeons, fowls, &c., and when you gave me such valuable as- sistance. I not rarely regret that I have had so little strength that I have not been able to keep up old acquaintances and friendships." My fathers's letters to Mr. Tegetmeier consist almost entirely of series of questions relating to the different breeds of fowls, pigeons, &c., and are not, therefore, interest- ing. In reading through the pile of letters, one is much struck by the diligence of the writer's search for facts, and it is made clear that Mr. Tegetmeier's knowledge and judgment were completely trusted and highly valued by him. Numer- ous phrases, such as "your note is a mine of wealth to me," occur, expressing his sense of the value of Mr. Tegetmeier's help, as well as words expressing his warm appreciation of Mr. Tegetmeier's unstinting zeal and kindness, or his " pure and disinterested love of science." On the subject of hive- bees and their combs, Mr. Tegetmeier's help was also valued by my father, who wrote, *' your paper on * Bees-cells,' read before the British Association, was highly useful and suggest- tive to me." To work out the problems on the Geographical Distribu- tions of animals and plants on evolutionary principles, he had to study the means by which seeds, eggs, &c., can be trans- ported across wide spaces of ocean. It was this need which gave an interest to the class of experiment to which the fol- lowing letters allude.] I855.J LIZARDS. 413 C. Darwin to W. D. Fox, Down, May 17th [1855]. My dear Fox, — You will hate the very sight of my hand- writing ; but after this time I promise I will ask for nothing more, at least for a long time. As you live on sandy soil, have you lizards at all common ? If you have, should you think it too ridiculous to offer a reward for me for lizard's eggs to the boys in your school ; a shilling for every half- dozen, or more if rare, till you got two or three dozen and send them to me ? If snake's eggs were brought in mistake it would be very well, for I want such also ; and we have neither lizards nor snakes about here. My object is to see whether such eggs will float on sea water, and whether they will keep alive thus floating for a month or two in my cellar. I am trying experiments on transportation of all organic beings that I can ; and lizards are found on every island, and therefore I am very anxious to see whether their eggs stand sea water. Of course this note need not be answered, with- out, by a strange and favourable chance, you can some day answer it with the eggs. Your most troublesome friend, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. April 13th [1855]. ... I have had one experiment some little time in pro- gress, which will, I think, be interesting, namely, seeds in salt water immersed in water of 32°-33°, which I have and shall long have, as I filled a great tank with snow. When I wrote last I was going to triumph over you, for my experiment had in a slight degree succeeded; but this, with infinite baseness, I did not tell, in hopes that you would say that you would eat all the plants which I could raise after immersion. It is very aggravating that I cannot in the least remember what you did formerly say that made me think you scoffed at the experiments vastly; for you now seem to view the experi- 414 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN/ [1855. ment like a good Christian. I have in small bottles out of doors, exposed to variation of temperature, cress, radish, cabbages, lettuces, carrots, and celery, and onion seed — four great families. These, after immersion for exactly one week, have all germinated, which I did not in the least expect (and thought how you would sneer at me) ; for the water of nearly all, and of the cress especially, smelt very badly, and the cress seed emitted a wonderful quantity of mucus (the ' Ves- tiges' would have expected them to turn into tadpoles), so as to adhere in a mass ; but these seeds germinated and grew splendidly. The germination of all (especially cress and lettuces) has been accelerated, except the cabbages, which have come up very irregularly, and a good many, I think, dead. One would have thought, from their native habitat, that the cabbage would have stood well. The Um- belliferae and onions seem to stand the salt well. I wash the seed before planting them. I have written to the Gardeners' Chronicle^ though I doubt whether it was worth while. If my success seems to make it worth while, I will send a seed list, to get you to mark some different classes of seeds. To- day I replant the same seeds as above after fourteen days* immersion. As many sea-currents go a mile an hour, even in a week they might be transported 168 miles ; the Gulf Stream is said to go fifty and sixty miles a day. So much and too much on this head ; but my geese are always swans. . . . C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. [April 14th, 1855.] ... You are a good man to confess that you expected the cress would be killed in a week, for this gives me a nice little * A few words asking for information. The results were published in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle,' May 26, Nov. 24, 1855. In the same year (p. 789) he sent a P. S. to his former paper, correcting a misprint and add- ing a few words on the seeds of the Leguminosge. A fuller paper on the germination of seeds after treatment in salt water, appeared in the * Lin- nsean Soc. Journal,' 1857, p. 130. 1855] GERMINATION EXPERIMENTS. 415 triumph. The children at Erst were tremendously eager, and asked me often, " whether I should beat Dr. Hooker ! " The cress and lettuce have just vegetated well after twenty-one days' immersion. But I will write no more, which is a great virtue in me ; for it is to me a very great pleasure telling you everything I do. ... If you knew some of the experiments (if they may be so-called) which I am trying, you would have a good right to sneer, for they are so absurd even m my opinion that I dare not tell you. Have not some men a nice notion of experimentising.^ I have had a letter telling me that seeds must have great power of resisting salt water, for otherwise how could they get to islands ? This is the true way to solve a problem ! C, Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down [1855]. My dear Hooker, — You have been a very good man to exhale some of your satisfaction in writing two notes to me; you could not have taken a better line in my opinion ; but as for showing your satisfaction in confounding my experi- ments, I assure you I am quite enough confounded — those horrid seeds, which, as you truly observe, if they sink they won't float. I have written to Scoresby and have had a rather dry answer, but very much to the purpose, and giving me no hopes of any law unknown to me which might arrest their everlasting descent into the deepest depths of the ocean. By the way it was very odd, but I talked to Col. Sabine for half an hour on the subject, and could not make him see with respect to transportal the difficulty of the sinking question ! The bore is, if the confounded seeds will sink, I have been taking all this trouble in salting the ungrateful rascals for nothing. Everything has been going wrong with me lately ; the fish at the Zoolog. Soc, ate up lots of soaked seeds, and in imagi- 4l6 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1855. nation they had in my mind been swallowed, fish and all, by a heron, had been carried a hundred miles, been voided on the banks of some other lake and germinated splendidly, when lo and behold, the fish ejected vehemently, and with disgust equal to my own, all the seeds from their mouths.* But I am not going to give up the floating yet : in first place I must try fresh seeds, though of course it seems far more probable that they will sink ; and secondly, as a last resource, I must believe in the pod or even whole plant or branch being washed into the sea ; with floods and slips and earthquakes ; this must continually be happening, and if kept wet, I fancy the pods, &c. &c., would not open and shed their seeds. Do try your Mimosa seed at Kew. I had intended to have asked you whether the Mimosa scandens and Guilandina bonduc grows at Kew, to try fresh seeds R. Brown tells me he believes four W. Indian seeds have been washed on shores of Europe. I was assured at Keeling Island that seeds were not rarely washed on shore : so float they must and shall ! What a long yarn I have been spinning. If you have several of the Loffoden seeds, do soak some in tepid water, and get planted with the utmost care: this is an experiment after my own heart, with chances 1000 to i against its success, * In describing these troubles to Mr. Fox, my father wrote : — " All nature is perverse and will not do as I wish it ; and just at present I wish I had my old barnacles to work at, and nothing new." The experiment ultimately succeeded, and he wrote to Sir J. Hooker : — " I find fish will greedily eat seeds of aquatic grasses, and that millet-seed put into fish and given to a stork, and then voided, will germinate. So this is the nur- sery rhyme of ' this is the stick that beats the pig,' &c., ficc." i855] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 417 C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, May nth [1855]. My dear Hooker, — I have just received your note. I am most sincerely and heartily glad at the news * it contains, and so is my wife. Though the income is but a poor one, yet the certainty, I hope, is satisfactory to yourself and Mrs. Hooker. As it must lead in future years to the Directorship, 1 do hope you look at it, as a piece of good fortune. For my own taste I cannot fancy a pleasanter position, than the Head of such a noble and splendid place ; far better, I should think, than a Professorship in a great town. The more I think of it, the gladder I am. But I will say no more ; except that I hope Mrs. Hooker is pretty well pleased. . . . As the Gardeners' Chronicle put in my question, and took notice of it, I think I am bound to send, which I had thought of doing next week, my first report to Lindley to give him the option of inserting it ; but I think it likely that he may not think it fit for a Gardening periodical. When my experi- ments are ended (should the results appear worthy) and should the ' Linnean Journal* not object to the previous publication of imperfect and provisional reports, I should be delighted to insert the final report there ; for it has cost me so much trouble, that I should think that probably the result was worthy of more permanent record than a newspaper ; but I think I am bound to send it first to Lindley. I begin to think the floating question more serious than the germinating one ; and am making all the enquiries which I can on the subject, and hope to get some little light on it, . . . I hope you managed a good meeting at the Club. The Treasurership must be a plague to you, and I hope you will not be Treasurer for long : I know I would much sooner give up the Club than be its Treasurer. Farewell, Mr. Assistant Director and dear friend, C. Darwin. * The appointment of Sir J. D. Hooker as Assistant Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew. 4i8 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1855. C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, June 5th, 1855. .... Miss Thorley * and I are doing a little Botanical work! for our amusement, and it does amuse me very much, viz., making a collection of all the plants, which grow in a field, which has been allowed to run waste for fifteen years, but which before was cultivated from time immemorial ; and we are also collecting all the plants in an adjoining and similar but cultivated field ; just for the fun of seeing what plants have survived or died out. Hereafter we shall want a bit of help in naming puzzlers. How dreadfully difficult it is to name plants. What a remarkably nice and kind letter Dr. A. Gray has sent me in answer to my troublesome queries ; I retained your copy of his ' Manual ' till I heard from him, and when I have answered his letter, I will return it to you. I thank you much for Hedysarum : I do hope it is not very precious, for as I told you it is for probably a most fool- ish purpose. I read somewhere that no plant closes its leaves so promptly in darkness, and I want to cover it up daily for half an hour, and see if I can teach it to close by itself, or more easily than at first in darkness I cannot make out why you would prefer a continental transmission, as I think you do, to carriage by sea. I should have thought you would have been pleased at as many means of trans- mission as possible. For my own pet theoretic notions, it is quite indifferent whether they are transmitted by sea or land, as long as some tolerably probable way is shown. But it shocks my philosophy to create land, without some other and independent evidence. Whenever we meet, by a very few words I should, I think, more clearly understand your views. . . . I have just made out my first grass, hurrah ! hurrah ! I must confess that fortune favours the bold, for, as good luck * A lady who was for many years a governess in the family. 1855.] COLLECTING PLANTS. 4I9 would have it, it was the easy Atithoxanthum odoratum : never- theless it is a great discovery ; I never expected to make out a grass in all my life, so hurrah ! It has done my stomach surprising good. , . . C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, [June ?] 15th, [1855]. My dear Hooker, — I just write one line to say that the Hedysarum is come quite safely^ and thank you for it. You cannot imagine what amusement you have given me by naming those three grasses : I have just got paper to dry and collect all grasses. If ever you catch quite a beginner, and want to give him a taste of Botany, tell him to make a perfect list of some little field or wood. Both Miss Thorley and I agree that it gives a really uncommon interest to the work, having a nice little definite world to work on, instead of the awful abyss and immensity of all British Plants. Adios. I was really consummately impudent to express my opinion " on the retrograde step," * and I deserved a good snub, and upon reflection I am very glad you did not answer me in Gardeners' Chronicle. I have been very much interested with the Florula.f [Writing on June 5 th to Sir J. D. Hooker, my father men- tions a letter from Dr. Asa Gray. The letter referred to was an answer to the following :] * " To imagine such enormous geological changes within the period of the existence of now living beings, on no other ground but to account for their distribution, seems to me, in our present state of ignorance on the means of transportal, an almost retrograde step in science." — Extract from the paper on 'Salt Water and Seeds' in Gardenefs' Chronicle, May 26, 1855. f Godron's * Florula Juvenalis,' which gives an interesting account of plants introduced in imported wool. 420 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [1855. C. Darwin to Asa Gray.^ Down, April 25th [1855.] My dear Sir, — I hope that you will remember that I had the pleasure of being introduced to you at Kew. I want to beg a great favour of you, for which I well know I can offer no apology. But the favour will not, I think, cause you much trouble, and will greatly oblige me. As I am no botanist, it will seem so absurd to you my asking botanical questions ; that I may premise that I have for several years been collect- ing facts on " variation," and when I find that any general remark seems to hold good amongst animals, I try to test it in Plants. [Here follows a request for information on American Alpine plants, and a suggestion as to publishing on the subject.] I can assure you that I perceive how pre- sumptuous it is in me, not a botanist, to make even the most trifling suggestion to such a botanist as yourself ; but from what I saw and have heard of you from our dear and kind friend Hooker, I hope and think that you will forgive me, and believe me, with much respect, Dear sir, yours very faithfully, Charles Darwin. C. Darwin to Asa Gray. Down, June 8th [1855]. My dear Sir, — T thank you cordially for your remarkably kind letter of the 2 2d ult., and for the extremely pleasant and obliging manner in which you have taken my rather troublesome questions. I can hardly tell you how much your list of Alpine plants has interested me, and I can now * The well-known American Botanist. My father's friendship with Dr. Gray began with the correspondence of which the present is the first letter. An extract from a letter to Sir J. Hooker, 1857, shows that my father's strong personal regard for Dr. Gray had an early origin : " I have been glad to see A. Gray's letters ; there is always something in them that shows that he is a very lovable man." 1855.] SUGGESTIONS AND QUERIES. 421 in some degree picture to myself the plants of your Alpine summits. The new edit, of your Manual is capital news for me. I know from your preface how pressed you are for room, but it would take no space to append (Eu) in brackets to any European plant, and, as far as I am concerned, this would answer every purpose.* From my own experience, whilst making out English plants in our manuals, it has often struck me how much interest it would give if some notion of their range had been given ; and so, I cannot doubt, your American inquirers and beginners would much like to know which of their plants were indigenous and which European. Would it not be well in the Alpine plants to append the very same addition which you have now sent me in MS. ? though here, owing to your kindness, I do not speak selfishly, but merely pro bono Americano publico. I presume it would be too troublesome to give in your manual the habitats of those plants found west of the Rocky Mountains, and likewise those found in Eastern Asia, taking the Yenesei (.?), — which, if I remember right, according to Gmelin, is the main partition line of Siberia. Perhaps Siberia more concerns the northern Flora of North America. The ranges of the plants to the east and west, viz., whether most found are in Greenland and Western Europe, or in E. Asia, appears to me a very interest- ing point as tending to show whether the migration has been eastward or westward. Pray believe me that I am most entirely conscious that the only use of these remarks is to show a botanist what points a non-botanist is curious to learn ; for I think every one who studies profoundly a subject often becomes unaware [on] what points the ignorant require information. I am so very glad that you think of drawing up some notice on your geographical distribution, for the area of the Manual strikes me as in some points better adapted for comparison with Europe than that of the whole of North America. You ask me to state definitely some of the points on which I much wish for information ; but I really hardly * This suggestion Dr. Gray adopted in subsequent editions. 422 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [i^SS can, for they are so vague ; and I rather wish to see what results will come out from comparisons, than have as yet defined objects. I presume that, like other botanists, you would give, for your area, the proportion (leaving out intro- duced plants) to the whole of the great leading families : this is one point I had intended (and, indeed, have done roughly) to tabulate from your book, but of course I could have done it only very imperfectly. I should also, of course, have ascer- tained the proportion, to the whole Flora, of the European plants (leaving out introduced) and of the separate great families^ in order to speculate on means of transportal. By the way, I ventured to send a few days ago a copy of the Gardeners' Chronicle with a short report by me of some trifling experiments which I have been trying on the power of seeds to withstand sea water. I do not know whether it has struck you, but it has me, that it would be advisable for botanists to give in whole numbers^ as well as in the lowest fraction, the proportional numbers of the families, thus I make out from your Manual that of the indigenous plants the pro- portion of the Umbelliferae are yifs = A I fo^> without one knows the whole numbers, one cannot judge how really close the numbers of the plants of the same family are in two dis- tant countries ; but very likely you may think this superfluous. Mentioning these proportional numbers, I may give you an instance of the sort of points, and how vague and futile they often are, which I attempt to work out . . . ; reflecting on R. Brown's and Hooker's remark, that near identity of propor- tional numbers of the great families in two countries, shows probably that they were once continuously united, I thought I would calculate the proportions of, for instance, the intro- duced Compositae in Great Britain to all the introduced plants, and the result was, \% = 9^2 • I^^ our aboriginal or indigenous flora the proportion is yVi 3.nd in many other cases I found an equally striking correspondence I then took your Manual, and worked out the same question ; here I find in the Compositae an almost equally striking correspond- ence, viz ^^oV = 8 ir^ the introduced plants, and -f^i^ = i ir i855.] SUGGESTIONS AND QUERIES. 423 the indigenous ; but when I came to the other families I found the proportion entirely different, showing that the co« incidences in the British Flora were probably accidental ! You will, I presume, give the proportion of the species to the genera, /. e., show on an average how many species each genus contains ; though I have done this for myself. If it would not be too troublesome, do you not think it would be very interesting, and give a very good idea of your Flora, to divide the species into three groups, viz., (a) species common to the old world, stating numbers common to Europe and Asia ; {b) indigenous species, but belonging to genera found in the old world ; and (r) species belonging to genera confined to America or the New World. To make (according to my ideas) perfection perfect, one ought to be told whether there are other cases, like Erica, of genera common in Europe or in Old World not found in your area. But honestly I feel that it is quite ridiculous my writing to you at such length on the subject ; but, as you have asked me, I do it gratefully, and write to you as I should to Hooker, who often laughs at me unmercifully, and I am sure you have better reason to do so. There is one point on which I am most anxious for infor- mation, and I mention it with the greatest hesitation, and only in the full belief that you will believe me that I have not the folly and presumption to hope for a second that you will give it, without you can with very little trouble. The point can at present interest no one but myself, which makes the case wholly different from geographical distribution. The only way in which, I think, you possibly could do it with little trouble would be to bear in mind, whilst correcting your proof- sheets of the Manual, my question and put a cross or mark to the species, and whenever sending a parcel to Hooker to let me have such old sheets. But this would give you the trouble of remembering my question, and I can hardly hope or expect that you will do it. But I will just mention what I want ; it is to have marked the "close species" in a Flora, so AS to compare in different Floras whether the same genera 28 424 GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN.' [xBss^ have "close species," and for other purposes too vague to enumerate. I have attempted, by Hooker's help, to ascertain in a similar way whether the different species of the same genera in distant quarters of the globe are variable or present varieties. The definition I should give of a " c/ose species'' was one that you thought specifically distinct, but which you could conceive some other good botanist might think only a race or variety; or, again, a species that you had trouble, though having opportunities of knowing it well, in discrimi- nating from some other species. Supposing that you were inclined to be so very kind as to do this, and could (which I do not expect) spare the time, as I have said, a mere cross to each such species in any useless proof-sheets would give me the information desired, which, I may add, I know must be vague. How can I apologise enough for all my presumption and the extreme length of this letter } The great good nature ot your letter to me has been partly the cause, so that, as is too often the case in this world, you are punished for your good deeds. With hearty thanks, believe me. Yours very truly and gratefully, Ch. Darwin. C. Darwin to J, D, Hooker. Down, i8th [July, 1855]. ... I think I am getting a mild case about Charlock seed; * but just as about salting, ill luck to it, I cannot remember how many years you would allow that Charlock * In the Gardeners Chronicle, 1855, p. 758, appeared a notice (half a column in length) by my father on the " Vitality of Seeds." The facts related refer to the " Sand- walk " ; the wood was planted in 1846 on a piece of pasture land laid down as grass in 1840. In 1855, on the soil being dug in several places, Charlock {Brassica sinapistruni) sprang up freely. The subject continued to interest him, and I find a note dated July 2nd, 1874, in which my father recorded that forty-six plants of Char- lock sprang up in that year over a space (14 x 7 feet) which had been dug to a considerable depth. i855l VITALITY OF SEEDS. 425 seed might live in the ground. Next time you write, show a bold face, and say in how many years, you think, Charlock seed would probably all be dead. A man told me the other day of, as I thought, a splendid instance, — and splendid it was, for according to his evidence the seed came up alive out of the lower part of the London Clay ! I ! I disgusted him by telling him that Palms ought to have come up. You ask how far I go in attributing organisms to a com- mon descent ; I answer I know not ; the way in which I in- tend treating the subject, is to show (as far as I can) the facts and arguments for and against the common descent of the species of the same genus ; and then show how far the same arguments tell for or against forms, more and more widely different : and when we come to forms of different orders and classes, there remain only some such arguments as those which can perhaps be deduced from similar rudimentary structures, and very soon not an argument is left. [The following extract from a letter to Mr. Fox [Oct. 1855,* gives a brief mention of the last meeting of the British Association which he attended :] " I really have no news : the only thing we have done for a long time, was to go to Glasgow ; but the fatigue was to me more than it was worth, and E. caught a bad cold. On our return we stayed a single day at Shrewsbury, and enjoyed seeing the old place. I saw a little of Sir Philip \ (whom I liked much), and he asked me " why on earth I instigated you to rob his poultry-yard ? ' The meeting was a good one, and the Duke of Argyll spoke excellently."] * In this year he published (' Phil. Mag.' x.) a paper ' On the power of icebergs to make rectilinear uniformly-directed grooves across a subma ■ rine undulatory surface.'" \ Sir P. Egerton was a neighbour of Mr. Fox. CHAPTER XII. THE UNFINISHED BOOK. May 1856 to June 1858. [In the Autobiographical chapter (page 69,) my father wrote: — " Early in 1856 Lyell advised me to write out my views pretty fully, and I began at once to do so on a scale three or four times as extensive as that which was afterwards followed in my ' Origin of Species ; ' yet it was only an ab- stract of the materials which I had collected." The letters in the present chapter are chiefly concerned with the prepara- tion of this unfinished book. The work was begun on May 14th, and steadily continued up to June 1858, when it was interrupted by the arrival of Mr. Wallace's MS. During the two years which we are now considering he wrote ten chapters (that is about one-half) of the projected book. He remained for the most part at home, but paid several visits to Dr. Lane's Water-Cure Establish- ment at Moor Park, during one of which he made a pilgrim- age to the shrine of Gilbert White at Selborne.] LETTERS. C. Darwin to C. Lyell. May 3 [1856J. . . . With respect to your suggestion of a sketch of my views, I hardly know what to think, but will reflect on it, but it goes against my prejudices. To give a fair sketch would be absolutely impossible, for every proposition requires such an 1856.] THE UNFINISHED BOOK. 427 array of facts. If I were to do anything, it could only refer to the main agency of change — selection — and perhaps point out a very few of the leading features, which countenance such a view, and some few of the main difficulties. But I do not know what to think ; I rather hate the idea of writing for priority, yet I certainly should be vexed if any one were to publish my doctrines before me. Anyhow, I thank you heartily for your sympathy. I shall be in London next week, and I will call on you on Thursday morning for one hour pre- cisely, so as not to lose much of your time and my own ; but will you let me this time come as early as 9 o'clock, for I have much which I must do in the morning in my strongest time ? Farewell, my dear old patron. Yours, C. Darwin. By the way, f/iree plants have come up out of the earth, perfectly enclosed in the roots of the trees. And twenty-nine plants in the table-spoonful of mud, out of the little pond ; Hooker was surprised at this, and struck with it, when I showed him how much mud I had scraped off one duck's feet. If I did publish a short sketch, where on earth should I publish it .'* If I do m?^ hear, I shall understand that I may come from 9 to 10 on Thursday. C, Darwin to J. D. Hooker. % May 9th, [1856]. ■ ... I very much want advice and truthful consolation if you can give it. I had a good talk with Lyell about my species work, and he urges me strongly to publish something. I am fixed against any periodical or Journal, as I positively will not expose myself to an Editor or a Council, allowing a publication for which they might be abused. If I publish anything it must be a very thin and little volume, giving a sketch of my views and difficulties ; but it is really dreadfully 428 THE UNFINISHED BOOK. [1856. un philosophical to give a resume\ without exact references, of an unpublished work. But Lyell seemed to think I might do this, at the suggestion of friends, and on the ground, which I might state, that I had been at work for eighteen * years, and yet could not publish for several years, and especially as I could point out difficulties which seemed to me to require especial investigation. Now what think you ? I should be really grateful for advice. I thought of giving. up a couple of months and writing such a sketch, and trying to keep my judgment open whether or no to publish it when completed. It will be simply impossible for me to give exact references ; anything important I should state on the authority of the author generally; and instead of giving all the facts on which I ground my opinion, I could give by memory only one or two. In the Preface I^ would state that the work could not be considered strictly scientific, but a mere sketch or outline of a future work in which full references, &c., should be given. Eheu, eheu, I believe I should sneer at any one else doing this, and my only comfort is, that I truly never dreamed of it, till Lyell suggested it, and seems deliberately to think it advisable. I am in a peck of troubles and do pray forgive me for troublmg you. Yours affectionately, C. Darwin. C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. May nth [1856]. . . . Now for a more important ! subject, viz., my own self : I am extremely glad you think well of a separate " Pre- liminary Essay " (/. e., if anything whatever is published ; for Lyell seemed rather to doubt on this head) \ ; but I cannot * The interval of eighteen years, from 1837 when he began to collect facts, would bring the date of this letter to 1855, not 1856, nevertheless the latter seems the more probable date. f The meaning of the sentence in parentheses is obscure. 1856.] THE UNFINISHED BOOK. 429 bear the idea of begging some Editor and Council to publish, and then perhaps to have to apologise humbly for having led them into a scrape. In this one respect I am in the state which, according to a very wise saying of my father's, is the only fit state for asking advice, viz., with my mind firmly made up, and then, as my father used to say, good advice was very comfortable, and it was easy to reject bad advice. But Heaven knows I am not in this state with respect to publish- ing at all any preliminary essay. It yet strikes me as quite unphilosophical to publish results without the full details which have led to such results. It is a melancholy, and I hope not quite true view of yours that facts will prove anything, and are therefore superfluous ! But I have rather exaggerated, I see, your doctrine. I do not fear being tied down to error, /. ^., I feel pretty sure I should give up anything false published in the preliminary essay, in my larger work • but I may thus, it is very true, do mischief by spreading error, which as I have often heard you say is much easier spread than corrected. I confess I lean more and more to at least making the attempt and drawing up a sketch and trying to keep my judgment, whether to publish, open. But I always return to my fixed idea that it is dreadfully unphilosophical to publish without full details. I certainly think my future work in full would profit by hear- ing what my friends or critics (if reviewed) thought of the outline. To any one but you I should apologise for such long dis- cussion on so personal an affair ; but I believe, and indeed you have proved it by the trouble you have taken, that this would be superfluous. Yours truly obliged, Ch. Darwin. P. S. What you say (for I have just re-read your letter) that the Essay might supersede and take away all novelty and value from any future larger Book, is very true ; and that would grieve me beyond everything. On the other hand 430 THE UNFINISHED BOOK. [1856. (again from Lyell's urgent advice), I published a preliminary sketch of the Coral Theory, and this did neither good nor harm. I begin most heartily to wish that Lyell had never put this idea of an Essay into my head. From a letter to Sir C. Lyell \_July, 1856]. " I am delighted that I may say (with absolute truth) that my essay is published at your suggestion, but I hope it will not need so much apology as I at first thought ; for I have resolved to make it nearly as complete as my present materials allow. I cannot put in all which you suggest, for it would appear too conceited." From a letter to W. D. Fox. Down, June 14th [1856]. ". . . What you say about my Essay, I dare say is very true ; and it gave me another fit of the wibber-gibbers : I hope that I shall succeed in making it modest. One great motive is to get information on the many points on which I want it. But I tremble about it, which I should not do, if I allowed some three or four more years to elapse before pub- lishing anything. ..." [The following extracts from letters to Mr. Fox are worth giving, as showing how great was the accumulation of mate- rial which now had to be dealt with. June 14th [1856]. ** Very many thanks for the capital information on cats ; I see I had blundered greatly, but I know I had somewhere your orignal notes; but my notes are so numerous during nineteen years' collection, that it would take me at least a year to go over and classify them." Nov. 1856. "Sometimes I fear I shall break down, for my subject gets bigger and bigger with each month's work."] 1856.] CONTINENTAL EXTENSION. 43 1 C. Darwin to C. Lyell. Down, i6th [June, 1856]. My dear Lyell, — I am going to do the most impudent thing in the world. But my blood gets hot with passion and turns cold alternately at the geological strides, which many of your disciples are taking. Here, poor Forbes made a continent to [/. ^., extending to] North America and another (or the same) to the Gulf weed ; Hooker makes one from New Zealand to South America and round the World to Kerguelen Land. Here is Wollaston speaking of Madeira and P. Santo " as the sure and certain witnesses of a former continent." Here is Woodward writes to me, if you grant a continent over 200 or 300 miles of ocean depths (as if that was nothing), why not extend a continent to every island in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans ? And all this within the existence of recent species ! If you do not stop this, if there be a lower region for the punishment of geologists, I believe, my great master, you will go there. Why, your disciples in a slow and creeping manner beat all the old Catastrophists who ever lived. You will live to be the great chief of the Catastrophists. There, I have done myself a great deal of good, and have exploded my passion. So my master, forgive me, and believe me, ever yours, C. Darwin. P. S. Don't answer this, I did it to ease myself. C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down [June] 17th, 1856. ... I have been very deeply interested by Wollaston's book,* though I differ greatly from many of his doctrines. Did you ever read anything so rich, considering how very far he goes, as his denunciations against those who go further : * ' The Variation of Species,' 1856. 432 THE UNFINISHED BOOK. [1856. "most mischievous," "absurd," "unsound." Theology is at the bottom of some of this. I told him he was like Calvin burning a heretic. It is a very valuable and clever book in my opinion. He has evidently read very little out of his own line. I urged him to read the New Zealand essay. His Geology also is rather eocene^ as I told him. In fact I wrote most frankly ; I fear too frankly ; he says he is sure that ultra- honesty is my characteristic : I do not know whether he meant it as a sneer ; I hope not. Talking of eocene geology, I got so wrath about the Atlantic continent, more especially from a note from Woodward (who has published a capital book on shells), who does not seem to doubt that every island in the Pacific and Atlantic are the remains of continents, submerged within period of existing species, that I fairly exploded, and wrote to Lyell to protest, and summed up all the continents created of late years by Forbes (the head sinner !) yourself, Wollaston, and Woodward, and a pretty nice little extension of land they make altogether ! I am fairly rabid on the question and therefore, if not wrong already, am pretty sure to become so . . , I have enjoyed your note much. Adios, C. Darwin. P. S. [June] i8th. Lyell has written me a capital letter on your side, which ought to upset me entirely, but I cannot say it does quite. Though I must try and cease being rabid and try to feel humble, and allow you all to make continents, as easily as a cook does pancakes. C Darwin to C. Lyell. Down, June 25th [1856]. My dear Lyell, — I will have the following tremendous letter copied to make the reading easier, and as I want to keep a copy. As you say you would like to hear my reasons for being 1856.] CONTINENTAL EXTENSION. 433 most unwilling to believe in the continental extensions of- late authors, I gladly write them, as, without I am convinced of my error, I shall have to give them condensed in my essay, when I discuss single and multiple creation; I shall therefore be particularly glad to have your general opinion on them. I may quite likely have persuaded myself in my wrath that there is more in them than there is. If there was much more reason to admit a continental extension in any one or two instances (as in Madeira) than in other cases, I should feel no difficulty whatever. But if on account of European plants, and littoral sea shells, it is thought necessary to join Madeira to the mainland, Hooker is quite right to join New Holland to New Zealand, and Auckland Island (and Raoul Island to N. E.), and these to S. America and the Falklands, and these to Tristan d'Acunha, and these to Kerguelen Land ; thus malcing, either strictly at the same time, or at different periods, but all within the life of recent beings, an almost eircumpolar belt of land. So again Galapagos and Juan Fer- nandez must be joined to America ; and if we trust to littoral sea shells, the Galapagos must have been joined to the Pa- cific Islands (2400 miles distant) as well as to America, and as Woodward seems to think all the islands in the Pacific into a magnificent continent ; also the islands in the Southern Indian Ocean into another continent, with Madagascar and Africa, and perhaps India. In the North Atlantic, Europe will stretch half-way across the ocean to the Azores, and further north right across. In short, we must suppose proba- bly, half the present ocean was land within the period of living organisms. The Globe within this period must have had a quite different aspect. Now the only way to test this, that I can see, is to consider whether the continents have un- dergone within this same period such wonderful permuta- tions. In all North and South and Central America, we have both recent and miocene (or eocene) shells, quite distinct on the opposite sides, and hence I cannot doubt thsd fundatne?tt- ally America has held its place since at least, the miocene period. In Africa almost all the living shells are distinct on 434 THE UNFINISHED BOOK. [1856 the -opposite sides of the inter-tropical regions, short as the distance is compared to the range of marine mollusca, in un- interrupted seas ; hence I infer that Africa has existed since our present species were created. Even the isthmus of Suez and the Aralo -Caspian basin have had a great antiquity. So I imagine, from the tertiary deposits, has India. In Austra- lia the great fauna of extinct marsupials shows that before the present mammals appeared, Australia was a separate con- tinent. I do not for one second doubt that very large por- tions of all these continents have undergone great changes of level within this period, but yet I conclude that fundament- ally they stood as barriers in the sea, where they now stand ;. and therefore I should require the weightiest evidence to make me believe in such immense changes within the period of living organisms in our oceans, where, moreover, from the great depths, the changes must have been vaster in a vertical sense. Secondly. Submerge our present continents, leaving a few mountain peaks as islands, and what will the character of the islands be, — Consider that the Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada, Apen- nines, Alps, Carpathians, are non-volcanic, Etna and Caucasus, volcanic. In Asia, Altai and Himalaya, I believe non-vol- canic. In North Africa the non-volcanic, as I imagine, Alps of Abyssinia and of the Atlas. In South Africa, the Snow Mountains, In Australia, the non-volcanic Alps. In North America, the White Mountains, Alleghanies and Rocky Mountains — some of the latter alone, I believe, volcanic. In South America to the east, the non-volcanic [Silla .?] of Ca- racas, and Itacolumi of Brazil, further south the Sierra Ven- tanas, and in the Cordilleras, many volcanic but not all. Now compare these peaks with the oceanic islands ; as far as known all are volcanic, except St. Paul's (a strange bedevilled rock), and the Seychelles, if this latter can be called oceanic, in the line of Madagascar ; the Falklands, only 500 miles off, are only a shallow bank ; New Caledonia, hardly oceanic, is another exception. This argument has to me great weight. Compare on a Geographical map, islands which, we have 1856.] CONTINENTAL EXTENSION. 435 several reasons to suppose, were connected with mainland, as Sardinia, and how different it appears. Believing, as I am inclined, that continents as continents, and oceans as oceans, are of immense antiquity — I should say that if any of the existing oceanic islands have any relation of any kind to con- tinents, they are forming continents ; and that by the time they could form a continent, the volcanoes would be denuded to their cores, leaving peaks of syenite, diorite, or porphyry. But have we nowhere any last wreck of a continent, in the ^idst of the ocean ? St. Paul's Rock, and such old batxered volcanic islands, as St. Helena, may be ; but I think we can see some reason why we should have less evidence of sink- ing than of rising continents (if my view in my Coral volume has any truth in it, viz. : that volcanic outbursts accompany rising areas), for during subsidence there will be no compen- sating agent at work, in rising areas there will be the additional element of outpoured volcanic matter. Thirdly. Considering the depth of the ocean, I was, be- fore I. got your letter, inclined vehemently to dispute the vast amount of subsidence, but I must strike my colours. With respect to coral reefs, I carefully guarded against its being supposed that a continent was indicated by the groups of atolls. It is difficult to guess, as it seems to me, the amount of subsidence indicated by coral reefs ; but in such large areas as the Lowe Archipelago, the Marshall Archipelago, and Laccadive group, it would, judging, from the heights of existing oceanic archipelagoes, be odd, if some peaks of from 8000 to 10,000 feet had not been buried. Even after your letter a suspicion crossed me whether it would be fair to argue from subsidences in the middle of the greatest oceans to continents; but refreshing my memory by talking with Ramsay in regard to the probable thickness in one vertical ^ine of the Silurian and carboniferous formation, it seems there must have been at least 10,000 feet of subsidence during these formations in Europe and North America, and therefore during the continuance of nearly the same set of organic beings. But even 12,000 feet would not be enough for the 436 THE UNFINISHED BOOK. [1856. Azores, or for Hooker's continent ; I believe Hooker does not infer a continuous continent, but approximate groups of islands, with, if we may judge from existing continents, not profoundly deep sea between them ; but the argument from the volcanic nature of nearly every existing oceanic island tell against such supposed groups of islands, — for I presume he does not suppose a mere chain of volcanic islands belting the southern hemisphere. Fourthly. The supposed continental extensions do not seem to me, perfectly to account for all the phenomena of distribution on islands; as the absence of mammals and Batrachians ; the absence of certain great groups of insects on Madeira, and of Acaciae and Banksias, &c., in New Zea- land; the paucity of plants in some cases, &c. Not that those who believe in various accidental means of dispersal, can explain most of these cases ; but they may at least say that these facts seem hardly compatible with former continu- ous land. Finally. For these several reasons, and especially consider- ing it certain (in which you will agree) that we are extremely ignorant of means of dispersal, I cannot avoid thinking that Forbes' * Atlantis,' was an ill-service to science, as checking a close study of means of dissemination. I shall be really grateful to hear, as briefly as you like, whether these argu- ments have any weight with you, putting yourself in the position of an honest judge. I told Hooker that I was going to write to you on this subject ; and I should like him to read this ; but whether he or you will think it worth time and post- age remains to be proved. Yours most truly, Charles Darwin. [On July 8th he wrote to Sir Charles Lyell. " I am sorry you cannot give any verdict on Continental extensions ; and I infer that you think my argument of not much weight against such extensions. I know I wish I could believe so."] 185^ 1 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 437 C, Dartvin to Asa Gray. Down, July 20th [1856]. ... It is not a little egotistical, but I should like to tell you (and I do not think I have) how I view my work. Nineteen years (!) ago it occurred to me that whilst otherwise employed on Nat. Hist., I might perhaps do good if I noted any sort of facts bearing on the question of the origin of species, and this I have since been doing. Either species have been independently created, or they have descended from other species, like varieties from one species. I think it can be shown to be probable that man gets his most distinct varieties by preserving such as arise best worth keeping and destroying the others, but I should fill a quire if I were to go on. To be brief, I assume that species arise like our domestic varieties with much extinction ; and then test this hypothesis by comparison with as many general and pretty well-estab- lished propositions as I can find made out, — in geographical distribution, geological history, affinities, &c., &c. And it seems to me that, supposing that such hypothesis were to explain such general propositions, we ought, in accordance with the common way of following all sciences, to admit it till some better hypothesis be found out. For to my mind to say that species were created so and so is no scientific expla- nation, only a reverent way of saying it is so and so. But it is nonsensical trying to show how I try to proceed in the compass of a note. But as an honest man, I must tell you that I have come to the heterodox conclusion that there are no such things as independently created species — that species are only strongly defined varieties. I know that this will make you despise me. I do not much underrate the many huge difficulties on this view, but yet it seems to me to explain too much, otherwise inexplicable, to be false. Just to allude to one point in your last note, viz., about species of the same genus generally having a common or continuous area ; if they are actual lineal descendants of one species, this of course would be the case ; and the sadly too many exceptions (for 438 THE UNFINISHED BOOK. [1856 me) have to be explained by climatal and geological changes. A fortiori on this view (but on exactly same grounds), all the individuals of the same species should have a continous dis- tribution. On this latter branch of the subject I have put a chapter together, and Hooker kindly read it over. I thought the exceptions and difficulties were so great that on the whole the balance weighed against my notions, but I was much pleased to find that it seemed to have considerable weight with Hooker, who said he had never been so much staggered about the permanence of species. I must say one word more in justification (for I feel sure that your tendency will be to despise me and my crotchets), that all my notions about how species change are derived from long continued study of the works of (and converse with) agriculturists and horticulturists ; and I believe I see my way pretty clearly on the means used by nature to change her species and adapt them to the wondrous and exquis- itely beautiful contingencies to which every living being is exposed. . . . C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, July 30th, 1856. My dear Hooker, — Your letter is of much value to me. I was not able to get a definite answer from Lyell,* as you will see in the enclosed letters, though I inferred that he thought nothing of my arguments. Had it not been for this correspondence, I should have written sadly too strongly. You may rely on it I shall put my doubts moderately. There never was such a predicament as mine : here you continental extensionists would remove enormous difficulties opposed to me, and yet I cannot honestly admit the doctrine, and must therefore say so. I cannot get over the fact that not a frag- ment of secondary or palaeozoic rock has been found on any island above 500 or 600 miles from a mainland. You rather misunderstand me when you think I doubt the possibility ot * On the continental extensions of Forbes and others. 1856.] CLASSIFICATION. 43^ subsidence of 20,000 or 30,000 feet ; it is only probability, con- sidering such evidence as we have independently of distribu- tion. I have not yet worked out in full detail the distribution of mammalia, both identical and allied, with respect to the one element of depth of the sea ; but as far as I have gone, the results are to me surprisingly accordant with my very most troublesome belief in not such great geographical changes as you believe ; and in mammalia we certainly know more of means of distribution than in any other class. Nothing is so vexatious to me, as so constantly finding myself drawing different conclusions from better judges than myself, from the same facts. I fancy I have lately removed many (not geographical) great difficulties opposed to my notions, but God knows it may be all hallucination. Please return Lyell's letters. What a capital letter of Lyell's that to you is, and what a wonderful man he is. I differ from him greatly in thinking that those who believe that species are not fixed will multiply specific names : I know in my own case my most frequent source of doubt was whether others would not think this or that was a God-created Barnacle, and surely deserved a name. Otherwise I should only have thought whether the amount of difference and permanence was sufficient to justify a name : I am, also, surprised at his thinking it immaterial whether species are absolute or not : whenever it is proved that all species are produced by generation, by laws of change, what good evidence we shall have of the gaps in formations. And what a science Natural History will be, when we are in our graves, when all the laws of change are thought one of the most important parts of Natural History. I cannot conceive why Lyell thinks such notions as mine or of * Vestiges,' will invalidate specific centres. But I must not run on and take up your time. My MS. will not, I fear, be copied before you go abroad. With hearty thanks. Ever yours, C. Darwin. 29 440 THE UNFINISHED BOOK. [1856. P. S. — After giving much condensed, my argument versus continental extensions, I shall append some such sentence, as that two better judges than myself have considered these arguments, and attach no weight to them. C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, August 5th [1856]. ... I quite agree about Lyell's letters to me, which, though to me interesting, have afforded me no new light. Your letters, under the geological point of view, have been more valuable to me. You cannot imagine how earnestly I wish I could swallow continental extension, but I cannot ; the more I think (and I cannot get the subject out of my head), the more difficult I find it. If there were only some half-dozen cases, I should not feel the least difficulty ; but the generality of the facts of all islands (except one or two) having a considerable part of their productions in common with one or more mainlands utterly staggers me. What a wonderful case of the Epacridae ! It is most vexatious, also humiliating, to me that I cannot follow and subscribe to the way in which you strikingly put your view of the case, I look at your facts (about Eucalyptus, &c.) as damning against continental extension, and if you like also damning against migration, or at least of enormous difficulty. I see the ground of our difference (in a letter I must put myself on an equality in arguing) lies, in my opinion, that scarcely anything is known of means of (distribution. I quite agree with A. De CandoUe's (and I dare say your) opinion that it is poor work putting together the merely /^^j^/^/ S^S). on first reading the ' Origin,' " I have long seen most clearly that if any concession is made, all that you claim in your concluding pages will follow. " It is this which has made me so long hesitate, always feeling that the case of Man and his Races, and of other animals, and that of plants, is one and the same, and that if a vera causa be admitted for one instant, [instead] of a purely unknown and imaginary one, such as the word ' crea- tion,' all the consequences must follow." To Darwin, March 15, 1863 (vol. ii. p. 365). " I remember that it was the conclusion he [Lamarck] came to about man that fortified me thirty years ago against the great impression which THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' 547 could have avoided the inevitable corollary of the pithecoid origin of man — for which, to the end of his life, he enter tained a profound antipathy — he would have advocated the efficiency of causes now in operation to bring about the con- dition of the organic world, as stoutly as he championed that doctrine in reference to inorganic nature. The fact is, that a discerning eye might have seen that some form or other of the doctrine of transmutation was inevi- table, from the time when the truth enunciated by William Smith that successive strata are characterised by different kinds of fossil remains, became a firmly established law of nature. No one has set forth the speculative consequences of this generalisation better than the historian of the 'Induc- tive Sciences ' : — *' But the study of geology opens to us the spectacle of many groups of species which have, in the course of the earth's history, succeeded each other at vast intervals of time ; one set of animals and plants disappearing, as it would seem, from the face of our planet, and others, which did not before his arguments at first made on my mind, all the greater because Constant Prevost, a pupil of Cuvier's forty years ago, told me his conviction ' that Cuvier thought species not real, but that science could not advance with- out assuming that they were so.' " To Hooker, March 9, 1863 (vol. ii. p. 361,), in reference to Darwin's feeling about the * Antiquity of Man.' '* He [Darwin] seems much disappointed that I do not go farther with him, or do not speak out more. I can only say that I have spoken out to the full extent of my present convictions, and even beyond my state of feeling as to man's unbroken descent from the brutes, and I find I am half converting not a few who were in arms against Darwin, and are even now against Huxley." He speaks of having had to abandon " old and long cherished ideas, which constituted the charm to me of the theoretical part of the science in my earlier day, when I believed with Pascal in the theory, as Hallam terms it, of ' the arch-angel ruined.' " See the same sentiment in the letter to Darwin, March ii, 1863, p. 363 :— " I think the old ' creation ' is almost as much required as ever, but of course it takes a new form if Lamarck's views improved by yours are adopted," " 548 ON THE RECEPTION OF exist, becoming the only occupants of the globe. And the dilemma then presents itself to us anew : — either we mtist accept the doctrine of the transmutation of species, and must suppose that the organized species of one geological epoch were transmuted into those of another by some long-con- tinued agency of natural causes ; or else, we must believe in many successive acts of creation and extinction of species, out of the common course of nature ; acts which, therefore, we may properly call miraculous." * Dr. Whewell decides in favour of the latter conclusion. And if any one had plied him with the four questions which he puts to Lyell in the passage already cited, all that can be said now is that he would certainly have rejected the first. But would he really have had the courage to say that a Rhinoceros tichorhinus^ for instance, " was produced without parents ; " or was '' evolved from some embryo substance ; " or that it suddenly started from the ground like Milton's lion "pawing to get free his hinder parts." I permit myself to doubt whether even the Master of Trinity's well-tried courage — physical, intellectual, and moral — would have been equal to this feat. No doubt the sudden concurrence of half-a-ton of inorganic molecules into a live rhinoceros is conceivable, and therefore may be possible. But does such an event lie suffi- ciently within the bounds of probability to justify the belief in its occurrence on the strength of any attainable, or, indeed, imaginable, evidence ? In view of the assertion (often repeated in the early days of the opposition to Darwin) that he had added nothing to Lamarck, it is very interesting to observe that the possibility of a fifth alternative, in addition to the four he has stated, has not dawned upon Dr. Whewell's mind. The suggestion that new species may result from the selective action of external conditions upon the variations from their specific type which individuals present — and which we call "spontaneous,'* be- * Whewell's ' History of the Inductive Sciences.' Ed. ii., 1847, vol. iiL pp. 624-625. See for the author's verdict, pp. 638-39. THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' 549 cause we are ignorant of their causation — is as wholly un- known to the historian of scientific ideas as it was to biologi- cal specialists before 1858. But that suggestion is the central idea of the ' Origin of Species,' and contains the quintessence of Darwinism. Thus, looking back into the past, it seems to me that my own position of critical expectancy was just and reasonable, and must have been taken up, on the same grounds, by many other persons. If Agassiz told me that the forms of life which had successively tenanted the globe were the incarna- tions of successive thoughts of the Deity ; and that he had wiped out one set of these embodiments by an appalling geological catastrophe as soon as His ideas took a more advanced shape, I found myself not only unable to admit the accuracy of the deductions from the facts of paleontology, upon which this astounding hypothesis was founded, but I had to confess my want of any means of testing the correct- ness of his explanation of them. And besides that, I could by no means see what the explanation explained. Neither did it help me to be told by an eminent anatomist that species had succeeded one another in time, in virtue of **a continu- ously operative creational law." That seemed to me to be no more than saying that species had succeeded one another, in the form of a vote-catching resolution, with *' law " to please the man of science, and " creational " to draw the orthodox. So I took refuge in that " thdtige Skepsis " which Goethe has so well defined ; and, reversing the apostolic precept to be all things to all men, I usually defended the tenability of the received doctrines, when I had to do with the transmutation- ists \ and stood up for the possibility of transmutation among the orthodox — thereby, no doubt, increasing an already current, but quite undeserved, reputation for needless com- bativeness. I remember, in the course of my first interview with Mr. Darwin, expressing my belief in the sharpness of the lines of demarcation between natural groups and in the absence of transitional forms, with all the confidence of youth and im- 550 ON THE RECEPTION OF perfect knowledge. 1 was not aware, at that time, that he had then been many years brooding over the species-question ; and the humorous smile which accompanied his gentle answer, that such was not altogether his view, long haunted and puzzled me. But it would seem that four or five years' hard work had enabled me to understand what it meant ; for Lyell,* writing to Sir Charles Bunbury (under date of April 30, 1856), says :— " When Huxley, Hooker, and Wollaston were at Darwin's last week they (all four of them) ran a tilt against species- further, I believe, than they are prepared to go." I recollect nothing of this beyond the fact of meeting Mr. Wollaston ; and except for Sir Charles' distinct assurance as to ** all four," I should have thought my outrecuidance was probably a counterblast to Wollaston's conservatism. With regard to Hooker, he was already, like Voltaire's Habbakuk, ^^ capable de tout " in the way of advocating Evolution. As I have already said, I imagine that most of those of my contemporaries who thought seriously about the matter, were very much in my own state of mind — inclined to say to both Mosaists and Evolutionists, " a plague on both your houses ! " and disposed to turn aside from an interminable and apparently fruitless discussion, to labour in the fertile fields of ascertainable fact. And I may, therefore, further suppose that the publication of the Darwin and Wallace papers in 1858, and still more that of the 'Origin' in 1859, had the effect upon them of the flash of light, which to a man who has lost himself in a dark night, suddenly reveals a road which, whether it takes him straight home or not, certainly goes his way. That which we were looking for, and could not find, was a hypothesis respecting the origin of known organic forms, which assumed the operation of no causes but such as could be proved to be actually at work. We wanted, not to pin our faith to that or any other speculation, but to get hold of clear and definite conceptions which could be * ' Life and Letters,' vol. ii. p. 212. THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' 555 brought face to face with facts and have their validity testec The * Origin ' provided us with the working hypothesis wt sought. Moreover, it did the immense service of freeing u^ for ever from the dilemma — refuse to accept the creation hypothesis, and what have you to propose that can be accepted by any cautious reasoner ? In 1857, I had no answer ready, and I do not think that any one else had. A year later, we reproached ourselves with dulness for being perplexed by such an inquiry. My reflection, when I first made myself master of the central idea of the ' Origin,' was, " How ex- tremely stupid not to have thought of that ! " I suppose that Columbus' companions said much the same when he made the egg stand on end. The facts of variability, of the struggle for existence, of adaptation to conditions, were notorious enough ; but none of us had suspected that the road to the heart of the species problem lay through them, until Darwin and Wallace dispelled the darkness, and the beacon-fire of the ' Origin ' guided the benighted. Whether the particular shape which the doctrine of evolu- tion, as applied to the organic world, took in Darwin's hands, would prove to be final or not, was, to me, a matter of in- difference. In my earliest criticisms of the * Origin * I ven- tured to point out that its logical foundation was insecure so long as experiments in selective breeding had not produced varieties which were more or less infertile ; and that inse- curity remains up to the present time. But, with any and every critical doubt which my sceptical ingenuity could sug- gest, the Darwinian hypothesis remained incomparably more probable than the creation hypothesis. And if we had none of us been able to discern the paramount significance of some of the most patent and notorious of natural facts, until they were, so to speak, thrust under our noses, what force remained in the dilemma — creation or nothing ? It was obvious that, hereafter, the probability would be immensely greater, that the links of natural causation were hidden from our purblind eyes, than that natural causation should be incompetent to produce all the phenomena of nature. The only rational 36 552 ON THE RECEPTION OF course for those who had no other object than the attainment of truth, was to accept " Darwinism " as a working hypothesis, and see what could be made of it. Either it would prove its capacity to elucidate the facts of organic life, or it would break down under the strain. This was surely the dictate of common sense ; and, for once, common sense carried the day. The result has been that complete volte-face of the whole scientific world, which must seem so surprising to the present generation. I do not mean to say that all the leaders of biological science have avowed themselves Darwinians ; but I do not think that there is a single zoologist, or botanist, or palaeontologist, among the multitude of active workers of this generation, who is other than an evolutionist, profoundly in- fluenced by Darwin's views. Whatever may be the ultimate fate of the particular theory put forth by Darwin, I venture to affirm that, so far as my knowledge goes, all the ingenuity and all the learning of hostile critics have not enabled them to adduce a solitary fact, of which it can be said, this is irrecon- cilable with the Darwinian theory. In the prodigious variety and complexity of organic nature, there are multitudes of phenomena which are not deducible from any generalisations we have yet reached. But the same may be said of every other class of natural objects. I believe that astronomers cannot yet get the moon's motions into perfect accordance with the theory of gravitation. It would be inappropriate, even if it were possible, to dis- cuss the difficulties and unresolved problems which have hitherto met the evolutionist, and which will probably con- tinue to puzzle him for generations to come, in the course of this brief history of the reception of Mr. Darwin's great work. But there are two or three objections of a more general char- acter, based, or supposed to be based, upon philosophical and theological foundations, which were loudly expressed in the early days of the Darwinian controversy, and which, though they have been answered over and over again, crop up now and then to the present day. THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES/ §53 The most singular of these, perhaps immortal, fallacies, which live on, Tithonus-like, when sense and force have long deserted them, is that which charges Mr. Darwin with having attempted to reinstate the old pagan goddess. Chance. It is said that he supposes variations to come about " by chance," and that the fittest survive the " chances " of the struggle fo^' existence, and thus " chance " is substituted for providential design. It is not a little wonderful that such an accusation as this should be brought against a writer who has, over and over again, warned his readers that when he uses the word "spon- taneous," he merely means that he is ignorant of the cause of that which is so termed ; and whose whole theory crumbles to pieces if the uniformity and regularity of natural causation for illimitable past ages is denied. But probably the best answer to those who talk of Darwinism meaning the reign of ** chance," is to ask them what they themselves understand by " chance " ? Do they believe that anything in this universe happens without reason or without a cause ? Do they really conceive that any event has no cause, and could not have been predicted by any one who had a sufficient insight into the order of Nature ? If they do, it is they who are the inheritors of antique superstition and ignorance, and whose minds have never been illumined by a ray of scientific thought. The one act of faith in the convert to science, is the confession of the universality of order and of the absolute validity in all times and under all circumstances, of the law of causation. This confession is an act of faith, because, by the nature of the case, the truth of such propositions is not. susceptible of proof. But such faith is not blind, but reasonable ; because it is invariably confirmed by experience, and constitutes the sole trustworthy foundation for all action. If one of these people, in whom the chance-worship of our remoter ancestors thus strangely survives, should be within reach of the sea when a heavy gale is blowing, let him betake himself to the shore and watch the scene. Let him note the infinite variety of form and size of the tossing waves 554 ^N THE RECEPTION OF out at sea ; or of the curves of their foam-crested breakers, as they dash against the rocks ; let him Hsten to the roar and scream of the shingle as it is cast up and torn down the beach ; or look at the flakes of foam as they drive hither and thither before the wind ; or note the play of colours, which answers a gleam of sunshine as it falls upon the myriad bub- bles. Surely here, if anywhere, he will say that chance is supreme, and bend the knee as one who has entered the very penetralia of his divinity. But the man of science knows that here, as everywhere, perfect order is manifested ; that there is not a curve of the waves, not a note in the howling chorus, not a rainbow-glint on a bubble, which is other than a neces- sary consequence of the ascertained laws of nature ; and that with a sufficient knowledge of the conditions, competent physico-mathematical skill could account for, and indeed predict, every one of these *' chance " events. A second very common objection to Mr. Darwin's views was (and is), that they abolish Teleology, and eviscerate the argument from design. It is nearly twenty years since I ventured to offer some remarks on this subject, and as my arguments have as yet received no refutation, I hope I may be excused for reproducing them. I observed, "that the doctrine of Evolution is the most formidable opponent of all the commoner and coarser forms of Teleology. But perhaps the most remarkable service to the Philosophy of Biology rendered by Mr. Darwin is the reconciliation of Teleology and Morphology, and the explanation of the facts of both, which his views offer. The teleology which supposes that the eye, such as we see it in man, or one of the higher verte- brata, was made with the precise structure it exhibits, for the purpose of enabling the animal which possesses it to see, has undoubtedly received its death-blow. Nevertheless, it is necessary to remember that there is a wider teleology which is not touched by the doctrine of Evolution, but is actually based upon the fundamental proposition of Evolution. This proposition is that the whole world, living and not living, is the result of the mutual interaction, according to definite THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES/ 555 laws, of the forces * possessed by the molecules of which the primitive nebulosity of the universe was composed. If this be true, it is no less certain that the existing world lay poten- tially in the cosmic vapour, and that a sufficient intelligence could, from a knowledge of the properties of the molecules of that vapour, have predicted, say the state of the fauna of Britain in 1869, with as much certainty as one can say what will happen to the vapour of the breath on a cold winter's day .... The teleological and the mechanical views of na- ture are not, necessarily, mutually exclusive. On the con- trary, the more purely a mechanist the speculator is, the more firmly does he assume a primordial molecular arrangement of which all the phenomena of the universe are the conse- quences, and the more completely is he thereby at the mercy of the teleologist, who can always defy him to disprove that this primordial molecular arrangement was not intended to evolve the phenomena of the universe." f The acute champion of Teleology, Paley, saw no difficulty in admitting that the " production of things " may be the result of trains of mechanical dispositions fixed beforehand by intelligent appointment and kept in action by a power at the centre, I that is to say, he proleptically accepted the mod- ern doctrine of Evolution ; and his successors might do well to follow their leader, or at any rate to attend to his weighty reasonings, before rushing into an antagonism which has no reasonable foundation. Having got rid of the belief in chance and the disbelief in design, as in no sense appurtenances of Evolution, the third libel upon that doctrine, that it is anti-theistic, might perhaps be left to shift for itself. But the persistence with which many people refuse to draw the plainest consequences * I should now like to substitute the word powers for " forces." f The "Genealogy of Animals " (' The Academy,' 1869), reprinted in ' Critiques and Addresses." :j: ' Natural Theology,' chap, xxiii. 55(5 ON THE RECEPTION OF from the propositions they profess to accept, renders it ad- visable to remark that the doctrine of Evolution is neither Anti-theistic nor Theistic. ^ It simply has no more to do with Theism than the first book of Euclid has. It is quite cer- tain that a normal fresh-laid egg contains neither cock nor hen ; and it is also as certain as any proposition in physics or morals, that if such an egg is kept under proper conditions for three weeks, a cock or hen chicken will be found in it. It is also quite certain that if the shell were transparent we should be able to watch the formation of the young fowl, day by day, by a process of evolution, from a microscopic cellular germ to its full size and complication of structure. Therefore Evolution, in the strictest sense, is actually going on in this and analogous millions and millions of instances, wherever living creatures exist. Therefore, to borrow an argument from Butler, as that which now happens must be consistent with the attributes of the Deity, if such a Being exists. Evolution must be consistent with those attributes. And, if so, the evolution of the universe, which is neither more nor less explicable than that of a chicken, must also be consistent with them. The doctrine of Evolution, therefore, does not even come into contact with Theism, considered as a philosophical doctrine. That with which it does collide, and with which it is absolutely inconsistent, is the conception of creation, which theological speculators have based upon the history narrated in the opening of the book of Genesis. There is a great deal of talk and not a little lamentation about the so-called religious difficulties which physical sci- ence has created. In theological science, as a matter of fact, It has created none. Not a solitary problem presents itself to the philosophical Theist, at the present day, which has not existed from the time that philosophers began to think out the logical grounds and the logical consequences of The- ism. All the real or imaginary perplexities which flow from the conception of the universe as a determinate mechanism, are equally involved in the assumption of an Eternal, Om- nipotent and Omniscient Deity. The theological equivalent THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' 557 of the scientific conception of order is Providence ; and the doctrine of determinism follows as surely from the attributes of foreknowledge assumed by the theologian, as from the uni- versality of natural causation assumed by the man of science. The angels in * Paradise Lost * would have found the task of enlightening Adam upon the mysteries of " Fate, Foreknowl- edge, and Free-will," not a whit more difficult, if their pupil had been educated in a " Real-schule " and trained in every laboratory of a modern university. In respect of the great problems of Philosophy, the post- Darwinian generation is, in one sense, exactly where the prae-Darwinian generations were. They remain insoluble. But the present generation has the advantage of being better provided with the means of freeing itself from the tyranny of certain sham solutions. The known is finite, the unknown infinite ; intellectually we stand on an islet in the midst of an illimitable ocean of inexplicability. Our business in every generation is to reclaim a little more land, to add something to the extent and the so- lidity of our possessions. And even a cursory glance at the history of the biological sciences during the last quarter of a century is sufficient to justify the assertion, that the most potent instrument for the extension of the realm of natural knowledge which has come into men's hands, since the pub- lication of Newton's * Principia,' is Darwin's * Origin of Spe- cies.' It was badly received by the generation to which it was first addressed, and the outpouring of angry nonsense to which it gave rise is sad to think upon. But the present generation will probably behave just as badly if another Darwin should arise, and inflict upon them that which the generality of man- kind most hate — the necessity of revising their convictions. Let them, then, be charitable to us ancients ; and if they behave no better than the men of my day to some new bene- factor, let them recollect that, after all, our wrath did not come to much, and vented itself chiefly in the bad language of sanctimonious scolds. Let them as speedily perform a strategic right-about-face, and follow the truth wherever it 558 ON THE RECEPTION OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' leads. The opponents of the new truth will discover, as those of Darwin are doing, that, after all, theories do not alter facts, and that the universe remains unaffected even though texts crumble. Or, it may be, that, as history repeats itself, their happy ingenuity will also discover that the new wine is exactly of the same vintage as the old, and that (rightly viewed) the old bottles prove to have been expressly made for holding it. END OF VOLUME ONE. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL CENTER LIBRARY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 50c per volume after the third day overdue, increasing to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day. Books not in de- mand may be renewed if application is made before expi- ration of loan period. RETURNED ' ■ y* JUN - 8 1995 5^251959 14 DAY R#Afe8£f}968 MAR 2 7 1968 T4 DAY SEP 22 Wy. 14 DAY (^ OCT G- iSm i ! RETUR.i. I, 28 DAY JUN 2 7 1995 631542 lllllll 3 1378 00631 5421 / / y y^ y < ( r \ >- w V \ h- ./' >\ A ^l- ///'/ \\)\ \\\V\\']U\ \]\i