S3idvaan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi nivinoshii

rz tn — (n —

NSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHii/JS SBiavyaiT LIBRARIES SMITHSONI

00

>

U) ± £/) _

BR ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHil

3iyvdan l

NSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHilWS S3iaVHan LIBRARIES SMITHSONI

53ibvyan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi nvinoshii

o

NSTITUTION NOIiniliSNrNVINOSHillMS S3 I d VM a n~L I B R AR I ES SMITHSON

CD

>

33

S3iavyan l

BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHil

en — _ CO

INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI ""NVINOSHillAIS SSiaVdaiT LIBRARIES SMITHSON
2 r- , 2 _ r- Z

S3 I avy a n "lI B RAR l ES SMITHSONIAN~INSTITUTION'^NOIiniliSNI~NVINOSHl

INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVIN0SHillMS*^S3 I d Vd 3 IT LIBRARIES SMITHSON
(/J ^ \ </> 5 tn

^v^

»

S3 I aVd a n^ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHil

— /ft ~ £/l —

INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHill/NS S3lbVaan LIBRARIES SMITHSON

BR ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHi
</> _ z « (/) 2:

I

CO

O

S3iavyan l

V

N^

2 , )C^" >

INSTITUTION "NOIiniliSNI NVIN0SHilWS^S3 I M VH 8 H LI B RAR I ES^SMITHSON

en 2 "^ '^ ^ -^ *''

(/J

o
_ z _

S3iyvaan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi NViNOSHi

INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHillMS S3iaVdan LIBRARIES SMITHSON

, <

S3iyvdan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNiNViNOSHi

— c/) — <o —

en

cr

2 -J Z

INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHilWS S3iaVdan LIBRARIES SMITHSON
2 r^ , 2 r- Z

>
</> - (/) _

S3iaviian libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi nvinoshi

INSTITUTION '^N0linillSNI__NVIN0SHilWS^S3 I d Vd 8 H^LI B RAR I ES*^SMITHS0N
^ ^ </> ^ z \ ^ ^ ^ 5 t''

**»k»«i'V £ "

tm

mm

DEPART/nENT OE AGRICULTURE,

NEW SOUTH WALES.

SCIENCE BULLETIN,
No. 18.

June, 1921

A Descriptive Catalogue of the Scale
Insects ("Coccidae") of Australia.

PART 11.

W. W. FROGGATT, F.L.S.,

Government Entomologist.

Workers in the respective branches of Economic Science covered
by this series of Science Bulletins will receive such of them as may
be of use in their special branches of study upon application to the
Under Secretary and Director, Department of Agriculture, Sydney.

svoNcr: william appueoate oullick, government phinter.— 1921

No. o; Copies issued, 1,000.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

■>%

;^;-, NKW SOUTH WALES.

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

A Descriptive Catalogue of the Scale
Insects rcocciDAE") of Australia.^

PART IL

W. W. FROGGATT/^F.L.S.,

Government Entomologist.

SYDNEY : WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

I921.

t 98176- A

Defartaent of Agriculture.

NEW SOUTH WALES.

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

A Descriptive Catalogue of the Scale
Insects C'Coccidae") of Australia.

PART II.

SUB-FAMILY V .—Lecaniinoe.

The scale insects included in this division are distinguished from the mem-
bers of the last sub-family in the females having the posterior extremity of
("ihe abdomen cleft. " The anal orifice closed above by an operculmn, con-
ilsting typically of a pair of triangular hinged plates (the anal plates or anal
scales), forming a valve " (Green). The adult female in the typical group
[Lecanium) is naked, and furnished with legs and antennae; in others it is
covered with waxy, glassy, horny, cottony or felted secretions, and the legs
may be rudimentary or wanting. The Lecanid larvse are active little crea-
tures, with well developed legs and antennae, showing the anal cleft of the
abdomen and a stout seta on either side.

Though attaching themselves to the bark or leaf surface of their food-
plant, both the larvse and the females, in the early stages of development in
some of the groups, can move from place to place, and frequently do so
when their food-plant has been gathered and begins to dry. The adult
female coccid, naked or covered, deposits her eggs in masses between herself
and the bark upon which she is feeding, the contraction of the abdominal
segments forming a regular cavity in which the eggs and freshly hatched
larvse are protected until the latter emerge from beneath the diied-up re-
mains of the female. The male larvse, as they develop in many of the
genera, construct glassy angulated or ribbed coverings within which they
pupate. In some groups male puparia are very rare, in others they are
unknown.

This sub-family is well represented in Australia by many fine native
species peculiar to the country, and most of the cosmopolitan genera, such
as the brown olive scale and the Indian wax scales have been accidentally
introduced with their food-plants, and are now well established in our
orchards and gardens.

The following -genera are rei^resented in Australia : — XIII Ceronema,
XIV Pnlviimria, XV Tectopulvinaria, XVI Lichtensia, XVII Signoretia,
XVIII Ceroflastes, XIX Ctenochiton, XX Inglisia, XXI Cewplasiodes,
XXII Lecanium, XXIII Cryptes, XXIV Alcerda, XXV Lecanopsis.

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XIII. Ceronema, Maskell.

Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxvii, p. 55, 1894.
Cockerell, Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxxi, p. 330, 1899.

This genus was formed by Maskell for an Australian coccid that is allied
to Pidvirvirla. He says : " Adult female covered wholly or partially by
tests of threads more or less closely woven, neither glassy, cottony or felted-
Never forming homogeneous plates, no fringe. Lecanid in form, with noimal
cleft and lobes. Male scale covered by a glassy test of normal Lecanid form,
comprised of plates more or less homogeneous."

Cockerell supplements this in his " Tables for the determination of the
genera of Coccidae." Female secreting a thick mass of white waxy threads,
which, however, do not cover the middle of the back; round the sides are
threads spreading in all directions; antennae six-jointed, third much the
longest ; legs rather slender, tibise longer than tarsi. Two species have been
described from Australia ; another has been described from China and Japan
upon the tea plant, by Maskell ; and a fourth upon the tea plant in Ceylon.
I have another very handsome large species upon the foliage of eucalypts in
New South Wales.

Ceronema banJcsice, Maskell (Figs. 1 and 2.)
Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxvii, p. 56, pi. iv, figs. 1-13, 1894.
This insect was found by me upon the leaves of Banksia serrata, the com-
mon " honeysuckle " of our coast, in the vicinity of Manly, N.S.W. It is a
rare scale, and I have only found it three or four times in all my collecting.
Fuller says that this species is found on three different species of Banksias
in Western Australia.

The test or covering of the adult female is white, nearly one-third of an
inch in length, broadly rounded, oval, the outer margins consisting of fine
hairs resting on the surface of the leaf, with the rest forming two rolls of
white waxy threads, or rather strands, folding over on either side with a
parallel cleft down the centre like the jDarting in a man's hair, but biushed
round on either side.

The adult female is therefore hidden, except down the centre of the ba ck ;
she is dark, reddish brown, about one-eighth of an inch in length, oval,
slightly convex, with the centre of the back smooth, but either side thickly
marked with oval pores, and the outer margin of the body fringed with fine
hairs. Furnished mth six-jointed antennae and small feet. The male
puparium is silvery white, slender elliptical, -ro inch in length, beautifully
striated, marked with a triangular plate at both extremities.

630 Ceronema banksice. Cat. Coccidae, p. 127.

SCALE INSECTS (« COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.

(a) Dorsal view.

1

1 "^1 * /0r . NaTura,! Size

s

Fig. 1.

(h) Side ripw.
-Ceronema banksite. Female.

(a) Dorsal view.

(b) Side view.
Fig. 2. — Ceronema banksue. Male.

a)

Ceronema aindata, n.sp. (Fig. 3).

Tnis species has been obtained by me on several occasions in the foliage of
Eucalyptus robnsta at Thirroul on the South Coast, and at Lake Toronto,
near Newcastle. The felted se-
cretionary covering is nmch more
abundant than in C. hankske, the
strands, thickened and well de-
fined, curling round on either side
and at the anal extremity, forming
regular curled strands, two of
which curving outward coalesce
and turning back merge into the
other mass forming a curled tail
like the handle of a teapot. The
filamentous strands are so thick
on the dorsal surface that they
almost touch down the centre of
the back, and the regular parting
is indistinct.

Fig. 3.

(a) Dorsal ^1ew.

(b) Side view.
-Ceronema cctudata, n.sp.

6 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

The general shape is broadly, irregularly round, the secretion forming
rounded irregular masses on the flattened summit. Length and diameter
up to J inch, the curled handle or tail projecting another ^ inch behind.

The male test, elongate, oval, semi-transparent, white, with a yellow tint
from the presence of the enclosed larval male coccid. The outer maiginB
finely crenulated and the dorsal surface formed of glassy plates forming a
slender lanceolate jDattein, slightly under | inch in length. The adult female,
reddish brown, with the outer margins lighter, broadly oval, convex, with
the anal cleft very distinct, length about i inch.

Ceronema dri/andrce, Fuller.
Journal of Depi. of Agriculture, W. Australia, vol. iv, p. 1345, 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 460, 1899.

Fuller says : " A sj^ecies closely allied to C. banlsice, but handsomer and
easily distinguished by the form of the test, which covers the whole of the
dorsum excepting a small elliptical spot towards one end. Taken upon
Dryandra florabunda and D, nivea, near Perth, Western Australia."

631. Ceronema dryandrcB. Cat. Coccidse, ^. 127

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.

Genus XIV, Pulvinaria, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Catalogue, 1869, p. 34.

Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. iii, p. 29, 1873.

Newstead, Mon. British Coccidir, vol. ii, p. 50, 1903.

The members of this genus are closely allied to those of the last. In the
earlier stages of the development of the female and during the whole of the
life-history of the male coccid they do not show any stiuctmal differences.
The adult female, however, when laying her eggs produces a wad of fine
filaments beneath, and often surrounding, but never completely enveloping
her on the dorsal surface.

Newstead says : " Adult females naked, ovisac secreted at period of par-
turition not enveloping the insect. Puparium of male inseparable from the
puparia of Lecairium."'

Sixty-one species are listed from all parts of the world, and are found upon
all kinds of trees, shrubs, and even small plants. They are well represented
n Australia.

Pulvinaria contexta, n.sp.
Sj)eciirrens obtained at^ Mittagong, New South Wales, upon the tv-igs of
Bossiaea, sp., and DiUwynia jtmiperina.

Adult female resting against the irregularly rounded ovisac, composed of
felted white filaments without any regular structure, usually half hidden
with the loose woolly matter in front. Length of female and ovisac, ^ inch.
General colour, brown. Treated with potash, transparent ; cephalic portion
slightly contracted, rest broadly oval, with the anal segments rounded at
the tips, and a very slight shallow anal cleft ; no marginal spines, and epider-
mis appears to be finely shagreened. Legs, slender; antennae slender,
rather long.

Male puparium coi^iposed of white crystalline plates, forming a slender
box flattened on the dorsal surface with two parallel stria? meeting at the
extremities; the ends truncate above, rounded on the margin ; sides sloping
down, divided into sections by six fine white transveise lines or ridges.
Length, just under r„ inch.

8 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Pulvinaria dariviniensis, n.sp.
The type specimens were collected by Mr. F. G. Hill upon Caladium, sp.,
gro\ving near Port Darwin, Northern Territory. This is a well defined
species, though the females are not quite adult.

Female dull yellow, central portion darkest, margins lightest, resting upon
a pad of soft white woolly secretion, with the ovisacs pure white composed
of soft woolly filaments without any defined pattern extending beyond ; the
female slightly broader, round to the apex. Length of female, iV inch ; with
ovisac, y inch.

Female broadly elongate ; rounded at both extremites ; slightly contiatted
at cephalic portion ; somewhat flattened, probably convex when alive ; aral
segment broadly divided by a wedge-shaped cleft; anal opening apparently
large. Antennse long, slender, eight-jointed; first short, broad; second
and third nearly uniform; fourth to seventh tapering, with the eighth
slightly longer and pointed; legs well developed; thighs of foie pair large,
tarsal joint long, tarsal claw large.

Pulvinaria dodon<ece, Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxv, p. 222, pi. xiii, figs. 8-9, 1892.
This coccid was described from South Australia upon the foliage of
Dodoncea hursarifolia and Myoporum, sp.

Maskell says : " The adult female is reddish brown, darkening with age.
Before gestation the form is regularly elliptical, flattish or slightly convex,
and has the appearance of a full-grown Lecanium ; as she shiivels up she
simply becomes a brown speck in a mass of cottony secretion. The varia-
tions in size and colour render it somewhat difficult to identify. Adult
female, ^ to -^V inch in length; ovisac, ^ inch.

656. Pulvinaria dodoncece. Cat. Coccidse, p. 132.

Pulvinaria flavicans, Maskell.
Trans. Royal Society, S. Atistralia, p. 103, pi. xii, f. 3, 1888.
Cockerell, Pro. Academy, Nat. Sciences, Phil., p. 272. 1899.

Specimens described on the foliage of an undetermined native plant from
South Australia.

" Adult female yellowish brown, not globular or g^ll-like, slightly convex,
rugose, outline sub-elliptical, naked, but producing an ovisac, upon which
it rests. A fringe of short spines, very close together, right roimd the margin
Antennse apparently eight-jointed. Legs well developed."

666. Pulvinaria flavicans. Cat. Coccidse, p. 132.

SCALE INSECTS ("COOCID^") OF AUSTRALIA.

9

Pidvinaria floccifera, Westwood.
Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 308, f. 52. 1870.

Newstead, Mon. British Coccidce, vol. ii, p. 9, pi. ii, figs. 6-7. 1902.
P III inaria candicola, Siga. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. iii, p. 32. 1873.

„ phaioe. King. Entomological News, p. 311. 1899.

„ brassioe, Ckll. Canadian Entomologist, p. 135. 1895.

This is an introduced species, recorded from New Zealand and Australia ;
almost cosmopolitan in its range, on many garden shrubs, such as Camellia,
Euonymiis, Brassia, Phaius, &c.

It is the common hothouse scale in England and France, appearing on the
underside of the leaves, where, after the adult female has deposited her eggs,
she usually shrivels up and, falling off, leaves behind her the white cottony
ovisac enveloping the eggs.

Newstead says : "' Adult female in life distinctly cordate, but becoming
more wrinkled after gestation. Colour pale yellow ; lower half of the body
mottled with reddish brown or brightly ochreous; 2-3 mm. in length." The
ovisac, either curved or straight, is usually five to eight times the length of
coccid.

66L Pulvinaria floccifera. Cat. Coccidae, p. 132.

Pidvinaria greeni, n.sp. (Fig. 4).
This fine species comes from Condobolin, New South Wales, infesting one
of our inland scrub trees {Myoporum deserti). I have named it in honour of
Mr. E. E. Green, who has assisted me so much in this work.

Adult female after gestation,
buried in the ovisac, measuring
with the surrounding ovisac,
i inch. Much wrinkled, yellow-
ish brown, mottled with reddish
brown; ovisac white, projecting
behind the coccid, broadly oval
and convex, with the cottony
secretion forming three distinct
parallel ridges behind her. Im
mature female, semi-transparent
to yellowish green, oval convex,
broadest in front, • the outer
margins finely crenulated. Male
puparium semi-transparent, white,
forming a regular elongate box,
the sides angled and the dorsal
surface flat, the front sharply
acute. Length, .^q inch. Allied

Fig. i.-Vuhii

to Pulvinaria dodonaw, but the

structure of the male puparium is very diffcicnt.

10 • SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Pulvinaria maskelli, OllifE (Fig 5).

Agric. Gazette, N.S.Wale-s, vol. ii, p. 667, 1891, and vol. iii, pi. iv, f. 8, p. 176, 1892.
Signoretia airiplices. Mask. Tran.i. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxiv, p. 23. 1892.
Pulvinaria maskelli. Mask. Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxvii, p. 76, 1893.
Pulvinaria maskelli, var. spinosior. Trans. N. Zealand Inst., p. 78, 1902.

This is the common scale upon several species of Atriplex and Rhagodia

(" saltbushes '"), valuable fodder plants that cover immense areas in the

inland districts of Australia. When plentiful, the scale spreads all over the

leaves and branchlets, and does a great deal of damage to the host plant.

Adult female with ovisac measuring up to J inch in length, but usually
smaller, the coccid reddish brown to lighter yellowish tints ; elongate, ovate,
convex above, very much wrinkled and narrow in front in dried specimens,
with the hind margins fitting round the fiont margin of the ovisac in wi inkle d
shell-like plates; without the ovisac, about ^ inch in length. Antenna;
eight-jointed; third and fourth longest ; legs well developed; the margin of
the body showing small spines ; the epidermis covered with a great number
of tubular spinnerets. Ovisac white, compact, cylindrical, showing very
slight parallel impressions, front margins fitting close to the female ; apex
rounded.

Male puparium composed of white waxy secretion, elongate, ovate in
form, convex, and truncate behind ; the anal setae of the delicate two-winged
male sticking out through the hole in the centre of this flattened lid or cover.

This soft scale is fortunately infested by a number of active parasites
that keep it in check; among them is the small green lace-wing Chrysopha
rumburi, and several species of the larvae of the scale-eating moths of the
genus ThalpocJmris.

Maskell has described a second form under the name of var. spinosior. It
was found upon the foliage of the Desert Cypress [Frenella rohiista), and
differs in the typical form in the more narrow o^^sac and the large spines on
the margins of the body. Other specimens of this variety come from Rich-
mond, New South Wales, found upon a Pittosporum.

Mr. C. French, junr., sends me small specimens of this variety on the stems
of Hymenanthera dentata from the Mallee scrub, Noith-west Victoiia.

672. Pidvinaria masl'elU. Cat. Coccidee, p. 135.

Pidvinaria nuytsice, Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxix, p. 313. 1897.
Pulvinaria nuystioe. Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 458. 1890.
Ctenochiton nuytsia. Fuller, Journ. of Dep. of Agriculture, West Australia, p. 1345.
1897.

Described from specimens collected on the foliage and twigs of Nuytsia
florabmida, Perth, Western Australia. Fuller described the male scales as
Ctenochiton, but corrected his mistake in the later paper. Fuller also

8CALE INSECTS (" COCCID.E •) OF AUSTRALIA. II

Fig. 5.—Pulvinana maskelU, Ollitf.

12

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

described an allied form under the varietal name of P. masTcdli var. viminaria,
upon the twigs of Viminaria denudata, and Hakea ilicifolia from the neigh-
bourhood of Perth, Western Australia.

Adult female dark brown ; elliptical in form when alive, much wrinkled
when dead. Ovisac elongate, narrow, composed of felted white cotter.
Length of female, -/g inch, ovisac J inch. A median ridge down the centic
of the dorsum, margins flattened. Antennae eight-jointed; third longesl ,
last three sub-equal, with long hairs at the tip. Fringed with fine blunt
spines round the margins. Maskell says it is allied to Pnhinaria maskelli.,
var. spinosior, but besides its smaller size it differs in the feet, maigiral
spines, and dorsal elevation.

In Mrs. Fernald's catalogue this sjDecies is -dimply made a variety, but I
see no reason for sinking its rank.

Pulvinaria newmani, n.sp. (Fig. 6).
This fine species was collected in the Harvey district. Western Australia, by

Mr. L. J. Newman, upon the twigs of an undetermined species of Jacksonia.
Adult females thickly, encrusting the twigs and
branchlets. Length, with ovisac, just under i inch ;
adult female without ovisac, after treatment in potash ,
over I inch in length, but only ^V ii'ch when dried
against the ovisac. Dull reddish brown, broadly oval,
rounded in front, constricted behind cephalic portion
on either side, swelling out to anal segment, which
is deeply cleft with the extremities on either side
rounded. Antennae seven-jointed; first short, broad,
second longest, third and fourth equal, fifth to seventh
smaller. Rostrum well developed. Legs stout,
thighs thickened, tibiae stout at base. Whole surface
covered with fine scattered spines, with a distinct
fringe right round the outer margin of stout short
spines.
The ovisac is composed of felted white cottony secretion, which is waved

with fine transverse impressions or in others slight parallel striae. General

form cylindrical, truncate in front where in contact with coccid, but rounded

on the apex.

Allied to Pulvinaria maskelli, but differing in the larger size. Only seven

joints in the antennae, and constricted on the sides of the thoracic segmental

Pulvinaria faraddfha, Cockerell and Lidgett.
Victorian Naturalist, vol. xvi, p. 15. 1899.
The type was found upon the foliage of a wattle {Acacia melanoxylon) at
Mount Difficult, Grampians, Victoria.

Fig. 6. — Pulvinaria
newmani, n.sp.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 13

Adult female light brown, oval, margins almost spineless ; antennae eight
jointed ; mouth parts small. Ovisac white, broad, flat, leathery. Length
of coccid ^ inch ; with ovisac, under ^ inch.

Allied to P. thomfsoni, described from Tasmania by Maskell.

678. Pulvinaria paradelplia. Cat. Coccidse, p. 137.

Pvlvinaria salicornice, n.sp.

This coccid was found by Mr. C. French, junr., upon the foliage of an
undetermined species of Salicornia, growing at Little River, Victoria. The
adult female is reddish brown, with the outer margins lighter coloured;
general form broadly rounded, convex, and wrinkled when dry on the dorsal
surface, concave beneath ; no distinctive structure after treatment with
potash; antennae small, six or seven jointed; first joint broad, short, second
shorter than the third; terminal one small; legs moderate; and segment
round on either side, with the angulated processes on either side of the anal
opening large. Length, ^ inch.

Ovisac composed of soft white w^oolly filaments forming a pad upon which
the coccid rests, and extending into a round mass behind ; the margin of the
C03cid is often buried in the woolly secretion, so that only the back shows.
Length, with coccid, 4 inch. The species was determined and given the
above MS. name by Mr. E. E. Green, and w-as given to me at his suggestion
by Mr. C. French, junr

Pulvinaria tecta, Maskell (Fig. 7).
Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxvi, p. 79, pi. iv, figs. 9-14, 1893, and vol. xxviii,

p. 393. 1896.
Cockerell Bull. 4 Tech. Series, U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 49. 1896.

This is one of the commonest woolly coccids in the vicinity of Sydney and
along the coast, being found chiefly upon the branchlets of Kunzea capitata
and other species of this genus. So thickly does it infest the small twigs
that they are often completely enveloped
for inches with balls of white loose filaments.

It has been recorded upon another native
shrub {Daviesia, spp.) and upon the orange,
but I have never seen it upon any citrus
tree.

The adult female varies from dull yellow
to dark reddish brown; general form oval,
slightly convex; firmly attached to the"
bark of the twig; enveloped in the ovisac,
which consists of loose, cottony, matted
filaments, somewhat curled and felted,
irregularly rounded, measuring often | inch
in diameter. The enclosed adult coccid
measures about | inch. "«• i—Putvinana ucta

14 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 1^.

Maskell says : "I cannot say that this species entirely agrees with the
usual type of Pvlvinaria, because it is by no means easy to distinguish clearly
the insect, so much is it surrounded by the cottony mass; yet I cannot,
declare that it is entirely embedded. If it were so, it would probably have
to be placed in the genus Signoretia, but it seems to suit Puhinaria best
It is another instance of a species on the border line of two genera.

688. Pvlvinaria tecta. Cat. Coccidse, p. 139.

Pvlvinaria thompsoni, Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxviii, p. 393, pi. xx, figs. 1-8. 1896.
The type specimens come from Hobart, Tasmania, where they weie col
lected upon the foliage of the Native Hop Bush [Dodoncea viscosa). " It
differs from the species found upon another species of Dodoncea in South
Australia in structural details in having eight-jointed antennse, larger digi-
tiiles of the claw, in the very small number of deimal spinnerets, in the
spines of the marginal depression, in size and colour."

The adult female varies from yellow to reddish brown, general form ellip-
tical, flattish, margin with a row of fine hairs set rather closely together;
each of the marginal depressions with three or four stout club-shaped spines.
Length, | inch. Specimens often massed together, the twigs covered with
filaments. Male puparium white crystalline, angular elliptical, sides sloping,
top flattened. Length, ^^2^ inch.

690. Puhinaria thompsoni. Cat. Coccidse, p. 139.

Pvlvinaria thece, n.sp. (Fig. 8).

Found upon the foliage of a tea plant {Thea viridis) growing in a garden at
Eichmond, New South Wales (Mr. C. T. Musson).

Adult female yellowish brown ; when cleared
with oil of cloves it appears to be pale yellow,
blotched with brown; the outer margins semi-
transparent, marbled with yellow lines, giving
it a tesselated pattern. Length, J inch. Anal
aperture very distinct, with anal cleft rounded
on either side. Legs and antennae indistinct.

Ovisac pure white, elongate, sub-cylindrical,
broadly rounded behind, the filaments showing
a fluted structure with a delicate transverse
wave, like a bit of merino wool. Length,

Fig. ».—Pulvimria thece, n.sp. nearly ^ inch.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 16

Genus XV. Tectopulvinaria, Hempel.

Reiista do Musca Paulista, vol. iv, p. 482. 1900.

Annals and Magazine Nat. History, vol. viii, p. 69. 1901.
The type of this genus (T. albata) was described from Brazil. This is the
second species from Australia on Mr. E. E. Green's determination. " Adult
female secreting an ovisac as in Pulvinaria. Dorsum entirely covered with
a white felted cotton-like secretion ; antennae eight-jointed. Male scale thin,
white, narrow, elliptical, covered with a fine white secretion." (Cockerell.)

Tectopulvinaria lorantJii, n.sp.

The specimens were obtained near Ryde, New South Wales, upon the
foliage of a Loranthus, parasitic upon an imdetermined species of Eucalyptus
(Mr. J. J. Fletcher).

Adult female completely hidden by a smooth, closely felted, white ovisac,
fitting close against the surface of the leaf; elongate, oval, convex, measuring,
with ovisac, ^ inch in length ; much longer than broad.

Adult female, removed from ovisac, yellowish brown; nearly \ inch in
length; broadly oval, cephalic portion broadly rounded in front, showing
fine close short filaments, that may cover the whole of the dorsal suiface.
The central portion or sides of the thoracic segments cut into with two deep
keyhole-like incisions on either side (widely apart from each other); round
on the inner edge, with a fringe of four or more short brown bristles. Legs
and antennae indistinct ; mouth parts prominent ; rostrum long and distinct ;
anal segment deeply cleft, which runs back into a rounded base, widening
out and giving the extremities of the anal egsment an angular form. Larva
light yellow, rounded, massed together imder the female in a quantitv ct
short woolly particles.

16 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XVI. Lichtensia^ Sigrioret.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. iii, p. 497. 1873.

Newstead, Mon. British Coccidcp, vol. ii, p. 32. 1902.

Cockerel], Canadian Entoinologist, vol. xxxi, p. 331. 1899.

Austrolichtensia, Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. N. H. London, vol. ix, p. 331. 1902.

This genus was formed by Signoret for a coccid {L. virburni), found in
gardens in Europe on several common shrubs. Thirteen species have been
described Mexico, South America, and Egypt.

Newstead defines the genus as follows : " Adult female naked and more
or less active up to the period of parturition, when it much resembles certain
forms of Lecanium hesperidun. Immediately before this stage the female
envelopes herself, except the cephalic portion, in a dense white felted sac.
Antennae and legs well developed. Male coccid with two long white caudal
filaments, and four dorsal and four ventral ocelli. Male puparium glassy,
with the coronet bifurcate at the posterior extremity."

The members of this genus only differ from those in the succeeding genus
(Signoretia) in the structure of the males and their puparia; there is no
difference in the females of the two genera.

Lichtensia hakearum, Fidler.
Lecaniodaspist hakearum. Journal Agr. Western Australia, August, 1897, p. 1345.
Lichtensia hakearum. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 457, 1899, pi. xv, fig. 3.
Austrolichtensia hakearum, Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist (7), vol. ix, p. 451.
1902.

This species was found in Western Australia upon Hakea media and another
undetermined species at Pinjarrah, Western Australia. In his first notice,
Fuller placed it in the genus Lecaniodaspis.

Adult female brown, convex, enfolded in a spherical sac of whit' felted
secretion ; open at the anterior end, exposing the centre of the back ; anal
cleft small; aual ring with six hairs. Antennae seven-jointed, legs well
developed ; epidermis with protruding multilocular spinnerets. Length,
0-15 inch. (Fuller.)

705. Austrolichtensia hakearum. Cat. Coccidse, p. 142.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. Il

Genus XVI T. Signoretia, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Catalogue, p. 34. 1869.

Newstead, Mon. British Coccidce, vol. ii, p. 26. 1902.

Luzulaspi.^, Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. N. H., vol. ix, p. 25. 1902.

This genus was created by Targioni-Tozzetti for the reception of a coccid,
which Dufour has described under the name of Aspidiotus luzulce. Cockerell
has created a new genus [Luzulaspis) for this insect. I follow Newstead,
who has retained the second name.

Newstead says : " Adult female narrowly elongate ; antennae eight-jointed,
and legs well developed. Anal ring with six hairs. Ovisac of female very
elongate, sometimes clavate, closely felted, and open at the narrow anterior
extremity. Male with short styliform genital armature. No caudal fila-
ments. Male puparium glassy, elongate, with the ends rounded and rather
deep; perpendicular sides, which give it a somewhat box-shaped form."

Signoretia IuzuIcb, Dufour.
Aspidiotus 1 luzulce, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. iv, p. 208, pi. 5, p. 4. 1864.
Signoretia clypeata, Targ.-Tozz. Catalogue, p. 34. 1869.

„ luzulce, Sign. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), vol. i, p. 427. 1871.

„ „ Maskell, Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxvi, p. 80. 1893.

„ „ var. australis, Ibid, vol. xxvi, p. 80. 1893.

„ „ „ „ Fuller, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 457. 1899.

Newstead, Mon. British Coccidce, vol. ii, p. 27, pi. xl, figs. 1-12. 1902.

The typical form of this genus was originally described from France and
England upon several species of rushes, belonging to the genus Luzula.

In 1892, Maskell determined specimens, probably introduced from Europe,
upon grass collected at Nevertire, New South Wales. In the following year
he suggested, chiefly on account of its greater size, that it might be defined
as var. australis. Fuller recorded the identification of this species upon a
sedge in Western Australia in 1899.

Adult female yellowish brown, enclosed in a narrow elongated convex sac,
composed of closely felted white cotton. Antennae eight-jointed, third and
fourth longest. The margin of the body bears some small spines, and the
epidermis covered with tubular spinnerets.

Newstead's description hardly agrees with Maskell's, for he says, " Ovisac
composed of closely felted white wax." I have never seen this species.

706. Luzidaspis luzulce. Cat. Coccidse, p. 143.

18 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XVIII. Ceroplastes, Gray.

Spicilegia Zoolojica, p. 7, pi. iii, figs. 6-7. 1830.
S:gnorct, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), vol. ii, p. 35. 1872.
Maskell, Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxv, p. 214. 1892.
Green, Coccidce of Ceylon, Part iv, p. 268. 1909.

The coccids included in this genus are popularly known as " wax scales "
from the large amount of waxy, or, rather, greasy white secretion encrusting
the adult females. This material is exuded by the female larvge as soon as
they attach themselves to the bark or foliage, and it accumulates with the
growth of the coccid until at the adult stage it consists of a mass several
times larger than the coccid beneath. The male puparia are very laie,
but in the one species where they have been identified they have the glassv
box-shaped characters of the male Lecanium.

The adult female, removed from the enfolding secretion, is more or less
hemispherical in form, allied to the Lecanid type, but often much softer ; in
most cases furnished with six-jointed antennae, of which the third is the
longest, and with well developed legs ; the derm, or skin, without any special
characteristic markings.

The female is very prolific, large numbers of rounded eggs accumulating
beneath the coccid, and as she withers up the wax hardens and the minute
larvae crawl out and quickly infest the foliage.

This genus seems to be sub-tropical ; of the sixty species described, most of
them come from Mexico and South Amer ca ; others from Africa and India ;
one species is described from Australia, but it is very probable that its native
home is Ceylon.

Ceroplastes ceriferus, Anderson (Fig. 9).

Coccus ceriferus, Monog. Cocci ceriferi. 1791.

Ceroplastes chilensis. Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 7. 1830.

„ australice. Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Homoptera, vol. iv, p. 1087. 1852.

„ ceriferus. Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), vol. ii, p. 40. 1872.

„ „ Mask., Trans. X. Zealand Inst., vol. xxv, p. 216. 1892.

„ „ Green, Coccidce of Ceylon, Part iv, p. 270. 1909.

The species is very common in Australia, where it is generally known as
the " White Wax " or " Indian Wax Scale." Introduced at a very early
date with ornamental shrubs from India or Ceylon, it has spread all over the
garden plants, and from them into the waste lands and orchards. In the
waste lands it has a great preference for the " native blackthorn " (Btisaiia
<mnifera), but it is also found on many other plants and trees. In the
orchard it chiefly infests citrus trees, but it is particularly fond of the persim-
mon, sometimes infesting every twig and branchlet if neglected. Aduit
female reddish brown (in the earlier stages varying from pink to rich red);

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.

19

outer surface soft; dorsal surface convex; outer margins irregular; under
surface flattened or slightly concave ; legs and antennae well developed ; anal
segment produced into a distinct elongate tail. Length variable, up to

^ inch.

Puparium under normal conditions composed of a mass of pure white
accretion, forming a thick coating of a greasy, waxy, watery mass, rounded
and convex on the summit, but irregularly depressed round the sides, like a

Fig. 9. — Ceroplastes ceriferns.

iimall loaf of bread. This completely encrusts the coccid, so that the out-
ward appearance of the white wax scale is that of the puparium. Diameter,
up to nearly ^ inch.

The presence of this coccid often produces quantities of black smut or
fumagine, which cover the infested twigs, branches, and foliage, and even the
coccids themselves.

744. Ceroplastes ceriferus. Cat. Coccidse, p. 149.

735. Ceroplastes australice. Cat. Coccidse, p. 148,

20

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Ceroplastes floridensis, Comstock.
Report United States Department of Agriculture, 1880, p. 331. 1881.
This is a cosmopolitan species, originally described from the United States,
but fotind all over India, Japan, West Indies, and the Hawaiian Islands. It
is recorded upon many fruit-trees and shrubs, and in Mrs. Fernald's catalogue
is reported from Australia, but if so it is a rare and comparatively unknown
coccid in this country.

758. Ceroplastes floridensis. Cat. Coccidse, p. 152.

Ceroplastes rvbens, Maskell (Fig. 10).

Trans. iV. Zealand Inst., vol. xxv, p. 214, pi. xii, figs. 6-10. 1892.
Ceroplastes myricae. Green, Indian Museum Notes, vol. v. No. 18, p. 8. 1900.
Ceroplastes rubens. Green, Coccidce of Ceylon, Part iv, p. 273. 1909.

Though originally described from Australia, it is probable that this coccid,
which is commonly known as the " Eed Wax Scale " was introduced into
this country from Ceylon and from there spread to Japan and the Hawaiian
Islands. It is comparatively rare on any of our native shrubs, but common
in gardens, especially in our Botanic Gardens where it attacks many eastern

^^^^>v^H

j^alK

|.

4

^

/ ^'

V

,1 /

#

.1 /:

"■'^-V y^ jJB

r

Mr

•^: ■-*■--•■■

*^

^i»*^

i * #i^

^^■-'

■-■•*^je

M

Fig. 10.— Ceroplastes rubens.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 21

.shrubs such as tea, mango, various palms, ficus, ivy, &c. ; on large-leaved
(;rees the coccids have the curious habit of following up the ribs of the leaf, so
that when badly infested the whole upper surface of the leaf often has a
regular pattern outlined upon it; at other times they thickly encrust the
small twigs, and blacken the foliage of the whole tree. C. rubens has been
recorded uj)on plum, pear, and orange trees, but it is not a common scale in
orchards in Australia.

Adult female reddish brown ; dorsal surface convex ; under surface con-
cave ; a little longer than broad ; anal segment elongate, forming a pig-like
extremity; anal cleft small; legs small, six-jointed antennae, with the third
joint longest. Length, y^j inch.

Puparium formed of pale pink, hard, semi-opaque crystalline wax, in
which the adult female is closely encased, which gives the outer covering a
much deeper reddish tint. General foim irregularly lounded, with the
dorsal centre convex, but the outer edges irregularly rounded and impressed;
marked with bands of opaque white wax. Length, J to J inch.

782. Ceroplastes rubens. Cat. Coccidse, p. 156.

Ceroplastes rusci, Linnaeus.
Coccus rusci, Syst. Nat. Edition, p. 456. 1758.

Ceroplastes rusci, Signoret. Amn. Soc. Ent. France, vol. ii., p. 35, pi, 7^ f, 1. 1872.
Cerepiastes rusci, 'Nevrstea.d. Tians. Ent. Soc, London, -p. 101. 1897.

This species has been described under a number of different names, and
was first recognised as coccus rusci by Signoret, who gave a good description
of this coccid, and figures the three different forms of the puparium that
were described by Costa, 1835, under three different names.

The adult female is enveloped in a mass of white waxy secretion*
mottled on the apex and in the inner ring with brownish tints, and might be
likened to a tiny cottage loaf with the central portion pressed down ; it is
broadly oval, with the outer margin crimped and forming a raised crimped
ring round the raised central portion, which sometimes has the centre convex
and in others has a slight depression in the centre. Length, 5mm. ; height,
2nim. It might be mistaken for a small form of Ceroplastes ceriferus, only it
is more regular in shape.

This coccid has a wide range, from Europe to Algeria, British Guiana,
Japan, and Australia, and is recorded upon holly, m\Ttle, and wormwood.
Specimens identified by Mr. E. E. Green have been received from Mr. G. F.
Hill on Melaleuca sp. from Townsville, Queensland. It is also very plentiful
in company with Ceroplastes rubens on the Melaleuca growing in the vicinity
of the Tweed River, N.S-W.

783. Ceroplastes rusci. Cat. Coccidse, p. 156.

22 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XIX. Ctenochiton, Maskell.

Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xi, j). 208. 1878.

Cockerell, Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxxi, p. 332. 1899.

This genus contains fifteen species described from New Zealand, Austialia,^
Mexico, and Brazil. As nine are peculiar to New Zealand, and four indi-
genous to Australia, it is evidently representative of this region.

Maskell says : " Test of female waxy, with a single fringe of tooth-like
more or less broad segments round the edge. The margin of the body in
the second stage of the development of the female usually presents a waxy
appearance, formed by a series of re-entering curves." Antennae, six or
seven jointed.

" The presence of the fringe at some period of the female's development
distinguishes all the members of this genus from those of Ceroflasies and
Vinsonia."

Ctenochiton araucarice, Green.
Anns, and Mag. Nat. History (7) vol. vi, p. 449, pi. xi, figs. 2-2a. 1900.

This species was found upon the foliage of Bunya pine [Araucaria sp.) in
Victoria. Green placed it in this genus somewhat doubtfully, as it differs
from the typical members in the female having no felted or cottony covering.

Adult female oblong, oval, strongly convex on dorsal surface, naked or
covered with an imperfect coating of brittle waxy plates. Colour, dark
chestnut. The dorsal surface very rugose, with a well-defined median ridge.
Antennae, eigbt-jointed ; legs stout; anal scales usually widely divergent;
anal ring with six stout hairs margined with stout spines. Length, 5 mm.
Breadth, 3-3| mm.

794. Ctenochiton araucarice. Cat. Coccidse, p. 159.

Ctenochiton cdlvlosus, Cockerell.
Victorian Naturalist, vol. xvi, p. 88. 1899.

Type specimens of this species f oimd upon the foliage of a ti-tree {Melaleuca
nodosa) at Myrniong, Victoria.

Adult female reddish brown, with a margin of short spines ; mouth parts
small ; antennae slender, composed of eight segments ; anal ring with six
bristles.

Puparium white, waxy, with yellowish tint, regularly rounded, without
keels, convex, rugose, dotted all over with large air cells, without any tiue
fringe. Length, \ inch.

796. Ctenochiton cellulosus. Cat. Coccidse, p. 159.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.

23

Ctenochiton eucalypti, Maskell (Fig. 11).
Trans. X. Zealand Inst., vol. xvi, p. 52; pi. iii, figs. 1-12. 1894.

This species was found in all stages of development upon the foliage of
Eucalyptus sideropMoia in the Maitland and Newcastle districts, New South
AVales.

Adult female dark-reddish brown, with the whole of the dorsal surface
covered with white waxy plates, irregular in form ; these plates are so brittle
that they are often more or less
broken away, leaving the female ex-
posed. General form convex, broadly
elliptical, with four transverse -im-
pressions on the outer portion of the
thoracic .segments, and fringe of fine
hairs romid the outer margin, antannse
aud legs well developed. Length,
i inch.

Male puparium white, semi-trans-
parent, formed of a number of glassy
plates, broadly oval margins flattened,
centre convex. The central portion
formed of three plates, with larger
quadrangular plates on the sides.
Length of male puparium, j'^ inch.

Fig. 11. — Ctsnochiton eucaly^i.

801. Ctenochiton eucalypti. Cat. Coccidse, p. 160.

Ctenochiton rhizophorce, Maskell.

Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xvi, p. 54, pi. iii, tigs. 13-17. 1894.

Collected upon the foliage of the mangrove {Bhizophora mucronata) at
Brisbane, Queensland.

Adult female greyish brown, oval, convex, with rather long marginal
spines ; abdominal cleft and lobes normal. Length, | inch.

Female pu^Jarium consisting of plates of dull white wax on margins, and
forming a broad irregular mass in the centre of back of female, striated on
the sides.

Maskell says : " This species comes nearest to C. fiavus from New Zealand,
and differs from C. eucalypti in colour, in the characters of second stage
in smaller larvae, and long marginal hairs.

807. Ctenochiton rhizophorcB. Cat. Coccidaj, p. 161.

24

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Ctenochiton serrata, n.sp.

This beautiful species was collected by Mr. L. J. Newman, on the leaves
of an undetermined species of Acacia, at Geraldton, Western Australia.

Adult female reddish brown, flattened, elongate, oval, with the central
portio 1 showing a slight dorsal stripe ; anal cleft triangular with the extremi-
ties of the anal segment rounded and turning inwards. Length, } inch.

The whole dorsal surface covered with chrystalline wax, produced in short
angular thorn-like plates; the central portion consisting of four parallel
rows of semi-transparent wax, with the outer margin fringed with a pro-
jecting rim of much larger angular plates of bright yellow wax. This wax
is easily removed with chloroform, leaving the naked, elongated, oval coccid
exposed to view.

The male test is shaped like a slipper, rounded at the toe and truncate
at the hind margin ; the rounded dorsal surface covered with pale crystalline
plates of irregular shape, with the front and margins yellow, the former
covered with short waxy spines.

Ctenochiton trans far ens, n.sp (Fig. 12).
This .curious species was obtained by Mr. L. J. Newman upon the foliage
of an undetermined species of Acacia, near Geraldton, Western Australia.

The adult female is enveloped in an oval
rounded mass of pale yellow waxy matter, with
no apparent structure on the dorsal surface, but
on the margins against the leaf produced into a
fringe of irregular flattened angular plates, right
roimd the margin. Cleared of the waxy matter,
the female measures I inch in length ; dull yellow,
mottled with dark-brown; convex longer than
broad, with the cephalic region rather narrow in
front, and the anal segment contracted almost
into a peg at the extremity ; the dorsal surface
covered with irregularly rounded pits, forming
two parallel rows down the centre and a similar
band round the sides. Viewed from the imder
surface the coccid is dried up to a thin shell, and
might be likened to a dish cover with a tuft of cottony secretion occupying
the centre of the cavity. Short, stout antennse and small legs, very prominent,
standing out from the surface. Anal segment contracted; when treated with
potash shows each side forming a broad rounded tip.

Treated with potash there appears to be no distinct structure in the epider-
mis ; antennae small, indistinct, legs small.

Male tests composed of white crystalline wax, showing no defined plates on
the back, but produced into blunt spines in front and round the margin.
General form very much rounded, longer than broad, but broader in pro-
portion to length than usual; rounded in front, truncate behind.

Fig. 12. Ctenochiton tmnsparens.

SCALE INSECTS ('•' COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 25^

Genus XX. Inglisia, Maskell.

Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xi, p. 213. 1878.
Coccidce of New Zealand, p. 75. 1887.

This genus was created by Maskell to contain five species of lecanid coccids
he described from New Zealand. He defined it thus :• — " Test of female
glassy, elevated, striated with radiating rows of air cells. Fringe not always
priesent in the adult stage."

The remarkable tests are constructed in several sections of hard glassy
plates, finely striated, forming a shell around the adult coccid. In the New
Zealand species these tests are more or less pointed at the apex, but on the
Australian forms the two main sections are impressed on the summit with
an elongate, narrow, deep depression. The adult female coccid is convex,
corrugated, and furnished with legs and antennae. Other species ha\e been
described from Mexico, India, and Trinidad. Cockerell in determining a
species allied to the Australian forms, with the impression on the dorsal
surface of the test, placed it and our two Australian species in a new genus
he called Cardiococcus, the only point of difference from Inglisia being the
dorsal pit in the female test.

I have retained our species in Maskell's genus, for it seems to me that a
transverse depression in the otherwise similar test of a coccid is hardly suffi-
cient to remove it from the group under which it is well known to writers on
Coccidfe.

The species have a very wide range in Australia.

Inglisia foraminifer, Maskell (Fig. 13).
Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxv, p. 213, pi. xii, figs. 1-5. 1892.
Fuller, Journal of Department of Agric, Westun Australia, p. 1345. 1897.
Fuller, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 460. 1899.
Cardiococcus foraminifer, CockereU, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), vol. xi, p. 15C. 1903e

This, like the following species, has a wide range over Australia. Th
type was described from South Australia, on the Quandong tree {Santalnm
acuminatum) (Tepper). It has been found near Geraldton, Western Australia,
on a Loranthus parasitic on the same
tree (Lea). Fuller described thisone,
imder the name of loranthi as a ne\v
variety, but the only difference from
the typical formis the absence of legs
in the adult female coccid. I have
collected it at Yass, New South
Wales, and in several other western
localities on undertermined shrubs. Fig 13.— /;i,//,,.«/ fumminifn.

26 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Adult female rich dark-brown, filling the whole of the test; concave
beneath with central depression on the back, corresponding with that on
the test. Antennae thick, conical, six-jointed; feet, very small; margins
of occid fringed with spines; abdominal cleft conspicuous. Length, about
1-4 inch.

Female tests massed together all over the twigs and leaf stalks, with a
general appearance of little limpets, composed of light-brown semi-trans-
parent glassy plates, very finely striated, foiming a conical stiuctme in two
sections, fitting close together, but easily separated. At the apex is a narrow,
keyhole-like, deep depression or pit, in both sections, causing the apex of
each test to become truncated. Length, rV inch. Specimens from Western
Australia are much larger.

Male tests of a similar structure, but more elongate, smaller, not impressed
at the apex, which is truncated and furnished with a hinged plate, by means
of which the imprisoned male is able to emerge when he reaches maturity.

809. Cardiococcus foraminifer. Cat. Coccidse, p. 161.

Inglisia fossilis, Maskell.

Tran^. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxix, pi. xx, figs. 1-4. 1897.
Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), vol. xi, p. 156. 1903.

This species was described from specimens obtained on an imdetermined
species of Acacia at the Darling Range, Western Australia (Lea) ; others were
collected on a polygonum {Muhlenbeckia adpressa), Murray River, Victoria
(French). I have taken it upon an imdetermined shrub, near Warialda^
New South Wales. Maskell described the Victorian specimens under the
varietal name of major, the chief difference being the larger size and green
tint.

Adult female, dark, glossy brown; general foim, conical, margins slightly
flattened; antennae and feet absent; abdominal cleft wide and narrow, the
margin of the bod}' with minute spines.

The female test is formed in a similar manner to that of the previous species
though more deeply and broadly impressed at the apex; more cone-shaped,
and not so much divided at the apex as shoAvn in Maskell's plate. General
colour yellowish brown, with the margins glassy. Length, y inch ; width,
J inch; height, i inch.

Maskell says : " This species is allied to I. foraminifer, but diffeis in the
form of the test, in the absence of feet and antennse, and in other particulars.
It is viviparous, the female being usually full of larvse."

310. Cardiococcus fossilis. Cat. Coccidse, p. 162.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 27

Genus XXI. CeroplastodeSf Cockerell.

The Entomologist, vol. xxvi, p. 350. 1893.
Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxxi, p. 333. 1899.
Green, Coccidce of Ceylon, Part iv, p. 284. 1909.

This is a small genus containing six described species, three of which come
from New Mexico, two from Ceylon and India, and one from Australia. In
the original description, Maskell placed our species doubtfully in the genus
Eriocliiton.

The members of this genus, like those of the genus Inglisia, are enclosed
in a glassy test, which differs in being convex, but not cone-shaped, not
divided at all, but rough or covered with protuberances. A more or less
hemispherical scale, covered with dorsal knobs. " Legs and antennae well
developed. Stigmatic clefts well defined; each cleft with a single, very
long pointed, stigmatic spine. Margin of body with a fringe of stout conical
spines, usually in two or more rows. Other characters as in Lecanium."
(Green).

Differs from Inglisia and Ctenochiton in having the body of the advdt
female shrinking up, and allowing for a cavity for the eggs and larvae.

Ceroplastodes melaleuccB, Green.
Eriochiton ? melaleucce, Victorian Naturalist, vol. xvii, p. 12. 1900.

This species was found ujjon a ti-tree {Melaleucanodosa) growirg at
Myrniong, Victoria.

Adult female oblong, oval, rather convex, with a complete marginal series
of pointed conical spines, and a long curved spine at each stigmatic cleft.
Anal ring with six short hairs; anal lobes irregularly triangular; apex
bluntly rounded and incurved. Length, about | inch.

Puparium or test of female sub-globular or hemispherical, somewhat longer
than broad, completely enclosing the coccid, " compact glassy or waxy brittle
plates, roughened with numerous irregular waxy gianules, which give it tlie
appearance of being closely set with grains of white quartz sand." Oval
aperture above the anus. Length, about e inch; breadth, A inch.

828. Ceroplastodes ■mcla!ei(cce. Cat. Coccidae, p. 164.

28 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XXII. Lecankim, Burmeister.

Handbook of Entomology, vol. ii, p. 69. 1853.
Signor^t, An7i. Soc. Ent. France, vol. iii, (5), p. 396. 1873.
Fernald, Canadian Entomologist, vol. 34, p. 177. 1902.
Newstead, Mon. British Coccidce, vol. ii, p. 75. 1903.

This cosmopolitan genus is well represented in Australia by a number of
indigenous as well as many foreign species that have been accidentally intio-
duced with their food-plants.

The adult females are naked, in a few species slightly floury or thinly
covered with a fine varnish; very variable in foim, from almost flat to oval,
convex, and almost hemispherical, but becoming quite hollow beneath after
egg-laying; retaining legs and antennse; skin covered with simple glands,
Reticulations, or many-sided cells. Propagating without any ovisac, the
whole body, as it shrivels up from beneath, foims a stout shell, protecting
the eggs or living larvae, after the death of the mother. So that in the adult
female Lecanium, the characteristics of the coccid, in the earlier stages of
her development, though still retained, are difficidt to examine.

In the Canadian Entomologist (vol. 33, p. 57, 1901), Messrs. Cockerell and
Parrott published a paper dealing with this genus (" Table to separate the
genera and sub-genera of CoccidcB related to Lecanium,^') in which they have
subdivided the original genus out of existence. Mrs. Fernald, who doubts
the validity of the genus Lecanium, follows their nomenclature in her cata-
logue, and the name of Lecanium is eliminated from the list of genera, and
the supposed type is placed in the genus Coccus.

I have, however, retained this genus in dealing with our species, and, from
an economic point of view, think it a very great pity that such a doubtful
question of nomenclature should have been proposed and followed by many
writers in the United States. I endorse Mr. Newstead's remarks when he
says : " Seeing that I have already referred to the genus as a whole under
the old name of Lecanium, it would, I think, be extremely unwise to adopt
any of the subdivisions in this work, especially as many of the characters are
extremely tri\dal and inadequate, and would tend rather to embarrass the
student than otherwise."

Lecanium anthurii, Boisduval.
Chermes anthurii, Ent. Hort., p. 328. 1867.
Signoret Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), vol. viii, p. 843. 1868.
Signoret (Ser. 5), vol. iii, p. 435. 1873.
Maskell, Trans. ^\ Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 219. 1892.

This species, originally described from Europe upon ho'thouse plants and
recorded from America, has been identified by Maskell from specimens from
Victoria infesting asparagus.

General colour of adult female, brownish yellow, convex, roimded, but more
flattened than L. hemisphericum ; length, 2J mm. Derm, with a pattern
of oval marks, not conjoined, with a median clear space in the centre of each.

983. Saissetia anthurii. Cat. Coccidse, p. 200.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 29

Lecanium herheridis, Schrank. (Figs- 14 and 26.)
Coccus herheridis. Fauna Boica, vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 146. 1801.
Signo:et Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), vol. iii, j). 414. 1873.
Maskcll, Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxix, p. 311, 1897, and vol. xxx, j). 237.

This is our largest dull-brown Lecanium, common on the graje vines,
oiiginally described from France. It was discovered in Victoria on vines,
and doubtfully identified by Maskell in 1897 as this introduced scale, and he
confirmed his determination in the following year. Until the last few yeais
it was unknown in New South Wales, but at the present time it is very com
mon in the vicinity of Sydney, and is spreading in our vineyards.

Adult female, reddish brown, slightly mottled with a darker tint, elongate.
bioad in proportion, very convex, slightly rugose on the back, with a shoit
keel behind the anal cleft. The form is, however, very irregular when massed
together; encircling the vine cane, they are much shorter and more rounded,
and the margins are more impressed than in an isolated specimen. Length.
^ inch, width up to i of an inch.

Treated with oil, the derm appears to be mottled reddish brown and yellow
central portion shield-shaped, irregularly marbled, encircled with a dark
ring, with the outer edge yellow.

Newstead, in his description of Lecanium persiccB, says : " With regard to
L. herheridis, L. rugosum, and L. westerice, I have little doubt in my own
mind that they are also referable to L. persicce." If Maskell's determinations
of the two species are correct, his L. persicw and L. herheridis are certainly
distinct species.

914. Eulecanium herheridis. Cat. Coccidse, p. 182.

Lecanium cappari, n.sp.

A western scale, common on the foliage of the " Wild Orange Bush "
(Capparis mitchelli), wherever this prickly shrub occurs in the western scrubs
of New South Wales. The adult female is a dark chocolate brown, with the
edges lighter coloured; broadly rounded, convex, with the margins narrow,
but finely crimped along the edge, and a short transverse carina on either side.
Often variable in form, with the anterior portion constricted, so that the
posterior portion is more broadly rounded and depressed below the anal
orifice. The dorsal surface is opaque and covered with a fine waxy secretion.
Length, i of an inch.

Treated with oil, the whole of the central area is an elongate oval fhield
with egg-shaped structures pointing outward, again encircled with a band
of fine tesselated markings and the margin perfectly clear.

In the immature females the coloration is much lighter, with the margin
yellow, and the form more elongate oval, with a slight dorsal caiina. Male
tests white, semi-transparent, elongate oval, flattened, with a white line on
either side, converging to a point at the posterior angle. Lateral plates finely
crenulated on the margins. Length, -i\f of an inch.

30 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Lecanium casuarince, Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxx, p. 240, pi. xxvi, figs. 9-14. 1898.

This curious species was collected in the deserted chambers of some Hepalid
moth larvae in the stem of a Sheoak {Casnarifia, sp.), at Myrniong, Victoria.
I have a series of specimens of a closely allied if not the same species, found
in a cavity under the dead bark of an injured Native Cypress (Frenella
robusta).

Adult female, semi-globular, deep shining red, with the thickened margin
black. Dorsum sometimes smooth, in others with one longitudinal and two
transverse carina?. Diameter, f of an inch. Under surface convex, forming
a regular box, no feet or antennae; but when treated with potash, rostrum
spiracles and abdominal lobes \asible.

1022. Lecanium casuarince. Cat. Coccidee, p. 211.

Lecanium dcfressum, Targioni-Tozzetti.
Studie Sul. Coccid., p. 29, 1867; Cat. Coccidce, p. 37. 1869.
Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), vol. iii, p. 439. 1873.
Douglas, Ent. Month Mag., vol. xxiv, p. 27. 1887,
Maskell, Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 220. 1892.
An introduced European species, chiefly confined to hothouse plants, where
it has been recorded in New Zealand, and discovered infesting vines and a
Needlebush {HaJcea, sp.) in New South Wales. It is also recorded from tlie
West Indies, Brazil, and the Hawaiian Islands.

The adult female is reddish brown to black in colour; elliptical, more or
less convex in form; length varying from | to J of an inch. Antennae eight-
jointed, feet rather long. Derm marked with small irregular cells, closely
conjoined, forming a regular pattern, with a clear spot in the centre of each
cell. Immature females light biown, more flattened, and often showing
longitudinal ridges.

Maskell, in a paper in the Entomologist (1894), " Eemarks on Certain
Genera of Coccidae," considers that Lecaniitm begonice, L. nigrum, and this
species are probably identical. If this is the case, priority of nomer.clature
would make this a synonym of Lecanium nigrum.
987. Saissetia depressa. Cat.- Coccidae, p. 201.

Lecanium expansum, Green (Fig. 15).
Indian Museum Notes, vol. iv, p. 9. 1906.
Coccidce of Ceylon, pt. ii, p. 23.5, 1904, pi. 86.
Paralecanium expansum, Cockerell and Parrott, The Industrialist, p. 207. 1 899.

The type specimens were described by Green upon the foliage of Dalhergia
and Litsea from Ceylon. I obtained it upon the leaves of the Moreton Bay
Fig (Ficus macrophylla), in the public gardens at Maryborough, Queensland,
the greater part of the surface of the leaves being thickly coated with black
smut, caused through the presence of these coccids.

^ALE JNSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRAIJA 31

Fig. 15.

Fig, 16

Fig. 14

Fig. 17

Fig. 18,

Fig. 19.

Fig. 20.

Fig. 23.

Fig. 21 1

Fig. 24.

Pier 1± T Fig. 25,

Lecaninm Jrenchi. Fig. nJieLi^XZ^J'"'^""'""- ^ ^'^- *8--^'-«««-'"« fili»m. Fig. 17,-

Species of ieca«i.m treated with oi. nf m '°"°*'»^«- ^ig. 26.~Lecanum tessellatum.

with 0,1 of cloves, and drawn from microscopic mounts.

S2 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Adult female pale yellow, with a greenish tint, when alive upon the foliage,
marked with reddish brown. General form, irregularly rounded, very much
flattened, thin, with the dorsal surface under the lens showing a delicate,
silver-tinted shagreened sheen; the cephalic portion furrowed with two
deep, widely separated, short, transverse lines ; the anal cleft long and well
defined. The immature females very thin, semi-transparent pale yellow.

976. Paralecanium exfansum. Cat. Coccidse, p. 199,

Lecanium filicum, Boisduval (Fig. 16).
Chennes filicum, Ent. Hort., p. 33.5. 1867.
Packard, llth Report Mass. Bd. Agri. p. 260. 1869-70.
Douglas, Ent. Month. M(uf., vol. xxiv, p. 28. 1887.
Maskell, Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 220. 1892.

This is the common fern scale, originally described from Europe, but novf
found in many parts of the world, having been introduced with cultivated
ferns in hothouses. It is common in the Botanic Gardens of Sydney upon
ferns.

Adult female dull reddish brown ; treated with oil of cloves, it becomes
^ich. golden yellow, with a few deeper yellow-coloured blotches in the centre,
and a dark band encircling the whole of the back, with a lighter coloured
margin. The whole derm is tessellated with small, irregularly separated
spots.

General form that of Lecanvm olew, but smooth and more rounded, without
the keel or ridges, and of a lighter brown tint when on the food-plant. Douglas
says : " Female scale, short, broad-oval, very convex, smooth, with two
anterior and two posterior, slight blunt carinse going rather obliquely from
the back to the margin, thus interrupting the curve of the contour, and
sometimes two or three short and sharp vertical carinse at the sides joining
the margin, which is broad and flat. Antennae, eight-jointed, third longest;
articulation of tibiae and tarsi very distinct."

Allied to Lecanium hemisphcericum, having a flattened margin, but dis-
tinguished by the carinse. Green considers it a smaller and more angular
form of L. hetmsphcericum, usually found on ferns.

990. Saissetia filicum. Cat. Coccidae, p. 201.

Lecanium frenchi, Maskell (Fig. 17).
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxiii, p. 17, pi. iv, figs. 1-8. 1890.
Paralecanium frenchi, Cockerell and Parrott, The Industrialist, j). 227. 1899.

The type specimens were found upon a honeysuckle {Banksia australis),
growing near Melbourne, Victoria.

This is a very handsome, elongate, oval, broadly-rounded scale, slightly
convex; general colour, dark brown. The central part of the back is beauti-
fully tessellated, with the outer margin finely ribbed or ridged on the margin
along the sides, more irregular at the extremities. Diameter, | irch. These
details are brought out very clearly when treated with oil of cloves.

SCALE INSECTS ("COCCIDyE"/ OF AUSTRALIA. 33

Maskell says : " The rich black colour and the curious fringe of small
fans on the margin very clearly distinguish this insect. It would belong
properly to Dr. Signoret's first series of the genus Lecanivm (Essai, p. 226),
though exceptional in its oviparous habit, and nearest possibly to L. tessel-
latu'm. But no species hitherto reported (as far as I know) exhibits a similar
fringe."

Fuller described {Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 45, 1899) a variety of this
species under the name of L. frenchif var. macrozamice, from Western
Australia, upon Macrozamia frazeri.

Lecanium hemisphcericum, Targioni-Tozzetti (Fig. 18.)
Studii sule Coccinglie, pp. 26, 39, 63, p. 63, 1867; Cat. Coccid ■ , p. 38, 1869.
Lecanium cojfece, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (o), vol. iii, p. 435. 1873.
Comstock, f/.;S^. Dep. Agr. Report, p. 344, 1880.
Newstead, Man. Brit. Coccidce, vol. ii, p. 114. 1903.

A cosmopolitan introduced scale, originally described from Europe, and
recorded from New Zealand upon Camellia in 1884, and from Australia
ten years later upon hothouse plants in South Australia. It probably has
a wide distribution, as I have recently had specimens fiom Dai win (Northern
Territory), from Mr. G. F. Hill, upon an undetermined weed. In Europe it
is found on many garden shrubs (Oleander, Camellia, &c.), fruit-trees (orange
and peach), forest trees (sago palms, cocoanut palm, coffee, &c.).

The adult female varies in colour from light brown, reddish, to almost black;
more or less hemispherical in form, ovate or slightly elongate, convex,
apparently smooth, but when examined with* a lens seen to be thickly studded
with yellowish dots. In the immature females the dorsal surface shows
parallel and transverse carinse, which foim a distinct H on the back, but this
is very indistinct on the adult foims. Length, | of an inch. Height, ri of an
inch. Several closely allied foims have been described as distinct species,
such as Lecanium hibernaculatum and L. dypeatum, which are not considered
synonyms of L. hemisphcericum.

993. Saissetia hemispharica. Cat. Coccidse, p. 202.

Lecanium hesperidum, Linnaeus.

Coccus hesperidum, Syst. Xat., edition x, vol. i, p. 45.5. 1758.
Burmeister, Handb. Entomology, vol. xi, p. 69. 1835.
Maskell, Coccidce of N. Zealand, p. 80. 1887.
Newstead, Mon. Brit. Coccidce, vol. ii, p. 78. 1903.

One of the first described, and most widely distributed species, commonly
known as the " Soft Scale " of the orange, but found upon many cultivated
plants and even native shrubs.

Female coccids when immature are greenish yellow, soft and flattened,

only slightly convex, and often half curled round the young branchlets, or

flattened down on either side of the mid-rib of the leaves.
t 98175— B

34 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Adult female dull orange to yellowish brown, with darker markings and
spots all over the central portion of the derm. Length, | of an inch. In the
adult form, swollen and rounded in the centre, elongate, narrowed behind,
often with one side of the cephalic portion curved to one side.

A great deal has been written about this species. There is a list of 88
references to it in Mrs. Fernald's catalogue. Douglas {Entomologists' Monthly
Magazine, 1887) describes the male coccid. Maskell and Douglas have
written regarding the affinities of Lecanium hesperidum and L. lauri, but the
latter is now considered only a variety of the former. Another variety, L.
hesperidum var. pacificum, has been described from the Galapagos Islands.

848. Coccm hesperidum. Cat. Coccidse, p. 168.

Lecanium levis, Maskell.

Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxviii, p. 392. 1896.

Akermes levis, Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. ix, p. 453. 1902.

Found upon the branchlets of Acacia longifolia and several other species
of wattles, in the neighbourhood of Sydney, New South Wales. Allied to
Lecanium scrohiculatum.

The adult female is convex, also flanged on sides and front ; dorsum con-
vex, rounded, rising up from the outward flange. Bright, shining, usually
dull yellow to brownish, clouded with dull red patches, with many small
pits, but without any circular tubercules. Length, nr inch.

Cleared in oil, specimens are dark reddish-brown, finely tessellated with
darker lines, and central part blackish, with a short reddish stripe on either
side containing pale yellow spots.

Cockerell placed this species and L. scrobictdatum in the genus Akermes
with some South American coccids, " distinguished by their globular form
round chitonous areas on the skin, and microscopical tessellation of the
iarvEe."

893. Akermes levis. Cat. Coccidae, p. 178.

Lecanium longulum, Douglas (Fig. 27).

Ent. Monthly Magazine, vol. xxiv, p. 97. 1887.

Lecanium chirimolict. Mask., Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. xxii, p. 137, pi. iv,

figs. 5-15. 1889.
Lecanium longulum, Newstead. Mon. British Coccidce, vol. ii, p. 86, pi. 4, figs

11-14. 1902.
Galymnatus longulum, Cockerell, The Industrialist, p. 229. April, 1899.

This is a more or less tropical species, supposed to be a native of the West
Indies, and spread chiefly with hothouse plants and on tropical fruits. It is
not recorded from Austraha in Mrs. Fernald's catalogue, but I have specimens
upon custard apple (Anona reticulata), sent from Darwin (Northern Terri-
tory) by Mr. G. F. HUl.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ) OF AUSTRALIA. 35

Fig, 26a Lecanitim berberidi

Fig. 28. Lecanium pattersonice.

Rg 27. — L;canium longulum.

S6 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Adult female yellowish brown, smooth, shining, elongate, much longer
than broad, rounded at the extremities, convex. On some plants this species
becomes much broader, and resembles L. hesperidum in general form, but
typical specimens are long, slender, and semi-cylindrical. It can be distin-
guished from the former by the long stout eight-jointed antennae, and the
derm cells being nearly twice as numerous. In L. hesperidum the antennae
are seven -jointed. Length, i inch. Maskell described his species from Fiji
upon the same food-plant (custard apple).

850. Coccus longulus. Cat. Coccidae, p. 171.

Lecanium mdaleucce, Maskell (Fig. 19).
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxx, ji. 239, pi. xxvi, figs. 3-8. 1898.
King, Canadian Entomologist, 1902, p. 60.

This fine species was collected upon ti-tree {Melaleuca sp.) bushes growing
on Palmer Island, Clarence River, New South Wales.

In a list of the coccidae of Massachusetts, King lists this species as one
introduced into the United States upon Monstera deliciosa, growing in a hot-
house at Harvard University. If his identification is correct, it is a most
remarkable instance of a rare Australian coccid (only recorded from the one
locality) being introduced on a hothouse plant.

The adult female is reddish brown, slightly convex, tapering behind, with-
out distinct dorsal carinas ; epidermis, slightly rough, with minute pustules ;
sometimes the dorsal surface is ornamented with white, waxy tufts. Length,
from i to T inch.

The male puparium forms a thin, glassy test, with the centre covered with
additional snow-white, waxy secretion. Length, yi inch.

1409. LepidosapJies melaleucce. Cat. Coccidae, p. 311.

Lecanium mirifictim, Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxix, p. 312, pi. xx, iigs. 7-14. ■ 1897.
Saissetia mirifica, Cockerell and Parr., The Industrialist, p. 146. 1899.

The type specimens found on the foliage of the " Weeping Myall '" {Acacia
pendula), growing in the Mallee Scrub, North-West Victoria.

Adult female dark brown to yellowish brown, very convex, with a flattened
broad margin right round. At the apex of the dorsum there are two rows
of rather deep subcircular pits, varying from four to six in number. The
abdominal cleft normal, with the dorsal lobes small. Length, up to ^ inch ;
width, ^ inch ; and height, J inch. The immature coccids are finely granu-
lated on the dorsal surface, numerous yellow spots showing through the
uniform brown coloration.

The large size of the adult female, with the distinctive pits in the centre
of the back, and the broad, marginal flange, gives it a very distinctive
character.

995. Saissetia mirifica. Cat. Coccidae, p. 204.

SCALE INSECTS ('' COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 37

Lecanium nigrum, Nietner. (Fig. 20).
Enemies of the. Coffee, p. 9. 1861.

Douglas, En'. Monhli/ Maga-in , vol. xxvii, p. 95. 1891.
Green, Indian Museum Notes, 1889 and 1896; Coccidce Ceijlon, 1896.
Maskell, The Entomolocfist, vol. xxvii, p. 166. 1894.

This is a tropical species found originally upon coffee, but since recorded
upon many other Indian plants and shrubs, and introduced into New Zealand
and Australia. Maskell considers that Lecanium depressum and L. hegonice
are identical with this species, and Green follows him, but Mrs. Fernald
gives all three specific rank.

It is common in Australia upon our Pittosporum hedges, the dark black
oval females covering the leaves.

Adult female elongate oval, very convex, smooth shining, reddish-brown
to black in colour. Length, 4 mm.

Treated with oil of cloves, it assumes a rich reddish-brown tint, with the
outer irregular flanged basal margin bright yellow; above tbis margin is
a dark brown band, with the whole of the dorsal surface tessellated with
distinct irregular-rounded or six-sided spots, giving them a very distinctive
character.

996. Saissetia nigra. Cat. Coccidfe, p. 204.

Lecanium ol'ece, Bernard (Fig. 21).
Chermes olece, Mem. d'Hist. Nat. Acad. Marseilles, p. 108. 1782.
Walker, Brit. Mus. Catalogue, Homoptera, p. 1070. 1852.
Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. iii, p. 440. 1902.
Newstead, Mon. Brit. Coccidce, vol. ii, p. 126. 1902.

This is the common " Olive Scale " of Europe, which was probably intro-
duced into Australia at a very earl)^ Hate. It is cosmopolitan in its range,
and found on many different food-plants. In our orchards it is popularly
known as the " Brown Bug."

In the orchard it is chiefly a pest of the citrus trees, spreading over the
twigs and foliage, and in badly infested trees, sometimes found upon the
stalk and base of the fruit. The adult females discharge a large amount of
honey-dew, which, coating the leaves and twigs with a varnish of sugary
matter, is again infested with smut or fumagine which blackens and dis-
figures the whole of the foliage, and can only be removed by sprajnng.

Adult female almost hemispherical, very convex, or irregularly rounded;
dull reddish-brown to almost black; the outer margins irregular, the dorsal
surface keeled in typical si^ecimens with two short transverse ridges and a
central ridge. Often covered with a slight waxy secretion broken up into
white dots. Length, 4 mm.

At the final stage of development she is a thickened leathery sac, shrunken
beneath, with the cavity full of eggs or larvae.

Puparium of male rare, but of the typical lecanid form, " studded with
irregular waxy plates." (Green).

998. Saissetia olece. Cat. Coccidse. p. 205.

38 . SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Lecanium fatter sonice, Maskell (Figs. 22 and 28).
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxvii, p. 57. 1894.

This elongate lecanid confines itself to the foliage of Patersonia glabrata
(a small blue-flowering plant belonging to the Iris family), common on the
sandstone country about Sydney.

An infested plant has all the leaves covered with white woolly filaments
enveloping the coccids beneath.

The adult female is reddish -brown in the centre, with a broad central
clear parallel strij)e (carina) with a row of dark spots down each side ; the
whole finely tessellated with the margins yellow, and lightly covered with a
white waxy secretion. General form elongate, boat-shaped, convex, the
extremities rounded; two small indentations on either side, from each of
which a fine transverse line runs up the side, merging into the dorsal carina.
Length, ^ inch. Under-surface very convex, legs and antennae well developed ;
the lines from the marginal indentation outlined on the ventral surface with
a white secretion. The whole marg'n fringed with short irregular setse or
hairs.

Male test composed of fine semi-transparent waxy plates, impressed on
the sides; of the usual elongate form. Length, -iV inch.

1030. Lecanium patersonice. Cat. Coccidse, p. 212.

Lecanium fersicce, Geoffroy.

Chermes persicce, Histoire abrege de^ Insectes. 1762,

Coccus persicce. Fab., Gen. Ins., p. 30-4. 1776.

Lecanium rosarum, Snellin van Vollenhoven (Maskell, T. N.Z. Inst., p. 22), 1891.

„ cymbiformis, Targ., Cataloijiie, p. 37. 1869.

„ sarothamni, Douglas Ent. Month. Mag., vol. xxvii, p. 65. 1891.

„ assimile, Newstead, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. xxviii, p. 141. 1892.

„ persicce, Newstead, Monog. British Coccida;, vol. ii, p. 89. 1902.

This widely distributed species, originally a native of Europe, is now
recorded from the United States, and from Australia, by Maskell, upon
gooseberry twigs from Melbourne, Victoria. In Mis. Fernald's catalogues,
its food-plants include the grape vine, peach, mulberry, phim, nectarne,
and Japanese quince.

" Adult female dark red to reddish-brown, semi-globular, sometimes
elongated; epidermis smooth, showing some minute transverse wrinkles.
Diameter, t,; to i inch." (Maskell).

Newstead says : " Adult female dusky yellow, dorsal area usually paler,
with from eight to nine transverse bands foimed of blackish and more or
less distinct confluent spots. After jjarturition, the blackish markings dis-
appear and the colour changes to light redd sh-brown or dark castaneous.
Form elongate ovate and h'ghly convex or rarely short ovate and almost
hemispherical."

954. Evlecanium 'persicce. Cat. Coccidse, p. 191.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 39

Lecanium j}:eudexpansuin, Green.
Bulletin of Entomological Research, vol. v, part iii, p. 233. 1914.

This species was sent to Mr. Green from Port Darwin, Northern Territory
of Australia (G. F. Hill), upon the foliage of a " Screw palm " {Pandanus
odaratissinius).

This species is closely allied in colour, structure, form, and size to Lecanium
expansum, but differs in having simple marginal setae instead of flabellrform
Setae, as in L. expansum.

Green, after giving a technical description of this new species, says : " Nor
is the resemblance purely superficial, for the structure of the antennse, the
absence of limbs, and the disposition of the pre-anal ceriferous pores are all
common in the two species. The male puparium of the two species are
indistinguishable."

Lecanium scrobiculatum, Maskell (Figs. 23 and 24).

Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 221, jjI. xiii, figs. 5-7, 1892; vol. xxvii,

p. 58, 1894; vol. xxviii, p. 391, 1896.
Lecanium pinque. Trans. A^. Zealand Institute, vol. xxvii, p. 58, 1904; vol. xxviii,

p. 391, 1896.
Akermes pinquis, Cockerell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 453. 1902.

A common species upon Acacia decurrens, Mittagong (New South Wales),
and on Dillwynia juniperina, Bankstown (New South Wales\ Found in
other localities about Sydney, and at Whitton (New South Wales), on Acacia,
sp.

The type was described from Whitton; the specimens from Bankstown
were described under the name of Lecanium pinque, but Maskell afterwards
considered the difierences were more local than specific.

Adult female varying from bright reddish -brown, usually darkest in centre
to dull brown, covered with a fine waxy secretion, giving it a shiny varnished
appearance, with deep circular pits on the dorsal surface ; central radiating
blotches and margin pale yellow. Very convex, humped in centre, longer
than broad, with the margin forming a distinct flange ; the front portion
projecting like the toe of a shoe ; the dorsum ridged with a row of six stout
tubercles, the first separated from the following five, followed by a more
irregular row of five on either side, with a row of four yellow pits on either
side between the dorsal and lateral tubercules. Length, ^ inch.

Lecanium synaphecB, n.sp.

This fine species comes from Boyanup, Western Australia, and was found
by Mr. L. J. Newman, covering the curious serrate foliage of Synaphea
peliolaris.

Adult female reddish-yellow in the centre with the outer margin pale
yellow. Treated with oil of cloves, the j^ale outer margin shows a ring of
jrregular brown spots, and the central darker portion shows a tessellated,

40 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

pattern of egg-shaped bodies bedded in darker brown. Dorsal sin face ccvtied
with a white mealy wax-like white bloom, and the outer margin fringed with
fine setse. General foim broadly rounded, flattened, or very slightly convex
on the dorsal surface, rounded on the margins, but showing two slight inden-
tations on either side from which run up tiansveise lines meeting the trhoit
carina in the centre of dorsum ; anal opening and cleft large ; ventral suiface
flattened with four white transverse lines in centre; legs long and sler.der;
rostrum large; antennae long, slender. Length, f inch; diameter, i inch.

Male test white, semi-oj)aque, slightly granidated and mealy; elongate,
oval; upper surface smooth, convex, not angulated, with fine white lines
traversing the dorsum and joining in a V-shajDed point at the anal opening.
Length, iV inch.

This species comes near Lecanium expansion in its broad flattened form
and lateral constrictions.

Lecanium tessellatum, Signoret (Figs. 2.5 and 29).

Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), vol. iii, p. 401. 1873.
Douglass, Ent. Montldti Magazine, vol. xxiv, p. '2o. 1887.
Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. i.K, p. 453. 1902.

This Lecanium has been irjtroduced into Australia on hothouse plants,
and is common on palms, ferns, &c. Signoret described the type upon the
foliage of a palm {Caryota iirsus) at Montpellier; Maskell desciibed it tn the
foliage of Laurius nohilis, from Sydney. In the Botanic Garders, Sydney,
it is common on many plants, but is nearly always found upon Coccoloba
flatyclada, a curious flat-leaved plant, native of the Solomon Islands.

The adult female is flat, slightly convex, very irregular in foim, but ii&ually
broad oval, narrowest in front, and one side more arcuate than the other,
which may be almost straight. When alive it has a greenish tint, which
fades into a reddish-brown in the centre surrounded with a dull yellow mar-
gin. The whole surface is covered with fine reticulations, with the outer
margins having two deej) indentations on either side, with distinct lines
running across to the doisum, while the whole is distinctly broken with
finer transverse lines, so that it looks as if the margin was made up of a
number of plates, with a fringe of fine scattered hairs or setae along the edge.
Antennae and legs well developed. Length, i of an inch.

Male tests crystalline white.

837. Euccdymatus tessellatus. Cat. Cpccida?, p. 166.

SCALE INSECTS r COCCIDM") OF AUSTRAUA. 41

Fig. 2?. — Lecanium tesiellatniii.

Fig. 30.- I i!ipti:< ;)»('•(■((//( ,i(. (young females)

Fig. 31. — Cryptes bafcatnm. Adult females and
malepuiaria (white).

42 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XXIII. Cryptes, Crawford.

Maskell, Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 21. 1891.
Cockerell, Canadian EntorAologist, vol. xx? iii, p. 58. 1901.

This generic name was given to this species by Mr. Crawford, of Adelaide,
when sending the types to Maskell for description. The latter, however,
dropped the name of Cryptes, and described it in the genus Lecani'um, to
which it is closely allied. Cockerell, when defining his subdivision of the
genus Lecanium, defined this genus on the male characters, " Male scale
felted, sub-cylindrical, with a glassy operculum." Eemaikable changes
take place in form and colour of the female during the difieient stages of her
development, from the biscuit pale-brown colour and shoe-like foim to
the blue coloured berry foim, and final thick-set, dark blown, pear-shaped
form. If the three distinct foims had been sent without any infoimation
as to their affinities to some of our earlier authorities on coccids, I am suie
they would have created three species.

Cryptes baccatum, Maskell (Figs. 30 and 31).

Lecanium baccatum. Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 20, pi. ii, fig. 8-16

1891; vol. XXV, p. 217, 1892; vol. xxix, p. 311, 1899.
Lecanium baccatum, Fuller, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 458. 1899.

This fine coccid has a very wide range over AustraUa on different species
of Acacias, having been found at Adelaide (South AustraUa), on Acacia
armata, Crawford ; Sydney (New South Wales), on Acacia linearis, A. longi-
Jolia, A. decurrens, and A. pendula, Froggatt; Western Australia, on Acacia
melanoxylon, and A. calamifolia, Fuller. The male and female coccids
thickly encrust the infected twigs and branches of these wattles.

Adult female brownish yellow, smooth, shining, broadly rounded to the
summit and contracted almost to a stalk with irregular rounded apertiue,
the roughened corrugated edges attached to the bark giving a general thick-
set pear-shaped foim. Often very irregular, both in size and foim, when
thickly massed together on the twigs, as they generally are upon the acacia.
Average width, ^ inch, and nearly as high. At this stage simply a thickened
leathery or horny bag, with the antennae, legs, and rostium aboited on to
the inner surface.

The immature female coccids are usually of a shiny slate-blue tint, and
are more elongate, oval or berry-shaped in form, with the opening on the
hind portion of the back distinct and often when observed, particularly in
the early morning, covered with a globule of clear honey-dew. In the earlier

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ') OF AUSTRALIA. 43

stage the colour is light yellowish-brown, the general form elongate, oval,
tapering behind and round on the sides, convex, but flattened on the back,
and showing two or more parallel lines of shallow punctures or depressions ;
the apical orifice large, irregularly rounded, and dark brown towards the
front. Maskeil says the antennae are eight-jointed and feet rather slender.
In the immature, or earlier stages of development, the coccids rest upon a
slight pad of cottony secretion.

The male coccids are enclosed in white sub-cylindrical, closely felted,
cottony puparia, the ends of which are closed with a thin glassy plate in which
there is a small orifice. Length, about j\ of an inch. These male puparia
often cluster along a small twig with their base of attachment surrounded
with white cottony secretion, and quite separate from the females.

1099. Crypti's baccatum. Cat. Coccidse, p. 209.

44 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. IS.

Genus XXIV. Alcerda, Signoret.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. iv, p. 46. 1874.
Newstead, Mon. British C'occidce, vol. ii, p. 10. 1903.

This genus was created by Signoret for a lecauid coccid living underground
in Southern Europe on grass. The female has no legs or antennse, and is
covered with a felted ovisac. The larvse are very elongate, with parallel
sides; the margins of the body fringed with fine short bristles. Six species
have been described in different parts of the world, and though few in number,
the genus has a very wide range over Europe, California, Japan, and Natal.

Alcerda sella-hispanica, Lindenger.
Die Fauna *S'MrfM'&^< Australiens, Bund, iv, p. 8. 1913.
The species comes from North Fremantle, Western Australia.

"Adult female brown; broad elliptical, depressed in the centre, with
longitudinal carina down the dorsum, margin with few spines, rounded at
apex, anal segment broad and tooth-shaped. Antennse and legs, wanting
or aborted. Length, 3 mm., 2 mm. broad, and 1 mm. in height."

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 45

Genus XXV. Lecanopsis, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Rhizobium, Targ,, Studii sul Cocci, p. 23. 1867.

Targ., Catalogue, p. 36. 1869.

Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent., France (5), vol. iv, p. 93. 1874.

The members of this genus are subterranean in their habits, living on the
roots of plants like some of the members of the genus Dactylofius, but are
easily distinguished from members of the latter genus by the lecanid abdo-
minal cleft, in the anal lobes, and in having six-jointed antennse. The legs
are present, but small and usually aborted, mentum monomerous. Four
species have been recorded from Europe and North Ameiica, and one from
Australia. Cockerell removed our species from this genus and created a
new genus /I/ecawops/s, making A. filicum the type; as far as I can, see the
reasons given are only colour, and the more convex and rugose form of the
adult coccid. The convexity and deeper segmentation of the abdomen
seem doubtful generic characters unless a series of specimens have been
examined by the creator of the new genus.

Lecanopsis filicum, Maskell.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vol. viii (2nd ser.), p. 225, pi. vii, figs. 1-4. 1893.
Cockerell, Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxxiii, p. 58. 1901.

The type was found upon the roots of Doodia asfera (fern) growing on the
Kurrajong, near Richmond New South Wales.

Adult female dark redd sh brown, general form turbinate with the under-
surface slightly concave, the cephalic portion smallest, smooth, with the
rostral plate large and rounded. Antennse short, rather thick, conical, six-
Jointed. Feet short, rudimentary, joints swollen. Abdominal portion
broadest, rounded at apex, distinctly segmented and very convex; the anal
segment rounded on either side, with distinct anal clefts and lobes.

In Maskell's description no measurements are given ; my specimen, taken
on the roots of the same species of fern near the original locality, is \ inch
in length, and f*^ inch across the abdomen, with a height of ^ inch. These
measurements do not agree with Malkell's description,, as he says " the height
ieing equal to the length."

1021. Alecanofsis filicum. Cat. Coccida?, p. 211

46 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

SUB-FAMILY Ill.—Dactyloptiince.

The coccids belonging to this group may be defined as scale insects not
forming shield-like scales as in the diaspids, or naked like the lecanids, but at
the adult stage protected or covered with a waxy, felted, cottony, floury, or
woolly coat, usually fitting close over the dorsal surface of the full-grown
female, as she shrivels up after egg laying, forming a cavity under which
the larvae are hatched and protected until they emerge. They are active
in some cases in their earlier stages of development, but stationary when
fully developed. Though some species are popularly known as '' mealy
bugs," the members of the typical genus Dactylopius difier from the true
'' mealy bugs " {Monophlebi'nce) in being enveloped in, or resting upon a pad
or cushion of woolly filaments instead of producing the woolly ovisac behind
their bodies.

The male tests, like those of the lecanids, difier in form and structure from
those of the females, being often slipper-shaped, ribbed or corrugated, with
the truncated anterior portion adapted for the escape of the perfect male.

The adult females are more or less broadly oval, with or without legs,
antenna) usually well developed, but sometimes aborted. The body is
slightly segmented with the anal segment furnished with a j^air of rounded,
small, and not very prominent anal tubercules each bearing a bristle ; the
anogenital ring usually large and well defined. Cockerell, in his classification,
divides the dactylopid coccids into five tribes, places them all in the sub-
family Coccince and makes the Dactylopiince the last tribe.

In Mrs. Fernald's catalogue the gall-making coccids are placed in this
sub-family. From a careful study of our peculiar forms I consider that they
are entitled to a distinct division, and am therefore placing them in the sub-
families BrachyscelincB and Idiococcince.

The dactylopid coccids are well represented in Australia by many fine
indigenous species peculiar to our flora, and other introduced species. Speak-
ing generally, there are no very serious orchard pests found in this division
in Australia, though some of our native plants and shrubs are sometimes
badly infested, especially when the shrubs are grown under c Itivation.
Introduced with young trees into New Zealand Eriococcus coriaceous^
without its natural parasites in Australia, did serious damage in their
plantations.

The following genera are represented in Austraha : • — Genus XXVII
Aster olecanium, XXVIII Lecaniodaspis, XXIX Cerococcus, XXX Kerme.^^
XXXI Rhizococcus, XXXII Gossyparia, XXXIII Eriococcus, XXXIV
Pseudoripersia, XXXV Erium, XXXVI Dactylopius, XXXVII Pseudo-
coccus, XXXVIII Ourococcus, XXXIX Epicoccus, XL Lachnodius, XLI
Ripersia, XLII Antonina.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.

47

Ggdus XXVII. Asterolecanium, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Introduction 2nd Mem. Studi. Cocc, Catalogue, p. 41. 1869.
Planchonia, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent., France (4), vol. x, p. 282. 1879.
Asterodaspis, Signoret, Bull. Soc. Ent., France (5), vol. vi, p. 209. 1876.
Green, Coccidce of Cei/lon, part iv, p. 311. 1909.
Newstead, Mon. British Coccida, vol. ii, p. 150. 1902.

The female coccid is completely enclosed in a box or sack-like stiuctiire
(sometimes embedded in the soft tissue of the leaf or stem, with the top level
with the surface of the bark), composed of opaque, femi-transparent, glass
like, waxy or horny secretion, with the outer margins fringed with crystalline
filaments or waxy spines. At the anal extremity there is a small opening,
through which the young larvae- escape from the sac.

The enclosed adult coccid^ are legless, with antennae wanting or else much
aborted. The anal lobes are small and rudimentary, with the margins of
the integument fringed with one or two rows of curled glands.

Maskell included all the species now placed under this genus in Signoret's
genus Plmichonia, and was very critical about other wiiters on coccids not
adopting it, but as this name PlancJionia had been previously used in zoology
it had to be discarded.

Members of this genus are widely distributed, about twenty-six species
have been described; but as several workers have relied chiefly upon size
and colour without indicating the structural differences, several may have
to be struck out.

Aster olecanium fimbriatum, Fonscolombe (Fig. 33),
Coccus fimbriatus, Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. iii, p. 209. 1834.

Planchonia fimbriata, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent., France (4), vol. x, p. 515. 1868.

„ M&eke\l,*jrrans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxvi ,p. 85. 1893.

This species is recorded from Europe and British Guiana, but Maskell has
also identified it with the species he had sent to him from Queensland on

Rg. 32.- lAchtensia hakearum.

Fig. Zi. — Asterolecanium ftmbriatum.

48 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Leptospermum flavescens. From Maskell's subsequent remarks he appears to
think that our common species, which he called Planchonia styphdice, was
identical or only a variety of the European species.

The adult female forms the typical yellow waxy test with the margins
lighter; she has no legs or antennae.

176, Asterolecanium fimbriatum. Cat. Coccidse, p. 50.

Aster olecanium hakece, Fuller.
Planchonia hakea;. Journal Bureau Agriculture, W.A., p. 1354. 1897.
Asterolecanium hakeoe. Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 456. 1899.

This species was found on the foliage of Hakea Uicifolia and an undeter-
mined species of Acacia near Perth, W.A.

Female test, light green, semi-transparent, flat, circular, no fiinge. Dia-
meter 0-06. Adult female margined with a fringe of figure-of-eight spinnerets,
which are sometimes double. A single row of multicircular poies round the
margin. Fuller, in his first notice, stated that this species was allied to
Planchonia ventruosa, but in the second definition said it was allied to A.
quercicola.

178. Asterolecanium hakece. Cat. Coccidse, p. 51.

Astcrohcaniiiin miliaris,' Boisduval.

Insectol. Agricole, 1869.

Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent., France (4), vol. x, p. 281. 1870.

Green, Coccidoe of Ceylon, pt. iv, p. 338, pi. cxxix, figs. 1^. 1904

This species is common upon the foliage and stems of the giant bamboos.
It has been recorded from Algeria, Mauritius, Brazil, Jamiaca, Trinidad, and
Ceylon. I found it all over the bamboos in the Botanic Gardens at Brisbane,
Queensland. A second species with a very similar range {A. bamh-usce) is also
found on the bamboo, but is of a greener tint and much more circular in the
form of the test ; both are figured and described in Green', Coc idee of Ceylon.
He says that in Ceylon this species is found upon the stem, and not on the
foliage, but in the Kew Botanic Gardens says it is on the leaves.

Test of female dull yellow, semi-transparent, with the enclosed reddish-
brown female darkening the anterior portion, elongate oval, constricted and
tapering to the posterior portion, fringed on margin; dorsal surface very
convex with central carina, and slight transverse lines. Length about /„ of
an inch.

Adult female reddish yellow, tip of abdomen semi-transparent, with the
anal lobes each furni;hed with a long seta, with spines on the lobes and
between them. Anal ring with six hairs ; marginal pores well defined.

182. Asterolecanium miliaris. Cat. Coccidae, p. 51.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 49

Asterolecanimn petrophilcB, Fuller.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 456. 1899.
This scale was found upon the foliage of Petrophila linearis growing on the
banks of the Swan River, Western Australia.

The female test is yellowish green, with a white fringe, flat, circular, hut
sometimes slightly elongated. Length 004 inch. This semi-transpaient
test has a blackish tint from the enclosed female and looks something like the
test of an Aleuroyd.

" Adult female with antennae aborted, nientum monomerous, margin with
a single row of figure-of-eight spinnerets and a row or simple pores."

184. Asterolecanium petrophilce. Cat. Coccidse, p. 52.

Asterolecanium quercicola, Bouche (Fig. 34).
Lecanium quercicola, Stett. Ent. Zeil., vol. xii, p. 112. 1851.

Asterolecanium quercicola, Signoret, Anns. Soc. Ent., France (4), vol. x, p. 279. 1870.
Asterodias'pis quercicola, Signoret, Anns. Soc. Ent., France (5), vol. vi, p, 606. 1876.
Asterolecanium quercicola, Maskell, The Entomologist, p. 93. 1894.
Planc'honiaquercicola,'K».ske\\, Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxxviii, p. 396. 1896.

This is the common cosmopolitan oak scale of Europe, which is also recorded
from North America, the West Indies, and Mauritius. About 1895 it was
found in Nelson, New Zealand, upon the oaks, and in the following year
Fuller reported it upon many of the oaks in Hyde Park and the Botanic
Gardens, Sydney.

The adult females form their circular glassj^ yellow tests at the extreme tip
of the twigs, half buried in the bark, with the upper surface convex, and
irregularly rounded. Diameter about yV of an inch.

When the tips of the oak twigs are badly infested, the three or four ter-
minal leaves turn brown and die, and every twig may be sometimes infested
in this manner, but otherwise its presence does not seem to affect the health
of the tree.

186. Asterolecanium quercicola. Cat. Coccidse, p. 53.

Asterolecanium styphelice, Maskell (Fig. 3-5).
Planchonia styphelice. Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 24. 1891.
Planchonia styphelice and P. fimbricUa, Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxvi, p. 85,

1893; and vol. xxvii, p. 62, 1894.
Fuller, Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 457. 1899.

This is the common native species with a very wide range over Austraha
and Tasmania, and though described on Styphelia richei and Leptospermi/m
bushes, infests many other native shrubs and plants.

50

Af i SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

M

Bw

mm

1

^3

^HI^HHM

E^hB

utst

gm

EM

Fig. 2\.-~Astefolecaiiium qtiercicoli

Fig. 35. — Asterolecanium stypheliK,

*■•;. 36. — Asterolecanium venlruosum.

Fig 37. — Asterokcaiiium retitruosum.
Small Variety.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^E ") OF AUSTRALIA. 51

The female tests are always found upon the foliage ; they are broadly oval,
fcometimes slightly narrowed behind, convex, and resting upon the surface
of the leaf without forming more than a slight depression ; general colour
greenish yellow, with the darker insect beneath, giving the anterior portion a
brownish tint. The outer margin is beautifully fringed with an unbroken
band (in fresh specimens) of fine white glassy spines. Length, ^V of aii inch.

From the wide range of this species, and the fact that its host plants are
all Australian, I do not think that it is identical with the European species,
. A. fimbriatum.

188. Asterolecanium styphdice. Cat. Coccidse, p. 53.

Asterolecanium ventruosum, Maskell (Figs. 36 and 37).

Planchonia ventruosa. Trans. N. Zealand Institttte, vol. xxvii, p. 63, pi. vi, figs. 5-11.
1894.

This species is found upon the twigs of Acacia liniaris, growing in the
vicinity of Sydney, New South Wales, Acacia decurrens. Emerald, Victoria
(Mr. C. French, jun.). Acacia sp. (Mr. A. Molineaux), South Australia.

The female test is broadly elliptical, flattened, or only slightly convex,
more or less impressed into the surface of the bark, formed of a greenish
semi-transparent waxy secretion, with the marginal fringe pink or whitei
Diameter -A of an inch.

Adult female dark, dull red, sub-circular or only tapering slightly behind :
the upper surface flattened or only slightly convex, with the under surface
convex and wrinkled. Antennae and feet absent, but the former indicated
by a pair of small tubercules, with the usual figure-of-eight spinnerets:.
Length, -/o of an inch.

The male test greenish white, glassy, elongated-elliptical, convex

193. Asterolecanium ventruosum. Cat. Coccidae, p. 54.

52 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XXVIII. Lecaniodaspis, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. i, p. 261. 1869.

Prosopophora, Douglas, Eiit. Monthly Magazine, vol. xxviii, p. 261. 1892.
„ Maskell, Ent. Monthly Magazine, vol. xxix, p. 105. 1893.

This contains the Australian species which Maskell described under the
generic name of Prosopophora, and are now included in the above group.
Maskell, when defining his species from Australia, somewhat modified
Douglas's genus to make them fit into Prosopophora.

The members of this genus are closely allied to the Asterolecanimn in the
form and structure of the female tests, but the delicate fringe of glossy fila-
ments is absent round the margins. In the adult female the antennae, not
more than eight-jointed, are well developed; anal tubercules small; ano-
genital ring with more than eight hairs ; legs aborted ; mentum monomerous,
and in most species a terminal orifice in the enveloping test.

The species is chiefly confined to America and AustraUa; out of the
twenty-three species known ten are described from Australia.

Lecaniodaspis acacice, Maskell (Fig. 38).

Prosopophora acacice, Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 225, pi. 14, figs. 1-7,

1892.
Prosopophora acacice. Fuller, Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 455. 1899.

The type specimens came from South Australia on the twigs of Acacia
caiamifolia, but it has a very wide range over Austraha, and has been foimd
on a number of different species of Acacia.

The female test is yellowish brown, waxy, smooth, opaque, slightly convex,
irregularly rovmded, often with the ventral portion embedded in the bark of
the twig ; with a small anal orifice at the apex. Length f of an inch.

The adult female is of a brown colour and fills the test ; the antennae are
short, thick, and apparently composed of four joints, terminal one with a few
hairs; feet aborted; anal tubercules bearing two or three spiny haiis; the
epidermis with many spinnerets and figure-of-eight orifices.

The male test is white to pale yellow, rugose, waxy, oval, flattened some-
what, impressed with a median ridge and a row of short transverse lines on
either side; the apex flattened or truncate with a rounded flap or lid of
looser texture than the main portion. Length oV of an inch. The female
tests are often half buried in the tissue of the bark, aborting the infested
twig and forming regular pits all over it.

195. Lecaniodaspis acacicB. Cat. Coccidse, p. 54.

SCALE INSECTS {" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 53 ..,

Fig. 38, — Lecaniodaspis acacicr.

Fig. 39. — Lecaniodagpis atlierospermce.

Fig. 40. — Lecnnio'la-siHS convexus.

Fig. 41. — Lecaniodaspis
microcribraria.

54 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Lecaniodusfis anomala, Green.

Birchippia anomala, Anns, and Mag. Nat. History, vol. vi, p. 541. 1900.

,, Green, Ent. Monthly Maagzine, vol. xxxvii, p. 294. 1901.

This species was made the type of a new genus upon specimens found on
an undetermined leguminous plant at Birchip, Victoria. Though Green
points out in his " Note on the Genus Lecaniodaspis " that this generic name
cannot stand, it has generic rank in Mrs. Fernald's catalogue.

The test of the adult female is corneous, semi-transparent, fulvous, formed
of brownish waxy secretion, through which the enclosed female can be S€en
at the anterior portion ; broadly oval or oblong, very convex, with numerous
transverse and four longitudinal furrows. Length, 1-25.

The adult female is subcircular, joints of antennae indistinct, usually three,
second longest ; vertical orifice with many spinnerets ; anal ring with then
flattened hairs.

The male tests are white opaque, rather broadly oval, with a circular
opening at the posterior extremity.

229. Birchippia anomala. Cat. Coccidse, p. 59.

Lecaniodaspis atherospermce, Maskell (Fig. 39).
Prosopophora atherospermce, Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxviii, p. 395, pi. xxi.
figs. 1-8. 1896.

This coccid is found on the surface of the bark of the branches and trunk
of the Sassafras {Atherosperma moschata), growing near Fernshaw, Victoria.

The adult female forms thick waxy tests on the bark which are not em-
bedded in pits ; convex, longer than broad, having a prominent dorsal ridge
with distinct transverse striations. The general colour is a dull reddish
brown. Length about i\~ of an inch.

The adult female is dull red, fitting close into the test ; general form ellip-
tical, dorsal surface convex; antennae long, composed of eight uniform seg-
ments ; third longest, terminal one with hairs ; feet wanting, anal segment
produced into a pair of tubercules with a bristle ; margin of the body with
two small depressions containing spines. Epidermis covered with tubular
spinnerets springing from figure-of-eight orifices. Anal ring distinct, with
about ten stout hairs, surrounded with the anal plates.

The male test is waxy, dark yellow, cylindrical, corrugated transversely,
with a flat plate on the anterior portion, through which the male emerges.
Length, -jV of an inch.

196. Lecaniodaspis atherospermce. Cat. Coccidse, p. 54.

Lecaniodaspis convexus, n.sp. (Fig. 40).

The female coccids massed together on the branchlets of an midetermined
species of eucalyptus growing at Picton, New South Wales. The specimens
were determined for me by Mr. E. E. Green.

The test of female is a dull chocolate brown, but the surface is crossed with
very fine lines of white secretion in no regular pattern, except that there is
usually one forming a dorsal stripe, thin and paper-like but melting in caustic

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 55

potash, very convex, longer than broad, often slightly depressed behind;
the margins tucked well under the body, but the ventral centre open. Length,
V',T of an inch.

The male test is a pale dull yellow, elongate oval, the dorsal surface with a
fine dorsal carina, but the whole test finely ribbed with transverse ridges;
anal portions arcuate. Length -^ of an inch.

Adult female before egg-laying evidently filling the test, much shrivelled
afterwards, reddish brown ; very convex beneath, with the derm thickened,
covered with many fine indistinct figure-of-eight pores ; broadly oval, no legs ;
antennae eight-jointed tapering to the tip, first three joints unifoim; 4th
shorter, 5th and 6th longer, 7th short, terminal one irregularly rounded anal
segment lobed on either side, with the anal plate almost enclosing the anal
ring, which is encircled with a fringe of about twelve long slender hairs.

Lecaniodas'pis dilatata, n.sp.

The tests are formed singly on a slender twig of Acacia discolor, and the
action of the female coccid causes not only a shallow depression to form as'in
the bark, but the twigs swell out and thicken wherever the coccid locates
itself. It is a rare species, but Mr. T. McCarthy (Assistant to Entomologist,
Department of Agriculture), collected several specimens on the wattles at
National Park, near Sydney, New South Wales.

The adult female forms a slightly convex, flattened, shield-shaped, light
brown, granulated, waxy test, longer than broad, the sides irregularly parallel
with the extremities rounded; the anal aperture oval, close to the anterior
margin, with the test thickened and reddish brown round the opening.
Length, i of an inch.

The adult female is a dark reddish brown, convex on the dorsal surface,
with the hind segment deeply arcuate, showing two tufts in the centre (in
potash these melt away). Length, ^ of an inch. In potash, broadly oval
with anal cleft moderate, the whole surface covered with scattered slender
spinnerets and pores. Antennse six-jointed, short, thickened, 3rd joint
longest, terminal one small irregular, tufted with two long hairs and a num-
ber of shorter ones; feet aborted; anal plates broad chitonous, anal ring
with apparently ten hairs.

Lecaniodaspis eucalypti, Maskell.
Prosopophora eucalypti. Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 226, pi. xiv,

tigs. 8-11. 1892.
Prosopophora eucalypti, Ent. Monthly Magazine, vol. xxix, p. 105. 1893.

The type specimens were found upon the bark of an undetermined species
of Eucalyptus at the western township of Whitton, New South Wales.

The adult female forms a felted yellowish-brown waxy test, rather com-
pact, flattened, sub-circular, and resting in a depression on the bark, with a
small orifice in the posterior region. Diameter, Va inch.

56 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. IS.

The adult female is brownish red, antennai rather long, composed of tix
joints, but appear to be eight through transverse marks across the third and
sixth ; feet wanting ; anal tubercules small ; great numbers of tubular spin-
nerets and figure-of-eight orifices on the epidermis.

The test of the male is white, grey or yellowish, waxy, smooth on the
anterior portion, transversely corrugated on the hind portion. Length,
about n-6 of an inch.

199. Lecaniodaspis eucalypti. Cat. Coccidse, p. 55.

Lecaniodaspis frenchi, n.sp. (Fig. 42).
This remarkable scale comes from the mallee scrub-country in north-west
Victoria, where it was obtained by Mr. C. French, jun., covering the branch-
lets of one of the stunted mallee eucalyptus. The specimens were determined
by Mr. E. E. Green.

tZTJia^"" ^^v*:,-,-'

-— ^fe^ m

r--.i^'!^*^_^«., ■■^

"*^I^^^P^%f^

^^^^^

■ ^ -^-.r .^

••^ '*■-

1 "^BF"

Fig. 42. — Lecaniodaspis frenchi.

The female tests cover the bark in contact with each other, slightly over
^ of an inch in length, pale yellow or light biscuit brown showing a mottled
granulated surface, waxy, convex, irregularly rounded, slightly longer than
broad, with the hind portion broadest and the margins turned in underneath,
a large oval anal aperture well above the margin.

The adult female is a dark reddish brown, much shrivelled after egg-laying,
rounded, concave bleneath ; anal segment arcuate ; antenna? tapering, eight-
jointed, 1st to 3rd uniform, 4th to 7th smaller, 8th small and irregular, show
aborted fore and mid legs, anal ring and anal plate bright yellow, with a
fringe of twelve or more hairs.

Lecaniodaspis melaleucce, Fuller.
Prosopophora melaleucce. Journal of the Dep'. of Agriculture, West Australia, p. 1345.

1897.
Prosopophora melaleucce. Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 455, pi. xv, fig. 31. 1899.

A species described from specimens found on the branches of a ti-lree
(Melaleitca leucadendron), Swan River, Western Australia.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 57

The adult female is enclosed in an ovate papery test, of a greyish colour,
under-surface yellow, having a slight dorsal ridge and several transverse
impressions, a decided keel round the margin of the whole test at the junction
of the two halves. Length, 0-17 inch ; v idth, 0-12 inch.

The adult female is a dark brown tinged with yellow ; cylindrical antennae
composed of ten joints; feet aborted, anal lobes striated, without spines or
setsv ; anal ring with ten short hairs ; a few short spines on margin of body
and many figure-of-eight orifices.

201. Lecaniodaspis melalevcce. Cat. Coccidae, p. 55.

Lecaniodasjyits microcibraria, n.sp. (Fig. 41).

A scale recorded by Mr. C. French, jun., as very abundant on the branch-
lets of a small native shrub {Epacris impressa), growing on the Dandenong
Ranges, Victoria. In a note sent he informs me that in many places on the
ranges it is killing out this shrub. This species has been examined and
determined under this name by Mr. E. E. Green.

The female test is a greyish brown, broadly oval, very convex, constricted
along the margin, with a parallel dorsal ridge, slightly impressed with shallow
transverse lines, giving the whole test a roughened surface ; anal orifice small
and rounded. Length, | of an inch.

The adult female is broadly rounded, yellowish brown, with an opaque
ei'idermis that is very finely shagreened with immense numbers of small
pores (in one prepared specimen a number of irregularly scattered dark
yellow spots stand out) ; anal plates like the calyx of a flower, with the anal
r ing at the base with apparently ten flattened hairs pointing upwards ; anal
segment divided and rounded on either side ; antennae short, composed of
eight cylindrical joints tapering to the extremity, second longest, terminal
one irregular at tip ; feet aborted. Length, cu of an inch.

«

Lecaniodasjns iieivmani, n.sp.

Specimens received from Mr. L. J. Newman, found upon the branches of
an undetermined species of Eucalyptus, near Perth, Western Australia.

The female test is massed together on the bark like those of Lecaniodaspis
jrcnchi, which in general ajjpearance they somewhat resemble. Thin, waxy,
of a duller yellowish brown without any paler granulations ; broadly irregu-
larly rounded, very convex, wath the anal extremity produced into a distinct
funnel surrounding the small anal orifice. Length. } of an inch.

The adult female is dull brown, oval, with stout cylindrical 7-jointcd
antennae, 1st to 4th uniform, 5th shorter, 6th short, 7th short irregular, with
scattered bristles at tip. Legs wanting, shoA\nng only aborted claws repre-
senting the fore legs; anal ring granulated with eight long bristles, the
chit nous plates well defined on both sides showing stout pines. Epidermis
covered with tubular spinnererts. Length, -/o of an inch.

68 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XXIX. Cerococcus, Comstock.

Report United States Dep. Agriculture, p. 213. 1882.
Solenophora, Maskell, Trans. N. Zealand Institute, p. 139. 1889.
Solenococcus, Cockerell, Check List, supp., p. 392. Note, 1899.
Solenococcus, Cockerell, Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxxi, p. 276. 1899.
Antecerococcus, Green, Pro. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, p. 560. 1900.
Cerococcus, Comstock, Beport U.S. Dep. Agriculture, p. 213. 1882.
Cerococcus, Scott, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, vol. ix, p. 445. 1907.
Cerococcus, Green, Coccidce of Ceylon, part iv, p. 305. 1909.

The female coccids of this genus form curious waxy tests, sometimes
covered with tufts and spiny projections of secretion, produced at the anal
extremity into a short tube surrounding the apical opening.

Green says : " Adult female insect with the terminal abdominal segments
usually abruptly narrowed. The extremity with two stout spiniferous lobes
each bearing a longish seta; the interno- ventral aspect of the lobes more
aensely chitinous ; a prominent median triangular plate on the dorsal aspect ;
anal ring with eight stout hairs ; antennae rudimentary. Limbs rudimentary
or absent. Mentum dimerous. Derm with conspicuous paired (8-shaped)
glands. Cribiform plates present in the dorsal surface of the abdomen.
No stigmatic spines.

Male puparium with a large oval or circular operculum above the posterior
extremity."

This is a small genus, the members of which are described from California,
Mexico, India, Ceylon, New Zealand, and Australia. In Mrs. Fernald's
catalogue four species are listed, but with the addition of Green's species
from Ceylon and the new ones here described from Australia, the members
of the genus are more than doubled.

Cerococcus auranticus, n.sp. (Fig. 43).

This beautiful species was originally discovered by me at Bando Station,
near Gunnedah, New South Wales, upon the twigs of the native blackthorn
{Busaria spinosa) ; since then they have been found at Lakemba, near Sydney,
on the same shrub. This coccid was determined by Mr. E. E. Green.

Test of adult female formed of a stout coat of reddish orange waxy secre-
tion with the funnel-shaped apical tube, spots on surface, and four spine-like
tufts pale yellow. General form broadly oval, tapering on the hind margin,
where it is produced into a circular tube round the anal opening. Length,
iV of an inch.

Male tests scattered about among the female tests, pale, bright yellow,
mottled with red, elongate, rounded in front, cylindrical or slipper-shaped,
with the hind portion truncated, with a pale yellow flap. Length, w of an
inch.

SCALE INSECTS ('^ COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 59

Fig, 43. — Cerococcus aiiranticus.

Fig. 44. Cerococcus \ir;ioi'hs.

Fig. 45. — Cerococcus punctiferus. Male tests.

F'g. 46. — Rhigocoms lecanioides.

60 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. IP.

Adult female dark reddish-brown, broadly oval, with the anal segment
divided, either side produced into a stout blunt lobe bearing one very long
hair and several shorter ones. The anal ring with eight or more flattened
hairs and the dark chitinous anal plate below forming a half circle almosi>
enclosing it. Antennae aborted into two blunt horns ; legs wanting, epider-
mis thickly covered with both large yellowish, and smaller semi-transparent;
figure-of-eight processes, and many other small circular pores or glands.
Length, iV of an inch.

Cerococcus hryoides, Mask ell (Fig. 44).

Planchonia bryoides. Trans. N. Zealand, Institute, vol. xxvi, p. 84 1893; and
vol. xxix, p. 315, 1897.

Asterolecanium bryoides, Cockerell, Bull. Illinois State Laboratory, vol. iv. 189(5.

This species was described from specimens upon the bark of an undeter-
mined plant received by Maskell from Fiji. Later on he received specimens
from New South Wales upon the twigs of the native cherry {Exocaryus
cv/pressiformis), which he described under the varietal name of stellata, liut
did not seem to consider it even a well-defined variety. I have found it upon
the stems of a plant Helichrysum diosmijolium at Mittagong, New South Wales.
Mr. C. T. Musson obtained it at Richmond (Hawkesbury College) upon broom.

Test of adult female formed of dull yellowish secretion, but so thickly
covered with secretionary matter forming grey tufbed filaments that it gives
it a greyish-brown tint ; irregularly oval, convex, with a large anal opening
on the hind margin. Length, A of an inch.

Male test pale yellow, semi-transparent, sometimes with a greyish tint,
finely granulated, elongate oval, slipper-shaped, round in front, with the
hind portion truncate. Length about ^ of an inch.

Adult female dull yellow, broadly oval, with the anal segment elongated^
rounded to apex, slightly cleft, with the anal lobes bearing a long bristle or
seta. Maskell calls the anal segment a short conical " tail," and the whole
female of a peg-top shape. The anal ring and anal plate dull yellow, chitinous,
former bearing short hairs. Derm thickly covered with figure-of-eight orifices,
of two sizes. Legs and antennse wanting. Length, \ of an inch.

218. Antecerococcus hryoides. Cat. Coccidas, p. 58.

Cerococcus pmictijerus, Green (Fig. 45).

Antecerococcus punctiferus, Pro. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, p. 560, vol. xxv, jil. xxxiii,
figs. 3-9. 1900.

This species was described from specimens obtained at Bathurst, New
South Wales, upon the stems of a garden shrub, Pittosporum eugenioides.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 61

In January, 1903, I visited and fumigated a pittosporuni hedge in a garden
at Nowra, New South Wales, that was very badly damaged by this coccid,
every twig being so thickly encrusted with the tests that one could hardly
define the individual specimens. The female tests in these examples were
much more thickly covered with the glassy white filaments than the typical
forms.

Adult female enclosed in a stout covering of granulated waxy secretion of
reddish colour, with four tufts of pale glassy white filaments, two large ones
on each side, with smaller tufts behind. Broadly rounded with the hind
portion tapering round the anal opening.

Male tests slipper-shaped, of a. more yellow tint, mottled with pale red,
front rounded, the hind portion truncate, sloping downward. Length, 1-25
mm.

Adult female irregularly oval (treated in potash, pyriform), the abdomen
terminating in a pair of conical lobes each furnished with a long seta and
several smaller spines on the sides ; anal ring with eight stout flattened hairs.
Antennae and legs rudimentary. Derm covered with figure-of-eight pores, of
two sizes, the larger ones grouped in definite spots, also bands of small cir-
cular pores. Length, 1-25 to l-SO mm.; breadth (across thorax), 1 mm.

219. Antecerococcus functiferus. Cat. Coccidse, p. 58.

Cerococcus ptjriformis, n.sp.
The female tests were thickly encrusting the branchlets of an undetermined
small-leaved, spiny shrub growing in the Parkes district, New South Wales
(D. Ploughman).

The female tests, pear-shaped, with the ventral surface flattened against
the bark, forms an almost complete sack of pale yellow granulated waxy
secretion, fringed with beautifully glassy filaments. The anterior portion
forms a short rounded tube with an irregular anal opening at the tip. Length
about i^j of an inch, slightly longer than broad.

Adult female dark reddish-brown, when boiled in potash, showing a pear-
shaped form, which is lost when mounted. Antennae, and legs aborted,
epidermis covered with figure-of-eight pores running in rows, with other
single scattered pores. Anal segment produced into two small lobes each
bearing a slender hair, with a short spine-like hair on either side of each lobe.
The anal ring close to the lobes, with a small anal plate, and a ring of six
hairs. This handsome species agrees with Green's definition of the genus,
the test having the typical form, with the addition of the delicate fringe along
the outer margin found in the members of the genus Asterohcanium. There
may be eight hairs on the anal ring, but I can only make out six.

62 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XXX. Kermes, Boitard.

Manuel d'Entomologie, p. 171. 1828.

Targioni-Tozzetti, Catalogue, p. 40. 1869.

Sgnoret, Ann. Soc. Ent., France (5), vol. iv, p. 547. 1874.

Cockerell, Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxxi, p. 276. 1899,

Newstead, Mon. British Coccidce, vol. ii, p. 138. 1902,

The adult females of this genus are berry or gall-shaped insects that have
more or less well developed legs and antennae (with a few exceptions, as in
Kermes acacice). They are naked, or lightly covered with secretion, the
antennae consisting of not more than six joints. The anal ring is not fringed
with hairs, and the anal tubercles are wanting or are very inconspicuous.

The male coccid forms a felted sac or puparium. The larvae have well-
developed anal lobes. Newstead has figured the British species. It is from
several species of this genus that the valuable commercial colouring matter
is obtained.

Twenty-seven species have been described from Europe and North America,
all of which are found upon oak trees. The single species described from
Australia is found upon an Acacia.

Kermes acaeice, Maskell.
Trans. N. Z. Institute, vol. xxvi, p. 83, pi. iv, figs. 15-18. 1893.

The type specimen was collected by Mr. OllifE upon the twigs of a wattle
{Acacia, sp.) near Sydney. I have no other record of this rare coccid.

Adult female dark red, almost globular in form, with a small opening
beneath. Antennae and feet wanting. Abdominal cleft only distinguished
by a small cleft on the edge of the basal orifice, forming a narrow depression
along the dorsum to a black spot, where there is a small opening and two
very small lobes. The epidermis is wrinkled, after treatment in potash,
showing great numbers of a small conical pointed pustules. Diameter of
coccid i of an inch. Maskell detribes the typical larvae and considers this
species comes nearest to Kermes vermilio.

232. Kermes acacice. Cat. Coccidae, p. 60.

SCALE INSECTS ("COCCIDiE") OF AUSTRALIA. 63

Genus XXXI. Bhizococcus, Signoret.

Ann. Soc. Ent., France (5), vol. v, p. 36. 1875.
Maskell, Coccidce of New Zealand, p. 96. 1887.
Cockerel], Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxxi, p. 276. 1899.

Though the original type for this genus was described by Dr. Signoret from
France upon the roots of a daphne, all the other species, with one exception,
are found upon the twigs and foliage, and fourteen of the sixteen listed are
described from New Zealand and Australia, while Green has recently de-
scribed two more from Australia. From a study of a good deal of live material
I think that vnth. further investigation several of the species described upon
the Casuarinas as distinct will be found at the least to be only varieties.
Maskell defines the genus as follows : " Adult female naked, usually station-
ary, body segmented ; anal tubercles conspicuous. Antennse of six or seven
joints. Feet present. Anogenital ring inconspicuous with fine hairs. Male
pupa enclosed in a cottony sac."

Rhizococcus hicolor, n.sp.

This species was collected upon the foliage of a myall {Acacia, sp.) by Mr.
L. J. Newman, at Dowering, Western Australia.

Adult female blackish purple with yellowish markings, broadly oval, very
much wrinkled, and cleft on the under surface when resting on the fine branch-
lets; segmental divisions evidently well defined when alive. Length about
y of an inch.

Antennse six- jointed, first short angulated, second shorter than third,
fourth shorter than third, fifth about the same length, sixth twice as long as
the last two combined; rounded at the extremity with scattered hairs on
sides. Legs stout, tibia slender, tarsus with four hairs on sides, digitules
long slender hairs curled and slightly thickened at the tips. Anal lobes
represented by two chitinous areas with a group of short blunt spine. Anal
ring large with six long hairs. Epidermis covered with circular pores and
short hair-like spines.

Rhizococcus casuarinai, Maskell.

Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 230, pi. xv, fig. 7. 1892.
The Entomologist, vol.. xxvii, p. 46. 1894.

This coccid was found at Myrniong, Victoria, upon the branchlets of a
she-oak {Casuarina suberosa), and at Cheltenham, Victoria, on Casuarina
distyla (French).

The adult female varies in colour from yellow to dark red ; the form normal,
with slight segmentation. Length about I of an inch. Antennae six-jointed,
of which the third is as long as the rest combined. Feet normal. Anal

64 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

tubercles hidden before treatment with potash. Dorsum bearing some
slender spines, some of which are very long. Maskell says : " This is another
species allied to R. grandis, but it appears to difier from that sufficiently in
the antennae, and principally in the rows of very strong spines on the dorsum
of the larvae." In his plate he figures the larva.

261. Rhizococcus casuarincR. Cat. Coccidae, p. 66.

Rhizococcus grandis, Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 29, pi. vi, figs. 1-2, 1891, vol. xxv, p. 230. 1892.

This is an underground species found upon the roots of a wattle {Acacia
longifolia) in Victoria.

Adult female dark red, naked, convex, and subglobular in form, with dis-
tinct segmental divisions. Maskell says : " This very large insect has much
the appearance to the naked eye of Coccus cacti (the cochineal insect), being
very much the same size and colour. Length about i of an inch.

Antennae composed of six joints, the second longest, first, third, and sixth
shorter about the same length ; fourth and fifth the shortest ; on the ter-
minal one, several short hairs. Feet slender, tibia with spine, upper digitules
fine hairs, lower pair slightly dilated. Anal ring with eight hairs, on the
dorsum scattered slender hairs."

Maskell described another form from the same locality on an allied wattle
{Acacia implexa), which he called var. spinosior. The differences were the
more numerous dorsal spines and the lower pair of digitules more dilated.
He does not state in his descri})tion if this variety is a subterranean one like
R. grandis.

265. Rhizococcus grandis. Cat. Coccidae, p. 66.

Rhizococcus lecanioides. Green (Fig. 46).
Bull. Entom. Research, vol. vi, pt. i, p. 47, fig. 4. 1915.

This curious species is found upon the branchelts of a she-oak {Casuarina
distyla) at Sandringham, Victoria (French).

Adult female dark brown; smooth, without any defined segmentation,
variable in form, convex and pear-shaped; others shaped like small cowrie
shells, with the margin of the under-surface curled on to the branchlets.
Antennae and legs very small; the joints of the antennao very indistinct, ap-
parently six- jointed, third longest. Tarsus very long. Anal lobes large,
prominent, chitinous and wrinkled, with a short seta on each lobe. Derm
without spines, but thickly set with small oval chitinous lenticels. Anal
ring with eight stout setae. Length about yV of an inch. (Abridged from
Green's description.)

SCALE INSECTS C" COCCIDvE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 65

H/il-jKocciis luU/etii, Cockcrell.
Victoria)) Xiitiimli.st, vol. .Kvi, j). 1S8. 1S9!>.

This species was collected on the twius of a wattle (Acacia cdrojthiolata)
at Myniiong, Victoria.

" Female coccids on twigs, very dark })iu))lt'. naked even when full of
young. Boiled in caustic soda they give out a tine magenta colour; the
female boiled autl flattened out under a cover glass is 4 mm. long and 2^
broad. Mouth parts very small. Legs and antenn;e very ])ale. Dermal
spines numerous."

It differs from all the other Australian species in having seven-jointed
iintennie and in a few minor details.

267. Rhizococcus lidgeW. Cat. Coccida', ]i. 67.

Rhizococcus lobidatus, Green "(Fig. 17).
Jiull. Entom. Besearch, vol. vi, pt. i, p. 46, tig. 3. 191.5.

This curious coccid is not unconimon on the foliage of the " Weeping
Myall '" {Acai-ia pendala), one of our nuist graceful western scrub trees. I
have it originally from Bramble Station, near Condobolin, New South Wales ;
it was sent to Mr. Green in 1901. Other localities where it has been found
are Parkes, Yanco, and Forbes.

The adult females naked, dark reddish brown with a few white woollv
filaments under the anal portion, resting stationary on the leaf or twig:
broadly oval, convex, wrinkled, ta]jering slightly to the anal extrenrity and
showing segmental divisions on the a])ical jiortion. Length about | of an
inch.

Antenna' with six joints, fifth shortest, sixth longest. Legs small, but
.stout: claw stout. Anal lobes forming eight prominent projections, the
median pair longest ; anal ring with six hairs. Epidermis covered with
circular pores and short s[)iny hairs.

Rhizococcas mavcii^t, Maskell (Fig. 48).
R. casuarinrp. var. niaticiis. Trans. \. Zealinul httttitutc, vol. xxix, p. 310. 1897.

This is a typical form of the species of this genus affecting the axils of the
different species of she.-oaks [Casaari'iia) in our coastal districts. It was
■originally described from s])ecimens collected at ^lanlv. New South Wales,
upon Caauariiia dislyla. I have it U])on an undetermined s])ecies of (\i,siiai iha
growing at Wagga, New Soiitli \\'ales. and have exaniin<'d manv living
specimens.

The adult female is found on the surface of the i)aik. but hiiallv attached
in most cases to tiu^ l)ranchlet at the juiu tion of the smaller twigs. Geiu'ral
<(ilour bright red. interspersed with small white dots, markings of biown,
black or grey, changing to dull green on tlie flattened dorsal surface and sides :
the whole covered with line short scatteicd white spines. Dorsal surface flat-
tened with a slighth- raised lim or lidge on eitliei- side with six lows of thr<'e
I 9S)17.>— ('

66

SCIENCE BULLETIN. No. 18.

Fig. il. — It/iizocorriis Inhnlotiis. \\.<\<

Fig. 48.- ];liiu>i'(irrii.i wanciis.

Fig. 50. I iissiipiiiid i<!tiifiiii>io', ii.s|i

SCALE INSECTS ( • COCCID.E •) OF AUSTRALIA. 67

<lee.p punctures or pits, covering the dorsal area. Tlie sides flattened with
apparently the same number of rows of more irregular pits. Ventral surface
angular, thus giving the whole coccid a wedge-like shape. Length I of an
inch, width on flattened surface | of an inch.

In specimens resting on the surface of the baik not constricted by the
angle of the twigs the under-surface is slightly concave and the upper surface
convex with two transverse carina:" and similar depressions.

Antenna- six-jointed, first and second short, third large, long, longer than
the fourth, fifth, and sixth combined. Legs moderate, tarsus long. Anal
segment rounded on either side, distinct, curled under the coccid. Epidermis
covered with fine spiny hairs.

Larva resting in the cavity under the abdomen caused bv the t\]) of the
abdomen turning downward. Cobnir bright red with the legs and antenna;
lighter ; front rounded, ta])ering to the tij) of the abdomen^ with the dorsal
surface bearing rows of fine white spines, the outer one forming a regular
fringe, anal tubercles with a long white seta.

RhizococcK.s jiudidafKn. Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 231. pi. xv, figs. 8-!). 1892.

This species is another sent from ]\Iyrniong, Victoria, u])on the branchlets
of a she-oak {Casuariva. sp.)

It has the general form of R. castiarince, but the adult female has no legs.
■'Dark red, convex, sub-elli]itical and tapering somewhat ])osteriorly ; the
dorsuni exhibits two longitudinal grooves on the upper surface and two others
more shallow near the margins, and in these grooves are some rather long
shallow depressions or pits ; the epidermis is rough with great numbers of
very minute pustules. Length of insect about y;^ in. Anal tubercles small,
but conspicuous. Antenntt short, with six joints, of which the fourth and
fifth are shortest. Feet absent. Anogenital rino- with eight hairs, ^lentum

o o o

dimerous. The dorsal pustides are very noticeable after treatm<^nt with
potash."'

Allied to R. casuarriicp and R. f/raiitJis, but besides being legless is distin-
guished by the dorsal corrugations, shallow pits and minute pustules.

270. Rhizoccociis pustula'us. Cat. Coccidpe, p. 67.

RInzococciiK tripartitii.s, Fuller.

./ounial of J)i jif. of Agriculture, West Australia, vol. iv. p. 134o. 1897.
Trans. Ent. So,-., London, p. 443. 1899.

This species comes from Western Australia, found u])on the axils oi the
branchlets of the she-oaks {Casuarina, sp.).

According to Fuller's descrijjtion this species is very closely allied to, if not
identical with, one of Maskells species R. niamus, which he considers a
variety of R. caxiiariixr. I think that these three are probably only the

68 SCIENCE BULLETIN. N... IS.

saiue (occids under different surroiuKlincs, or wheu upon lhe a>i's of tIk^
branchlet.s of tlie Camariva it h(>con\es wedge-sliaped, as in the ty])ical E.
mancus and It. tyipartitys. wlu-n upop the side of the branchlet it is more a
convex wrinkled coccid as in tlic ty|)ical /?. casuarincp. I can find both
forms of adult female coccid in the examination of a large series of fresh
species of B. mmicua, but the wedge-shaped form is the commoji one in the
Casiiariva. The coloi'ation is also variable in a large series.

273. Rinzococriis tiip<nii(ns. Cat. Coccida-, ]). 67.

Rli'nncoccus ciridif;, Green (Fig. 4:9).
Pro. Linn. Soc. \. S. Wales, vol. xxv, p. .559, pi. xxxvii, tigs. 1-3. liKtO.
Froggatt, Agric. Gazette X. S. Wales, vol. vii, j). 2<». liK>2.

The tvpe specimens were found scattered over the young foliage and twigs
of the Black Wattle {Acacia decurrens) growing at Mittagong, New Scnith
Wales. Mr. T. McCarthy has since collected it upon Acacia proniivev.^ at
Lakemba, near Sydney. I noted it in my list of " Insects of the \\'attle
Trees."

Adult female when alive deep green, changing at death to a tlull purplish
brown with a little white meal on the dorsal surface. Length about J- of an
inch. Elongate oval, very convex, tapering slightly to the anal segment:
concave beneath, with the margins curved in when attached to a twig.
Antenna' six-jointed, basal one short, broad, somewhat angular, last one
longer than the fourth and fifth combined, with the extremity round and with
a few scattered hairs. Legs short stout, tarsus nearly as long as tibia. Bigi-
tules fine hairs (according to Green), but in my specimens the tips seem to be
curled round and slightly thickened. Anal ring with six hairs. The outer
margin of the last two abdominal segments on either side of the anal tubercles
rounded and furnished with stout spiny hairs; the anal lobes rounded, jjro-
jecting, chitinous, dull yellow with short stiff spiny hairs. Epidermis with
numv fine circular pores and long sharp spines.

274. Rhizococois riridls. Cat. Cocciche, ]). 66.

SCALE INSECTS ( • COCCID/E ") OK A IS'l'liAlJ A. (i'.t

Genus XXXII. (xossyparia, Signoret.

AuH. Sac. Eut.. France (o), vol. ."), ]>. 20. 187.1.

.Maskcll, Tranx. .V. Zealand Institutr, vol. xxii, j). 227. 1S92.

In this i>omus tlic adult female, though naked, rest.s upon and is surrounded
with a pad of white cottony secretion so that only her dorsal surface appears
to be naked, Init when dead is easily detachefl from the surrounding secretion.
The feet and antenna' are well developed. The typical form is the elm-tree
scale {(jossi/paria spuria), common in Euro])e and North America.

This in point of numbers is a small genus containing onlv six described
species, three of which are peculiar to Australia, oiu^ from New Zealand,
another on the Taiiiari.r in Asia Minor, Northern Africa, and Eastern Europe,
and the elm-tree scale.

Gossyjmna (:nsuuriiire, Maskeli.
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, })1. xiv. tig.s. 12-13. 1892.

Sj)ecimens of this S])ecies were collected upon the branchlets of an un-
determined sj)ecies of Canvariva, near Sydney, New South Wales.

Adult female varying from dark to light brown, elliptical, convex, elon-
gated, resting upon a cushion of woolly secrelion with the back uncovered.
Length about yV of an inch. Antenna- six-jointed, the third longest, the
fourth and fifth the shortest. Feet with the tarsus longer than the tibia :
digitules tine hairs. Anal tubercles distinct. Mentum dimerous. The
margin of the Ixidy fringed with close slender spines.

Maskeli savs : '' The cushion of grev cotton in this species is nxore scanty
than is usual in this genus, almost the whole insect l)eing exposed instead of
only the dorsum as is ordinary.

27.5. Gossyparia casiiarinrp. Cat. Coccida", p. 68.

(iossypdria coiiflueus, Maskeli.
Trans. Xeic Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, ]>. 227, pi. xiv, tig. 4. 1892.

This species was also sent to Mr. Maskeli aboiit the .sanu' time as the pre-
vious one, from near Svdnev, New South Wales, found u|)on an undeter-
niined s])ecies of Ei(c(dy2>tiiii.

The adult females pidduce a mass of white cottony seci'etion, sometimes
tinged with vellow. upon the twigs of the gum-tree, in which a nund)er are
enveloped but not hidden in the continent mass of filaments. The naked
female is dark-red, convex, elongate oval, antenna' six-jointed, first three
longest, of crjual length. Feet rather long, tarsus longer than tibia. Anal
tubercles well (h-lined. Epidermis covered with tine slender spines, anal
ring with eight hairs.

277. Gossyporla covjlimtis. Cat. Coccidie, p. (58.

70 SCIENrE BULLETIN, No. 1^\

Gossypaiin sy)icarpi(P, n.sj). (Fig. 50).

I collected this species upon the foliage of the Turpentine gum {Syucarpia
Jaiirijolia) near Gosford. New South Wales, where it was very plentiful.
This species was deteriuined for me by Mr. E. E. Green some years ago.

The adult. female rests upon a cushion of cottony secretion, in which she is
encircled, but the greater part of the dorsal surface is exposed. General
colour dull purplish-black, convex, broadly rounded, tapering slightly to the
tip of the abdomen, with the segmental divisions well defined. Length
about "i-o" of an inch. Antennae wAth. six joints.

SCALE INSECTS {- COCCID^ ') OF AUSTRALIA. 71

Gonus XXXI [1. Erlonoccus, Targioiii-'rozzctti.

Siiiiiorot, Ann. Soc. EtiL, France (">), vol. v, j). 2!t. 187.").
Coinstock, Report U.S. Dep. Agriculture, j). 337. 1880.
Maskfii, ('accidie of New Zealand, j). 92. 1887.
Newstoad, Man. of British Coccidie, vol. ii, p. 111."). I(t()2.
Catalogue, p. 33. 1809.

The adult female has the body eloni^ated, ur ovate, segmented; tlie dor.sal
surface or margin generally s])iny. Maskell says : '" Several rows of conieaj
spines on the dorsal surface. Antenna' com])osed of six or seven joints.
Legs present. Anal tid)ercles consi'icuous. Anal orifice with six or eight
hairs.

" The adult female enclosed in' an ovisac of white or yellow felted cotton,
elliptical, elongated, oval, and more or less convex, with or without an opening
.at the anal extremity.

" Male puparium resembling that of the female, but smaller. Australia
is very rich in species of this genus. Out of sonie sixty species described
from all parts of the world, about hal-f of them are peculiar to Australia.'"

Many of our species excrete so much honey-dew that the plants the^' infest
and the ovisacs of the coccids become so thickly coated with fumagine that
they are difficult to study or identify from their outward appearance.

In the Victoiiau Naturalist, vol. xxi, 1904, Mr. E. E. Green gives a catalogue
of the Australian species in parallel columns, showing the characters and
food-plants of the different species recorded up to that date. In a pa]:er
" On Some Coccid Pests of Economic Importance," published in the Journal
of Ecovomic Biology, 1910, Green points out that MaskelFs Eriococcxis jxira-
doxius and E. paradoxus, var. simplex have to be removed from this genus,
and he places them in the genns Cerococcvs. I have therefore left them to
))e dealt with in my su])])lement.

Eriococois at/on is. Fuller.
Journal of D.pt. of Agriculture, We-st Au.stnilid. \v\. iv. ]>. 134."). 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 439. 1899.

This species was described from sjx'cimens collected a])on the foliage of
the " Native Fei)])ermint " {A(/ovis Jtexiiosa), near Perth, Western Australia.

Adult female enclosed in an elongate oval sac of loose texture, probablv
white, but usually discolored with fumagine.

Fema'e coccid ])ur])le,. segmented, elongate, convex. Lengtli 0-06 inch.
Antennic tapering, with seven joints, second and third subequal, last longest,
sometimes appearing to consist of two joints. Tarsus twice the length of the
tibia; digitules present. Anal tubercles normal, each bearing five si)ines:
one on either side and tliree at the base : a thornlike sj)ine u[)on the inner
margin and a long slender one at tlie ti|). Anal ring })robably with eight
hairs. Dorsum with a few scattered spines and two upon the margin of each
segment.

285. Eriococcus a(/onis. Cat. Cocciche. p. 71.

SeiENX'E BULLETIN, Xo. 1

Eiiococcus ai>iomorph(e, Fuller.
Journal of Di pt. oj Agriculture, West Austrnlin, vol. iv. p. 1345. 1897.
Trans. Erit. Soc, London, p. 439. 1899.

The type speciiueiis were described from coccids obtained in the empty
oalls of a gall ('octid (Apionwrpha maliformis) on a eucalypt.

Adulb female globose, forming a thick white com])act convex sac measuring
0-2 inch in length.

AntenniX" composed of seven joints, the second, third, and fourth subequal.
seventh smaller, but longer than fifth and sixth. Legs slender, tarsus longer
than tibia, upper digitules knobbed, lower ones fine hairs. Anal tubercles
small cylindrical, apex almost truncate, terminating in a long seta ; two spines
at base, and one on the lateral margin. Anal ring with eight hairs. Dorsum
with many small acuminate sjtines with a marginal fringe of large spines
arranged at regular intervals.

286. Eriococciiii a pio in orpine. Cat. C'occidae, ]). 71.

Eriococcus augulatiis. n.sj).

Specimens scattered over the foliage of the Norfolk Island Pine {Aimicaria
exceha) collected at Perth, Western Australia, by Mr. J. L. Newman.

Adult female forming a broad, rounded, slightly-flattened, but convex
white sac, formed of thin, rather soft white cotton secretion, with no distinct
anal opening. Length up to \\ of an inch.

Adult female yellow, when alive filling the sac. Antennjc rather long,
slender, composed of seven joints, second long, third much longer, fourth
short, fifth and sixth small, more oval in form, seventh small, rounded, hairy.
Feet long, slender, tarsus as long as tibia, digitules dilated at the tips. Anal
ring with eight hairs. Anal tubercles broad at the liase. sides straight with
angulated cleft on the outer margin below the tij) with a stout s])ine at base
and at cleft a similar spine on the inner margin and a slender seta at tip.
Derm with a marginal fringe of stout s])ines and the surface covered with
small circular spinnerets.

At first I thought this was the typical E. araKCoiirp, but it seems quite dis-
tinct ; the difference in the antenna?, legs, fine spinnerets on the epidermis, and
the anal tubercles are very marked. While all the specimens of the typical
forms ontheAraucaria and Kunzia cover the foliage with black smut. the foliage
of the pine infested by this s[)ecies is perfectly clean and the sacs pure white.

EriococcHx araucaricp, Maskell (Fig. 1).
Trans. X. Zealand In.stitute, vol. xi, p. 218, 1878; and vol. xxvii, j). (i4. 1894.
Coccidce of New Zealand, p. 93. 1887.
Rhizococeus araucarkf, Comstock, Kejiort I'.S. Dep. Jgrirulfvre, p. 41. 1880.

„ .. Comstocli., Second lie port, Cornell Universiti/, p. \S1. 1883.

UJileria araucarice. Cooke, Insects, Fruit and Forest Trees, California, j). 41. 188).

This is the white scale ()f the Norfolk Island Pine {Aravcaria e.ael-a). and
is also found on other ]»ines of this genus. It was first recorded u]Jon trees
grownng at Canterbury. New Zealand, but it has s])read to other countries
with its food-plant, and is now recorded ficm ('cyloii, Sandwieh Islands,
South Africa, California, and Australia.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDyE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 73

Fig. 5i. —Eritjcocnis arauearide.

Fig. 52. - Eriococcnx hnsarice. n.s|i

Fig. 53. Erioi-occiiy canfiisiis

Fig. 54. Eriufoccuy crofti, n.^n

74 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Sac of adult female white, elongated, cottony, often in masses. Length,
jV of an inch. Adult female elongate oval, convex, distinctly segnientecl;
and of a -yellow colour with the anal tubercles brown. Autennse with six
joints. Feet normal. Anal ring small, with eight hairs. Anal tubercles
short, blunt, angulate on'the sides with three stoui spines on tlie outer margin,
a slender one, on the inner, and a fine seta at the tij). Derm with a marginal
fringe of stout, rather blunt spines, dorsum not showing any other spines or
spinnerets in any imniber.

Maskell described the type very briefly, and his figures give very little
detail. This is amended in his " Coccidse of New Zealand,"' but the figure
of the anal tubercles is not correct. Comstock's first report adds very little
and his figure of the anal segment is worse. I have not been able to consult
Comstock's second report. Maskell described a variety obtained at Manly,
New South Wales, u])on K'oizta capitata as E. araucaricp, var. minor, of
which he says, " Length about -/(, of an inch ; antennae, six subequal joints
as in type; feet, anal ring, and anal tubercles as in ty])e ; marginal spines
rather shorter and stronger than in type."

The foodi)lants bi both are always thickly covered with black smut through
the presence of the coccids.

287. EriococcKS arancario'. Cat. Coccidfp, p. 71.

En'orocois husan'fP, n.sp. (Fig. 52).
- This fi:;^ speciejs comes from Nimitybelle, New South Wales, upon the
twigs and foliage of the "■ Native Blackthorn " {Bi(saiia spinosa).

Sac of a^ilt female broadly oval, rounded at the extremities, and fitting
close against. the bark: the anal oi)ening in a slight depression well up from
the edge. Length, | of an inch. Composed of closely -felted fibres with a
slight transverse structure; the surface roughened with fine downy hairs,
like a bit of tweed cloth. Colour bright -buff or reddish-brown. Clustering"
together, they are somewhat irregular in form.

Adult female ochreous yellow, broadly oval; about -r^ of an inch in length.
Antenna' com})osed of eight rather long joints, the first short, broad ; second
broad, third longest, fourth and fifth smaller, sixth and seventh rounded on
the sides, eighth long roundetl at tip, hairy. Legs long, tarsus about the same
length as the tibia ; claw short ; digitules long hairs. Anal ring with eight
hairs. Anal tubercles very short, very broad at the base, with two deep
curves on the inner margin, so that the upper ])ortion is narrow and roundedi
with a terminal seta on either edge. The whole of the epidermis covered
with scattered short yellow conical thorn-like sjjines, and thickly clothed
with fine hairs.

This species comes in the Eriococcim eucalypti grou]). but is a much larger
coccid, with the spines A\adely scattered, longer eight-jointed antennae and
distinctive anal tubercles.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCC!IDyE •) OF Al'STRALIA. 75

Eriococciis hiixi, Foiiscolombc.
Coccus biixi, Aim. Soc. Ent., France vol. iii, p. 21JS. 1834.
Eriococcus bii.ci, Targioni-Tozzetti, Catalogue, p. 33. 1801).

„ Signoret, A7in. iSuc. Ent., France (o), vol. v, p. 30. 1875.

„ var. austialis, Maskell, Trans. N. Zealaml Institute, vol. xxvii,

p. 65, 1894; and vol. xxviii, p. 339. 1896.

The tj'pe is described from Europe upon the common shrul) Buxus semper-
virens. Signoret says that the sacs of botli luah^ and tVunaU' coccids are pure
white. The adult female rounded, oval. Antenn* composed of six segments,
the third segment longest, fourth and fifth shorter, sixth straight, as long as
the second, hairy. Dorsum covered with short tubular filaments of uniform
thickness and other scattered, pointed ones. Tibia as long as tarsus, claw
small, digitules large, thickened at the tips. Anal ring with eight hairs.

Maskell has given our species the varietal name of Aiistrcdis. Specimens of
this variety are recorded from Manly, New South Wales, on a native shrub,
Tracliymotie billanlieri, from Grafton, New South Wales, on an undetermined
shrub, and from the Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, Queensland.

The female sacs are usually on the under-surface of the leaves, of the typical
snow-white colour and elongate oval form, with the outer surface soft and
w^ooUy; about ,-u of an inch in length. Antenna; six-jointed, third longest.
The digitules all fine hairs. Maskell says : "I could perhaps mention a
number of very minute characters on which this insect differs from the type,
but the most important are the digitules not being dilated or knobbed, and
the marginal spines on the larvae being small instead of very cons])icuous,
as in E. haxi.

29.5. Eriococcus huxi. Cat. Coccida-, p. 72.

Eriococcus con/nsus, Maskell (Fig. 53).
Trans. X. Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 26, pi. iv, fig.s. 5-8. 1891.

The type specimens were sent from Victoria thickly congregated together
upon the surface of the bark of EucalyjHus viminalis. I have specimens
thickly coating the inner layer of bark covered with a scale of dry bark taken
off the trunks of eucalypts in the park at Richmond, New South Wales, that
were determined by Maskell as this species. In these specimens the ovisacs
are flattened on the dorsal surface from the pressure of the dead bark, and
they are pure white.

Maskell says : " Sac of adult female dirty white or grey, aggregated in
rough, irregular masses on the twigs (?) of the plant; loosely felted; the
normal form is globular, slightly elongated, length about %ro inch."'

Adult female brownish yellow, sub-globiilar. Antenna? composed of six
joints, fourth and fifth shortest. Epidermis with many simple circular
orifices and long slender spines, with a few spiny hairs. Anal ring large, with
eight hairs.

297. Eriococcus ccnfusus. Cat. Cocciche, p. 7.').

76 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Enococcas coriaceus, Maskell (Figs. 55, 56, and 57).

Trans. X. Zealand Institute, vol. xv, p. 229, pi. xv, figs. 1-3. 18!»2.
(Jurncy, Hi port ~th Meeting Aust. J.v.sw. Science, p. 273. 1898.
lM(),U,<,'att. Atjric. (razette X.S. Wales, vol. xi, p. 101. 1900.

Tliits is the commonest species of this genus, and it is widely di,sti-il)uted
over Australia upon many different s])ecies of eucalyptus. There are many
variations in colour, but the general form is regular unless massed together.
Besides the regular host i)lant I liave once found it U])on a cultivated myrtle
at a ])lant nursery at Goulbiirn, NeM' South Wales.

Kirk records it as doing a great deal of damage to i)lantations of young
blue gums {Eiicahi])t>(s globulus) iir New Zealand, into which country it
Avas accidentallv introduced sonu» years ago. We find it always more
vigorous upon all kinds of cultivated gums, in gardens and avenues, than
in the native bush, where it has many enemies among the ladybird beetles
and scale-eating nu)ths.

Sac of adult female formed of a closely-felted papery secretion, egg-shaped
in form, attached on the under surface to the leaf or twig (a complete sac),
with a well-defined circular ojjcning at the apex on tlu' dorsal surface. The
colour variable from almost pure white to yellowish, buff, reddish, to a
bluish creamy tint. Length, iV of an inch. A\ hen massed together the
tapered oval or rounded egg-shaped form is often altered.

Adult female fitting closely into the sac with the tip of the abdomen ex-
posed under the apical o])ening, broadly oval, showing abdominal segmen-
tation.' Colour dark red. giving off a rich reddish-brown stain when crushed,
when placed in caustic ])otash turning it to a bright carmine. In living
s]jecimens there are usually several white curled filaments i)rotruding from
the anal oldening.

Antenna' seven-jointed -first, broad: second, thickened, longer: third
and fourth, longer than second: fifth and sixth, short, indistinct: seventh,
short. Legs, normal : tarsus, long ; digitules, fine hairs. Anal tubercles
standing out at tip of abdomen, dark coloured, stout, finger-shaj)ed, with
three stout spiny hairs on the oirter side, two on the inner margins, with
terminal set;c. Anal ring with eight flat haii's. Epidermis covered with
fine spines, short truncate rods and circidar orifices.

My description is taken from a large series of living s])ecimens. Maskell's
descriiJtion is biief. and his figures somewhat misleading.

299. Eriococrus ccriaccus. Cat. Coccid;e. p. 73.

En'ococeus crojfi, n.sj). (Fig. 54).
The female ccxtcids thickly scattered over the bark of the young branchlets
of the Pej^permint Cum {Eiicalyptus piperita) growing at Salisbury C'Ourt,
iiear ITralla, New South Wales. The infestation by these scale insects
causes the bark to crack, flake, and become greasy-looking and blackened.
Half buried in these surface cracks, manv of the coccids form their sacs.

SCALIO INSECTS (•• COniD.-E") OF AISTKALIA.

77

'M

l^v*!

Fig. 55. — Krioconus vuiUici
,A[.il<' (iiiuiiJitiiio).

Fig. 56. Juiomccus rorhueus. Ma)e.

Fig. 57. - KiiococcHS coriaceus v;ir.

78 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Sac of adult female elongate oval, somewhat irregular in form, consisting
of a complete sac of stiff leathery secretion, showing no woolly filaments :
with a large circular anal aperture. General colour, biscuit-hrown with a
yellowish tint. Length, about ^ of an inch.

Adult female pear-shaped, showing abdominal segments; general colour,
reddish brown, giving off a dull red in potash. Antennae seven-jointed
fourth, fifth, and sixth tapering, sixth shbrtest; seventh, rounded, hairy.
Legs moderate, tibia shorter than tarsus, claw large, digitules long, do not
appear to be thickened. Anal ring with apparently eight hairs. Anal
tubercles large, swelling out about the middle, where a stout seta springs
out on the inner margin, but no corresponding one on the outer margin.
a single stout spine at base, on outer margin. Epidermis thick, covered
with circular orifices, short rods and fine transparent spines. The large
marginal spines extending round the body, but on the abdominal segments
supplemented with a middle pair, so that there is a transverse bunch of
three pairs of spines on each of the abdominal segments.

This species belongs to the Eriococcus coriaceus group with leathery sacs
with apical orifices, but corrodes the bark like E. te2J])eri; it is, however,
very distinct from the latter s])ecies as defined bv Maskell.

I have named this distinct species in honor of Hugli CVoft, Esq., manag( r
of Salisbury Court, to whom I am indebted for manv kindnesses.

Eriococcus cyprcerejoimis, Fuller (Fig. 58).

Journal of Di ar )i en of Agriculturv, West AuHialia, vol. iv, ij. 134"). 1897.
Trans. Ent. Sac, London, p. 440. 1890.

This species comes from Western Australia, and was found upon the
branchlets of a she-oak {Casyarina, sp.). I have specimens from Mr. A. M.
Lea. The ovisac is formed of a dark chocolate-brown leathery or felted
secretion, clouded with black, probably caused from fumagine ; broadly
oval, very convex, and fitting close to the bark, apparently no anal opening.
Length, J; of an inch. Fuller says in his first description, " Sac very convex,
smooth, shining, brown, resembling a small ' snake-head " shell."'

Adult female fitting close into the sac when- alive. Antennic with seven
joints — first, thick ; second, short ; third and fourth, subequal ; sixth and
seventh, subequal. Legs, long. Anal tubercles large, chitinous, roughened,
tapering; each with two spines on inner margin, and one on the outer side
at the apex. Dorsum with irregular oval and circular pores and many
spines.

301. Eriococcus cyprcecejormix. Cat. Coccida\ p. 73.

SCALE INSECTS (■ COCCID.E ) OF AUSTRALIA.

79

Fig. 6).- AV

itrt-'i'iiniy. ii>|i

Fig. 58. I-:,

■ii/iii'ipd'lijr

Fig. 59. — Eiimiirciis eiiciihii'li.

Fig. 61. Kriiiroiviis Ip/itoiiiieniii.

80 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Erwcoccxs elefjav,^, Fuller.

Journal West Australian Bureau of Agriculture, vol. iv, p. 1345. 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 440, pi. xv, fig. 4. 1899.

This sj)ecies is found on the axils of the l)ranchlets of a she-oak {Casuarina
humilis) from near Perth, Weste:n Australia.

The adult female does not mak(^ a true sac, but is covered with a number
of fine cottony filaments in three distinct rows of well-defined curling pyra-
midal tufts, and are completely covered as they rest in the axils of the twigs.

Adult female reddish brown, convex, elongate, showing segmental divisions.
Length, 0-1 inch. Antenna" rather long, coniposed of six joints. Legs,
ample ; tarsus, longer than tibia, upper digitules long. Anal ring with
eight hairs. Anal tubercles conical with spines and long seta'. Dorsum
densely clothed with short conical s])ines and many protruding spinnerets.
Fuller says : " This species is clearly an Eriococcns, but the dorsal covering,
could never be regarded as a sac."

306. Eriococcns elegans. Cat. Coccida?, p. 74.

Eriococcus eiicalyjHi, Maskell (Fig. 59).

Trans. X. Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 27. 1891.

Koebele, Bull. 21, Div. Ent. Dep. Agr., Washington, U.S.A., p. 14. 1890.

Froggatt, Agric. Gazette, X. S. Wales, vol. xi, p. 103. 1900.

A common species in South Australia and Victoria upon the foliage and
twigs of the Native Blackthorn (Busaria spinosa) but also recorded upon
Pittosporuni undatvw, Myoporum, h\). and Aster (Victoria. C. French, jun.).

Though the type was also recorded upon the foliage of Eucalyptus diver-
sicolor from South Australia, I very much doubt if E. eucalypti is ever
found upon any species of eucalyptus.

The sac of the adult fenude yellowisii brown or buff, thickly clothed with
fine white or silvery downy hairs (Maskell calls them " tubes "), so that they
have a distinctly roughened appearance, over the closely felted sac. Convex,
elliptical, sometimes narrowed towards the apex. Length i'^ of an inch.
Anal apeiture distinct. Male sac of similar structure, more elongated, with
the anal end open. Length about --.ro of an inch.

Adult female dark purple to reddish, filling the rounded cavity until after
egg-laying. Anteniue composed of seven joints, of which the second and
third are longest. Feet normal, tibia shorter than tarsus; digitules long
hairs. Anal tubercules stout, each bearing on inner side two long seta^.
Anal ring with eight hairs. Epidermis very thickly covered with short
angular semi-trans])arent thorn-like spines, hiding nearly the whole of the
dorsal surface. Maskell says, " also many small circular spinnerets with
slender circular tubes," but in my old material examined, the latter were
almost hidden by the multitudes of short spines.

SCALE INSECTS ('' COCCID^ ') OF AUSTRALIA. ?!

There are two allied forms described by me as new, Eiiococcnn hnsarice
and E. villosa, which seem to take the place of this species in New Soutli Wales.

308. Eriococcus eucalypti. Cat. Coccidse, }). 74.

Note. There is an error in the reference in Mrs. Fernald's catalogue-
Read 1801 not 1881 in date of Maskell's description.

Eriococcus gregajint;, n.s]). (Fig. GO.)
Eriococcus paradoxus. Mask. Froggatt, Agrk. Gazette, X. S. Wales, vol. xi, ]). 104. 1901.

The female coccids mass their tests together on the branchlets of several
species of eucalypts ; they are found at Glen Innes, Albury, Mittagong.
and in localities about Sydney, upon the young growth.

Adult female sacs about ^ of an inch in length, compressed together at
the base, standing on end in a mass, rounded on the summit, with a large
circular anal opening. Constructed from a closely felted secretion, forming
a leathery covering of a yellowish-brown tint (white at the base), but so
covered with fumagine that they are often blackened, while the exuding
•honey-dew gives them an external glaze.

Adult female dark reddish, convex on the dorsal surface, fitting against
the side of the sac, with the ventral surface somewhat flattened, after egg-
laying forming a shrivelled, flattened skin against the sac with the larvse
beneath. While the female is all dark-purplish black before treatment in
potash, afterwards it is seen that the dorsal surface is brownish and senii-
opaque ; mounted on a slide, the upper portion to the second pair of legs is
brown, with the abdomen below clear. Antennae small, seven- jointed, first
broad runded, second parellel, with the third longest, fourth, fifth and sixth
tapering, seventh irregular, rounded at base with a constriction in the middle,
rounded at the tip, longer than the sixth, with stout, spiny hairs on the fifth,
sixth and seventh. Legs well developed, slender, tarsus longer than tibia,
with two spiny hairs on inner edge and the upper digitules long hairs dilated
at the tips. Anal tubercles yellowish brown, short and broad, with one long
seta on outer edge and several shorter ones. Anal ring large, with apparently
eight hairs. Derm covered with scattered short stout spines.

The peculiar form of the masses of femate sacs agrees to a certain extent
with Maskell and Green's description of Eriococcus paradoxus and its varieties
which Green states should be placed in the genus Cerococcus, but the en-
closed female is quite distinct, and agrees in structure with the typical
EriocoGCxts. The sacs are more felted, and the anal opening larger, but they
are not unlike the more scattered sacs of E. coriacexs if they were placed

upon end.

Eriococcus guriieyi, Fiiller.
Trans. Ent. Sor., London, p. 441, pi. xv, fijr. !). I8i)<.t.
This species was found upon an undetermined species of Rhamanaceous
plant near Perth, Western Australia. The ])lant was also infested with tlir
tests of rn<fJisia jossiUs.

82 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Xo mention is made of the size of either the sac or the insects in Fuller's
•description, and the figure given in the plate is that of one of the capped
glassy tubes covering the epidermis of the immature feinales, before they
construct their sac.

Sac of adult female " complete above but not extending completelv ))eneath
the insect, tough, felted, rather flat, elliptical."

Adult female white, elongate, segmented. Dorsum thicklv covered with
short, stout, conical spines. Antenna? compoed of eight joints; the seventh
and eighth fused. Legs slender, tarsi longer than tibia, digitules thickened
at the tips. Aual tubercles cylindrical, black, with setae. Anal ring large,
with eight hairs.

In the second stage, or immature female. Fuller says : " Pink or lemon
yellow ; antennse, legs and tubercles as in adult. Dorsum clothed with
long cylindrical glassy tubes surmounted witli conical caps, those on the
abdomen being longest.""

In the description of the sac, and the conical spines on the dorsum of the
adult female, this species comes near the Eiiococcus coriaceus group, but
the white colour and black tubercles are different from any other known
ispecies.

3L5. EriococcKfi f/Nrnef/i. Cat. Coccidfe, p. 7.5.

Eriococcu.s liakecp, Fuller.

Journal Wevt Aii'^tr iliati Bureau of AtjrlcuUare, vol. iv, p. 1345. 1897.
Trans. Evt. .S'oc. London, p. 441. pi. xv, tig. 7. 1899.

Specimens were obtained upon the foliage of a " Needlewood " {Hakea
ilicifolia) near Perth. Western Australia.

The sac of feniale buff coloured, verv convex, fitting right round the coccid.
Length about i of an inch. Resembles that of E. apioinorjy/ice.

Adult female pink ; usual form, with the dorsum covered with many
conical sjjines, a few longer than the others ; the margin of each segment
furnished with a ])air of longer spines, those on tlie abdominal segn\ents
longest. Antennfc composed of seven joints, third longest, sixth shortest.
Legs large, several spines upon the tibia and tarsus ; digitules present.
Anal tubercles large, stout, tapering, nu'dian margins, with f(mr to six dis-
tinct spines, lateral with three setw. Anal ring with eight hairs.

316. Eriococcus haJcere. Cat. Coccid ;e, p. 7.5.

Eriococcus iinperfectiis, Fuller.

Journd Wc'i', Awitral/un Bureau of Agyiculturr, vo]. iv, ]). 1345. 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 442. 1899.

The type was obtained upon an undetermined species of Melaleuca near
Perth, Western Australia.

The sac of female white, thick, elliptical, slightly convex, incomj)lete
beneath the coccid. Length. 0-1 inch.

SCALE INSECTS ( " COCCID^E •) OF AUSTRALIA. 83

Adult female fawn colour, finely segmented, with a marginal fringe of
short conical spines, set at regular intervals. Antennae composed of seven
joints, the third longest, second and fourth subequal, fifth and sixth shorty
the seventh twice the length of the sixth. Jjcgs large, tarsus longer than the
tibia ; upper digitules large. Anal tubercles conspicuous, cylindrical, conical
at ajjcx, with several long spines and setcC.

318. Eriococcus imferfectus. Cat. Coccidtc, p. 75.

Eriococcus irr('(julari><, n.sp.

The male and female ovisacs have been found covering the under side of
the bark of the twigs and smaller branches of the Peppermint Gum {Eucaly2Jtus
2)ipeiita) at Salisbury Court, Uralla, New South Wales. The bark and foliage
are usually much discoloured with fumagine, and the uiale scales very
abundant.

Adult male sacs pure white, formed of loosely felted woolly filaments,
flattened, elongate oval, with the two long white setie from the ti]) of the-
abdomen of the male projecting through the apical opening. Length about
-To of an inch.

Adult female forming in the first instance a loose rounded mass of silvery
white threads which appear to project from all over the dorsal surface until
rounded together they cover her. Later on the test is elongated, narrow
at base, very irregular in form, closely felted, and of a pale yellowish-brown
tint. Length, f of an inch.

Adult female yellowish brown, giving oft' a dull yellow tint in potash;
convex oval, tapering to the tip of the abdomen, segmental divisions distinct.
Length, ^^ of a,n inch. Antennte seven-jointed, first short broad, second,,
third and fourth of a imiform length, fifth shortest, sixth longer, seventh
rounded at the tip. Legs long, femora robust, tibia short ; tarsus long ;
claw large: upper digitules very long, clubbed at the tips. Anal ring small^
apparently eight hairs. Anal tubercles large, stout, cylindrical, rounded
at the apex with a fine seta on either side of each tiibercle, the outer one very
long. The margin of the dorsal surface with a complete circle of rather
widely separated blunt spines, the rest of the derm thickly covered with
circular orifices, a few blunt transparent spines and hairs.

The male coccid of the usual form with iridescent wings, brownish yellow
body and two long white anal seta-.

This species comes near Eriococcus tejrperi, but dift'ers from Maskell's
species in having a distinct marginal fringe of stout spines and in the struc-
ture of the antennae.

m SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

EiiococcKs IrptosjM'iDii, Maskcll (Fig. 61).

Tmii'^ N. Zealand I»st'tute, vol. xxiii, p. '22, pi. iv, figs. 9-U. 1890
l'^-.)g.i;att. Agrlc. Gazitt' Ktw South Wales, vol. xi. p. 10.3 1900.

Found upon the bark of Leplospennn Jicrifjation, ^Melbourne. Victoria
(C. French, jun.). Comn\on on tlie same tree, L. scopariiim and Knvzia
<oHfolia, in the vicinity of Sydney, probably with a wide range along the
<^astern and southern coast. The scale-infested foliage and ])ark thickly
covered with funiagine, discoloured, and blackene<l through the ])resence of
this coccid.

Adult female sac dull white to yellowish, felted, elliptical, measuring
about /.^ of an inch in length.

Adult female red, rounded, tapering to the anal segnu'nt. About i\- of
an inch in length, fringed on the margin with two rows of spines. LTjijJer
surface with two longitudinal rows of spines and other scattered ones.
Antennio consisting of six joints, tlu^ third is the longest. Legs stout, the
tibia much shorter than the tarsus : the digitules fine knobbed hairs. Anal
tubercles large with short set;e. Anal ring with eight hairs.

■ Maskell says : " This insect in the general peg-top shape of the adult
female resembles E. hoherifp iMask, a New Zealand species, which also con-
structs similar sacs on the bark of its food-plant. The Australian species
differs in the character of the s])ines, in having only two anal tubei'cles and
in not having the feet atro])hied in the adult stage."

320. EiwcoccNs U'ptospennl. Cat. Coccida', j). 76.

Eriococcus ninltispinus, Maskel.

Acanthococcu.s tiiultispi)iosiis. Trans. Xeic Ztaktnd Institute, vol. xi, p. 127, 1878;

vol. xii, p. 292, 1879: vol. xvii, p. 29, 1884.
Eriorocrvs vinltisphuis, Corcida> of Neir Zealand, p. 94. 1887.

,, var. loerigatus. Mask., Trans. Xeir Zealand I)i.4ltiite. vol

xxiii, p. 20. 1890.

The type specinu'ns were described from New Zealand by Maskell upon
Biibui; avstralis, K nightia excelsa, and Cyalhodes acerosa. The Australian
variety on Acacia armata, Victoria, and on Epaciis lo)i<fijolia, Oatley, New
South ^^^ales.

Adult female sac dull yellow, nearly cylindrical, open at the anal extremity;
composed of interlacing cottony fibres. Lengt.h, ./» of an inch.

Adult female elongate oval, dull pink, covered with white meal, segmental
divisions distinct. Antenna- (M)mposed of six joints, the third longest, fonilh
and fifth ecjual. Legs normal, tibia shorter than the tarsus, upper digitules
long, lower short, hairs. Anal ring small, with eight fine hairs : anal tubercles
brownish with seta', large. Epidermis with a number of conical spines, with
the largest arranged in six longitudinal rows. /

SCALE INSECTS (' COCCIDyE ") OF AUSTUALIA. ia

The Australian variety E. lacujalus is distinguished by liaviiig a smooth
sae. Maskcll says : " I attach it to the above s])ecies on account of the short
blunt conical form, of the very luimerous dorsal spines, and the shoit antennae
%vith six sulie(|ual joints, characters distinguishing E. niuJtisjiiviitf from
E. ]i((Uidus in which the spines are slender and the third anterinal joint
long, and fioTU E. ndthhyi, which lias no dorsal spines and scn en-jointed
antennH\""

325. Eriococciis t)iuUiHpi)ius. Cat. Coccida-, ].. 76.

Eriococcus jiicta, n.sp. (i ig. 62).

This species was collected by Mr. J. L. Newman near Perth, Western
Aiistralia, u])on the branchlets and leaves of an undetermined species of
Eucalyptus.

The sac globular, very compact, well separated from each other, formed of
a stout leathery delicate white secretion, with the centre of the apex some-
times tinted with red, fitting close to the bark, the anal portion turned up
slightly, a large opening in the hind margin. Length, j^ of an inch.

Adirlt female reddish, rounded, tapering to the anal extremity, pear-
shaped. Legs normal. Antennae composed of six joints like those of E.
coiiaqeus. Anal tubercles somewhat similar, but shortej- and broader.
Anal ring with six long hairs. Derm very thickly covered with short
■cylindrical, truncate rods, and small circular spinnerets, but no true s})ines.
Length, ,\ of an inch.

This nright be taken for a very small solitary form of Eriococcus coriarciis,
but differs in the structure of the anal tubercles, the rods, and absence of
. spines on the dorsum, as well as in size.

ErioGocciDi .serratilobiii, Green.
Hull. Ent. Research, vol. vi, pt. i, p. 4o, fig. 1. 191.x

The type was described from specimens on one of the Mallee Uums {Euca-
IjIpiHS (/racilis) collected by Mr. C. French, jun., in Nortli-western Victoria.
I have a fine series obtained by Mr. McKeown on the leaves of another
eucalyptus grcnving at Bomen, near Wagga, New South Wales. In the
latter specinuMis the larvjf appear to have a habit of ci'awling to the tips
of the long, slender leaves, where the adult sacs are clustered, or sometinu's
in a regular row on the side of the leaf. In specimens received from .Mr.
French the sacs are much more genei'aliv scattered ovei' the leaves.

Adult female reddish brown ; legs, antenna' and anal tubercles darker
brown; elongate oval, slightly longer than broad. Antenna' six-jointed,
first bi'oad, second short, thiid h)ngest, fourth and fd'th short, latter
longer than fourth, sixtli as long as the fourth and fifth combined, elongate
to the ti|) with scattered hairs. Legs well developed ; tarsus long, with the
digitules spatulate on tarsus, with another pair of hair-like digitules clubbed
at the tips. Anal lobes short, stout, blunt, broad at the base: edges rounded
to the ti|) : the inner parallel edges serrate, with a single spinv hair on eitlier

86

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Fig. 64. — Eriococcus tepperi

Fig. 62. Eiilirorriis pirtil. ri>li.

Fig. 63. — Eriororriig sfinililohis proniiiiens

Fig. 65. — Eriococcus rilk»<(i. ii.s|i.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDi*: ") OF AUSTRALIA. 87

side, with anal seta?. Epidermis with a marginal rinu of shoit blunt spines,
with scattered circular orifices. An irrcjiuUir dull yellow chitinous area
apparently enclosing the anal ring. Length i':; of an inch. (Ireeu savs '
"Length averaging 1*50 nun. Breadth 1-25 nuu. Ovisac white, strongly
convex, broadly oval, narrow behind, very closely felted and tough. Length,
3-() to 3-5() nun. Breadth, 2-25 to 2-50 mm.""

The Victorian specimens vary much in size, Init are smaller than the
Wagga sj)ecimens. which, though of the same form, have a decidedly yellow
tint. Green, in the same pa])er, describes an Ericooccus I obtained from
Mr. E. P. Dodd, collected at Townsville. Queensland, on the leaves of an
undetermined species of Eucalyptus, which has the same curious habit of
congregating and forming the ovisacs at the extreme tip of the leaves. He
describes it as a variety of the above species under the name of Eriococois
■serratilohis prominent^ (Fig. 63). I think it could be well defined as a
s])ecies. It differs from the ty|)e in the form of the anal hjbes, which are
more prominent and cylindrical, scarcely broader at the base than at the
truncate extremity, contrasting strongly with the shorter and broadlv
conical lobes of tlie type : the chitinous ])late narrower and more lunate in
shape. The ovisacs on niy co-type specimens are much smaller and more
•elongate.

Eriococcvti simplex, Maskell.
Trans. Xew Zeaand Institute, vol. xxix, p. 317, pi. xxi, fig. 3. 1897.

The type s])ecimens were sent from New South Wales to ^laskell. but the
•exact locality is unrecorded, upon the foliage of Eucalyptus, sj).

The sac composed of yellow secretion, variable in form, convex, ellii)tical,
.about iV of an inch in length.

Adult female red, filling the sac when alive. Antenna.' composetl of seven
joints, second and third joints longest. Feet normal. Anal ring with eight
hairs. A row of short blunt, rather slender, spines on the outer margin of
body, most numerous at the two extremities. Derm bearing other circular
spinnerets.

Maskell says : " Allied to Eriococcus spiuiger, but differs in the antenna,
the more slender spines, and their arrangement in terminal groups."'

Eriococcus simplex -vslv. dealbata was described from specimens sent from
Western Australia, found on tin; young shoots growing from the butts of
eucalyptus that had been cut down. It differs only in the sac being white,
according to Maskell "s descri])tion.

336. Eriococcus simplex. Cat. Coccachc, ]). 78.

Eriococcus sordidus, Creen.
Victorian Naturalist, vol. xxi, p. 1)8, figs. 8-9. 1904.
This species was described from specimens found upon the foliage of the
" Everlasting Flowers " {Helichrysum ferruf/iueum) growing on the Dandenong
Ranges, Victoria, where Mr. C. French, jun., informed the writer it killed
niany of the j^lants.

88 SCIENCE BULLETIN. No. 18.

The sac of the adult female is oblong oval, about 3 nun. in length. (Ireen
says : " Colour and texture difficult to determine, every example being
thickly encrusted with black fumagine fungus, as is also the surrounding
surface of the bark. The inner coating of the sac is white."

On the other hand, the male sac is snow-white, not affected by the fumagine..
and about half the size of that of the female.

Adult female oval, colour not recorded. Antenna? seven-jointed, the second,
third, fourth, and seventh longest. Anal tubercles stout, with short anal seta,
with a long spine at the base of inner side, a slender one on outer side, and two
slender ones at the apex. Anal ring with eight stout hairs. Derm with
slender pointed niarginal spines in sets of three, on the abdominal segments.,
{laired spines on the back, reduced to a single pair on the abdominal segments,
with a smaller single spine on each segment between the outer and inner ones..
Both the dorsal and ventral surface of derm with spinnerets and fine hairs.
Length, 1-25 to 1-75 mm.

Green sa}s : " Differs from E. dant/ionice, Mask., in the broader form,
shorter marginal spines, and the presence of a median dorsal series. Near
E. leptosvenni, Mask., but differing in the single marginal fringe and seven-
jointed antenna^."

Eiiococcus spmiger, Maskell.
Tran.s. Xew Zealand Institvte, vol. xxviii, p. 398. 1896.
Froggatt, Agric. Gazette Ne^r South Wales, vol. xi, p. lOo. 1900.

The type specimens collected upon the foliage of an undetermined species
of Eucalyptus at Oatley, near Sydney, New South Wales.

The sac of the adult female convex, elongated and rounded at the ex-
tremities, composed close, felted; white filaments, htting close down on the
surface of the leaves. Length, about H inches.

Adult female elongate oval, yellowish brown. Antenna^ composed of

six joints, of which the third and sixth are the longest. Legs slender, tibia>

a little shorter than tarsus ; digitules fine hairs. Anal tubercles narrow.

cvlindrical, each bearing several short, spines and long terminal set?e. The

epidermis covered with many circular spinnerets and fine hairs: the margins

are irregularly fringed with stout blunt spines, each segment of the cephalic

area with fourteen to sixteen, and each abdoniinal segment with five on

each side.

Sac of male coccid similar in form, but much smaller and more loosel}'

felted.

337. Eriococeiis spink/er. Cat. Coccida?, p. 78.

Eriococc(f,s tepperi, Maskell (Fig. (34).
Trans. Xcw Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 29. 1891.
Froggatt, Agric. Gazette, New South Wales, \o\. xi, p. 106. 1900.
This species was originally described from South Australia from specimens
collected by Mr. Crawford upon Eucalyjitus globulus and Busaria spiuosa..
It has a wide range, as it has been found in Tasmania on Excalyptus vimi>wh'-<-

SCALE INSECTS (• COCCID.^ ") OF ACSTHALiA. 69

((Littler), and on the stems of Eucalyptus, sp., Albiuv, New South Wales.
The bark infested with this scale is usually cracked and roughened with a
sugary secretion and some fumagine, the sacs often lialf buried in tlie
roughened bark, and irregular in form.

Adult female sac dull yellow to dirty white, elongated, elliptical, sometinxcs
segregated in masses, and irregular in form; com})osed of filaments com-
pressed into a leathery consistency, with a large opening at the anal
•extremity. Length about /^ of an inch, but varies (-onsiderably both in size
and form.

Adult female dark red or brownish, elonga4;e oval, tapering to the ex-
tremity, sub-globular. About -i-,j-of an inch in length. Antennse composed
of six joints, the fiirst three subequal, the third slightly longest, but all much
longer than the fourth and fifth, the sixth rather short. Legs slender, tarsus
nearly twice as long as the tibia. Anal ring with eight hairs. No marginal
spines, but each segment bearing a transverse row of fine spines. Epidermis
bearing a number of small circular orifices.

Maskel says : " Allied to the New Zealand E. paUidus, but is smaller,
iind also diflters in the size and structure of the antenna'."

338. Eriococcus tepperi. Cat. Coccidse, p. 79.

Eriococcus tesselatvs, n.S})'.

The adult females cover the bark oi the young branches and twigs with
their sacs, causing the bark to become cracked, discoloured, and covered
with a slight waxy secretion. Specimens obtained from Parkes and Manly,
Xew South Wales, on undetermined species of Eucalyptus.

Sac of adult female elongate, irregular in form, often half buried in a
<n-ack in the surface of the bark, comprised of cottony filaments closely
matted together with a waxy secretion that niakes them brittle and easily
broken; dull white to a brown or yellowish tint. Length variable. l)ut
usually about iV of an inch.

Adult female bright red, rounded, oval ; segmcntel divisions distinct,
with the abdominal ones tapering to a point at the extremity. Length
about rs of an inch. Antenna^ seven-jointed, second and third long, seventh
longer than the sixth, with tuft of fine hairs at extremity. Legs well
■developed but slender; til)ia short, tarsus long, claw long and slender
<ligitule.s, long hairs slightly dilated at the ti]>s. Anal tubercles short,
stout, and rounded at the tip. with a long seta i)roduced from the centre
of the tip. with a short one on the outer side and other spines at the base,
Anal ring with eight or more hairs, forming a regular brush at the tij) of
the abdomen and extending beyond the anal tul)ercles, forming a regular
tail between them. The epidermis covered witli scattered small seini-
traiispatent s])ines and circulai' orifices, witli the doisal suitace of the

90 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 1

abdominal segments covered with fine, dark, irregular oval areas, forming a
fine tessellation of the surface in bands between the segmental divisions,
and also covering the lower j)()rtion of the anal tubercles. The sacs look
like those of Eiiococcus tejjperi, but the examination of the enclosed female
coccid shows that it is a very distinct species.

Eriococcus tricarinatus, Fuller.

Journal West Australian Bureau of AgrieiiUure, ]). 134.5. 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 442, pi. xv, figs. 6, 6a. 1899.

The tyi)e specimens were found upon the galls of MashcUia fjlobosd growing
u]»()n E ucalyptHs f/onipho(e]>haleh:. Western Australia.

The sac of the adult female white, elongate, oval, tapering behind with
three longitudinal ridges down the centre and sides, with a small circular
orifice at the apex. Length, 0-08 inch.

Adult female dark brown, convex on summit, tapering to the extremitv.

Antennjie com])osed of seven joints, the apical one longest. Legs slender.
Anal tubercles cylindrical, furnished with five setfr, three near the base
and two at the apex. Anal ring with eight rather flat hairs. Legs: tarsus
as long as tibia, upper digitules knobbed, lower digitules dilated.

Eriococcus rillofia, n.sp. (Fig. Go).

The insects were collected on the twigs of the native blackthorn {Biimna
spiiiom), growing on the banks of the Clarence River, near Grafton, New
South Wales.

Sac of adult female elongate oval, rounded and slightly depressed at the
extrenuties, and sometimes slightly constricted at the tip ; the anal aperature
circular, well defined, well uj) fr(>m the margin. Formed of closely-felted
cottony filaments, which have a distinct transverse segmentation, the surface
clothcil with a fine down of silvery hairs which almost form a fringe at the
extremities in perfect specimens. Longer than broad, i of an inch in
length.

Adult female dull yellowish brown, broadly rounded. Length about \\x
of an inch. Antennae composee of seven joints- the first broad, second
short, fourth narrow, fifth shortest, sixth a little longer with stout s])iny
hair on outer niargin, seventh rounded with spiny hair on the side, and
finer hairs at the ti}). Legs normal. Anal tubercles short, broad at the
base, but about two-thirds from the base the inner margin is deeply arcuate,
with a short stout spine standing out on the angle, with a long central seta
at the rounded tip above. Anal ring with apparently eight flattened hairs.
Epidermis thickly covered with short angular semi-transpatent spines.

This is another form allied to Eriococcus eucalypti with the epidermis
covered with short thorn-like spines, but the difierences in the form and
structure of the sac, and the ])oints iji the anatouxy of the female coccid, give
it s])ecific rank.

SCALE INSECTS (• COCCID^ ) OF AUSTRALIA.

91

Genus XX.XIV. Psendoripersia, Cockerell.

Check List Sui>ijknicnt, p. 392, footnote. 189it.
(.'atKuUan EnUjtuol agist, vol. xxxi. ]>. 27^. 1S!)9.

The species that represents this genus was originally described by Maskell
under the name of Eriococcns turgipes, but, doubtful of its exact ])osition. he
afterwards placed it in the genus Ripersia, aiid also suggested it might bo
placed in the genus (rossi/paria. It should certainly be removed from these
genera, and I have therefore ado])ted Cockerells genus, tho\igh he has
simply defined it, " Legs extremely thick, like crab's claws.""

Maskell in his original description gives the following details of the imique
species that represents the genus : "' Adult female enclosed in a leathery sac
■odth an o])ening in the centre of the dorsal surface. Antenna' comjiosed of
six joints. General form circular.' with the stout short aborted legs standing
out round the margin. Anal tubercles very small;
anal ring com])ound, with six hairs. The outline of
the insect being circular, the six feet are ])laced at
equal distances, so that the anterior j)air are in front
of the rostrum, and the posterior pair very far towards
the anal tubercles."

Pseudoripersia turgipes, Maskell 1 ig. 66).

Eriococcns turgipt's, Mask.. Trans, y. Zealand Iii.-tifiifi .

vol. XXV, p. 228, pi. xiv. figs. 15-20. 1892.
Kipersia turgipes. Mask., Trans. X. Zeahnid Iii-^titnti .

vol. xxix. p. 318. 1896.

Eriococcns turcjipts. Frogjiatt. Agric. (lazitU X. S. 11 V//rx.

p. lofi, pi. i, fig. 1. imo.

The sacs of the adult females are attached to the
slender branchlets of the she-oak {Casuariva siiberosa).
and are common in the neighbourhood of Sydney,
New South Wales; sometimes single. ones stand out
like little wh te cocoons, but when numerous their
presence causes the slender branchlets of the she-oak
to become aborted, often curling right round the
coccid sac, so that it forms a cluster of knotted
branchlets over the tips of the infested foliage.

Sac of adult female formed of white leathery secretion, almost globular,
with a more or less round opening in the centre of the back, and on the
underside a narrow^ slit where it is attached to the ])lant. Height, r^ of an
inch; length, J of an inch; but variable both in size and foim thiough com-
pression by the branchlets.

Adult female almost black, nearly globular, but fiattened on the doisal
surface ; the feet aborted into short thickened ])rocehses quite unlike those of
the Eriococcns; the tibia, tarsus, and claw fused into one, with no digitules.
Anal tubercides very small, with one terminal seta, and a numl)er of shoit
conical sj)ines at the base; anal ring with six haiis. Epidermis covered with
fine short hairs, circular orifices, and shoit conical s])ines.

551. Pseiidoripersin turgipes. Cat. Coccdi;e. p. 115.

Fig. 66.—

I'neu-lui ipei-^iii luri/i/if'

92

SCIENCE BULLETIN. No. ly.

Genus XXXV. Erinm, Crawford.

Maskell and Crawford. Trativ. S. Zcaloinl I K.sfltntr. vul. xxiv, ]>. 34. l«itl.
Cockerell, Aitiericcni Xdtiindi.st. vol. xxxi, |i. .3!)0. ISDT.
('ockoTfdl. ('(nifiilirui Kiifoii/iilm/ist, vol. xxxi, p. 278. 180!).

The specips upon which this genii's is founded was oiiguially collected br
Mr. Crawford, of Adelaide, 8out]i Australia, who gave it the MS. name of
En'tmi (/fobosiim. but did not describe it. Maskell, thougli somewhat
doul)tful of its affinities, droi)ped Crawford's new genus and })laced it in the
genus DadylopiKs. Cockerell, studying the species, took it as the type of
Crawford's discarded genus, and included a munber of Mexican species.
According to Newstead's description of Dactj/lopius hihermcus {Britisl

Coccuke, vol. ii, |). 172), a rare species found
upon grass, it probably comes into tliis genus..

In general fonu and structure the adult female
is closely allied to that of the genus Dactylo'pius.
the differences being that the joints of the
antennae are more regular in form, with the last
joint often distinctly rounded and of a uniforni
shape. The legs are short and thickset. In most
sjjecies the anal lobes are very small with a
iuiinl)er of s^jines of a lance-headed form. The
whole of the epidermis covered with circular
orifices, many short rod-like processes, and short
s])ines or hairs.

The adult female is com])letely enveloped in
a mass of fine felted woolly filaments or mealy
secretion, forming a c()m])lete sac protecting the
female and larva-.

En'iihi lievellcp, n.sp. (Fig. 67.)

( 'lustering over the foliage of the desert cyjn-ess

{FirneUa rohx.sla) collected at Wagga-Dubbo.

and other localities in the western parts of

New South Wales, jirobalily ranging over a large area with its food-plant.

this si)ecies was determined by Mr. E. E. Cireen.

The adult female is enclosed in an elongate oval white sac. convex, but
sloping to the extremities: sac com})osed of rather brittle white waxy
secretion, like soft eggshell, under which is the female and a compact ma.ss
of larva'. Lenuth of sac, '- of an inch. .\diilt female, vellowish lirown.

Fig. 67. -Erixun frehella'.

SCALE INSECTS (• COCCID.E ") OF AISTUALIA.

broadlv oval. Lcii^ith. i of an incli. Legs short, stout, claw with fine hairs.
Antenna' composed of seven joints, the second shorter tlian the third and
fouith : tiftli and sixth shorter than tlie fonrth ; tln^ seventli longest; con-
tracted and irregular in form, tufted with fine hairs. Anal tubercles very
indistinct; anal ring small with six fine hairs. Epidermis thickly covered
with short rod-like processes, small circidar orifices, and towards the abdomen
witli nianv fine hairs, thickest at the extremitv.

En' urn glohosnvi, Maskell (Fig. fi8 .
Dorti/lo/iiiis (jloho.'ois. Trans. A'. Zi'ohnid Iti.st.. vol. xxiv, p. 34. ]il. vii. li^'s. ti-S. IS'tl.

„ „ Ncwstead, Eiit. Motiflih/ Mrig.. vol. xxxi. ]>. 1(17. 180;").

hJriiiiii (jJdhiMinii. Cockerell, Amerirnii Xntvralist, vol. xxxi. \>. ")!Mt. KS!I.').

Cockorell, Canarlinn Riitoxmlngist. vol. xxxi. )). 27S. ISO!*.

OriginalK- described from s])eciniens found u|ion the foliage of the tlioiiiy
acacia (Aairi<i armata) near Adelaide. Soutli Austialia. .Mi-. Crawford sei\t
the type to New Zealand with the MS. name of Eriintt ijlohosuni, but
Maskell described it m the genus Daclylopiii^. In Victoria it is recorded
upon Acacia decurrens, but in the coastal districts of New South AVales
it is verv common on the foliage <if (•rcrillea hit.iijoha.

The adult female is envelo|)ed
in a com])lete rounded sac of
white wooUv filaments, loosely
felted together, usually resting
on the axil of the leaf. Diameter,
up to ' of an inch. Adult femah-
globidar, dark purple to almost
black in tints. Length, about
I of an inch. Antennje conb
])Osed of seven joints (Maskell
says sometimes eiu'ht) : first joint
shor< , broad; second and fourth
shorter than the third, but the
fifth and sixth still shorter; the
seventh longest, rounded at the
ti}), with a few hairs. Legs small.
V)ut stout in |)ro])ortion- to tlir
length. .Vnal I'ing large, with
six long hairs. .\nal tubei'cles
verv small, with short lance-
headed s])ines at the tip. and a few below. Epidciiiiis covered with short
rod-like ])rocesses, small circular s])inneret orifices, and tine hairs.

540. Kiintn f/lobnstnu. Cat. Coccida-, ]). ll-b

Fig. 68. l-'.iiuiti (jl(ibn>.U)ii.

94 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Eiiunt newmani, n.sp.
This species comes from Darlington, Western Australia, where Mr. L. J.
Newman collected it on the foliage of an undetermined species of Grevillea.
It is allied to E. glohosam, having a similar cottony covering, bul it is much
larger and differs in several characters. It does not agree with Fuller's
description of Dactylojnia greviUere, though that species should probably be
included in the genus Erium.

Adult female subgiobular, dull purple. Length, | of an inch, including
the cottony sac. Antenna) composed of eight joints; first and second short,
broad ; second and third of equal length and almost looking like a single
joint; fourth shortest: sixth narrow at base; eighth longer than sixth and
seventh combined, cylindrical and broadly rounded at the extremity. Legs
very short and broad in proport.ion to their length. In some specimens the
antenna' are variable, only seven joints can be defined, and the fifth is
smallest. Anal tubercles very indistinct, no lance-head spines can be seen,
but isolated ones are present. Anal ring well defined with six long hairs.
Epidermis thickly covered with small circular s])inneret orifices, and short
rod-like processes with a few hairs.

SCALE INSECTS (■ COCCID.E ■) OF ArSTHAlJA. 95

Genus XXXVI. Daclylopius, Costa.

Fanud (hi Jicyni) ili'Xiijioll Curriiiii/I, \>. I,"). 1^3").
Maskell, Scale In.'ifrts of Xiir Zailainl. p. 90. ISST.
Ncwstead, 3Io)>. British Coccirhr. vol. ii. ]). |(>2. I!»(t2.

This <ieiui,s contains a nuinbci' of cocrids of niodcrati' size. i)o]iiilarly known
as '' niealv bugs." Up to tlu' tinu' of egg-laying they are active, oval,
flatteneil little creatures with well-develojjed legs and antenna', usually
covered with fine white meal or short woolly hlanK'uts. nioic or less hiding
the structure and colour of the insect, and frequently foi ining a fringe round
the margins. Often swarming over the young foliage in countless numbers,
thev congregate together, aborting and twisting U]) the twigs and young
foliage by their })rcsence. In the gravid or adult stage they become covered
with a mass of cottony secretion, resting upon a jiad. or forming an ovisac
after the manner of the members of the genus Pulrivarla.

Newstead defines the generic characters as follows :-- '" Adult female with
eight-jointed antenna\ the last joint being invariably longer than the
penultimate (7th). mentum biarticulate ; legs ])ersistent : anal lobes sniall or
rudimentarv : anal orifice with six hairs. Male abdomen with two long
white caudal filaments: genitalia short, male puparium felted.

Maskell savs : " Adult female having antenn:e of eight joints, anogenital
ring with six liairs. Naked or more or less usually covered with mealy or
cottony secretion. Male ])upa enclosed in a cottony sac."

About fifteen species have been described or recorded from Australia.
several of which are cosmopolitan.

In Mrs. Fernald's catalogue only four species are left in this genus, of
which Daciylopns {Coccus) cadi is made the type. All the Australian
species are placed in Westwood's genus Pacudococcus, the members of which
differ onlv from the coccids in this- grou]) in the ])ossession of nine joints in
the antenna'. All the Australian mealy bugs that I have examined or that
have been described from Australia have seven or eight joints in their
antenna^, with the exception of the tliree placed in Psemhcoccua. while
Dactylopiiis lovgispinus. which she makes the ty]ie of Psciidococcns, has only
eight joints instead of nine in its antenna'. 1 therefore retain all those with
less than nine joints in the antennro in this genus.

J)acUil<)])iiis acdcirr. Maskell.
Trans. X. Zcalaiul Institute, vol. xxiv. p. 3:5. ])1. vi. ti.L's. 1. -)-!(>. IS'Ki.

This sjiecies infests the twigs and foliage of Acacia liiicans and Alhnzia
lopluodha, growing near Melbourne. Victoria.

Adult female varying in colour from dark purple to dull black. enveloj)ed
in white cottonv secretion forming masses on the twigs. Antenna' long,
composed of seven joints subecjual, except the seventh, which is longer and

^6 SCIENCE BULLET [X, No. 18.

iusiform. Legs long, stout^ with tine hairs. Anal tubercles with two smaller
lobules on either side, all bearing short, strong spines, and the median
tubercles a long seta. Epidermis covered with many s})inneret orifices,
together with si)ines and long fine hairs : anal ring with six hairs. Length,
About o^ of an inch.

Maskell says : " Allied to Dactylopius hihhetiifv and D. albizzifc: but the
six abdominal lobules and the antennae and feet separate it from the latter
species."'

439. Pseudococcus rtcacice. Cat. Coccidff', p. 97.

Dactyloinus affivis, IN'Iaskell.

Trans. N. Zenlaixl Institute, vol. xxvi, p. i)0, pi. viii, tigs. 17-18. 1893.

This mealy bug is a subterranean species found u])on the roots of dahlias
iind potatoes in the neighbourhood of Sydney, New South Wales.

Adult female, })inkisli to vellowish, powdered with thin white meal on the
dorsal surface. Form elliptical, somewhat flattened, segmental divisions
■distinct. Length, up to | of an inch. Coccid fringed on the sides with
woolly filaments shortest in front, longest behind. Antenniie composed of
^•ight segments, the last longest; then the third, second, and first: fourth,
sixth, and seventh shortest and equal to each other; fifth longer than the
fourth and nearlv as long as the first. Feet long, slender, pubescent ; tarsus
short : ejiidermis bearing a number of small circular spinnerets and a few
minute scattered hairs. Anal ring with six hairs. Anal lobes small, bearing
hairs and several glandular pores.

Maskell says it is allied to a number of species of the Dactyhinus adonidum
type, but its subterranean habits, and the structure of its feet and antennte
.separate it from those.

440. PseHdocorcHs affinh. Cat. Coccida^, p. 97.

DactyJopiiis aJhizzUr, Maskell.

Trans. X. ZeahituI Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 31, pi. vi, fig.s. 3-10. 1891.
Froggatt, Agric. Gazette New South Wales, vol. xiii, p. 719, ))1. 114, tig. 17. 1902.
Kirkaldy, Fauna Hau-aiensis, vol. iii, pi. ii, p. 103. 1902.

The original s])ecimens were sent from Victoria u[)on Albizzia lojdimi.llni; it
is, however, a very common scale in the coastal districts of New South Wales
upon the small shrubby acacia, Acacia discolor. In the plantations of Acacia
decurrens in the South C^oast districts it often does a great deal of damage to
the young trees, and is also recorded upon several other sepcies of acacias.
Kirkaldy has recorded it upon an orange in the Hawaiian Islands.

Adult females massed together upon the twigs and main branchlets : the
oval convex, purplish black coccids almost touching, resting upo)i a white
woollv pad. which forms a rim round the margin, and the mealy secretion is

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. &7

often irregularly scattered over the dorsal surface, forming slight transverse
bands. The dorsal surface is distinctly segmented ; antennae varying from
seven to eight joints, last one longest. Legs slender, normal; tibia very
slightly dilated at the extremity, with long fine hairs; lower pair slightly
thickened. Anal tubercles very small, each bearing a seta ; anal ring with
six hairs. Epidermis covered with small circular spinnerets and a few
slender spiny hairs.

Length, ^ of an inch (Maskell gives much smaller dimensions).

41:2. Pseudococcus albizzice. Cat. Coccidse, p. 97.

Dactylopiics aiirilanalus, Maskell (Figs. 69 and 70).
Trans. X. Zealand Institute, vol. xxii, p. 151, pi. viii, figs. 7-18. 1889.
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxix, p. 320. 1896.
Craw, Fifth Bien. Report, Californian Board Horticulture, p. 45. 1896.
Froggatt, Agric. Gazette New South Wales, vol. viii, p. 531. 1897.
Fuller, First Report Entomologist Natal Dep. Agric, 1899-1900, p. 106.

This is the common mealy bug of the stone pines, Araucana hidwelli and
A. excelsa in New Zealand, and it was probably introduced with nursery
stock into California, Natal, and Australia on these trees.

In nearly all the parks and gardens where these pine trees are grown this
scale will be found, sometimes covering all the trunk and branchlets. When
it attacks young trees it often kills them right back, but on large trees the
coccinellid beetles, lacewings and their larv?e soon clear them off in spite
of their numbers.

Adult female, deep purple black, resting upon a mass or pad of woolly
secretion, ^vith the outer margin fringed with bright yellow floury secretion,
that also forms a dorsal stripe down the centre of the back. General form,
broadly rounded, convex, with distinct irregular segmental corrugations.
Antennae seven or eight jointed. Legs normal; the upper digitules long,
fine, knobbed hairs, lower one slender with dilated ends. Anal tubercles
small ; anal ring with six hairs. Epidermis with scattered spinnerets, with
short fine spiny tubes among them. Length, vo of an inch.

446. Pseudococcus aiirilanatus. Cat. Coccidse, p. 97.

Dactylopitis australiefms, Green and Lidgett.
Victorian Naturalist, vol. xvii, p. 13. 1900.

These coccids were found upon the foliage of Acacia dealbata at Myrniong,
Victoria. Recorded as a serious pest on these wattles.

" Adult female partly enclosed in a mass of pure white cotton ; subglobular
in shape, deeply and distinctly segmented. Antennae irregular, composed o
seven or eight joints ; the variation is caused through the division between
the fourth and fifth being often confluent. Anal ring with six stout hairs
Digitules fine knobbed hairs, those on tarsus longest; tarsus very short
+ 98175— D

98

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Fig. 69. — Dadylopius aurilanatus
on trunk of tree.

Fig. 70.

-Dactyhpius aurilanatus on a seedling
pine Uilled by tlie scab.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 99

about one-third the length of the tibia ; the tibia rather less than three-
quarter of the length of femur and trochanter together. Length of coccid,
2-50 mm."

The authors give a sketch of the different forms of the antennse, and state
that this species is allied to Dactylopius glohosiis (Mask.), but differs in the
test, being much slighter in the structure of the legs and in the smaller size
of the adult insect.

447. P$ei(dococcus australiensis. Cat. Coccidse, p. 98.

Dactylopius hromelice, Bouche.

Lecanium bromeli r, Bouche Schadl, Gart. Insects, p. 49. 1833.
Aspidiotus bromelice, Bouche, Stett. Ent., Zeit., vol. v, p. 295. 1844.
Dutylopiu^bromelice, Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. v, p. 310, 1875; p. 610, 1876.

„ „ Maskell, Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxvi, p. 88. 1893.

„ „ Tiyon, Queensland Agricultural Journal, vol. viii, p. 297. 1901.

This is the Bromelia or pineapple scale common in many parts of tlie
world on those plants, and also recorded upon mulberry, canna, and hibiscus.
Recorded from India, Africa, North and South America, and Grafton, New
South Wales.

The adult female coccids are red, ellipitcal, slightly convex, measuring
about A- of an inch in length, coated with a white floury secretion, through
which the segmental lines can be traced ; the fringe of more fiocculent matter
irregular and slight round the front and side margins, but on the anal segment
produced into a row of about eight white tails of equal length.

Antennae, as described by Maskell, eight-jointed, the last longest. Legs
long, with nobbed digitules. Epidermis with circular spinnerets and spiny
hairs. Anal tubercles very small with long setae. Anal ring compound,
with eight long hairs.

The coccids crawl all over the base of the pineapple fruits, and are massed
together in the inequalities on its surface.

450. Pseuclococcus hromelice. Cat. Coccidse, p. 98.

DactyhyiKs candidus, n.sp. ,
This is a common coccid upon the foliage of the black wattle {Acacia
decurrens), growing. in the coastal districts in the neighbourhood of Sydney.
The insects attack the young branchlets, twisting and aborting them, while
the adult female works along the under-surface of the midrib of the leaves,,
covering them with woolly white secretion, upon which she lays her eggs. In
the earlier stages of development they move about among the branchlets,
often so abundantly that the whole bush is covered with white filaments.
This species is allied to Maskell's Dactylopivs acacice, but differs from it in
not forming masses of woolly secretion, but living free upon the surface of a
flattened mass; also in ttie structure of the anteniife and anal tubercles.

100 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Adult female black, lightly covered with mealy wax, oval, rounded, seg-
mental divisions well defined, under-surface flattened. Length, | of an
inch. Antennfe eight- jointed, the last two (if distinct segments) broadly
rounded and much longer than the sixth and fifth combined; first short,
broad ; third slightly longer than the fourth and fifth. Legs long, femora
stout, tibia slender, tarsus fine, curved in at the tip. Anal tubercles very
small with one long spiny hair and half a dozen shorter ones. Epidermis
very thickly covered with circular spinneret orifices, and stout hair-like
spines springing from distinct tubercles.

Dadylopiiis ericocola, Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 232, pi. xv, figs. 10-11.. 1892.

This scale was found upon an introduced plant, one of the African heaths
(Erica autumnalis), at Melbourne, Victoria. It may therefore not be a
native of Australia. I have no other record of the species. It generally
secretes so much honey-dew that all the foliage of the infested plant becomes
smothered with fumagine ; the type specimens were also hea\Hly parasitised
by chalcid wasps.

Adult female varying in colour from dark brown to red; general form
subglobular; aggregated masses of dirty white cotton surrounding but not
covering the coccid. Length of coccid, ttV of an inch. Antennse consisting
of seven joints, last one longest. Feet moderate ; digitules fine hairs. Anal
tubercles very small; anal ring with six hairs. Epidermis ver}- finely
wrinkled, bearing spinnerets and conical spines.

Maskell further says : " It comes nearest to Dactylopius glohosus (Mask.)
from which it difters in not being covered by its cotton, and in the characters
of the epidermis."

465. Pseudococcus ericicola. Cat. Coccida?, p. lOL

Dactylopius grecillece. Fuller.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 454, vol. xv. 1899.

A species found upon the foliage of Grevillea hiipinnatifida at Swan Eiver,
Western Australia.

Adult female stationary, subglobular, distinctly segmented, lightly
covered with mealy secretion, and enclosed in an almost perfect spherical
sac. General colour, purplish black ; antennfe seven-jointed. Legs short and
stout. Epidermis wath many spinnerets and small spines; tubercles small,
each with one long spine and four smaller ones ; similar spines on the sides
of each segment, and a row across the back. Anal ring with six short hairs.
Size not given by Fuller.

474. Pseudococcus grevilleoe. Cat. Coccidse, p. 102.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 101

Dactylopius herhicola, Maskell.

Agricultural Gazette New Sotith Wales, vol. ii, p. 352, 1891 (woodcut figs. 1-7).
Oockerell, Atm. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), vol. xvi, p. 134. 1895.

This species was described by Mr. Maskell from specimens sent to him by
Mr. Olliff ; they were found upon grass {Aristida varans) gro^\ang at Mulgoa,
near Penrith, New South Wales. In Maskell's description and figures he
defines a strap or band of white secretion standing up like a flat handle across
the centre of the insect, with the secretion flattened do\vn at the front and
hind portion. I have never been able to find a coccid upon grass with this
form of test, and it may be something abnormal.

Maskell sayfe : " Adult female dark brownish purple, slightly elongated,
convex above, flat beneath, covered with thin white meal, and sometimes
bearing several long curling very fine threads, resting on a cushion of white
cottony secretion, which seems usually to be a good deal longer than the
body. From this cushion, in all the specimens observed, rises a band of
cotton arching over the dorsum of the insect like a strap, as if to keep it in
place. This band never appears to be wide enough to enclose the insect
entirely." If this test is the normal structure, this coccid is a very rare
species, and I have never seen it.

Adult female, ^ of an inch in length. Antennae with seven or eight joints;
feet with hairs on the inner margins ; digitules with four fine knobbed hairs ;
claw short and thick ; derm with many spinnerets and fine spiny hairs.

I have specimens of a Dactylopius found upon the same species of grass
in the neighbourhood of Sydney, collected by Mr. E. Zeck, which is identical
or closely allied to this species, as far as the structure, form, and colour of
the adult female coccid as described by Maskell are concerned. The form of
the woolly secretion, however, is very different. The adult coccid resting upon
the grass stem is enveloped in an elongate mass of lightly felted filaments,
which are broadest in the centre and taper away at both extremities, mea-
suring up to I of an inch in length. This may be the normal form of the
woolly covering.

476. Pseudococcus herhicola. Cat. Coccidse, p. 103.

Dactylopius hihhertice, Maskell.

Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 32, pi. vi, figs. 11-14. 1891.
Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. Nat. History (6), vol. xvi, p. 134. 1895.

The type specimens were collected in South Australia upon the foliage of
Hibbertia litiearis and H. virgata.

Adult female, dark purple, subglobular, showing regular segmentation;
-iV of an inch. Resting upon a pad of yellow cotton, with the dorsal surface
covered with a similar secretion, but not covering the edges of the pad under-

102 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

neath. Antennae seven or eight joints; feet short and thick; anal t^ibercles
very small; anal ring with six hairs. Epidennis covered with small spiny-
hairs and small circular spinneret orifices.

Maskell says : " This insect differs from D. alhizzice in the character of the
cottony cushion and upper covering, and also in the form of the feet and
antennae of the adtdt female and other minute characters. It would seem
that the upper cottony mass falls ofi at gestation, leaving the insect shrivelling
up in the cup formed by the lower cushion.

477. Pseudococcus hibbertice. Cat. Coccidse, p. 103.

Dactylopius Mlli, n.sp.

Found upon the upper and underside of the leaves of a wattle {Acacia, sp.).
at Darwin, Northern Territory, by Mr. Gr. F. Hill; the female coccids con-
gregated together in clusters and protected by the green tree-ants {OecojyJiylla
tmiaragdina).

Adidt female, pale brownish yellow, covered with white mealy secretion
and fringed ^^^th fine pencils of woolly matter, short on the cephalic portion,
but on the abdominal segments increasing in length until the terminal anal
pair, which are close together at the base, stand out as long as the whole
coccid. Leng"th, without anal tails, about j^ of an inch. General form
broadly oval, dorsal surface flattened. Antennae eight-jointed ; first shorter
and broader than the second and third, which are the longest, and of about
equal length ; fourth and fifth rather more slender, of equal lengths ; sixth
and seventh somewhat broader, but slightly shorter ; eighth as long as the
last two combined. Legs long with a spine at tip of tarsus above the claw.
Anal tubercle distinct, rounded, bearing one long hair, one stout short spine
and about eight hairs, with a group of spinnerets and hairs behind the anal
ring, which has six long hairs. Behind the anal ring is a curious process
appearing to have a central ridge with radiating lines on either side forming
an oval area.

This species appears to come near Dactylopius citri, Risso, but differs in
the form of the antennae, anal tubercles, and the woolly filaments.

Dactylopius lanigerus. Fuller.
Journal WeM Australian Bureau of Agriculture, vol. iv, p. 1345. 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 454. 1899.

Found upon Acacia pulchella' in Western Australia, where it is locally
known as the " snow scale."

Adult females move about slowly, clustering together on the branches and
secreting great quantities of woolly filaments, which, matted together, hang
down in shreds from the twigs. Colour of female yellowish to dull brown,
with short tassels of cotton on each segment ; antennae eight- jointed ; anal
ring with eight hairs. Length, 0-9 inch.

485. Pseudococcus lanigerus. Cat. Coccidae, p. 104.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.

103

Dactijlopius lobulatus, Maskell (Fig. 71).
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 91, pi. vi, figs. 1-3. 1893.

The adult females are found under the scales of dry bark peeling off tli(!
trunks of several species of the white gums {Eucalypts). The type specimens
were found upon the stems of blue gums {E. globulus) growing in the
streets of Bendigo, Victoria. They were very plentiful at Uralla, New
South Wales, in July, on white gums, and apparently have a wide
range in the eastern States. Sometimes they are found on the stems of
small saplings covered over and protected by ants.

Adult female yellowish brown
with the dorsal surface completely
covered with white woolly secretion,
forming distinct transverse bands
(marking the segmentation) ; nar-
rowest on the abdomen, produced
into an unbroken marginal fringe
right round the insect, irregular in
front, regular on the sides, and upon
the anal segment forming longer
blunt tails. Including the tails,
often measuring up to ^ of an inch
in length. General form, elongate
broadly oval, slightly convex above,

with the segmentation well defined ; anal segment somewhat truncated with
four lobes ; anal ring with six hairs. Epidermis with many small circular
spinnerets . and fine spines, most numerous on the margins. Antennae
composed of eight joints, first one stout and thickened; feet long; femora
stout; trochanter bearing one long hair.

Maskell gives the size as much smaller than that of the large series of
adult specimens I have had under observation. He says : " This insect
belongs to the series of D. adonidum and may be distinguished from that
species and from D. affinis chiefly by the proportion of the antennal joints,
and by the anal tubercles."

489. Pseudococcus lobulatus. Cat. Cocciduc, p. 10.

Fig. 71. — D.Ktylijpiiii lobulatus.

Dactylopius longispinus, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Mem. del Societa. Ital. di Scienze Nat., vol. iii, p. 113. 1867.
Newstead, Mon. British Coccidce, vol. ii, p. 167, pi. Ixiv, figs. 12-15. 1902.
Dactylopius adonidum, Signoret, Aim. Soc. Ent., France (5), vol. v, p. 306. 1875.
„ longifilis. Corns. Report U.S. Dep. Agric, 1880, p. 344, pi. xxviii, fig. 2.

This is a common mealy bug of the hothouses of Europe ; it has been
widely distributed over most parts of the world with introduced plants.
Under all conditions of climate, it flourishes upon mango, fig, guava, crotons.

104 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

and other tropical fruits, as well as those in the warmth of the hothouse.
Maskell has recorded it upon Acacia lotigifolia from specimens sent to him
from New South Wales under the name of D. aclonidum, under which name
it has usually been recorded by Australian entomologists. I have recently
had thistle stems covered with adults and larvae.

Newstead says : " Adult female elongate, oval, covered with white mealy
wax except on the articulation of the segments, where the colour of the body
shows through ; fringed with white waxy appendages, the outer caudal ones
often longer than the whole insect. Antennae, eight-jointed ; third, fourth,
and eighth longest. Anal lobes faintly indicated, each with one long and
two minute hairs, and a ventral group of spinnerets surrounding two short
spines. Anal orifice with six rather long hairs. Length, 3-4 mm."

This mealy bug can generally be recognised from the great length of the
two waxy woolly anal filaments, usually only slightly longer than the other
filaments in allied species like D. lobulatus.

490. Pseudococcvs lothgisfinns. Cat. Goccidse, p. 104.

Dactylopius macrozamice. Fuller.

Journal West Australia Bureau of Agriculture, vol. iv, p. 1346. 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 454. 1899.

Found at the base of the fronds of Macrozamia frazieri at Swan River,
Western Australia.

Adult female light brownish yellow, elongate, flattened, segmented, with
the dorsal surface clothed with white mealy secretion. Antennae eight-
jointed; feet simple, spined; tubercles small; anal ring conspicuous with
six hairs ; dorsum clothed with many fine hairs and raised spinnerets. Length,
0-16 inch.

492. Fseudococ<:us macrozamia^. Cat. Coccidae, p. 106.

Dactylopius similans, Lidgett.
The Wo7nbat, vol. iii, No. 4, p. 91, pi. i, figs. 1-5. 1898.

This species was described from specimens found upon the roots of a daphne
at Myrniong, Victoria.

I am informed that the type is lost ; according to the author's description
it is so closely related to Maskell's subterranean species {Dactylopius affinis)
that it is very difficult to see upon what the specific differences are founded.
He says : " Differs in the granular character of the mealy or cottony sec-
retion ; is larger, and the long single projecting fringe is suflicient to separate
it."

520. Pseudococcus sim,ilans. Cat. Coccidae, p. 109.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 105

Dactyhpius zamice, Lucas.

Bulletin, Ent. Soc, France, vol. v, p. cvii. 1856.
Boisduval, Entomologic Horticole, p. 357. 1867.
Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. v, p. 328.

This species was described by Lucas upon a specimen of Zamia spiralis, a
iiative of New South Wales and Queensland, sent to France. The insects
were very plentiful upon the fronds.

The adult female is described by Signoret as of the usual typical flattened
oval form, yellowish brown in colour, very active, covered ^vith white floury
secretion, with the usual marginal and anal fringe. Measuring up to 5 mm.
in length.

•537. Pseudococcus zamice. Cat. Coccidse, p. 112.

106 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XXXVII. Fseudococctis, Signoret.

Ann. Soc. Ent., France (5), vol. v, p. 329. 1875.
Comstock, U.S. Dep. Agric. Report, 1880, p. 345.
Newstead, Mon. British Coccidce, vol. ii, p. 176. 1903.
Phenacoccus, Cockerell, Eni. News, vol. iv, p. 318. 1893.
Paroudablis, Cockerell, The Entomologist, vol. xxxiii, p. 87. 1900.

The members of this genus are closely related to those of the preceding one.
The adult female is a dactylopid coccid with nine- jointed antennae. The
male coccid is furnished with four cavidal filaments instead of two, but there
is no apparent difference in the larval forms of the two genera. Newstead
says : " In the majority of the species the ovisac is very elongated, and
composed of white felted or flocculent secretion, in which the female com-
pletely envelops herself at the period of parturition. Before the period of
the formation of the ovisac, the females are decidedly active."

Three of our Australian species come into this group.

Pseuclococcus casuarince, Maskell.
Trans. X. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 235, pi. xv, fig. 5. 1892.

Type specimens found at Myrniong, Victoria, on an undetermined species
of Casuarina.

The adult female is enveloped in white cottony secretion forming a globular
mass, sometimes irregular in form, and hardly a true ovisac.

The adult coccid yellowish brown, elliptical, slightly convex. Length,
1 of an inch. Antennae nine-jointed ; the second longest; the others
<liminishing in length to the eighth ; ninth as long as the sixth. Feet long,
stout; digitules fine hairs. Anal tubercles very small. Anal ring with six
liairs. Epidermis covered with circular spinnerets and fine short hairs ; on
the margin of each segment on either side a group of orifices and conical
spines.

398. Phenacoccus casuarince. Cat. Cpccidse, p. 90.

Pseudococcus nivalis, Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 234, pi. xvi, figs. 1-4. 1892.
Phenacoccus nivalis, De Charm, Pro. Soc. Amicale Scientique, p 42, pi. iii, figs. 3-3a.

1899.
Phenacoccus nivalis, Cockerell, Check List Coccidce, p. 325. 1896.

„ „ Cockerell, The Entomologist, vol. xxxiii, p. 86. 1900.

This species was sent to Maskell, from either Brisbane or Sydney (the
texact locality is doubtful) upon an undetermined species of acacia.

The adult female is covered with white cottony secretion above, but also
produces a lighter cottony ovisac, often prolonged behind the insect. Adult
female yellowish brown, form elliptical, slightly convex. About ^ of an
inch in length. The insect secretes a quantity of white cottony matter

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA.

107

covei;ing the dorsal surface, together with a more felted mass, covering the
ovisac, which is like that of Pulvinaria. Antannae composed of nine joints ;
the first short, second longest, succeeding ones smaller, with the terminal
one as long as the fourth ; the fourth to sixth slender. Feet long, slender,
tarsi with fine hairs ; no digitules on the claw. Anal tubercles very small ;
anal ring with six hairs. Epidermis \\ath groups of conical spines ; circular
spinnerets on either side, and scattered over the dorsal surface of the abdo-
minal segments.

According to Cockerell, the species described from Mauritius by M.
d'Emmerer de Charmoy on Solanum under the name of Phenococcus nivalis,
is a distinct species and not this coccid.

410. Phenococcus nivalis. Cat. Coccidse, p. 92.

P'ieudococcus stolatus, n.sp. (Fig. 72).
This species is not uncommon on the small branchlets of the scrub tree knowi
as the dogwood {Myoporum desert i), thickh'
coating the bark with their oval white sacs. I
have it from Cobar, Dubbo, Condobolin, and
Bourke districts, New South Wales. This
species was determined by Mr. E. E. Green.

Adult female enclosed in an oval sac of
light biscuit-brown colour, felted, distinctly
ribbed with transverse lines as if marking
the segmental divisions of the coccid be-
neath; often covered with white mealy
secretion and the margins fringed with
short fingers of white woolly filaments, with
a circular anal aperture.

In the small immature females the
whole surface is clothed with tufts of
white filaments, and they look like some
of the mealy bugs of the genus Icerya.

Adult female elongate, elliptical, pale yellowish brown. Length, ^ of an
inch; antennae long, composed of nine joints; first short broad, second
cylindrical, third slightly longer, fourth to seventh about equal length,
eighth longer; ninth slightly longer than the eighth, rounded at tip Mith
scattered hairs. Feet long slender, tarsus with hairs on either side, two
short clubbed digitules. Anal ring with six hairs ; anal tubercles small,
inconspicuous; epidermis thickly covered with circular spinnerets, short
rod-like processes, and short blunt spines, the latter forming groups on the
edge of the abdominal segments.

^"i

^^Bw9

1

l^f

^^B

W: '

1

nt ^ " "te^H

«■""-$:■

1^ -^m

^^^Hl

R^.^-'

■■-■-.- ■-''^^^

^Ptei^'rc:::^.

^IvS

ifl

^^^^'■■'■■iSfi

" '-^^^

^^H

w '*1

''"li

M

^m

~s

■,M

1

^^^Bi':

~'i.^

J

jj^^l

Fig. 72. — Fseiuiocoi'cusi st }latut

108 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XXXIX. Epicoccus, Cockerell.

Ann. and Mag. Xat. Histwy (ser. 7), vol. ix, p. 24. 1902.

This genus is defined by Cockerell as a Dactyhpid with the anal ring with-
out hairs ; adult female with legs and antennae ; the latter well developed,
cylindrical, six-jointed, the last joint long. It was created to contain a
remarkable coccid that Maskell described Under the name of Coccus acacice.

Epicoccus acacicB, Maskell.
Coccus acacicE, Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxix, p. 319, pi. xxi, fig. 4. 1897.

'PxxWev, Trans. Ent. 8oc., London, -p. ^Z^. 1899.
Epicoccus acacice, Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. Nat. History, vol. ix, p. 24. 1902.

This curious coccid conies from near Perth, Western Australia, upon an
undetermined small thorny acacia.

Adult female dark red, with yellowish tints, semi-globular, segmented and
wrinkled. Diameter, about yV of an inch.

Antennse composed of six joints, sixth longest, the third large, the rest of
the segments short and of about equal length. The feet long, tibia slightly
longer than the tarsus ; all the digitules fine hairs. The anal tubercles very
small. Anogenital ring small, simple, withovit hairs; margin without spines
or hairs ; the epidermis showing very few circular spinnerets.

Maskell described this species from dead specimens. Fuller in his de-
scription of the live coccids describes them as most brilliantly coloured.

388. Epicoccus acacifv. Cat. Coccidae, p. 89.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 109

Genus XL. Lachnodius^ Maskeli.

Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxviii, p. 400. 1896.

The members of tkis genus are peculiar to Australia, and are found upon
Eucalyptus and Acacia.

Maskeli defines the genus as follows :- " Female insect active or station-
ary ; naked or covered with cottony, mealy or waxy secretion. Body seg-
mented. Antennfe of seven or eight joints, of which the last is not longer
than the others ; mentum monomerous ; anal tubercles small or obsolete.
Anogenital ring with more than eight hairs.

" Male insects normal of Dactylopince.

" The seven-jointed antennae would not in itself be a distinctive character,
but the shortness of the last joint, the monomerous mentum, and the hairs
of the anal ring are quite sufficient."

Lachnodius eucaltjpti, Maskeli.

Dactylopius eucalypti. Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 35, pi. vii, figs. 9-13.

1891; vol. XXV, p. 233, 1892; vol. xxvu, p. 65, 1894.
Lachnodius eucalypti. Mask, figs. 9-13, 1891; vol. xxviii, p. 400, 1896.

Type specimens collected by Crawford upon the bark of Eucalyptus
amygdalina, South Australia, upon the leaves of E. robusta, Botany, and at
Wallsend, New South Wales, on the foliage of E. siderophloia.

The female attaches herself to the upper surface of the leaf, causing a cir-
cular depression in the centre of a reddish blotch in the tissue of the leaf.
The coccid fits into this pit, the dorsal surface raised a little above the rim,
showing transverse markings covered with fine dull white cottony secretion.

Adult female, circular, flattened on the dorsal surface, convex beneath in
the pit ; at first lightly covered with grey mealy secretion, thickest on the
margin ; later on producing more white, longer filaments. Diameter, A" of
an inch. Dull red, antennae seven-jointed, the third longest, the seventh
hardly longer than the sixth. Legs with rather short tarsus, only one-third
the length of the tibia. Digitules fine long hairs. Anal tubercles very small.
Anal ring with a number of fine hairs. Epidermis with many small spin-
nerets, and a number of long spiny hairs on the cephalic portion.

Tlie males enclosed in sacs of loose white cotton ; sometimes these tests are
scattered among the females, at other times clustered together by themselves
on the foliage.

434. Lachnoditis eucalypti. Cat. Coccidse, p. 95.

110 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Lachnodius hirtiis, Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxviii, p, 402, pi. xxii, figs. 1-9. 1896.

The specimens were collected on the foliage of a wattle {Acacia, sp.) at
Thornleigh, New South Wales.

The adult female dark purple, covered with fine short white filaments
over the fine hairs clothing the dorsal surface; general form subglobular.
Diameter, from i to j of an inch. Antennae with seven joints; the third
longest; all the joints with a few hairs on the sides. Legs stout and long ;
the tibia three times the length of the tarsus with several long spines ; tarsus
short and thick with two slender spines ; claw short ; no digitules on tarsus
or claw. Anal ring with about twenty hairs. Abdomen truncate at tip
with no anal tubercles, but two of the dorsal hairs project beyond the margin.

" The excessive pubescence and the strongly spined and spurred tibise
will distinguish this species."

435. Lachnodius hirtus. Cat. Coccidse, p. 96.

Lachnodius lectularius, Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxviii, p. 40, pi. xxi, figs. 12-19. 1896.

The type specimens were collected on the twigs of young gums {Eucalyptus
rostrata) growing at Mooroopna, Goulburn River, Victoria. These coccids
formed depressions in the tissue of the twigs. Specimens collected at
National Park and other localities near Sj^dney, New South AVales, attack
the tips of the young shoots of Eucalyptus corymbosa, forming an irregular
mass pointed at the tip, with the sides folding together, forming a box-like
gall open along the dorsal surface.

The adult female is dark to reddish brown, convex and segmented ; about
I of an inch in length. Antennae composed of seven joints, the third longest,
each with a few hairs. Legs stout, thickened tibia twice as long as the tarsus,
with spiny hairs on each joint. Digitules fine hairs. Anal ring large, with
from twenty to twenty-four hairs. The margin of the body with closely set,
long, strong spines, each springing from a ringed tubular base. The epidermis
covered with fine hairs; at the extremities masses of stronger spiny hair'^',
and on the abdominal segments a great many circular orifices.

436. Lachnodius lectularius. Cat. Coccidae, p. 96.

SCALE INSECTS ('' COCCID^E ") OF AUSTRALIA. Ill

Genus XLI. Bipersia, Signoret.

Ann. Soc. Entom. de France, vol. v, p. 335. 1875.

Newstead, Mon. British Cocci dee, vol. ii, p. 182. 1902.

The adult females resembling those of the allied genus Dactylofius. The
antennae vary from five to seven joints ; anal lobes very variable, legs piesent.
They live underground upon roots and are often found in ants' nests, but
the ants may often be attracted to, and make their nests around, them.
They are like most subterranean coccids, usually more or less coated with a
mealy secretion, and have short anal appendages.

There are thirty-six species described from all parts of the world, but
nearly two-thirds of them are peculiar to North America. Two are four.d
in New Zealand and one in Australia.

Ripersia leptospermi, Maskell.

Trans. Royal Society, S. Australia, p. 106, pi. xiv, fig. 5. 1888.
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 235. 1892.
Newstead, Ent. Monthly. Mag., vol. xxviii, p. 147. 1892.

This species was collected near Adelaide, South Australia, by Mr. Crawford
upon an undetermined species of Leptospermum. This is a small species,
the adult female measuring 3-0 of an inch, and with the surrounding cotton
I of an inch in length. It is dark purple, covered with white meal, and
surrounded with curling white filaments of cotton. The coccid is flattish,
sub-circular, carinated on the back, but the segmentation not very distinct ;
the legs long, slender ; anal tubercle inconspicuous, with short setae.

573. Rif&rsia lepospermi. Cat. Coccidae, p. 118.

112 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XL! I. Antoniua, Signoret.

Ann. Soc. Entom. de France, vol. v, p. 24. 1875.

Newstead, Mon. British Cozcidx, vol. ii, p. 207. 1902.

Laboulbenia, Lichtenstein, Mittheil, Schiv. Ent. Ges., vol. v, p. 229. 1878.

The members of this genus are subterranean in their habits, attaching
themselves to the roots of grasses, sedges, and bamboo. A small group
containing eight described species from Europe, America, Japan, New
Zealand, and Australia. The type was described by Signoret from France
on the roots of a grass. Newstead defines the genus as follows : — " Adult
female without legs; anal lobes rudimentary; antennse atrophied, or rudi-
mentary; anal orifice with six hairs. Ovisac felted, or solid and wax-like.
Larva with the anal lobes well developed ; antennse composed of six joints,
and the anal orifice ^vith six hairs."

Antonina australis, Green (Fig. 73).
Proc. Linn Soc. New South Wales, vol. xxix, p. 463, pi. xvi. 1904.
Froggatt, Agric. Gazet'e New South Waki, vol. xv, p. 407, pi. i, figs. 1-3. 1904.

This is the well-known " nut-grass coccid " discovered on the roots of
nut-grass {Cyperus rotundus) in the Singleton district. New South Wales.
It was claimed at one time that it was a useful coccid of economic importance
as it only attacked the nodes of the nut-grass, which is a seiious pest in
fields and gardens. In some areas where the ground is not ploughed or
disturbed, it does to some extent check the growth of the nut-grass, but
only to a slight extent and chiefly in dry seasons.

The adult female is almost globular, fitting into a cavity in the £oil
attached to the root, covered with white floury secretion. General colour
dull purple ; smooth, shining, and easily removed from the caAaty and felted
secretion. Length, from 2 to 3^ mm. Antennse minute consisting of two
irregular joints ; legs wanting. The whole surface of the body covered with
circular spinnerets with some small hairs.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 113

Fig. 73. — The Nut Grass Coccid. (Atitonina australis.)
1.— A specimen of Nut Grass showing tbe coccid on the roots 2.— A mature female coccid sac.

3.— The larval coccid. •

114 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

SUB-FAMILY Vi .—BrachyscelincB, Froggatt.

This di\dsion of the Coccidae contains the typical gall-making coccids,
within which galls the males and females develop with the giowth of the
aborted woody tissue. In most cases the male and female galls are distinct
structures, but in a few the males and females are found within the same gall.
The active, flattened, oval larvae attach themselves to the bark of the branch
or twig, or to the surface of the leaf, and through the irritation set up the
woody tissue swells up round them until they are perfectly enclctcd in a
box-like gall. There is usually an apical orifice at the anal extremity, but
this opening may be on the upper or under side of the leaf.

The adult female is top-shaped, irregularly rounded, or elongate, sometimes
attached to the inner surface of the gall, in others fitting closely into the gall
chamber, but perfectly free and not attached to the woody tissue by the
rostrum. The legs and antennse are usually more or less aborted, sometimes
wanting. While the members of the genus ApiomorpJia only infest the
stems and foliage of Eucalyptus, others are more general in their habits.
The integument is often stout and leathery, clothed with fine hairs and rows
of short spines on the apical segments of the abdomen, the anal segment
produced into a pair, or a single chitinous tail.

These gall coccids were first noticed and described in the Transactions
of the Entomological Society of New South Wales in 1862, by Mr. H. L. Schrader,
but nothing more was done until 1892, when the writer published his " Notes
on the Family Brachyscelid(B, with some account of their Parasites, and
descriptions of new species " in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales, which was followed by four other papers in the series.

In the following year, Mr. I. G. 0. Tepper published " Descriptiors of
South Australian Brachyscelid Galls " {Transactions of the Royal Society of
South Australia, 1893). In dealing with Australian galls, Mr. E. H.
Rubsaamen figured and described other species in the Berliner Enicmckg
Zeitschrift, 1894. In the Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 1896,
Mr. C. Ftdler described some species, and added to the list in the Transacticrs
of the Entomological Society of London, 1899.

The foUowina; genera of this sub-family are found in Australia : — Genus
XLIII, Apiomorpha, XLIV Opisthoscelis, XLV Ascelis, XLVI Cystococcus.
XL ( II Frenchia.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 115

Genus XLIII. Apiotnorpha, E-iibsaamen.

Bertliner Entomolog Zeitschrift, Bd. xxxix, p. 204. 1894.
Brachyscelis, Schrsider, Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W., pp. 1-6. 1^62.

Froggatt, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., pp. 354-356. 1892.

The male and female coccids form distinct galls on the stems, twigs, or
foliage of different species of gum trees {Eucalyptus). Male galls are more
or less tubular, from which the .males can emerge. Female galls foim box-
like structures containing an oval cell with a small opening at the apex;
female coccid not attached to the gall, quite free within the gall, with the
tip of the abdomen pointing upward to the apical orifice. Adult female
turbinate or pear-shaped; epidermis smooth but wrinkled, clothed with
fine hairs ; short blunt spines along the hind margin of the segments on the
dorsal surf ace of the abdominal segments. Mouth, legs, and antennse present
but aborted; the anal segment furnished with a pair of hard thickened
chitinous tails (anal appendages). There is no distinct anal ring, but a
depression at the base of the tails in which is situated the anal opening.
In all stages of their development they are more or less covered with a floury
secretion. The male coccid is a delicate two-winged creature, with long,
slender antennae and long legs ; abdomen slender, with a long white filament,
twice the length of the whole insect, on each side of the tip of the abdomen.
The larvae are flattened, oval creatures with the margin encircled with a
fringe of cilia ; well-developed legs and antennae. They are born inside the
parent gall and emerge through the apical orifice.

In some species the galls vary, or specimens become aborted through the
presence of inquilines, and this has led to some describers forming new species
from an examination of the galls alone. The structvire of the galls is very
variable, but the specific characters of the adult females are very constant,
and they can easily be determined.

The specific name Brachyscelis citricola, used by Schrader on page 3 in the
paper quoted, is only a name and no species was described under it, so it is
not placed in the list of species. Where Riibsaamen, Tepper, and others have
named variable species from the galls alone, I have not treated them as
sub-species because, while the galls may be aborted into different shapes, in
a large series one can always get the typical form ; the anal appendages and
spines upon the dorsal surface of the thoracic and abdominal segments of the
adult female coccid are constant. The specific name Ellipsoidalis, Tepper, is
only a name without any description.

116

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

AfiomoT'pha attenuata, Froggatt (Fig. 74).
Brachyscelis attenuata, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 375, pi. 8, figs. 5-7. 1898.

This unique species was described from a spray of flower buds of an un-
determined species of eucalyptus received from South. Australia, the exact
locality being unknown.

Fig. li.~Apiomorjha uttenuata, Froggatt.

Female gall spindle-shaped, slender at base, truncate at apex, springing
from the flower bud on twig. Length, 1| inches ; greatest girth, \ of an inch.
Apical orifice circular, wall of chamber thin, chamber very long.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.

117

Adult female dull yellow, apex of fifth and sixth, segments and anal append-
ages black, cephalic and thoracic segments oval, abdominal segments slender,
tapering to the anal appendages, which are broad at the base, widely opening
out in the centre, the cylindrical tails turned outward with a small spine on
the inner margin near the tips ; dorsal surface, abdominal segments con-
stricted, third to sixth transversely barred with fine spines and fine hairs.
Length, h inch.

Male galls with the female galls, slender, cylindrical; apex bel!-shaped,
^ inch in length.

118. Ayiomorjiha cUtenuata. Cat. Coccida?, p. 40.

Apiotnorpha bduerleni, Froggatt Fig. 75).

Brachyscelis bduerleni, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 369, pi. vii, fig. 4. 1892.
Apiomorpha bduerleni, Riibsaamen, Berl. Ent. Zeit., Bd. xxxix, p. 200, p. xi, fig. 2.
1894.

Specimens were collected upon an undetermined species of Eucalyptus
at Ballina, New South Wales.

Female galls firmly attached at the base in clusters of two or three, to the
branches; broadly rounded, outer surface lightly ribbed, depressed on the
summit; the walls consisting of a double shell, the outer thick and soft,
inner one hard and thin, with often a slight cavity on either side of the rounded
small apical orifice. Height, | inch, width slightly over i inch. Chamber
broad, rounded, conical at apex.

Adult female broadly turbin-
ate, much wrinkled, short, ab-
dominal segments coming to
a point, fringed with fine hairs
and a row of short spines ; anal
appendages black, short, thick-
ened at the base, close together
at base, slightly opened at tip.
Length slightly over | an inch,
and \ of an inch across the
centre of thorax.

Male gall unknown.

119. Apiomorpha hduerlem.
Cat. Coccidae, p. 40.

Fig. 7f . — A J^iotiiorvha Imierleui, I'' logpatt .
(Female.)

118

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Apiomorpha cornea, Froggatt (Figs. 76 and 77).
Brachyscelis conica, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 365, pi. vi, fig. 3. 1892.
Apiomorpha conica, Riibsaamen, Berl. Ent. Zeit., Bd. xxxix, pis. xi and xiv, p. 209.
1894.
„ similis, Rubsaamen, Berl. Ent. Zeit., Bd. xxxix, p. 210, pis. xi and xiv.

1894.
Brachyscelis regularis, Tepper, Trans. Boy. Soc. S.A., p. 273, pi. iii, fig. 3. 1893.
„ subconica, Tepper, Trans. Boy. Soc. S.A., p. 274, pi. iv, fig. 1. 1893.

This species lias a wide range ; it is common on the foliage of Eucalyptus
viminalis in New South Wales, and has been collected in Victoria on E.

Fig. 76. — Variations in Apiomorpha conica, Froggatt.
1. Large form, female gall. 2. Aborted form on flower-buds. 3. Aborted form on twigs.

4. Young female galls. 5. Young female galls, broader form. 6. Female galls, adult specimens.

7. Male galls on leaf.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.

119

gunnii at Hamilton, E. regnans at Croydon and Mooroobunk (C. French,
junior), and in South Australia on several undetermined species of eucalypts.

The female galls spring from a rounded base, singly or in clusters, on the
branchlets, and are oval, rounded, tapering to a truncate annulated tip with
the small circular apical orifice situated in a circular depression. The young
female galls are often elongate and cylindrical, with the tip truncated and
the apical orifice closed with a button-like cap that drops ofE as the gall
matures and swells out. These elongate, slender galls, if found without the
adult female galls, would never be considered as immature forms of this
variable species. Length up to Ij inches, but variable in form and size.

Adult female broadly turbinate ; cephalic and thoracic segments not much
wrinkled; abdominal segments lightly clothed with fine hairs on the sides,
a few scattered spines on the first, and a regular band of spines on the following
ones ; anal appendages short and blunt, deflexed outward at the tips. Length ,
I of an inch ; breadth, ^ of an inch.

Male galls tubular, slender, bell-shaped at the apex, springing out from
the small branchlets, but sometimes on the leaves
length, and about yV of an inch in diameter.

123. Apionior'pha conica. Cat. Coccidfp, p. 40.

Under ^ an inch in

Fig. 77. — Apiomorpha comcn, Froggatt.

Ajnomorpha cucurhita. Fuller.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 446, pi. xv, fig. 13. 1899.
This coccid comes from Kimberley, North-west Australia, where it was
collected upon Eucalyptus uvxinata. I have never seen this species. The
author says that when fresh the female galls are striped with white and green,
resembling a small gourd.

120 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Female galls smooth, hanging down, ellipsoidal, constricted at the base,
the apex truncated, slightly dilated, with the apical orifice sunk at the sum-
mit in a slight depression. Length, 1^ inches ; greatest diameter 0-9 inch.
Adult female not described. Fuller says that at first he considered it a
variety of Tepper's Apiomorpha regular is.

124. Apiomorpha cu^urhita. Cat. Coccidse, p. 41.

Apiomorpha dipsaciformis, Froggatt.
Brachyscelis dipsaciformis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 202, pi. xix, fig. 1. 1S95.

The unique type specimen was sent on the twigs of a slender-leaved
Eucalypt from Queensland by the Government Botanist to Mr. Tepper, of
the Adelaide Museum, with no exact locality stated.

Female galls sometimes solitary, but in others clustered in groups of two
or three, springing from a flattened button-like excrescence on the twig;
dark, reddish-brown, oval, ^ an inch in height and about ^ of an inch in
diameter. The whole surface to the rounded apical orifice covered with
spiny bracts, turning downward like a small teasle.

Advdt coccid pale yellow, broad, turbinate, clothed with fine hairs, thickest
on the sides and forming a brush at the anal "extremity. Legs short, with
small claws ; abdominal segments with a band of long slender spines and
long hairs ; anal appendages black, short, stout, cylindrical, divided in the
centre and opening out at the tips, which are slightly pointed.

125. Apiomorpha dipsaciformis. Cat. Coccidoe, p. 41,

Apiomorpha duplex, Schrader.
Brachyscelis duplex. Tram. Ent. Soc. N.S. W., vol. i, p. 2, 1862, pi. ii, figs. A, h, 1, o, s.
Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, p. 160. 1863.
„ „ Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. vi, p. 596. 1876.

„ „ Froggatt, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 358. 1892.

„ „ „ Natural Science, vol. v, p. 111. 1894.

„ „ Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 490. 1898.

This remarkable gall springs directly out of the side of the branchlet of
several species of eucalypts, and is not uncommon in Ihe Sydney district
and northward to Newcastle and in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales.

Female gall sessile, four-sided, swelling out into a green four-sided elongated
ridged mass, variable in size but averaging 1|- inches in diameter and 2^
inches in length from the base to the apical orifice, which forms a narrow
slit between the two flattened curled leaf-like horns, often 7 or 8 inches
in length, that are produced on either side of the solid basal gall.

Adult female golden yellow, thickly enveloped in floury secretion and
clothed with fine hairs. Somewhat flattened on the vertical surface, with
rows of spines on the dorsal surface of the abdominal segments, together
with tufts of long white hairs. Anal appendages long, slender, pointed, with
three long hairs at the extremities pointing outward, ^^ength of coccid,
1 inch; width at centre of thorax, | inch.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^E ") OF AUSTRALIA. 121

Male galls short, four-sided, opening out at the tips, springing from the
leaves or on the horns of the female gall. Length, J inch.
126. Apiomorpha duplex. Cat. Coccidae, p. 41.

Apiomorpha excupida, Fuller (Fig. 78).
Brachyscelis excupula, Agric. Gazette N.S. W., vol. vii, p. 217, pi. iii, figs. 4-7. 1896.

This species was first recorded from Port Stephens, New South Wales,
on an undetermined species of eucalypt. I have had several fine series
from the Tweed River, New South Wales.

This species was described and figured from the galls alone. Fuller gave
no description of the coccid. I have retained his suggested name. Female
galls often in masses on the branchlets of the gum-tree, the basal portion not
unlike the cup of an acorn, from which springs out the egg-shaped gall, the
whole surface of which is covered with flattened slender tapering bracts
forming a regular ring round the apical orifice, which is small and circular.
} eight of gall, about 1 inch; width about i inc'i.

Fig. 19.— Apiomorpha excupula, FilHor.

Adult female yellow, very broadly turbinate, with the tip of the abdomen
coming to a fine point ; thickly clothed with fine long yellow hairs on the
sides of the lower abdominal segments, and forming a brush extending beyond
the anal appendages. Antennse very well defined, four-jointed; legs short
and stout; the last thoracic and the first three abdominal segments with a
few scattered reddish spines; fourth and fifth with longer scattered spines
forming tufts on the outer margins ; sixth small, with a large bunch of long
spines and hairs on either side. Anal appendages bright reddish-brown,
finely rugose, broad at the base, fitting into the centre of the last abdominal
segment, with a central depressed line at the base, above which is a central
saddle-shaped plate, then a narrow slit, then the tails come together and at
the extremity open out at a \ -shaped angle, blunt and rounded at the tips,
arcuate on the outer margins. Length of coccid, slightl}' over | inch.

Male gall slender, slightly roughened tubes with no distinct expansion at
the apex, but may be immature. Springing from the side of the basal cup
of the gall. About \ inch in length.

129. Apiomorpha excupula. Cat. Coccidae, p. 41.

122 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Apio)norpha fletcheri, Fuller (Figs. 79 and 80).
Brachyscelis fletcheri, Agric. Gazette N.S.W., p. 215, pi. iv. 1896.

Fvogg&tt, Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix,Tp. 'i9i. 1898.
This species has a wide range. The types were collected in an undeter-
mined eucalypt near Richmond, New South Wales. I have found it at
Wagga and at other localities on the red-gum {Eucalyptus rostrata), and at
Hay, New South Wales, upon a box-gum {E. hicohr). Fuller records it from
Swan River, Western Australia, on another gum-tree, and French from
Dandenong Range, Victoria, on E. regnans.

The females infest the branches, which swell out into aborted masses of
tissue forming galls of all shapes and sizes, several inches in length, and
broad in proportion. In these irregular woody masses the true coccid galls
are embedded, usually hidden under the surface of the bark, but when the
rough, dead, surface bark is pulled off, the apical tip of the upper half of the

Fig. 79. — Apioworpha fletcheri, fuller.
(Female.)

gall may be seen level with the surface or slightly projecting. The apical
half of the gall, though it appears to be first formed of the bark, as the galls
mature becomes a distinct funnel-shaped or conical cap, hard and solid with
a very small circular opening fitting close against the upper rim of the lower
half of the gall, which is a smooth white circular convex pit in the solid wood,
in which the coccid rests, the tails reaching into the cap. Diameter of pit
above, | inch; depth of pit, \ inch; the cap portion of gall, \ inch. There
are often three or four of the coccid gall pits in each woody mass, and the
trees are often covered all over the branches with these woody excrescences.
Adult female coccid diill yellow, with the apical abdominal segments and
legs reddish-brown ; the anal appendages black. Length, ^ inch. General
form elongate, turbinate, constricted at the apex of the thoracic segment,
tapering to the tip. Antennae and legs well defined. Dorsal surface covered
with fine scattered spiny hairs, very lightly upon the thoracic portion, but

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^E ') OF AUSTRALIA. 123

Fig. SO.—Apiomorpha flelcheri, Fuller.

124

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

thickly fringing the lower edges of the abdominal segment, smaller ones
scattered all over the surface. Though having a stout base, all these seem
to terminate in hairs and are not true spines. Anal appendages moderate in
length, very rugose, with blunt spines along the sides, broad, the base opening
out above, twisted and often turned over each other at the tips.

I have examined a large amount of material, and think this is'a well-defined
species distinct from A. karschi, to which it is allied.

131a. Apiomorpha karschi fletcheri. Cat. Coccidfe, p. 42.

Apiomorpha jloralis, Froggatt Fig. 81 .
Brichjicdis /Ivjlis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., pi. viii, fig. 8, p . ix, figs. 9-10. 1898.
The type specimens came from Central Australia on an undetermined
species of eucalypt.

Female gall springing from a cluster of
flower buds and growing alone like A. ovirola,
which they resemble in general form ; others
grow from the side of the branchlets. Broadly
rounded at the base, oval, tapering to the
apex, cone-shaped and truncated, but thick-
ened on the edge, forming a rim round the
small ci cular apical orifice, which is in
a slight depression. Height, \\ inches;
diameter, | inch. Adidt coccid pale yellow,
broadly turbinate, abdominal segments taper-
ing, segmental divisions distinct; dorsal sur-
face covered with fine short reddish spines,
forming a broad parallel band from the
cephalic segment to the anal appendages,
scattered on the abdominal segments, fringed
on the sides with fine hairs, and the spines thickest on the edge of the two
last segments ; anal appendages short, stout, close together, forming a blunt
tip, with two short spines on either side. On the ventral surface a prominent
but aborted mouth forming a raised tubercle. Legs large, stout; claws black.
Length of coccid, 1 inch.

129. Apiomorpha ji oralis. Cat. Coccidse, p. 4L

Apiomorpha frenchi, n.sp. (Fig. 90 — 4, 5, 6).

This fine species was collected by Mr. C. French, junior, at Werribee River,
Victoria, upon a red-gum {Eucalyptus rostrata).

Female galls sessile, growing out from the twigs in rows, slightly rounded
at the base, cylindrical, sharply cut off at the apex, which is convex with the
circular apical orifice in the centre. When immature, green and slightly
roughened, but later on as they reach maturity the outer surface turns brown
and dry, peeling ofi^ in flakes. Height, ^ inch ; diameter, slightly over J inch.

Fig. 81. — Apioitwrphia fl'jrali.i, Froggatt.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^E ") OF AUSTRALIA. 125

Adult female yellow, with the anal appendages black tipped with reddish
brown. Broadly turbinate, anal abdominal segments slender. Dorsal sur-
face clothed with fine hairs on the cephalic and thoracic area; those upon
the latter more spiny ; the first four abdominal segments clothed with spiny
hairs, the following three reddish brown, with a transverse band of dark
reddish-brown spines and interspersed hairs fringing the sides. Anal appen-
dages black, rugose and broad at the base, opening out into a broad cleft
about half-way down, and the tails produced into fine points, bearing scattered
stout spines and long hairs.

Apiomorpha globosa, n.sp.

The female galls formed on the branchlets of the red-gum {Eucalyptus
rostratn), on the river banks near Hay, New South Wales.

A squat, broadly oval gall, springing from a button-like base on the side
of the twigs; sides rounded to the slightly flattened apex; surface much
cracked and roughened, with a small circular apical orifice. Height,
slightly over | inch, and as broad across. Large numbers of these galls
are aborted into irregular round masses of woody tissue, due to the action of
hymen op terous parasites in the gall and wood tissue.

Adult female coccid dull yellow ; anal appendages black or reddish
brown. Length, slightly under ^ inch. General form turbinate, the cephalic
portion broadly rounded, abdominal segments tapering. Dorsal surface
clothed with fine scattered hairs, with a few fine spines lightly scattered
over the thoracic segments, but forming regular transverse bands of large
reddish spines down the centre of the abdominal segments, interspersed with
spiny hairs. Anal appendages red to- black, short, broad at base, with the
tips coming to a point, a slight narrow cleft between them, then in contact
and then again turning outward at the extreme tips; the outer margins
fringed with short angular spines, the last ones so close to the tips that they
look as if cleft; the surface finely granulated. Legs short, but broad;
claws small.

Apiomorpha helmsii. Fuller (Fig. 82).

Journal WeM Australian Bureau of Agricuhure, vol. iv, p. 1346. 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 447, p!. xv, fig. 12. 1899.
Found upon the branchlets of an undetermined species of eucalypt near
Perth, Western Australia.

Female galls clustered in twos and threes along the side of the twig ; sessile,
narrow at the base, swelling out and rounded on the sides, with from five to
seven distinct ribs, coming round to a truncate tip, from the centre of which
springs out a little cone, at the tip of which is the small anal orifice. The
ridged sides of this gall give it a very striking appearance. Height, up to
1 inch; diameter in centre, J inch.

126

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Adult female coccid orange yellow; anal segments reddish brown; tur-
binate, with the abdominal segments tapering to the extremity. Dorsal
surface with the whole of the epidermis covered with short reddish

thorn-shaped spines, thickest in the
centre, producing a dorsal stripe,
forming apical fringes of longer
spines on the abdominal segments.
Fuller says, "Epidermis with many
small multiocular pores, and clothed
with numerous short hairs." Anal
appendages slender, rugose, taper-
ing, opening out at the apex, with a
short blunt spine on the outer
margin near the tip. Antennae and
legs aborted.

Male galls tinted with yellow,
produced upon the leaves, short
cylindrical tubes; ribbed on the
sides, dilated at the apex. Height,

Fig. S2. —Apiotncrpha hehnsii, Fuller.

^ inch.

Fuller does not give any measurements of the adult female.
130. Apiomorpka helmsii. Cat. Coccidse, p. 42.

Apiomorpka hiUi, n.sp. (Figs. 83 and 84).
This remarkable species is found in the neighbourhood of Darwin, North
Australia, in all stages of growth in July, upon the branchlets of the
" woolly-butt " {Eucah/plus miniala).

Female galls broad-
ly ova), the apex
truncate, with the
outer margin forming
a rampart round a
circular pit, \ inch in
depth, where there is
a flattened reddish
floor, in the centre of
which is the small
circular apical ori-
fice. In the earlier
stages of the gall's
growth the apex of
the gall runs up into Fig. ^z.^Apiomonha hm. Froggatt.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^E ") OF AUSTRALIA. 127

a blunt point, but as it matures the upper portion cracks across and
drops off, or remains attached on one side of the gall proper, exposing the
cavity below the fracture. Length, up to 3 inches with the apical section
intact; diameter of gall, 1 inch. The adult galls, when the apical section
f-ills off, are wonderfully like the seed capsules or fruits of this eucalypt.

Adult female coccid dull yellow, with legs, antennae, and apical segments
ferruginous, anal appendages black or dark reddish -brown. General form
broadly rounded, with the tip of the abdomen coming to a blunt point.
Length, slightly over ^ inch; diameter, just under i inch at the broadest
part. Dorsal surface somewhat truncate on the cephalic portion, flattened
on the thorax, showing three deep sutures; abdominal segments small,
sutures convex, the first two fringed with long spiny reddish hairs and a
few spines; the following four segments densely fringed with similar hairs
and slender spines, the latter in the living specimen almost hidden by the
hairs. Anal appendages very short, rounded, tapering to the apex, where
they open out. The whole surrounded with tufts of reddish hairs extending
beyond the tips of the anal segments. Ventral surface deeply corrugat:>d;
the first three abdominal segments smooth, fourth and fifth fringed with
spiny hairs, fifth impressed in the centre, showing a rugose area between it
and the thick fringe of hairs surrounding the base of the anal segment.

The first specimens of this handsome gall were received from Mr. Banks,
of the U.S. Science Bureau at Manila, Philippines, who had received them
from a visitor who had been stopping at Port Darwin. When Mr. Hill wrote
to me from Darwin, I sent him a description of this coccid, which he soon
found and forwarded to me.

Mr. Hill informs me that when freshly collected, the upper cavity of the
gall is often filled with a globule of honey-dew.

Apiomorpha karschi, Riibsaamen.
Bed. Ent. Zeit., Bd. xxxix, p. 211.

This species was described from a specimen in the Berlin Museum, probably
from Southern Queensland, on an undetermined species of eucalypt. It
comes close to Apiomorpha fletcheri. Fuller. The gall is similar, imbedded
in an irregular mass of woody tissue, apparently, from the figure given, on
a smooth-stemmed gum-tree. The author's description of the gall formation
agrees with that of A. fletcheri, but the differences in the spines and anal
appendages, if constant, should give it specific rank.

Riibsaamen says : " Thorax globular, larger than the abdomen, which
narrows to the tip; anal segments covered with thickened integument. It
is nmch less hairy than other species ; legs well developed, and all the feet have
claws. The proboscis appears to consist of several articulations, with two
stout bristles. The anal segment very slender ; anal appendages moderately
thin and pointed, fiirnished on the outer edge with several pointed tubercules."

131. Apiomorpha karschi. Cat. Coccidse, p. 42.

128

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Fig. 84. — Apkm'rrpha hilli, n.sr.

Explanation.

1. Seed Capsule of Eucalyptus miniata, showing likeness to gall.

'2. K'emale gall, with terminal portion cracking otf from the basal portion.

3. Female gall, with terminal portion cracking off from the basal portion (cross section).

4. Immature female galls.

5. First stage of female gall.

6. Dorsal view of female coccid.

7. Ventral view of female coccid.

8. Anal segments and anal appendages of female coccid (much enlarged).

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA.

129

1897.

A'piomorj>ha maliformis, Fuller (Fig. 85 .

Journal West Australian Bureau oj Arjrkulture, vol. iv, p. 134(5.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 446, p!. xv, fij^. 14. 1897.

These galls, according to Fuller, are usually, though not always, found
growing upon the flower-buds of Eucah/ptus patens, a common gum about
Swan River, Western Australia. . I have a fine series of specimens from Dr.
Cleland from the same locality on the same species of gum-tree, but most of
them are on the branchlets.

Fig 85. — Api;inorpha maliformis, Fuller.
Female.

Adult female gall subspherical, variable in size and form, sessile, greyish
brown, broadly rounded to the summit, where it is depressed, with the small
circular anal orifice in the centre of the depression. Average height, 1 inch ;
diameter at summit, 1^ inches. Walls of gall thick, composed of fleshy
tissue, with the elongate oval gall chamber in the centre enclosed in a hard shell.

Adult female coccid pear-shaped, yellow, with the anal segment reddish
brown and chitinous. Dorsal surface clothed with spiny hairs scattered
on the abdominal and thoracic segments, longer and thicker on the
abdominal; the first three abdominal segments with transverse bands of
stout, reddish spines; the following four segments fringed along the hind
margin with stouter spines. Anal appendages close at base, with distinct
division to the tips, where they are deflected outward; short, broad at base,
tapering and rugose to the tips, which are swollen with a stout tubidar spine
near the extremity, clothed with fine hairs. Anal ring defined. Legs larsre,
thickened, claws short.

132. Apiomorpha maliformis. Cat. Coccidoe, pi 42.
+ 98175— E

130

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Apiomorpha minor, Froggatt (Figs. 86 and 87).

Brachyscelis minor, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. vji., p. 363, p'. v!, fig. 1.
,, „ Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 491. 1898.

1892.

The type specimens were collected on Eucalyptus hcBmasloma, at WoUongong;
New South Wales. I have also had them from other localities in New South
Wales, and from Mr. C. French, junior, Warrandyte, Victoria, on E. poly-
anthema.

Female coccid gall small, oval, broadest at the base, attached directly
to the twig, often in clusters of four or five ; contracted on the sides to the
truncate apex ; the small circular apical orifice placed in the centre of a "flight
depression. Height slightly over h inch, diameter at widest girth ^- inch.

Fig. 86. — Apiomorfha minor, Froggatt.

Fig. 87. — Apiomorpha minor, var., Froggatt.

Adult coccid dull yellow, broadly turbinate; dorsal surface clothed with
fine hairs, thickest on the abdominal segments, together with small spines
along the hind margins; anal appendages small, short, close together to
tips, where they open out. Ventral surface clothed with fine hairs, legs
slender, abdominal segments very regular, tapering to the tip. Length
under ^ inch.

Male galls of the usual tubular form, with the apex expanded; dull red,
thickly massed together on the leaves. Height, \ inch.

133. Apiomorpha minor. Cat. Coccidae, p. 42.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 131

Apiomorpha munita, Schrader (Figs. 88, 89, and 90).

Brachyscelia munita. Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W., vol. i, p. 6, pi. ii. 1862.
Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien, p. 160. 1863.

„ ,, Sigiioret, Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. vi, p. 597. 1876.

„ „ Froggatt, ProG. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., vol. vii {2nd series), p. 359. 1892.

„ ,, Teppcr, Trans. Boijal Soc.S. Australia, p. 273, pi. iii, fig. 1. 1893.

„ iricornis, Froggatt, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., vol. vii (2n'J series), p. 361. 1892.

Apiomorpha cornifex, Riibsaamen, Berl. Ent. Zeit., Bd. xxxix, p. 205. 1894.

This is one of the commonest and nioi§t variable species of the genus. I
believe that all the galls with "the four-sided angular formation, with horns
springing from each angle, belong to this species. Found over the greater
part of New South Wales ; at Botanj, upon Eucalyptus robusta ; in Victoria
by C. French, junior; Mallee Scrub, South Australia, Tepper; Perth, Western
Australia, Fuller.

Fig. 88. — Apiomorpha munita. Schrader,
f Female.)

Female galls very variable; sessile, base rounded, forming four angles
to the apex, from each of which springs out a slender curled horn ; in others
a more flattened, leaf-like appendage on each angle ; between the four horns
the central area flattened with the small apical orifice in the centre. Some-
times these galls stand out by themselves upon the twigs perfectly formed,
but very often they are aborted, matted together, and mixed up with the
male galls. Average height 1 inch, with the projecting horns from 2 to
4 inches in length.

Male galls small irregular tubes, forming irregular masses matting the twigs
together, and often springing from the horns of the female galls; in some
cases forming a regular mass of pale pink tubes, like coral.

132

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Fig. 89.

Apiomorpha munita, Scbrader.

Mass of male gall tubes ; each of these tubes contains a

tiny winged male coccid. These masses are

sometimes called "vegetable coral."

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^E ' ) OF AUSTRALIA. 133

Adult female yellow, legs and anal appendages dark brown, broadly
turbinate; the constriction between the tlioracic and abdominal regions
very slight, tapering to the apex. Dorsal surface clotted with long yellow
spiny hairs, very much scattered above the abdominal segments; upon the
latter these hairs appear to spring from well-defined tubercles, and are thickest
upon the fourth, fifth, sixth, and anal segments. Anal appendages broad at
the base, short, roughened on the outer margins, and divided by a slight
suture. Length; | inch.

134. Apiomorpha munita. Cat. Cocci dee, p. 42.

Apiomorpha ovicola, Schrader.

Brachyscelis ovicola. Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W., vol. i, p. 5, pi. ii, figs. 3 a, e, f. 1862.
Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien, p. 160. 1863.
„ Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. vi, p. 596. 1876.

Froggatt, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. vii, p. 367. 1892.
f/Iabra, Teppcr, Trans. Ro ,al Soc. S. Australia, p. 278, pi. iii, fig. 4. 1893.
ovicoloides, Tepper, Trans. Royal Soc. S. Australia, p. 277, pi. iii,
figs. 2 a, f. 1893.

This gall is usually found singly upon the large white gums, such as
Eucalyptus hwmastoma and E. rostrafa, but when upon young trees gregarious,,
with the male galls (typical tubular, bell-mouthed forms) upon the leaves
and the females upon the twigs. Widely distributed over New South Wales ;
also reported on Eucalyptus melliodora, Stawell ; E. incrassata, Mallee^
Victoria ; and E. gracilis. South Australia.

Female galls green, smooth, oval, attached at base to the twigs, apical
orifice small, circular at the extremity, not depressed. Variable in size, and
many aborted by insect attacks. Height, 1-| inches ; diameter, | inch.

Male galls thickly scattered over the leaves with a reddish-brown tint,
tubular, often curved, expanded at extremities. Height, | inch.

Adult female pale yellow, apical segments and anal appendages ferruginous ;
turbinate, broadly rounded to the first abdominal segment, then tapering to-
a point. Dorsal surface lightly clothed with fine hairs, with a very distinctive
dorsal stripe of short, reddish, thorn-like tubercles, from the cephalic-
portion to the abdominal segment, where they cover the whole surface.
Anal appendages long, slender, in contact, covered with rounded tubercles
bearing spiny hairs; the sides fringed with short spines. Ventral surface
much corrugated, cephalic portion prominent; legs and antenn.ie well defined.

135. Apiomorpha ovicola. Cat. Coccidee, p. 43.

134

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Fig. 90.

Apwmorpha munita, Schrader.

1 Ailult form of fetuale gall. 2. Straight-horned form of adult female.

3. Short broad form of adult female.

Apiomoipha french i , n.sp.
4. Adult galls. 5. Male galls on leaf. 6. Immature female gn Us.

SCALE INSECTS ( * COCCIDiE") OF AUSTRALIA.

135

Apiomorpha pedunculata, Fuller (Fig. 91).
Brachyscelis pedunculata, Agrk. Gazette .V.-Sf.lF., vo'. vii, p. 212, pi. i, figs, 1-5. 189(».
BrachysceJis pedunculata, Froggatt, Auric. Gazette A'.*'. IF., vol. iii, p. 494. 1892.
Brachyscelis pedunculata, Fn ggalt, Natural Science, vol. v, p. 111. 1894.

This handsome, stalked gall is found singly or in groups of three or four
upon the branchlets of Eucalyptus viminalis in the coastal districts near
Sydney, New South Wales, and on an undetermined species of eucal}qjtus
near Melbourne', Victoria (C. French, junior).

Fig. 91.-

■Apiomorph I. peiunruluta. Fuller,
(a) Female, (b) Male.

Female galls, with the basal portion consisting of a slender, cylindrical
stalk, often longer than the elongate oval apical gall containing the coccid ; the
oval gall truncate at the tip, with the apical orifice in the centre. Length
of gall up to 3 inches, the stalk being about the same length as the apical
portion. Diameter, i inch in the centre.

Male galls of the typical tubular form, very slender, with the apex very
much dilated, springing from the leaf or the surface of the twigs beside the
female galls. Length, \ inch.

Adult female dull yellow, apical segments dark brown ; general form
elongate, oval ; cephalic and thoracic segments rounded ; the last thoracic
and abdominal segments long and tapering. Dorsal surface clothed with
scattered spiny hairs, with a broad dorsal stripe from the base to the apex
formed of fine reddish, thorn-like spines, spreading out into a transverse
band on the third and fourth abdominal segments, with a fringe of longer
spines on the following segments. Anal appendages cylindrical, tapering,
and separated at the extremities; clothed with long hairs. Ventral surface
much corrugated, legs and antennae well defined ; the hind pair of legs large,
projecting on the sides. Length, | inch.

137. Apiomorpha pedunculata. Cat. Coccidae, p. 43.

136

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Apiomorpha pharetrata, Sclirader (Fig. 92).

Brachyscelis pharetrata. Trans. Ent. .Soc. i\'.<S.ir., vo'. i, p. 4, pi. i, figs, o, s, pi. ii,
fig. 39. 1862.
Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien. p\. iii. fig. 2. 1863.
Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. vi, p. 595. 1876.
„ " Ffoggatt, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 370. 1892.
„ „ Natural Science, vol. v, p. 111. 1894.

Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 491. 1898.

This species has a wide range over the coastal districts of New South
AVales upon Eucalyptus sieheriana, E. corymbosa, and E. capitellata. From the
Alp.s, Victoria, Mr. C. French, junior, sent it upon E. pauciflora.

Fig. 92. — Apiomorpha pharetrata, Schrader.

Female galls generally spring from the stalk or midrib of the leaf, several
often clustered together twisting up the infested leaf. General form oval,
tapering at both extremities; surface roughened, apex with a rounded,
button-like tip, surrounding the circular apical orifice. Height-, up to \
nch. Cockscomb-like growi:h or envelope of reddish tinted tissue, springing
out from the under side of the erect female gall, irregularly rounded on the
outer surface, and up to | inch in length and the same in diameter.
The inner surface is deeply convex and finely perforated with circular pits
containing the male larvae, several hundred in number.

Adult female yellow, turbinate, abdominal segment small and tapering;
dorsal surface clothed with fine hairs fringing the abdominal segments;
slight transverse bands of short reddish spines on the first three, with closer
bands on the following abdominal segments. Anal appendages black,
stout at the base, slender and divided at the apex, with the tips turning in
towards each other. Length, \ inch.

1 38. Apiomorpha pharetrata. Cat. Coccidae, p. 43.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCJD.^. ') OF AUSTRALIA. 137

Apiomorpha vHeata, Schrader ^Fig. 93 .

Brachyscelis pileata. Trans. Ent. Soc. X.S.W., p. 3, pi. i, fig, 1. 1862.
Verh. Z. B. Gzs. Wien, p. 190. 1863.
,, „ Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. vi, p. 593. 1876.

Froggatt, Proc. Linn. Soc. X.S.W., p. 363, 1892; and p. 10,
1908.
,, ,, ,, Nnturnl Science, vo\. V, li. ]1'2. 1894.

Agric. Gazette X.S.W., vol. ix, -p. 491. 1898.

This species is common in the neighbourhood of Sydney on the smaller
bushes of Eucalyptus sieberiana and other species; also collected in Dau-
denong Ranges, Victoria, by C. French, junior, upon E. amygdalina.

Fig. 93. —Apiomorpha pileata, Schrader.

There are two very well-defined forms of female galls, but there are no
specific differences in the enclosed adult female coccid.

In the first form, the female galls are slender, turned down, springing?
from the branchlets; rounded at the base, oval ; rather uniform in diameter
to the rounded apex, which is truncate at the apex with the two sides
forming a double lip, the apical orifice in the form of a narrow slit between
them. In the immature forms, while growing, there is a pointed, fleshy cap
co^'cring the apex, but as the galls mature they become long- tailed processes,
dry up and fall away from the top of the gall, exposing the apical slit and
ti]). Average length, 1 inch; diameter, about | inch.

138 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Second form broad, oval, more erect upon the twigs. These are much more
rounded, fleshy galls, with a slightly roughened surface, often darker in colour.
The apical portion contracted and rounded, with the cleft on the summit;
the apical orifice forms a slit at the bottom of the depression.

Adult female pale yellow, broad to the base, flattened on the ventral
surface, with the abdominal segments much broader than usual, rounded
at the apex. Dorsal sm-face thickly clothed with fine white hairs, extending
beyond the segmental divisions, and forming marginal tufts; a few scattered
reddish spines on the last thoracic segment, and more scattered spines on
the first two abdominal segments; third to sixth abdominal segments fringed
across with larger, closer spines and bristles; at the base is a distinct anal
ring. The anal appendages widely apart at the base, standing out like long
spiral horns, roughened, with tubercles bearing fine hairs, turning outward
at the tips, which are cleft and furnished with three long bristles. Length,
f inch, and much broader in proportion than the turbinate forms.

Male galls thickly scattered over the leaves; short, tubular, roughened,
and expanded at the apex. Height, J inch.

139. Ajnotnorpha pileata. Cat. Coccidae, p. 44.

Apiomorpha rosceformis, Froggatt (Fig. 94).
Brachyscdis rjscefortiiis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 204, pi. xix, fig. 3. 1895.
This unique specimen came from Wingham, Manning River, New South
Wales, where it was growing upon the leaf of an undetermined species of
eucalypt.

Female gall very slender, cylindri-
cal, slightly roughened on the sur-
face, swelling out at the apex into
an oval form twice the width of the
base ; the apex rounded, apical
orifice small, circular. Height, |
inch; \ inch in diameter at the
widest place.

Male gall envelope with a short
stalk springing from the upper side
of the female gall, formed of a
wrinkled, irregular, slightly convex
mass of bright red tissue, with the
under surface very slightly convex, with over a thousand tubular pits
containing the male larvae. Width, \\ inches across and \ inch thick.

Female coccid yellow, turbinate; too much damaged by parasites to be
described in detail.

141. Apiomorpha roscpformis. Cat. Coc«idae, p. 44.

Fig. 9^^.— Apiomorpha roxcvformis, FrogKatt.
(Male and Female.)

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 139

Apioniorpha rugosa, Froggatt (Fig. 95).

Brachyscelis rugosa, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 369, pi. viii, fig. 5. 1892.
Agrk. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 492. 1898.

Specimens collected at Allalong, near Maitland, New South Wales,
on an undetermined species of eucalyptus.

Female galls sessile, springing
from the branchlets; general form
squat, hemispherical ; outer surface
rugose, irregularly ridged, forming
a spongy sheath beneath, enclosing
a thin hard shell forming a centre
for the coccid chamber. Summit
depressed; apical orifice small, cir-
cular. Height and diameter, | inch.

Adult female diill yeUow, broadly
turbinate, head and thoracic seg-

, -111 ,1 ,1 Fig. 95.— Apiomorpha rugosa, Froggatt.

ments much wrinkled on the ventral (Female)

surface. Dorsal surface fringed with

fine hairs produced into tufts at the apex ; abdominal segments small, fringed

with spiny hairs, and small spines. Anal appendages black in contact,

roughened on the outer margins, blunt. Length, | inch.

142. Apiomorpha rugosa. Cat. Coccidse,. p. 44.

Apiomorpha sessilis, Froggatt.

Brachyscelis sessilis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 203, pi. xix, fig. 2. 1895.
„ „ Agric. Gazette N.S.W.,Yo\.ix, J). 491. 1898.

These galls were obtained near Newcastle, New South Wales, on an un-
determined species of eucalyptus.

Female galls growing directly out of the branchlets, the base buried in
the tissue, which forms an oval swelling surrounding them. Galls cylindrical
to the apex, which is truncate, with a small cone in the centre surrounding
the small circular apical orifice. Height of gall abore the basal swelling,
I inch. I

Adult female dull yellow, clothed with fine hairs, broadly turbinate.
Dorsal surface covered with scattered tubercles, which form transverse rows
of short dark spines on the abdominal segments, thickest upon the anal
ones. Anal appendages very short, broad at the base, in contact to near
the extremities where they open out. Ventral surface very much wrinkled,
antennae and legs very small, basal joints of hind legs almost globular.
Length, -^ inch.

143. Apiomorpha sessilis. Cat. Cocci dse, p. 44.

140 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Apiomorpha slomiei, Froggatt (Fig. 96, — 1 and 2).
Brachyscelis sloanei, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 373, p!. viii, figs. 1-4. 1898.

Type specimens collected in the Wagga District, New South Wales, upon
the foliage and branchlets of an undetermined species of eucalyptus.

Adult female gall long, slender, but very irregular in form, somewhat like
a swollen thickened short gall of A. pedunculata ; sometimes the basal portion
is smallest, cylindrical and swelling out into an elongate oval in the apical
half, with the apical orifice situated on a little nipple at the extremity. At
other times the gall is of a uniform thickness from the base at the twig, to
the extreme tip. Length, variable up to 2J inches ; diameter in the widest
part up to ^ inch.

Adult female coccid about 1 inch in length, slender, rounded at the head,
and tapering to the anal appendages. Dorsal surface flattened on cephalic
area, marked with a ring of shallow depressions round the edge; thoracic
segments corrugated on apical margin; first five abdominal segments cylin-
drical, the fifth fringed with fine spines, sixth and seventh longer and fringed
with fine spines, eighth longer than the rest of the abdominal segments com-
bined, lightly covered with fine spines. Anal appendages black, close
together at the base, opening out at tips,

144. Apiomorpha sloanei. Cat. Coccidae, p. 45.

Apiomorpha strombylosa, Tepper (Fig. 96, — 3 and 4, and Fig. 97).
Brachyscelis strombylosa. Trans. Royal Soc. South Australia, vol. xvii, p. 277, pi. iv,
fig. 3. 1893.
„ . crispa. Fuller, Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. vii, p. 213, pi. ii, figs. 1-5.

1896.
,, strombylosa, Froggatt, Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vo!. ix, p. 492. 1898.

YuMev, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, ip'.Uo. 1899.

A common gall on the large-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia)
in the neighbourhood of Sydney, New South Wales; on E. incrassata, South
Australia, Tepper; on E. poli/anthema, C French, junior; on Eucahj plus, sp.,
Western Australia, Fuller.

Female galls varying froui dark red to almost blacky with the surface
corrugated and resembling a broad rounded she-oak {Casuarina) seed cone.
Spherical, rounded to the summit, which is flattened, with the small circular
apical orifice situated on a cone-shaped nipple in the centre. Often single
n])on the branchlets, but sometimes in clusters of half a dozen. Height,
] inch; diameter, | inch.

Male galls very numerous, often covering all the surface of the adjacent
foliage; very slender, cylindrical, slightly delated at the apex, reddish brown.
Length, to J inch.

Adult female broadly turbinate, the thoracic and abdominal segments
fitting close to each other, terminating in an angular point. General colour
bright yellow, anal segments reddish brown, anal appendages reddish brown

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 141

Fig. 96

1. Apiomorpha sloanei, Fro^ijatt (abnormal form).
3. Apiomorpha sirombylosa, Tepper (male ,'all9).

2. Same (noniial form).
4. Same (female gall).

142 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

to black. Dorsal surface clothed with fine spines and hairs, very few upon
the cephalic portion, more numerous and longer on the thorax, and upon
the abdominal segments forming transverse bands of stouter spines, with
clear pores on the chitinous lower margins. Anal appendages very rugose,
rounded at the base, with a distinct median opening between them, the

Fig. 97. — ApioMjrpha strcmbylcsa, Tepper,

blunt tips opening out, clothed with spiny hairs. Ventral surface wrinkled,
with the antennae and legs well developed; hind legs very broad at the base.
Length, about | inch.

Tepper only described the female gall of this species, but it was prior to
Fuller's detailed life history of this fine coccid, so that Tepper's name stands.

1 45. Apiomorpha stromhylosa. Cat. Coccidae, p. 45.

Apiomorpka thorntoni, Froggatt (Fig. 98).

Brachyscelis thorntoni, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 371, vol. vii, pK vi, fig. 6. 1892.

„ nux, Fuller, Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. vii, p. 214, pi. iii, figs. 1-3.

1896.
,, thorntoni, Froggatt, Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 495. 1898.

This species is found upon the foliage of Eucalyptus piperita, Newcastle,
Nnw South Wales, and has a wide range along the coast. Fuller's specimens
came from Bungendore, New South Wales ; also found on E. amygdalina,
Dandenong, Victoria, by C. French, junior.

Adult female galls springing out from the midrib of the leaves, oval,
coming to a slightly truncate apex; the outer surface of the gall ribbed,
anal aperture small, circular. Height, f inch.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 143

Fig. 93.

-Apiomorph't thnhtmi, Froggatt.
(Male and Female.)

Male galls brown to dull red, enclosed in a rugose irregular sheath, often
turned downwards, and attached to the upper side of the female gall,
usually with the two sides coming towards each other, enclosing large
numbers of male gall tubes.

Adult female pale yellow, cylin-
drical, slightly turbinate, rounded
on the apex ; thoracic segments
much wrinkled; abdominal seg-
ments small, coming to a sharp tip.
Dorsal surface with a few scattered
hairs on the thoracic segments,
thicker on the abdominal; first
abdominal segment without spines,
.'iecond and third mth a fewscattered
.spines along the centre, fourth, fifth,
and sixth with a fringe of spines
along the hind margins, in the last longer and stouter. Anal appendages
long, slender, separated at the base, then closed together until near the tips,
where they are deflexed and truncate. Length, J inch.

This is another species in which the cockscomb-shaped mass of male galls is
attached to the oval female galls, as in A.pharetraia and A.rosceformis. Fuller's
.species is identical with mine, both in gall, structure, and enclosed coccid.

146. Ajnomorpha thorntoni. Cat, Coccidae, p. 4-5.

Ajnoinorpha umbellata, Froggatt iFig 99 .
Brachyscelis umbellata, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. viii, p. 33(j, p . xvi, figs. 1-2. 1893.
„ ,, Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 4:92. 1898.

This unique gall was described from a cluster of female galls on an un-
determined species of eucalyptus from Cobar, New South Wales. They

were so like the seed capsules of a
gum-tree that they were sent to the
Technological Museum under the
impression that they were the seeds
of a new species.

Female galls green, slender, nar-
rowest at the base, cylindrical,
swelling out to the apex, which is
truncate but roughened and warty ;
the apical orifice surrounded with a
raised nipple. Length, 1 inch ; dia-
meter at base, i,and at apex, J inch.
Adult female bright yellow,
slender, rounded at apex, tapering
, ^ „ , ^ to tip of abdomen. Dorsal surface

(Female.) depressed in the centre of cephalic

Fig 99.

144

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

area, with a ring of dark spots, the whole clothed with fine hairs ; those upon
the thoracic segments more springy, with long white hairs on the outer
margins ; first two abdominal segments with a few scattered short reddish
spines, the following segments thickly clothed with stouter spines. Anal
appendages reddish brown, long, slender, roughened in contact to near the
tips where they open out, covered with fine spines and long hairs.

148. Apiomorpha umbellala. Cat. Coccidae, p. 45.

Apiomorpha urnalis, Tepper (Fig. 100).

Brachyscelis urnalis. Trans. Royal Soc. South Australia, vol. xvii, p. 274, 2)1. iv
fig. 2. 1893.
,, ,, Froggatt, Proc. Zmn. ,Soc. iV.^'.ir., vol. xxiii, p. 371. 1898.

Agric. GizetteN.S.W., vol. ix, p. 494, pi. fig, f. 1. 1898.
Schraderi, Fuller, Agric. G.izette N.S.W., vol. vi, p. 214, p!. i, fig. 1. 1896.

This beautiful little gall has a wide range over New South Wales, and is
sometimes found massed together in bunches, when many are often aborted
and irregular in form; when scattered over the twigs they have the typical

jug or urn shape. Found at Tamworth, Uralla,
Goulburn, Wellington, and Hay, New South
Wales ; in the last-named case upon the box tree
{Eucalyptus hicolor); in Victoria, at Werribee,
upon Eiwalyptiis leticoxylon and E. goniocalyx
by C. French, junior ; and in South Australia,
at Murray Biidge, on Eucalyptus gracilis and
E. uncinaia by Tepper.

Female galls attached at the rounded base to
the twigs and branches, with the basal portion
rounded, oval, about two-thirds of the height,
then contracted into a narrow neck, but at the
apex swelling out into a flat disc, roughened
on the flattened summit with the apical orifice
surrounded by a small nipple. Height, 1 inch.

Fig, too.— A piomorpfia urnalis, Tepper.

Female coccid dull yellow, slender. Dorsal surface rather convex, clothed
with scattered spiny hairs, the first four abdominal segments of uniform
length; the apical ones fringed with stout spines. Anal appendages black.,
slender, in contact at the base, opening out at the tips, and with the anal
segments fringed with fine hairs. Under- surface much wTinkled on the
cephalic and thoracic segments, the latter bisected with an impressed line.
Legs ferruginous, thickened, with large claws.

119. Apiomorpha urnalis. Cat. Coccidse, p. 4.5.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 145

Apiomorpha variabilis, Froggatt (Fig. lOV-

Brachyscflis variabilis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., p. 304, p'. vii, fig. 2. 1892.
,, .. Natural Science, vol. V, ji. 12. 1894.

,, ,, Proc. Li/m. <Soc. iY.-S.U'., vol. xxiii, p. 374 ( aiva). 18!>S

Agric. Gazette N.S.W.,vo\.ix,Tp. 4m. 1898.

This large solid green gall is found singly, growing directly from the side
of a stout branch or small twig upon Enralyptns piimita in the vicinity of
Sydney, but it ranges all over the coastal districts of New South Wales.

Female gall, consisting of a large oval, solid, woolly mass surmounted on
the summit with a contracted softer mass of tissue, forming a dome over tlie
gall proper. The apical orifice is in the summit of the hard woody gall,

Fig. 101. — Apwmoryha varialnlis, Frog£;att.
(Fomale.)

but there is a rugged opening at the apex of the dome between which and
the apical orifice there is an irregular cavity. The gall often turns down-
ward on the stem from which it is produced. Height, 2| inches ; diameter,
1| inches. No male galls have ever been noticed.

Female coccid yellow, broadly turbinate. Dorsal surface of the cephalic
region lightly clothed with fine hairs; the thoracic segments covered with
long spiny hairs; the first abdominal segments thickly clothed with long
spiny hairs interspersed with short scattered spines; the last five abdominal
segments chitinous, with central bands of stout reddish spines, many circular
orifices, and long spiny hairs. Anal appendages short, closed at base, tapering
to a blunt tip, rugose, and covered with stout spiny hairs. Under-surface
clothed with fine white hairs. Length, § inch.

146 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XLIV. Opisthoscelis, Schrader.

Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W., vol. i, p. 10, 1862.
Rubsaamen, Berliner Ent. Zeit., B. xxxix, p. 214, 1894.
Cockerell, Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxxi, p. 276, 1899.

This genus was very briefly defined by Schrader when he described his type
Opisthoscelis subrotimda : " Genus Ojnsthoscelis where they have only two
long posterior legs. The galls of Opisthoscelis are often found male and
foniale under the same leaf. The female gall is in the shape of a pea, but
somewhat larger; the male gall very small and conical."

Signoret simply copied his words, and added nothing to the definition of
the genus. Rubsaamen gave a general account, but evidently had no fresh
material. Cockerell simply says, in his " Tables for the determination of
the genera of Coccidae " : " Hind legs only present ; these long."

The male and female coccids, like those of the genus Apiomorpha, both
produce distinct galls difiering in the sexes ; most of these galls are conical,
rounded, or spine shaped, and the opening may be on either the upper or
the under side of the gall ; the adult female, usually fitting close into the
wall chamber, sometimes firmlv attached to it. The antennae and the first
two pair of legs wanting or aborted ; the hind pair very long, the tarsal
portion produced into a long hair-like filament, longer than the tibiae, and
sometimes curved round over the back. The tip of the anal segment bearing
a peg-like tail.

These gall-making coccids confine their attention to the foliage of the
genus Eucalyptus, and like the members of the genus Apioynorpha, have
nob been recorded upon any other plants.

Opisthoscelis conica, Fuller (Fig. 102).
Journal W. Anstralian Bureau Agriculture, vol. iv, p. 1346, 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 464, 1899, pi. xv, figs. 33, 34.

This species was described from specimens obtained upon the foliage of
an undetermined species of Eucalyptus, at Midland Junction, West Australia.
Female gall formed in- the tissue of the leaf, hemispherical on
the under-surface of the leaf, cone-shaped on the upper side.
Height, 0-3 to 04 of an inch.

Adult female light brown, covered with mealy secretion,
convex, distinctly segmented ; antennae and first two pair of
legs wanting; hind legs very long; epidermis clothed with
many long fine-curved spines, thickest on cephalic region, and
with tail forming a tuft at the apex. Length, 0-75 inch.

151. Opisthoscelis conica. Cat. Coccidae, p. 46.

Fig. 102.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^E ") OF AUSTEALIA.

147

Opisthoscelis fibularis, Froggatt.
Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. xviii, p. 344, pi. xvi, figs. 17-21, 1893.
Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 498, 1898.

The male and female galls formed upon the upper surface of several uu*
determined species of Eucalypts, Bathiirst, New South Wales ; Bendigo»
Victoria.

The female gall one-sixth of an inch in height, and about the same diameter
at the base, which forms a circular ring ; brown ; produced into a tapering
thorn, with the apej? truncated and open, the orifice having a lip on either
side. Male galls smaller, somewliat similar, forming a reddish wart on the
under side of the leaf.

Adult female pale yellow ; cephalic and thoracic segments rounded ;
abdominal ones tapering to tail ; epidermis clothed with fine hairs ; hind
legs well developed.

152. Opisthoscelis fibularis. Cat. Coccidse, p. 46.

Opisthoscelis maculata, Froggatt (Fig. 103).

Pro. Linn. JSoc. N.S.W., vol. xviii, p. 345, pi. xvi, figs. 22-23, 1893.
Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 497, 1898.

The male and female galls produced upon the leaves of the Mallee gum
{Eucalyptus gracilis), Bendigo, Victoria.

Fig. 103. — OpiMoscelis maculata, Troggatt.
0 GallB.

148

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

The female gall one-fourth of an inch in height, pyriform; apex with a
slit ; the lips curving outward on the sides. The male galls are reddish
brown, slender, tubular, slightly contracted at the serrate apex ; about
one-sixth of an inch in height, often covering the whole of the leaf.

Adult female attached along the ventral surface to the bottom of the cavity
in the gall chamber; dorsal surface flattened, showing segmental divisions,
with impressed spots on either side of the first four segments ; anal one
.;apering into a tail clothed with scattered white hairs, hind legs very long;
tarsi thread-like.

154. Opisthoscelis maculata. Cat. Coccidae, p. 46.

Opisthoscelis mammularis, Froggatt (Fig. 104).
Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. viii, p. 344, pi. xvi, figs. 15-16, 1893.
Agric. Gazette, N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 497, 1898.

The male and female galls scattered over the foliage of an undetermined
species of Eucalyptus, Bendigo, Victoria.

Female gall forming a somewhat wrinkled erect green excrescence on the
upper surface of the leaf, broadest at the base, narrowed about two-thirds

up, and swelling out and rounded
on the summit. Height, one-fourth
of an inch. Opening into a reddish
brown wart on the under-surface of
the leaf.

Male galls generally in groups of
three or four, somewhat similar in
form, but smaller and more conical.

Adult female dull yellow to brown
in colour ; cephalic and thoracic
segments large ; abdominal seg-
ments very small, narrow, clothed

with long curly white hairs ; those round the anal tail shorter and straight ;

the tip of the anal segment bearing two small reddish brown spines curved

backwards. Hind legs well developed ; tarsal joint three times the length

of the tibiae.

Fig. iOi.—Opistla

:relii mainmularis, Froggatt.
$ Galls.

155. Opisthoscelis marmnularis. Cat. Coccidse. p. 47.

SCALE INSECTS ( COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 149

Opislhoscelis maskelli, Froggatt (Fig. 105).

Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. viii, p. 340, pi. xvii, figs. 6-9, 1893.
Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 497, 1898.

This is the common gall in the vicinity of Sydney upon the foliage of the
large-leaved ironbark {EucalyjHus siderophloia).

Female galls like rose thorns, springing from young branchlets, leaf stalks,
and the midrib of the leaf ; the basal portion green ; apical portion brown,
with several rings round the apical orifice towards the summit. Height
up to half an inch ; diameter at base one-third of an inch.

Male galls reddish brown, tubular, broadest at the base,
tapering towards the truncate tip, which is ringed with
five little teeth ; about one-sixth of an inch in height ;
sometimes single, at other times thickly covering the
whole surface of the leaf.

Adult female bluish grey, oval ; convex on the dorsal Fig. 105.

surface; abdominal segments small, curving upward;
legs black ; the tarsal joint long, filiform and turning over the back on
either side ; tail hidden, short. Under-surface firmly attached to the bottom
of the gall. Length, quarter inch ; diameter, one-sixth ot an inch.

156. Opisthoscelis maskelli. Cat. Coccidse, p. 47.

Opisthoscelis pisiformis, Froggatt.

Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. viii, p. 343, pi. viii, figs. 13-14, 1893.
Agri\ Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 498, 1898.

Female galls upon the leaves, and the male galls upon the leaves and twigs
of Eucalyptus rohusta and E. resinifera, Sydney; on E. melliodora, Bathurst,
New South Wales.

Female galls small, soft green globular excrescences upon the upper surface
of the leaf, with the opening enclosed in a reddish wart on the under-surface.
Height, one-sixth of an inch.

Male galls conical, brown, broadest at the base, tapering to the truncate
apex. Height, one-sixth of an inch. Apical orifice oval, irregular.

Adult female salmon pink, resting on the roof of the gall, slightly attached
by head to gall. Head and thoracic segments rounded; the cephalic portion
standing out , much wrinkled ; abdomen elongate ; the last segment produced
into a small conical tail, bearing two short recurved reddish spines tipped
with black. The dorsal surface and sides fringed with long hairs. Legs
loag, slender, tarsal joint very long, filiform.

158. Opisthoscelis pisiformis. Cat. Coccidae, p. 47.

150 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18. .

Opisthoscelis serrata, Froggatt.

Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. viii, p. 343, pi. xvii, figs. 24-26, 1893.
Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 497, 1898.

Female galls upon the foliage of an undetermined species of eucalyptus >
Bendigo, Victoria.

Female galls green, tinted with yellow ; spherical, constricted at the l^ase,
with the opening on the under-surface of the leaf forming an irregular slit in
the centre of a wart ; soft and spongy. Height and diameter, quarter of
an inch. General appearance like that of 0. subrotunda.

Adult female pale yellow, elongate, rounded ; the outer margins of the
thoracic and abdominal segments serrate on the dorsal margins, with a row
of fleshy teeth right round to the anal extremity, with the body swelling
out beneath. Abdominal segments lightly fringed with hairs. Antenna)
ferruginous, springing out of the cephalic fold, showing four irregular joints.
The fore and middle pair of legs present, but aborted ; hind pair well developed
with the typical long filiform tarsal joint.

150. Opisthoscelis serrata. Cat. Coccidse, p. 47.

Opisthoscelis spinosa, Froggatt.
Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. viii, p. 34, pi. xvi, figs. 10-12, 1893.
Agric. Gazette, N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 498, 1898.

Male and female galls scattered over the foliage of the large-leafed iron-
hark {Eucalyptus siderophloia), Flemington, New South Wales.

Female gall shaped like a large rose thorn, dull brown, broad at the base,
tapering to the extremity, slightly truncate, with a very small apical opening
at the tip. Often scattered about singly on the leaves, but sometimes in
(•.lusters of two or three, when they abort the foliage, twisting the leaves
round. Height, quarter of an inch; diameter at base, quarter of an inch.

Male galls forming small wrinkled rounded excrescences on the leaves,
clustered together or solitary. About one-twelfth of an inch in height.
The opening on the underside as in the female galls.

Adult coccid fixed to the bottom of the gall like O. maskelli; reddish yellow,
the dorsal surface clothed with curly white hairs, interspersed with long ones,
forming a fringe round the margins, to the rounded tail. Traces of aborted
antennfe, fore and middle legs; hind pair stout, mottled with yellow and
black ; tarsal joint very long and slender. The gall has a somewhat similar
form to that of 0.' maskelli, hut is easily distinguished from the latter in always
being on the leaf, and having no rings round the apex.

160. Opisthoscelis spinosa. Cat. Coccidse, p. 47.

SCAI.E INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.

151

Opisthoscelis suhrotuiida, Schrader (Fig. 106).
Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W., vol. i, p. 7, pi. iii, figs, l-o, 1862.
Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), vol. vi, p. 579, 1876.
Froggatt, Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. vlii, p. 210, 1893.
globosa, Rubsaamen, Berl. Ent. Zeit, Bd. xxxix, p. 214, f. xv, figs. 1-14, 1894.

This is the common typical species, often covering the foliage of Eucalyftus
capitdlata and several other species on the coastal districts, and found on
Eucahjinus roitrata, Hay, N.S.W. Rounded green galls.usually perfectly round
totheattachmentto the leaf ; they vary in size up to half of an inch in diameter.
The basal opening is situated in the centre of a reddish wart on the underside
of the leaf. The male galls much smaller, resemble those of the females, but
are not so regular in form.

Fig. 106. — Opisthof!celis sitbrotunda, Selirader

Adult coccid reddish yellow to brown, covered with fine close hairs and
white meal ; almost round, but tapering slightly to the anal tail ; dorsal
surface rounded ; abdominal segments well defined ; no fore or middle legs ;
hind pair well developed; tarsal joint as long as or longer than the tibia.
The whole insect fitting close within the gall chamber, with the peg-like anal
appendage closing the basal orifice. Schrader briefly mentions a second
species under the name of Opisthoscelis gracilis, but I think that it was only
a smaller or immature form of 0. suhrotunda, as the galls are very variable,
even upon the same trees,

162. Opisthoscelis suhrotuiida. Cat. Coccidae, p. 48.

152 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Opistkoscelis verrumda, Froggatt.

Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. viii, p. 338, pi. xvii, figs. 3-5, 1893.
Agric. Gazette, N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 498, 1898.

The male and female galls upon the leaves of an undetermined species of
Eucalyptus, growing at Napoleon Eeef, near Bathurst, New South Wales.

Female galls green, nipple-shaped, slightly corrugated, single or in threes
and fours ; opening on the underside of the leaf. Height, quarter of an inch ;
diameter at base, one-sixth of an inch.

Male galls forming smaller wart-like excrescences, slightly conical at the
centre ; single or in groups of two or three ; often aborting the whole leaf
into a thickened mass.

Adult female bright red ; upper surface circular, slightly concave, covered
with white down. Under surface much wrinkled ; segmental division distinct ;
apical segment with an anal ring, and four curved spines, forming a tail.
Hind legs large, stout, tarsal joints as long as the whole coccid.

162. Opistkoscelis verricula. Cat. Coccidse, p. 47.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 153

Genus XLV, Ascelis, Schrader.

Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 1, p. 7, pi. iii, fig.s. p-x, 1862.
Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), vol. vi, p. 598, 1876.
Cockerell, Canadian Entomologist, vol. 31, p. 276, 1899.

The adult female coccids forming globose, or flattened blister-like excres-
cences on the surface of the foliage of different species of eucalypts, with the
opening on either the upper or under surface of the infested leaf. The males
form no separate galls, but the male larvae remains in the parent gall, in which
thev go through their metamorphosis. The larvae are closely allied to those
of the genus Ophisthoscelis, are usually bright red, but have the basal portion
of the abdomen more slender. The adult coccid is simply an irregularly
rounded mass of yellowish jelly, enclosed in a delicate skin, with no legs or
antennae ; the anal segment produced into a slender cylindrical tube or tail,
simple or terminating in fringe like processes, which fit into the anal aperture
in the gall.

Schrader's definition of the genus is simply a description of the type species
(Ascelis praeynollis), but it can be easily enlarged to include the other two
species. Cockerell has placed in this genus the remarkable gall-making coceid
which I placed in the genus Brachyscelis. and for which Fuller created his
genus Cystococcus. I have replaced it in Fuller's genus, as it is not an Ascelis,
and certainly stands quite alone, and is worthy of generic rank.

In Mrs. Fernald's catalogue, Tachardia melaleuca, FiUler, is listed under
the name of Ascelis melalenca.

Ascelis attenuata, Froggatt.

Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. viii, p. 214, pi. viii, figs. 4-4a, 1893.
Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 496, 1898.

Blister galls upon, and aborting, the foliage of Eucalyptus jriperita at
Hornsby, New South Wales. The galls are circular cavities in the leaf, the
presence of the coccid causing the infested tissue to thicken, and yellow on
both sides ; the galls slightly raised above the surface of the leaf tissue, with
a tiny apical orifice in the centre on the upper surface of the leaf. About
one twenty-fourth of an inch in diameter.

Adult female pale yellow ; an irregularly rounded, wrinkled mass, without
any definite appendages ; legs and antennae wanting ; anal tail very long,
cylindrical, truncated at the tip, and encircled at the base, with a dark brown
ring.

163. Ascelis attenuata. Cat. Coccidae, p. 48.

154 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Ascelis praemollis, Schrader (Fig. 107).

Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W., vol. i, p. 7, pi. iii, figs, p-x, 1862.
Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), vol. vi, p. 599, 1876.
Froggatt, Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., vol. viii, p. 211, 1893.
Natural Science, vol. v, p. 113, 1894.
Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 496, 1898.

The galls are common upon the foliage of the bloodwood {Eucalyptus
corymbosa) in the coastal districts of this State.

The galls are round, varying from half to three-quarters of an inch in
diameter ; green reddish or dull yellow, growing upon the leaves, either

singly, or in groups of two or three, and
often quite aborting the infested leaves.
The chamber containing the female coccid
is at the base of the fleshy galls, with
the small basal orifice opening out on the
underside of the leaf. Adult female about
one-sixth of an inch in diameter, con-
rig. ioi.-A):eeiis praemoius, fichTa.dei. sisting of a shapeless irregularly rounded

pale yellow mass, with no signs of legs
or antennae ; the anal appendage stout, cylindrical, dark brown, surrounded
at the base with a dark ring ; at the apex there are three slender finger-like
projections, holding a mass of gummy secretion, which protects the opening.

166. Ascelis praemollis. Cat. CoccidsB, p. 48.

Ascelis schraderi, Froggatt (Fig. 108).

Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. viii, p. 213, 1893.
Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 495, 1898.

This is the flattened blister gall upon the foliage of the bloodwood Eucalyptus
corymbosa, found in similar localities as A. praemollis in the coastal districts
of New South Wales, but I have never found both these species upon the
same tree.

The adult female gall is an irregular rounded blister about half an inch in
diameter, and swelling out slightly on either side of the surface of the leaf ;
the aborted tissue varies from pale yellow to reddish brown, with the apical
orifice small, circular, and on the upper surface of the leaf.

The adult coccid is similar in form and structure to that of the preceding
species, but slightly larger and more flattened ; the anal appendage more
slender than in A. praemollis ; apparently solid, truncate at the tip, and
while fitting into the apical orifice, not quite level with the surface of the
surrounding tissue.

, Schrader notices this gall in his paper, but apparently considered it to be.
a variety or abnormal form of his A. prcemolUs.

167. Ascelis schraderi. Cat. Coccid se, p. 48.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID ^5 ") OF AUSTRALIA. 156

Fig. 108. — Ascehs scliraderi on Eucahjptus corymbosa.

156 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XLVI. Cysiococcus, Puller.

Journal W. Australian Bureau, Agriculture, vol. iv, p. 1346, 1897.
Trans. Eni. Soc. London, p. 462, 1899.

Fuller defined this genus as follows, in a description of the type : " C-
acJiiniformis— Adult female yellow cyst-like ; legs and antennae absent,
ra-juth present, abdomen tapering, ending in a hard black button. There
are four black secreting orifices from which filaments protruded near the
apex. Gall spherical, orifice at apex, diameter three-quarters to one and a
quT-rter inch; walls thin and granulated."

I leave this unique species in the sub-family Brachyscelinae, on account of
the typical gall and general structure of the female coccid, considering the
thimble-shaped anal extremity as analogous with the more distinct tails of
Apiomorpha and Ascelis.

Cystococcus pomiformis, Froggatt (Fig. 109).
pomiformis. Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. vii, p. 367, pi. vii, f. 7, 1892.
Cystococcus echinoformis. Fuller, Journ. W. Aust. Bureau Agri., vol. iv, p. 1346, 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 462, pi. xv, 1899.
Ascelis echinoformis, Cockerell, Canadian Eniomologist, vol. xxxi, p. 276, 1899.

This remarkable gall is recorded from north-west Australia (King's Sound)
on Eucalyptus tesselatus, Torrens Creek, North Queensland, and Tennant's
Creek, Central Australia, upon undetermined species of eucalpyts.

Galls apple-shaped, sessile on slender twigs, up to two and a half inches in
diameter, and one and a half inches in height, with a deep depression on the
summit, in the centre of which is the circular apical orifice. General colour
greyish brown, the outer surface often roughened or granulated ; the walls
of the gall about a quarter of an inch in thickness, so that the gall chamber
is very large, inner surface with a smooth hard shell, with an inverted funnel-
like process at the apex of the chamber below the apical orifice.

Adult female dull yellow, with the cephalic portion and abdomen spotted
and mottled with reddish brown ; the anal extremity smooth, shining black,
rounded at the tip. The female occupies the centre of the gall chamber,
with the apex of the cephalic portion striated, and attached to the bottom
of the gall, with the tip of the abdomen fitting into the funnel-shaped structure
at the summit of the chamber. The thoracic segments deeply corrugated,
showing black spots indicative of the larval legs ; the abdominal segments

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.

1:7

cylindrical, tapering to the blunt rounded tip; first and second segments
slightly rugose, with fine parallel striations. Length up to one inch. The
males develop in the female gall. This is one of the most remarkable
gall insects in the world in the final stage of the adult female, having no
apparent mouth, antennae, legs, or anal appendages, while she is fixed on

Fig. 109. — Cystocoecus pomiformis, Froggatt.

the centre of the large chamber standing on her head. These galls arc known
as " bloodwood apples " in North Queensland, and in Central Australia the
natives collect them and eat the enclosed coccid.

The type specimen came from North Queensland, and was described on
the gall and the remains of a female coccid as a Brachyscelis ; though the
gall is very like that of a Brachyscelid, the ad\ilt female is quite distinct from
any of that genus.

164. Ascelis echiniformis. Cat. Coccidaj, p, 48.

158

SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 18.

Genus XLYII. Frenchia, Maskell.

Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xiv, p. 56, 1891.

Two species of these remarkable coccids have been described infesting the
branchlets of several species of sheoaks {Casuarina).

Maskell defines the genus as follows : " Females excreting a tubular,
smooth, woody test, which entirely covers them; also at gestation forming
an inner waxy indusium, closely attached to the insect ; also producing gall-
like swellings or excrescences in the twigs of the food plant. Abdomen
distinctly prolonged. Adult female coccid with aborted rostrum, and no
legs or antennae, the anogenital ring obscure, or only represented by a simple
orifice. Segmentation of the abdominal segments irregular, with many
transverse corrugations ; surface covered vnih. circular spinnerets and slender
hairs ; abdomen terminating in a slender point."

Frenchia casuarinae, Maskell (Fig. 110).

Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 57, pi. xiii, figs. 1-16, 1891.
Fioggatt, Agric. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 495, 1898.

The coccid has a very wide range over the coastal districts of A ictoria and
New South Wales upon Casuarhm equiselijolia, C. quadrivaUs and other
species of sheoaks. Lea records it as common on
similar Casuarinas in Tasmania.

Galls first forming an oval swelling upon the side of
the twig, varying in size and form, according to the
number of coccids that make a lodgment in the bark ;
from the centre of this, with the base in the wood,
springs upward, a stout dark-brown cylindrical tube
broadest and loosely attached at the base in the gall
swelling, where it is hidden in the tissue of the aborted
wood, but with the projecting portion of a uniform
thickness about half an inch in length and a quarter
of an inch in diameter, where it emerges from the
basal gall, tapering often to a conical apex, with a
central apical orifice.

Adult female coccid covered with a mealy secretion,

afterwards becoming waxy; at first reddish yellow,

then bright red, and finally dark-brown ; cephalic

portion circular, disc-like, the thoracic and abdominal

segments tapering up into a slender tail, fitting in the

tubular gall. Mouth aborted, legs and antennae

wanting; anal segment of the abdomen terminating in a slender point.

Maskell compares it to a little tadpole in general form.

116. Frenchia casuarince. Cat. Coccidae, p. 39.

Fig. 110.

SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA.

159

Frenchia semioccuUa, Maskell (Fig. 111).
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxvii, p. 70, pi. vii, figs. 9-19, 1894.
Froggatt, Agrir, Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 495, 1898.

This species is found upon the branchlets of various species of sheoaks
{Casuarina). growing at Thornleigh and Manly, New South Wales.

Fig. HI —
Frenchia semiccculta, Kaskell.

In this species the male coccids cause distinctive galls, or swollen corru-
gations on the branchlets, congregating in clusters of half a dozen or more,
forming a chamber with a terminal orifice above, about one-twelfth of an
inch in height, between two swollen, thickened lips, swelling out of the bark.
The female hides under the bark, forming a circular tubular opening above,
through which she projects her tail.

Adult female yellowish, tinged with red to dull red, about one-tenth of an
inch in diameter ; before gestation the body is subcircular and not half the
size, ventral surface convex, rostrum iipon a boss in the centre, very small ;
legs and antennae wanting. From the centre of the dorsal surface springs
the tail, which is bluntly rounded at the tip. After treatment in potash a
hairless anal ring and two minute spines are seen near the tip.

117. Frenchia semiocculata. Cat. Coccidse, p. 39.

Sydnet :
William Appleoate Gullick, Goverkment.Printkk

1921.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

3 9088 00746 5354
Department of Agriculture,
New South Wales.

Workers in the respective branches of Economic Science
covered by this series of Science Bulletins will receive such of
them as may be of use in their special branches of study
upon application to the Under Secretary and Director,
Department of Agriculture, Sydney.

2.

3-
4-

6.

7-

lO.

II.

12.

13-
14.

16.

17-

18.

*I9.

20.

Pests and Diseases of the Coconut Palm.

March Flies. [Second Edition.]

A Modification of Marsh's Apparatus for the

Detection of Arsenic.
Soils of the Bathurst Experiment Farm.
Wheat and Flour Investigations.
The Effect of Superphosphate on the ^^^lxK,<xi

Yield in New South Wales.
Wheat Improvement in Australia.
Notes on Osteo-malacia (Bone-chewing).
Lime-sulphur Sprays: Their Manufacture,

Composition, and Use.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Scale Insects

(" Coccidae") of Australia. Part I.
The Food of Australian Birds : An Investi-
gation into the Character of the Stomach

and Crop Contents.
Note on the Neutralisation ot Cream in

Butter Manufacture, and the Effect on the

Butter Produced.
Neutralisation of Cream : Rate and Amount

of Reaction in "Flash" and "Batch" (or

"Holding") Pasteurisers.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Scale Insects

("Coccid^") of Australia. Part II.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Scale Insects

(" Coccidse ") of Australia. Part III.
Dairy Factory Premises and Manufacturing

Processes : The Application of Scientific

Methods to their Examination.

Missing numbers are out of print.

* In preparation.

IB 32B SI BR
10/93 1981 J5

INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI~'NViNOSHilV^S S3lbVaan LIBRARIES SMITHSON
S3 I HVy a n LI B RAR I ES SMITHSONIAN^INSTITUTION'^NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHi

2 , W ^ 2 » </> 2

2 V^.^ H r^^^fhh 2 >^%..^ =5 d^ 2

INSTITUTION ^^NOIiniliSNI NVIN0SHilWS*^S3 I y Vaa II^LI BRAR I ES^^SMITHSON
w 5 \ *^ ^ 5 CO

_ Z '^ J z _

S3 1 a vd an libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi nvinoshi

INSTITUTION^ NOIiniliSNrNVINOSHilWS S3 I aVM 8 n"LI B RAR I ES*^SMITHSON

to
O
Z w^

> Nj^j^

S3 I HVy a n~ LI BRAR I ES^^SMITHSONIAN^ INSTITUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHJ
- CO 2 ^ ^ 5

CO

'institution NOIinillSNl"^NVINOSHilWS S3lbVaan LIBRARIES SMITHSOr
z r- , z r- Z

70

>

S3iyvyan~LIBRARIES SMITHS0NIAN~INSTITUTI0N NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHJ

) , 2 , CO ^ 2 • CO 2

INSTITUTION*^NO!iniliSNI NVIN0SH1IWS^S3 I b'vd a IT^LI B RAR I ES*^SMITHSOr
to ^ 'x CO ~ <o

S3iyVM9n LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHi

5 xrlCv^^^rx

./ yr^*"

2 _J Z -J Z •\

5TITUTI0N NOIiniliSNI^NVINOSHill/MS S3ldVdan LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAr

W ± t/> _

lavdan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiisNi nvinoshiiwj

"" '" Z » (O z

I
o

JTITUTION *^N0liniliSNI NVIN0SHilWS^S3 I H VM 8 H^LI B RAR I ES*^SMITHSONIAN

o

z

idvaan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi nvinoshiiws
STITUTION*^ NOIinillSNI NVIN0SHilWS*^S3 lavMsn librari es^^smithsonian

.V- Ui z w Z ^,,. (/>

I d Vy a n_ L> B RAR I ES*^SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION*^NOIinillSNI^NVINOSHilWS

JTITUTION^NOIiniliSNl'^NVINOSHilWS^SB I d VH 8 n"'LI B RAR I ES^ SMITHSONIAN

r- ^

CD

> l?l

^ m N^^ w»

lavyanLIBRARI E S^^SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION^^NOIiniliSNI "" NVINOSHilWS

^ ^.„ z • tn z

TITUTION^^^NOIiniliSNlf NVINOSHllMS^'Sg I MV8 3 H^LI BRAR I ES*"sMITHSONIAN

CO <k. Ul

o

z

IbVdan LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHilWS

00 ^«ss