a . — - et eine ~¢ wy te Of OPO Oe 2S >”
[Aye nae, bs SE SS be te ‘
iC marer yt =e" ae aes c wer at Oy Oren te OF
~ os : ar were r . ; teem
4 tg ve” epee PCO acts S08
; : . ap aA a hy tng MO retry tts
; ram ete evel, SO eee SOK, ee tem
ha 4 tee oe we >
‘ : the eer ey ae 3 or dpe ee menee
’ os ee a Oe Ae oe oe
t “~ uw ey by Oe eeeres eyesore
c oe L, Saee an, Ons et wea, rere Le
. ™ ste +s . ‘ ag hd Oe Se Te ae’ mae tain ae beh 6 $2 SN ies:
. ap tear ag ns oe SS a he oem ey be oy Bh OF OF ©
. eee A . Soa eee ees Vy Sy eg ey or bys
. A : : eC ayey err tt pela Seg eto es payer
4 : ww : rectates ee pepece 27 ¥r
es oe “* Sy ae oe EE . Aphy ere Soe tee rere pays: or ny meds BE OF 92 OFF
c ae ured ay = a ped 4FE ee OS an by ne a Oe reg 1 spo spare ore
“ Sort z Sek orne Srey Sr eh eh par kyee sr beers iene eksee :
‘ 4 ~. pa aes - wages 44 rar ae = Sy Sz SoS pa
nae ‘ ae nape Cpape, be eye ayers pre m te *
Lower re c . . o ae ee oe eS ort >t, 29? ——
¥ es OES er . Pie be oe :
. te . * eer eS en ae oe ep ae oe ie aes
a 2 eres tems . _ _ Up beep ea yor!
ene te hon. : tpn on Rey my Oe wD orn* eee aoe
- > ae r : a & eae ba perey eres res ey er tye!
. , ly os* < ; > . ot Ox es a tee ky Br Pye eee
; . ‘ : ‘: < . c m, Opb-be ee: bay bee ete Ste eh Listes
: — c png 86 ete ht Soe ers arene
age f vee ee
y ~ a ee ee - .
- ‘

» . , ys t i

Ga

Sams, at VXy

yp

g

cs

C &

4 a |g 'f

1. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria Collected by the
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross in the
Vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. —s No. 1624,
ppe 545-601, pls. XLI-LI. 1908.

&- Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXV, No. 1658,
pp. 681-727, pls. LYXXIV-ECI.. 1909.

ZF \vaanian instiy, an |

/
{f

- ESCRIPTIONS OF THE ALCYONARIA COL-
LECTED BY THE U. S. BUREAU OF FISH-
ERIES STEAMER ALBATROSS IN THE
VICINITY OF THE HAWAIIAN
ISLANDS IN 1902

BY

CHARLES C. NUTTING

Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa, Iowa City

No. 1624.—From the Proceedings of the United States National Museum,
Vol. XXXIV, pages 543-601, with Plates XLI-LI

Published September 12, 1908

Washington

Government Printing Office
1908

eae Be
i

:

me ALBATROSS IN THE
VICINITY OF THE HAWAIIAN
. ISLANDS IN 1902

BY

CHARLES C. NUTTING

Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa, Iowa City

Vol. XXXIV, pages 543-601, with Plates XLI-LI

Published September 12, 1908
x

sey E-IN poy
AOE G

Re
i.) DIF FVIIG 4.
aN Spek Arvo

Washington
Government Printing Office
; 1908

a _ 5 .
are Ks [> ae
—

oh: wat
he he

=

«

+7 ¥¢ ¥
Sanat

a4
uae e

a.

AS LT tng

a

=
Lot
ee

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ALCYONARIA COLLECTED
BY THE U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES STEAMER
ALBATROSS IN THE VICINITY OF THE HAWAIIAN
ISLANDS IN 1902.

By Cuarues C. Nutrine,
Professor of Zoology, State University of Towa, Iowa City.

INTRODUCTION.

The Hawaiian region appears to be a virgin field, so far as Alcyo-
naria are concerned, as the writer has been unable to find a single
reference, in the rather extensive literature consulted, indicating that
any alcyonarians whatever have been reported from this region. _

This fact, together with the extraordinary isolation of these islands
from any large land mass, makes the material discussed in the follow-
ing report of unusual interest, both from the number of new forms in-
cluded and from the standpoint of zodgeography.

Considering the length of time since the discovery of the Hawaiian
Islands, and the number of European and American residents and vis-
itors, it is somewhat surprising that nothing has heretofore been re-
ported regarding the very rich aleyonarian fauna. This is doubtless
due, in part, to the fact that this group of animals has but little recog-
nized economic importance, and more particularly to the almost total
lack of dredging operations in this region. <A few hauls, it is true,
were taken by the Challenger in the vicinity of the Hawaiian group,
but there is no mention of any Alcyonaria being secured.

Of the 68 species brought to light by the cruise of the U. S. Bureau
of Fisheries steamer Albatross in 1902, 39 are new and 29 have been
reported from other localities, giving a proportion of 57 per cent of
new species. Of the three orders of Alecyonaria discussed, the first, the
Aleyonacea is most meagerly represented by 5 species. The second
order, the Pennatulacea, is well represented by 16 species, while the
remaining 47 species belong, as would be expected, to the great and
widely distributed order Gorgonacea.

The paucity of Alcyonacea was to be expected from the fact that
this order is largely arctic in its distribution, although certain special
groups are very abundant in the Australian region. It is interesting

PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIV—No. 1624.
543

544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

to note in this connection that the strong infusion of arctic forms
found in reporting on the Hydroida of the Hawaiian region “is not
to be found in the alcyonarian fauna. The Pennatulacea is a group
mainly found in deep water in all seas, and its occurrence in this col-
lection was to be expected, although the number of new species is
rather larger than might have been anticipated. The most notable
fact in ened to the Gorgonacea is the entire absence of representa-
tives of the great family Gorgonidx, the scarcity of the Briareidee,
and the surprisingly rich representation of the Primnoide, and par-
ticularly of the Chrysogorgide, which leads the list of families with

17 species, exactly one-fourth of all the species found, 9 of which —

are new.
In order to show the general facies of the aleyonarian fauna of
the Hawaiian region the following synopsis is presented:

SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS OF THE HAWATIAN ALCYONARIA,
Order ALCYONACHA.
Family CorNULARID®.

Clavularia spiculicola, new species.
Clavularia corrugata, new species.

Family ALCYONID®.

Anthomastus steenstrupi Wright and Studer.

Family NEPHTHYIDZ.

Spongodes alexanderi, new species.
Siphonogorgia collaris, new species.

Order PENNATULACEHA.

Kamily PENNATULID.

Pennatula sanguinea, new species.
Pennatula flava, new species.
Pennatula pallida, new species.
Pennatula pearceyi KOlliker.
Halisceptrum abies Kolliker.

Family HcHINoPrinipz.

Hehinoptilum macintoshi Hubrecht.

Family ANTHOPTILIDA.

Anthoptilum murrayi IWolliker,.

“Hydroids of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the steamer Albatross in 1902,
by C. C. Nutting, Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, 1908, Part 3, p. 935.

Ni

S

0. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING.

545

Family KoPHOBELEMNONID.

Calibelemnon symmetricum, new species.

Family UMBELLULIDA.

Umbellula carpenteri Kolliker.
Umbellula jordani, new species.
Umbellula gilberti, new species.
Umbellula, species.

Family PRoTOCcAULIDA.

_ Protocaulon molle Wolliker.

Family PRoroPTiLipz.
Protoptilum wrighti, new species.
Trichoptilum attenuatum, new species.
Cladiscus studeri, new species.

Order GORGONACHA.

Family BRIAREID.

-Paragorgia nodosa Koren and Danielssen.

Family SCLEROGORGIDA,

Keroeides gracilis Whitelegge.

Family Istpé.

Ceratoisis flabellum, new species.

Ceratoisis paucispinosa Wright and Studer.
Ceratoisis grandis, new species.

Lepidisis longifiora Verrill.

Acanella eburnea (Pourtalés).

Family PRIMNOIDA.

Amphilaphis biserialis, new species.
Amphilaphis regularis Wright and Studer.
Caligorgia gilberti, new species.

Stenella helminthophora, new species.
Stachyodes angularis, new species.
Stachyodes regularis Wright and Studer.
Stachyodes dichotoma Versluys.
Stachyodes bowersi, new species.
Calyptrophora japonica Gray.
Calyptrophora wyvilli Percival Wright.
Calyptrophora versluysi, new species.

#

546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

Family MuRriIcreIpé.

Acanthogorgia armata Verrill.
Paramuricea equatorialis Wright and Studer.
Paramuricea hawaiiensis, new species.
Anthomuricea tenuispina, new species.
Clematissa alba, new species.
Clematissa tenue, new species.
Clematissa verrilli Wright and Studer.
Menella grandiflora, new species.
Echinomuricea brunnea, new species.
Cyclomuricea flabellata, new species.
Muricella tenera Ridley.

Family CHRYSOGORGIDA.

Lepidogorgia gibbosa, new species.
Lepidogorgia spiralis, new species.
Chrysogorgia arborescens, new species.
Chrysogorgia delicata, new species.
Chrysogorgia elegans (Verrill).

Chrysogorgia flexilis (Wright and Studer).
Chrysogorgia lata Versluys.

Chrysogorgia spiculosa (Verrill).

Chrysogorgia curvata Versluys.

Chrysogorgia jlavescens, new species.
Chrysogorgia geniculata (Wright and Studer).
Chrysogorgia stellata, new species.
Metallogorgia melanotrichos (Wright and Studer).
Metallogorgia squarrosa (Wright and Studer).
Tridogorgia bella, new species.

Tridogorgia swperba, new species.

Plewrogorgia militaris, new species.

Family GoRGONELLIDA.
Verrucella bicolor, new species.

The synopsis given above shows that the 68 species of aleyonarians
now known from the Hawaiian Islands are distributed among 17
families and 38 genera.

DISTRIBUTION.

Our knowledge of the Alcyonaria as a whole is far too incomplete
to warrant us in being dogmatic in our conclusions regarding their
general distribution, either geographic or bathymetric. When we
consider how little of the ocean bottom has been explored with any
thoroughness, and the vast extent of practically unknown regions,
and the host of species yet to be discovered, it becomes evident that
our conclusions are tentative at best, and very likely to be rendered
valueless by further exploration and study. The ocean floor has been
but scratched here and there by the dredge and trawl, and the absence
of species from our collections will by no means warrant us in saying
that they are really absent from the regions explored.

swe neg
(CES...

eee ef

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAITAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 547

There remains, however, a positive value to the record of species
actually secured, and the correlation of the work of students in differ-
ent groups is now yielding results of recognized importance.

Geographical and bathymetrical distribution of Hawaiian Alcyonaria.

Pacific. Atlantic.
China North pay

Name. ane. East South Meee South (in

Pp Indies. | Pacific. | yrog, | Atlantic. fathoms).
Indies.

28 CUOOTACITAD, SIDRCOLAYCOUG Se ee Oe ees Bae OA Os OGRE eee Se ee a ete |e ee eee oe eee ao eee 283-337
* Clavularia corrugata..........----.------ ek area all See eer ieee ee |e br Re A Panel ie eee ~ 500
Anthomastus steenstrupi......-.---.----- Sear | eee Santen Serer | rent Poe 8 2 Eka YB Os ea Rate 122-565
Bo SDE TODCLESEOLELOTLOCT Uae sa uote Me yee eines ua town eit omer elie te ce os eee sa clas Nae oes 122-155
*Siphonogorgia collaris.......------------| 79
*Pennatula sanguimeg...-.-...----------- 194-565
DIAC RUMI = 2-2 = tess see ee 122-173
HRCUNALULG PALA . 0.222522 ds th a 220-290
SRCMIVELULO PCONGCYO =|... 25-22 j-sn2se5-4 es 565
WAGIISCEDUTUMIGMDICS = —--< oe 252 ss - 122
Echinoptilum macintoshi ....--.--------- 123-127
ALTE ID DCT RTO as So eS SERS BEE e ee 2a Ree ee nena Ree ane eere ate Geui& woseeeet 233-1, 250
*Calibelemnon symmetricum........-.----|-+------+-|--+----+-- JEP AUN at ESR ieee | he Tr AT ae 84-697
Winbelmlancanpentent- = .2.----2=---- 22: Aryl beep once [anid Waa lene he ears axe soe 2 Ge = ee 572-1, 124
OR AUCH LOMIOROGTU me re See ean PDN oe eel smell e eee. ees see acest beh Seem, ay Zeller 2S 385-1, 314
OME ME GUIDA 6 Soe SA aeene SERS ACESS ene OPE Sa set [ene ete | Ee ae ies eam ree 387-1, 067
SPRATT, SOV 25 SoS OE se ASE alee eho Sees ey ba eres eae eee bene yee ae (Pus ences In neyo
SPARED TGUAOM, TOILE See eae Se ee eC eager Soe 2a Se eae oon Be asor ae 692-700
SPT BD DIIATHO. QUAD GEE Sek rae eee rl Neotel ee ea as eae Rae Sie ey | rs yee | ee 286
* Trichoptilum attenuatum......---------- 506
PANO SCIUSESUULUCND meta) ae 2 =n See 53-230
POTAGOTOIG MOGOS: 2. 25028222. 2 222k ee 300-438
TKEROCIRESIGMUCIUS = 985-232 o= 25-5 se 134-212
EI@ENGLOUSISNIGUCLUUME=* 42 <-- -- 0 -- = 252-224 190-228
CELGLOUSUSUPUUCUSPUNOSM © S. <= 222-52--2- 295-345.
AVEMOLOUSUSRONONOUS =. === 2 So o- tess = 735-865
WIGPIGISTSELONGULONG@s 2. 282! 2222-22 561-805
PAICAVEMLONCDUMIVEG = 25. 22-2 2-' = --- 222-2554 251-955
*Amphilaphis biserialis .....-..--.-------| 240
Amphilaphis regularis 100-395
OCMIGOTOUGHUCTIN==4. 2.2: ...---2------2-- 225-528
*Stenella helminthophora .-..-...--------- | | 21-1, 000
*Stachyodes angularis ..............------ | 660-1, 800

Stachyodes regularis............--..-.---| (?)
Stachyodes dichotoma...-.-.....---------| 105-957
*Stachyodes bowersi.....-...--.---------- 735-1, 059
' Calyptrophora japonica......-...-------- | 136-1, 301
Calypirophora wyvuli. ....-2..2-.2...--- l 540-1, 800
* Calyptrophora versluysi....-..---------- i 429-507
PAICATIPILOGONOLOONMOALH.- 5.2 85... ttle eee lees |aee see bas eee Rae Forel eRe eee 304-1, 000
ee UR OCCOREOULOCOTULLUS am Aas a ane be ee SILL SA ea eee cles cee eee + 80
LMT GC ORI LORLGULEIES USP Seat eee ae eee | ise oe Be ace oa eeseee es (Us coeds. al Sassaes Sole cee oe 502-508
*Anthomuricea tenuispina................|.--------- dels ee NRA ae Rr OL lie sd a ee 143
2 CHEMEASSD, GOD. d.- ace S GSR CERO SE | Ae CS eee Rees Sears ees ee Seen ae Reeser Seca 762-1, 000
25 CHAD SRO COMVIG 8 Oe ee TEIN NE Ieee ar Bp aa eo |e ie een ree Mel [Palabra 127-198
(CheMOTUSSO, DETOUR AEE en Sone eee See aaa [eee meses tse Ae see Tae + 152-360
25 ECA NNGD GIA QIU RDI 5s 5S eee See I er REE | Tere ra eel Ia eae ea etn 528
18 ACh DAN DHPC) DPCM Secs hn SES Be eal ce el oe [eo eee et al ele eae ele eS 140-500
SH MAaL Alt Fin CCOMILO CIAL meee emer fs Mamas eS toatl SO mee Se es eas Seek ee ae 183
ISNT GCA GOGH ee eee eee IWietiegt se eae ME ig teal, Sei alte tenemos 130-1, 385
*Lepidogorgia gibbosa...........-.------- 165-469
*Lepidogorgia spiralis...............-..-- 141
* Chrysogorgia arborescens 395-500
* Chrysogorgia delicata.............------- 293-800
Chrysogorgia elegans..........--..------ 237-347
CiinySOGOTGiamleGiliS.- 2 so os ee 5 120-311
CY SOGOTOLONMGLO = 2 39 ye ges 385-1, 016
Chrysogorgia spiculosa............-.----- 313-800
Chrysogorgia curvata...........-.------- 415-105
MIN LGU SGC ST oh Meo gee a Se eee |e cs | 923-1, 081
Chrysogorgia geniculata..........--.---- ae Acs: “Tail (Se eae eee ae Hep ct oat, el Gea 80-337
PONT OIE G IATL YN AMATAAGL er. 9 Nai sume (ERs eee] ee [ee oe eR ae aes | 355-371
BVI HO UOROUUMLCLOMLOLEUCROS. 2= 828s ce |eee ee = [ec eno cece|s.--lc-cc.feee see -e- | -b | 414-1, 081
Metallogorgia squarrosa ...............-.|.--------- ee oN eer ean ek rea, ae ial eae coe | 281-751
BUUPUOCONGLOROLULC een we et ts SE sy | essed | mer Sac. seas emege sis | eee 409
RE ORGLG, SUV OG ae an SOLE Ea Se el oe > Jae Jel Sed eee [Beatie Wao fe cee ee 385-500
KPVEUNOGOTGUO MUONS... 52-0222 --- eee en |ecee cece ec 2 con ey tee heal bacterin es nl | 2 1,171
PRC MIL GEILONOLCOLOTS 9-52 es eos ee a |oee eee Tes oonees Es eee Ein lo er eed (i 59-240

* The asterisk indicates a new species.

548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

It will be seen that of the 29 species heretofore described and not
confined to the Hawaiian region, 10 occur ii China or Japan, 9 in the
East Indies, 7 in the North Atlantic and West Indies, and 5 in the
South Atlantic. Sixteen species are found in the western part of
the Pacific, showing that about 55 per cent of the species not peculiar
to the Hawaiian Islands are Asiatic in their relations. The 7 species
indentical with Atlantic forms offer an interesting problem which
may find its solution in the equatorial current which is supposed to
have formerly swept through the Central American region and
onward across the Pacific.

{t is highly interesting to find that the Pacific coast of America
is represented by but a single species, Anthoptilum murrayi, secured
by the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross from Erben Bank,
off the California coast, and also in the Hawaiian region. This
species, however, was previously reported by Kolliker@ as secured
by the Challenger off the coast of Halifax, in 1,250 fathoms, and by
Verrill as taken by the Albatross in 1883, and the Fish Hawk in
640-1362 fathoms. It occurred at a*depth of 545 fathoms on Erben
Bank. It is essentially a deep-water form and therefore apt to be
distributed widely.

Mr. W. K. Fisher, in his excellent paper on the Starfishes of the
- Hawaiian Islands, remarks on the lack of relation between the faunas
of our western coasts and that of Hawai. In the preparation
of a report which the writer hopes to publish in the near future the
alcyonarian fauna of the Californian’ coast has been studied with
some care, with the result that not more than one or two species are
found to be common to the two regions. |

Of the 68 species now known from the Hawaiian region, 39 are,
so far as known, confined to that region, and the remainder show
the relationship of the fauna to be strongly Asiatic, but with 12
species identical with Atlantic forms, and almost no connection with
the fauna of the eastern coast of the Pacific.

Record of dredging stations at which Alcyonaria were secured during the
Hawaiian cruise of the Albatross in 1902.

4 | 5 r
pation | Position. eee Kind of bottom. Species of Aleyonaria.
| SEE
3793 | Erben Bank; lat. N. 32°52’ | 412-545 | Black manganese | Anthoptilum murrayi.
55’’; long. W. 132° 34’ 107. sand; foraminifera;
rock.
3824 | South coast of Molokai Is- | 222-498 | Coral rock; broken | Pennatula pearceyt.
land. shell. _
2S eases GOs eR eee 371-430 | Gray mud; coral rock.| Chrysogorgia stellata.
See ook ae GO ie Bee MOS Sane 281-319 | Broken shell; gravel..| Calibelemnon symmetricum,
: Metallogorgia squarrosa.
3836 |__-_- CO at ey teeter 2 238-255 AEE gray mud; | Calibelemnon symmetricum.
shells.
3838 |... .- QOS ee tasers ee 92-212 | Fine gray broken| Keroeides gracilis, Echino-
shells. muricea brunnea.

a «Report o on the essiiiaa faedsea bet H. M. S. Monaco aune une years
1873-1876, 1880. p. 14.

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING.

549

Record of dredging stations at which Alcyonaria were secured during the
Hawaiian cruise of the Albatross in 1902—Continued.

Station ae Depthin
umber. Position. fathoms.
3842 | South coast of Molokai Is- | 495-506
land.
Sistas Nee a CLO Peas Hae Somer en ae 115-134
SSD As |e a Ck) SSG beens eee baneeraas 130-134
3856 | Channel between Molokai 127
and Maui islands.
Senile Sas CIOs ccc pe ater meee 127-128
Siete) eae Se Opin ie eta a wah 128-138
3809 |... == COR eee EEN: 138-140
3862) [oor OR sree ee Se 108-127
800.) 25. (310) Sas ae Sana ae eee eee 127-154
3864 |____. ORS rhs Se ha 163-198
SaGor eos = - CO) te SS aertere ae eee 256-283
3866 |.__.. COREE sre ee ee 283-284
3868 |... - LOR erase Ses) xo 294-684
3879 | South of Lanai Island..--.. 923-1, 081
3882 | Channel between Maui and 136
Molokai islands.
3883! |2 =.= C0) pi DE eae ee a 227-284
S88 4e5| Misi 610) See ae soso 284-290
Gleic)a] ee (1G eres eee eT Aisles 136-148
3898 | Channel between Maui and | 258-284
Molokai islands.
3901 |.._.. COS2 Se aan an nes ee 280-311
3904 | North coast of Molokai Is- 295
land.
3907 | South coast of Oahu Island-| 304-315
53!) COPE ree esas soe ate 304-308
3909) |... COR see aes moe 308-322
9) 0s (ean COM AE Bae) Sa Ses Se 311-337
coy JTL) ee a COR AE RE Seca Sea eres ase 334-337
O9L4. | ee. GO SE ERS te cc ue Aotis 289-292
Boies xe GOP Raa me as eee 294-330
3919 2 so2: CHO se ec Ae er ep 220-257
BOQ5 ue ee CO sce ie ee 299-393
3935 | Near Laysan Island...--.._. 57-79
3957 |... -- OO pesos OS ae ee ee 173-220
3973 | French Frigate Shoal.. 395-397
DOME eae LOPS Sas ores Bes Se 397-414
3979 | Near Bird Island......._... 229-387
3982 | Near Kauai Island....-_... 40-233
BOSar Eee COM Spee os nee 430-477
3989 |_.... 6 (oes ee yee eet eee 385-500
SU Od eee GOL EE Res Per cesar ehe ee 326-296
3} ees (6 Ka Pee i ae mp 528
3994) |... (0 KO re a cree 330-382
Proc NM: vol: xxxiy—08———36

Kind of bottom.

Species of Aleyonaria.

Fine brown sand;
mud; rock.

Coarse sand; shell. ._-

Sand; shell; rock

Fine sand; yellow
mud. :

Fine sand; gray mud...

Fine sand; mud. ...--

Coarse sand; shell;
rock.

Broken coral; coarse
gravel; rock.

Fine volcanic sand;
shell.

Fine voleanic sand;
rock.

Gray mud; fine sand. .

Fine gray sand; rock. -

Globigerina 00ze; rock

Sand; coral rock

Globigerina ooze. .--.
Globigerina; mud..-..
Sand; pebbles - ..-.---
Brown globigerina
mud; fine sand.
Globigerina; sand;
broken shell.

Brown mud; shell;
rock.

Fine white sand; mud.

Sate CO See rit an

Bee COssie cs phoeae

Oo

Fine gray sand; mud;
rock.

White sand; broken
shell; coralline.

Fine white sand

Coarse coral sand;
shell; coral rock.

Fine coral sand; glo-
bigerina ooze.

Fine white shell;
foraminifera; rock.

Coarse broken coral;
sand; shell.

Gray sand; foramin-
ifera; shore deposit.

Coral sand; rock

Gray sand; foramini-
fera; rocks.
Fine gray sand; mud.

Fine gray sand; fora-
minifera.

Trichoptilum attenuatum.

Keroeides gracilis.

Muricella tenera.

Echinoptilum macintoshi
Clematissa tenue.

Clematissa tenue.

Clematissa tenue.

Pennatula flava, Keroeides
gracilis, Paramuricea
zequatorialis, Clematissa
tenue, Echinomuricea
brunnea.

Clematissa tenue.

Echinomuricea brunnea.

Pennatula flava, Clematissa
tenue.

Clavularia spiculicola, Pen-
natula pallida.

Pennatula pallida, Chryso-
gorgia elegans.

Calibelemnon. symmetricum,
Stenella helminthophora.
Chrysogorgia flexilis.

Stachyodes regularis, Chryso-
gorgia flavescens.

Calyptrophora japonica.

Clavularia spiculicola.
Pennatula pallida.
Echinomuricea brunnea.
Calibelemnon symmetricum.

Chrysogorgia flexilis.
Ceratoisis paucispinosa.

Pennatula sanguinea.
Pennatula sanguinea.
Calibelemnon symmetricum.
Clavularia spiculicola, Pen-
natula sanguinea, Calibe-
lemnon symmetricum.
Clavularia spiculicola, Cali-
belemnon symmetricum,
Chrysogorgia elegans.
Clavularia spiculicola.
Pennatula sanguinea, Chry-
sogorgia elegans.
Pennatula sanguinea, Cali-
belemnon symmetricum.
Chrysogorgia flexilis.

Siphonogorgia collaris.

Pennatula flava.

Stachyodes regularis, A mphi-
laphis regularis, Stenella
helminthophora, Chrysogor-
gia arborescen.

Stenella helminthophora.

Umbellula gilberti.

Amphilaphis biserialis, Ver-
rucella bicolor.
Umbellula jordani.

Stachyodes dichotoma, Lepi-
dogorgia gibbosa, Chryso-
gorgia lata, Umbellula jor-
dani, Iridogorgia superba.

Lepidogorgia gibbosa.

Caligorgia gilberti, Menella
grandifiora, Metallogorgia
squarrosa.

Calibelemnon symmetricum.

550

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

VOL, XXXIV.

Record of dredging stations at which Alcyonaria were secured during the
Hawaiian cruise of the Albatross in 1902—Continued.

Station Sie Depth in E
iin Position. Seiden. Kind of bottom.

3997 | Near Kauai Island.-...----- 418-429 | Fine graysand;
brown mud.

3998 |..-.- (ONO EIN ee NL we seers 228-235 | Coarse brown coral
sand; shell; rock.

4002 |..--. Go ie SES ee UN eset 53-230 | Fine coral sand; glo-
bigerina 00Ze.

4003 |..--- GO 2s ee ies aces ays 406-751 | Fine sand; brown
mud; globigerina;
gray sand.

4007 | Between Honolulu and Ka- | 508-557 | Foraminifera....-...--

uai Island. |

4013 | Near Kauai Island --.-----.- 399-419 | Fine gray sand; fora-
minifera.

40165222 e LO ESS Nei ee 305-318 | Black sand........-..-

4017 |.-.-- Gomi geen sare Rio eae 305 | Gray sand: -.2-.-2-2--

4018 |...-- One hee aoe 724-804 | Foraminifera; sand;
manganese fragm.

4019 |....- GOS ae ae omen ele 409-550 | Gray sand; foramini-
fera; rock.

4030 |....- LO es Sh ie ie aa 423-438 | Fine coral; sand; for-
aminifera; rock.

4036 | West coast of Hawaii Is- | 687-692 | Fine dark gray sand;

and. : foraminifera.

4039 |....- OA usd 2k beetle eee 670-697 | Gray mud.....-...---

4043 |....- LOS Sete es AR re aes 233-236 | Foraminifera; gray
sand; broken shell;
rock

4058 | Northeast coastof Hawaii | 190-195 | Rocky..............--

Island.

4060 |..-.- CLO a eee eas Se 759-913 | Fine gray volcanic

| sand; foraminifera;
rock.

4065 | Channel between Hawaii] 491-500 | Foraminifera; sand;

and Maui islands. rock.

4072 | Northeast and north coast 56-59 | Coarse. coral sand;

of Maui Island. foraminifera.

4079 |..... GLO Se eae eee rca 143-178 | Gray sand; forami-
nifera. :

4081 |... -. LOAF E Ns Se COE stan te 202-220 |_...- doze ee

4082 |...-. Oe sa reais oor 220-238 | Gray sand............

4086 |-2.-- COLE PARA Sa ESS 283-308 | Sand; shell. .........-

4088 | Northeast approach to| 297-306 | Fine gray sand.*....-

channel between Maui
and Molokai islands.
4090 |..... (OKO aes eR as Se eee 304-308 |_..-- (0 Koyepm reine Sees clestan
4093 |..... COs ets aL ae 1,171- | Fine gray sand; fo-
1,572 raminifera; rock.

4096 |..... CLO eT Aa ee ae) Bane 272-286 | Fine gray sand ......-

4097 |....- COU as sous hee Be ua 286 |..... Gon. eee

4098 | Northcoast of Mauilsland.| 95-152 | Coral sand; forami-
nifera; rock.

4100 | Channel between Maui and | 130-151 | Coral sand; shell; fo-

Molokai islands. raminifera.

ATO a| Meee oe setie Spee a ae | 122-143 |___.- dO: 3 See

4102 |..... GO 52a SAG (ee eee 122-132 See real fine

ray sand.

4103 |..... One. cores cet ae a 132-141 Fine gray sand.......

4104 |..... COO eee ee itis <a SI en a 123-141 | Fine gray sand; fo-

' raminifera.

4105 | Channel between Molokai | 314-335 | Fine coral sand; fo-

and Oahu islands. raminifera.

4107 |..... OLR See NS) ve ey a 350-355 | Coral sand; forami-
nifera.

4108 |..... CLOPRAER Re cathe same nea. 411-442 |..... do 2.22 Sees

4114 | Northwest coast of Oahu | 154-195 |____. d0222. ee ee

Island. \
AVG) 5.2. Clo Seer rece Wy ie ee tele 241-282 |... .. dolateee
LUT eer Oey a eiss Spear Piste 5) | a ae do. ee

Species of Aleyonaria.

Umbellula jordani, Calyp-
trophora wyvilli, Calyptro-
phora versluysi; Metallo-
gorgia squarrosa.

Ceratoisis flabellum.

Cladiscus studeri.

Metallogorgia squarrosa.

Calyptrophora japonica,
Calyptrophora versluy si
Stachyodes dichotoma.

Metallogorgia squarrosa,
M. melanotrichos.

Calibelemnon symmetricum.

Metallogorgia melanotrichos.

Iridogorgia bella, Calyptro-
phora wyville.

Stachyodes dichotoma, Para-
gorgia nodosa. _

Protocaulon molle.

Calibelemnon symmetricum.
Anthoptilum murrayt.

Ceratoisis flabellum.

Umbellula carpenteri.

Clavularia corrugata, Chryso=
gorgia arborescens.
Verrucella bicolor.

Pennatula flava, Echinomu-
ricea brunnea.
Pennatula pallida,
lemnon symmetricum.
Pennatula pallida.
Calibelemnon symmetricum.
Pennatula pallida.

Pennatula pallida.
Pleurogorgia militaris.

Pennatula pallida, Calibe-
lemnon symmetricum, Pro-
toptilum wrightt.

Pennatula pallida.

Spongodes alexanderi, Clema-
tissa verrillt.

Echinomuricea brunnea.

Anthomastus steenstrupi,
Spongodes alexanderi, Pen-
natula flava, Halisceptrum
abies. :

Pennatula flava, Clematissa
tenue.

Lepidogorgia spiralis.

Echinoptilum macintoshi.

Calibelemnon symmetricum.

Acanthogorgia armata, Chry-
sogorgia stellata, Metallo-
gorgia squarrosa.

Calyptrophora japonica.

Pennatula sanguinea.

Pennatula sanguinea. :
Pennatula sanguinea, Cali-
belemnon symmetricum.

Calibe- —

ee a ee a ee

™?

no. 164. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 551

Record of dredging stations at which Alcyonaria were secured during the
Hawaiian cruise of the Albatross in 1902—Continued.

tion. i 5 7 :
Bteaiom Position. pepe Kind of bottom. Species of Alcyonaria.
4118 | Northwest coast of Oahu | 253-322 | Coral sand; forami- | Calibelemnon symmetricum.
islands. nifera; rock.
ATO. LO aon eee ee ae 84-167 Coral sand; forami- | Calibelemnon symmetricum.
nifera.
ALD tele < GOR SaeRe ees sa 216-251 |... -- dee ee este esses. Lepidisis longiflora, A canella
¢ eburnea.
4125 | Channel between Oahu and /|963-1,124 | Brown mud; forami- | Umbellula carpenteri, Chry-
Kauai islands. nifera; rock. sogorgia flavescens.
4126 |....- Goer ssa! ee ene 743-1, 278 cany sand; forami- | Umbellula, sp.
nifera.
4130 | Near Kauai Island--....--- 283-309 | Fine gray sand-_-..-.. | Calibelemnon symmetricum,
Caligorgia gilberti.
CIB) a ee CLO peerst aires Sait gee 2 5 257-309 |_.... GOW a EE Cent ces eret Calibelemnon symmetricum.
4132 |_..-- GLO a eee tas eS 2 257-312 | Fine gray sand; mud -| Caligorgia gilberti.
41344 ..... ClO A Ee OS ae eer 225-324 | Fine corals voleanic | Caligorgia gilbert.
sand.
ANY (Gl eae OW ge Sau es Gee ne 411-476 | Coral; voleanic sand; | Chrysogorgia lata.
foraminifera; rock.
4139 |..... GLO = eM es ape tae Nn 339-512 | Fine gray sand; rock..| Umbellula carpenteri.
4151 | Near Bird Island..........- 313-800 | Fine coral sand; fo- | Chrysogorgia spiculosa.
; ; raminifera; stones. |°
4153 |... -- 010) Joo eee ae eee 962-1,059 | Coral sand.-....-.-..-- Stachyodes bowersi, Chryso-
gorgia curvata.
4156 |o...- Gh) SIRS one aes 286-568 | White mud; forami- | Acanthogorgia armata.
: nifera; rock. 7
alah eres G10) 32.2 Sane eee 762-1,000 |.-..- (olor See em See aes Stenella helminthophora, Cle-
matissa alba, Metallogorgia
melanotrichos.
ANIC | «5 5 el eC rea eae 39-183 | Coral; coralline. ...... Cyclomuricea flabellata.
4166 |__..- CO Sess wosie: aes asissee 293-800 | Coral sand; forami- | Chrysogorgia delicata.
nifera; rock.
4174 | Near Niihau Island..__-..-- 735-865 | Gray sand; mud; glo- | Ceratoisis grandis, Stach-
bigerina; rock. yodes bowerst.
ALTO ae. OOse cae eeS Ee eeeeee 537-672 | Gray sand; mud; fo- | Calibelemnon symmetricum.
raminifera.
AVIS | 22 CORB oe (seca. ests oS 319-378 coral sands rock; | Anthomuricea tenuispina.
pebbles.
ANTS) oon sO SE eee eee aan 378-426 sees sand; rock; | Acanthogorgia armata.
pebbles. :
4182 | Near Kauai Island.-......-- 671-957 | Manganese sand; glo- | Stachyodes dichotoma.
. bigerina; rock. :
4183) |. =. - GAs eh Sees. oer eee 957-1, 067 eine gray sand; glo- | Umbellula gilberit.
igerina.
4185 |..... COW SORE eae Sees 1,000- | Gray sand; mud; fo- | Umbellula jordani.
1,314 raminifera. ;
4186 |...-. COS occ ian aan ee nee ae 508-682 | Gray sand; forami- | Paramuricea hawaiiensis.
nifera.
4187 |.._.. CWeases cae ues apa 508-703 |_--.- doeeseeaat ease Umbellula carpenteri.

An analysis of the foregoing table shows that Alcyonaria were
dredged at 112 stations out of the 403 dredging stations recorded for

the Hawaiian cruise.

It should be remembered, however, that the

bottom was of such nature, being in a notably volcanic region, that a
large percentage of the hauls were unsuccessful.

In all its long history the Albatross has never lost and ruined so
much dredging gear in any one cruise as she did in the Hawauan

region.

It is altogether likely that nearly half of all the successful

hauls yielded aleyonarians, showing an exceedingly rich bottom for

these

forms.

There are 161 lots of Alcyonaria in the collection, a

“lot ” being all of the specimens of a single species secured at a given
station.

Two or more species were secured at 32 of the stations; three or
more at 11 stations. Four species were secured at Station 3397, near

552 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

the island of Kauai, and at Station 4101, in the channel between Maui

and Molokai islands.

The best hauls yielded five species each, one being at Sen 3859,
near Kauai, and the other being Station 3989, between Molokai ae
Maui.

The richest aleyonarian fauna appears to be off the island of Kauai
and in the channel between Molokai and Maui and its northeast ap-
proach. There are doubtless other localities just as rich where the
roughness of the bottom prevented successful hauls and a satisfactory
exploration. It appears certain, from the quantity and variety of
material secured, that the Hawaiian region is one of the best locali-
ties in the world for alcyonarian life. The fact that no species have
heretofore been reported is doubtless due to the apparent lack of
Aleyonaria in very shallow water. There would therefore be no like-
lihood of these forms being collected by the natives or other shore
collectors. : :

There were only eight hauls where a depth of over 1,000 fathoms
was reached, the deepest being at Station 4093, where a depth of
1,572 fathoms was recorded, and a single specimen of Pleurogorgia
militaris, new species, was secured. But two successful hauls from
‘which alecyonarians were obtained, each yielding a single species,
were made in less than 100 fathoms.

SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA.

With the exceptions about to be noted, the writer has followed in
general the classification of the Aleyonaria adopted by Wright and
Studer in their report on the Alcyonaria of the Challenger expedi-
tion.”

In the treatment of the Pennatulacea the writer has practically
adopted the classification as revised by Kolliker in his report on the
Challenger collections of this group. With the families Chrysogor-
gidze and Primnoide the superb monographs on these groups by
Versluys°® have furnished the basis of the classification used. No
better work has been done on the Aleyonaria than is embodied in
these reports, and the present writer wishes here to acknowledge the
very great assistance he has derived from the careful and masterly
work of Versluys. The Chrysogorgide appears to be an unusually
ean group to handle in a atiot eee manner, and the division of

a eee on the Aleyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years
18753-1876. By Prof. BH. Percival Wright and one Th. Studer, 1889.

b ees on the Pennatulida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years
1873=1876, 1880.

¢ sank Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition. I. Die Chrysogorgiidae, von J. Ver-
Sluys, Privat-Docent an der Universitat Amsterdam. July. 1902. Il. Die Prim-
noidea. (Same publication and author) 1905.

ee ee ee

Bk SS on

No. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 558

the genus Chrysogorqia into subgenera along the lines suggested by
Versluys simplifies the problem greatly, although, as is usually the
ease in large and widely distributed groups, there is more or less in-
tergradation between the subgenera, and these intergradations will
doubtless increase with our increasing knowledge.

In the definitions of groups the writer has endeavored to give
diagnoses rather than description; to preserve the essential characters
while avoiding the confusing details that often obscure definition.

Order ALC YONACEA Verrill.
Polyps single or in colonies without an axis cylinder.
Family CORNULARIDZ Verrill.

Polyps united by stolon-like processes, sometimes forming en-
crusting or lobular masses from which the individual polyps arise.
Sometimes the polyps bear lateral buds.

Genus CLAVULARIA Quoy and Gaimard (modified).

Spicules present. Colonies consisting of band-like stolons from
which the polyps arise singly, or of branched forms arising from a
.stolon-like or encrusting base.

The genus as here defined includes the genera Clavularia and
Telesto of authors, which were differentiated on the basis of the two
modes of growth above indicated. One of the new species described
below shows that these two modes are united in a single species. The
diagnostic feature by which these genera have been separated is
not of generic, or even specific, rank, and the genera are therefore
united in the one genus Clavularia.

CLAVULARIA SPICULICOLA, new species.

Plate XLI, fig. 1; plate XLVII, fig. 1.

Colony in the form of a creeping stolon which often surrounds a
long sponge spicule for its entire length, so that the spicule forms a
‘sort of false axis.

At other times the stolon is band-like, covering but one side of the

spicule. The calyces vary greatly in their distance from each other,
there being no regularity whatever in their disposition, but they are
generally quite distant from each other, the distance perhaps aver-
aging about 5 mm.

Other colonies exhibit an altogether different habit, taking on the
typical mode of growth of the genus Velesto, forming branching
colonies, of which the branches arise as buds from the body of the
original or axial polyp. Branches of a second order also occur, and

554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

in some cases the mode of growth of the genera Cornularia and
Telesto ave combined in the same specimen, the colony starting in
the primitive way on a sponge spicule and giving off branches which
themselves branch like Velesto colonies. Several cases were found in
which a number of the sponge spicules 7 or 8 inches long are involved

in one mass by anastomoses of the branching polyps. The branch-

ing forms attain a height of 50 to 100 mm.

The calyces vary enormously in size, some being 10 mm. in height
and 1 mm. in diamenter, while others are less than 2 mm. high. Their
diameter is fairly constant.

The calycular walls are marked by eight longitudinal coste and

terminate distally in an eight-rayed rosette. The polyps are com- <

pletely retractile.

The spicules are stout warty spindles and clubs, the verruce being
very thickly crowded.

The color is light brown, sometimes yellowish.

Type.—Cat. No. 22574 U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 3910, north
coast of Molokai, 337 fathoms.

Distribution —Between the islands of Molokai and Maui; Station
3865, 265-283 fathoms (Cat. No. 22572, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 3883, 277—
284 fathoms. |

North coast of Molokai: Station 3910, 311-3837 fathoms (Cat. No. _
99574, U.S.N.M.); Station 3911, 224-337 fathoms (Cat. No. 29571,
U.S.N.M.); Station 3914, 289-999 fathoms (Cat. No. 95351;
U.S.N.M.).

CLAVULARIA CORRUGATA, new species.
Plate XLI, fig. 2.

The usually somewhat distant polyps are connected by band-like
solenia that in places expand into lobular masses from which one or
two polyps spring. Polyps cylindrical, 2 to 4 mm. high, slightly ex-
panded basally, walls strongly grooved longitudinally, there being
eight grooves and corresponding coste. The distal part of the walls
is transversely corrugated, so that the corrugations and grooves
together cut up the surface into a regular series of squarish nodules.
Distal end forming an eight-rayed rosette over the retracted
tentacles. :

Spicules.—Stout warty spindles, shorter in proportion to length
than in other species of the genus, packing the walls of the solenia
and polyps. In the polyp walls they have no regular disposition, but
seem to be crossed in almost every direction. They seem to be absent
from the tentacles.

Color.—Very light brown, almost white in alcohol.

¢

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 555

- This species is smaller in size than any other of the genus except
QO. australiensis and C. frigida. It differs from either of these in the
character of the spicules and in the rugosity of the polyps.

Type.—Cat. No. 22594, U.S.N.M., Albatross station 4065, between

Hawaii and Maui islands, 491-500 Fathom.

Family ALCYONIDZ! Verrill (emended).

Colonial forms with the proximal portion of the stem usually
devoid of polyps. Ccoenenchyma thick. Spicules abundant. Polyps
retractile. é

Genus ANTHOMASTUS Verrill.

Colony forming a rounded mass supported on a short peduncle.
Polyps retractile. Siphonozoids numerous. Ccenenchyma fleshy.
ANTHOMASTUS STEENSTRUPI Wright and Studer.
Anthomastus steenstrupi WricHT and StupER, Report on the Alcyonaria
collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 1889, p.
243.

A colony of this species was taken from a depth of 122-143 fathoms
off the north coast of the island of Maui, Station 4101. The speci-
men agrees well with the description of the original which was
secured off the coast of Japan from a depth of 565 fathoms.

Family NEPHTHYID Verrill.

Branched colonial forms, much like the Aleyonide except that the
tentacles do not retract within the body cavity of their polyps, but
simply fold over the oral disk in retraction.

Genus SPONGODES Verrill.

Walls between the canals of the stem with few or no spicules.
Polyp-heads with large conspicuous fusiform spicules, bundles of
which overarch the heads themselves. Cortex with large and abun-
dant spicules.

SPONGODES ALEXANDERI, new species.

Plate XLI, fig. 3; plate XLVII, fig. 2

Colony attaining a height of about 64 mm. Stem without polyps
for about 25 mm. above the constricted base. A large branch (broken)
arises about 30 mm. above the base, and near the top the colony is
broken up into five rather slender, finger-like branches. The polyps
are single, and scattered over the upper part of the stem and branches,
but tend to form small terminal clusters of closely aggregated but
fairly distinct polyps,

B56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxtv.

Spicules.—Long, very large, warty spindles, longitudinally placed
in the walls of the stem, branches and calyces. The latter are quite
large, and distinctly overtop the polyps, the spicules arising in two or
more bundles on the outer side of the calyx wall. There is a strongly
marked collar of spicules below the tentacle bases. Above the collar
are large spicules sometimes arranged en chevron, sometimes without —
apparent regularity, that form a pseudo operculum. The tentacles
bear on their dorsal surface a double row of small transverse spicules.
Largest spicules in calyx wall 25 mm. long.

Color.—Very pale, almost white in alcohol. There is no reddish
tinge whatever.

Distribution—North coast of the island of Maui; Station 4101,
122-148 fathoms (type, Cat. No. 25361, U.S.N.M.); Station 4098,
95-152 fathoms (Cat. No. 22544, U.S.N.M.).

This species belongs to the “ Divaricate ” group of Spongodes. In
one specimen from Station 4098 the spicules of the pseudo operculum
are bright crimson in color, but there appears to be no other impor-
tant difference between this specimen and the others.

The species is named after Mr. A. B. Alexander, Fisheries Expert
on the Albatross during the Hawaiian cruise.

Genus SIPHONOGORGIA Kolliker.

Walls between stem canals with numerous spicules. Colony
branched, externally resembling a gorgonian. Coenenchyma abun-
dant in walls of canals and filled with large spicules. Tentacles

retractile.
SIPHONOGORGIA COLLARIS, new species.

Plate XLI, fig. 4.

Only a fragment of this species was secured, consisting of the ter-
minal portion of a thick branch, 6 mm. wide by 13 mm. long. The
canals are numerous and irregular, with long spindle-shaped spicules
anc also minute spindles in their walls. The polyps are thickly
clustered over the entire surface, reminding one of the end of a
branch of Acropora muricata forma prolifera. .

The calyces are prominent, 34 mm. high by 14 mm. in diameter
at the middle, tubular, narrowing gradually at the distal end. The
whole surface is packed with quite large, stout, warty spicules ar-
ranged longitudinally both in the ccenenchyma and calycular walls.
In the latter there is a distinct circlet of rather slender but large
spicules, below which the spicules are stouter and sonietimes resemble
imbricating scales.

The polyps have a thick collar of curved transverse spicules which
is much wider and more conspicuous than usual. Above the collar and

No. 164. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 557

at the base of each tentacle there are a few spicules arranged en chev-
ron, and then a few longer and more slender spicules which are outside
of the latter, and curved to meet each other so that their distal ends
are parallel to the axis of the tentacle; the whole forming a rather
' high conical operculum. All of the spicules are covered densely with
minute verruce so small as to appear as mere granules.

Color.—Coral red.

Type.—Cat. No. 25318, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 3935, off Lay-
san Island, 59-79 Se peoms.

This species differs from S. hollikert in fee much more ex-
serted and more crowded calyces.

Order PENNATULACEA.

Colonial forms not permanently attached to the bottom or to other
objects. Stem with an axial cavity which is often longitudinally sub-
divided by thin partitions and contains an axis cylinder. Spicules
needle-like or bar-like, never warty. Both polyps and siphonozoids
are generally present.

Family PENNATULIDAE Kiolliker.

Axis and pinne present, the latter large, and without calcareous
ray-like bodies. Colony feather-shaped.

Genus PENNATULA Linneeus (part).

The leaves or pinne have spicules scattered ge their entire sur-
face. Re Th Pg be he sl

° PENNATULA SANGUINEA, new species.
Plate XLI, figs. 7 and 8.

Colony about 100 mm. long. Stem slightly expanded or swollen at
base, 28 mm. long. Rachis 63 mm. long. Leaves about eighteen on
each side, increasing in length from below upward to near the distal
end, and then diminishing rapidly. Longest leaf about 32 mm. in
length, with six polyps; an elongated triangle in shape with a maxi-
mum breadth of 83 mm. Calyces rather prominent, cylindrical, ob-
liquely placed so as to point toward distal end of leaf; height, on the
longest side, 24 mm.; diameter, 14 mm.; margin with eight prominent,
acute teeth composed of numerous spicules.

Spicules.—Needle-shaped, crowding the entire surface of leaves
and caleyces, crisscrossed in every direction. Those in calcyces longi-
tudinally arranged in distal part and crisscrossed in proximal portion.
Polyps without tentacular spicules.

558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

Zooids.—Ventral zooids forming short rows leading inward and

downward from the bases of the leaves. There is a more conspicu-
ous row of five or six zooids on the rachis just back of the base of
each leaf. Each zooid is surrounded by a circlet of perpendicularly
placed spicules. Ova are seen near the bases of the leaves in the
downward continuations of the polyp cavities.

Color.—Bright scarlet. Polyps white (perhaps yellow in life).

Type.—Cat. No. 22597, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station ~ between
Oahu and Molokai, 241-282 fathoms.

Distribution.—South coast of Oahu: Station 3907, 304-315 fath-
oms; Station 3908, 304-308 fathoms (Cat. No. 25414); Station 3910,
311-337 fathoms (oe No. 25329, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 3917, 295-330

fathoms (Cat. No. 22582, U.S SNM.) ; Station 3919, 990-957 fathoms.

(Cat. No. 22599, U.S.N. M. ye

Between Oahe and Molokai: Station 4444, 154-195 fathoms; Sta-
tion 4116, 241-282 fathoms (Cat. No. 29597, U.S.N.M.); Station
4117, 253-983 fathoms (Cat. No. 22600, U.S.N M).

One of the prettiest and most abundant pennatulids in the col-
lection.

PENNATULA FLAVA, new species.
Plate XLI, figs. 5 and 6.

Length of a large specimen 200 mm. Stem, to first leaf with normal
polyps, 100 mm. The stem has a small basal bulb and an elongated
swollen portion commencing about 25 mm. above the proximal end,

and gradually diminishing until the ordinary caliber is attained be-

low the first leaves; varying, however, considerably in different speci-
mens. Leaves not so closely approximated as is usual in the genus,
those with normal polyps being about twenty-five in number on
each side; the larger ones being 20 mm. long by 834 mm. broad. They
are an elongated triangle in shape.

Polyps six to nine in number, decreasing toward proximal leaves,
the last having but a single polyp. Calyces cylindrical, in a single
row, directed toward the distal ends of the leaves, increasing in length
from the Drea mnal to the distal end of the leaf; average length of
longest side, 2 mm.; margin with eight acute, elongated points.

Spicules of the rua needle shape, bright yellow in color, usually
of smaller size but abundant on the stem and rachis; almost absent
on leaves except at their extreme bases, and on the polyp band; there
being a few, however, on the general surface of the leaves. Those on
the calyx walls larger, arranged in eight longitudinal rows, the upper
ends of the rows projecting into the eight marginal points.

3elow the true leaves there is a long series of rudimentary leaves
which dwindle away into mere spiny points. This series reaches to

within 47 mm. of the basal end of the stem in a specimen 8 inches
long.

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 559

Zootds.—Much less numerous than is usual in this genus. There is
a row of eight to twelve on ventral side at junction of each leaf with
the rachis, each zooid being surrounded by a circlet of spicules con-
verging at their distal ends.

Color—Bright yellow throughout.

Type.—Cat. No. 22579, U.S.N.M., Albatross station 4101, between
Molokai and Maui, 122-143 fathoms.

Distribution —Between Molokai and Maui: Station 3859, 138-140
fathoms (Cat. No. 22576, U.S.N.M.). .

Between Maui and Molokai: Station 3864, 163-198 fathoms; Sta-
tion 4102, 122-132 fathoms (Cat. No. 22578, U.S.N.M.).

Off Laysan*Island: Station 3957, 173-220 fathoms (Cat. No. 22581,
WES:N.M.).

Northwest coast of the Island of Tawa: Station 4079, 143-178
fathoms (Cat. No. 22577, U.S.N.M.).

The specimen from Station 3864 was 104 inches long.

PENNATULA PALLIDA, new species.
Plate XLI, figs. 9 and 10.

Largest specimen 175 mm. long; stem to first rudimentary leaf 28
mm.; rachis, including portion bearing the rudimentary leaves, 112
mm. long. The stem is swollen at the base, with another bulging por-
tion about 25 mm. above the end bulb.

Functional leaves nineteen on each side, long, much narrower pro-
portionally than in other species, 11 mm. long, 4 mm. broad at base,
recurved.

Polyps aaa four to each leaf, short, the calyces inclined toward

the distal ends of the leaves so nie thet the outer side of one is
adnate to the inner side of the next one nearly to the margin of the

former ; margin flaring, with about eight acute spines. Calyces 2 mm.
long on inner side, and 2 mm. broad.

Spicules——The spicules of this species are large and conspicuous,
of the usual needle-shaped type, crowded over the entire surface of
rachis, stem, leaves, and calyces, their points often projecting, giving
a harsh, hirsute appearance under a low magnification, except on the
lower part of stem, which is comparatively smooth. The spicules are
erisscrossed in every direction on leaves and lower part of calyces,
but on the upper parts of the calyx walls they are vertical, and
arranged in eight rib-like bands which project upward into the eight
marginal teeth. The tentacles are without spicules.

Zooids—A. row of about a dozen zooids joins the adjacent leaf
bases on the ventral side of the rachis. There are other but shorter
rows on the latero-dorsal ridge, which is plainly marked in this
species. The hirsute appearance of the rachis, already referred to,
makes it difficult to count the zooids with certainty.

560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

Color.—Very pale light brown or buffy. Pallid, almost white.

Type.—Cat. No. 22547, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 4097, between
Maui and Molokai, 286 fathoms.

The largest specimen has no locality label.

Distribution.—Between Molokai and Maui: Station 3865, 256-283
fathoms (Cat. No. 22552, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 3866, 283-284 fathoms
(Cat. No. 22549, U.S.N. M. ye

Between Mani and Molokai: Station 3884, 284-290 fathoms (Cat.
No. 25368, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 4082, 220-238 fathoms; Station 4088,
297-306 fathoms (Cat. No. 22554, U.S.N.M.) : Siation 4090, 304-308
fathoms; Station 4096, 272-286 fathoms (Cat. No. 22548, U.S.N.M.) ;
Station 4097, 286 fathoms (Cat. No. 22547, U.S.N.M.).

Northeast coast of Hawaii: Station 4081, 202-220 fathoms (Cat.
No. 22550, U.S.N.M.). :

? PENNATULA PEARCEYI Kéolliker.

Pennatula pearceyi KOLLIKER, Report on the Pennatulida dredged by
H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 1880, p. 4.

A specimen secured at Station 3824 (Cat. No. 25365, U.S.N.M.),
south coast of Oahu, appears to belong to this species, although it is
considerably longer and more slender than the type as described by
Kolliker. The specimen is much mutilated, and is referred to this
species with much doubt.

The original specimen was taken by the Challenger south of the
coast of Japan at a depth of 565 fathoms.

Genus HALISCEPTRUM Herklots.

Pennatulidz: in which the leaves are without spicules.

HALISCEPTRUM ABIES Kélliker.

Halisceptrum abies KoiirKer, Anatomische-Systematische Beschreibung
der Alcyonarien, 1st Abth., Die Pennatuliden, 1872, p. 182.

An incomplete specimen, which, like the one described by K6lliker
from the Copenhagen Museum, is without stem and undeveloped
leaves, was secured at Station 4101, north coast of Maui, depth
122-143 fathoms. (Cat. No. 22588, U.S.N.M.)

This specimen agrees well with the original describer’s exceed-
ingly brief description, except that the calyces are more exserted.
The specimen appears to have been broken off from the stem some
time before it was captured. Indeed the proximal end is rounded,
as if it were possible that it never had a true stem.

The original specimen came from Japan.

*

no. 164. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 561

Family ECHINOPTILID Hubrecht.

Small, pennatula-like forms in which the axis cylinder is wanting.

Genus ECHINOPTILUM Hubrecht.
ECHINOPTILUM MACINTOSHI Hubrecht.
Echinoptilum macintoshi Husrecut, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1885, p. 512.

_ Specimens of this very interesting form were taken by the A/ha-
tross at Station 3856, between Molokai and Maui, 127 fathoms (Cat.
No. 22564, U.S.N.M.) and at Station 4104, between Molokai and
Maui, 123-141 fathoms.

The type was taken in the Japanese Sea at a depth of 71 fathoms.

Family ANTHOPTILID Koller.

Rachis without pinnules; polyps on both sides of the rachis, in dis-
tinct rows; ventral zooids present; polyps naked, without calyces.

Genus ANTHOPTILUM Kolliker.

Polyps in many short rows, on both sides of rachis; no streak of
undeveloped polyps on lower part of rachis; zooids lateral, ventral
and dorsal.

ANTHOPTILUM MURRAYI Kéolliker.

Anthoptilum murrayi IWOLLIKER, Report on the Pennatulida dredged by
H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 1880, p. 14.

The specimens in the Hawaiian collection agree with the original
description, except that the polyps are of a deep amber-brown color.
The bulb at the proximal end of the stem is greatly expanded into a
body much like the expanded roots of many gorgonians.

Distribution.—Erben Bank, off the coast of California: Station
3793, 412-545 fathoms (Cat. No. 25324, U.S.N.M.).

West coast’ of Hawaii: oer 4043, 233-236 fathoms (Cat. No.
95393, U.S.N.M.).

The type was taken by the Challenger from the North Atlantic,
south of Halifax, at a depth of 1,250 fathoms.

East coast of North America, 640-1,362 fathoms ( Verrill).

Family KOPHOBELEMNONID 4 Kolliker.

Polyps on both sides of rachis, in a single series or in distinct rows:
polyps large, sessile, without calyces; rachis elongated, in compari-
son with that of the next family.

562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

Genus CALIBELEMNON, new genus.

Spicules almost or completely wanting; sarcosoma thick and fleshy ;
polyps large, the general arrangement being in opposite pairs.

Type.—Calibelemnon symmetricum.

This genus shows the nearest approach to the next family, the Um-
bellulide, of any known form, and forms a link of a chain of inter-
gradation between the family Kophobelemnonidx and Umbellulide,
the general shape of the colony allying it with the former, while the
naked large polyps are apparently almost identical with those of the
latter.

CALIBELEMNON SYMMETRICUM, new species.

Plate XLII, figs. 1 and 2

Total length of colony 108 mm.; stem 50 mm.; rachis 55mm. Stem
fleshy, rather distinct end-bulb, and a fleshy swelling reaching the
greater part of the distance to beginning of rachis. Rachis more
slender, the axis reaching through its entire length, as well as through
the entire stem, and projecting as a point beyond the distal pair of
polyps. .

Polyps in pairs, projecting from ventral side of rachis, but em-
planted laterally; in general they are arranged in groups of two.
pairs; of which the upper is smaller and apparently younger than
the lower, and is inserted more ventrally than the latter This
arrangement, although common, is not constant. There is often a
regular increase in size from the lowest to the distal polyps, the low-
est being but 2 mm. in height, and the distal being 11 mm. to the
base of the tentacles. The colony is often terminated by three polyps
in a cluster, one being between the distal pair and having behind it
the sharp ictal end of the axis.

The individual polyps have a swollen basal portion in which the
ova are seen and which is 2 to 3 mm. high; the remaining portion
of the body being longitudinally ribbed by the mesenteries showing
through as whitish bands relieved strongly by the purplish brown
of the intervening polyp walls, and transversely corrugated by nu-
merous fine muscle bands. The tentacles themselves are very long,
filamentous and nonretractile. The entire polyp is almost exactly
hike a small Umbellula polyp.

Zooids.—Both the ventral and dorsal sides of the rachis have a
median well-defined longitudinal band which is entirely devoid of
zooids, so that it is impracticable to decide which is dorsal and which
ventral, although, judging from certain species of Umbellula, the
side with the free end of the rachis is ventral. The zooids are
crowded in great numbers over the entire surface of the rachis, with
the exception of the bands above referred to.

No. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NU: TTING. 563

Color.—Stem and rachis creamy white, polyp bodies purplish
_ brown banded with yellowish white.

Type.—Cat. No. 22534, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 3909, north
coast of Molokai, 308-322 fathoms. S

Distribution—South coast of Molokai: Station 3828, >281-319
fathoms (Cat. No. 22531, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 3836, 938-255 fathoms

(Cat. No. 22537, U.S.N.M.).

Between Molokai and Maui: Station 3868, 294-684 fatnone (Cat.
No. 22522, U.S.N.M.); Station 4096, 272-286 fathoms (Cat. No.
99525, U.S.N.M.); Station 3898, 258-284 fathoms (Cat. No. 22538,
U.S.N.M.).

North coast of Molokai: Station 3909, 308-322 fathoms (Cat. No.
22534, U.S.N.M.); Station 3910, 311-337 fathoms; Station 3911,
(334-337 fathoms (Cat. No. 22532, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 3919, 220-257
fathoms (Cat. No. 22530, U.S.N.M.).

Off Kauai: Station 3994, 330-382 fathoms (Cat. No. 22529,
U.S.N.M.) ; Station 4017, 305 fathoms (Cat. No. 22541, U.S.N.M.);
Station 4130, 283-309 flows (Cate No. 2252620 :S: NM. ); Station
- 4131, 957-319 fathoms (Cat. No. 22542, US.NM).

South coast of Oahu: Station 4039, 670-697 fathoms. (Cat. No.
29539, U.S.N.M.)

Between Molokai.and Oahu: Station 4105, 314-335 fathoms (Cat.
No. 22528, U.S.N.M.); Station 4118, 322 fathoms (Cat. No. 22535
U.S.N.M. ).

Northwest coast of Oahu: Station 4117, 253-283 fathoms (Cat. No.
22536, U.S.N.M-); Station 4119, 84-167 fathoms (Cat. No. 22533,
SEN Mi):

Northeast coast of Hawaii: Station 4081, 202-220 fathoms (Cat.
No. 22527, U.S.N.M.).

North coast of Maui: Station 4086, 283-308 fathoms. (Cat. No.
99593, U.S.N.M.)

Of Bird Island: Station 417 6, 537-672 fathoms.

This species is the most abundant one in the collection.

Family UMBELLULID Kolliker.

Polyps very large, without calyces, and borne in a cluster at the
end of an exceedingly long stem.

Genus UMBELLULA Lamarek.

Being the only genus in the family, it has the same diagnostic
characters.

564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

UMBELLULA CARPENTERI Kolliker.

Umbellula carpenteri KOLLIKER, Report on the Pennatulida dredged by
H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 1880, p. 23.

A number of specimens collected during the Hawaiian cruise at
the following stations are referable to this species:

Distribution—Northeast coast of Hawaii: Station 4060, 759-913
fathoms. (Cat. No. 253438, U.S.N.M.)

Between Oahu and Kaui: Station 4125, 963-1124 fathoms. (Cat.
No. 25344, U.S.N.M.)

Off Kaui: Station 4139, 512-339 fathoms (Cat. No. 25342,
U.S.N.M.); Station 4187, 508-703 fathoms (Cat. No. 25345,
U.S.N.M.).

The type specimen was secured by the Challenger in the North Pa-
cific, south of Yeddo, from a depth of 565 fathoms.

UMBELLULA JORDANI, new species.

Plate XLII, fig. 3.

Total length of large specimen about 400 mm.; polyps to tentacle
bases 17 mm.; tentacles, not fully expanded, 11 mm. There is an
end bulb at proximal end of the stem which is continuous with a
swelling which is distinctly quadrangular in section. Otherwise the
stem is quite slender, quadrangular in section, gradually merging at
its distal end into the short rachis.

Polyps nine, in largest specimen, eight being arranged around a
central ninth, the whole head showing little trace of bilateral sym-
metry in this specimen, although it is distinct in other and smaller
ones. Polyp bodies smooth, not strongly corrugated as in U. hualey?,
which appears to be the most nearly related known species.

Zooids.—Rather large, not very much crowded on terminal swell-
ing, where they tend to assume a linear arrangement, the lines being
continuous with the patches of zooids between the polyp bases. These
patches are drawn into a long angle below. A few zooids are seen
among the polyps on the dorsal side, and also on the lower swelling
and end bulb. They are not so large as those of U. hualeyi.

Spicules apparently wanting.

Color.—In alcohol, stem nearly white; polyps umber brown, ex-
cept where the surface is abraded. In the latter case the color is
bluish white.

This species resembles U. hualeyi in color, and U. magniflora in
arrangement of zooids, but does not have the conspicuous terminal
flattened swelling of the latter.

Named in honor of President David Starr Jordan, of Stanford
University.

Lype.—Cat. No. 253819, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 3985, off
Kauai, 430-777 fathoms.

No. 1624. DESCRIPTI. ONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 565

Distribution—Off Kauai: Station. 3985, 430-477 fathoms (Cat.
No. 25319, U.S.N.M.); Station 3989, 385-500 fathoms (Cat. No.
ie U.S.N.M.) ; Station 3997, 418-429 fathoms (Cat. No. 25321,

U.S.N.M.); Station +4185, 1,000-1,314 fathoms (Cat. No. 25320,
U.S.N.M.).

=<

UMBELLULA GILBERTI, new species.

Plate XLII, fig. 4.

Total length of stem 185 mm.; end bulb and lower swelling to-
gether 30 mm.; polyp body to tentacle base 8 mm.; tentacles 20 mm.

Stem slender, with end bulb and swelling better differentiated
than in the last species, the latter quadrangular in section. Sym-
metry radial.

Polyps, in best specimens, five in number; bodies smooth, longt
tudinally ribbed by the mesenteries showing through. Tentacles
much longer in proportion than in UV. jordani.

Zooids very few in number, in groups of five or six between the
bases of the polyps, apparently without tentacles. A few are seen
sparsely distributed on terminal swelling. They are apparently
absent from specimen from Station 4183.

Color.—Stem very light brown; end bulb and svins more de-
cided sienna brown; polyps maiber brown, the ribs lighter.

Named for Pree. Charles H. Gilbert, os Stanford University. i

Type.—Cat. No. 22586, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 4183, off Kaui,
957-1,067 fathoms.

Off Bird Island: Station 3979, 222-387 fathoms.

UMBELLULA, species.

Plate XLII, fig. 9.

A fragmentary specimen was secured at Station 4126, between
Oahu and Kauai, which had-but two polyps and a very y short portion
of the stem’ ae the rachis.

This specimen is not sufficiently well preserved for specific descrip-
tion, but the following points were made out:

_ The two polyps are nearly opposite, with bodies about 13 mm. long
and tentacles 23 mm. The body is much corrugated transversely
and has eight longitudinal ribs.

Rachis broad and club-shaped.

Spicules very numerous, small, needle-shaped, crowded throughout
the entire surface of rachis, polyps and tentacles.

Zooids not easily distinguishable, but apparently rather sparsely
distributed on surface of rachis and basal parts of polyps.

This is the only Umbellula in the collection that has evident spicules
on the rachis and polyps.

Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiv—08——37

BEG - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV:

Family PROTOCAULID Kolliker.

Polyps on both sides of rachis im a single series, or in indistinct
rows. Polyps small and without calyces.

Genus PROTOCAULON Kolliker.
Polyps alternate, sessile. Spicules absent.
PROTOCAULON MOLLE Killiker.

Protocaulon molle IKOLLIKER Report on the Pennatulida dredged by H. M. 8.
Challenger during the years 1875-1876, 1580, p. 26. 3

A small specimen in poor condition answers well to the description
and figure of this species given in the original description.

Distribution.—West coast of Hawaii: Station 4036, 692 fathoms
(Cat. No. 22543, U.S.N.M.). The type specimen was secured by the
Challenger northeast of New Zealand at a depth of 700 fathoms.

Family PROTOPTILID Kolliker.

Rachis long and slender, bearing sessile polyps in a single series of
indistinct rows on opposite sides. Calyces present.

Genus PROTOPTILUM Kolliker.

Zooids growing all around the rachis, leaving only the median ven-
tral line uncovered.

PROTOPTILUM WRIGHTI, new species.
Plate XLII, fig. 7.

Length of colony 65 mm.; of stem to rudimentary polyps 21 mm.
Stem rather slender, without appreciable bulb, but hooked at proxi-

mal end, and with a slight swelling above the hook. Rachis larger,

increasing in size to the distal end.

Polyps usually in two rows, one on each side, but with an occasional
one placed on the stem more toward the central line than the others.
In general the polyps are alternately disposed, placed rather on the
dorsal than the ventral side. They differ greatly in size, the smaller
(younger?) ones being nearer the mid-dorsal line than the others,
thus giving in places an appearance of an arrangement in rows of
two. There are many rudimentary polyps on the lower part of the
rachis. Calyces almost entirely immersed, their inner margins being
not at all exserted; margins without distinct teeth, although the
needle-like spicules sometimes give an appearance of serration.

wo. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HA WAILAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 567

Calyces very small, not more than 1$ mm. high. Polyps retractile,
without spicules. — .

Spicules needle-like, abundant, disposed longitudinally, or nearly
so, throughout the colony.

Zooids large, arranged on each side of a bare mid-ventral band.
They are very sparsely distributed on lateral and dorsal surfaces.
Each zooid is surrounded by a tuft of converging spicules.

Color.—Deep rose red on rachis and calyces. Stem light yellow.
The polyps were probably bright yellow in life, but are a yellowish
white in alcohol.

_ Type.—Northeast approach to channel between the islands of Maui
and Molokai: Station 4096, 272-286 fathoms (Cat. No. 22585,
U.S.N.M.)

Named for Prof. E. P. Wright.

Genus TRICHOPTILUM Kolliker.

Polyps alternately arranged; margins of calyces with eight spines;
spicules numerous in calyces and tentacles; zooids dorsal.

TRICHOPTILUM ATTENUATUM, new species.

Plate XLII, fig. 8.

Colony exceedingly long and slender. Entire length 325 mm.; stem,
from base to first rudimentary polyps, 112 mm. There is a slightly
swollen end bulb, and.a less pronounced gentle swelling about 37 mm.
above it. Average diameter of stem about 14 mm. The stem is quad-
rate in section.

Polyps arranged somewhat irregularly in two dorso-lateral rows,
sometimes opposite and sometimes alternate, large and small indi-
viduals being interspersed.

The individual polyps are large and conspicuous, with exceedingly
elongated calyces which attain a length of 6 mm. and a diameter of
1$ mm. The basal part of the body is sharply differentiated from
the distal, the former being transversely wrinkled and having the
needle-like spicules crisscrossed, having a length of about 34 mm.,
and appearing somewhat like a short branch with which the second
part or true calyx is continuous. This second part is somewhat
swollen in the middle and bears eight narrow longitudinal bands of
spicules continuing upward above the margin into eight sharp teeth.
The tentacles are without spicules, and are arranged in a cylindrical
vertical bundle in contraction.

Spicules, needle-hke, abundant in rachis and calyces.

Zooids in short rows of two or three on dorsal surface, running
obliquely inward from below the bases of the calyces.

Color.—The stem and rachis is white, polyps umber-brown.

568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. won,

Type.—Cat. No. 25352, U.S.N.M.: Albatross Station 3842, south
coast of Molokai, 495-506 fathoms. Numerous specimens.

The polyps of this species are very easily detached, and but few
remain in place on the specimens secured, most of them having fallen
to the bottom of the jar.

Genus CLADISCUS Koren and Danielssen.

Spicules absent or sparsely distributed; calyces present, but indi-
cated only by the eight shallow lobes around the margin.

a

CILADISCUS STUDERI, new species.

Plate XLII, figs. 5, 6.

Colony attaining a height of 150 mm.; end bulb not well developed ;
stem with a stiff axis which is quadrangular in section, and measures
41 mm. to the lowest rudimentary polyps.

Calyces long, cylindrical, crowded on ventral and lateral surfaces _
so densely that no distinct arrangement in series can be discerned ;
differing greatly in size, those of “igeant sizes being interminelen
except on basal part of rachis where they are all small; the longest
about 6 mm. in height. The calycine walls are so thin and so nearly
devoid of spicules that the polyps appear to be without calyces at
first view, and the walls are semitransparent, showing eight longitu-
dinal bands corresponding to the mesenteries inside. The margin
is ornamented by eight pointed angular flaps that are sometimes
everted. The polyps are retractile and have long tentacles.

Spicules are not entirely wanting, as in other species of the genus,
but are very sparsely distributed, being found mainly in the eight
longitudinal bands on the polyp walls, where they are needle-like and
colorless. On superficial examination the spicules appear to be en-
tirely absent.

Zooids ave scattered in small groups of four or five between the
bases of the polyps on the dorsal surface of the rachis. The ventral
surface has a broad band entirely devoid of polyps and zooids.

Color.—Very pale brown in the two specimens secured. :
.. Albatross Station 4002, off Kauai

Island, 53-230 fathoms. :

Koren and Danielssen say that Cladiscus loveni and C. gracilis have
well marked calyces, although KG6lliker overlooked the fact. (. loveni
is said to be entirely without spicules.

The crowding of the polyps destroys the bilateral symmetry char-
acteristic of the family, the only indication of ‘Such symmetry bein oe in
the bare ventral band.

~

NO. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 569

Order GORGONACEA.

Fixed colonial forms with a distinct axis cylinder composed of cal-
careous or chitinous material.

Section SCLERAXONIA.

Axis composed of calcareous spicules, which are either free or fused
into a solid mass.

Family BRIAREID Wright and Studer.

Axis cylinder composed of closely packed but distinct spicules.

Genus PARAGORGIA Milne-Edwards.
PARAGORGIA NODOSA Koren and Danielssen.

Paragorgia nodosa KorREN and DANIELSSEN, Nye Alcyonider, Gorgonider og
Pennatulider tilhérende Norges Fauna, Bergen, 1883, p. 18.

A careful comparison of the single specimen secured by the Alba-
tvoss shows that it agrees with the original description in every essen-
tial particular except in the matter of color, which is bright coral red
with a white axis in the Hawaiian specimen. The color of the type

“specimen was yellowish red..

The colony bears a striking superficial resemblance to Corallium,
and was mistaken for that when first seen.

Distribution.—Oft the Island of Kauai: Station 4030, 423-438
fathoms (Cat. No. 25357, U.S.N.M.).

The original specimen was taken from the North Atlantic. off the
coast of Norway.

Family SCLEROGORGID Wright and Studer.

Axis cylinder unjointed, composed of a horny substance and agglu-
tinated calcareous spicules that are easily separated. Polyps com-
pletely retractile.

Genus KEROEIDES Wright and Studer..

Calyces in the form of warty verruce, in two lateral rows. Spicules
of axis smooth, spindle-shaped.

KEROEIDES GRACILIS Whitelegge.

Keroeides gracilis WHITELEGGE, Memoirs of the Australian Museum, I1I,
Pt. 5, 1899, p. 308.

Quite characteristic specimens of this species were found in the
-Hawalian material.

570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

Distribution.—South coast of Molokai: Station 3838, 92-212 —
fathoms; Station 3853, 115-134 fathoms (Cat. No. 22563, U. S. N.M.) ;
Station 3859, 138-140 fathoms. ve

Section HOLAXONIA.

Colony with an axis consisting of amorphous horny or calcareous
material, or both, and not pienoed by longitudinal canals, excepting
“1D eentral one.

Family ISID Gray (modified by Wright and Studer).

Axis cylinder composed of alternating horny and calcareous joints,
the latter not of fused spicules, but amorphous.

Genus CERATOISIS Percival Wright.

Branches, when present, arising from the calcareous joints of the
axis cylinder. Polyps fa nea teoits a circlet of diverging spicules
around the oral region. Spicules smooth.

CERATOISIS FLABELLUM, new species.

Plate XLII, fig. 1; plate XLVII, fig. 3.

All of the specimens were secured in a fragmentary condition.
The largest piece is about 275 mm. long; calcareous nodes 17 to 27
mm. long, horny nodes 1$ mm. long. The branches arise from the
calcareous joints, on opposite sides of the stem; irregularly disposed
but all in the same plane. Polyps on front and sides of stem and
branches, unequally distributed, often denser on one side than on the
other, standing at various angles with stem; about 4 mm. high, 2 mm.
broad, cylindrical. The tentacles are folded loosely over the oral disk.

Spicules very long needles, attaining a length in some instances of
5 mm.; vertical in walls of calyces, on the distal portion of which
they project upward as sharp points between the tentacle bases. The
proximal part of calyx wall is overlaid with similar long needle-
shaped spicules, often more or less obliquely disposed. Similar spic-
ules are sparsely disposed in the cortex, where they are longitudinally
disposed, and sometimes branched at one end, the two or three
branches being parallel to the axis of the spicule.

The main stem and larger branches appear to be somewhat flat-
tened. The polyps are distributed on all sides of smaller terminal
branches, but are usually thicker on the edges.

Color—Ilvory white, the nodes purplish brown.

Type.—Cat. No. 25390, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station, unknown,
Hawaiian Islands. pate

- no 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 571

— Distribution.—Off the coast of Kauai: Station 3998, 228-935 fath-

oms (Cat. No. 25391, U.S.N.M.).
Northeast coast of Hawaii: Station 4058, 190-195 fathoms (Cat.

No. 22587, U.S.N.M.).
The largest specimen, taken as a type for the above description,
was without a locality label.

CERATOISIS PAUCISPINOSA Wright and Studer.

Ceratoisis paucispinosa WRiIcHT and Sruper, Report on the ‘Alcyonaria col-
lected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 1889, p. 28.

A fragmentary specimen with but four joints and the polyps much
decomposed agrees fairly well with the original description of this
species.

Distribution.—North coast of Molokai: Station 3904, 295 fathoms
(Cat. No. 22584, U.S.N.M.).

The type specimen was taken by the Challenger off the coast of
Japan, 345 fathoms.

CERATOISIS GRANDIS, new species.

Plate XLIII, fig. 2; plate XLIX, fig. 3.

Two fragments of the denuded axis measure, together, 4837 mm.,
the indications being that the entire specimen was much longer.
Calcareous internodes excessively elongated, none being certainly
complete; measurements, 140 mm., 118 mm., 105 mm., and 70 mm.
(the latter evidently broken). These internodes vary from 8 mm.
to 24 mm. in diameter. There are but two horny internodes present,
measuring 4 mm. and 243 mm. in length, the longer one being be-
tween the stouter calcareous internodes, and these latter are also the
longest. All of the calcareous internodes have a distinct central
canal.

The polyps were all detached from the axis, but were wrapped
in a cloth with it. They are typical of the genus Bathygorgia of
Wright and Studer, which is here included with Ceratoisis. Polyps
large, slender-bodied, arising from a basal expansion and ending
In an expanded distal part bearing the tentacles; length, 44 to 8 mm.;
_ diameter below distal expansion 1 mm., across distal part 24 mm.;
tentacles not fully retracted, but coiled over the mouth.

Spicules long, slender, sometimes slightly forked, rarely cruciform,
often bar-like, sometimes approaching the needle-like form; appar-
ently absent from the skin-like ccenenchyma peeled from the axis;
but slender spicules are present in the basal expansions of the polyps.
Very large spicules surround the polyps, arranged vertically in the
ealyx walls, although they are often inclined to be more or less diag-
onal; strong spicules projecting up from the tentacle bases, and large

572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxvv.

bar-like ones placed haphazard, as it were, on the tentacle bases,
giving an exceedingly unkempt appearance. Small bar-like spicules
are placed transversely on the distal parts of the tentacles.
Color—Polyps straw yellow, stem ivory white, horny internodes
~ very dark brown.
Lype— Cat. No® 22559) Wes sNevics Albatross Station 4174, off Bird
Island, 735-865 fathoms.

oe Genus LEPIDISIS Verrill.

Axis with long tubular calcareous joints, alternating with short
horny ones from which the branches arise. An external layer of small
scale-like spicules is found covering the large fusiform spicules.

LEPIDISIS LONGIFLORA Verrill.

Lepidisis longifiora VERRILL, Bull. ie: Comp. Zool., XI, No. 1, 1883, p. 19.

A specimen taken by the Albatross, northwest coast of Oahu, at

Station 4121, 316-251 fathoms (Cat. No. 25358, U.S.N.M.), agrees
with the pheaal description of this species.

The.type and other specimens studied by Verrill were taken fon

four stations in the West Indies, at depths of from 461 to 805 fathoms.

Genus ACANELLA Gray (emended by Verril)l).

Branches arising from the short horny internodes of the axis cylin-
der, spicules numerous in tentacles. No external layer of scale—lke
spicules.
ACANELLA EBURNEA (Pourtalés).

Mopsea eburnea PourtTAaLEs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, 1868, p. 182.

A specimen which I refer with doubt to this species was secured at
Station 4121, northwest coast of Oahu, 216-251 fathoms. It is much
broken, but was probably about 18 inches high. Branching very
irregular, with a tendency to the formation of whorls. The polyp
spicules were smaller than described by Vere but otherwise much
the same.

The specimens studied by Pourtalés and Verrill were taken from
five stations in the West Indies, at depths of from 288 to 955 fathoms.

Family PRIMNOID/® Valenciennes (emended by Verrill).

Colonial forms with calcareous roots. Axis cylinder calcareous or —
horny, but never with alternating calcareous and horny joints.
Calyces prominent, almost always with an operculum composed of
eight scale-like spicules, and movable. Polyps often in whorls.
Spicules usually scale-like.

al

- no. 162. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 573

Subfamily PRIMNOIN 4A Versluys.

Operculum present. Scales large, not more than eight rows on
polyp body, each row that is complete containing at least five scales.

Genus AMPHILAPHIS Wright and Studer.

Colony flabellate: calyces club-shaped, arranged in pairs on basal

parts of branches, and irregularly distributed on distal parts.

AMPHILAPHIS BISERIALIS, new species.
Plate XLIII, fig. 3; plate XLVII, fig. 4

The single fragment secured was 65 mm. high, and consisted of a
stem or branch giving off alternate branches at intervals of about

SS mm:

The polyps are small, 14 mm. long, club-shaped, eas straight,
and form an acute anele with the stem or branch. They are str ictly
opposite on the main stem, and nearly always on the branches; but
on the distal ends of the latter they are sometimes in whorls of three.
The calyx walls are covered with large imbricating squamous spicules
in about five whorls, and usually four longitudinal rows. Scales often
ctenate on the distal edges and also often show undulating edges;
surfaces often sculptured with radiating lines or furrows. Oper-
culum nearly concealed, in side view, by the last whorl of body
spicules, composed of broadly triangular scales, ribbed and fluted.
Sometimes the alternate opercular scales are eed and depressed,
giving the appearance of two whorls of four each.

Spicules on stem and branches broad, scale-like, lamelliform, and
much larger than in Caligorgia gilberti, which otherwise resembles
this species. They are usually rounded, oval or ovate in outline.

Color light buffy throughout.

Type. ee No. 22583, U.S.N.M., _ Albatr oss, station 3982, off
Kauai, 40-233 fathoms.

Mioaeh this species does not quite agree with the definition of
the genus Amphilaphis, it seems to me to belong here, the opposite
disposition of the polyps making it necessary to remove it from
Plumarella, to which it is closely allied.

‘The sculpturing of the scales seems to indicate a close affinity with
Caligorgia, from which it is separated by the fact that the polyps
are not appressed to the cortex, as in that genus.

AMPHILAPHIS REGULARIS Wright and Studer.

Amphilaphis regularis WRIGHT and Struprr, Report on the Alcyonaria col-
lected by H. M. 8S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 1889, p. 71.

A single specimen in the Hawaiian collection is referred to this
species.

574 “PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV. ~

Distribution—Off French Frigate Shoal; Station 3973, 395-397
fathoms (Cat. No. 25386, U.S.N.M.).

Specimens were sean by the Challenger in the South Atlantic,
near Tristan da Cunha, at a depth of 75 fathoms; and off Nightin-
gale Island, 100-150 fathoms.

Genus CALIGORGIA Gray (emended by Studer).

Calyces bilateral, appressed to the cortex. Spicules scale-like, often
with conspicuous sculpturing in the form of radiating ridges and
ctenate edges.

CALIGORGIA GILBERTI, new species.

Plate XLITI, fig. 4; plate XLVII, fig. 6.

Colony (incomplete) about 325 mm. high. Main stem wavy in out-
line, giving off alternate branches which themselves often resemble
the main stem and which give off alternate branchlets at intervals of
about 18 mm. The whole colony is flabellate in form.

Calyces arranged in whorls of five (rarely four) to seven, rather
closely approximated, club-shaped, with their inner sides appressed to
the cortex. Height, 1} mm. 7

Spicules on alex walls squamiform, numerous, with imbricating
edges, distal edge often ctenate. The rows of scales are in annular
whorls, and the more distal ones are often sculptured with radiating
lines ending in the points which form the ctenate distal edges of the
scales. Opercular scales eight, broad, flat, curved, the ventral ones
not being notably smaller than the die sal.

The distal ends of the polyps are bent strongly toward the cortex,
so as to face the stem or branch.

Color.—Light yellow in alcohol. The fresh specimens were a
bright corn yellow.

Named for Prof. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford University.

Type.—Cat. No. 25364, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 4130, off
Kauai, 283-309 fathoms.

Distribution—Offt Kauai: Station 3992, 528 fathoms (Cat. No.
25363, U.S.N.M.); Station 4130, 283-309 fathoms (Cat. Nos. 25364
and 25388, U.S.N.M.); Station 4132, 257-312 fathoms (Cat. No:
22592, U.S.N.M.); Station 4134, 225-324 fathoms. Off Hawaii:
Station 4041, 382-253 fathoms.

Genus STENELLA Gray.

Polyps in whorls, with their calyces rigidly extending at right
angles from branches. Body seales very large, in less than five rows,
and very distinct from the opercular scales.

No. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 575

STENELLA HELMINTHOPHORA, new species.
Plate XLIV, figs. 6-9; plate XLVII, fig. 5.

Specimens much broken up. Colony evidently large, oné stem being
13 mm. in diameter and densely calcareous. Branching not easily
made out owing to the greatly broken condition of the specimens.
Main branches irregularly distributed, branchlets dichotomously di-
vided, with a tendency for the twigs to lie in the same plane.

Polyps irregularly distributed on main stem and branches, and in
irregular whorls of four on the terminal twigs, length about 4 mm.,
shape cylindrical with a greatly expanded distal end, which flares
like the mouth of a trumpet. The calyces project rigidly from the
stem at right angles.

Spicules very large and squamiform, concave on cortex, with con-
vexity resting on stem or branch, less concave on calyx where the
scales are in about four whorls with three or four to a whorl. First
whorl longest, often consisting of but two scales; third whorl shortest ;
the first, second, and third whorls forming a cylinder, but with their
distal edges often elevated and more or less frilled. The distal whorl
is much expanded at its margin, forming a cup composed of four
scales (two larger and two smaller) inclosing the operculum. The
operculum is composed of eight scales, each of which has a lamelli-
form raised edge, giving the appearance of eight vertical concentric
plates. The operculum extends considerably beyond the calyx wall.

The spicules of the cortex are scale-like, fluted, often convex, with
the convexity attached to the stem or branch.

Nearly all of the specimens were infested with an annelid, which
had, by its presence, modified the first whorl of body scales so that
they formed a sort of a tunnel, running along the branches, in which
the annelid lived. These modified scales are enormously enlarged,
two rows of them arching over and meeting each other above, form-
ing an arcade. These arcades cover the greater part of one side of
the branches in many specimens, and it is scarcely to be wondered at
that Wright and Studer took this arcade or tunnel to be a normal
structure.¢

In several specimens small simple-armed basket fish were exces-
sively numerous, and these, too, seemed to have modified in some de-
gree the cortex scales.

This species differs from Stenella spinosa in color of stem, and in
having much more slender polyps; and from 8S. johnstoni in the
number of whorls of spicules, and in the operculum.

“Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. 8. Challenger during the years
1873-1876, p. 53. Here the authors regard this structure as a generic character
of the genus Calypterinus, an error that has already been corrected by Studer.
(See Alcyonaires provenant des campagnes de Il’Hirondelle, 1886-1888, 1901,
p. 40.)

576 ‘PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. — vou. xxxuv.

Type.—Cat. No. 25385, U.S.N.M., between Molokai and Maui:
Station 3973, 32-37 fathoms. |

Distribution.—Between Molokai and Maui: Station 3868, 294-685
fathoms (Cat. No. 25374, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 39738, 32-87 fathoms
(Cat. Nos. 25317 and 25385, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 3974, 21-28 fathoms.

Off Bird Island: Station 4157, 762-1,000 fathoms.

The bathymetric distribution oe this species 1s greater than of any
other in the collection.

Subfamily CALY PTROPHORIN 4) Versluys.

Spicules of calyx body reduced to two or three pairs of large scales.
Operculum conspicuous, turned toward base of branch, and in con-
tact with the branch when the polyp is retracted.

Genus STACHYODES Wright and Studer.

Calyx body armed with three pairs of large scale-like spicules;
basal seales usually not entirely encircling the body.

STACHYODES ANGULARIS, new species.
Plate XLIII, fig. 7; plate XLVIII, fig. al

But a few fragments were secured, the largest being a branch about
125 mm. long, giving off regularly disposed unilateral branchlets,
six in number, all in one plane.

Calyces reeds in verticils of four or five, abiet are closely ap-
proximated, but leave a part of the stem appearing between them.
The calyces in this species appear to face upward, instead of down-
ward as in the preceding species.

The calyx is composed of a series of three annular spicules, the
proximal one being a short inconspicuous collar, incomplete on its
inner side. The second has outer profile straight, outer side ending
in two blunt lateral spines and very much longer than the inner side.
The third or distal annular spicule is turned so as to form an acute
angle with the second, its outer profile is straight, its lower edge is
overlapped by the second, and its distal end is terminated by a round
smooth margin.

Opercular scales thin and delicate, longer than in other species in
the collection, and form a rather delicate turret or cone.

The spicules of the cortex are thin, lamelliform, and much smaller
than those forming the calyces.

Color, in alcohol, white throughout; axis, where denuded, with a
golden gloss.

Type.—Cat. No. 25346, U.S.N.M. The specimens of this species,
in two bottles, had no locality label.

ae 1624, DESCRIPTIONS OF HA WAIIAN ALCYON. 'ARIA—NUTTING. 577

STACHYODES REGULARIS Wright and Studer.

A specimen of this species was dredged at Station 3879, south of
Lanai Island, 923-1,081 fathoms. The original specimens were se- °
cured by the C hallenger in the South Atlantic, near Tristan da Cunha,

- 75-150 fathoms.

STACHYODES DICHOTOMA Versluys.

Stachyodes dichotoma VERSLUYS, Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Hxpedition,
II, Die Primnoide, 1906, p. 88.

Several specimens referred to this species were secured by the
Bureau of. Fisheries steamer Albatross. Each specimen had coiled
around its branches a simple-armed basket fish, probably belonging
to the genus Ophiocreas. One specimen was 14 inches high.

Distribution—Off Kauai: Station 3989, 388-500 fathoms (Cat. No.

92561, U.S.N.M.); Station 4013, 399-419 fathoms; Station 4030,

493438 fathoms (Cat. No. 25376, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 4182, 671-957
fathoms (Cat. No. 25375, U.S.N. M. Me

The species were Eeured by the Siboga Expedition in the Celebes
Sea, off Menado, 1,264-1,165 meters; Kei Island, 204 meters; Arafura
Sea, 984 meters.

2

STACHYODES BOWERSI, new species.
Plate XLIII, figs. 5, 6; plate XLVIII, fig. 2.

Colony about 225 mm. high. Basal portion white, solidly calca-
reous except at the center of axis; eight erect branches are given off
immediately above the base, all of which shortly divide into three
erect branchlets, some of which continue without further division,
but most of which again branch dichotomously. All of the branches
are erect and approximately parallel.

The calyces are in whorls of four, and face downward, each calyx
bearing a series of whorls of broad scale-like spicules, two to a whorl,
each whorl being strongly frilled and dentate on its outer (lower)
margin, each being costate in a longitudinal direction, and each

whorl overlapping its successor. One scale of each pair also over-

laps its fellow laterally. The first, or upper whorl, is much broader
in its dorsal part, narrows beneath into a mere collar or rim, and
distally expands into a broadly frilled margin with four to seven
jagged uneven teeth.

The second (middle) whorl is incomplete on its inner side, and its
outer side is shorter than that of the first whorl; it ends in a frilled
expanded margin in which the teeth are less prominent than in the
first whorl. The third (distal or lower) whorl is the largest, and the
margin is conspicuously frilled and dentate, or rather lobular, the
teeth being less pointed than in the first whorl.

578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxuv.

The operculum consists of eight delicate lamellar spicules which
overlap laterally in regular order, reminding one of the blades of a
turbine wheel; scales all of nearly the same size.

The height of the polyp, measuring directly and not around the
curve, is 6 mm., and its diameter is about 23 mm.

The cortex spicules are long, delicate, flattened scales.

Color of stem and branches pale yellow, polyps pure white (in
alcohol).

This species differs from Stachyodes clavata Versluys in having all
three whorls of body scales about equally expanded and fluted.

Named in honor of George M. Bowers, the U. S. Commissioner of
Fisheries. f

Type.—Cat. No. 25877, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 4153, near Bird
Island, 962-1,059 fathoms.

Additional locality —Oft Nuhau: Station 4174, 735-865 fathoms.

Genus CALYPTROPHORA Wright and Studer (emended by
Versluys).

Calyx body with but two pairs of very large scale-like spicules,
both of which usually, but not always, entirely encircle the polyp.
CALYPTROPHORA JAPONICA Gray. +
Calyptrophora japonica Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, p. 41.

Several specimens of this highly variable form were secured, most |
of which seemed to belong to C’. japonica No. 3 of Versluys.*
Distribution.—Between Maui and Molokai: Station 3882, 136 fath-

oms (Cat. No. 25369, U.S.N.M.).

Between Honolulu and Kauai: Station 4007, 508-557 fathoms
(Cat. No. 25370, U.S.N.M.).

Between Molokai and Oahu: Station 4108, 411-442 fathoms.

This species was secured by the Challenger off the Fiji Islands,
depth 610 fathoms; also by the Siboga expedition at several locali-
ties in the East Indies at depths varying from 12 to 1,264 meters.

The type is said to have come from the Japan Sea.

CALYPTROPHORA WYVILLI Percival Wright.

Calyptrophora wyvilli PercivaL WricHt, Narrative, Challenger Expedition,
1885, p. 690.

A very fine colony of this species was secured at Station 3997, off
Kauai, 418-429 fathoms; also at Station 4019, off Kauai, 409 fathoms.
Secured by the Szboga expedition from the Celebes Sea at a depth of
1,080-1,264 meters. P

The Challenger secured the type from the West Pacific at a depth
of 600 fathoms.

“Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition, II, Die Primnoidz, 1906, p. 118.

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HA WAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 579

CALYPTROPHORA VERSLUYSI, new species.

Plate XLIII, fig. 8.

Colony incomplete, about 250 mm. high, flabellate in general form,
dividing near the base into four main branches, two of which remain
undivided, and the others again divide each into four branches, one
of which on each side gives off branchlets from its inner side only,
the others being undivided or dichotomously branched.

Calyces arranged in whorls of four, except at the extreme bases
of main branches, where there are six in a whorl, their opercula
turned basally. The whorls are about 6 mm. apart from base to base.

Buccal pair of scales large, their distal ends with three to seven
(usually four) large, jagged, irregular teeth, forming a complete
ring. Basal scales with four (sometimes two) long slender spines,
the four seeming to arise from the splitting of the original two. The
spimes vary greatly in younger specimens, the distal border of the
buccal scales being merely scalloped, and there are but two spines to
each basal scale.

Opercular scales eight, the abaxial and outer lateral being much
longer and more flattened than the other four, which they overlap
and almost conceal.

A pair of very small, almost linear, cortex scales abut against and
overlap the basal scales on their proximal sides.

The cortex scales are thin, elongated, and irregular in form.

Color.—General color white, the axis appearing gray as seen
through the cortex scales. The bare axis is a very dark brown, with
a coppery luster.

This species is named in honor of J. Versluys, jr., the author of
the report on the Gorgonacea of the Siboga expedition.

Type—Cat. No. 25382, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station Ny, between
Honolulu and Kauai, 508- aod ae

Additional locality.Off Kauai: Station 3997, 429 fathoms.

Family MURICEID Verrill.

Axis horny. Polyps without a true operculum, with a collarette
of transverse spicules immediately below the tentacle bases. A
pseudo-operculum is formed by the spicules on the tentacles, when
the latter are folded. C&sophageal part of body wall without
spicules, and retractile within the basal portion, which has spicules.

Genus ACANTHOGORGIA Gray (emended by Verrill).

_ Calyces elongated, cylindrical, expanded distally. Body spicules
in eight longitudinal rows arranged en chevron, margins armed with
eight bundles of sharp projecting spines.

580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxty.

- ACANTHOGORGIA ARMATA Verrill.

Acanthogorgia armata VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci., XVI, 1878, p. 376.

It appears to me to be likely that the Acanthogorgia spinosa of
Hiles“ ig a synonym of this species. The specimens in the Ha-
waiian collection vary considerably among themselves.

Distribution.—Between Molokai and Oahu: Station 4107, 350-855
fathoms (Cat. No. 22556, U.S.N.M.).

Off Bird Island: Station 4156, 286-568 fathoms (Cat. No. 25381,
U.S.N.M.).

Vicinity of Niihau Island: Station 4179, 378-426 fathoms (Cat.
Nor 22550, WLS INEM):

The Geel description was based on specimens taken from off the
New England coast, from depths of 304 to 524 fathoms.

Genus PARAMURICEA Ko6lliker (emended by Verrill).

Bases of contracted tentacles bearing spicules arranged en chevron,
forming an eight-rayed pseudo-operculum. Spicules of calyx walls
forming eight ‘longitudinal bands.

PARAMURICEA ZIQUATCRIALIS Wright and Studer.

Paramuricea equatorialis WRIGHT and STuDER, Report on the Alcyonaria
collected by H. M. 8. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 1889,
p. 100. :

A specimen from Station 3859 (Cat. No. 25366, U.S.N.M.) agrees
with the original description and figures except that the spicules are
not so decidedly curved in our specimen, and do not show such de-
cided “ stachenplatten.” The calyces are exceedingly varied in form,
from a truncated cone to a short cylinder.

The figures in the Challenger report do not agree with the descrip-
tion in the text as to the proportion of height to diameter of the
polyps. a

The type specimens were taken by the Challenger near St. Pauls
Rock, South Atlantic, from a depth of 80 fathoms.

PARAMURICEA HAWAITIENSIS, new species.
Plate XLIV, fig. 1; plate XLVIII, fig. 3.

Colony large, robust, flabellate in outline, incomplete, 200 mm. in
height. Main stem about 8 mm. in diameter, irregularly bent, giv-
ing off irregularly spaced lateral branches which resemble the main
stem; branches showing a tendency to branch on one side only, but
in some cases the distal branchlets are alternate; branch terminations
abruptly enlarged and usually bearing a group of two to four later-
ally placed polyps.

“ Zoological Results of the Willey Expedition, Pt. 2, p. 113.

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 581

Polyps irregularly but sparsely scattered over main stem and larger
branches, more approximate on distal parts, where they often be-
come quite regularly alternate; those on the same side being about
3mm. apart. They project at a right angle from the branches and
are 2 to 3 mm. high to the end of the operculum, varying from a
rough cylinder to the frustrum of a cone in shape; average diameter
below collar about 2 mm.

Spicules warty spindles, large and stout, often forked or branched,
arranged in circles at bases of the calyces, and vertically placed in
the calyecular walls without forming eight longitudinal cost that
are as distinctly marked as in other species of this genus. At the
margin a few not very prominent points arise. The collar is quite
well marked, and is composed of rather slender spindles with in-

conspicuous verrucze or none. The opercular spicules are slender,
-eurved, warty spindles, covering the dorsal side of the tentacles in
longitudinal bundles of four to eight. Spicules of the coenenchyma
rough, coarse spindles arranged longitudinally, in a general way,
but often more or less irregular in disposition.

Color of main stem and branches dark golden brown, The rest
of the colony is grayish brown.

Type.—Cat. No. 25353, U.S.N.M., Albatross station 4186, off
Kauai, 508-682 fathoms.

Genus ANTHOMURICEA Wright and Studer.

Calyces cylindrical, projecting perpendicular to the axis. Spindle-
shaped spicules arranged en chevron both on body walls and: on
proximal parts of rontedles

ANTHOMURICEA TENUISPINA, new species.
Plate XLIV, fig. 2; plate XLVIII, fig. 5.

Colony flabellate in form, attaining a height of about 375 mm.,
growing from a basal disk-shaped concave flap of leathery con-
sistency. Stem 7 mm. thick, almost straight proximately and sinu-
ous distally, giving off large and small branches on opposite sides;
branches subdividing several times, sometimes giving off regularly
opposite twigs, and at others showing no regularity whatever.

Polyps scattered sparsely on the main stem and branches, more
crowded distally. On the branchlets they are arranged in irregular
whorls of three or four, and are only about 2 or 3 mm. apart. The
twigs end in a broad lobular expansion on which is placed a group
of three to five polyps.

Proce, N. M, vol, xxxiy—08——388

582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

Calyces low truncated cones. The polyp is greatly constricted just
below the collar, and above it the tentacles arise in a perpendicular
eroup, the outline of the mass of tentacles being a truncated oval
when viewed laterally. Height of polyp and calyx about 2 mm.

Spicules, small warty spindles disposed transversely around the
bases of the calyces, and in eight double rows arranged en chevron
in théir walls. Those of the collar are more slender and curved at
the ends; while those of the tentacles are much smaller, more slender,
arranged en chevron basally, but distally they are disposed in numer-
ous more nearly parallel longitudinal rows. The spicules of the
cortex are sometimes scale-lke, but are usually stout warty spindles, —
sometimes very irregular in their disposition, at others longitudinally
disposed.

Color.—Stem and branches, where bare, a dark rich brown; polyps
a much lighter yellowish brown. When dried, the spicules of the
cortex give the colony a silvery appearance.

This is one of the largest and handsomest species in the collection.

Type.—Cat. No. 25383, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 4178. Near
Nihau Island, 319-378 fathoms.

Genus CLEMATISSA Wright and Studer.

Termination of branch always formed by a polyp. Calyces bluntly
conical, arranged in short spirals. Spicules exceedingly varied in
shape, those in calyx walls arranged irregularly, those on tentacle
bases en chevron.

CLEMATISSA ALBA, new species.

Plate XLIV, fig. 4; plate XLVIII, fig. 4.

Colony incomplete, about 22 mm. high, consisting of a sinuous
stem giving off two large unequal branches about 50 mm. apart. The
branches and main stem are equal in diameter and similar in appear-
ance, each ending in an irregular cluster of polyps. The calyces are
disposed in an irregular spiral, project at a right angle from the
stem and branches, although their distal ends may be inclined either
toward the distal or proximal end of the colony; unusually large in
size, cylindrical, sometimes attaining a height of 54 mm. to the top
of the operculum, and a diameter of 3 mm. across the top of the
calycular wall. The tentacular part of the polyp is abruptly con-
stricted from the body, and is quite high; the basal half of the ten-
tacles being held vertically, and the distal half bent abruptly over
the oral disc.

The spicules are warty spindles, sometimes flattened and branched.
Those of the calyx walls are proportionally small and inclined in all

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 588

directions, there being no regularity whatever. The collaret is dis-
tinct, formed of annularly disposed spicules. The opercular spicules
are in bundles of a dozen or more, parallel and vertical, rather short
with blunt ends, arranged en chevron at the very bases of the tenta-
cles. Spicules of the cortex with a tendency toward a longitudinal
arrangement, although there is much irregularity in their disposition.

Color.—The axis, cortex, and calyces are all creamy white in color
(in alcohol), so that the colony bears a striking resemblance to a
coral.

Type.—Cat. No. 25378, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 4157, off Bird
Island, 762—1,000 Phone

CLEMATISSA TENUE, new species.
Plate XLIV, fig. 3; plate XLIX, fig. 2.

Colony straggling in habit, attaining a height of 150 mm., some-
times unbranched and at others very sparsely branched. In one
specimen there are two very short branches very distant from each
other, and in others there are several long, straggling, irregularly dis-
posed branches.

Calyces arranged in rather irregular spirals which grow closer
toward the distal ends of the branches. Branches terminating in a
polyp. The calyces are very low dome-shaped, spreading at their
bases, which are often contingent.

Polyps, when expanded, arising abruptly from the summit of the .
calyx, where they assume the form of a miniature acorn; sometimes
the polyp is greatly elongated and the tentacles are extended and not
folded over the mouth as usual, but generally the attitude is the char-
acteristic one of the family. The expanded polyp shows eight longi-
tudinal bands of warty spicules.

Spicules usually small, exceedingly varied in shape. Those of the
coenenchyma are almost coal lke in appearance, and their outer edges
seem to overlap the inner edges of those in the next row; edges jagged
and irregular. The spicules of the calyx walls are similar to those
just described. The collaret is evident, the spicules at the bases of
the tentacles are warty spindles arranged en chevron, and the re-
mainder of the tentacular spicules are longitudinally arranged. There
are many warty spindles in the cortex, often with projections on one
side, sometimes curved or branched.

Color.—Gray.

Type.—Cat. No. 22569, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station, 4102, between
Molokai and Maui, 122-132 fathoms.

Distribution—Between Maui and Molokai: Station 3856, 127 fath-
oms (Cat. No. 22566, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 3857, 127-128 fathoms (Cat.
No. 22570, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 3858, 128-138 fathoms; Station 3859,

584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. © vou. xxxtv.

138-140 fathoms (Cat. No. 22567, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 3862, 108-127

fathoms (Cat. No. 22565, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 3864, 163-198 fathoms; —

Station 4102, 122-132 fathoms (Cat. No. 22569, U.S.N.M.).
CLEMATISSA VERRILLI Wright and Studer.

Clematissa verrilli WRIGHT, Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S.
Challenger during the years 18738-1876, 1889, p. 107.
A fragmentary specimen taken off the north coast of Maui, at Sta-
tion 4098, 95-152 fathoms (Cat. No. 22593, U.S.N.M.), is referred to
this species.

The type was secured by the Challenger off Tristan da Cunha

Island, from a depth of 360 fathoms.

Genus MENE LLA Gray.

Colony unbranched; calyces on all sides of stem, closely set; polyps

retractile, in retraction leaving an oblong concavity at the summit

of the calyx.
MENELLA GRANDIFLORA, new species.

Plate XLIV, fig. 5; plate XLVIII, fig. 6.

Colony an unbranched stem arising from a disk-like leathery base,
attaining a height of 256 mm. and a diameter of 83 mm. The stem

is slightly expanded at the distal end, making it somewhat club-

shaped.

Polyps very large, rather thickly emplanted on the sides, and more
closely on the front and back of stem. Calyces in form of truncated
cones 3 mm. high and 54 mm. broad at base, elliptical in section.
The polyp is often considerably exserted above the calyx, so that the
height of polyp and calyx together may be 7 mm.

Spicules large warty, sometimes forked, disposed irregularly
around the base of the cone, with a tendency toward a circular ar-
rangement. They form eight vertical bands on the calyx walls;
those of each band being en chevron basally and more nearly vertical
distally, their ends projecting above the margins of the walls.

The cesophageal region of the polyp is much more extensive than
usual in this family, and is surrounded by a number of rugosities
consisting of transversely disposed spicules, the upper rugosity form-
ing the collaret. Above this arise the tentacular spicules, disposed
en chevron basally and in several longitudinal rows distally. The
tentacles are erect and not distinctly folded over the mouth.

Color of axis very dark brown, in places, with greenish golden
iridescence; volyps very light brownish yellow, in alcohol.

Type.—Cat. No. 22590, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 3992, off
Kauai, 528 fathoms,

I ae, Ee TO Ee ee ee ee

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 585

Genus ECHINOMURICEA Verrill.

Calyces short, cylindrical, conical or truncated; tentacular opercula
horizontal; spicules long flat needles; with branched ends.

ECHINOMURICEA BRUNNEA, new species.

Plate XLV, fig. 1; plate XLIX, fig. 4.

Colony incomplete, flabellate in form, attaining a height of about
75 mm., consisting of a central stem which branches in a straggling
manner.

Calyces usually borne on opposite sides of stem and branches, but
in places on all sides, low, dome-shaped, and about 2 mm. high by 24
mm. broad at base. |

Polyps completely retractile, so that there is not even a distinct

opening at the top of the calyx.
_ Spicules small, of exceedingly varied form, many being spindle
shaped with both ends branched and forked, some being star shaped,
and some resembling the paxille of starfish in miniature. They
cover the surface of calyces and cortex, looking much like grains of
sand under the dissecting lens. There is a circlet of pointed spicules ~
around the top of the calyx at the margin of inversion, and there
are a few large warty spindle-shaped spicules arranged en chevron on
basal part of tentacles and longitudinally on distal part.

Color.—A uniform sandy brown.

Type.—Cat. No. 25325, U.S.N.M., Station 4079, between Hawaii
and Maui, 148-178 fathoms.

Distribution —South coast of Molokai: Station 3838, 92-212 fath-
oms (Cat. No. 22596, U.S.N.M.).

Between Molokai and Maui: Station 3859, 138-140 fathoms; Sta-
tion 3863, 154 fathoms (Cat. No. 25420, U.S.N.M.); Station 3885,
136-148 fathoms (Cat. No. 25327, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 4100, 130-151
fathoms (Cat. No. 25328, U.S.N.M.).

Between Hawaii and Maui: Station 4079, 143-178 fathoms (Cat.
No. 25325, U.S.N.M.).

_ This species bears much superficial resemblance to the Gorgonide,
but is distinctly amuriceid, and appears to belong to this genus, as
is shown by the arrangement of spicules in the polyps.

Genus CYCLOMURICEA, new genus.

Colony flabellata; calyces short, stout, columnar, their walls with
spicules transverse to the axis of the calyx and forming annular rings
around it. Spicules warty spindles.

Type.—Cyclomuricea flabellata,

586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. © vow. xxx1Vv.

CYCLOMURICEA FLABELLATA, new species.
Plate XLV, figs. 2 and 3; plate XLIX, fig. 1.

Colony (fragmentary) 65 mm. high, flabellate in general form.
Main stem giving off irregularly spaced branches from opposite
sides, and then dividing into two branches about 25 mm. from the
base; these latter branches giving off branchlets from one side only;
the branchlets again dividing, in some cases giving off terminal twigs
from both sides.

Polyps irregularly distributed on opposite sides of main stem, but

becoming more closely approximated on the smaller branches and —

twigs, where the distance between adjacent polyps is about 1 mm.
The calyces are inclined distally and bend slightly at the ends. They
are short, stout, columnar, about 1 mm. high, and their diameter is
about equal to their height. The cesophageal region is not well
differentiated.

Spicules, warty spindles, many of them rather slender, sometimes
forked, but usually fairly symmetrical. Those in the calyx walls are
transversely disposed, this disposition making it hard to differentiate
the collaret from the rest of the polyp, the spicules having the same
‘form and disposition. The tentacular spicules are of the same warty
form; several at bases of the tentacles converging distally en chevron,
but longitudinally arranged on the rest of the tentacle. .

Color.—Axis dark brown; polyps lighter brown, in alcohol.

Type.—Cat. No. 25331, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 4161, off Bird
Island, 39-183 fathoms.

Genus MURICELLA Verrill.

Ccenenchyma thin; calyces short, subconical; spicules warty
spindles.
MURICELLA TENERA Ridley.

Muricella tenera RipLEY, Zoological Collections of H. M. S. Alert, 1884,
Pp. 335.

The specimens secured by the Albatross agree better with the de-
scriptions of those secured by the Challenger than with the original
descriptions of Ridley, especially regarding the disposition of the
spicules on the calyx walls. The calyces are exceedingly variable
in size.

Distribution.—South coast of Molokai: Station 3854, 130-134
fathoms (Cat. No. 25373, U.S.N.M.).

Type—Locality—Port Molle, Queensland.

The Challenger specimens were secured off the Ki Islands, Papua.

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 587

Family CHRYSOGORGID Verrill.

Coenenchyma thin, polyps large, usually distant, in a single row
and nonretractile; base of attachment calcareous. Calyces not evi-
dent as separate from the polyp walls, to the shape of which they
strictly conform; no operculum nor collaret. Axis, when denuded,
generally with a brilliant metallic lustre.

Subfamily LHPIDOGORGIN 4.4

Colony simple, unbranched, slender; polyps in a single row.

Genus LEPIDOGORGIA Verrill.

The characters of the genus are the same as those of the subfamily.
LEPIDOGORGIA GIBBOSA, new species.
Plate XLV, fig. 6; plate XLIX, fig. 5.

The unbranched stems arise singly or in tufts from a fibrous mass
of rootlets which is small in comparison to the size of the stems;
height 150-200 mm.

Stem flexible, slender, covered with a thin ccenenchyma; bearing
equidistant and unilateral polyps inclined toward the distal end.

Polyps 27 mm. apart, emplanted along the whole length of the
stem; rather short, arising from a distinct swelling, which is larger
than the polyp body itself and embraces the stem. The polyp body
is sharply distinguished from this swelling, very short, being but
about 1 mm. in height to tentacles; tentacles very long and thread-
like, nonretractile, with long filamentous fringes. The tentacles are
very difficult to measure, on account of their being loosely coiled, but
they are at least twice as long as the polyp body.

The spicules are small, rod-like, sometimes cruciform, rather
sparsely distributed, longitudinally placed on polyp body, thickly dis-
tributed on the basal swelling and the-cortex, apparently absent in the
tentacles. Those of the cortex are scale-like and lobed in various
ways. All spicules are without pronounced verruce.

Siphonozooids are present in this species, between the basal
swellings.

Color.—lLight buffy yellow, the bared stems showing a dull golden
iridescence.

Type—Cat. No. 25330, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 3990, off
Kauai, 296-326 fathems.

Additional locality. —Off Kauai: Station 3989, 165-469 fathoms
(Cat. No. 25372, U.S.N.M.). Numerous specimens.

@The arrangement of subfamilies, genera, and subgenera here adopted is
substantially that of Versluys in his excellent monograph of the Chrysogorgidz
of the Siboga expedition.

588 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

LEPIDOGORGIA SPIRALIS, new species.

Plate XLV, fig. 5.

Colony unbranched, attaining a height of 4 feet 6 inches (135 em.).
Stem bending on its ascent in the form of a helix, exceedingly slender
and growing more so distally, until it is not much larger than a
coarse, hair. Root absent. .

Polyps uniserial, small, short, inclined toward distal end of stem,
placed at intervals of about 34 mm.; basal portion of polyp con-
sisting of a long swelling embracing the stem, from the distal and
lateral angle of which the polyp proper arises. Length of polyp,
from tentacle bases to branch, 14 mm.; diameter about 1 mm.
_ There appear to be no spicules whatever in this species.

Color.—Straw yellow, in alcohol, axis with indistinct violet and
purple reflections.

The spiral coiling of the stem may possibly be due to the manner in —
which it was packed in a can for transportation; but the “set ” ap-
pears to be natural. .

The entire absence of spicules appears to be a feature not before
met with in this family. The presence or absence of spicules does not
seem to be a good character for even generic definition in this order. —

Type.—Cat. No. 25355, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 4103, between
Maui and Molokai, 132-141 fathoms.

Subfamily CHRYSOGORGIIN %.
Colony branched; the branches simple or branched, branches often

spirally arranged; cortex thin; tenacles capable of but partial re-
traction; spicules sparsely distributed.

Genus CHRYSOGORGIA Verrill.

Branches geniculate, giving off branchlets, all of which are from
the same side of the branch. Stem sympodial, the branches being
given off ina spiral. Tentacles never truly retractile.

“Group A,” Versluys.

Polyps with spicules in body and tentacles that are shorter or
longer bar- or needle-shaped, with rounded or pointed ends, and with
surfaces covered with nodules; “ schuppen ” or scales are also present.
Exceptionally the body spicules are slender, but usually longer than
broad, sometimes with very few nodules, and all lying lengthwise
in the distal part of the body.

CHRYSOGORGIA ARBORESCENS, new species. —
Plate XLV, figs. 4 and 8; plate XLIX, fig. 6.

Height of incomplete colony 162 mm. The main stem divides into
two equal main branches about 25 mm. from the bottom; branch.

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 589

crigins two-fifths, right-handed.t The distance between branch
origins is about 3 mm., and the slightly ascending branches subdivide
about four times. Normal polyps ordinarily one to each node, but
two to a node on distal parts; small, rather slender, 14 to 2 mm. high.
Besides these there are a number of large abnormal polyps infested
with parasitic crustacea. These polyps are in some cases as much as
12 mm. high by 2 mm. in diameter.

Spicules, usually bar-lke, arranged longitudinally on body walls
and in tentacles. Not seldom irregular, branched forms are seen. The
spicules in the modified polyps are larger than elsewhere, and tend to
be more irregular. Here also they are arranged longitudinally in the
body walls.

Color of main stem light drab, main branches light yellow, polyps
almost white. It is probable that the branches and polyps are bright
yellow in life.

The stem has a dull greenish iridescence, where denuded, and this
becomes lighter green where the axis of the branches is seen. :

Type.—Cat. No. 25354, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 3973, near
French Frigate Shoal, 395-397 fathoms.

Additional locality—Between Hawaii and Maui: Station 4065,
491-500 fathoms.

CHRYSOGORGIA DELICATA, new species.
Plate XLV, fig. 7.

Colony, incomplete, about 50 mm. in height, with exceedingly deli-
cate stem and branches, the latter with but one or two bifurcations.
Spiral left-handed, one-third to a whorl; distance between branch
origins 4 mm.

Polyps about 24 mm. high, quite distant from each other, a single
one to a node, except where there are two on a distal node, much de-
composed and hard to study in the specimens secured.

Spicules squamiform, but so varied in form and size as to be almost
beyond description. They are rather large, with many lobular proc-
esses from their edges, and are imbricating and interlocked in an
exceedingly complex manner. They often have forked, lobular ends,
resembling those of C. axillaris. Their general trend seems to be
longitudinal in polyp walls, although there is a tendency to become
transverse on the polyp bases. Tentacular spicules curved, placed
transversely.

“These terms are used by Versluys. ‘‘ Branch origins two-fifths * means that
starting with a given branch origin, and following the origins of successive
branches upward, the sixth branch origin will be directly above the first. and
that the spiral traced through the branch origins will have passed meanwhile
twice around the stem. ‘ Right-handed” means that the spiral passes upward
in an opposite direction to that taken by the hands of a watch.

590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

Color.—Almost white throughout. Where the axis is bare it shows
a violet iridescence. .

The species is not far from “Chrysogorgia sp.?” Versluys,* with
which it agrees in the details of the polyp spicules.

Type.—Cat. No. 25332, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 4166, near
Bird Island, 293-800 fathoms.

CHRYSOGORGIA ELEGANS (Verrill).
Plate L, fig. 1.
Dasygorgia clegans VERRILL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XI, No. 1, 1883, p. 23.

Several specimens referable to this species were secured.

Distribution.—Between Molokai and Maui: Station 3866, 283-284
fathoms (Cat. No. 25339, U.S.N.M.).

North coast of Molokai: Station 3911, 334-337 fathoms: Station
3917, 294-330 fathoms (Cat. No. 25338, U.S.N.M.).

The material studied by Verrill was secured off Granada, 291
fathoms, and off Barbados, 237-347 fathoms.

CHRYSOGORGIA FLEXILIS (Wright and Studer).
Plate XLVI, fig. 1; plate L, fig. 6.

Dasygorgia flexilis WRIGHT and STuDER, Report on the Alecyonaria collected
by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 1889, p. 10.

Several fine colonies of this species were secured during the Ha- -
wallan cruise.

Distribution Between Molokai and Maui: Station 3868; 294-684
fathoms. (Cat. No. 25340 U.S.N.M.)

Between Maui and Molokai: Station 3901, 280-811 fathoms (Cat.
No. 25341, U.S.N.M.).

North coast of Molokai: Station 3925, 299-323 fathoms.

The specimen from Station 3868 differs from the others in having
more slender polyps, and in having a brighter golden iridescence to
the distal parts of the denuded stem and branches.

This species was collected by the Challenger off the coast of Chiloe,
at a depth of 120 fathoms.

CHRYSOGORGIA LATA Versluys.
Plate XLVI, fig. 2; plate LI, fig. 3.

Chrysosgorgia lata VERSLUYS, Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition, I, Die
Chrysogorgiidx, 1902, p. 33.

A beautiful colony, about.2 feet in height, was secured at Station

© \yv4l3%, off Kauai, 411-476 fathoms.

Other localities, Station 3989, off Kauai, 385-500 fathoms, and Sta-
tion 4187, off Kauai, 508-703 fathoms. (Cat. No. 25387, U.S.N.M.)

4Pie Gorgoniden der Siboga Expedition, I, Die Chrysogorgiidse, 1902, p. 78.

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 591

_ The type was secured by the Szboga expedition in the Celebes Sea
at a depth of 1,901 meters. ;

CHRYSOGORGIA SPICULOSA (Verrill).
Dasygorgia spiculosa VERRILL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XI, No. 1, 1883, p. 23.

A single specimen, collected off Bird Island, at Station 4151,
313-800 fathoms (Cat. No. 25356, U.S.N.M.), agrees better with the
description in the Challenger report (p. 91) than it does with Verrill’s
original description.

The material studied by Verrill was secured at five West Indian
stations, from depths varying from 334 to 573 fathoms. The Chal-
lenger secured this species off Pernambuco, from a depth of 350
fathoms.

“Group B, SQUAMOSH ABERRANTES,” Versluys.

Polyps with very thin squamous spicules only in the body. Ten-
tacular spicules very thick and irregular scales, sometimes terete
spicules.

CHRYSOGORGIA CURVATA Versluys.

Plate XLV, fig. 9.

Chrysogorgia curvata VERSLUYS, Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition, I,
Die Chrysogorgiide, 1902, p. 67. ;

An incomplete colony from near Bird Island, Station 4153, 962—
1,059 fathoms (Cat. No. 25371, U.S.N.M.), shows the characteristics
of this species very well, although it differs from the type in having
longer internodes, and the tentacular spicules do not show such jagged
ends as are figured by Versluys. It is doubtless the same species,
however.

Distribution.—The type was secured by the Stboga expedition be-
tween Halmahera and Gebe, from a depth of 1,089 meters.

CHRYSOGORGIA FLAVESCENS, new species.
Plate L, fig. 5.

The fragments of a large colony indicate an original height of
about 16 inches (40 cm.). Stem smooth, straight, and unbranched
for about 250 mm., distinctly geniculate at branch origins. Branch
origins one-third, left-handed, rather distant for this genus, being
about 12 mm. apart. Branches dividing four or five times. Polyps,
one to each internode of branches, rather distant, about 24 mm. high,
with bulging basal and constricted middle portions, projecting at
nearly a right angle from the branches.

Zooids are present on the branches.

Spicules squamiform, with lobulated edges, transverse on body
wall and on the outer surfaces of the tentacles, forming an imbri-

592 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, you.xxxy.

cating armor. This imbrication is formed by the lobulated upper
edges of the scales overlapping the smoother edges of those just
above. The spicules of the cortex are larger lobulated scales, longi-_
tudinally disposed. Occasional cruciform scales are seen.

Color.—Bufty yellow, with a bright golden iridescence where the
cortex is removed from the axis.

Type.—Cat. No. 25379, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 4125, between
Oahu and Kauai, 963 fathoms.

Additional locality——South of Lanai: Station 3879, 923-1,081
fathoms. .

The specimens from Station 3879 are mere fragments, and have ©
larger terminal polyps than the type. The single specimen which
forms the type is so fragmentary that I do not feel justified in dis-
secting the stem to find whether it is monopodial or not. From its
mode of growth, and long, smooth, straight basal part of the stem, I
suspect that it may belong to the next genus, J/etallogorgia.

CHRYSOGORGIA GENICULATA (Wright and Studer.)
Plate L, fig. 4.

Dasygorgia geniculata WricHt and StupEr, Report on the Alcyonaria
collected by H. M. 8. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 1889, p. 17.

This species shows the highly modified polyps referred to on page
589 that seem to be the result of the presence of parasitic crustacea
in the polyp cavities.

Some of these polyps are 7 mm. long, while the normal polyps are
but a little less than 2 mm. long. .

The station number of this specimen is lost. (Cat. No. 25360,
U.S.N.M.) * The types were taken by the Challenger off the Philip-
pines from a depth of 80 to 102 fathoms, and off the Japanese coast.
The species was also secured by the Siboga expedition, off Kei Island
from a depth of 148 to 621 meters.

CHRYSOGORGIA STELLATA, new species.
Plate XLVI, fig. 3; plate L, fig. 3.

Colony profusely branched, flabellate in general form, 150 mm.
high by 125 mm. in spread. Root, a round, flat white calcareous plate.
Main stem stout, beginning to branch 6 mm. from the root; first
three branches tending to form a spiral 54 mm. apart; then a large,
much divided branch is given off; then a smaller branch; and then
the stem divides into a bushy tuft of large branches, each being erect
and much divided, there being from seven to ten divisions of each.

Polyps usually two to each node on distal parts, and one to each
node on proximal parts of branches, inclined toward distal parts of

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 593—

branches; 4 mm. high, 24 mm. broad across crown of spines. Basal
part of polyps rather broad, the calyces expanding above into eight |
broad conspicuous spines composed of spicules longitudinally ar-
ranged, and pointing radially outward and upward, so that the whole
affair has a pronounced stellate outline when viewed from above.

Spicules usually smooth, without verruce, but often with lobular
processes. On the bases of the polyps they are obliquely arranged ;
higher up they are transverse, there being two horizontal series be-
tween the ridges under the tentacle bases, forming a concave surface
to which the spicules conform. Just above and inside of each of
the spines referred to above, a band of imbricating squamiform spic-
ules in several indefinite rows passes along the dorsal surface of
each infolded tentacle. The cortex contains an outer layer of long
terete spicules, and an inner layer of smaller, scale-like forms.

‘The color of the entire colony is a brilliant golden yellow when
fresh. The exposed surface of the axis shows a particularly bril-
hant golden luster, like highly burnished gold.

Type—Cat. No. 25380, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 3826, south
coast of Molokai, 371 fathoms.

Additional locality.—Between Molokai and Oahu: Station 4107,
355 fathoms.

This species is near Chrysogorgia octagonus Versluys® but the
branching is much more profuse, the angles at tentacle bases are
acute, and the arrangement of body spicules different.

. Genus METALLOGORGIA Versluys.

Branches irregular, distant or absent in proximal part of the
colony; on distal part they form a pannicle. Stem monopodial.

METALLOGORGIA MELANOTRICHOS (Wright and Studer).

Plate LI, fig. 5.

Dasygorgia melanotrichos Wright and StuprEr, Report on the Alcyonaria
collected by H. M S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 1889, p. 15.
Several fine specimens of this species were secured during the Ha-
Wailian cruise. One of these from Station 4018 had a smooth un-
branched stem 32 inches (80 cm.) long, surmounted by a graceful
pannicle or crown of branches.
Distribution—Oft Kauai Island: Station 4018, 724-804 fathoms.
Near Kauai Island: Station 4016, 305-318 fathoms (Cat. No. 25367,
U.S.N.M.).
Off Bird Island: Station 4157, 100-762 fathoms (Cat. No. 25384,
cs /NeM. ).

“Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition, I, Die Chrysogorgiids, 1902, p. 65.

594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

The type was secured by the Challenger off Ascension Island, 425
fathoms.

The Siboga expedition secured the species from Ternate and south
of Timor at depths of 765 to 1,994 meters.

METALLOGORGIA SQUARROSA (Wright and Studer).
Plate LI, fig. 4.

Dasygorgia squarrosa WRIGHT and SruperR, Report on the Aleyonaria col-
lected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, 1889, p. 14.

A number of colonies which agree almost exactly with the original

description of this species were collected during the Hawaiian cruise. ©

The mode of growth is the characteristic one for this genus, to which
I therefore refer the species. :

Distribution.—South coast of Molokai: Station 38828, 281-319
fathoms (Cat. No. 25335, U.S.N.M.).

Off Kauai: Station 3992, 528 fathoms (Cat. No. 25349, U.S.N.M.) ;
Station 3997, 418-429 fathoms (Cat. No. 25350, U.S.N.M.) 5; Station
4003, 406- 761 fathoms (Cat. No. 25336, U.S.N.M.) ; Station 4016,
305-318 fathoms.

Between Molokai and Oahu: Station 4107, 350-355 fathoms.

The type was secured by the Chang” south of the Philippine
Islands, depth 500 fathoms.

Genus IRIDOGORGIA Verrill.

Axis growing in the form of an upright spiral. Branches simple,
long, slender, arranged on one side of the heliciform stem: their bases
therefore being inserted in a helix.

IRIDOGORGIA BELLA, new species.
Plate XLVI, fig. 4; plate LI, fig. 1.

The incomplete stem is 325 mm. in actual length, but coiled in
such a close helix that the actual height of the colony is only 93 mm.
Stem thick and wire-like in structure, very different from the pre-
ceding species, bearing a series of closely approximated simple
branches on one side, che outer. Branches 4 mm. apart, equally
spaced, gracefully curved, about 112 mm. in length. They were
almost all stripped from the stem, but apparently they all belonged
to the same specimen; only five of them remained normally attached.

Polyps uniserial, 7 mm. apart, each arising from a long swelling

which embraces the branch, cylindrical, inclined toward the distal —

end of the branch, proximal end smaller than the distal, about 24
mm. high. The tentacles are matted together over the tops of the

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 595

polyps so that their form is difficult to ascertain. They do not
appear to be retractile.

Spicules long or needle-like, or aed sometimes slightly
branched ; emo vertically in body walls, where they are thickly
packed, and distally forming eight broad longitudinal bands ending
at points between the tentacle bases. The tentacular spicules are
longitudinal.

Zooids are rather sparsely scattered over the upper sides of the
branches. .

Type.—Cat. No. 25359, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 4019, near
Kauai Islands, 405-550 fathoms.

The close helix into which the stem is coiled, together with the
very stiff and wiry texture, are the chief diagnostic features of this
species.

IRIDOGORGIA SUPERBA, new species.

Plate XLVI, fig. 5; plate L, fig. 2.

Two pieces of an incomplete specimen measured, together, 5 feet
4 inch. Main stem stout, brittle, straight on all but distal portion
where it becomes wavy; its whole length marked by the regular
_ branch origins arranged in a spiral, or helix. In the proximal part
each turn of the helix, measured vertically, is 17 mm., in the distal part
itis 24mm. The adjacent branch origins are2to3mm.apart. There
are a few scattered polyps on the stem. The branches are slender, un-
branched and gracefully curved, 125 to 175 mm. in length.

Polyps unilateral in arrangement, on the upper sides of the
branches, 5 to 6 mm. apart, arising from a long swelling basal por-
_tion which is parallel to the axis of the stem. Above this swelling the
_ body is short and stout, bearing very long, nonretractile tentacles.
Length of basal seal tae 24 mm.; height, 1 mm. Diameter of body
above basal swelling, 14 mm.; height, 1 mm.; length of longest ten-
tacle (in alcohol), 6 mm.

Zooids are distributed in groups along the branches, sometimes
being aggregated near the polyp bases.

The spicules are remarkably uniform in size and shape, being in
the form of rather slender smooth bars with rounded ends, somewhat
constricted in the middle. They are found longitudinally disposed
in the cortex of the branches, and transversely disposed in the ex-
panded bases of the polyps. The remainder of the polyps and the
tentacles appear to be without spicules.

The color of the main stem is grayish yellow; branches and polyps
bright corn yellow. The iridescence of the exposed axis is brilliant
green.

Type.—Cat. No. 22316, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 3989, off Kauai,

885-500 fathoms.

596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxx1v.

This was the handsomest alcyonarian that the writer has ever seen
as it came up in the trawl. Nothing could be more graceful than the
arrangement and attitude of the slender, symmetrical branches.

The species differs from Jridogorgia pourtales: in having more
closely approximated branches, shape, and spiculation of polyps, as
well as in size.

Subfamily RIISHIN 45.

Colonies branched ; twigs borne on only one side of branches; cor-
tex and polyp walls thick; tentacles capable of retraction within the
body cavity.

Genus PLEUROGORGIA Versluys.

Colony palmate; branchlets in a straight row on one side of
branch, and all in the same plane; polyps arranged in a thickly set
row on one side of branchlets.

PLEUROGORGIA MILITARIS, new species.
Plate XLVI, fig. 8; plate LI, fig. 2

Colony incomplete, consisting of a straight smooth stem about 112
mm. long, giving off unilateral branches which are 8 mm. apart and
all in the same plane. The branches are very slightly curved, but not
bent or geniculate; their surface is smooth, and on their upper sides
are borne the equidistant polyps which are about 7 mm. apart. On
another specimen of the same species the stem bears a row of similarly
spaced polyps opposite the branches, each being about one-third the
length of an internode below the branch origin on the opposite side.

The polyps are rather slender, cylindrical, 8 mm. high to base of
tentacles, the broadest part being beneath the tentacle bases. They
stand erect, nearly at right angles to the branch, but are sometimes
inclined toward the distal end. The tentacles are long, nonretractile,
with conspicuous fringes.

Spicules long, needle-shaped, forming eight very conspicuous lon-
gitudinal bands in polyp walls, ending in acute points at tentacle
bases. Tentacle spicules few or entirely wanting. The cortex ap-
pears smooth, but contains a very thin layer of scale-like spicules
with jagged ends, longitudinally disposed.

Color of stem, dark brown with slight iridescence ; branches and
polyps lighter browne

Type. BOG At No. 25334, U.S.N.M., Wibaiross Station 4093, northeast
approach to channel between Maui and Molokai, 1171 fathoms.

This was one of the deepest successful hauls made during the cruise.

The name mlitaris was suggested by the stiff regularity of the
attitude of the polyps.

No. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIJAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 597

Family GORGONELLID Wright and Studer.

Branched forms with a calcareous axis, thin smooth ccenenchyma,
and biradially disposed polyps. Spicules small warty double clubs
and stellate forms. Longitudinal furrows on the flattened anterior
and posterior faces of the stems and larger branches.

Genus VERRUCELLA Milne Edwards.

Colony branched, calyces wart-like, surmounted by an eight-rayed,
star-like pseudo-operculum formed of the tentacle bases.

VERRUCELLA BICOLOR, new species.

Plate XLVI, figs. 6, 7.

Colony incomplete, 25 mm. high, consisting of a short basal stem
which almost immediately breaks up into two subequal branches, one
of which divides dichotomously twice, the other once; one of the
resultant branches also divides once; the whole form being flabellate.
Another specimen of about the same size divides into three main
branches, each of which sends off irregularly disposed branchlets,
only the end divisions being dichotomous.

The polyps are distributed on two sides, and sometimes on the back
of the branches, leaving an area in front which is almost entirely de-
void of polyps, and which is traversed by two or more longitudinal
canals which appear superficially as darker longitudinal bands.

Calyces irregularly.spaced, averaging about 14 mm. apart, verruci-
form, in the shape of low domes when the polyps are retracted, and in
the shape of truncated cones when the polyp is expanded. Height
about 1 mm.

Spicules, small warty spindles, often curved, sometimes forming
stars or double stars, uniformly distributed in the cortex and calycu-
lar walls. Just below the tentacle bases is a row of curved transverse
spicules like a primitive collaret, and above these two converging
spicules form the first of the tentacular spicules which are reinforced
by one to three narrow spindles on each tentacle. These form the
-eight-rayed star-like operculum referred to in the generic definition
given by Wright and Studer.

Color.—Coral red in one specimen and orange yellow in the other.
The exposed polyps are yellow.

Type.—Cat. No. 25333, U.S.N.M., Albatross Station 3982, off Kauai
Island, 40-233 fathoms. Red.

Additional locality.—Northeast coast of Maui: Station 4072, 59
fathoms. Yellow.

Proce. N. M. vol. xxxiv—08——39

598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. ae |

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following list includes papers to which reference is made in this report,
those containing the original description of genera and species found in the
’ Hawaiian region, and those bearing upon the geographical distribution of these
species. It does not include numerous papers consulted, but not found to con-
tain matter pertinent to the subject of Hawaiian Alcyonaria.
Epwarps, H. Mitne. Histoire naturelle des coralliaires. Paris, 1857.

FisHer, W. K. The Starfishes of the Hawaiian Islands, U. S. Fish Commission
Bulletin, 1903. Part 3. 1906.

Gray, J. E. Synopsis of the Families and Genera of the Axiferous Zoophytes or

Barked Corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part 25.

London, 1857.

Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the Collection of the British

Museum. London, 1870.

Notes on some New Genera and Species of Alcyonoid Corals in the British

Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th series, V, 1870.

Hitres, Asa L. Gorgonacea collected by Doctor Willey: A. Willey’s Zoological

Results, Part 2. Cambridge, 1899.

Report on the Gorgonacean Corals collected by J. Stanley Gardiner at

Funafuti. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London, 1899.

Husrecut, A. A. On a New Pennatulid from the Japanese Sea. Proceedings
of the Zoological Society of London. London, 1885.

KOLLIKER, A. Anatomisch-Systematische Beschreibung der Alcyonarien. Hrste
Abtheilung: Die Pennatuliden. Frankfort, 1872.

——Die Pennatulide Umbellula und zwei neue Typen der Alcyonarien.
Festschrift zur Feier des funfundzwanzigjiihrigen Bestehens der pbysic-
alisch-medicinischen Gesellschaft in Wiirzburg, 1874. :

— Report on the Pennatulida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the
years 1873-1876. London, 1880.

— Icones Histologic, oder Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehr. 2te Abthei-
lung; 1st Hefte. Leipzig, 1865.

KOREN, JOHAN, and DANIELSSEN, D. ©. Nye Alcyonider, Gorgonider, og Penna-
tulider tilhdrende Norges Fauna. Bergen, 1883.

LaMarcx, J. B. P. A. DE. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans vertébres, II,
Paris, 1816.

Nuttine, C. C. Mydroids of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the Steamer
Albatross in 1902. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, 1903, Part 3, 1905.

PourRTALES, L. F. bE. Contributions to the Fauna of the Gulf Stream at great
depths. Bulletins of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, I, No. 7. Cam-
bridge, 1869.

Pratt, EpirH M. Report on the Alcyoniide collected by Professor Herdman in
Ceylon, in 1902. Ceylon Pearl Fisheries, 1905, Supplementary Reports, ~
No. XIX.

STuBER, THoMAS. Uebersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche wihrend der
Reise 8S. M. 8. Gazelle um die Erde gesammelt wurden; Monatsbericht der
koOniglich preussischen Academie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Septem-
ber and October, 1878. Berlin, 1879.

Note préliminaire sur les Aleyonaires. Report on the dredging operations ~

off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast

of Mexico and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz,
carried on by the U. S. F. C. steamer Albatross during 1891. Bulletin

Museum of Comparative Zoology, XXV, No. 5.

No. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAITAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 599

STuDER, THoMAS. Alcyonaires provenant des campagnes de |’ Hirondelle, 1886—
1888. Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplis sur son yacht par
Albert 1°° Prince Souverain de Monaco: Fascicule 20, 1901.

VERRILL, A. E. Review of the Corals and Polyps of the West Coast of America.
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, I, 1868.
—— Notice of recent additions to the Marine Fauna of the Hastern Coast of
North America. No. XXXVIII. American Journal of Science and Art,

XVI, 1878. : ;

— Report on the Anthozoa, and on some additional Species dredged by the
Blake in 1877-1879, and by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk
in 1880. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, XI, No. 1.
Cambridge, 1883.

VERSLUYS, J. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition, I, Die Chrysogorgiide.

Leiden, 1902.

Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition, II, Die Primnoidz. Leiden, 1906.

WHITELEGGE, T. The Aleyonaria of Funafuti. Memoirs of the Australian Mu-
seum, III, Part 5. Sydney, 1897. i

Wricut, EK. P. The Aleyonaria. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage
of H. M. S. Challenger, ete. Narrative of the Cruise, I, Part 2. London,
1885.

WaricHt, H. P., and StupER, TH. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. 8.
Challenger during the years 1873-1876. London, 1889.

EXPLANATION OF PLATHS.

The photographic work was done by the author. The drawings of spicules
were made by Dr. William B. Bell.

PLATE XLI.

Fig.1. Clavularia spiculicola Nutting, X 4. The Clavularia is seen growing
on a Sponge spicule.

2. Clavularia corrugata. Nutting, X 4. Individual polyps above, and a por-
tion of solenium growing over the peculiar woody substance on which
the colonies were found below.

_3. Spongodes alexanderi Nutting, X 4. The specimen was so thick that

only portions of it could be brought into focus.

4. Siphonogorgia collaris Nutting, X 4.

5. Pennatula flava Nutting. Entire colony, reduced about one-third.

6. Pennatula flava Nutting. Two of the pinne, X 4.

7. Pennatula sanguinea Nutting. Entire colony, reduced about one-third.
8. Pennatula sanguinea Nutting. Two of the pinne, X 4.

9. Pennatula palliaa Nutting. Entire colony, reduced about one-third.
0. Pennatula pallida Nutting. Two of the leaves, X 4.

PLATE XLII.

Fig. 1. Calibelemnon symmetricum Nutting. Entire colonies, slightly reduced.
2. Calibelemnon symmetricum Nutting. Three polyps, X 4.
3. Umbellula jordani Nutting, reduced about one-third.
4. Umbellula gilberti Nutting, reduced about one-third.
5. Cladiscus studeri Nutting. Front and back views of colony, slightly
reduced.
6. Cladiscus studeri Nutting. Group of polyps, X 4.
7. Protoptilum wrighti Nutting. Portion of colony, X 4.
8. Trichoptilum attenuatum Nutting. Portion of colony, X 4.
9. Umbellula, species. Slightly magnified.

600

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIV.

12

Vig.

Fig.

nome
2,
3
4

=] Sy ° (oxi

ea)

OUR oo lo Ht

=] Oo

WON why

ies)

PLATE XLII.

Ceratoisis flabellum Nutting. Portion of colony, Xx 4.
Ceratoisis grandis Nutting. Individual polyps, xX 4.

. Amphilaphis biserialis Nutting. Portion of a colony, X 2.
. Caligorgia gilberti Nutting. Portion of a colony, X 2.
. Stachyodes bowersi Nutting. Colony, showing parasitic Ophiocreas,

Kose

. Stachyodes bowersi. Portion of branch, X 2.
. Stachyodes angularis Nutting. Portion of branch, X 2.
. Calyptrophora versluysi Nutting. Portions of two branches, X 2.

PLatE XLIV,

. Paramuricea hawaiiensis Nutting. Portions of branches, X 3.
. Anthomuricea tenuispina Nutting. Portion of colony, X 2.

Clematissa tenue Nutting. Two branches, X 2.

. Clematissa aiba Nutting. Portion of branch, X 2.
. Menella grandiflora Nutting. Portion of stem, X 2.
. Stenella helninthophora Nutting. Portions of branch, X 3.

and 8. Stenella helminthophora. Portions of branches, showing the im-
mensely enlarged scales which form the arcades under which parasitic
annelids live.

. Small portion of branch with scales natural size, X 2.

PLATE XLV.

. Echinomuricea brunnea Nutting. Parts of two branches, X 2.
. Cyclomuricea fiabellata Nutting. Distal end of branch, X 2.
. Cyclomuricea flabellata Nutting. Distal part of larger branch, X 2.

Chrysogorgia arborescens Nutting. Two polyps, X 8.

. Lepidogorgia spiralis Nutting. Portions of colony, X 3.
. Lepidogorgia gibbosa Nutting. Portion of colony, X 2.

. Chrysogorgia delicata Nutting. Portion of colony, X 2.

. Chrysogorgia arborescens Nutting. Part of branch, to show difference in

size between the normal polyps (above) and abnormally enlarged
polyp (below).

. Chrysogorgia curvata Versluys. Portion of branch, X 2.

Prarn, XUV:

. Chrysogorgia flerilis (Wright and Studer). Three polyps, X 2.

Chrysogorgia lata Versluys. Three polyps, X 6.
Chrysogorgia stellata Nutting. End of branch, X 2.

. Iridogorgia bella Nutting. Ends of branches, X 2.

. Iridogorgia superba Nutting. Parts of branches, X 2.

. Verrucella bicolor Nutting. Part of colony, red phase, X 2.

. Verrucella bicolor Nutting. Part of colony, yellow phase, X 2.
. Plewrogorgia militaris Nutting. Part of branch, X 2.

PLATE XLYVII.

. Spicules of Clavularia spiculicola Nutting, X 45.
. Spicules of Spongodes alexandert Nutting, X 45.

—— ). ee te oh ee

no. 1624. DESCRIPTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ALCYONARIA—NUTTING. 601

Fig. 38. Spicules of Ceratoisis flabellum Nutting, X 12.
4, Spicules of Amphilaphis biserialis Nutting, X 45.
5. Spicules of Stenelia helminthophora Nutting, X 30.
6. Spicules of Caligorgia gilberti Nutting, X 45.

Puiate: XLVIII.

Spicules of Stachyodes angularis Nutting, X 30.
Cortex scales of Stachyodes bowersi Nutting, X 12.
. Spicules of Paranuricea hawatiensis Nutting, X 45.
. Spicules of Clematissa alba Nutting, X 45.

. Spicules of Anthomuricea tenuispina Nutting, X 45.
. Spicules.of Menella grandifiora Nutting, X 45.

ankrwhy bu

PLATE NLIX.

1. Spicules of Cyclomuricea flabellata Nutting, X 45.
2. Spicules of Clematissa tenwe Nutting, X 45.

3. Spicules of Ceratoisis grundis Nutting, < 45.

4. Spicules of Hchinomuricea brunnea Nutting, < 45.
5. Spicules of Lepidogorgia gibbosa Nutting, X 45.

6. Spicules of Chrysogorgia arborescens Nutting, X 45.

PLATE L.

. Spicules of Clrysogorgia elegans (Verrill), X 45.

. Spicules of Jridogorgia superba Nutting, X 45?

. Spicules of Chrysogorgia stellata Nutting, X 60.

. Spicules of Chrysogorgia geniculata (Wright and Studer), X 45.
. Spicules of Chrysogorgia flavescens Nutting, X 5.

. Spicules of Chrysogorgia flexilis (Wright ‘and Studer), X 45.

Oni ww py

PrLate LI.

. Spicules of Iridogorgia bella Nutting, X 45.

. Spicules of Pleurogorgia militaris Nutting, X 45.

. Spicules of Chrysogorgia lata Versluys, X 45.

. Spicules of J/etallogorgia squarrosa (Wright and Studer), X 45

. Spicules of Mletallogorgia melanotrichos (Wright and Studer), X 45.

oT nw hb

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIV PL. XLI

ALCYONARIA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 599.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIV PL. XLII

ry

A Lo tf get.
SPR as

A
re

f Saree

fe

ALCYONARIA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 599.

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIV PL. XLIII

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

ALCYONARIA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 600.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIV PL. XLIV

ALCYONARIA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 600.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIV PL. XLV

ALCYONARIA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PACE 600.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIV PL. XLVI

ALCYONARIA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 600.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIV PL. XLVII

ALCYONARIA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 600, 601.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIV _ PL. XLVIII

ALCYONARIA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 601.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIV PL. XLIX

ALCYONARIA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 601.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIV PL. L

ALCYONARIA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 601.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIV PL. LI

ALCYONARIA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 601.

iii |

5060 ie