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Sectional Library

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Division of Mollusks
Sectional Library

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A

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF

RECENT SHELLS,

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO

THE LINNHAN METHOD;

WITH

Feeney
end
boty
Sy
‘.
esa
é
>
>

PARTICULAR ATTENTION

TO THE

Spnonpymp,

BY

LEWIS WESTON DILLWYN, F.R.S. anp F.L.S.

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
THE LINNZZEAN SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA, &e.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. I.

London:

PRINTED FOR JOHN AND ARTHUR ARCH, CORNHILL.

1817.

Ji M‘Creery, Printer,
Black Horse Court, Fleet-street.

TO
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

SIR JOSEPH BANKS, BART. G.C. B.

PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, ETC.

THIS
ATTEMPT TO ELUCIDATE THE SPECIES OF
SHELLS
DESCRIBED IN GMELIN’S EDITION OF THE

SYSTEMA NATURA,

AND TO PAVE THE WAY FOR A BEYTER ARRANGEMENT,

IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED.

BY THE AUTHOR.

ADVERTISEMENT.

‘Tue Author, in the course of an attempt to arrange
a small Cabinet of Shells, had occasion to ‘observe,
that in Gmelin’s edition of the Systema Nature, the
same species frequently appears under two or three
different names; and, on the other hand, that in
many instances, two or three different species are

confounded together under one specific character.

By a careful examination of the Synonyma, he has
endeavoured to correct these errors, and hopes that
other Conchologists, who have a more frequent ac-
cess to the extensive Cabinets of the Metropolis,
will proceed to examine the specific characters, of
which he has sometimes been obliged, where their
accuracy is very doubtful, to give only a translation

from other works.

Without the use of Sir Joseph Banks’s extensive
library, no writer on Natural History can hope to

vl ADVERTISEMENT.

attain any tolerable degree of perfection; and the ad-
vantages which the Author has been permitted to
derive from the liberal use of it, demands this public
expression of his warmest thanks. He also with
pleasure acknowledges the very friendly assistance

which he has received from Silvanus Bevan, Esq. —

In a work containing more than five thousand
specific names and synonyma, and probably feur
times that number of references, the author hopes
that no apology will be thought necessary for the
extent of the corrigenda.

Willows, Jan. 1st, 1817.

A

CATALOGUE OF THE BOOKS

CONSULTED AND REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK.

ADAMS Micros. Essays on the Microscope, by George Adams.
Kanmacher’s Edit. London, 1798.

Adams in Lin. Trans. Description of Minute Shells found on
the Coast of Pembrokeshire by John Adams, published in the
Transactions of the Linnean Society, wols. iii. and v.

Adanson Senegal. Histoire Naturelle: de Senegal, par M.
Adanson. Paris, 1757.

Argenville. Ant. Jos. Desallier D’Argenville. L’ Histoire Na-
turelle éclaircie dans deux de ces principales Parties, la Litho-
logie et la Conchyliologie. Paris, 1757.

Barbut Verm. The Genera Vermium of Linneus, by James
Barbut. London, 1788.

Bonanni Kirch. Filippo Buonanni. Muszeum Kircherianum.
Rome, 1709.

Bonanni Rec. Filippo Buonanni. Ricreatione dell’ Occhio e
della Mente nell’ Observationi delle Chiocciole. Rome, 1681.

Bonanni Rec. Supp. Filippo Buonanni. Supplementum Recrea-
tionis, &c. Rome, 1691.

Borlase Cornwall. Natural History of Cornwall, by William
Borlase. Oxford, 1758.

Born Index. Ignatius von Born. Index ‘Rerum Naturalium
Musei Cesarei Vindobonensis. Vindobon:x, 1778.

Born Mus. Ignatius von Born. Testacea MMusei Cesarei Vin-
dobonensis. Vindobone, 1780.

Brookes Introd. An Introduction to the Study of Conchology,
by Samuel Brookes. 4to. London, 1815.

Bruguiere in Enc. Method. Histoire Naturelle des Vers, par
M. Bruguiere; in Encyclopédie Méth, Paris, 1789 to 1792.

Bruguiere in Journ. d@ Hist. Nat. M.Bruguiere sur la Forma-
tion de la Coquille des Porcellaines, et sur la Faculté qu’ont
leurs Animaux de s’en détacher, et de les quitter a des diffé-

Vill CATALOGUE

rentes Epoques. Journal d'Histoire Naturelle, vol.1. Paris
1792.

Burrow’s Elements. Elements of Conchology, by the Rev. E. J.
Burrow. London, 1815.

Callone’s Cat. Specification of the various articles which com-
pose the magnificent Museum of Natural History collected by
M. de Calonne. London, 1797.

Chemnitz. J. Hieron. Chemnitz. Neues Systematisches Conchy-
lien Cabinet, vol.v. to xi. Nurnberg, 1781 to 1795.

Da Costa Brit. Conch. The British Conchology, by Emanuel
Mendes da Costa. London, 1778.

Da Costa Elements. Elements of Conchology, by E. M. da
Costa. London. 1776.

D’ Avila. Catalogue Systématique et Raisonné des Curiosités de
M. D’Avila. Paris, 1767.

Donovan. Natural History of British Shells, by Edward Dono-
van. London, 1799 to 1803.

Dorset Cat. Catalogues of the Birds, Shells, and some of the
more rare Plants of Dorsetshire, by Richard Pulteney, M. D.
New edition, by the Rev. T. Racket. London, 1813.

Edwards Gleanings. Gleanings of Natural History, by George
Edwards. London, vol. i. 1758. vol. ii. 1760.

Ells’s Corallines. The Natural History of Corallines, by John
Ellis. London, 1755.

Ellis in Phil. Trans. Aun Account of several rare species of
Barnacles, by John Ellis, in the Philosophical Transactions
for 1758.

Ellis and Solander Zooph. The Natural History of many cu-
rious and uncommon Zoophytes, by John Ellis and Daniel
Solander. London, 1786.

Enc. Meéthod. Vers testacés, in the ‘Tableau Encyclopédique
et Méthodique.’ Paris, 1797 and 1798.

Fabricius Fn. Groenl. Otho Fabricius. Fauna Groenlandica.
Hafn. et Lips. 1780.

Favanne. La Conchyliologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Co-
quilles, par M M. de Favanne de Montcervelle, Pére et Fils.
Paris, 1780.

Fauna Suecica. See Linnaeus F.S.

Fichtell et Moll, Leopold a Fichtel et J. P. Carl a Moll.
Testacea Microscopica aliaque minuta, ex Generibus Argo-
nauta et Nautilus, ad naturam picta et descripta. Wien. 1798.

Forskael Descrip. Anim. Descriptiones Animalium que in
itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskgl. Havniz, 1775.

Geoffroy. 'Traité Sommaire des Coquilles, &c. qui se trouvent
aux environs de Paris, par M. Geoffroy. Paris, 1767, with
three Plates added by M. Duchesne.

OF BOOKS. 1x

Geve. Essais récréatifs sur L’Histowe Naturelle, par Nicolas
George Geve. Hambourg, 1790.

Ginanni. Conte Giuseppe Ginanni. Opere Postume. Venice,
17a

Gmelin. Systema Nature a Jo. Frid. Gmelin. Lipsia, 1788.

Grew’s Rarities. Catalegue and Description of the Rarities
belonging to the Royal Society, by Nehemiah Grew. London,
1681.

Gronovius Zooph. Zoophylaciaum Gronovianum. Lugd. Bat.
1781.

Gualter. Index Testarum Conchyliorum que adservantur in
Muszo Nicolai Gualtieri. Florentia, 1742.
Humphreys Conch. Conchology, or Natural History of Shells.
(Supposed to be the joint work of E. M. Da Costa and George

Humphreys.)

Kemmerer Cab. Rudolst. C.U. Kammerer. Die Conchylien in
Cabinette der Herrn. Erb-Prinzen von Schwartzburg-Rudol-
stat. Rudolst, 1786.

Klein Ost. Ja. Theod. Klein. Tentamen Methodi Ostracolo-
gice. Lugd. 1753.

Klein Tubul. Ja. Theod. Kleim. Descriptiones Tubulorum Ma-
rmorum. Gedani. 1731.

Knorr. George Wolffgang Knorr. Les Délices des Yeux et de
YEsprit. Nuremberg, 1760, &c.

Lamarck Syst.des Anim. Systéme des Animaux sans Vertébres,
par J.B. Lamarck. Paris, 1801.

Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. In the Annales du Musée d’Hist.
Naturelle, vols. xv. xvi. and xvii. there are several Papers re-
lating to Conus, Cyprzea, Bulla and Voluta.

Leach Zool. Mag. Zoological Magazine, by W. E. Leach,
M.D. London, 1815.

Ledermuller Micros. Amusement Microscopique, par M. F.
Ledermuller. Nuremb. 1764.

Lightfoot in Phil. Trans. An Account of some minute British
Shells, by the Rev. John Lightfoot, in the Philosophical
Transactions for 1786.

Tinneus Fauna Suecica. UHolm. 1761.

Linneus Mus. Lud. Ulr. Carolus a Linné. Museum Ludovice
Ulric Suecie Regine. Holm. 1764.

Linneus Mus. Tess. C. a Linné Museum Tessinianum. Holm.
1753.

Linneus Mantissa. Caroli a Linné Mantissa altera. Holm. 1771.

Einneus Syst. Nat. Caroli 4 Linné Systema Nature. Edit. 12.
Vindobonz, 1767.

Laster Conch. Martin Lister. Historia, sive Synopsis Methodica,
Conchyliorum, a G. Huddesford. Oxford, 1770.

b

x CATALOGUE

Lister Anim. Ang. Martin Lister. Historia Animalium Angliz.
London, 1678.

Lister Anim. Ang. App. Martin Lister. Appendi: Historie
Animalium Angle. London, 1685.

. Martini. Fried. H. W. Martini. Neues Systematiches Conchy-
lien Cabinet, vol.i. to iv. Nurnberg, 1769, &c. continued by
Chemnitz.

Martyn Univ. Conch. 'The Universal Conchologist, by Thomas
Martyn. London, vol.i. 1784, vol. ii. 1786.

Maton’s Western Counties. Observations relative chiefly to the
Natural History, &c. of the Western Counties of England, by
W.G. Maton, M.D. Salisbury, 1797.

Maton in Lin. Trans. iii. Onaspecies of 'Tellina not described
by Linnzeus, by W.G. Maton, M.D. in Transactions of the
Linnean Society, vol.iii. London, 1797.

Maton in Lin. Trans. x. Description of seven new Species of
Testacea, by W.G. Maton, M.D. in the Transactions of the
Linnean Society, vol. x. London, 1811.

Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. A Descriptive Catalogue
of the British Testacea, by W. G. Maton, M. D. and the Rev.
Thomas Racket, in the Linnean Transactions. vol. vili. Lon-
don, 1807.

Montfort Conch. Denys de Montfort. Conchyliologie Systé-
matique. Paris, 1808.

Montagu Test. ‘Testacea Britannica, or British Shells, by George
Montagu. Romsey, 1803.

Montagu Supp. Supplement to Testacea Britannica, by George
Montagu. Exeter, 1808.

Muller Zool. Dan. Prodr. Otho Frederick Miiller. Zoologie
Danicz Prodromus. Havniz, 1776.

Muller Zool. Dan. Zoologia Danica, auctore Othone Frederico
Miller. Havniz, 1788, &c.

Muller Verm. Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium, auctore
O. F. Miiller. Havniz et Lipsie, 1773.

Mus. Gevers. Museum Geversianum, sive Index Rerum natura-
lium, &c.

Mus. Gottwald. Muszi Gottwaldiani Testaceorum, &c. Edit.
by J.S. Schroter. Nurenberg, 1782.

Mus. Leskeanum. Des Herrn Nathanael Gottfried Leske,
hinterlassenes Mineralien Kabinet, &c. Leipzig, 1789.

Olivi Adriat. Giuseppe Olivi. Zoologia Adriatica. Bassano,
1792.

Pallas Misc. Zool. P.S. Pallas. Miscellanea Zoologica. Lug-
dini Batavorum, 1778.

Pallas Spicel. Zool. P.9. Pallas. Spicilegia Zoologica. Berol.
1767—1780.

OF BOOKS. xl

Pennant Zool. British Zoology, by Thomas Pennant. London,
1777.

Petiver Gaz. Jacobi Petiveri Opera, Gazophylacium. London,
17067.

Petiver Amb. Jacobi Petiveri Opera, Amboyna Shells. Lon-
don, 1767.

Plancus. Jani Planci de Conchis minus notis. Venetiis, 1739.

Portland Cat. A Catalogue of the Portland Museum, which will
be sold by Auction, on Monday, the 24th of Apni, 1786, &c.

Regenfuss. Choix de Coquillages et de Crustacés, par Frangois
M. Regenfuss. Copenhagen, 1758.

Retzius in Act. Taurin. M.A. Retzius. Venus lithophaga
descripta, in the Mem. de Il’ Academie de Turin, vol. iil.

Rumphius. G. E. Rumphius. Thesaurus Imaginum Piscium
Testaceorum, &c. Hage-Comitum, 1739.

Schretbers Conch. Schreibers Versuch einer vollstandigen Con-
chylienkenntniss, 1788.

Schroeter Einl. Eimleitung in die Conchylien. nach Linné, von
Johann Samuel Schréter. Halle, 1784.

Schroeter Erdconch. Versuch einer Systematischen Abhandlung
iiber die Erdkonchylien um Thangelstadt, von J.S. Schroter.
Berlin, 1771. 46

Schroeter Flussconch. Die Geschichte der Flussconchylien, &c.
von J.S. Schroter. Halle, 1779.

Schroeter Inn. Bau Conch. Ueber den innern Bau des See
und emiger Auslandischen Erd und Fluss-schnecken, von J. S.
Schréter. Frankfurt, 1783.

Scopolt Del. Ins. J.A. Scopoli. Delicize Faune et Flore In-
subricee. ‘Ticini, 1786.

Seba. Albertus Seba. Descriptio Thesauri Rerum Naturalium.
Amsterdam, 1758.

Shaw Nat. Misc. Naturalist’s Miscellany, by George Shaw,
M.D. London, 1790, &c.

Solander’s MSS. Manuscript Descriptions of Shells, by the
late Dr. Solander, in the Library of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph
Banks.

Turton’s Gmelin. A General System of Nature, translated from
Gmelin’s editions of the Systema Nature, by W. Turton, M.D.
Swansea, 1800. _

Ulysses’s Travels. Travels through various Provinces of the
Kingdom of Naples, by Charles Ulysses, of Salis Marschilins,
translated from the German by A. Aufrere, Esq. London,
1795.

Valentyn Abh. Francois Valeutyn, Abhandlunge von Sch:
&e. Edit. Statius Muller. 1773.

Watker’s Minute Shells. Testacea minuta rariora,

xi CATALOGUE OF BOOKS.

detecta in arena littoris Sandvicensis. Multa additit, et om-
nium figuras ope microscopii ampliatas accurate delineavit,
Geo. Walker. London, 1784.

Wood in Lin. Trans. Observations on the Hinges of British
Bivalve Shells, by William Wood, published in the Trans-
actions of the Linnean Society, vol. vi. London, 1802.

Wood’s Conch. General Conchology, by William Wood. Lon-
don, 1815.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF

RECENT SHELLS.

Genus I.

CHITON.

SHELL, CONSISTING OF SEVERAL VALVES, ARRANGED
LONGITUDINALLY ON THE BACK OF THE ANIMAL.

souamosus. 1. SHELL with eight semistriated
valves, and the margin scaly.

Chiton squamosus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1107. Schroe-
ter Einl. iii. p. 497. Born. Mus. p. 5. t.1. f.1 and 2.
Gmelin, p. 3203. Wood’s Conch. p. 5. t. 1. f. 1.

Petiver Gaz. t.1. £.3? Spengler Besch. Berl. Naturf.
t.7.f.L. Edwards's Gleanings, ii. t. 286. f.D. Enc.
Meth. t. 162. f. 5 and 6.

Inhabits the coasts of America. Spengler. Carolina. Petiver.
Shell about two inches long, and one inch broad; one half of
each valve is striated longitudinally, and the other half in a
contrary direction; the outside is dark brown, more or less
variegated with olive, and the inside is light bluish green;
the margin is beautifully shagreened with light green and
dark olive scales. Schroeter has erroneously cited the
figures both of Born and Chemnitz, which represent two
different species, and Gmelin has not corrected this, or
hardly any other error which occurs in the Einleitung. »-Pe-
tiver, t.1. f.4, is cited in the 12th edition of the Systema
Nature for C. tuberculatus, and by most other authors for
VOL. I. B

CHITON.

nw

the present species; but it is more like Oniscus Entomon,
for which it is also quoted by Linneus.

BISTRIATUS. 2. Shell with eight doubly striated
valves, and the margin scaly.

Chiton bistriatus. Wood’s Conchology, p. 7.
Chiton squamosus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 171, t. 94, f. 788
to 791.
Inhabits
Mr. Wood has, with great propriety, separated this species
from C. squamosus, and has given the following description:
“The two extreme valves are greenish ash colour, dotted
with brown; the middle valves are red brown, with double
curvilinear striz, of equal strength from the dorsal ridge to
the margin. The marginal triangles are marked with dark
brown spots, on a light bluish ground; margin scaly, fas-
ciated with bistre.”

FuLVvus. 3. Shell with eight valves and whitish
dotted striae ; margin coriaceous.

Chiton fulvus. Wood’s Conchology, p.7 t. 1. f. 2.

Chiton aculeatus, Var 6. Gmelin, p. 3202.

Chemnitz, x. t.173. f. 1691. Enc. Method. t.161, f.4
and 5.

Inhabits the coasts of South America? Wood.

Shell three quarters of an inch or an inch long, and about half
as broad, of a yellowish brown colour ; the strie in the upper
of the two triangles, into which both sides of the valves are
divided, appear beaded when magnified; but the lower tri-
angles are simply striated.

piceus. 4. Shell with eight smooth valves, and the
margin coriaceous and spiny.
Chiton piceus. Gmelin, p.3205. Wood’s Conch. p.8.
Gol eteros

Chiton, No. 9. Schroeter Einleitung, iii. p. 505.
Chemnitz, viii. t. 96, f. 807 to S10.

Tnhabits the Red Sea and West Indian coasts. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and a half or two inches long, and about two
thirds as broad; colour pitchy, varied with a little white and
a tinge of green, and the inside is black in the middle with
greenish sides. The whole shell has a rude, unfinished ap-
pearance, and Chemnitz says it is sometimes, though rarely,
found with only six or seven valves.

CHITON. 3

GRANULATUS. 5. Shell with eight depressed valves,
granulated in regular rows; margin broad,
coriaceous and spiny.

Chiton granulatus. Gmelin, p. 3205. Wood's Conch. p.9.
Chiton, No. 8. Schroeter Einleitung, il. p. 505.
Chemnitz, viii. t. 96, f. 806.

Inhabits the shores of the West Indian Islands. Chemniéz.

Shell an inch and a half or two inches long, and about two-
thirds as broad, and may be at once distinguished from C,
piceus, which it most resembles by its regular rows of ele-
vated dots.

ACULEATUS. 6. Shell with eight striated prickly
valves, and the margin covered with bristles.

Chiton aculeatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1106. Schroe-
ter Einl. ui. p. 495. Chemnitz, x. p. 375, t. 173. f. 1692.
Gmelin, p.3202. Barbut, p.s, t. 1. f.2. Wood's
Conch. p. 9.

Rumphius, t. 10, f.4. Seba, iii. t. 1, f. 14. Enc. Me-
thod.it163,t. 6.

Inhabits Asia. Linnaeus. Coasts of Nicobar. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches or two inches and a half long, and
more than half as broad, oval, rough on the upper surface
with subulate, sub-arcuated red unequal prickles, and the
valves striated.

FASCIATUS. 7. Shell with eight valves of which the
lower triangular halves of the six middle-
most are granulated.

Chiton fasciatus. Wood’s Conch. p. 10. t. 1. f. 4 and 5.
Chiton squamosus, Var. 2. Gmelin, p. 3203.

Chiton fascicularis. Schroeter Einl. mi. p. 496.

— Chiton, No.1. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 502.

Chemnitz, viii. t. 94. f. 792 and 793, and t. 95. f. 801.

Inhabits the West Indian Seas. Chemnitz. South America.
Wood.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and nearly two thirds as
broad: it appears to be perfectly different from either C.
squamosus or C. fascicularis, with both of which it has been
strangely confounded, and Mr. Wood has judiciously sepa-
rated it with the Follow ing description —‘“ The middle valves
are elegantly fasciated with brown, and a light streak runs
along the keel or ridge, with a darker line on each side ;

B

4 CHITON.

the dorsal triangles are perfectly smooth, but the marginal
triangles, and the two extreme valves are covered with
granulated striz, and variegated with brown undulations.
The margin scaly, alternately varied with white and green ;
inside a glossy verdigrease green.—It varies in colour,
being sometimes fasciated with light green, and having
a black or dark brown band on each side the dorsal
ridge.”

MARMORATUS. 8. Shell with eight perfectly smooth
valves, variegated with black and white;
margin tumid and scaly.

Chiton marmoratus. Gmelin, p. 3205. Wood’s Conch.
p. 10.

Chiton marmoreus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 282. t. 95. f. 805
to 805.

Chiton, No.7. Schroeter Eini. iii. p. 504.

Knorr. iv. t. 17. f.3 and 4. Enc. Method. t. 162. f. 11
and 12.

Inhabits the West Indian Seas, and the coasts of St. Croix and
St. Thomas. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and a half or near two inches long, and about
two-thirds as broad, but it is said to vary considerably in
breadth as well as in the convexity, colour, and markings:
the markings consist of bands, streaks, or veins, which some-
times appear broken into spots of a black, or greenish, or
dark brown colour on a paler ground; the border is tumid,
scaly, and coloured alternately with large steel blue and
blackish spots. It may be distinguished from C. fasciatus,
which it most resembles, by the valves being entirely destitute
of granules.

MACULATUS. 9. Shell with eight smooth valves,
spotted with brown, and marked with two
darker bands along the back ; margin scaly.

Chiton maculatus. Gmelin, p. 3205. Wood’s Conch. p.

ll.
Chiton, No. 6. Schroeter Hinl. iii. p. 504.
Chemnitz, viii. t. 95. f. 802.

Inbabits the Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and a half or an inch and three quarters long,
and about two thirds as broad ; the colour is greenish white
covered with pale brown spots, of which those on the fore
edge of the middle valves are darker, and there is a darker

‘

CHITON. o

band on each side of the dorsal ridge; the mmside is of a sea-
green colour, and the margin covered with greyish white
scales.

TUNICATUS. 10. Shell with eight smooth white
valves, above the membrane roundish; mar-
gin coriaceous and reflected.

Chiton tunicatus. Wood’s Conchology, p. 11. t. 2. f. 1.
Tnhabits
This extraordinary species has been figured from a specimen

in Mr. Jennings’s Collection, by Mr. Wood, with the fol-
lowing description : “‘ The valves, instead of being wholly
visible, are coated half way upwards with a black mem-
brane which is reflected from the coriaceous border, and
fixed into a groove cut for that purpose, round the upper
part of each valve. The portion that is seen above the
membrane is roundish, uneven, and emarginate; of a sor-
did white -or flesh colour, and collectively resembling a
row of dried beans. The remains of a thin cortical sub-
stance is to be seen on parts of the naked shell, which,
independent of the coriaceous membrane, once covered the
valves. The valves within side are quite exposed, and per-
fectly white. The shell is an inch and a quarter broad,
and when extended, four inches long. Mr. Humphrey once
had a specimen from Copenhagen, but cannot say that it
inhabits the North Seas.”

GicAs. 11. Shell with eight thick convex valves;
the first valve crenated, the last toothed, and
the intermediate ones entire.

Chiton maximus, seu Gigas. Chemnitz, viii. p. 292. t. 96.
f. 819.
Chiton Gigas. Gmelin, p. 3206. Lamarck Syst. p. 66.
Wood's Conch. p. 12.
Chiton albus. Barbut, p. 8. t. 1. f. 1.
Chiton, No. 15. Schroeter Einl. iii, p. 507.
Enc. Methodique, t. 161. f. 3.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. Chemnitz. South Seas.
Barbut.
The length of the shell is generally about three, or some-
times more than four inches, and the colour white, with a
blackish brown coriaceous margin.

6 CHITON.

amicuLatus. 12. Shell with eight kidney shaped
very brittle valves, covered with a rough co-
riaceous membrane.

Chiton amiculatus. Pallas in Nova Acta Petrop. ii. p.
241. t. 7. f. 26 to 30. Gmelin, p. 3206. Wood's
Conchology, p. 13.

Inhabits the Kurile Islands. Padlas.
Shell more than six inches long, and the valves kidney shaped
and imbricated.

CASTANEUS. 13. Shell with eight very smooth
chesnut valves, and the imside of a rose
colour.

Chiton castaneus. Wood’s Conchology, p. 13. t. 2. f. 2 and
3, and t. 3. f. 2 and 3, junior.

Inhabits

In Mr. Wood’s figure, this shell is represented to be two inches
long, and about an inch and a quarter broad. Colour deep
chesnut, and obsoletely marked with transverse strie. Mr.
Wood describes the marginal triangles to be uniformly de-
pressed near their insertion in the coriaceous border, and
says, that in a younger state the shell is of a lighter colour ;
and from the appearance of a small whitish spot at the sum-
mit of each valve, may be readily mistaken for a distinct
species.

RUBER. 14. Shell with eight valves slightly marked
with curved strie; margin red.

Chiton ruber. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1107. Chemnitz,
vill. p. 288. t. 96. f. 813. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 499.
Gmelin, p. 3203. Wood's Conch. p. 14.

Enc. Method. t. 161. f. 6.

Variety. Red marbled with white.

Chiton marmoreus. Fabricius F. Gren!. p. 420.

Chiton, No. 11. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 506.

Chemnitz, viii. t. 96. f. 8.1.

Inhabits the North Sea. Linnaeus.

Shell about an inch Jong, of rather an oblong form, and the
back is keeled; the colour is generally of an uniform red,
with a darker streak on the back bordered with white, but
is sometimes marbled as in the above mentioned variety.

od
Z

CHITON.

punctatus. 15. Shell with eight smooth valves,
and excavated dots on the margin.

Chiton punctatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1107. Schroeter
Einl. iui. p.499. Gmelin, p. 3203. Wood’s Conch. p. 14.

Inhabits Asia, Europe, and America. Linneus.

It may be supposed from the general habitat which Linnzus
has given, that he considered the present to be a common
species, but his description is so very short, and his references
so very unsatisfactory, that no subsequent author has been
able to ascertain it. In Osbeck’s Narrative to which he re-
fers, only two species of Chiton are mentioned, and in nei-
ther of these, nor in Seba’s figure (which is quoted alone by
Schroeter without any mark of doubt) are the excavated dots
at all noticed.

INDIcUS. 16. Shell with eight valves of a whitish
ash-colour ; margin scaly, and the middle

valves very finely punctured.

Chiton indicus. Chemnitz, vil. p. 287. t. 96. f. 811.
Chiton Indus. Gmelin, p. 3205. Wood’s Conch. p. 15.
Chiton, No. 10. Schroeter Einl, iii. p. 506.

Inhabits the West Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell rather more than an inch long, and about two-thirds as
broad ; of a pale greyish colour, with a few scattered darker
spots, and the middle valves very finely punctured.

viripis. 17. Shell with eight valves; keel triangu-
lar, very rough, and slightly toothed ; margin
scaly,
Chiton viridis. Wood’s Conch. p. 15.

Chiton squamosus. Var. @ Gmelin, p. 3203.
Chemnitz, x. t. 173. f. 1689. Enc. Method. t. 162. f. 9.

Inhabits
Shell about two inches long, and not much more than half as
broad; colour grass green, with a banded margin covered

with minute scales.

LINEATUS. 18. Shell with eight smooth streaked
valves, and the margin broad and coriaceous.
Chiton lineatus. Wood’s Conch. p. 15. t. 2. f. 4 and 5.

Inhabits
This elegant shell, which Mr. Wood has figured from Mr.

8 CHITON.

Jennings’s Collection, is represented to be an inch and a
quarter long, and about two thirds as broad. The colour
is bright chesnut, with an interrupted white band runmng
along the back, and undulating white lines, edged beneath
with black, pass diagonally across the marginal triangles,
and concentrically on the extreme valves.

FASCICULARIS. 19. Shell with eight valves, and a
lateral tuft of hair on each.

Chiton fascicularis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1106. Chem-
nitz, X. p. 371. t. 173. f. 1688. Gmelin, p. 3202. Dorset
Catalogue, p.25.t. 1. f.1. Montagu Test. p. 5. t. 27.
f) 5. Malce and Racket in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 21. t. 1.

f. 1. Wood’s Conch. p. 16. t. 2. £. 6. Enc. Method.
t. 163. f. 15.

Inhabits the coasts of Barbary. Linnaeus. Great Britain.
Pulteney, &c.

Shell varying from half an inch to an inch im length, and about
half as broad; colour cinereous, more or less marked with
black; back slightly keeled; valves smooth with a tuft of
white hair on the lower margin of each.

sutcaTus. 20. Shell with eight thick, convex,
grooved valves ; margin broad and scaly.

Chiton sulcatus. Wood’s Conch. p. 16. t. 3. f. 1.

Inhabits the South Seas. Wood.

Shell about four inches long, and an inch and a quarter broad.
Mr. Wood says, the extreme valves are furrowed from
center to margin, and many of tke sulcated ridves are also
grooved at the end: the middle valves are grooved in the
same manner, and most of the marginal triangles are formed
of three deep unequal furrows: the colour is sordid brown,
inclining to black on the back part of the middle valves, and
the inside is greenish white.

BICOLOR. 21. Shell with eight thick, slightly keeled
and striated valves ; outside sea-green, with a
blackish margin, and the inside white.

Chiton bicolor. Gmelin, p. 3204. Wood's Conch. p. 17.
Chiton, No.2. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 503.
Chemnitz, viii. t. 94. f. 794 and 795.

Inhabits the Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and the breadth

CHITON. 9

exceeds three fifths of the length; the valves bend slightly
upwards in the middle, and have their marginal triangles
marked with radiated stris.

CERASINUS. 22. Shell with smooth cherry-coloured
valves, and a white crenated border.

—Chiton cerasinus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 278. t. 94. f.796. Gme-
lin, p. 3204. Wood’s Conch. p. 17.
Chiton, No. 3. Schroeter Eznl. ui. p. 503.
Inhabits the coasts of Surinam. Chemnitz.
Shell about an inch and a half long, and two thirds as broad, of
a uniform dark cherry-colour, with a narrow crenated white
margin. The animal when dried becomes black.

MAGELLANIcUS. 23. Shell with eight thick brown
striated convex valves, and a blackish dorsal
band edged with white or yellow.

Chiton magellanicus. Chemnitz, viil. p. 279. t. 95. f. 797
and 798. Gmelin, p. 3204. Wood's Conch. p. 18. t. 3.
f. 6.

Chiton, No. 4. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 503.
Favanne, t.74.f. A.1. Enc. Method. t. 160. f. 4 and 5.

Inhabits the Straits of Magellan. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and rather less than
half as broad; margin broad, coriaceous, and covered with
minute whitish spines; imside black in the middle, and
greenish on the sides bordered with brown.

Fuscus. 24. Shell with eight smooth brown cari-
nated valves, and white marginal teeth ; back
with triangular black spots.

Chiton fuscus. Gmelin, p. 3204. Wood's Conch. p. 18.

Chiton, No. 5. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 504.

Chemnitz, vii. t. 95. f. 799 and 800. Enc. Method. t.
160. f. 6 and 7.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches and a half long, and is rather nar-
rower in proportion to the length than C. magellanicus,
which it much resembles. The colour is brown, with obso-
lete lateral yellowish bands, and black triangular spots on the
dorsal ridge. It is said to have white lateral teeth, but in
Chemnitz’s figure there only appears a narrow white margin
divided by distant dark striz.

10 CHITON.

MINIMUS. 25. Shell with eight smooth black, mealy
valves, and a transverse white band on each.

Chiton minimus. Chemnitz, vil. p. 289. t. 96. f. 814.
Gmelin, p. 5205. Wood's Conch. p. 19.
Chiton, No. 12. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 506.

Inhabits the North Sea at Bergen. Chemmnitz.

Shell but little more than half an inch long, and about half as
broad; the colour is black, sprinkled with minute mealy dots
in patches, and marked with a white transverse band on each
valve.

cimEex. 26. Shell with eight carmated, diaphanous,
banded valves, and the two terminal valves
finely punctured.
Chiton cimex. Chemnitz, viii. p. 289. t. 96. f. 815. Gme-
lin, p. 3206. Wood’s Conch. p. 19.
Chiton, No. 13. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 507.
Inhabits the coasts of Norway. Chemnitz.
Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and rather more
than half as broad; colour pale reddish brown, with darker
longitudinal stripes ; inside whitish ash-colour with blackish

bands.

ASELLUS. 27. Shell with eight convex black valves,
yellowish at the edge and marked with a yel-
lowish spot on each.

Chiton Asellus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 290. t. 96. f. 816. Gine-
lin, p. 3206. Wood’s Conch. p. 19.

Chiton, No. 14. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 507.

Enc. Method. t. 161. f. 12.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway, and is often found adhering to
Mytilus modiolus. Chemnitz.

Shell nearly three quarters of an inch long, and about half as
broad, black, with the margin and edges of the valves pale
yellow, and there is a yellowish spot in the middle of each
valve.

IsSLANDICUS. 28. Shell with eight convex black
valves, covered with very minute raised dots ;
margin cinereous.

Chiton islandicus. Gmelin, p.3206. Wood's Conch. p. 20.

Chiton, No. 19. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 509.
Inhabits the coasts of Iceland in Venus Islandicus. Sc/roeter.

CHITON. 11

Shell very small, rounded at the back, and contracted at the
margin, so as to give it somewhat of a cylindrical form;
Schroeter says, it appears smooth to the naked eye, but when
examined with a microscope proves to be rough like shagreen,
with minute raised dots.

aLgus, 29. Shell with eight smooth white valves,
of which the first is notched on the hinder
edge.

Chiton albus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1107. Muller Acta
Nidros. ii. p. 54. Chemnitz, viii. p. 290. t. 96. f. 817.
Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 500. Gmelin, p. 3204. Dorset
Catalogue, p. 25.t. 1. f. 3. Montagu Test. p.4. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 22. t. 1. f. 4.
Wood’s Conch. p. 20.

Inhabits the Northern Ocean. Muller. Coasts of Britain,

adhering to shells and Ulve. Pulteney, &c.

Shell varying from the size of a:grain of wheat to about three
quarters of an inch long, oval, not carinated or very slightly
so, and the first valve is notched on the hinder edge.

MARGINATUS. 30. Shell with eight carinated valves,
and a serrated reflected margin.

Chiton marginatus. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 71. t. 36. f. 2.
Gmelin, p. 3206. Dorset Catalogue, p. 25. t. 1. f. 2.
Montagu Test.p.1. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill. p. 21. t.1.f. 2. Wood's Conch. p. 21. t: 3. f. 4.

Chiton, No. 17. Schroeter Hinleitung, iii. p. 508.

Argenville, t. 25. f. M.

Variety. With only seven valves.

Chiton septemvalvis. Montagu Test. p.3. and Script. p.1.

Chiton discors. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p.
20.

Inhabits the coasts at Dieppe. Argenville. Corsts of Bri-
tain on oysters and other shells. Pennant, &c.

Length about half an inch; and the breadth is rather more
than half the length. The shell to the naked eye is smooth,
but under the microscope appears like shagreen, and the
colour is dingy brown or reddish. The late Mr. Montagu,
whose death every admirer of natural history must deplore,
has, in the Supplement to his admirable work on British
Shells, expressed his opinion, that C. septemvalvis is only an
accidental variety of this species.

12 CHITON.

CINEREUS. 31. Shell with eight smooth carmated
reddish valves, and the margin somewhat ci-

liated.
Chiton cinereus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1107. Fabricius
Fauna Grenl. p.423. Born. Mus. p. 5. t. 1. £.3. Chem-

nitz, vill. p. 291. t. 96. f. 818. Schroeter Einl. i.
p- 501. Gmelin, p. 3204. Dorset Catalogue, p. 25. t.
1. f.4. Montagu Test. p.3. Maton and Racket, in
Lin. Trans. viii. p. 22. t. 1. f.3. Wood's Conch. p.
Ql. t. 3. f. 3.

Chiton levis. Pennant’s Zool. iv. p.72. t.36. f.3. Gme-
lin, p. 3206. Montagu Test. p.2. Maton and Racket
in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 21. Wood’s Conch. p. 22.

Le Kalison. Adanson Senegal, p. 42. t. 2. f. 11.

Enc. Method. t. 161. f. 11. io

Inhabits the rocks on the coasts of Goree. Adanson. Coasts
of Norway. Linnaeus. Coasts of Britain, on rocks and
oyster shells. Pulteney, &c.

Shell from one quarter to three quarters of an inch long,
oval, compressed, carinated, and nearly smooth; the valves
project into a beak on the back, and are a little reflected
at the posterior angle of the base. Colour reddish, when
the inhabitant is alive, and cinereous when dried. In Mr.
Racket’s edition of Pulteney’s Dorset Catalogue C. levis
of Pennant is referred to for the present species.

TUBERCULATUS. 32. Shell with seven tuberculated
valves.

Chiton tuberculatus. Linneus Syst. Nat.p.1106. Schroe-
ter Einl. ii. p. 494. t. 9. f. 19. Gmelin, p. 3202.
Wood’s Conch. p. 22.

Inhabits the coasts of America. Linnaeus. West Indies.
Schroeter. South America. Wood.

Shell slightly carinated, oblong-oval, with tubercles disposed
in a quincunx order; sides, grey mixed with white, and
marked with brown arcuated bands. Schroeter’s figure,
which in the markings does not well answer to the Linnzan
ate is an inch and a quarter long, and about half as
broad.

TESSELLATUS, 33. Shell with seven striated greenish

valves, striped with black and white on the
back ; margin scaly.

CHITON. 13

C. tessellatus. Wood’s Conch. p. 23.

C. squamosus. Var. y. Gmelin, p. 3203.

Chemnitz, x. t.173. f. 1690. Enc. Method. t. 162. f. 10.
Inhabits the coasts of the Island of St. Thomas. Chemnitz.
Shell about two inches long, and rather more than half as

broad ; the colour is greenish, striped with dark brown, and

the two extreme valves, as well as the marginal triangles
of the others, are so marked as to resemble Mosaic work.

The margin is scaly, and formed of alternate dark green and

white spots.

CRINITUS. 34. Shell with seven valves, thickly co-
vered with short hairs.

Chiton crinitus. Pennant’s Zool. iv. p. 71. t. 36. f. 1.
Gmelin, p. 3206. Montagu Test. p. 4. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 20. Wood’s Conch. p.
23. Enc. Method. t. 163. f.13 and 14.

Inhabits the sea, near Aberdeen. Pennant.

In addition to the above short character, Pennant only says,
that the shell is five-eighths of an inch long, and Messrs.
Maton and Racket doubt whether it is distinct from C.
cinereus. ‘The figures in the French Encyclopedia are co-
pied from Pennant.

HISPIDUS. 35. Shell with six striated valves.

Chiton hispidus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1106. Schroeter
fiinl. iii. p. 493. t. 9. £.18. Gmelin, p. 3202. Wood’s
Conch. p. 24.

Inhabits the West Indian Seas. Schroeter.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and the breadth
is nearly two-thirds of the length ; colour blackish grey with
white spots and dots, and marked with very fine granulated
striz.

THALASSINUS. 36. Shell with six smooth sea-green
depressed valves, with a yellow dorsal line
and thin transparent border.

Chiton thalassinus. Gmelin, p. 3206. Wood’s Conch. p.

24.
Chiton, No. 18. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 509. and in Lit-
terat, iv. p. 4, t. 1. f. 1.
Inhabits
Shell about half an inch long, and appears quite smooth to
the naked eye, but is seen to be minutely shagreened when
examined with a microscope.

14

Genus II.

ee

LEPAS:

SHELL WITH MANY UNEQUAL VALVES FIXED BY
THE BASE.

Subdivisions.

A. Shells sessile:
* with the Base solid:
** with radiated Cells at the Base.
*** — with the Base porous.
**** with a Cup-like Appendage at the Base
*#**** Tubular and Truncated at both Ends.

B. Shells elevated on a fleshy Peduncle:
* with more than five Valves, and a Wreath
of smaller ones round the Base.
** with five contiguous Valves.
*** with minute distant Valves placed on a
fleshy extension of the Peduncle.

A. SHELLS SESSILE:
A* with the Base Solid.

BALANUS. 1. Shell conical, truncated, with the
valves longitudinally grooved, and the inter-
stices transversely striated.

Lepas balanus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1107. Pennant’s
Sool, iv. p. 72. t. 37. f. 4, Born. Mus. p. 8. t. 1. f. 4.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 301. t. 97. f. 820. Schroeter Einl. iii.
p- 511. Gmelin, p. 3207. Donovan, i, t. 30. f.1. Ma-

LEPAS. 15

ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 23. Wood’s
Conch. p. 47. t. 7. f. 3.
Balanus porcatus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 249.
Balanus communis. Dorset. Cat. p. 25. t. 2. f. 12. Mon-
tagu Test. p. 6.
Balanus sulcatuse Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 163.
Lister Conch. t."443. f. 286. Enc. Method. t. 164. f. 1,

Common on the coasts of Europe and North America on
rocks, shells, and stones.

Shell from half an inch to an inch broad at the base, and the
height is about three-fourths of the diameter; the form is
that of a truncated cone, and the valves are, more or less,
strongly and irregularly ribbed longitudinally; the operculum
is transversely striated, and the two longest valves have a
longitudinal furrow; the colour varies from dirty white to
greyish brown.

PUNCTATUS. 2. Shell conical truncated, rugged,
with the valves and the operculum punctured.

Lepas punctatus. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans, viii.
p. 24. Wood’s Conch. p. 46.

Lepas cornubiensis. Pennant’s Zool. iv. p. 73. t. 37. f. 6.

Lepas balanus Var. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 525. Gmelin,
p- 3207.

Balanus punctatus. Dorset Cat. p. 25. t. 1. f. 10. Monta-
ou Pests pe Su toul st 5.

Chemnitz, viii. t. 97. f. 826.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain on shells and stones. Pu/teney,
&c. North Sea. Chemnitz.

Shell usually about a quarter of an inch high, and nearly equally
broad, of a dull brown colour and rugose appearance. Mr,
Montagu says, it may be distinguished by the edges of the
superior and inferior of the four valves of the opercalum
being closely united at the top, indented or notched, and
locked into each other; these minute valves, as also fre-
quently the exterior valves, are punctured like a thimble.

LEVIS. 3. Shell conical, contracted at the aper-
ture; valves and interstices smooth.

Balanus levis. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 164.
Chemnitz, viii. t. 79. f.715 and t.97. f. 822. Enc. Method.
t. 164. f. 2.
Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz. Straits of Ma-
gellan and coasts of Cape Horn. Bruguiere.

16 LEPAS.

Shell near half an inch in diameter, and about a quarter of an
inch high; it has been confounded by Chemnitz, Schroeter,
and Gmelin, with L. balanoides, from which it may be dis-
tinguished by its more conical form and contracted aperture.
M. Bruguiere says, the four valves of the operculum are
obliquely striated and blunt at the sumgpits.

striatus. 4. Shell conical truncated, with longi-
tudinally striated valves rounded at their
summits, and the interstices straight and
smooth.

Balanus striatus. Brugwiere Enc. Method. p. 164.

Lepas balanoides Var. Chemnitz, vill. p. 305. t. 97. f.
825.

Lister Anim. Ang.t. 5. f.41. Conch. t. 444. f. 287.
Klein. ost. t. 12. f. 94 and 95. Enc. Method. t. 164.
£3.

Inhabits the coasts of England and Holland on muscle and
oyster shells, and on the keels of vessels. Bruguiere.
Shell sometimes three quarters of an inch in diameter, and half

as high, of an oval form, and whitish or greyish colour. M.

Brugniere has quoted Lister’s figures, which have been gener-

ally referred to for C. balanoides, and describes it as a native

of our British shores ; he says, that the two anterior valves of
the operculum are oblique and obliquely striated.

BALANOIDES. 5. Shell sub-cylindrical truncated,
with the valves and interstices smooth.

Lepas balanoides. Linnaus Syst. Nat. p. 1108. Pennant’s
Zool. iv. t. 37. f.5. Born. Mus. p. 9. Chemnitz, viii.
p- 305. t. 79. f. 821. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 512. Gme-
lin, p. 3207. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p.164. Dono-
van, i. t. 36. f.2. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill. p.23. Wood’s Conch. p. 43. t. 7. f. 3.2?

Balanus vulgaris. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 248. t. 17.
f.7. Dorset Cat. p.25. t. 2. f. 7.

Balanus balanoides. Montagu Test. p. 7.

Inhabits the shores of Great Britain and other European
shores on rocks, stones, shells, and other substances in great
abundance.

Shell rarely more than a quarter of an inch in diameter, and
differs from the foregoing species in being more cylindrical,
smaller, smoother, and more brittle. The operculum has
four valves, of which Montagu says, the two upper are
slightly striated transversely, and the others smooth.

LEPAS. 17

rucosA. 6. Shell sub-cylindrical, with the valves
wrinkled, or striated longitudinally; opercu-
lum very acute.

Lepas rugosa. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii.
p- 25. t. 1. f. 5.. Wood’s Conch. p. 41. t. 6. f. 4.

Lepas borealis. ~ Donovan, v. t. 160.

Balanus rugosus. Dorset Cat. p. 25. t.2. f. 10. Mon-
tagu, p. 8.

Chemnitz, vill. t. 97. f.824. ?

Inhabits the shores of Dorsetshire on rocks, stones, and bivalve
shells. Racket.

The diameter is usually exceeded by the height, which mea-
sures from half to three quarters of an inch, and the shell is
nearly as broad at the base as at the summit; the aperture is
somewhat rhomboidal, and the valves are raised into angu-
lated points.— Montagu says, the operculum consists of four
rough, but not striated, valves, which are angulated, erect,
and form four distinct points a little reflected.

ELONGATA. 7. Shell club-shaped, elongated and
dilated at the aperture; operculum obtuse.

Lepas elongata. Chemnitz, viii. p. 315. t. 98. f. 838.
Gmelin, p. 3213. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill. p. 26.

Lepas clavata. Wood’s Conchology, p. 45. t.7. f. 2.

Lepas balanoides. Var. Pennant Sool. p: 7348 ae f.5 A,
Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 249. Donovan, i. t. 36. f. 3.

Lepas, No. 8. Schroeter Evnl. ii. p. 528.

Balanus clavatus. Ed/2s and Solander Zooph. p. 198. t. 15.
f. 7 and 8. Dorset Cat. p.25. t. 1. f.6. Montagu
Test. p. 10.

Balanus fistulosus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 166. Enc.
Methodique, t. 164. f. "7 and 8.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Da Costa, &c.- Iceland.
Chemnitz. Newfoundland. Sir J. Banks.

Shell two or three inches long, and not more than one-sixth as
broad at the summit, with six valves, of which three are
larger than the others; it is longitudinally wrinkled, faintly
striated transversely, and sometimes slightly tuberculated ;
the colour is greenish white, and the operculum is com-
posed of four obliquely striated valves.

conoIpEs. 8. Shell conical, with the valves poin-
ted and reticulated; aperture very small.
VOL. I. Cc

18 LEPAS.

Lepas conoides. Donovan, i. t. 30. f. 3. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 24. Wood’s Conch.
p- 42.

Balanus conoides. Montagu Test. p. 12.

Inhabits the shore at Weymouth on Lepas anatifera. Dono-
van.

This species is said by Mr. Wood, to be very nearly allied to
I. angustata, but has faint transverse, as well as longitudi-
nal striee on the valves; and Mr. Donovan has represented
the three posterior valves to be much larger than the others.
The figure represents a shell about a quarter of an inch in
diameter, and of a purplish colour.

ANGUSTATA. 9. Shell semi-ovate, with the valves
longitudinally striated; aperture small and
much contracted.

Lepas angustata. Gmelin, p. 3212. Wood’s Conch. p. 41.

t. O4.5,501F

Lepas ovalis. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 104.
Lot 2287.

Balanus perforatus. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 167.

Bonanni Rec and Kirch,1.f. 15. Argenville, t. 26. f. C.
Phil. Trans. wu. t. 34. f. 15. Chemnitz, vi. t. 98.
f.835. Enc. Method. t. 164. f. 12.

Inhabits the Atlantic and East Indian Oceans. Solander.
Coasts of Senegal and Barbary. Bruguiere.

Shells half an inch in diameter, and about two-thirds as high,
and, owing to their growth in thick clusters, they are often
much elongated; the valves are nearly united at top, and
separated only by narrow groove-like interstices ; the colour
is dingy white, becoming darker with age, and longitudinally
striped with purple.

cOSTATA. 10. Shell sub-conical, with equi-distant
ribs diverging from the aperture; operculum
sharp pointed.
Lepas costata. Donovan, t.30. f.2. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 24. Wood’s Conch. p. 46.
Balanus costatus. Montagu Test. p. 11.
Found on a piece of rock at Pembroke, by Mr. Adams. Do-
novan.
The above is all the description which Mr. Donovan has
given, and the shell does not appear to have been found by
any Conchologist besides Mr. Adams. The figure repre-

LEPAS. 19

sents it to be nearly round, about three-eighths of an inch
in diameter, and of a dirty white colour.

STROMIA. 11. Shell depressed, with four serrated
interlaced valves striated obliquely.

Lepas stromia. Muller Zool. Dan. Prod. No. S025.
Sool. Danica, iii. p. 21. t. 94. f. 1. Gmelin, p. 3214.
Wood's Conch. p. 58.

Lepas striata. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 73. t. 37. f. 7.

Lepas verruca. Spengler Schr. Berlin Naturf.i. p. }
t.5. f. 1 to 3. Chemnitz, viii. p. 312. t. 98. f. 8
Gmelin, p. 3212. Wood’s Conch. p. 57. t. 9. f.5.

Lepas intertexta. Donovan, t. 36. f. 1. Maton and Rac-
ket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 26.

Lepas, No. 5. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 527.

Balanus striatus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 250. Mon-
tagu Test. p. 12.

Balanus intertextus. Dorset Cat. p. 25. t. 1. f. 9.

Balanus veruca. Bruguiere in Ene. Method. p. 169.

Enc. Methodique, t. 164. f. 16 and 17.

Inhabits the coasts of Denmark. Muller. Britain. Pen-
nant. Iceland. Schroeter. Cape Horn. Bruguiere.
Shell rarely so much as a quarter of an inch in diameter, and

the colour is white; the valves are serrated and locked into
each other, by which, as also by the operculum having only
two valves, this species may be readily known.

Ol.
34.

HEMISPHERICA. 12. Shell convex, with six equal
three-lobed valves; operculum conyex, and
quadrivalve.

Lepas hemispherica. Wood's Conch. p. 54.

Lepas balanoides, Var. 8. Gmelin, p. 3207.

Lepas, No. 4. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 526.

Balanus hemisphericus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. |

Chemnitz, viii. t. 98. f. 833. Enc. Method. t. 165. f.
5, and 6. ~

Inhabits the coasts of Africa. Bruguwiere.

Shell about three lines in diameter, and half as high;
white, and the valves divided by six deep filiform inter-
— aperture oval, and the operculum transversely stri-
ated,

®
?

PATELLARIS. 13. Shell depressed with five radiated
oe

LEPAS.

angular ribs; aperture small and somewhat
pentagonal. )

Lepas patellaris. Gmelin, p. 3213. Wood’s Conch. p.
54.

Lepas, No. 9. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 529.

Balanus patelliformis. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 169.

Spengler Schr. Berlin Naturf. i. t. 5. f.4. Chemnitz,
vill. t. 98. f. 839. Enc. Method. t. 165. f. 3.

Received from Coromandel, firmly attached to the branch of

atree. Spengler.

Shell ten or eleven lines in diameter, and only about three lines”

high, and bears a strong resemblance to Patella saccharina.
It is composed of six valves of a brown colour with whitish
streaks, and the aperture is not more than one tenth of an
inch in diameter. From the circumstance of Spengler’s
specimen being attached to the branch of a tree, Bruguiere

has conjectured that this may probably be a fresh water
species.

VIOLACEA. 14. Shell conical, thick, of a violet

colour; valves slightly grooved longitudi-
nally, and the interstices smooth.

Lepas violacea. Gmelin, p. 3213. Wood’s Conch. p. 53.
Lepas, No. 11. Schroeter Einl. in. p. 530.

Balanus radiatus, Bruguiere in Enc. Method. p. 168.
Chemnitz, viii. t. 99. f. 842. Enc. Method. t. 164. f. 15.

inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Chemanits.
Shell near an inch in diameter, and about two-thirds as high,

of a clear violet colour, with darker longitudinal lines; the
aperture.is about a quarter of an inch broad, and is a little
beaked on the posterior side; the imterstices are said to be
smooth and without striz, but I have a specimen which
answers in other respects to Chemnitz’s description, in which
they are stridted transversely.

PORCATA. 15. Shell conical, of a violet colour;

Inhabits

valves strongly ribbed longitudinally, and the
interstices faintly striated transversely.

Lepas porcata. Wood’s Conch. p. 52. t. 8. f. 5.

Shell about an inch in diameter, and two thirds as high, of a

violet colour, which is rather fainter on the ribs; the ribs

LEPAS, 21

are very prominent, somewhat genicular, and slightly tuber-
culated, with the interstices smooth, or only very faintly
striated; one side of the shell is oblique, and the other up-
right, so as to form a beak or spout in the aperture.

PALMIPES. 16. Shell erect, conical, valves at the
base palmated.

Lepas palmipes. Linneus Mantissa, p. 544. Gmelin, p.
3209. Wood’s Conch. p. 51.

Inhabits the Ocean. Linneus.

No author has figured this species, and the following is the
description given in the Mantissa. ‘ Shell the size of a
large nea, white, conical, rather depressed; valves four or
six, smooth, divided .as far as the middle into five or six
finger-like divisions: operculum four valved and oblique.”
Mr. Wood has added that the divisions of the valves are
irregular, and not unlike the fangs of the molar teeth.

RADIATA. 17. Shell with six smooth valves marked
with longitudinal violet rays, and the in-
terstices very finely striated transversely.

Lepas radiata. Wood’s Conch. p. 50. t. 7. f. 7.
Inhabits
Mr. Wood describes this shell to be about five-eighths of an

inch broad at the base, and a quarter of an inch high; valves
triangular and painted with violet rays which are close toge-
ther at the apex, but more open at the circumference ; the
interstices are highly polished, and very finely striated trans-
versely.

MINOR. 18. Shell conical with unequal transversely
striated dotted valves, and the interstices
smooth; aperture beaked on one side.

Lepas minor. Gmelin, p. 3212. Wood’s Conch. p. 50. t.
fate

Lepas, No. 2. Schroeter Einleitung, ii. p. 525.

Balanus punctatus. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 168.

Chemnitz, viii. t. 97. f. 827. Enc. Method, t. 164. f. 14.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about three quarters of an inch in diameter, and half an
inch high; the tips of the valves are recurved on the ante-
rior side, so that they all point in the same direction, and
form a projecting beak or spout at the aperture. My speci-

Lhe)

LEPAS.

to

mens are white, but they are more commonly pale brownish
red or flesh coloured, and sometimes marked with longitu-
dinal red lines, and concentrical white striz, which by cros-
sing each other give the valves a dotted appearance. Mr.
Bruguiere says, that the two anterior valves of the operculum
are obliquely striated, and the others terminated by two
small points.

spinosa. 19. Shells conical with rows of incurved
spines on the valves, and the interstices stri-
ated transversely.

Lepas spinosa. Chemnitz, viii. p. 317. t. 98. f. 840. and t.
99. f. 841. Gmelin, p. 3212. Wood’s Conch. p. 49.
t. 7. f. 4 and 5.

Lepas, No. 10. Schroeter Einleitung, ii. p. 529.

Balanus spinosus. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 167.

D’ Avila, t. 6. f N. Favanne, t. 59. f. A.1. Enc.
Meth. t. 164. f. 9 and 10.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas, and Shores of St. Helena.
Chemnitz.

Shell rarely more than an inch in diameter, and may be readily
known by its rows of incurved spines, of which there are
about four on each valve; the colour is reddish or dirty
white streaked longitudinally with purple.

CRISPATA. 20. Shell with rugged irregularly mu-
ricated valves, and the interstices transversely
striated.

Lepas crispata. Schroeter Einleitung, iii. p. 534. t.9. f.21.
Gmelin, p. 3214. Wood’s Conch. p. 51. t. 8. f. 1 to 4.

Balanus crispatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 166.

Favanne, t. 59. f. A. 9. Enc. Meth. t. 164. f. 11.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas?

Shell an inch or inch and a half, in diameter, and most com-
monly more than two thirds as high; the valves, especially
towards the base, are extremely rugged, like the rough bark
of a tree, by which, and the polished striated interstices, this
species may be readily known. | believe that my specimens
came from the East Indies, but canuot be quite certain.

TINTINNABULUM. 21. Shell purplish, with the valves
irregularly and strongly ribbed longitudi-

LEPAS. 23

‘ nally, and the interstices deliéately striated
transversely.

Lepas tintinnabulum. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1108. Pen-
nant Zool. iv. p.73. Born. Mus. p.9. Chemnitz, viii.
p. 307. t. 97. f. 828 to 831. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 513.
Gmelin, p. 3208. Donovan, v. t. 148. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 25. Wood’s Conch. p.
38. t. 6. f. 1 and 2.

Balanus tintinnabulum. Dorset Cat. p. 25. t. 1. f. 5.
Montagu Test. p. 10. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p.
142. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 165.

Laster Conch. t. 443. f. 385. Rumphius Mus. t. 41. f. A.
Gualter, t. 106. f. H. Phil. Trans. wu. t. 34. f.8. Ar-
genville, t. 29. A. Klein. Ost. t. 19. f.97. Knorr. ii.
t..2. f.'6,.and v, t. 30. ‘f. 1. Favanne, t. 59. f. A. 2.
Enc. Method. t. 164. f. 5. Brooks’s Introduction, p.
TOR tt. is On

Variety. Shell curved, and the aperture oblique.

Lepas cylindrica. Gmelin, p. 3213.

Lepas, No. 21. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 533.

Balanus maxillaris. Gronovius Zoop. t. 19. f. 3 and 4.

Phil. Trans. u. t. 34. f. 14.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Jamaica. Lister.
Madeira. Solander. Coasts of Africa under the torrid zone.
Gronovius. Bay of Naples. Sir C. Ulysses.

The diameter, which is sometimes rather exceeded by the
height, varies from half an inch to two inches, and the form
also varies, being sometimes more or less obliquely ventri-
cose, cylindrical, conical, or ovate; the valves are coarsely
ribbed with strong irregular wrinkled ribs, and the interstices
are marked with delicate parallel dark transverse lines.—It is
sometimes found on the bottom of ships which arrive from
more southern latitudes, but its claim to be considered a na-
tive of Britain, is very doubtful —Shells. of this species are
frequently curved, with the aperture more or less oblique, as
is represented in Ellis’s figure 14, (Phil. Trans, 1. t. 34.)
which differs only in this respect from the common appear-
ance, and Gmelin for his L. cylindrica, has erroneously re-
ferred to fig. 15, but 14 is obviously intended.— Mr. Wood
suspects that Gmelius L. Psittacus is also a variety of this
species, but the definition is so indistinct as to render it alto-
gether undeserving of notice.

TULIPA. 22.-Shell sub-cubical ; whitish with the

24 LEPAS.

valves slightly wrinkled, and the interstices
striated longitudinally.

Lepastulipa. Muller Zool. Dan. Prod. p.251. Gmelin,
p- 3209.

Lepas tintinnabulum. Var. Brugutere Enc. Method. p.
166.

Lepas tulipa alba. Chemnitz, vill. p. 311. t. 9S. f. 832.

Lepas scotica. Wood’s Conchology, p. 40. t. 6. f. 3.?

Olaffsen Isl. Res. p.9O1.t. 11. f. 13.

Inhabits the coasts of Denmark. Muller. Feroe Islands.
Chemnitz. Iceland. Olaffsen.

There can be but little doubt that the shell figured by Chem-
nitz, and Muller’s L. tu/ipa are the same, and the former is
said to differ from C. tintinnabulum, which it otherwise re-
sembles, in being of a paler colour, much smoother, and in
having the interstices marked with longitudinal instead of
transverse striz. ‘The present species is an inhabitant of the
North Sea, and L. tintinnabulum is found only in warm
climates.

A** With radiated Cells at the Base.

DIADEMA. 23. Shell sub-hemispherical, transversely
striated throughout, and the valves strongly
ribbed longitudinally.

Lepas Diadema. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1108. Born.
Mus. p. 10. t. 1. f. 5 and 6. and Vign. at p.7. Chem-
nitz, vill. p. 319. t. 99. f. 843 and 844. Schroeter Einl.
li. p. 515. Gmelin, p. 3208. Fabricius Fn. Groenl.
p- 425. Donovan, u. t. 56. f. 1 aud 2. Shaw's Nat.
Misc. xvi. t. 672. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill. p. 27. Wood’s Conch. p.33.t. 4. Brooks's Introd.
p: 161... 1.6.6:

Balanus Balena. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 251. t. 17.
f. 2.

Balanus Diadema. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p.478. Bru-
guiere Enc. Meth. p. 171. Montagu Test. p. 13.

Laster Conch. t. 445. f. 288. Gualter, t. 106. f. Q. Phil.
Trans. u. t. 34. f.7. Klein. Ost. t. 12.498. Enc.
Meth. t. 165. f. 13 and 14.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and Indian Seas. Linneus. North-
ern Ocean on Whales. Lister. Coastsof Scotland. Du Costa.
Shell in form somewhat like an Echinus, about two inches in

LEPAS. 25

diameter, and an inch, or near an inch and a half high; it is
composed of six strongly ribbed valves, which, with their six
interstices, divide the outer surface into twelve triangular
compartments, and the transverse striz are beautifully cre-
nulated on the former, but not on the latter; within are six
plates forming a funnel-shaped cavity, and at the bottom of
the shell these are seen to be connected with the outer cir-
cumference, by numerous radiated partitions forming narrow
cells : the colour is dirty white.

BALENARIS. 24. Shell depressed; valves with
longitudinal ribs of which the upper halves
are smooth, and the lower parts as well as
the interstices striated transversely.

Lepas balenaris. Gmelin, p. 3208. Wood's Conch. p. 35.
CA a a te 9
Lepas, No. 12. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 530.
Balanus cucullus. Museum Geversianum, p. 478.
Rumphius, t. 14. f. H. Petiver Amb. t. 1. f.11. Chem-
mitz, vill. t. 99. f. 845 and 846.
Inhabits the Northern Ocean on Balena Boops. Gmelin.
This shell is smaller and much more depressed than L. Dia-
dema, from which it also differs in haying a smaller aperture,
and in the cavity not being funnel-shaped, but broadest at the
bottom ; the longitudinal ribs also are much flatter, and are
only marked with transverse striz towards the base; it is
said to be found only on the pectoral wrinkles of the Balena

Boops.

TESTUDINARIA. 25. Shell oval-depressed, with nearly
smooth valves, and deep narrow transversely
striated interstices.

Lepas testudinaria. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1108. Born.
Mus. p. 10. Chemnitz, viii. p. 328. t. 99. f. 847 and
848. Schroeter Hinl. ii. p. 516. Gmelin, p. 3209.
Barbut’s Verm. ii. p. 12. t. 1. f. 8. Wood’s Conch. p.
37. t. 5. f. 4.

Balanus ovatus. Gronovius Zoophyl. p. 257.

Balanus testudinarius. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 172.

Bonanni Kirch. 1. £. 36. and Rec. Sup. f. 1. Rumphius,
t.40.f. K. Plancus Conch. t. 5. f.2. Gualter, t. 106.
f.M. Petiver Mus. t.9. f.9. Phil. Trans. v. t. 34.
f.12. Klein. Ost. t. 12. £.99. Knorr. iii. t. 30. f. 3

26 LEPAS.

and 4. Favanne, t. 59. f. A. 4, and A.5. Enc. Meth.
t. 165. f. 17 and 18. ,

Inhabits the Sea on the backs of Turtles. Coasts of Amboyna.
Rumphius. Ascension Island. Petiver. Gulf of Venice.
Barbut. Bay of Naples. Sir C. Ulysses.

Shell often near two inches in diameter, and about one fourth
as high, composed of six broad triangular thick valves, with
the intermediate spaces deep and narrow ; the cavity is twice
as large at the base as at the aperture, and the base of the
shell is composed of numerous irregular crowded laminz.

A*** Porous at the Base.

porosa. 26. Shell sub-conical, with four consoli-
dated rugged valves, and the base porous.

Lepas porosa. Chemnitz, viii. p. 314. t. 98. f. 836 and
837. Gmelin, p. 3212. Wood's Conch. p. 56. t.9. f. 4.
Lepas cariosa. Pallas Nov. Act. Petropolitana, ii. p. 240.
t. 6. f. 24. A. and B. Gmelin, p. 3214. Wood’s Conch.

. 58.
eae No. 7. Schroeter Exnlettung, i. p. 527.
Balanus fibrosus. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Catalogue,
p. 56.
Balanus squamosus. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 170.
Phil. Trans. u. t. 34. f. 11. Favanne, t. 59.f. A. 7. Enc.
Method. t. 165. f. 9 and 10.

Tnhabits the coasts of Tranquebar, and other parts of the East
Indies. Chemnitz. Granada. Solander. Kurile Islands.
Pallas. Falkland Islands. Humphreys. j

Shell generally about an inch and a quarter in diameter, and
half an inch high; the colour is greyish white, and the outer
surface 1s covered by the projecting points of the capillary .
tubes of which the whole shell is formed, so as to give it a
carious appearance.—_L. porosa of Chemnitz, and L. cariosa
of Pallas, appear to be the same species.

PURPURASCENS. 27. Shell angular, with four sub-
consolidated rugged valves, and the base
porous.

Lepas purpurascens. Wood’s Conch. p. 55. t. ¥. f. 1 to 3.
Inhabits the South Seas. Mr. Wood.
This species is of the same size as L. porosa, to which it is

LEPAS. o7

very closely allied, but differs in being tinged with purple, in
having the base and sides angular, and the surface less rough-
ened with longitudinal threads ; the valves are generally so
closely united, that the line of separation is seldom apparent,
but Mr. Wood has figured a specimen from Mrs. Mawe’s
Collection, in which there are broad interstices. From a
description among his manuscripts in Sir Joseph Banks's li-
brary, it appears that Dr. Solander found this shell at Ota-
heite, and considered it to be only a variety of the foregoing
species.

A*** With a Cup-like Appendage at the Base.

SPONGEOSUS. 28. Shell formed of two cones con-
nected by a ligament at their base, of which
the upper is six-valved and spinous.

Lepas spongeosus. Wood’s Conch. p. 47.
Balanus spongeosus. Montagu Sup. p. 2. t. 17. f. 4 to 6.
Dorset Catalogue, p. 25.

Inhabits sponge on the sea-coast at Weymouth, very rare. Mr.
Bryer.

For a knowledge of this extremely curious species we are in-
debted to Mr. Montagu, from whose more particular ac-
count the following description is extracted.—“ Length, half
an inch, and the breadth rather less; shell ovate, with six an-
gulated wrinkled compartments terminated in much elevated
points, and furnished with numerous spines; the three ante-
rior divisions are broader and not so long as the three poste-
rior ones; these terminate in a flat concentrically wrinkled
base, beneath which is affixed a cup, whose margin corres
ponds with the circumference of the base, and to which it is
connected by a ligament; the cup when deprived of the epi-
dermis is white, and exactly resembles Patella antiquata in-
verted, but the rest of the shell is livid-brown, and purplish
towards the summit. It is found imbedded in a particular
kind of sponge allied to Spongia tubulosa, exposing nothing
but the pointed valves of its operculum.” It appears to me
that this and the following species should be moved to a se-
parate genus, and Mr. Montagu, at page 4 of Ins Supple-
ment, has mentioned another species which belongs to the
same family.

GALEATA. 29. Shell formed of two cones, connect-

28 LEPAS.

ed by a ligament at the base, of which the
upper is six-valved and smooth.

Lepas galeata—Linneus Mantissa, p. 544. Schroeter
Einl. iii. p. 518. t. 9. £.20. a. 6. Gmelin, p. 3209.
Wood’s Conch. p. 48.

Lepas calceolus. Pallas Elenchus Zooph. p. 198.

Balanus galeatus. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 170. Phil.
Trans. u. p. 853. t. 14, f. 19. and 19a. Enc. Meth.
t) 165. f.°7 and 8.

Inhabits the stems and branches of the Gorgonie. Linnaeus.
Mediterranean. Pallas. Eastern Ocean. Bruguiere.

It appears to be of the same nature and size as L. spongeosus,
and to have a cone, with its base fitted to the base of the
valves; three of the valves are larger and oblique, and the
other three are upright, but no mention is any where made
of their being spinous, like those of the foregoing species ;
the aperture is similar in this respect to that of L. spongeo-
sus, and only appears to be lateral, as it has been described by
most authors, when the two cones are viewed together on
their edge, which is not the natural position of the shell. It
has been found imbedded in the substance of several of the
Gorgoniz, by Ellis, Pallas, Schroeter, Bruguiere, &c.

A***** tubular and truncated at both Ends.

TRACHEALIS. 30. Shell tubular, truncated at both

ends, longitudinally striated and transversely
ribbed.

Lepas trachealis. Shaw. Nat. Misc. xvii. t. 726.
Lepas tracheaformis. Wood’s Conch, p.31. t. 4. f. 1 to 3.
Brooks’s Introd. p. 161. t. 1. f. 4.

Tubicinella major and T. minus. Lamarck Ann. Mus. —
Hist. Nat. vi. p. 461. t. 30. f. 1 and 2. .
Inhabits the South Seas, imbedded in the skin of whales.

Lamarck.

Shell about an inch long, and more than three quarters wide,
and is found so deeply imbedded in the skins of whales, that
the top alone is observable; it is open at the bottom, but
the top is closed by an operculum of four smooth valves ;
colour tawny, and the inside white. Mr. Wood says, that the
sides are divided into six compartments or valves, and that it
is a true Lepas.

LEPAS. 29

B. SHELLS SEATED ON A FLESHY PEDUNCLE.

B* with more than five Valves, and a wreath of
smaller ones round the Base.

MITELLA. 31. Shell compressed round the base,
irregularly striated transversely, and the pe-
duncle scaly.

Lepas Mitella. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1108. Chemnitz,
vill. p. 332. t. 100. f. 849 and 850. Schroeter Ein. iii.
p- 519. Gmelin, p. 3210. Wood's Conch. p. 59. t. 10.
ae

Anatifa Mitella. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.65. Rum-
phius, t.47.f. M. Petiver Mus. t.6.f.10. Seba, ii.
t. 16. f. 3. Klein. Ost. t. 12. f. 100. Favanne, t. 59.
f. B.2. Enc. Method. t. 166. f. 9. ;

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rtumphius. Emuy and Chu-
san. Petiver.

The peduncle and the shell are each about an inch long, and
the latter, which is about an inch and a quarter broad, bears
some resemblance to a mitre; it has eight valves of different
sizes, besides a wreath of small ones round the base, and they
are all transversely striated; the shell itself is white, but
coated with a yellow Epidermis, and the peduncle is covered
with scales which are larger than those of L. pollicipes.

POLLICIPES. 52. Shell compressed, smooth, and the
peduncle covered with minute scales.

Lepas pollicipes. Gmelin, p. 3213. Montagu Test. Supp.
p. 6. t.. 28. f. 5. Wood's Conch. p. 60. t. 10. f. 2.

Lepas cornucopie. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue,
p. 101. Lot 2216.

Lepas, No. 13. Schroeter Einleitung, iii. p. 531.

Anatifa pollicipes. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 65.

Laster Conch, t. 439. f. 281. Phil. Trans. wu. t. 34. f. 4.
Knorr. v. t. 13. f.7. Argenville, t. 26.f. D.and Zoom.
t.7.f.G. Favanne, t. 57. f. B. 1, and t..74. f.G. 1.—
Chemnitz, viii. t. 100. f. 851. Enc. Meth. t. 166. f. 10
and 11.

Inhabits the shores of Spain, France, and Barbary. Schroeter.

Britain, rare. Montagu.

The peduncle and shell are each about an inch and a quarter
long, and the breadth of the latter is considerably less than in

L. Mitella; there are eight valves, besides several smaller

30 LEPAS.

ones round the base, all of which are smooth, and connected
together by a blackish membrane; the peduncle is covered
with minute imbricated scales, so as to give it the appear-
ance of Shagreen.

SCALPELLUM. 33. Shell compressed, with thirteen
rather smooth valves, and the peduncle
hairy.

Lepas Scalpellum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1109. Chem- ~
nitz, vill. p. 338, and Vign .17. at p. 294. f. A.a. Schroe-
ter Einl. 11. p. 520. Muller Zool. Dan. iit. p. 25. t. 94.
f. 1 and 2. Gmelin, p. 3210. Dorset Cat. p. 26. t. 2.
f. 8. Donovan, v. t. 166. f.1. Montagu Test. p. 18.
t.1. £.3. Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 27.
Wood’s Conch. p. 61. t. 10. f. 3.

Anatifa Scalpellum. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 64.

Gualter, t. 106. f. C. Phil. Trans. u. t. 34. f. 2. and 2 a.
Enc. Meth. t. 166. f. 7 and 8.

Inhabits the Norwegian Sea on Gorgonize. Ellis. Shores of
Denmark on Sertularie. Muller. Coasts of Britain, rare.
Pulteney, &c.

Peduncle short, and covered with short hairs; shell usually
about five-eighths of an inch Jong, and three-eighths broad ;
there are six unequal valves on each side, besides the dorsal
valve, and they are connected together by a reddish mem-
brane, which also lines the inside of the shell.

B* with five contiguous Valves.

ANSERIFERA. 34. Shell compressed, with five stri-
ated valves, and the peduncle wrinkled trans-
versely.

Lepas anserifera. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1109. Chemnits,
vill. p. 344. t. 100. f. 856. Schroeter Eznl. iii. p. 521.
Gmelin, p. 3210. Shaw’s Nat. Misc. xiv. t. 554. Mon-
tagu Test. p. 16. Donovan, v. t. 166. f.2. Maton and
Racket in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 28. | Wood’s Conch.
p. 64. t. 10. f. 5.

Anatifa striata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 64.

Lister Conch. t. 440. f. 283. Gaulter, t. 106. f. 2 and 3.
Klein. Ost. t. 12. f. 938. Phil. Trans uw. t..34, f. 5.
Enc. Meth. t. 166. f. 3.

LEPAS. 3]

Inhabits the American Ocean. Linnaeus. Indian Ocean. Lis-
ter. Coasts of Britain, rare. Montagu, &c.

Shell from half an inch to an inch long, and about three-fourths
as broad, of a bluish white, with the connecting cartilages of
the valves, as well as the peduncle, of a bright orange red, or
pale saffron colout; the valves are marked with elevated
strie, radiating upwards from the anterior angle in the lower
valves, and downwards in the two superior valves, from their
apices ; the dorsal valve is much compressed, and brought to
a fine carinated edge.

SULCATA, 35. Shell compressed subtriangular, with
five strongly ribbed valves.

Lepas sulcata. Montagu Test. p. 17. t. 1. f. 6. Maton and
Racket in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 29. Dorset Cat. p. 26.
Wood’s Conch. p. 68. t. 12. f. 1.

Inhabits the sea on the Dorsetshire coast. Mr. Montagu.
Peduncle short and dusky ; shell from one tenth to half an inch
_long, and nearly equally broad, of a whitish or very light
brown colour ; the lateral valves are marked with elevated ribs,
diverging in the same directions as the strie of L. anserifera,
and the dorsal valve is strongly striated longitudinally.

FASCICULARIS. 36. Shell compressed, with five
smooth valves; dorsal valve dilated at the
base, and forming a prominent acute angle.

Lepas fascicularis. E/lis and Solander’s Zoophytes, p. 167.
t.15.f.6. Montagu Test. p. 557, and Supp. p. 5. and
p- 163. Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 30.
Wood’s Conch. p. 62. t. 10. f. 4.

Lepas dilatata. Donovan Brit. Shells, v. t. 164.

Lepas anatifera. Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3211.

Lepas, No. 14. Schroeter Einlettung, iil. p. 532.

Lister Conch. t. 439. f. 280. Seba, iii. t. 16. f. 1. Enc.
Meth. t. 166. f. 4.

Inhabits St. George’s Channel. Ellis. Baltic Sea, Bay of
Biscay, and the Lrish Channel. Solander.

{n size it resembles L. anatifera, but the dorsal valve is singu-
larly dilated at the base, and forms a sharp prominent angle,
whereas in the latter species it is semicircular ; the superior
valves also are more acute, and somewhat bent back at their
apices ; all the valves are thin and diaphanous, and of a bluish
horn colour. '

32 LEPAS.

DENTATA. 387. Shell compressed, with five smooth
valves, and the dorsal ridge serrated.

Lepas dentata. Wood's Conch. p. 67.
Lepas serrata. Solander’s MSS.
Anatifa dentata. Bruguiere Enc. @feth. p. 63.
Lister Conch. t. 439. f. 282. Klein. Ost. t. 12. f. 91 and 92.
Enc. Meth. t. 166. f. 6.
Inhabits the Mediterranean. Lister.
This shell is smaller than L. anatifera, and. may be readily
known by its spinous serratures on the dorsal ridge.

ANATIFERA. 38. Shell compressed, somewhat trian-
gular, with five smooth valves seated on a
long peduncle.

Lepas anatifera. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1109. Pennant
Sool. iv. p. 74. t. 38. f. 9. Born. Mus. p. 11. Chemnitz,
viii. p. 340. t. 100. f. 853 to 855. Schroeter Einl. ii.
p- 523. Gmelin, p. 3211. Dorset Cat. p. 26. t. 2. f.3.
Shaw Nat. Misc. vi. t. 191. Donovan, 1.t. 7. Mon-
tagu Test. p. 15. Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans.
vin. p. 28. Wood's Conch. p. 65. t. 11. Brooks's Introd.
p. 161.t.1. £2.

Auatifa levis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 62. Lamarck’s
Syst. des Animaux, p. 141.

Balanus anatifera. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 253. t. 17.

fee

Gerard’s Herbal, fig. at p. 1587. Gualter, t. 106. f. A. &
D. Phil. Trans. w. t. 34. f.6. <Argenville, t. 30. t. F.
Knorr. ii. t. 30. f. 4.and 5. Seba, in. t. 16. f. 2. Enc.
Meth. t. 166. f. i.

Inhabits the sea on the bottoms of ships and logs of wood; not
uncommon in Asia, Europe, Africa, or America.

The peduncle is sometimes a foot long, and the shell is gene-
rally larger than L. anserifera, which it much resembles ; it
differs in having the valves smooth, or only very faintly stri-
ated, the dorsal valve blunter on the edge, and the angular
points of the other valves more rounded. ‘The curiously
grave assertion, that the animals which mhabit these shells be-
come converted by age into geese, may be seen in Gerard’s
Herbal, page 1587.

VILLOSA. 39. Shell compressed with five smooth
valves, seated on a short downy peduncle.

Lepas villosa. Wood's Conch. p. 67.

LEPAS. oo

Anatifa villosa. Brugwere Enc. Meth. p. 62.
Enc. Meth. t. 166. f. 2.
Inhabits the Mediterranean on the sides of vessels. Bruguiere.
The peduncle and shell are each about three or four lines long,
and much resemble the young of L. anatifera, but differ in
having the peduncle covered with short flexible hairs resem-
bling mould, which fall off when dried. Bruguiere says it is
generally solitary, and is rarely seen m clusters like other Bar-
nacles.

DORSALIS. 40. Shell compressed with five valves,
scaly at the base, and the dorsal valve trans-
versely wrinkled ; peduncle scaly.

Lepas dorsalis. - Edis and Solander’s Zoophytes, p. 197.
t. 15. f. 5. Portland Catalogue, p. 145. Lot 3200.
Enc. Meth. t. 166. f. 5.

Inhabits the Sea on the Mosquito Shore. Edlis.

The peduncle is represented in the figure to be an inch long,
and twice as broad at the summit as at the base; the valves
are about half an inch long, and are together not at all
broader than the top of the peduncle ; the lateral valves are
smooth, except at the base, which, as well as the whole of
the peduncle, is slightly scaly.

Be With minute distant Valves placed on a fleshy
extension of the Peduncle.

viTTATA. 41. Shell membranaceous, ventricose,

weg truncated, and angular at the summit, green,

with black stripes, and five minute narrow
distant valves.

Lepas vittata. Solander’s MSS. Wood’s Conch. p- 69.
fod@ut. 2 and 3.
Seba, ui. t. 16. f. 5. No. 1. Poli. Test. t. 6. £. 20 and 22.

Variety. Smaller, and white without stripes.

Lepas membranacea. Montagu Supp. p. 164. Wood's
Conch. p. 70.

Inhabits the Atlantic Ocean on the bottoms of ships. Solander.
Mediterranean. Poli. Coast of Wales? Montagu.

The peduncle is about an inch long, and gradually expands
ito an oblong membranous case, which contains the animal,
and which has a lateral aperture ; the colour is yellowish or

VOL. I. D

34

LEPAS.

bluish green, with six longitudinal streaks of black; the tes-
taceous part consists of five small white distant valves, of
which the two larger are somewhat triangular, and placed at
the margin of the aperture near its base ; of the others, which
are all linear, two are on the sides near the summit, and one
at the back of the case. Mr. Wood says, that Mr. Mon-
tagu’s L. membranacea differs only in colour, and in being
rather smaller.

Among Dr. Solander’s MSS. in Sir Joseph Banks’s li-
brary, there is a description of another species of this family,
which he found adhering to a Medusa, on the coast of Brazil,
and to which he has given the name of L. pel/ucens, with the
following definition: ‘“ Lepas carnosa continua sub-diaphana,
superne mutica coarctata, dorso rotundato, testis marginalibus
obsoletis.”—It appears that he could not ascertain the num-
ber of the valves, for he only conjectures it is five.

AuRITA. 42. Shell membranaceous, ventricose,

seated on a tube, and ending in two ear-like
appendages; aperture with eight toothed
valves.

Lepas aurita. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1110. Chemnitz,
Vili. p. 345. t. 100. f. 857 and 858. Schroeter Eznl. iii.
p. 524. Gmelin, p. 3212. Wood’s Conch. p. 70. t. 12.
f. 4.

Philosophical Trans. u. t. 34. f. 1. Seba, ii. t. 16. f. 5.
No. 2 and 3.? Edwards's Gleanings, t. 286. f. A.

Inhabits the Northern Ocean. Linneus.
This species in its size and construction a good deal resembles

L. vittata, but is terminated by two tubular appendages
projecting upwards like horses’ ears. Linnezus probably
erred in describing the mouth to have eight valves, for it is
not clear that Ellis intended to describe more than eight ser-
ratures; and Mr. Wood, in his description of Dr. Leach’s
specimen, has only mentioned two valves which are cruci-
form, and seated at the lower extremity of the aperture.—
Among Dr. Solander’s MSS. there is the description of a
species under the name of L. midas, with five valves, which
he appears on this account only to have considered distinct
from the Linnean DL. aurita. It is, however, not impro-
bable that there may be more than one species with two
a, and that they differ principally in the minute testaceous
valves.

35

@enug Il.

PHOLAS :*

SHELL BIVALVE, DIVARICATED, WITH SEVERAL
SMALLER AND DIFFERENTLY SHAPED ACCESSORY
VALVES AT THE HINGE; HINGE RECURVED AND
CONNECTED BY A CARTILAGE.

DACTYLUS. 1. Shell oblong, with reticulated striz ;
and the anterior end strongly muricated and
beaked.

Pholas Dactylus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1110. Pennant
Sool. iv. p. 76. t. 39. f.10. Born. Mus. p. 14.,t. 1. f.7.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 353. t. 101. f. 859. Schroeter Einl.
p- 5360., Gmelin, p. 3214... Dorset Cat.p. 27. t. 3. f.
2. Donovan, ww. t. 118. Montagu Test. p. 20 and p.
558. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 30.
Wood’s Conch. p. 77. t. 13. f. 1 to 3.

Pholas muricata. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 244. t. 16.
foi@e

Pholas hians. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset, p. 26.

Lister Conch. t. 433. f. 276, and Appendix, t. 19. f. 1 and
2. Bonanni Rec. 2. f.25. Petiver Gaz. t. 79. f. 10.
Gualter, t. 105. f. latter E. Favanne, t. 60. f. B.

Common on the shores of Europe, burrowed in rocks and
timber.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and four or five inches
broad, thin, brittle, and white; the exterior surface is co-
vered with reticulated striz, which gradually become stronger
and more prickly towards the anterior end. Linnzus, by his
references, appears to have confounded P. orientalis with

* Pholas Chiloensis, and P. teredula of Gmelin, are too obscure to be worth
retaining ; and, as Mr. Wood observes, the latter is more like a portion of a
Teredo than a Pholas.

nD &

36 PHOLAS.

this species, and from the words ‘ hinc reticulato-striata,’
without any mention of the prickles, his description was most
probably taken from the former; but the habitat ‘ inter
Europe scopulos,’ gives the latter an equally fair claim to be
arranged as the Linnean P. dacty/us——Dr. Solander, and
Dr. Pulteney were, however, of a contrary opinion, and they
distinguished the present species by the name of P. hians.

ORIENTALIS. 2. Shell oblong, with a straight mar-
gin; one half of each valve smooth, and the
other marked with reticulated strie.

Pholas orientalis. Gmelin, p. 3216. Wood’s Conch. p.
78. t. 14. f. 1 and 2.
Pholas dactylus. Solander’s MSS.
Pholas, No. 1. Schroeter Einleitung, iu. p. 542.
Lister Conch. t. 431. f. 274. Chemnitz, vin. t. 101. f. 860.
Enc. Meth. t. 168. f. 10.
Inhabits the coasts of Siam and Tranquebar. Chemnitz.
Shell about an inch and a half long, and six inches broad, white,
brittle, and nearly closed at one end; the reticulated strie,
which cover one half of the exterior surface of each valve,
terminate abruptly, and the other half is smooth.

cosTATA. 3. Shell ovate, with strong crenulated
longitudinal ribs.

Pholas costata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1111. Born. Mus.
p. 15. Chemnitz, vill. p. 361. t. 101. f.863. Schroeter
Einl. iii. p. 537. Gmelin, p. 3215. Lamarck Syst.
des Anim. p. 127. Wood’s Conch. p. 80. t. 15. f. 1
and 2.

Lister Conch. t. 434. f.277. Gualter, t.105. f.G. Knorr,
ii. t. 25. f. 4. Favanne, t. 60. f.C. 1. Enc. Meth. t.
169. f. 1 and 2.

Inhabits the shores of Virginia. Lister. West Indies. Knorr.

Southern Europe. Linnaeus. South Carolina. Humphreys.

Shell from two to two anda half inches long, and from five

to near seven inches broad, ventricose, rather thick, and of a

cream-colour; the elevated longitudinal ribs are almost half

an inch apart at the broader end, but become abruptly closer,
and are all armed with small vaulted scales formed by trans-
verse striz passing over them.

eANDIDA. 4. Shell oblong, covered with decussated
prickly strie.

PHOLAS. ae

Pholas candidus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1111. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 76. t. 39. f. 11. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p.
246. Chemnitz, vili. p. 358. t. 101. f. 861 and 862.
Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 539. Gmelin, p. $215. Montagu
Test. p. 25. Donovan, iv. t. 132. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 31. Wood’s Conch. p. 79. t. 14.
f. 3 and 4.

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 5. f. $9. Conch. t. 435. f. 278.
Gualter, t. 105. latter fig. E.

Variety. Shell broader.

Pholas campechensis. Gmelin, p. 3216.

Pholas, No. 2. Schroeter Einl. in. p. 543.

Lister Conch. t. 432. f. 275.

Inhabits rocks in the European and American Seas. Linneus.
Coasts of Britain. Lister, &c. Var. Bay of Campechy.
Lister.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and two inches
broad, white, brittle, and rounded at both ends ; the de-
cussated striz extend over the whole surface of the shell, but
are strongest and more prickly at the broader end. Lister’s
figure 275, ditfers only from the common appearance of this
species in being larger, and rather broader in proportion to
its length.

STRIATA. 5. Shell ovate, variously striated, wedge-
shaped before, and ventricose behind.

Pholas striatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1111. Chemnitz,
vill. p. 364. t. 102. f. 864 to 866. Schroeter Kinl. iit.
p- 538. Gmelin, p. 3215.

Gualter, t. 105. f. F.

Inhabits the shores of Southern Europe, burrowed in rocks,
Linneus. East Indian Ocean. Chemnitz.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and twice as broad,
and is longer in proportion to its breadth, and more ovate
than P. pusid/a; the outer surface is marked with decussated
striz in some parts, and with simple striz in others, and the
part near the hinge is smooth; the posterior end is not hiant,
but rounded, and the valves shut close, and the singular ac-
cessory valve which distinguishes P. puszd/a, is wanting. Mr.
Montagu, in a letter, expresses his opinion that the shell from
which this description is taken, answers exactly to Chemnitz’s
figures of P. striata, and that the shell which in the Testacea
Britanica, he has described with this name, is the Linnzan

P. pusilla.

38 PHOLAS.

PUSILLA. 6. Shell oblong, rounded, with arched
strie.

Pholas pusillus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1111. Chemnitz,
vii. p. 365. t. 102. f. 867 to 871. Schroeter Einl. in.
p- 540. Gmelin, p. 3215.

Pholas striatus. Montagu Test. p. 26. Donovan, iv. t.
117. Maton and Racket, in Lin Trans. vin. p. 32.
Wood's Conch. p. 83. t. 16. f. 1, 2, 4, and 8.

Rumphius, t. 46. f.H. Petiver Amb. t. 19. f.8. Phil.
Trans. uv. t. 1. f. 1 to 4. Favanne, t. 60. f. F. 1 to
F.7. Enc. Method. t. 170. f. 1, 2, and 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. American Seas.
Linneus. Often found burrowed in the planks of ships
from the Mediterranean. Montagu.

Shell nearly half an inch long, and about twice as broad, white,
and of a remarkably conoid shape ; the broad end is strongly
reticulated with arched striz, and the other parts more
faintly striated, except a triangular space at the margin, which
is smooth ; the shield which covers the hinge is nearly heart-
shaped, and beneath it, is a narrow plate, jomed to the mem-
brane which connects the valves; in the front is another
narrow plate and membrane which seems to prevent the
shell from opening, except at the ends.—It was the opinion
of the late Dr. Solander, that the Linnean P. striata, and
P. pusilla, belong to the same species.

PARVA. 7. Shell ovate, with reticulated striz, and
the teeth of the hinge issuing from a tubercle.

Pholas parvus. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 77. t. 40. f. 15. Mon-
tagu Test. p. 22. t. 1. f.7 and 8. Maton and Racket,
m Lin. Trans. vii. p. 33. Wood’s Conch. p. 82.

Pholas crenulatus. Solander’s MSS.

Inhabits the shores of Pensacola in West Florida, and of Aber-
gelli in Denbighshire, burrowed in logs of woods. Pennant.
Coast of Devonshire. Montagu.

Shell half or three quarters of an inch long, and about twice as
broad, white, and rough with reticulated, somewhat muri-
cated stria, except at the smaller end, towards which it be-
comes more smooth. It may be readily distinguished from
the young shells of any other species, by the knob at the base
of its teeth.

coRDATA. 8. Shell turgid, and marked with fine
elevated striz behind ; hiatus heart-shaped.

PHOLAS. 39

Pholas cordata. Gmelin, p. 3216. Wood’s Conch. p. 85.

Pholas, No. 4. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 544. t. 9. f. 22 to
24—the latter magnified.

Mytilus cordatus. Gmeidin, p. 3361.!

Enc. Method. t. 169.f. 8 to 1\O—the latter magnified.

Inhabits the Sea in Corallines. Schroeter.

Shell about one third of an inch long, and nearly twice as broad,
slender, brittle, and of a dirty white colour ; the hinder part
is marked with fine elevated striz, and the fore-part, except
a few ridges, is smooth; the tooth is minute, and is con-
cealed by an oval shield, which from Schroeter’s description,
appears to be a good deal like that of P. pusilla. I have
not had an opportunity to consult Spengler’s work, but it
may be doubted from Gmelin’s description of Mytilus cor-
datus, whether it was not taken from a specimen of this
species, in which the tooth had either been broken off or
overlooked.

FALCATA. 9. Shell somewhat oval, variously stri-
ated, and the hiatus very large; hinge with a
hooked tooth.

Pholas falcata. Wood’s Conch. p. 84. t. 16. f. 5 to 7.
Inhabits
Mr. Wood, who alone has noticed this species, says, it is ‘ dis-

tinguished by the singular conformation of its tooth, which

after curving from under the hinge in the usual manner, re-
turns again, so as to give it the figure of a pruning hook:
the aperture of the shell is very large; at the base of which,
where the valves unite, there is a little projection, or nail,
which proceeds from the interior of the shell, and gives sta-
bility to the union.’ From the figure, it appears to be near
half an inch long, and about three quarters of an inch broad,
and the external markings are similar to those of P. pusilla.

HIANS. 10. Shell oval, transversely striated, with
the valves converging above, convex in the
middle, and wedge-shaped below; hiatus
oval, and very large.

Pholas hians. Chemnitz, x. p. 364. t. 172. f. 1678 to 1681.
Gmelin, p. 3217... Wood’s Conch. p. 85.
Inhabits the West Indian Seas, burrowed in calcareous rocks
and corallines. Chemmnitz.
Shell about half an inch long, and nearly thrice as broad, white,
and marked with transverse arched striz; the teeth of the

40 PHOLAS.

hinge are very small, and the hiatus occupies two thirds of
the length.

CRISPATA. 11. Shell oval, rather obtuse, and
marked with curled striz on one side; hinge
with a curved tooth.

Pholas crispata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1111. Pennant
Sool. iv. p. 77. t. 40. f. 12. Chemnitz, viii. p. 369. t.
102. f. 872 to 874. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 541. Gmelin,
p. 3216. Dorset Cat. p. 27.1.3. f. 4. Donovan, ii. t.
62, and t. 69. junior. Montagu Test, p. 23.. Maton
and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 32. Wood’s Conch.
p. 81. t.15. f. 3 to 5.

Pholas bifrons. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 242. t. 16.
f. 4.

Solen crispus. Gmelin, p. 3228.

Solen, No. 10. Schroeter Einleitung, ii. p. 638.

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 5. f. 88. Conch. t. 436. f. 279.
Petiver Mus. t. 79. f. 13. Olaffsen Isl. t. 11. f. 4 to 6.
Enc. Meth. t. 169. f. 5 to 7.

Inhabits the Northern Shores of Europe, burrowed in rocks
and stones. Iceland. Olaffsen. Britam. Lister, &c.

Shell from one and a half, to two inches long, and two and a
half or three inches broad, gibbous, opake, and of a brownish
white colour. This species may be readily known by its
having a longitudinal furrow in the middle, on one side of
which the shell is covered with muricated striz, and the other
side is only transversely wrinkled. The shell which Mr.

Donovan has figured for P. parvus, appears to be the young
of this species.

4}

Genus I[V..

a

IME NGA %

SHELL BIVALVE, OPEN AT ONE END; HINGE WITH
ONE OR MORE SOLID, THICK, SOMEWHAT SPOON-
SHAPED TEETH, NOT INSERTED INTO THE OPPO-,
SITE VALVE.

Subdivisions.

* Hinge with one or two rounded Teeth, not in-
serted into the opposite Valve.
** Hinge callous without Teeth.
** Hinge with Teeth inserted into the opposite
Valve.
*™ Hinge toothless, with a hollow rounded recep-
tacle for the Cartilage.

* Hinge with one or two rounded Teeth, not inserted
into the opposite Valve.

_GLYCYMERIS. 1. Shell oblong, very thick, trans-

versely wrinkled, and gaping at both ends;
hinge with a thick primary tooth.

_ * The following is a remark of my friend Dr. Leach’s; and that the arrange-
ment of the natural family to which the Myz belong, requires much revision,
is undeniable, “ The Linnean Genus Mya affords an excellent example of
the evil resulting from artificial arrangement. Under this head we find several
Genera with distinct animais, and shells having no affinity with each other;
some not even agreeing with the almost unlimited characters laid down: many
inhabiting the sea, others fresh water, confusedly mixed together without even
any distribution into intelligible sections.” Zoological Magazine, I, p. 119.

42 MYA.

Mya Glycymeris. Born. Mus. p. 20. t. 1. f.8. Chemnitz,
vi. p- 33. t. 3. £.25. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 618. Gmelin,
p. 3222. Donovan, iv. t. 142. Maton and Racket, in
Lin. Trans. vi. p. 34. Montagu Supp. p. 19. Wood’s
Conch. p. 114. t. 25. f. 1.

Lister Conch. t. 414. f. 258. Gualter, t. 90. f. A.

Inhabits the coasts of Spain. Lister. Mediterranean, and the
coasts of Portugal. Chemnitz. Naples. Ulysses.

Shell sometimes rather more than four inches and a half long,
and nearly twice as broad, of a reddish or yellowish fawn
colour; the anterior end is truncated, and the whole surface
marked with transverse ridges, and intermediate smaller
striz; it has a thick patulous tooth, which, Mr. Donovan
says, is not inserted into the opposite valve. Its claim to be
considered a native of Britain is extremely doubtful.

TRUNCATA. 2. Shell ovate, truncated behind ; hinge
with a tooth projecting forwards, and very
obtuse.

Mya truncata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1112. Pennant
Sool, iv. p. 78. t. 41. f. 14. Chemnitz, vi. p. 8. t. 1. f.
land 2. Fabricius Fauna Grenl. p. 404. Schroeter
Einl. ii. p. 600. Gmelin, p.3217. Schreber’s Conch.
p- 1. Dorset Cat. p. 27. t. 3. f. 1. Donovan, iii: t.
92. Montagu Test. p. 32. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. vii. p. 35. Wood’s Conch. p. gO. t. 17. f. 1
and 2. :

Chama truncata. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 233. t. 15.
Sere

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 5. f. 36. Conch. t. 428. f. 260.
Gualter. t. 91. f. D. Petiver Mus. t.79. f. 12. Enc.
Method. t. 229. f. 2.

Inhabits the sand or gravel about low water mark, on most of

the Northern Shores of Europe. Britam. Lister, &c.

Shell from one and a half to two and a half inches long, and
from two and a half to three and a half inches broad, white,
covered with a brownish yellow wrinkled tough epidermis,
and much truncated at the smaller end.

g.
f.

ARENARIA. 3. Shell ovate, rounded behind ; hinge
with a rounded tooth projecting forwards,
and a smaller one by its side.

Mya arenaria. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1112. Pennant
Sool. iv. p. 79, t. 42. f. 16. Chemnitz, vi. p. 10. t. 1.

MYA. 43

f.3 and 4. Fabricius F. Grenl. p. 405. — Schroeter
Einl. ii. p. 602. Gmelin, p.3218. Schreber’s Conch. i.
p-2. Dorset Cat. p. 28. t.4. f.2. Donovan, iii. t. 85.
Montagu Test. p. 30. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. vii. p. 35. Wood’s Conch. p. 91. t. 17. f. 3.

Chama arenaria. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 242.

Lister Conch. t. 418. f. 262, and t. 419. f. 263. Enc.
Meth. t. 229. f. 1.

Inhabits sand on the shores of Northern Europe. Norway.
Lister. Greenland. Fabricius. Britain. Pennant, &c.
Shell generally about two inches long, and three inches and a
half broad, white, covered with a wrinkled brown or chesnut-
coloured epidermis, and glossy white within. The gaping
side is rather narrower than the other, but not at all truncated,

as in the foregoing species.

DECLIVIS. 4. Shell ovate, obliquely angulated, and
sub-truncated at the anterior end ; hinge with
a thick tooth.

Mya declivis. Pennant, iv. p. 79. Donovan, iii. t. $2.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 36. Dorset
Cat. p. 28. t. 4. f. 6. Wood’s Conch. p. 93. t. 18. f. 2
and 3.

Mya pubescens. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat. Edit. 1. p. 27.
t. 4. f.6. Montagu Test. p. 40.

Solen declivis. Solander’s MSS.

Tellina fragilis. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 86. t. 47. f. 26.2?

Variety. Shell more convex.

Mya convexa. Wood’s Conch. p. 92. t. 18. f. 1.

Inhabits the sea at Weymouth. Pennant. Coast of Devon-
shire. Montagu.

Shell generally about an inch and a quarter long, and two inches
broad, but is sometimes found twice as large; it is very
rough to the touch, and irregularly marked with concentric
striz ; one valve is deeper and larger than the other, so as in
some degree to overlap it, when closed at the broader end,
and the gaping end is strongly angulated, particularly in old
shells ; it varies considerably in convexity, and Mr. Wood’s
Mya convexa appears to be only a variety.

PRETENUIS. 5. Shell ovate, rather flat; hinge with
a spoon-shaped tooth.

Mya pretenuis. Dorset Cat. p. 28. t. 4. f.7. Montagu,
p.41. t. 1. £.2. Donovan, v. t.176. Maton and Racket,

44 MYA.

an Lin. Trans. viii. p. 37. Wood’s Conch. p. 94. t. 24.
f. 7 to 9.
Chama pretenuis. Petiver Mus. t. 94. f. 4.

Inhabits the British Shores. Petiver, &c.

Shell about half an inch long, and twice as broad, ovate, nearly
flat, brittle, of a whitish colour, and marked with a few fine
concentric strize. The Myz, with spoon-like hinges in Mon-
tagu’s Supplement, have been formed into a separate genus,
with the name of Ligula, but the name had been before ap-
propriated by Bloch and Gmelin for a genus of intestinal
worms, and it is my present plan to refrain from adopting
any alterations in the Linnean genera.

ANATINA. 6. Shell sub-orbicular, covered with de-
cussated striz; hinge with a spoon-shaped
tooth.

Mya anatina. Chemnitz, vi. p. 28. t. 2. f. 13 to 16. Gme-
lin, p. 3221. Wood’s Conch. p. 94.

Mya, No.4. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 615.

Le Tugon. Adanson. Senegal. p. 263. t. 19. f. 2.

Enc. Method. t. 229. f. 3.

Inhabits the mouths of the Niger. 4danson.

The length is about one inch, which scarcely in the proportion
of a third exceeds either the breadth or the height, when the
two valves are together. It is said by Adanson to be a thin
but firm shell, and that the hiatus has a marginated border ;
the colour is white, and the whole surface is covered with
longitudinal as well as transverse striz.

GLoBossA. 7. Shell suborbicular, with transverse
striz decussated on one side; hinge with a
spoon-shaped tooth.

Mya globosa. Wood’s Conch. p. 95. t. 24. f. 4 to 6.
Inhabits
This species is of the same size, and nearly resembles M. Ana-

tina; but instead of being decussated all over, the longitudi-

nal striz extend over only half of each valve, and Mr. Wood
says that the hiatus terminates in a sharp reflected margin.

NICOBARICA. 8. Shell ovate-oblong, with equal
valves and decussated strie; hinge with a
broad perpendicular spoon-shaped tooth.

Mya nicobarica. Gmelin, p. 3221. Wood’s Conch. p. 97.

~

MYA. 45

Mya, No. 5. Schroeter Einleitung, u. p. 616.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 29. t. 3. f. 17 and 18.

Inhabits the shores of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and an inch and three
quarters broad ; it is said by Chemnitz to be snowy white,
but the figures are painted ofa dirty white colour ; the valves
at the anterior end are convex, broad, and rounded, and at
the other more angular, narrower, flat, and gaping.

ROSTRATA. 9. Shell with a long cylindrical beak at
Dorotir.a- one end, and gibbous at the other; hinge
with a small excavated tooth.

Mya rostrata. Chemnitz, xi. p. 195. Vign. 26, at p. 189.
f. C and D. Wood's Conch. p. 97.

Tellina cuspidata. Olivi Zool. Adriatica, p. 101, t. 4.
fa So.

Inhabits the shore at Bergen. Spengler.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and more than two
inches broad, white, brittle, diaphanous, and finely striated
concentrically; the beak occupies about one third of the
breadth, and the valves shut close, except at its end, which is
open; the imside is delicately white.—Olivi describes his
Tellina cuspidata, with a wrinkled epidermis, and it proba-
bly belongs to this species.

DIsTORTA. 10. Shell sub-oval, with tumid and de-
Gann blew formed valves; hinge with a thick tooth.

Mya distorta. Montagu Test. p. 42. t. 1. f. 1. Maton and

Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 37. Wood’s Conch. p. 98.

Inhabits the shore at Plymouth, burrowed in lime-stone. Mon-
tagu.

Shell usually about three quarters of an inch broad, and nearly
equally long; in habititresembles Mya pretenuis and Mya
pubescens, but is much more convex than the former, and
has the tooth of the hinge shorter and rounded ; from the lat-
ter it differs in the form of the tooth, as well as in not being
truncated, and from both in its rugged and distorted shape.

BIDENTATA. 11. Shell sub-oval, compressed, with
the teeth of the hinge projecting forwards and
oblique.

Mya bidentata. Montugu Test. p. 99. Maton and Racket,
im Lin. Trans. viii. p. 41. Wood’s Conch. p. 99.

46 MYA.

Inhabits the shores of Devonshire, burrowed in old oyster
shells. Montagu.

The length, which is somewhat exceeded by the breadth, is
about one eighth of an inch, and the colour dirty white; in
one valve there are two broad flat distant diverging teeth, but
the other valve is toothless, and has only a small cavity under
the beak.

DECUSSATA. 12. Shell ovate, with irregular con-
centric ridges, and longitudinal striez form-
ing tubercles at the anterior end ; margin un-
dulated.

Mya decussata. Montagu Supp. p. 20. t. 28. f. 1. Wood's
Conch. p. 99.

Inhabits the Frith of Forth. Montagu.

Shell white, nearly half an inch long, and the breadth rather
exceeds the length; the muscular impression is shaped like a
tongue, and one valve has a broad erect tooth, which is fitted
to a projecting indented plate in the other. Mr. Montagu
says, that in its irregular growth and general appearance, it
somewhat resembles a variety of Donax Irus.

PURPUREA. 13. Shell ovate, transversely wrinkled ;
hinge with an erect slightly bifid tooth in
each valve.

Mya purpurea. Montagu Supp. p. 21. Wood’s Conch.
p- 100.
Inhabits the coasts of Devon amongst corallines in deep water.

Montagu.
Shell scarcely one line long, and but little more in breadth, of a
purple colour, becoming white towards the margin.

FERRUGINOSA. 14. Shell sub-ovate, obsoletely wrin-
kled; hinge with two projecting teeth, sepa-
rated by a large triangular notch.

Mya ferruginosa. Montagu Supp. p. 22. t. 26. f. 2. Dor-
set Cat. p. 28. Wood’s Conch. p. 100.

Found on Belton Sands, near Dunbar. Montagu.

Shell about a quarter of an inch long, and nearly twice as broad ;
it is moderately convex, and has the beak obtuse, and placed
nearer to one end than the other; of the two teeth one is
erect, and the other turns inwards, and slopes downwards.
Mr. Montagu says itis usually covered with a thick tenacious

MYA. AT

rusty coat of argillaceous earth, which must be removed to
discover the real colour of the shell, which is white.

witens. 15. Shell oval, striated concentrically ;
hinge with a single tooth in one valve, which
shuts into a deep cleft, between two slight
elevations in the other.

Mya nitens. Montagu Supp. p. 165. Wood's Conch.
p. 101.

Inhabits the Scottish coast near Dunbar. Montagu.

Length nearly a quarter, and breadth not quite three eighths of
an inch; colour pink, shaded to white at the shorter end,
and regularly marked with concentric strie; Mr. Montagu
says it bears some resemblance to Tellina lata, but besides
the dissimilarity in the hinge, it also differs in bemg more re-
gularly oval, and not attenuated at one end.

PRISMATICA. 16. Shell oblong, attenuated at one
end, and obsoletely striated concentrically ;
hinge with a somewhat spoon-shaped tooth.

Mya prismatica. Wood’s Conch. p. 101.

Ligula prismatica. Montagu Supp. p. 23. t. 26. f. 3.
Inhabits the coasts of Scotland and Devonshire. Montagu.
Shell three eighths of an inch long, and about twice as broad, —

white, thin, and glossy. The hinge is furnished with a ho-
rizontal tooth, having a subtriangular depression for the re-
ception of the cartilage, and a minute erect tooth in both
valves, besides another remote small lateral tooth i one of
the valves. The shell has an irridescent gloss, similar to that
of Tellina fausta, from which its trivial name is derived.

SUBSTRIATA. 17. Shell minute, sub-ovate, with
distant obsolete longitudinal striz.

Mya substriata. Wood’s Conch. p. 102.
Ligula substriata. Montagu Supp. p. 25.
Inhabits the coast of Devonshire among corallines in deep
water. Montagu.
Shell about one tenth of an inch in diameter, white, and sub-
pellucid. Hinge furnished with a slight projection inwards,
and margined so as to form a concavity.

48 MYA.

** Hinge callous without Teeth.

EDENTULA. 18. Shell oval striated, with equal
valves, forming a large hiatus; hinge without
teeth.

Mya edentula. Padlas Itin.ii. p. 700. Chemnits, vi. p. 35.
Gmelin, p. 3220. Wood's Conch. p. 96.

Inhabits the sandy shores of the Caspian Sea. -Padlas.

Sheil about an inch long, thin, white, somewhat grooved trans-
versely, and marked with about thirty-three striz on each
valve, which are more distant at the narrower than at the
broader end; the hinge has a thick reflected lip.

MEMBRANACEA. 19. Shell oval, membranaceous and
white; one side is extended so as to form a
beak, and has the margin reflected; hinge
toothless.

Mya membranacea. Olaffsen Isl. Res. ii. p. 1009. t. 11.
f. 10. Chemnitz, vi. p.6. Gmelin, p. 3222. Wood's
Conch. p. 98.
Inhabits the coast of Iceland. Olaffsen.
This shell is described to be oval, about the size of a bean, and
to have a plain hinge, without any appearance of teeth.

NORWEGICA. 20. Shell oval, closely striated longi-
tudinally, rounded at one end, and truncated
at the other, with the beaks decorticated.

Mya Norwegica. Chemnitz, x. p. 345. t. 170. f. 1647. and
1648. Gmelin, p. 3222. Wood’s Conch. p. 98. t. 18.
f.4 and 5.?

Mya nitida. Muller Zool. Dan. Prod. n. 2963. Gmelin,
p- 3222. Wood’s Conch. p. 103.?

Inhabits the coasts of Norway. Chemnitz.

Shell near an inch long, and an inch and three-quarters broad,
of a dirty white colour. Mr. Wood says the inside is pearly,
and that there is a triangular piece, resembling enamel in the
cavity of the hinge, which, unlike a regular tooth, does not
appear to be permanent.—Mr. Wood also says, that when
the shell is stripped of its epidermis, the longitudinal striz are
hardly visible, and in this state it answers tolerably well to

the Mya nitida of Muller.

é

MYA. 49

sizieuA. 21. Shell thick, strong, gaping at both
ends, and covered with a black epidermis ;
hinge without teeth.

Mya Siliqua. Spengler Cat. Rais. iil. p. 48. Chemnitz, xi.
p. 192. t. 198. f. 1934.

Mya picea. MWood’s Conch. p. 96. t. 22. f. 5.

Glycimeris incrassata. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 1206.

Found on the shores of North America and Newfoundland.—
Spengler.

Shell about an inch long, and nearly thrice as broad, covered
with a very black friable epidermis, and generally decorticated
about the hinge ; the inside is of a bluish white, and the ca-
vities of both valves are often more or less filled with a de-
position of extraneous testaceous matter ; neither of the ends
shut close, the hinge is callous, without teeth, and the car-
tilage external.

“et Hinge with Teeth inserted into the opposite
Valve.

BATAVA. 22. Shell sub-oval, rounded at both ends.

Mya Batava. Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. vii.
p- 37. Wood’s Conch. p. 103. t. 19. f.1 and 2.

Mya pictorum. Schroeter Fluss. p. 178. t. 5. f. 2.4. and 5.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 19. t. 1. f. 6. Donovan, v. t. 174.
Montagu Test. p. 36.

Mya ovalis. Solander’s MSS.

Unio. Enc. Method. t. 248. f. 3.

La Moule des Riviéres. Geoffry, p. 141. No. 2. t. 3.

Lister Conch. t. 146. f. 1.

Inhabits the Danube. Lister. Rivers in Germany. Schroeter.
Holland. Chemnitz. In the Kennet, near Newbury. Mon-
tagu.

Shell about an inch long, and an inch and three-quarters broad,
of an olive-green colour inclining to brown, aud the inside is
pearly. It differs from M. pictorum, with which it has been
confounded, in being more rounded, and nearly equally broad
at both ends. Both these species are used indiscriminately
by painters to hold their colours.

PICTORUM. 23. Shell ovate, with a crenated pri-
mary tooth, besides a long lateral tooth in
one valve, and two in the other.

VOL. I. EB

ny) MYA.

Mya pictorum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p..1112. Muller
Hist. Verm. p. 212. Pennant Sool. iv. p. 79. t. 45.
f. 17. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 228. t. 15. f. 4. Born.
Mus. p. 20. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 604. Gmelin, p. 3218.
Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 38. Dorset
Cat. p. 28. t. 12. f. 4. Wood’s Conch. p. 104. t.19. f.3
and 4.

Mya angustata, &c. Schroeter Fluss. p. 184. t. 3. f. 3. and
t. 4. f. 6.

Mya ovalis. Pudlteney’s Dorset. p. 27. Donovan, in. t. 89.
Montagu Test. p. 34.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 40. List. Anim. Ang. t. 2. f. 30. and
Conch. t. 147. f. 3. Petiver Gaz. t. 93. f.9. Enc.
Meth. t. 248. f. 4.

Common in the rivers of Europe.

Shell an inch and a half, or two inches, long, and from three
to four inches broad, of a dusky green colour, marked with
concentric wrinkles; it is more pointed on one side, and is
rather longer in proportion to the breadth than M. Batava,
which, as weil as M. ovata, has however been considered by
Muller to be only a variety of this species. | Solander’s de-
scription of M. pictorum appears from his MSS. in Sir Jo-
seph Banks’s library, to have been taken from the present, so
that the error has probably originated with Dr. Pulteney.

OVATA. 24. Shell ovate, thick, and narrower on the
anterior side.

Mya ovata. Donovan, iv. t. 122. f. 1 and 3. Maton and
Racket in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 39. Wood’s Conch. p. 105.
tO: fa (5,

Lister Anim. Ang. App. f. 6. Conch. t. 147. f. 2.

Variety. Shell depressed in the muddle,

Mya depressa. Donovan, ii. t. 101. and iv. t. 129. f. 2.

Inhabits the rivers of England. Laster, &c.

Shell about an inch and three-quarters long, and three inches
and a quarter broad, of a greenish brown colour, striated
concentrically, and sometimes marked with paler longitudi-
nal rays. It is thicker and more ponderous, but so nearly in
other respects approaches M. pictorum, that it has been con-
sidered to be only a variety by Muller, Solander, and Mon-
tagu. Donovan’s M. depressa has no claim to be consider-
ed a separate species, and Schroeter has described a shell,
which may probably be another variety; see Fluss. Conch.
p. 181. t. 9. f. 1. and Eimleitung, ii. p. 621. No. 18. where
in the former work it 1s said to be a native of Greenland, and
in the latter, of 'Tranquebar.

MYA. ol

RADIATA. 25. Shell ovate, pellucid, finely striated
transversely; valves very broad at one end,
and narrow at the other.

Mya radiata. Gmelin, p. 3220. Wood’s Conch. p. 109.
Mya, No.1. Schroeter Einl. i. p.614.

Mya pictorum tenuis. Chemnitz, vi. p. 23. t. 2. f. 7.
Unio. Enc. Method. t. 248. f. 5.

Inhabits the rivers of Malabar. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and two inches broad, and
resembles M. pictorum, but the valves are much broader at
one end, and more compressed and brittle; the colour is
green, regularly rayed longitudinally, and decorticated about
the beaks; the primary tooth of the hinge is crenated, and the
inside pearly. Lister, t. 152. f. 7. has been generally con-
sidered a variety of this species, but is too doubtful to be
thus retained, and the same figure is quoted in Solander’s
MSS. for a variety of Mytilus modiolus.

PONDEROSA. 26. Shell ovate, ponderous, narrow
before, and truncated towards the cartilage-
slope; beaks decorticated.

Mya ponderosa. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 143.
Lot 3170.
Mya crassa. Wood’s Conch. p. 106. t. 20. and t. 21.

Inhabits the rivers of China. Humphieys.

Shell about three and a half inches long, by six broad, and the
specimen which Mr, Wood has figured from Mr. Jennings’s
collection, weighs twenty-two ounces; it is covered with a
dark brown epidermis, longitudinally wrinkled in two differ-
ent directions; the primary tooth is very strong, and shuts
into a corresponding cavity in the opposite valve.

COMPLANATA. 27. Shell ovate compressed, with
the front margin straight, and obliquely trun-
cated towards the cartilage-slope. Hinge

with the primary teeth three-sided and striat-
ed.

Mya complanata, Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 100.
lot 2190.
Mytilus, No. 18. Schroeter Einleitung, ii. p. 458.
Lister Conch. t. 150. f. 5.
Inhabits rivers in Virginia. Lister. Maryland and New Jer-
sey. Solander. Mississippi. Humphreys.
E2

52 MYA.

Shell rather more than two inches long, and about three and a
half broad ; the substance is thick, the beaks decorticated,
and the inside of a rose colour. Gmelin, with a mark of
doubt, has cited Lister’s figure for a variety of Mytilus cyg-
neus, but it has obviously the hinge of a Mya.

NODULOSA. 28. Shell sub-oval, and studded with
tubercles ; hinge with a thick crenated tooth.

Mya nodulosa. Wood's Conch. p. 106. t. 22. f. 1 to 4,
Tohabits
This Shell varies in shape from roundish to oval, and in diame-

ter from one inch and a quarter to twice that size; it may
be readily known by the outer surface of its remarkably thick
valves being studded all over with broadish tubercles. The
teeth are said by Mr. Wood, who alone has described this
species, to be thick aud clumsy like those of M. ponderosa.

MARGARITIFERA. 29. Shell ovate, compressed on
the fore part; primary tooth of the hinge co-
nical, and the beaks decorticated.

Mya margaritifera. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1112. Muller
Verm. p. 210. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 80. t. 43. f. 18.
Schroeter Fluss. p. 168. t. 4. f. 1. Born. Mus. p. 21.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 15. t. 1. £.5. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 606.
Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 225. t. 15. f. 3. Gmelin,
p. 3219. Barbut. p. 18. t.2. f.2. Schreber’s Conch.
ii. p.3. Donovan, ii. t.73. Montagu Test. p. 33.
Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 40.

Unio. Enc. Method. t. 240. f. 5.

Lister Anim. Ang. t.1. f.1. Conch. t.149. f.4. Klein.
Ost. t. 10. f. 47. Knorr, iv. t. 25. f. 2. Favanne, t. 62.
f. B;

Inhabits rapid rivers, and mountainous torrents, in most parts
of the north of Europe. Britam, Lister, &c.

Shell sometimes two and a half inches long, and near six inches
broad; strong, ponderous, and coated with a thick black epi-
dermis; the shape is rather more oblong than ovate, and the
margin opposite the hinge is arcuated ; hinge strong, consist-
ing of a single tooth in one valve, which locks into a bifur-
dcate one on the other; the inside is pearly, and sometimes
produces pearls of a considerable size.

CORRUGATA. 380. Shell rhombic, green, and wrin-
kled at the beaks.

Mya corrugata. Muller Verm. ii. p. 214. Schroeter Fluss. —

MYA. O38

p- 181. t. 9. f. 3. Chemnitz, vi. p. $1. t. 3. f. 22. Gme-
lin, p. $221. Wood’s Conch. p. 108. t. 24. f. 1 to 3.
Mya, No.8. Schroeter Kinleitung, ii. p. 617.
Unio. Enc. Method. t. 248. f. 8.

Inhabits rivers in Coromandel. Muller. Tranquebar. Schroe-
ter.

Shell from eight to eleven lines long, and from eleven to sixteen
broad, of a grass-green colour, variously shaded with yellow,
and marked with elevated wrinkled striz about the hinge ; it
is thin, pellucid, and radiated in the inside ; the teeth resem-
ble those of M. pictorum. Muller appears to have consi-
dered the distance between the beak and the opposite mar-
gin to be the breadth of the shell, and has thus inverted the
usual mode of measuring bivalves. Gmelin has retained this
error in those species which he has copied from Muller, al-
though in most other instances he has followed the opposite
method, and has thus introduced a good deal of confusion
with regard to the dimensions of bivalves.

Schroeter, in the Fluss. Conch., has described a shell allied to
the present species under the name of Mya rhomboidea, but
I cannot find that it has been noticed by any other author, or
by himself in the Eimleitung, so that he probably afterwards
ascertained it to be undeserving of further attention.

RUGOSA. .31. Shel! oval, wrinkled; primary teeth of
the hinge crenulated ; lateral teeth long, and
in one valve double.

Mya rugosa. Gmelin, p. 3222. Wood’s Conch. p. 109.
Mya corrugata magna. Chemnitz, x. p. 346. t. 170.
f. 1649.

Variety. Smooth at the beaks.
Mya, No.9. Schroeter Einleitung, is. p. 617. t. 7. £5.
Mya spuria. Gmelin, p. 3222. Wood’s Conch. p. 110.

} Unio. Enc. Method. t. 249. f. 3.

Inhabits rivers in Coromandel. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch long, and rather more than an inch and a

half broad; it is greenish, and prettily wrinkled on the out-
side; the inside is pearly. Gunelin’s M. spuria is said by
Schroeter to inhabit the rivers of Tranquebar, and is most
probably a variety either of this or of the preceding species,
which are very nearly allied.

VARIABILIS, 32. Shell sub-rhomboidal, gibbous,
and longitudinally wrinkled at the beaks;

b4 MYA.

hinge with two teeth diverging at the apex,
and inserted into corresponding linear cavi-
ties.
Mya variabilis. Maton in Lin. Trans. x. p. 327. t. 24. f. 4
to 7. Wood’s Conch. p. 111.

Inhabits rivers in South America. Maton.

Shell about an inch long, and rather less in breadth, striated
transversely, and longitudinally wrinkled at the beaks; it is
coated with a brown epidermis, and the inside is pearly, with
a bluish tinge; the margin at the anterior end is somewhat
angular, and forms a strait line at the hinge ; young shells are
of a purple colour within, and have the prominent wrinkles
diverging from the apex nearly to the margin. ‘Dr. Maton
says this species varies extremely in its structure and contour,
according to its several stages of growth, so that if he had not
had opportunities of comparing those of intermediate ages
together, he should most probably have given them separate
places in the genus. When a similar opportunity occurs for
examining M. corrugata and M. rugosa, it will probably be
found that they also owe their difference of form solely to
difference of age.

NobOsA. 33. Shell oval, thin, with raised tubercles
about the beaks.

Mya nodosa. Chemnitz, x. p. 347. t. 170. f. 1650. Gine-
lin, p. 3222. Wood's Conch. p. 110.’
inhabits fresh waters. Chemnitz.
Shell near three-quarters of an inch long, and about twice as
broad, of a greenish colour; and smooth, except about the
beaks, which are surrounded by a few knotty protuberances.

SYRMATOPHORA. 34. Shell ovate, depressed ; hinge
with an awl-shaped projection on the margin
of the primary tooth, and that of the other
valve dilated.

Mya syrmatophora. Gronovius Zooph. p. 260. t. 18. f. 1
and 2. Schroeter Einl. uu. p.620. Gmelin, p. 3222.
Wood’s Conch. p. 110.

Inhabits rivers in Guinea. Gronovius.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and two inches
broad, and in its shape bears some resemblance to a young
shell of Mytilus margaritiferus, but the hinge is totally dif-
ferent.

5

cn

MYA.

SUBORBICULARIS. 35. Shell sub-orbicular, with a
single primary tooth in one valve, locking
into a double opposite one ; lateral teeth lami-
nated.

Mya suborbicularis. Montagu Test. p. 39. and p. 564. t. 26.
f.6. Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 41.
Wood's Conch. p. 111.

Inhabits the sea onthe coast of Devonshire, often burrowed in
lime stone. Montagu.

Shell rather more than three-eighths of an inch long, and half
an inch broad, covered with a brown glossy epidermis, and
faintly striated transversely ; it so much resembles V'e//ina
cornea, that it might be easily mistaken for a variety, except
attention is paid to the hinge; this also is a marine, whereas
the other is a fresh-water species, and the animals are totally
different.

INEQUIVALVIS. 36. Shell somewhat triangular, and
the valves very unequal.

Mya inequivalvis. Montagu Test. p. 38.t. 26. f.7. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 40. t. 1. f. 6.
Wood’s Conch. p. 113.

Corbula. Enc. Method. t. 230. f. 4.

Walker’s Min. Shells, t. 3. f. 85.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain, not uncommon.

The lower valve is about three-eighths of an inch long, and
half an inch broad, but the upper valve is much smaller as
well as flatter ;—it is a strong, thick, concentrically striated
shell, frequently covered with a brown epidermis, and when
closed, the margin of the under valve projects considerably
over the upper; the beaks are central, prominent, and stand
high above the hinge, which is furnished with one strong
somewhat recurved tooth, shutting into a notch in the oppo-
site valve.

LABIATA. 37. Shell sub-oval, with the valves shut-
ting very close, and the margin of one valve
projecting like a lip.

Mya labiata. Maton in Lin. Trans. x. p. 326. t. 24. f. 1
to 3. Wood’s Conch. p. 112.
Inhabits rivers in South America. Maton.
The specimens figured by Dr. Maton, appear about half an
inch long, and nearly twice as broad; shell nearly oval, but

o6 MYA.

rather drawn out on one side, strong, transversely striated,
and covered with a green epidermis; part of the margin of
one of the valves projects over the corresponding part of the
other, so as greatly to resemble a lip; the hinge has a solid
projecting tooth in one valve, which is somewhat spoon-
shaped, and fits into a triangular cavity in the opposite valve.

**** Hinge toothless, with a conical-rounded hollow
Jor the reception of the cartilage.

VULSELLA. 38. Shell tongue-shaped ; hinge termi-
nal, toothless, with a conical-rounded hollow
for the reception of the cartilage.

Mya vulsella. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1113. Born. Mus.
p. 22. Chemnitz, vi. p. 24. t.2. f.8 to 11. Schroeter
fiinl. ii. p. 609. Gmelin, p. 3219. Barbut Verm. p.
18.'t. 2.°f, 3.

Ostrea vulsella. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 25.
lot. 568. - ;

Vulsella lingulata. Lamarck Syst. des Animauz, p. 133.

Ostrea. Enc. Method. t. 178. f. 4 and 5.

Lister Conch. t. 1055.f. 10. Rumphius, t. 46. f. A. Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 19. f. 1. Gaulter, t.90. f. H. Knorr,
V sits Dette tO ioe

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Tranquebar.
Chemnitz.

Shell varying in length according to its age, from one and a
half to five inches, and the breadth is about one third, or
one fourth of the length ; the colour is pale yellowish brown,
with darker longitudinal stripes; the valves are rather flat,
gaping, and finely striated transversely. It has hardly any
better claim to be placed among the Ostree than the Myz,
and I have therefore retained it in the place which Linnzus
has assigned it; on the contrary, Mya perna belongs pro-
perly to the Mytili, and Linneus has himself expressed a
doubt in the Systema Nature, whether it should not be re-
moved to that Genus. .

57

Genus V.

SOLEN:

SHELL BIVALVE, OBLONG, OPEN AT BOTH ENDS 3
HINGE WITH AN AWL-SHAPED REFLECTED TOOTH,
OFTEN DOUBLE, AND NOT INSERTED IN THE OP-
POSITE VALVE; LATERAL MARGIN OBSOLETE.

oe

Subdivisions.t
* Shell linear.
** Shell ovate or oblong.

——ePeS

* Shell linear.

VAGINA. 1. Shell linear, ‘straight, margined at one

end; hinge with a single opposite tooth in
each valve.

Solen Vagina. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1113. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 83. t.46. f.21. Born Mus. p.24. Chem-
mitz, vi. p. 40. t. 4. f.26 and 27. Schroeter Einl. ii. p.
623. Gmelin, p. 3223. Montagu Test. p.48. Maton
and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 42. Dorset Cat. p.
28.t.4.f.8. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 126. Wood's
Conch. p. 119. t. 27. f. 1.

Solen marginatus. Pulteney Dorset Cat. p.28. Dono-
van, iv. t. 110.

Lister Conch. t. 410. f. 256, and t. 1056. f. 5.

Inhabits the Indian and European Seas. Linneus. Britain.
Pennant, &c.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and four inches

+ Gmelin’s Solen Macha is too obscure to be retained as a species,

08 SOLEN.

broad, sometimes larger, straight, cylindric, margined at one,
and somewhat truncated at both ends; colour orange-yellow,
or stained with brown by the mud, and marked with striz
which change their direction abruptly from transverse to.
longitudinal ; the hinge is placed at one end, and consists of
a single horizontal tooth in each valve, which lie by the side
of each other when closed.

TRUNCATUs. 2. Shell linear, straight, truncated at
one end ; hinge with a single opposite tooth
in each valve.

Solen truncata. Wood’s Conch. t. 26. f. 3 and 4.

Solen Ceylonensis. Leach Zool. Mag. i. p. 22. t. 7.

Gualter, t.95.f.D. Knorr, i. t.28. f.3. Chemnitz, vi.
t.4.f.28. Barbut Verm.t.2.f.4. Enc. Method. t.

Dees tele
Variety. Shorter, and somewhat tapering towards its rounded
end.

Rumphius, t.45.f.M. Gualter, t.95.f. E. Argenville,
t. 28. f.K. Favanne, t. 55. f. B. 1. Wood’s Conch.
toey ass 2:

Inhabits the American and Indian seas. Wood.

Mr. Wood and Dr. Leach have separated this species from
S. Vagina, with which it had been before confounded, and
which it greatly resembles ; there 1s not, however, the ves-
tige of a margin, and Mr. Wood says, it may be immediately
distinguished by its truncated end, which is so perfect that it
appears as if pared down by art, till the teeth are seen close
to the edge of the shell.

NOVACULA. 3. Shell linear, straight; hinge with a
single curved tooth in each valve, clasping
into each other.

Solen Novacula. Montagu Test, p.47. Maton and Rac-
ket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p.44. Wood's Conch. p. 119.

Inhabits the sandy shores of Carmarthenshire, near Laugharne.
Montagu. Swansea, but not common.

This shell in all other respects resembles S. Siliqua, from
which it differs, in having at the end of each valve only a
single blunt tooth, which are curved in opposite directions,
and hook into each other, and in the hinge beimg destitute
of lateral lamine.

sILIQUA. 4. Shell linear, straight; hinge with a
double tooth in one valve.

SOLEN. o9

Solen Siliqua. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1118. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 83. t. 45. f. 20. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p.
935. t.17. f.5. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 624. Gmelin,
p. 3223. Donovan, ii. t. 46. Montagy Test. p. 46.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vin. p. 43. Dorset
Cat. p. 28. t. 2. f. 5. Wood’s Conch. p. 118. t. 26. f.

y heand: 2.

Lister An. Ang. t. 5. f. 37. Conch. t. 409. f. 255. Plan-
cus, ti5.)£,6..' ‘Gaulter, t: 95..f. ©. Knorr, va. t..7.
fol. Enc. Meth. t. 229. f. 2.

Inhabits sand on the sea-shores of most parts of Europe. Bri-
tain. Pennant, &c.

Shell about an inch long, and eight inches broad, of a greenish
brown colour, striated transversely on one part, and the striz
turned longitudinally on another; hinge terminal, with a
single tooth, and a remote lateral lamina in one valve; in
the other valve two, besides a lateral inclined tooth, corres-
ponding with the opposite lamina. The figure which Chem-
nitz has given for this species, is much more like a full grown

shell of S. Ensis.

LINEARIS. 5. Shell linear, strait, cylindrical, and
very thin; hinge with a single tooth in each
valve.

Solen linearis. Chemnitz, xi. p. 198. t. 198. f. 1931 and
1932. Wood’s Conch. p. 121. t. 27. f. 3.

Inhabits the shores of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell varying from one quarter to one third of an inch in dia-
meter, aud in breadth from two inches to three inches and a
quarter. It is a very delicate shell of a pale violet colour,
and in the markings as well as the hinge, it resembles S.

Vagina.

* ENSIS. 6. Shell linear, somewhat curved; hinge
with a double tooth in each valve.

Solen Ensis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1114. Pennant Zool.
iv. p. 84. t. 45. f.22. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 237.
Born. Mus. p. 24. Chemnitz, vi. p. 46. t. 29 and 30.
Schroeter Hind. i. p. 626. t. 7. f.7. Gmelin, p. 3224.
Donovan, ii. t. 50. Montagu Test. p. 48. Maton and
Racket, in Lin Trans. viii. p. 44. Dorset Cat. p. 28.
t.4. f. 3. Wood’s Conch. p. 122. t. 22. f. 1 and 2.

Lister Anim. Ang. App. t. 2. £.9. Conch. t. 411. t. 257.
Argenville. t. 24.f. L. Favanne, t. 55. f. A. 3. Enc.
Method. t. 223. f. 2 and 3.

60 SOLEN.

Inhabits sand on the sea-coasts of Europe, frequent.

Shell when full grown, about three-quarters of an inch long,
and five inches broad, and in other respects much resembles
S. Vagina, but is always more or less arcuated. Young shells
which have been most commonly figured, are thin, brittle,
and prettily mottled with brown and green.

PELLUCIDUS. 7. Shell linear, pellucid, and some-
what curved ; hinge with a double tooth in
one valve.

Solen pellucidus. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 84. t. 46. f. 23.
Chemnitz, xi. p. 205. t. 198. f. 1940. Montagu Test.
p- 49 and 565. Donovan, v. t. 153. Maton and Rac-
ket, m Lin. Trans. viii. p. 44. Wood's Conch. p. 123. -
VES Bie

Inhabits the shores of Britain. Pennant, &c.

Shell about a quarter of an inch long, and one inch broad,
slightly arcuated, pellucid, brittle, and covered with a shining
epidermis of a pale greenish brown colour; the hinge is
placed near to one end, and furnished with a single tooth in
one valve locking into two in the opposite, with a lateral
process in each.

LEGUMEN. 8. Shell linear-ovate, straight; hinge
placed in the middle, with two teeth in each
valve, and one of them bifid.

Solen Legumen. Linnaus Syst. Nat. p.1114. Pennant,
iv. p. 84. t.46. f. 23. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 238.
Born. Mus. p. 25. t. 2. f. 1 and 2, Chemnitz, vi. p. 49.
t. 5. f. 32 to 34. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 627. Gmelin,
p- 3224. Donovan, ii. t. 53. Montagu Test. p. 50.
Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 45. Dorset
Cat. p. 29. t. 4. f. 4. Wood's Conch. p. 124. t. 28..f. 4
and 5.

Lister Conch. t. 420. f. 264. Plancus, t. 3. f. 5. Gualter,
t.91. f. A. Klein. Ost. t. 11. f. 66. Adanson, t. 19.
f. 3. Enc. Method. t. 225. f. 3.

Inhabits the shores of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, not
uncommon. Britain. Pennant, &c.

Shell about half or three-quarters of an inch long, and rather
more than four times as broad; thin, sub-pellucid, white,
but generally covered with a yellowish epidermis, and mark-
ed with fine concentric strie ;' the valves are narrower at one

SOLEN. 61

end than at the other; the hinge is placed near the middle,
and from it in the inside proceed two white ridges, one trans-
versely towards the narrow end, and the other ina more lon-
gitudinal direction.

CULTELLUS. 9. Shell lmear-oval, somewhat curved;
hinge with two teeth in one valve.

Solen Cultellus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1114. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 52. t. 5. f. 36 and 37. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 628.
Gmelin, p. 3224. Wood’s Conch. p. 125. t. 29. f. 2.

Rumphius, t.45. f. F. Petwer Amb. t. 17.f.13. Gual-
ter, t. 90. f. E. Favanne, t. 55. f.C. Enc. Method.
t. 293. £..4.

Inhabits the sandy shores of Amboyna. Rumphius. 'Tranque-
bar. Humphreys.

Shell about half or three-quarters of an inch long, and nearly
four times as broad; thin, brittle, whitish with tawny spots,
but often covered with a brown epidermis, and marked with
fine concentric striz ; it is always slightly arcuated, and the
hinge consists of two teeth in one valve, and one in the
other.

** Shell ovate or oblong.

GIGAS. 10. Shell linear-oval, sub-diaphanous, and
rounded at both ends; a longitudinal rib
within extends from the hinge to the margin.

Solen maximus. Wood’s Conch. p. 129. t. 31. f. 3.
Inhabits
Shell two inches Jong, and near five broad, and is thus de-

scribed by Mr. Wood: “ flat, white, covered with a yellowish

epidermis, striated concentrically, and very glossy. From
the hinge, which has two teeth in one valve, and one in the
other, there runs a strong rib which spreads as it proceeds
across the shell, and is lost near the margin; the upper part
of the muscular depression is ridged from the teeth towards
the end of the shell.” To avoid confusion it has appeared
necessary, that the name of the present species should be
changed, as maximus had been before given by Gmelin, to

S. magnus, and which Mr. Wood has altered because this

is a still larger shell.

MAGNUS. 11. Shell linear, oval, sub-diaphanous,

62 SOLEN.

and straight; hinge lateral, with two teeth,
not shutting into each other, and furnished
with a rib.

Solen magnus. Wood’s Conch. p. 130.

Solen maximus. Gmelin, p. 3227.

Chemnitz, vi. p. 51. t. 5. f. 35. Enc. Meth. t. 223. f. 5.

Inhabits the shores of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and a quarter long, and four inches broad; thin,
pellucid, white when stripped of its yellowish epidermis,
and striated concentrically. Chemnitz says, that a rib pro-
ceeds in the inside from the hinge, though from the terms
which he uses in describing it, it is difficult to ascertain its
direction, and in this, as well as all other respects, the species
appears to be very nearly allied to the foregoing.

MINIMUS. 12. Shell linear-oval, straight; hinge
jJateral, with two teeth, of which one is bifid,
and furnished with a longitudinal rib.

Solen minimus. Gmelin, p. 3227. Wood's Conch. p. 131.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 48. t. 5. f. 31.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.

Shell half an inch long, and one inch and a quarter broad, and
in form and colour resembles S$. magnus ; Chemnitz says,
there is in the mside a rib running longitudinally from the
hinge to the margin, and [ much doubt whether it is more
than a young shell of either S. Gigas, or S. magnus.

GUINEENSIS. 13. Shell oblong-oval, ventricose, sub-
pellucid, and the inside furnished with a lon-
gitudinal rib.

Solen Guineensis. Chemnitz, xi. p. 202. t. 198. f. 1937.
Wood’s Conch. p. 129.
Inhabits the coast of Tare Chemnitz.
Shell rather more than an inch long, and near three Bahes
broad ; white, with the margin by the hinge thickened, and
the inside furnished with a strong longitudinal rib.

INFLEXUS. 14. Shell ovate-oblong, with the margin
somewhat inflected ; hinge With two teeth in
one valve, and a prominent longitudinal rib.

Solen inflexus. Wood’s Conch. p. 131. t. 32. f. 1 and 2.
Inhabits
Shell about an inch long, and three inches broad, whitish, but

SOLEN. 635

covered with an orange-brown epidermis, and finely striated
concentrically ; the margin is inflected, and the valves, when
closed, touch only at the inflected part and the hinge; the
hinge has two teeth in one valve, and one in the other, and
there is a prominent well defined rib, extending somewhat
obliquely towards the margin.

pipHos. 15. Shell oval, smooth, and inflected
towards one end; umbones prominent.

Solen Diphos. Linnaeus Mantissa, p.544. Chemnitz, vi.
p. 68. t. 7. f. 53 and 54. and xi. p. 200. t. 198. f. 1933.
Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 634. Gmelin, p. 3226. Wood’s
Conch. p.,133..¢.'32. t..3.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Linnaeus. China. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and a half, or two inches long, and often nearly
twice as broad, but the anterior end, whose margin is in-
flected, is more extended in some specimens than in others ;
when stripped of its green epidermis, the colour is pale
violet, with numerous darker diverging rays, and there are
also sometimes two similar white rays spreading obliquely
from the hinge towards the anterior margin; the hinge has

_ two teeth in one valve, and one in the other, and the whole
inside is of a violet colour.

RADIATUS. 16. Shell oval, straight and smooth;
hinge with two teeth in each valve, and a
strong white longitudinal rib.

Solen radiatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1114. Born. Mus.
p. 26. Chemnitz, vi. p. 54. t. 5. f. 38 to 40. Schroeter
Einl. ii. p. 629. Gmelin, p. 3225. Barbut Verm. p. 22.
#2) f.'6. ° Wood's Conch. p. 128. t. $1. f. 1 and 2.

Lister Conch, t. 422. f. 266. Rumphius Mus. t. 45. f. E.
Petiwer Amb.t.21.f. 16. Gualter, t. 91. f. B. Argen-
ville, t.22. f. P. ‘Knorr, 1. t. 6. £.5. Favanne, t.49. f.
C. Enc. Meth. t. 225. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Java. Solander.
China. Humphreys.

Shell about an inch, or an inch and a quarter long, and thrice
as broad; thin, brittle, striated concentrically, and when
stripped of its green epidermis, appears both within and
without of a delicate violet colour, with from two to four
white longitudinal rays, which become broader towards the
margin; the hinge has two teeth in each valve, and has a
strong white depressed rib extending somewhat obliquely
along the inside of the shell.

64 SOLEN.

STRIGILATUS. 17. Sheli oval, with oblique as well
as concentrical striae, except at one end.

Solen strigilatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1115. Born.
Mus. p. 27. Chemnitz, vi. p. 57. t. 6. f. 41 to 44.
Schroeter Einl. u. p. 629. Gmelin, p. 3225. Wood's
Conch. p. 127. t. 30. f. 1.

Solen Sancte Marthe. Chemnitz, xi. p. 203. t. 198. f.
1958.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 77. and Kirch, f. 76. Lister Conch.
t. 416. f. 260. Gualter, t. 91. f. C. Knorr. vi. t. 5.
f.4. Adanson Senegal. t. 19. f.2. Enc. Method. t. 224.
Bee

Inhabits the coasts of Sicily. Bonanni. Portugal. Chemnitz.
South Seas. Humphreys. Naples. Ulysses.

Shell about an inch, or sometimes an inch and a half long,
and rather more than twice as broad ; strong, ventricose, and
rather more rounded at one end than at the other; it is
generally of a pale rose colour, with two obsolete longitu-
dinal white rays; or sometimes wholly white, or tinged with
brown: the hinge has two teeth in one valve, and one in the
other. Solen Sancta Marthe of Chemnitz, appears to be
a variety differmg only in being smaller, and in having the
margin tinged with greenish brown.

coARCTATUS. 18. Shell oval-oblong, with a slight
longitudinal depression in the middle, and
rounded at both ends.

Solen coarctatus. Gmelin, p. 3227.

Solen cultellus. Pennant, iv. p. 85. t. 46. f. 25.

Solen anatinus. Schroeter Fluss. p. 185. t. 9. f. 17.

Solen antiquatus. Solander’s MSS. Montagu Test. p. 52.
Donovan. iv. t. 114. Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans.
viii. p. 46. Dorset. Cat. p. 29. Wood’s Conch. p. 125. t.

- SOO. 3.

Solen, No. 3. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 625.

Chama-Solen. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 238.

Adanson Senegal. t. 19. f. 3. Chemnitz, vi. t. 6. f. 45.

Inhabits the shores of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. Bri-
tain, rare. Montagu, &c.

Shell about an inch long, and twice as broad, of a dirty white
colour, covered with a yellowish brown epidermis, and
strongly striated concentrically ; a slight depression Grosses
the middle of the shell longitudinally from the hinge to the

SOLEN. 65

margin, and becomes broader as it approaches the latter.
The teeth are said to be deciduous, and to vary in number ;
in a specimen now before me, there are two equally strong
teeth in one valve, and two, of which one jis thicker, in the
other valve, and they all lock in together.

FRAGILIS. 19. Shell linear-oval, nearly smooth,
and marked with a brown longitudinal stripe
in the middle.

Solen fragilis. ‘Solander’s MSS. Pulteney, Dorset Cat.
p.28.t. 4. f.5. Montagu Test. p. 51. and Supp. p. 26.
Wood’s Conch. t. 29. f. 4 and 5.

Solen bidens. Chemnitz, xi. p. 203. t. 198. f. 1939.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain, Pulteney, &c. very rare. Nico-
bar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about half an inch long, and thrice as broad; white,
pellucid, brittle, nearly smooth, and covered with a yellow-
ish epidermis; in the specimen now before me, there is a
reddish brown stripe, becoming broader and fainter as it
recedes from the hinge, and extending longitudinally about
half way to the margin; the hinge has two teeth in one
valve, and one in the other.

ANATINUS. 20. Shell membraneous, gibbous, with
a short longitudinal suture at the apex;
hinge with a spoon-shaped tooth, and a crook-
ed rib.

Solen anatinus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1115. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 62. t. 6. f. 46 to 48. Schroeter Einl. u. p. 631.
Gmelin, p. 3225. Wood’s Conch. p. 128. t. 30. f. 2 to 4.

Solen Spengleri. Gmelin, p. 3228. Wood’s Conch. p. 137.

Solen, No. 11. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 638.

Mya anserifera. Spengler Cat. Rais. t. 1.f.8 and 9. Chem-
nitz, xi. p. 193. Vign. 26. at p. 189. f. A and B.

Rumphius, t.45.f.O. Petiver Amb. t.17. f. 11. Ar-
genville, t.22. f. R. Born. Mus. Vign. at p. 23. f. b.
Enc. Method. t. 228. f. 3.

Inhabits the sandy shores of Amboyna. Rumphius. China,

Tranquebar, and Coromandel. IZwmphreys. |

Shell generally about an inch and a quarter long, and two inches
broad; pellucid, white, very thin; and one end, which gapes
much more than the other, bears a fancied resemblance to
the bill of a duck. Linnzus describes it to be hairy, and the
epidermis in some stages may probably be so; the hinge has

VOL. I. F

66 SOLEN.

a curved rib, and a spoon-shaped tooth in each valve; a de-
licate suture extends a little way longitudinally from the apex,
which Mr. Wood says often cracks. Gmelin’s description of
his Solen Spengleri appears to have been partly taken from
Spengler’s badly executed figure of Mya anserifera; and
from the description which Chemnitz has given of the speci-
men in Spengler’s Museum, it appears to me to be at most
only a slight variety of this species. .

ROSEUS. 21. Shell ovate-oblong, smooth, flesh-co-
loured ; hinge with a somewhat bifid tooth in-
serted into a cavity in the opposite valve.

Solen roseus. Gmelin, p. 3227. Wood’s Conch. p. 133.
Solen, No. 4. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 624.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 69. t. 7. f. 55.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch long and twice as broad ; it is covered with
a green epidermis, and when this is removed, appears of a
pale rose colour on the out as well as inside ; it is said to re-
semble a Tellen, except in beiug open at both ends, and the
hinge is described with a somewhat bifid tooth, inserted into
a cavity in the opposite valve.

STRIATUS. 22. Shell oval, diaphanous, very brittle,
and finely striated transversely ; hinge with a
single tooth.

Solen striatus. Gmelin, p. 3227. Wood’s Conch. p. 134.
Solen, No.6. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 636.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 71. t.7. £57 and 58. |

Inhabits the shores of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about five-eighths of an inch long, and thirteen lines
broad, rose-coloured on both sides, with white rays diverg-
ing from the hinge to the margin.

CASTRENSIS, 23. Shell oval, pellucid, very smooth,
and marked with triangular characters ; um-
bones prominent ; hinge with a single tooth.

Solen castrensis. Chemnitz, xi. p. 201. t. 198. f. 1935 and
1936. Wood’s Conch. p. 134.
Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnits.
Shell about ten lines long, and an inch and a quarter broad,
white, and singularly marked with short broken zic-zac pur-

SOLEN. 67

ple lines, resembling Chinese characters, which appear,
though more faintly, on the inner as well as outer surface.

BIRADIATUS. 24. Shell oval, with two white rays
on the anterior side; hinge with two bifid
teeth in each valve.

Solen biradiata. Wood’s Conch. p. 135. t. 33. f. 1.
Inhabits
Shell about an inch and a half long, and near two inches and a

half broad, of a dull purple colour tinged with brown, and
marked with two oblique white rays from the hinge to the
anterior margin. Mr. Wood says, that when recent, it is
covered with a strong green epidermis, and that the inside in
young specimens is nearly white, but in full-grown shells, ex-
cepting the muscular depressions, it 1s orange-coloured.

SANGUINOLENTUS. 25. Shell sub-oval, slightly pro-
duced and angulated before; hinge with two
teeth in each valve.

Solen sanguinolentus. Gmelin, p. 3227. Wood’s Conch.
p- 136. t. 33. f. 4 and 5. Brooks’s Introd. p. 161. t. 2
f. 14.

Solen, No. 5. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 636.

Sanguinolaria rosea. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 125.

Tellina rosea. Mus. Gevers. p. 460. No. 1765. Gmelin,
p- 3238. Wood's Conch. p. 175.

Tellina albida. Born. Mus. p. 32.

Tellina hians. Solander’s MSS.

Lister Conch. t. 397. f. 236. Knorr, iv. t. 3. f. 4. and v.
t. 9. f.3. Chemnitz, vi. t. 7. f. 56. Enc. Method.
ti2e7. 1.

Inhabits the coast of Jamaica. Lister. Other West-India
Islands. Wood.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and near two inches
broad, somewhat gibbous, slightly striated concentrically,
and there are also some still slighter indications of longitudi-
nal strize and rays; the posterior side is rounded, and the an-
terior, which gapes more than the other, though neither of
them much, is somewhat produced and angulated at the ex-
tremity ; itis ofa rose colour, generally becoming whiter to-
wards the margin. Born erroneously considered this to be
the Linnean Tellina albida, and they probably have an equal
claim to be placed among the Tellens. Kuorr, v. t. 9. f. 3.
which is Tellina rosea of Gmelin, as well as iv. t.3. f. 4. has

F2

68 ' SOLEN.

been considered by Born to belong to this species, and it
may be doubted whether iv. t. 3. f. 8. from which Venus cos-
tata of Gmelin has been constituted, is more than a variety
of the same.

OCCIDENS. 26. Shell ovate-oblong, slightly striated
c concentrically, and partially rayed and spot-
ted with red and white; hinge with two teeth
in each valve.

Solen occidens. Chemnitz, vi. p. 74. t. 7. f. 61. Gmelin,
p. 3228. Wood's Conch. p. 137.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar, Ceylon, and Nicobar Islands.
Chemnitz.

Shell two inches and a quarter long, and two inches broad,
with one end rounded, and the other slightly truncated ; it is
partially spotted, and rayed longitudinally with red and white
from the hinge to the margin.

AMETHYSTUS. 27. Shell oblong-oval, compressed,
transversely striated, and longitudinally ray-
ed; hinge with two teeth in each valve.

Solen Amethystus. Wood’s Conch. p. 138. t. 34. f. 1.
Knorr, vi. t. 12. f. 2. Chemnitz, vi. t. 10. f. 93.

Inhabits India. Wood.

Shell an inch and a quarter Jong, and twice as broad, with one
end rounded, and the other slightly truncated; the concen-
tric striz on the rounded end are distant, and in the middle
are interlined ; colour dull purple, with darker rays, and the
inside is purple; hinge with a notched tooth in one valve,
and two in the other, which lock. together, and there are no
lateral teeth. Mr. Wood has separated this species from
Tellina Gari, with which Gmelin has followed Chemnitz
in confounding it, and which differs in being striated ob-
liquely, as well as transversely. The valves shut close only
in the middle, and gape a hittle at both ends.

VARIEGATUS. 28. Shell oblong-oval, truncated at
the anterior end; hinge with two teeth in one
valve, and one in the other.

Solen variegatus. Wood’s Conch. p. 139. t. 34. f. 2 to 4.
Inhabits —
Shell about half an inch long, and twice as broad, thin, pellu-
cid, and gaping at the truncated end; the colour is orange,

SOLEN. 69

with purple rays, which pass from the hinge more than half
way towards the margin, and then turn forwards to cover the
truncated end; at the rounded posterior end, the purple rays
are much narrower.

BULLATUS. 29. Shell roundish-ovate, inflated, longi-
tudinally grooved, gaping, and muricated at
wreseixs~ - the anterior margill.

Solen bullatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1115. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 65. t. 6. f. 49 and 50. Schroeter inl. i. p. 632.
Gmelin, p. 3226.

Cardium hiatus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers, p. 442. No.
1634.

Cardium solemforme. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 235.
Wood's Conch. p. 233. t. 56. f. 3.

Lister Conch. t. 342. f. 179. Gualter, t. 85. f. H. Enc.
Meth. t. 206. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. St. Domingo, and
Martinique. Bruguiere. 'Tranquebar. Humphreys.

Shell commonly about an inch long, and an inch and a quarter
broad, slightly produced, and gaping at the anterior end, to-
wards which the longitudinal ribs become rather larger ; the
colour is white, irregularly spotted with purple ; the whole.
margin is slightly, and at the anterior end strongly serrated ;
the hinge has only a single tooth at the beak of each valve,
and a remote lateral one on each side, so that it does not ac-
cord either with Cardium or Solen, and its gaping end gives
it a stronger claim to be placed in the latter genus. Car-
dium apertum, though it also gapes considerably, is said to
have two central teeth in its hinge.

- minutus. 30. Shell sub-oval, with two rows of
concave spines on each valve.

Solen minutus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1115. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 67. t. 6. f. 51 and 52. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 632.
Gmelin, p. 3226. Montagu Test. p. 53. t. 1. f. 4. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans, viii. p. 47. Wood's
Conch. p. 139. t. 34. f. 2 to 4.

Myaarctica. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1113. Muller Zool.
Dan. Prod. p. 245. Fabricius Faun. Grenl. p. 4637.

__ Gmelin, p. 3220. Wood’s Conch. p. 95.

: Venus arctica. Solander’s MSS.
Cardita arctica. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 411.
Lister Conch. t. 426. t. 267. Enc. Meth. t. 234. f. 4.

70 SOLEN.

Inhabits the coasts of England. Lister, &c. Norway. Lin-
neus, Denmark. Muller. Greenland. Fabricius.

Shell a quarter, or sometimes near half an inch long, and almost
twice as broad, of an oval-oblong, or somewhat rhombic
shape ; white, opake, brittle, and wrinkled transversely ; each
valve has two rows of spines which run from the apex to
the anterior margin ; the valves are dissimilar, and one over-
laps the other, except at the end which is most truncated.
Fabricius and Bruguiere have supposed the Solen minutus,
and Mya arctica of Linneus to be the same, and the de-

scriptions are so very similar that it does not appear to me at
all doubtful.

viRENS. 31. Shell ovate-oblong, with the umbones
tumid.

Solen virens. Linnaeus Syst. Naf. p.1115. Gmelin, p.
3226. Wood’s Conch. p. 132.

Inhabits Java. Linneus.

No subsequent author appears to have ascertained this species,
and the following is the description given by Linneus:
“¢ Shell with the valves unequal, and the umbones gibbous,
white, with a greenish outside, very brittle, diaphanous, in
shape resembling Mya pictorum, and hardly closed at either
extremity; the hinge has two approximated teeth in one
valve, but none in the other, and in each valve there is be-
sides, a callus like an obsolete tooth.”

sauAmMosus. 32. Shell sub-orbicular, and minutely
punctured ; hinge with two bifid teeth diverg-
ing from the umbo.

Solen squamosus. Montagu Test. p. 565. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 48. Wood’s Conch. p.
140.

Found on the coast of Devonshire. Montagu.

The following is the description which Mr. Montagu has given
of this extraordinary shell: “ S. with an extremely flat, pel-
lucid, white shell, of a sub-orbicular shape ; most minutely,
and elegantly punctured all over, appearing under a common
pocket lens, like fine shagreen; besides which, there are a
few obscure, concentric wrinkles, most conspicuous round
the margin: umbo very small, pointed, central, and not
turning to either side. Inside smooth, glossy white, with
obscure strie radiating from the hinge; margin plain, and
rather more opake than the rest of the shell: teeth two,

SOLEN. 71

double, diverging on each side the umbo; these are thin,
but stand erect, considerably above the commissure ; a de-
pression, or furrow, on the margin, divides each tooth into
two lamine almost to the beak, where they are united and
form an acute angle. One valve of this curious shell has
as yet only come under inspection; we found it in sand
from Salcomb Bay: it was recent, and as clear and pellu-
cid as the Bulla aperta; being very flat, has the appear-
ance of a scale of a fish. Length three-eighths of an inch ;
breadth half an inch.”

“I
)

Genus VI.

TELLINA:

SHELL BIVALVE, GENERALLY SLOPING, OR SOME-
WHAT CURVED ON ONE SIDE; HINGE WITH THREE
PRIMARY TEETH, AND THE LATERAL TEETH IN
ONE OF THE VALVES OBSOLETE.

—_——_.

Subdivisions.

« ™ Shells ovate, and thickish.
** Shells ovate, and compressed.
*** Shells sub-orbicular.

* Shells ovate, and thickish.

GARGADIA. 1. Shell roundish, compressed, wrinkled
on the anterior side, and toothed on the slope.

Tellina Gargadia. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1116. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 83. t. 8. f. 63 and 64. Schroeter Ennl. ii. p. 641.
Gmelin, p. 3228. Wood's Conch. p. 144.

Cardium Gargadia. Mus. Gevers, p. 340. No. 1616.

Rumphius Mus, t. 42. f. N. Petiver Amb. t. 18. f. 12.
Klein. Ost. t. 10. f. 55.

t The following of Gmelin’s species are too obscure to be retained. Tellina
aspera, p. 3237, T. albicans, p. 3238. T. alata, p. 3238. T. candidissima, p.
3231. T. fasciata, p. 3238. T. Gallica, p. 3244. T. Jamaicensis, p. 3237. T.
Iberica, p. 3243. T. inequilatera, p. 3231. T. Knorrii, p. 3231. T. lata, p.
3237. T. pectinata, p. 3236. T. purpurea, p. 3243. T. sinuosa, p. 3243, T.
iriangularis, p. 3237. Ihave also omitted T. maculata of Lin Trans. viii. p. 48.
which is a very obscure species, and T. crystallina of Chemnitz, xi. p. 210. of
which only a single valve has been discovered.

TELLINA. 73

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Nicobar Islands.
Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and an inch and a half
broad ; roundish, slightly inflected on the anterior side, and
transversely wrinkled towards the margin; the edge of the
slope is set on each side with about seven erect bluntish
teeth, and the inside is yellowish.

ruGcosA. 2. Shell sub-ovate, with transverse un-
dulated membranaceous wrinkles.

Tellina rugosa. Born. Mus. p. 29. t. 2. f.3 and 4. Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 81. t. 8. f. 62. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 1.
Gmelin, p. 3230. Wood’s Conch. p. 148. t. 41. f. 1
and 2.

Favanne, t. 49. f. Q. Enc. Meth. t. 290. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of Otaheite, and the West Indian Seas.
Solander. China. Humphreys.

Shell from an inch to an inch and a half long, and about one
third more in breadth, white, and marked all over with ele-
vated membranaceous undulated wrinkles, which Mr. Wood
says, are most conspicuous in the smaller specimens; the
hinge has two teeth at each hinge, with a cleft tooth in one
valve, and strong lateral teeth in the other.

LINGUA-FELIS. 3. Shell sub-ovate, rough, covered
with lunated scales, disposed in a quincunx
order.

Tellina lingua-felis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1116. Born,
Mus. p. 29. Chemnitz, vi. p. 84. t. 8. f. 65. Schroeter
inl. ii. p. 641. Gmelin, p. 3229. Wood's Conch. p.
144. t. 40. f. 2 and 3.

Rumphius, t.45.f. G. Petiver Amb. t. 17. f. 16. Gual-
ter, t. 76. f. B. Kein. Ost. t. 11. f. 62. Knorr, ii. t.
2.f.1. Favanne, t. 49. f.Q. Martyn’s Univ. Conch.
iv. t. 138. Enc. Method. t. 289. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Islands of Fre-
derick and Nicobar. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and an inch and three
quarters broad ; somewhat angulated at the anterior end, and
covered with pointed somewhat arched erect scales ; it is
white, with pale pink rays, and the umbones are of a fine
pink colour,

74 TELLINA.

MARGINALIS. 4. Shell ovate-roundish, angulated
at the anterior end, and striated transversely ;
hinge sub-central.

Tellina marginalis. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
137. lot 3049.

Tellina virgata, Var. Chemnitz, vi. p. 88. t. 8. f. 66 and
68. Wood’s Conch. p. 145. t. 36. f. 2.?

Tellina virgata. Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3229.

Lister Conch, t. 387. f. 234. Gualter, t.89.f. E. Enc.
Meth. t. 288. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of China. Humphreys.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and two inches and
three quarters broad, and differs from T’. virgata, of which
it has been considered a Variety, in being so considerably
longer in proportion to its breadth ; the concentric striz are
generally less prominent, and the hinge is rather nearer the
anterior than the posterior end; the colour is white, or
whitish with rose-coloured rays. Mr. Wood's fig. 2, and
Chemnitz’s fig. 66. are smaller, and probably represent
young shells,

vIRGATA. 5. Shell ovate-oblong, somewhat beaked
and angulated at the anterior end, and rough
with transverse striz ; hinge central.

Tellina virgata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1116. Born. Mus,
p- 30. Chemnitz, vi. p. 86. t. 8. f. 67 and 72. Schroe~
ter Ennl. i. p. 642. Gmelin, p. 3229. Wood’s Conch.
p. 145. t. 35. f. 2 and 3.

Rumphius, t. 45. f. H. Petiver Amb. t. 17. f. 19. Gual-
ter, t. 86. f. G. Argenville, t. 29. f.G. Knorr, ii. t.
21. f. 4. Favanne, t. 49. f. F.2,and F.3. Enc. Method.
288. £2:

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius: Ceylon. Statius
Muller. Bay of Naples. Ulysses? Moluccas. Hum-

hreys.

Shell Bike more than an inch and a half long, and two inches
and a quarter broad; flattish and rough, with concentrical acute
striz ; the colour is yellow, with paler transverse belts, and
rose-coloured rays diverging from the apex ; the hinge has
two teeth in one valve, with a cleft tooth in the other, and
the lateral teeth are very prominent. Chemnitz, f. 72. is
smaller, and is quoted by Ulysses for a shell which he found
on the coast of Naples.

TELLINA. 75

INTERRUPTA. 6. Shell ovate-oblong, beaked, angu-
lated, and bent in at the anterior end, and
rough with transverse strie ; hinge central.

Tellina interrupta. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p,
47. No. 861. Wood’s Conch. p. 146. t. 36. f. 3.
Tellina radiata. Meuschen Mus. Gevers, p. 460. No. 1753.
Tellina virgata. Var. Chemnitz, vi. p. 89. t. 8. f. 73.
Lister Conch. t. 399. f. 238. Favanne, t. 49. f. F. 1.
Enc. Meth. t. 288. f. 7.
Inhabits the Shores of the West India Islands. Chemnitz.
Shell about an inch and a half long, and twice as broad, and
has the anterior end more produced, angulated, and inflected
than T. virgata, from which, as well as from T. marginalis,
it may be at once known by its much greater breadth; it
differs also in colour, which is whitish, with tawny, or pale
reddish brown dotted rays.

ANGULATA. 7. Shell somewhat ovate, slightly
striated transversely, and bent and angulated
at the anterior end; hinge without lateral
teeth.

Tellina angulata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1116. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 89. t. 9. f. 74 and 75. Schroeter Einl. u. p. 643. t.
7.f.8. Gmelin, p. 3229. Wood’s Conch. p. 146. t. 43. f. 1.

Lister Conch. t. 406. f.252. Enc. Method. t. 290. f. 3.

Inhabits Java. Linneus. Coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.
Shores of the Mediterranean at Tarentum. Ulysses.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and rather less than two
inches broad, somewhat inflated, white, without any coloured
markings ; the anterior end is slightly bent and inflected, and
the other has an abrupt slope ; the inside is white, and the
lateral teeth are wanting.

INFLATA. 8. Shell roundish, gibbous, with distant
transverse ridges, and fine longitudinal striz ;
lateral teeth remote.

Tellina inflata. Chemnitz, vi. p.Q1. t. 9. f..76. Gmelin,
p- 3230.. Wood’s Conch. p. 149.
Tellina, No.2. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 2.
Inhabits
Shell about an inch and a half long, and two inches broad,
white, without any coloured markings, and has the anterior
end only slightly produced, and not bent or angulated ; there

76 TELLINA.

are a few distant slightly elevated transverse ridges or striz,
and the longitudinal striz are very fine ; the hinge has a bifid
tooth in one valve, aud remote lateral teeth.

'

POLYGONA. 9. Shell ovate, sub-ventricose, longi-
tudinally as well as transversely striated, and
longitudinally sinuous at the anterior end.

Tellina polygona. Chemnitz, vi. p. 91. t. 9. £.77. Ulysses’
Travels, p.478. Museum Leskeanum, p. 156.

Tellina multangula. Gmelin, p. 3230. Wood's Conch. p.
150.

Tellina, No. 3. Schroeter Einl. in. p. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz. Naples.
Ulysses.

Shell an inch and a half long, and near two inches and a half
broad, of an uniform whitish ash colour, thickly striated trans-
versely, and crossed longitudinally with finer striae, which make
it rough to the touch ; the hinge is said to have a single primary
cleft tooth in one valve, and two im the other. 'edlina po-
lygona of Gmelin, is I’. Guinaica of Chemnitz.

LACUNOSA. 10. Shell ovate, thin, ventricose, and
longitudinally sinuous near the middle;
hinge without lateral, but with two primary
teeth.

Tellina lacunosa. Chemnitz, vi. p. 92. t. 9. f. 78.
Tellina papyracea. Gmelin, p. 3231. Wood's Conch. p.
150.
Tellina, No. 4. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 2.
~ Enc. Method. t. 290. f. 14.
Inhabits the coast of Guinea. Chemnitz. |
Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and an inch and three
quarters broad ; brittle, thin, white, rounded at one end, and
somewhat truncated avd wrinkled at the other; between the
middle and the anterior end are two sub-angulated broad
longitudinal plaits or flexures. Gmelin has very unnecessa-
rily changed the name of dacunosa to papyracea.

GIBBOSA. 11. Shell sub-triangular, ventricose, finely
striated transversely and sinuous towards
both ends ; hinge with strong lateral teeth.

Tellina gibbosa. Gmelin, p. 3231. Wood’s Conch. p. 15}.

Tellina, No. 62. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 18.
Gaulter, t. 77. f. Q.

TELLINA. 77

Inhabits ——

No author has described this species besides Gualter, who
says it is of a greenish white colour, and from his figures it
appears to be nine lines long, and ten broad.

GARI. 12. Shell oval, with transverse striz decus-
sated in the middle, and the lateral teeth
obsolete.

Tellina Gari. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 147. Chemnitz, vi.
p. 100. t. 10. f. 92. Schroeter Einl. un. p. 644. t. 7. f.
9. Gmelin, p. $229. Wood’s Conch. p. 47.
Rumphius, t. 45. f. D. Petiver Amb. t. 17. f. 15.
Variety. Shell rough with diverging striae.
Tellina, No. 10. Schroeter Einl. in. p. 5.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 102. t. 10. f. 94.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. The Molucca
Islands. Chemnitz. China. Humphreys.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and more than
twice as bruad; it is a little inflected at the anterior end,
and has transverse wrinkles crossed in the middle by perpen-
dicular, or rather oblique striz ; the colour varies consider-
ably, but is generally pale grey or whitish, either with or
without brown, red, or bluish rays; the hinge is not quite
central, but is rather nearer the posterior than the anterior end.

FERROENSIS. 13. Shell ovate-oblong, compressed,
and finely striated transversely ; hinge with-
out lateral teeth.

Tellina Ferrdensis. Chemnitz, vi. p. 99. t. 10. f. 91.

Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 49. Dorset
. Cat. p. 29. t. 6. f..1.. Wood’s Conch. p. 164. fF 1.

Tellina fervensis. Gmelin, p. 3255. Montagu Test. p. 55.

Tellina incarnata. Pennant, iv. p. 88. t. 47. f. 31.

Tellina radiata. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 209. t. 14. f. 1.

Tellina angulata. Born. Mus. p. 30. t. 2. f. 5.

Tellma Bornii. Gmelin, p. 3231.

Tellina trifasciata. Donovan, ui. t. 60.

Tellina, No.9. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 5. and No. 78. p.
29

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 1. f. 8, and Conch. t. 394. f. 241.
Petiver Gaz. t. 94. f. 9.
Inhabits the coasts of Britain, Lister, &c. Ferrée Islands
and Norway. Chemnitz.

78 TELLINA.

Shell varying from half an inch to an inch in length, and about
twice as broad, transversely striated, and somewhat angulated
at the anterior end, where the striz become more rugose ;
when stripped of its yellowish brown epidermis, the shell is
white, and elegantly marked with red lines forming rays; the
hinge, which is placed a little below the center, has two teeth
in each valve, and no lateral ones.

FRAGILIS. 14. Shell ovate, gibbous, transversely
striated, and the umbones yellowish; hinge
without lateral teeth.

Tellina fragilis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1117. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 95. t. 9. f. 84. Schroeter Einl. 11. p. 646.
Gmelin, p. 3230. Wood's Conch. p. 148.

Inhabits the European Ocean. Linnaeus. Caspian Sea. Gme-
lin. Mediterranean on the Coasts of Naples. Ulysses.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and one inch broad,
narrower, and slightly angulated at the anterior end; the
colour is white, except the beaks, which are yellowish ; the
hinge, which is placed a little below the center, has a bifid
tooth in one valve, and two simple teeth in the other, but
not any lateral ones.

OBLIQUA. 15. Shell oval, very smooth, and marked
with interrupted purple lines; lateral teeth
rather prominent.

Tellina obliqua. Wood’s Conch. p. 152. t. 41. f. 4 and 5.
Inhabits
Shell an inch long, and an inch and a quarter broad, and

prettily marked with short irregular purple lines on the inside,

as well as without; hinge with two teeth in one valve, and
one in the other, besides the lateral teeth. This species has
been described only by Mr. Wood, and he says it resembles

Venus Meroe, but has not a denticulated margin.

** Shells ovate, and compressed.

ALBIDA. 16. Shell oval, smooth, obsoletely striated
transversely, and the umbones prominent ;
hinge without lateral teeth.

Tellina albida. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1117. Solander’s
MSS. Gmelin, p. 3231, Wood's Conch. p. 154.

TELLINA. 79

Tellina yariabilis. Pennant, iv. p. 87. t. 47. f. 27.

Tellina depressa. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat. p. 29. Donovan,
Brit. Shells. ii. t. 41.

Tellina Gari. Born. Mus. p. 31. t. 2. f. 6 and 7.

Solen vespertinus. Gmelin, p. 3228. Montagu Test. p.
54. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 47. Dorset
Cat. p. 29. t. 5. f. 1. Wood’s Conch. p. 135. t. 33. f.
2 and 3.

Solen, No. 7. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 636.

Solen. Enc. Method. t. 223. f. 2.

Lister Conch. t. 417. f. 261. <Argenville, t. 22. f. I.
Chemnitz, vi. t. 7. f. 59 and 60.

Inhabits the European Ocean. Linneus. Mediterranean, and
West Indian Seas. Chemnitz. Coast of Britain. Pennant,
&c.

Shell an inch or an inch and a quarter long, and about twice
as broad ; moderately thick, faintly striated concentrically,
and slightly truncated at one end; the colour varies, from
pale straw to flesh colour, purplish or white, and is always
more or less marked with red rays diverging from the hinge ;
the margin on the inside is also frequently striped with red;
there are two erect teeth in one valve, and one in the other,
with a strong projecting lamina attached to each, but no
lateral teeth. It appears by his MSS. in Sir Jos. Banks’s
Library, that Dr. Solander considered this to be the Lin-
nean T'ellina albida, and it answers to the description in
the Systema Nature; the valves however do not shut close,
especially at one end, but this is also the case with some
other Tellens. Born has erroneously figured this shell for the
Linnean 7’, Gar, and considered Solen sanguinolentus to
be the 7. albida of Linnezus.

TRIANGULARIS. 17. Shell sub-ovate, rounded at
one end, and transversely wrinkled, except at
the apex, which is smooth.

Tellina triangularis. Chemnitz, vi. p. 96. t. 10. f. 85.
Tellina trilatera. Gmelin, p. 3234. Wood’s Conch. p. 162.
Tellina, No. 5. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 3.

Inhabits

Chemnitz describes this shell to be one inch and seven lines
long, and two inches and two lines broad, white and smooth
about the hinge, but yellowish, and concentrically wrinkled
towards the margin ; hinge with a solitary primary and lateral
tooth. 1. triangularis of Gmelin, is a very doubtful species,
quite undeserving of notice.

80 TELLINA.

OBLONGA. 18. Shell oblong, brittle, and inflected at
the anterior end; hinge with two primary
teeth in one valve, and one in the other.

Tellina oblonga. Gmelin, p. 3234. Wood’s Conch. p. 163.
Tellina carinata. Ulysses’ Travels, p. 479.

Tellina, No.7. Schroeter Einl.Ai. p. 3.

Chemnitz, vi. p. 97. t. 10. f. 87.

Inhabits the European Ocean. Chemnitz.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and fourteen lines
broad, somewhat ovate, inflected at one end, and rounded at
the other; the hinge is not quite central, and the colour
yellowish.

-SPENGLERI. 19. Shell oblong, with the two valves
bent in opposite directions, and a row of
spines in each, running towards the hinge at
both ends.

Tellina Spengleri. Chemnitz, vi p. 98. t. 10. f. 88 to 90.
Gmelin, p. 3234. Wood's Conch. p 163. t. 37. f. 2.
Tellina dentex. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 113.
lot 2476. and p. 116. lot 2553.

Tellina, No. 8. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 4.

Spengler. Besch. Berl. Naturf. 1. p. 387. t. 9. f. 1 to 3.
Enc. Method. t. 287. f. 5.

Inhabits the Coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. Coro-
mandel. Solander. China. Humphreys.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and thrice as broad,
with a narrow inflected beak, and the hinge nearly central,
but somewhat nearer the posterior end ; it is strongly striated
transversely, and at both ends there is a ridge of teeth in
each valve, running downwards from the hmge ; the umbones
are red, and the rest of the shell white; hinge with two
primary teeth in one valve, and one in the other, besides
remote lateral teeth.

FOLIACEA. 20. Shell oval, striated transversely, and
the cartilage slope toothed on the margin.

Tellina foliacea. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1117. Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 103. t. 10. f.. 95. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 647.
Gmelin, p. 8232. Wood’s Conch. p. 154. t. 36. f. 1.

Rumphius, t. 45.£.K. Petiver Amb. t.17. £.17. Ar-
genville, t. 22. f. E. Klein. Ost. t. 11. f. 64. Knorr.
v. t. 29. f.2. Favanne, t. 49. f. 8.2. Enc. Method.
t. 287. f. 4.

TELLINA. 8l

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Molucca Islands.
Chemnitz.

Shell from an inch and a quarter to two inches long, and nearly
twice as broad, rounded at one end, and truncated and angu-
lated at the other, with the margin of the cartilage slope
toothed ; the hinge is placed rather nearest to the posterior
end, and has a bifid tooth in one valve, and a plain one in
the other, with the lateral teeth not remote, but nearly obso-
lete ; it is of a rich yellow, or fine orange colour, delicately
striated transversely.

AcUTA. 21. Shell oval, compressed, very minute-
ly striated longitudinally, and the margins
sharp.

Tellina acuta. Wood’s Conch. p. 157. t. 44. f. 1.

Inhabits the West Indies. Wood.

Length two inches, and breadth three and a quarter, and de-
scribed by Mr. Wood to be “a flat, thin, pellucid shell, of a
white colour, with a tinge of yellow near the apex, but not
perceptibly rayed. The surface is marked longitudinally with
extremely fine strize; the beak is slightly curved, and the an-
gle is determined by a concavity, running from the apex to
the margin in the upper shell; the margins are very sharp-
edged. The hinge has two teeth in one valve, and one in
the other; there is but one lateral tooth,’

PLANATA. 22. Shell ovate, compressed, slightly
striated transversely, and the margins acute;
hinge without any lateral teeth.

Tellina planata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. 1117. Born. Mus.
picds tant. 9.7) Wood's: Conch. ps. 157.
Tellina complanata. Gmelin, p. 3239.
Tellina, No. 80. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 22.
Inhabits the European and Mediterranean Seas. Linnaeus.
Neither of the two figures to which Linnzus has referred, an-
swer his description, and this must probably always remain
rather an uncertain species. Pennant considered it to be 7’.
tenuis, and Chemnitz, Schroeter, and Gmelin, have referred,
though with a mark of doubt, to what appears to be a varie-
ty of I. radiata. Solander refers only to Lister, t. 395.
f. 242, which a good deal resembles Born’s t. 2. f. 9. and
of this, under the name of the Linnzan 7’. planata, the fol-
lowing description is given. Shell one inch and a quarter

long, and two inches and five lines bread, obovate, flattish,
Ollie Ie G

82 TELLINA.

obsoletely striated, and of a pale flesh colour; cartilagé
slope somewhat woolly, and gaping ; margin acute, and coated
by the epidermis, which projects beyond it; hinge with two
primary teeth in one valve, and a bifid one in the other, with-
out any lateral teeth.

STRIGOSA. 23. Shell ovate, transversely wrinkled
towards the margin, rounded at one end, and
produced and inflected at the other.

Tellina strigosa. Gmelin, p. 3239. Wood’s Conch. p. 177.
Tellina, No. 86. Schroeter Hinl, iii. p. 24.
Le Vagal. Adanson, Senegal. p. 232. t. 17. f. 19.

Tnhabits the sandy shores of Mbao. Adanson. Western coast
of Africa. Gmelin. Macao, one of the Molucca Islands.
Wood.

Shell varies considerably in size, but commonly about an inch
and a half long, and two inches and a half broad; white,
somewhat like agate, and transversely marked with bands,
which are yellowish in young shells, and greyish violet in old
ones. Adanson says there are two small teeth in one valve,
and three in the other, but makes no distinction between pri-
mary and lateral.

LEVIGATA. 24. Shell ovate, nearly smooth, except
on the slope, which is roughly striated; late-
ral teeth margined.

Tellina levigata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 108. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 120. t. 12. f. 111. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 649.

t. 7. f. 10. Gmelin, p. 3232. Wood's Conch. p. 160.
t./41. f.\1.

Inhabits the European and Indian Ocean. Linnaus. West In-
dies. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches long, and two and three quarters broad,
with decussated striz, which are almost imperceptible, ex=
cept on the angular slope; the colour is white, with obsolete
concentric yellowish bands, and longitudinal faint red rays ;
the inside is generally reddish; the hinge has two primary
teeth in each valve, and the lateral teeth near them.

MADAGASCARIENSIS. 25, Shell oval, compressed,
somewhat pointed at one end, and finely
striated transversely; hinge with a lateral
tooth in only one valve.

TELLINA, 83

Tellina Madagascariensis. Gmelin, p. 3237. Wood’s Conch.
p. 169. t. 39. f. 2 and S.

Tellina eburnea. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 104:
lot 2295.

Tellina, No. 33. Schroeter Eznl. ii. p. 12.

Lister Conch. t. 386. f. 233.

Inhabits the coasts of Madagascar. Lister. Coromandel. So=
lander.

Shell in length about two inches and a quarter, and the breadth
three inches and three quarters ; thick, compressed, of a flesh
colour, and the apex, margin, and inside are rosy; the pos-
terior end is rounded, the other produced, and in one
valve has an angulated ridge extending from the hinge to the
margin, and in the opposite valve a corresponding longitudi-
nal depression ; the hinge has a single primary tooth in each
valve, of which one is bifid, and there is an approximated
lateral tooth in one valve, but none inthe other. Lister says
that full-grown shells are thick and ‘ ponderous, but the lesser
are thin and light, and prettily fasciated, at least some of
them.’ 7. operculata, which it most resembles, is of a
darker colour, more oblong, and has the left valve much flat-
ter.

RADIATA. 26. Shell oblong, polished, somewhat
beaked and inflected at the anterior end, and
minutely striated longitudinally.

Tellina radiata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1117. Born. Mus.
p- 34. Chemnitz, vi. p. 109. t. 11. f. 100 and 102.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 650. Gmelin, p. 3232. Lamarck
Syst. des Anim. p. 124. Wood’s Conch. p. 158. t. 38.
f.2 and 3. Brooks’s Introd. p. 161. t.2. f. 17.

Lister Conch. t. 393. f. 240. Gualter, t. 89. f. I. Argen-
gille,. t. 22. f: A.) Klewn. Ost. t. 11. £ 60. » Knorr, i.
t. 19. f. I. andiv. t.2. f.4. Regenfuss, i. t..8. f. 22.
Favanne, t. 49. f. A. Enc. Meth. t. 289. f. 2.

Inhabits the European Ocean. Linnaeus. Jamaica. Lister.
Bahamas, and Ascension Island, Sofander. West Indies.
Humphreys.

Shell about an inch or an inch and a half long, and more than
twice as broad, highly polished, and the hinge is not central,
but placed nearer the anteriorend, which is somewhat beaked
and inflected; the colour 1s sometimes wholly white, or more
commonly white with red rays, or yellowish transverse bands;
the hinge has two teeth in one valve, with one in the other,

G 2

84 TELLINA.

and the lateral teeth remote. Pennant mistook Mactra stui-
torum for this species.

- PALLESCENS. 27. Shell oblong, striated transversely,
beaked, and obliquely angulated, and the an-
gles slightly toothed at the anterior end; hinge
central.

Fellina rostrata. Var. Linnaeus Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 481.
Born. Mus. p. 35. t. 2. f. 12. Schroeter Hinl. ui. p. 651.
Gmelin, p. 3233.

Tellina rostrata flavescens. Chemnifz, vi. p. 112. t. 14.
f. 104.

Lister Conch. t. 398. f. 237. Favanne, t. 49. f. B 1.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch long, and rather more than twice as broad,
with transverse striz, which are somewhat imbricated, and
form an appearance of teeth on the angle at the anterior end ;
it differs from J. radiata, in having a shorter beak, the hinge
central, the colour yellowish, and in being rather more gib-
bous and narrower in proportion to its length.

ROSTRATA. 28. Shell oblong, compressed, and fine-
ly striated; the hinge placed a little towards
the anterior end, which forms an angular
beak somewhat truncated obliquely.

Fellina rostrata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1118. Chemnitz,
Vi. (ps 118. )t! 1. £105.29 Wood's Conch. 1590. 87.
i. 3:

Tellina rostrata. Var. 8. Born. Mus. p. 36.

Lister Conch. t. 382. f. 225. Rumphius, t. 45. f. L. Pe-
liver Amb, t. 17. f. 20. Gualter, t. 88. fT. Argen-
ville, t. 22.\f. O..' Klew. Ost. t. 11. £. 68. °° Knorr, iv.
t..2. f.3 and 5. Favanne, t.49. f. B 2. Enc. Meth.
t. 289. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Java. Linneus.
Tranquebar. Humphreys.

Shell about half an inch or eight lines long, and very nearly
thrice as broad; thin, compressed, polished, and has. the
hinge placed a little beyond the centre towards the anterior
end, which is remarkably beaked and angulated; both the
inside and outside are rose-coloured, becoming greenish
towards the margin; the hinge has its primary teeth bifid,
and the lateral teeth remote; the transverse strize are not so

TELLINA. 85

strong on the anterior angle as in TY’. pallescens, and give it
less appearance of being toothed.

RUFESCENS. 29. Shell oblong, minutely decussated,
and rose-coloured; one valve convex, the
other almost flat.

Tellina rufescens. Chemnitz, vi. p. 105. t. 11. f. 97.

Tellina cruenta. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 58.
lot 1360.

Tellina operculata. Gmelin, p. 3235. Wood's Conch. p.
165. t.. 42. f. 1.

Tellina, No. 11. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 5.

Knorr, vi. t. 12. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of Brazil. Humphreys.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and nearly twice as
broad, reddish, or rose-coloured all over, both inside and out,
and marked with obsolete transverse and still fainter longitu-
dinal striz ; the hinge is placed nearer the posterior than the
anterior end, and the latter has an angular slope, separated
in the convex valve by an elevated ridge, and by a corres-
ponding depression in the flat valve; the hinge has two pri-
mary teeth, of which one is bifid, in the convex valve, and
only one in the other valve; and there are no lateral teeth.
Tellina rufescens of Gmelin appears to be at most only a va-
riety of Venus decussata.

FLAVESCENS. 30. Shell oval, yellowish-white, with
decussated striz, and one valve much more
convex than the other.

, Tellina flavescens. Chemnitz, vi. p. 80. and p. 106. t. 11.
f. 98.
Tellina alba. Wood's Conch. p. 166.
Tellina operculata. Var. 8. Gmelin, p. 3235.
Tellina, No. 12. Schroeter Einl. ii. p.5.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and three quarters long, and two inches and
three quarters broad, yellowish both inside and out, and dif-
fers from 7’, rufescens not only in colour, but also in being
narrower in proportion to the length, and much more strong-
ly striated.

HYALINA. 31. Shell oval, pellucid, flat, and finely
striated transversely; valves unequal, and
margins very acute; hinge somewhat lateral.

86 TELLINA.

Tellina hyalina. Gmelin, p. 3235. Wood’s Conch. p. 166.
Tellina, No. 13. Schroeter Einl. iti. p. 6.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 107. t.11. f. 99.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and a half long, and two inches and three quarters
broad; white, brittle, and pellucid; the hinge is placed
twice as far from the anterior as from the posterior end, and
has two teeth in one valve, and one in the other, without any
lateral teeth.

INEQUIVALVIS. 32. Shell oblong-beaked, and ar-
cuated on the cartilage slope, with one valve
convex, and the other flat; hinge somewhat
lateral.

Tellina maquivalvis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1118. Born.
Mus. p. 35. Chemnitz, vi. p. 115. t. 11. f. 106. Schroe-
ter Hinl. ii. p. 652. Gmelin, p. 3233. Donovan, ii.
t. 41. f. 1. Montagu Test. p. 75. and Supp. p. 27.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 50. Wood's
Conch. p. 201. t. 47. f.2 to 4. Brooks's Introd. p.
16U it, 2).4. 18).

Anomia Tabacea. Gronovius Zooph. p. 278. t. 1. f. 3.

Pandora margaritacea. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 137.

Pandora. Enc. Method. t. 250.

Jumor. Solen Pinna. Montagu Test. p. 566. t. 15. f. 3.
Wood’s Conch. p. 141.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. Coasts of Norway.
Gronovius. Britain. Donovan, &c.

Shell about half or three quarters of an inch long, and rather
more than twice as broad ; white, rather pellucid, extending
at one end into an obtuse beak, and the other is rounded ;
the hinge is placed twice as far from the anterior as from the
posterior end, and has two oblong unequal diverging teeth in
one valve, with corresponding hollows i the other.

TRIFASCIATA. 33. Shell ovate, rather smooth, with
three red rays, and the cartilage slope wrin-

kled.

Tellina trifasciata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1118. Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 123. t. 12. f. 114. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 653.
Gmelin, p. 3233. Wood’s Conch. p. 161.

Variety. With six longitudinal violet rays.

Tellina, No. 20. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 8.

Chemnitz, vi. p. 123, t. 12. f. 115.and 116,

TELLINA. 37

Ynhabits the European Ocean. Linnaeus.

Linnzus has referred to the same figure of Lister’s (Anim.
Ang. App. t. 1. f. 8.) both for T. ancarnata and T. trifas-
ciata, but it does not accord with the specific character of
either, and has been properly quoted by Dr. Maton and
Mr. Racket for T. Ferrdensis. Pennant, without any refer-
ence to Lister, considered this to be an English shell, which
he describes to, be ‘ very brittle, and radiated like 7’. Ferro-
ensis, but lesser ;? and Dr. Solander has quoted T’. trifasciata
both of Linneus and Pennant for a Donaz, to which he
gave the name of fasczata. The shell figured by Chemnitz
for T’. trifasciata, is eleven lines long and thirteen broad,
whitish, finely striated transversely, and marked with three
red rays, which become broader towards the margin; the
inside is white, and obsoletely rayed with red. Chemnitz,
f. 115 and 116, which Gmelin has quoted as a Variety, 1s
probably a distinct species.

cOccINEA. 34. Shell oval, pellucid, scarlet, finely
striated transversely, and has a callosity near
the hinge.

Tellina coccinea, Chemnitz, vi. p. 118. t. 12. f. 109.
Gmelin, p. 3236. Wood’s Conch. p. 168.
Tellina, No. 19. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 8.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Chemnitz.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and an inch and a
quarter broad, of a uniform scarlet, without any coloured
markings, and the inside, from the transparency of the shell,
appears nearly of the same colour; it is said to have a cal-
losity near the hinge like what is met with among the Solens.

INCARNATA. 35. Shell ovate, compressed, slightly
produced on the anterior side, and somewhat
mucronated at the apex.

Tellina incarnata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1118. Born.
Mus. p, 36.t.'2. f. 13:2
Gualter, t. 88. f. M.
Inhabits the Mediterranean, and coasts of Sweden. Linnaeus.
Linneeus describes this species to be about an inch broad, and
very like 7’, planata, but of a scarlet colour with one or two
paler rays, and the apex pointed; besides a reference to
Gualter, t. 88. f. M, he has given another to Lister’s figure
of T. Ferrdensis, and Dr. Solander, as well as Pennant, con-
sidered this to be the shell described by Linneus; Chem-

88 TELLINA.

nitz, Schroeter, and Gmelin, probably considered it to be
T. solidula ; but this does not even belong to the subdivision
in which Linnzus has placed J. zncarnata, and Mr. Wood
says he has reason to suppose it is J’. tenuis.

OPALINA. 36. Shell oval, pellucid, with a white
rib in each valve, extending from the hinge to
the margin.

Tellina opalina. Chemnitz, vi. p. 118. t. 12. f. 107 and
108. Schreber’s Conch. i. p. 30. Ulysses’ Travels, p.
479. Wood’s Conch. p. 167.

Tellina apelina. Gmelin, p. 3236.

Tellina. No. 17. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 8.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. ‘Taren-
tum. U/ysses.

Shell an inch long, and an inch and a half broad; thin, white,
diaphanous, finely striated transversely, and reflecting differ-
ent colours, like pearl or opal; a white rib in each valve
forms the angle of the anterior slope, and extends from the
hinge to the margin,

ad

LANCBHOEATA. 37. Shell oval-oblong, compressed,
thin, pellucid, finely striated transversely,
and acuminated at the anterior end.

Tellina lanceolata. Chemnitz, vi. p.111. t. 11. f. 103.
Gmelin, p. 3236. Wood’s Coneh. p. 167. t.45. f. 2.
Tellina, No. 16. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 7.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about seven or nine lines long, and nearly thrice as broad,
white or reddish, rounded at one end, and slightly inflected
and lance-shaped at the other; the hinge is without lateral
teeth in one valve.

SANGUINEA. 38. Shell oblong-oval, transversely
striated, angular, and somewhat beaked at
the anterior end; hinge with pointed lateral
teeth.

Tellina sanguinea. Wood's Conch. p. 159. t. 44. f. 2.
Tnhabits
Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and twice as broad,

and is described by Mr. Wood to be thin, of a red colour,

strongly striated transversely, and crossed by almost imper-
ceptible longitudinal stri ; it is very slightly inflected at the

TELLINA. 89

beak, and the inside is reddish white; the hinge has two
teeth in one valve, and one in the other; the lateral teeth
are sharp pointed,

wiveEA. 39. Shell oval, compressed, somewhat an-
gular on the anterior side ; hinge with a soli-
tary, cleft, primary tooth in one valve inserted
between two others in the opposite valve.

Tellina nivea. Wood’s Conch. p. 177. t. 46. f. 1.

Inhabits the American Ocean. Wood.

Shell an inch and an eighth long, and the breadth an inch
and five-eighths; Mr. Wood says, it is a smooth delicate
shell, perfectly white, of an oval shape, rounded at one end,
and rather produced and angular at the other; besides the
teeth mentioned in the specification, there is one rather
remote.

suLcATA. 40. Shell oval, flat, transversely grooved,
and angulated and inflected at the anterior
end; hinge with two teeth in one valve, and
the lateral teeth prominent.

Tellina sulcata. WVood’s Conch. p. 178. t. 47. f. 1.
Inhabits
Shell rather less than half an inch long, and about an inch and

three-eighths broad, straw coloured both within and without,

and grooved transversely ; the posterior end is rounded, and
the other angulated, inflected, and undulated ; and the trans-
verse grooves are so strong, that they give the margin of the
cartilage slope some appearance of being toothed. Mr.

Wood describes the hinge with two cleft teeth in one valve,

and one in the other, and he says it resembles 7’. crysta/lina

of Chemnitz, which species I have thought undeserving of
notice, because both the figure and description are taken
from only a single valve.

DONACINA. 41. Shell ovate, compressed, flattish,
with the anterior end somewhat truncated ;
hinge rather lateral.

Tellina Donacina. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1118. Schroeter
Hinl. ii. p.655. Gmelin, p. 3234. Dorset Cat. p. 29.

_ t. 12. f.3.b. Montagu Test. p. 58. t. 27. f. 3. Maton
and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 50. t. 1. £. 7. Wood's
Conch. p. 161. t. 45. f. 5.

Gualter, t. 88, f. N.

90 TELLINA.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. Coasts of Britain.
Pulteney, &c.

Shell hardly half an inch long, and nearly twice as broad ; thin,
semi-pellucid, faintly striated concentrically, and of a yel-
lowish colour prettily radiated with red in the in as well as
the outside ; the hinge is placed about twice as far from the
posterior as from the anterior end, and the latter is rather
abruptly sloped, so as to give some appearance of a Donax ;
there are two teeth in one valve, and one in the other.

ANGUSTA. 42. Shell ovate-oblong, flattish, rounded
at one end, and pointed at the other; hinge
nearly central.

Tellina angusta. Gmelin, p. 3236. Wood’s Conch. p. 169.

Tellina Laskeyi. Montagu Supp. p. 28.t. 28. f. 3. Wood's
Conch. p. 179.

Tellina Donacina. Var. Solander’s MSS.

Tellina, No. 30. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 11.

Lister Conch. t. 383. f. 226.

Tnhabits the Frith of Forth. Mr. Laskey.

Shell about half an inch long, and nearly twice as broad, with
one end rounded, and the other obtusely pointed like Donax
trunculus ; the only difference between TI’. angusta and T’.
Laskey appears to be, that the former is purplish white, co-
vered with a greenish yellow epidermis when recent, and the
other red and rayed, but the rays in the figure are very in-
distinct ; it appears from Dr. Solander’s MSS. that he found
a shell like Lister’s, and considered it to be a Variety of T.
Donacina.

TRUNCATA. 43. Shell oval, compressed, and slightly
striated ; anterior end truncated, and the su-
ture distinct.

Tellina truncata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1118. Gmelin,
p- 3234. Wood’s Conch. p. 162.

Inhabits Java. Linnaeus.

Linnzus of this species only says, ‘ that it is like T.zncarnata,
but is of a violet colour, more brittle, nearly truncated at the
anterior end, which has the cartilage slope separated by an
elevated line, and all the teeth of the hinge notched.” He
has not given any reference, and no subsequent author has
described it; it is probably nearly allied to 7’. opalina.

PUNICEA. 44. Shell oval, compressed, nearly equi-
lateral, and densely striated transversely.

TELLINA. 94

Tellina punicea. Born. Mus. p. 33. t.2. £.8. Schroeter
Einl. iti. p. 22. Gmelin, p. 3239. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. viii. p.51. Wood’s Conch. p. 170. t. 39.
A ie

Tellina leta. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat.
p-29. Montagu Test. p. 57.

Tellina striata. Chemnitz, x. p. 349. t. 170. f. 1654 and
1655.

Tellina angulosa. Gmelin, p. 3244. Wood’s Conch. p.
178,

Tellina inequistriata. Donovan, iv. t. 123.

Inhabits the Coasts of Britain. Pulteney, §c. West Indian
Seas and Coasts of Guinea, and Rhode Island in North
America. Chemnitz.

Shell about three quarters of an inch, or sometimes an inch
and a quarter long, and nearly twice as broad; flat, mode-
rately strong, and marked with strong regular concentric
strie; the hinge is almost central, but a little nearer the
anterior end, which is slightly angulated, and inflected; the
primary teeth are bifid, and the lateral teeth prominent ; it
varies from yellowish white, to rose colour, which often
form lighter and darker shades in concentric bands.

DEPRESSA. 45. Shell ovate-oblong, compressed,
striated transversely, and rather pointed at
the anterior end.

Tellina depressa. Gmelin, p. 3238, Donovan, v. t. 163.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p.51. Dorset
Cat. p. 30. t. 5. f.2. Wood's Conch. p. 171. t. 45. f. 3.

Tellina squalida. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney Dorset Cat.
p. 29. Montagu Test. p. 56.

Gualter, t.88.f. L, Chemnitz, vi. t. 10. f. 96.

Inhabits the coasts of Brita. Pulteney, &c.

Shell about an inch long, and an inch and three quarters broad,
flat, rounded at one end, and angulated, and somewhat in-
flected and pointed at the other; the colour is pale orange
yellow sometimes nearly white, especially towards the margins,
and recent shells are frequently covered with a thin brownish
epidermis ; the hinge is placed a little nearer to the anterior
end, and has two teeth in one valve, and three in the other,
of which one is rather remote.

FABULA. 46. Shell ovate, compressed, slightly pro-
duced and inflected at the anterior end; one
valve smooth, and the other obliquely striated.

G2 TELLINA.

Tellina Fabula. Gronovius Zooph: p. 278. t. 18. f. 9.
Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 23. Gmelin, p. $239. Donovan,
ii. t.97. Montagu Test. p.61. Maton and Racket,
an Lin. Trans. vii. p. 52. Dorset Cat. p. 30. t. 12. f.
3 and 3. a. Wood’s Conch. p. 156. t. 45. f. 4.

Tellina semistriata. Solander’s MSS.

Tellina discors. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat. p. 54.

Inhabits the Mediterranean, and the coasts of Norway and
America. Gronovius. West Indies. Solander. Britain.
Pulteney, &c.

Shell usually near three quarters of an inch long, and about
one third as broad; thin, pellucid, white or yellowish, and
generally tinged with red about the hinge; the anterior side
slopes very considerably to an obtuse point, and the other
end is broader, and perfectly rounded; it is very nearly
allied to T’. depressa, from which it may be distinguished by
its minute oblique striz, and these sometimes, though very
rarely, occur in both valves.

VITREA. 47. Shell sub-oval, flattish, with trans-
verse and minute longitudinal striz; hinge
without lateral teeth.

Tellina vitrea. Gmelin, p. 3235.
Tellina, No. 15. Schroeter Enxnl. ui. p. 7.
Tellmula fragilissima. Chemnitz, vi. p. 108. t. 11. f. L0i.

Tnhabits the Baltic, and Northern Ocean. Chemnitz.

This shell is of the same size, and from Chemnitz’s description,
appears to be very nearly allied to 7’. striata, but the hinge
is said to have a solitary primary tooth in one valve, and
two in the other, without any lateral teeth.

sTRIATA. 48. Shell sub-oval, flattish, with trans-
verse, and very minute longitudinal strie ;
hinge with strong lateral teeth in both valves.

Tellina striata. Gmelin, p. 3238. Montagu Test. p. 60.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 53. Wood's
Conch. p. 60.

Gualter, t. 89. f. C.

’ Inhabits the coasts of Dorsetshire. very rare. Montagu.
Mr. Montagu’s shell measured five-eighths of an inch long,
_ and one inch broad, but Gualter’s figure, which he quotes, is
much larger; in most other respects it resembles 7’. Balaus-
tina but may be distinguished by its regular transverse striz,
which, when magnified, appear to be crossed by minute lon-

TELLINA. 93

gitudinal markings, and also, by its strong lateral teeth
on each side.

BALAUSTINA. 49. Shell sub-orbicular, but dilated
at the anterior end; hinge with a lateral
tooth in one valve.

Tellina Balaustina. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1119. Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 124. t. 12. f. 117. Gmelin, p. 3239. Wood’s
Conch. p. 180.

Tellina tenuis. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 210. Donovan,
i. t. 19. three lower figures. Montagu Test. p.59. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 52. Dorset Cat.
p. S02 ct. St 1f.i305 Wood's: Conch: p: 1550 t..44. f. $
and 4.

Tellina planata. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 87. t. 48. f. 29.

Tellina polita. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat.

p- 29.
Lister Conch. t. 405. f. 251. Petiver Gaz. t. 94. f. 3.
Guaiter, t.'77. f. M.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus.

Shell generally rather more than half an inch long, and nearly
three quarters broad ; thin, brittle, depressed, rounded at the
posterior, and somewhat angulated at the anterior end; it is
whitish, or flesh-coloured, with reddish or yellowish transverse
zones, or an obsolete longitudinal ray; the hinge is placed
a little on the anterior side, and has a single bifid tooth in
each, with a lateral tooth m only one valve. Linnzus has
not given any reference, and his description is so short, that
it is impossible to decide with much certainty, but Chemnitz’s
conjecture appears to me to have been well founded, that
this is probably the T. Balaustina; Da Costa’s T. tenuis
certainly agrees with it better than with JT’. planata, and it
is hardly likely that such an extremely common species as
this, should have been unknown to Linneus.

CALCARIA. 50. Shell ovate, very brittle, glabrous,
and inflected at the anterior end; hinge with
a primary cleft tooth in one valve, which

shuts into a cavity in the other.
Tellina calcaria. Chemnitz, vi. p. 140. t. 15. f. 136. Gme-

lin, p. 83236. Wood’s Conch. p. 168.
Tellina, No. 26. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 10. ;
Inhabits the Coasts of Iceland, and the Ferroe Islands.

Chemnitz.

94 TELLINA:

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and rather more
than an inch broad; white, very brittle, and finely striated
transversely ; it is rounded at the posterior, and angulated
and inflected at the anterior end.

*** Shells sub-orbicular.

REMIES. 51. Shell sub-orbicular, compressed, and
wrinkled transversely.

Tellina Remies. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1119. Chemniéz,
vi. p. 121. t. 12. f. 113. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 656.
Gmelin, p. 3239. Wood's Conch. p. 182. t. 38. f. 1.

Rumphius, t. 42. f. I.

Inhabits the European and Indian Oceans. Linneus. Coasts
of America. Wood. Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches and a half long, and not much more in
breadth ; strong, white, slightly angular, and inflected at the
anterior end, and regularly marked with transverse undulated
ridges ; the hinge has two teeth in one valve, and one in
the other, besides two strong lateral teeth in each, of which
that on the anterior side is much more remote. It appears
from his MSS. description and reference to Lister, t. 300.
f. 137, that Dr. Solander considered Venus Jamaicensis to be
the Linnean 7’. Remies ; and he mentions a white variety, only
half an inch in diameter, which, he says, has been found on
the English coast.

rausTA. 52. Shell roundish-ovate, somewhat trun-
cated at the anterior end, and obsoletely
striated transversely.

Tellina fausta. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat.
p- 29. Montagu Test. p.64. Donovan, iti. t. 98. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 53. t. 1. £. 8.
Dorset Cat. p. 50. t. 5. f. 5. Wood's Conch. p. 185.
Tellina remies. Born. Mus. p. 36. t. 2. f. 11.
Tellina remies Var. Chemnitz, vi. p. 122. t. 12. f. 112.
Laster Conch. t. 265. f. 101. Enc. Method. t. 290. f. 2.
Variety. Shell larger.
Tellina levis. Wood’s Conch. p.181. t. 37. f. 1.
Lister Conch. t. 266. f. 102.
Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. West Indies. Chem-
nitz. Coast of Dorsetshire. Pulteney.
Shell generally about an inch and a half long, and two inches

TELLINA. 95

broad; strong, and slightly inflected and truncated at the an-
terior end; the colour is whitish, sometimes more or less
tinged transversely with straw colour, and the inside is yel-
lowish white ; the hinge is placed nearer the anterior than the
posterior end, and has in one valve a plain and a bifid pri-
mary tooth, and a bifid tooth in the other, besides two strong
lateral teeth, of which that on the anterior side is remote. Mr.
Wood's T’. levis is said to be sometimes two inches and a
half long, and three inches and a quarter broad, and I cannot
find that it differs in any respect from 7’. fausta, except in
being larger.

RETICULATA. 53. Shell sub-orbicular, compressed,
with concentric ridges, and the interstices mi-
nutely striated longitudinally.

Tellina reticulata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1119.2? Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 124. t. 12. f. 118. Schroeter Evnl. ii. p. 657.
Gmelin, p. 3240. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
Vili. pe 54.40. 15: £.,9.. Dorset Cat. ,p. 30. t..5. £. 4,
Wood’s Conch. p. 182. t. 42. f. 2 and 3.

Tella proficua. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset.
p- 29. Montagu Test. p. 66.

Inhabits the coasts of the West India Islands. Chemnitz. Bri-
tain. Pulteney, &c.

Shell about an inch and three-eighths long, and an inch and a
quarter broad; thickish, with numerous regular transverse
membranaceous ridges, and when examined with a magni-
fier, their interstices appear striated longitudinally; colour
yellowish white, becoming paler towards the margins; the
hinge is central, and has two small primary teeth, and broad
laminated lateral ones, which project above the margin; it
is remarkably distinguished by a long deep furrow, which ex~
tends from the central to the side of the lateral teeth. The
shell here described does not accord well either with the des-
cription or reference to Rumphius, t. 43. f. E. in the Syst.
Nature, and Dr. Solander doubted whether the Linnzan 7.
reticulata is more than a variety of Venus tigerina.

CANCELLATA. 54. Shell sub-orbicular, convex, opake,
brittle, and cancellated with transverse ridges,
and minute longitudinal grooves.

Tellina cancellata. Gmelin, p- 3239. Wood’s Conch. p.
176.
Tellina, No. 86. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 24.

96 TELLINA.

Le Pirel. Adanson, Senegal. p. 227. t..17. f. 19.

Inhabits the coasts of Goree. Adanson.

Shell about an inch broad, and nearly equally long ; thin, brittle,
opake, of a dirty white colour, and besides the transverse
ridges, is marked with about one hundred extremely minute
longitudinal grooves; the umbones are very obtuse, and
placed considerably below the centre.

GUINAICA. 55. Shell sub-orbicular, with transverse
and very minute longitudinal striz, and the
anterior surface longitudinally waved.

Tellina Guinaica. Chemnitz, x. p. 348. t. 170. f. 1651 to
1653.

Tellina polygona. Gmelin, p. 3244. Montagu Supp.
p- 27. t. 28. f. 4. Wood's Conch. p. 190.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz. Taken off Cramond
Island in the Frith of Forth, by Mr. Laskey. Montagu.
Foreign specimens are about thirteen lines long, and an inch
and a quarter broad, but those which have been found on the
coast of Scotland, are not half so large; the shell is of a dirty
white colour, marked with fine concentric striz, which are
crossed with excessively fine lines, not visible to the naked eye ;
the hinge has two large distant teeth in one valve, and inthe
other a very large triangular bifid tooth, with an approxi-
mated small one, which Mr. Montagu says, may easily pass
unnoticed ; there are no lateral teeth. It bears some resem-

blance to T’. polygona, but is much more orbicular.

scABRA. 56. Shell squarish, convex, inflected on
the anterior side, and strongly striated trans-
versely ; hinge with a single primary tooth.
Tellina scabra. Chemnitz, xi. p. 208. t. 199. f. 1943 and
1944. Wood's Conch. p. 184.

Inhabits the West Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

This shell in size, colour, and general appearance, resembles
Venus spuria, from which it differs in having only one pri-
mary tooth, and two strong lateral teeth, which shut into ca-
vities in the opposite valve.

CRASSA. 457. Shell roundish, with crowded trans-
verse grooves, and one yalve flatter than the
other. |

Tellina crassa. Pennant Zool, iv, p. 87. t. 48, f.. 28. Mon-

TELLINA. 97

tagu Test. p- 65. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill, p. 55. Dorset Cat. p. 30. t. 7. f. 4. Wood's
Conch. p. 186. t. 40. f. 1.

Tellina rigida. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney, Dorset Cat.
p- 30. Donovan, in. t. 103.

Venus crassa. Gmelin, p. 3288.

Venus, No. 62. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 176.

Pectunculus depressior. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 194.
t. 13. right hand fig. 4.

Lister Conch. t. 299. f. 186. Favanne, t. 48. f. O.

Inhabits the coasts of Guernsey. Lister. Britain. Pennant,
&c. Normandy. Humphreys.

Shell nearly an inch and three-quarters long, and two inches
broad; thick, heavy, and marked with crowded transverse
grooves, of which some at regular distances are broader ;
colour white or yellowish, and sometimes ornamented with
reddish rays; the hmge is placed nearest the anterior end,
and has two teeth, of which one is_ bifid in each valve, be-
sides two other lateral teeth.

~

DECUSSATA. 58. Shell sub-orbicular, with very fine
decussated striae, and the inside variegated
with purplish brown zic-zac streaks.

Tellina decussata. MWood’s Conch. p. 190. t. 43. f. 2and 3.
Tnhabits
Shell an inch long, and an inch and a quarter broad, rounded

at both, but somewhat produced at one end, and the surface

is finely striated transversely, and crossed by delicate longitu-
dinal striz; the colour is white, with the apex rose-co-
loured, and the inside marked with reddish, purplish, or
brownish zic-zac lines, which do not extend to the margin.

CORDIFORMIS. 59. Shell sub-orbicular, densely
striated longitudinally, and very finely trans-
versely ; hinge with two primary teeth in each
valve, and the lateral teeth oblong.

Tellina cordiformis. Chemnitz, xi. p. 208. t. 199. f. 1941
and 1942. Wood’s Conch. p. 191. t. 43. f. 4 and 5.
Tellina demissa. Solander’s MSS.
Inhabits the West Indian Seas. Chemnitz.
Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and not much more in

breadth; strong, convex, of a dull yellowish white colour on
VOL. I. H

98 TELLINA.

the outside, and deeper yellow within; the hinge is central,
and has oblong lateral teeth, shutting into a small cavity in
the opposite valve.

MURICATA. 60. Shell sub-orbicular, compressed,
closely striated longitudinally with imbrica-
ted serrated strie.

Tellina muricata. Chemnitz, xi. p. 209. t. 199. f. 1945
and 1946. Wood’s Conch. p. 185.

Inhabits the West Indian Seas, and coasts of Terra Firma.
Spengler.

Shell about an inch long, and fourteen lines broad; white, co-
vered with imbricated rough strize strongly serrated through-
out the whole length ; the inside is white and striated ; the
hinge has two primary teeth in each valve, and two strong
lateral ones, which shut into opposite cavities.

SCOBINATA. 61. Shell sub-orbicular, covered with
erect moon-shaped scales, disposed in a
quincunx order.

Tellina scobinata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1119. Born.
Mus. p. 37. Chemnitz, vi. p. 127. t. 13. f. 122 to 124.
Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 658. Gmelin, p. 3240. Wood's
Conch. p. 180. t. 35. f. 1.

Laster Conch. t. 302. f. 143. Gualter, t. 76. f. E.
Knorr, vi. t. 37. f. 3. Favanne, t. 46. f. G. Ene.
Method. t. 291. f. 4.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Linneus. Coasts of Surat, and
also Jamaica and Barbadoes. Solander.

Shell varying from an inch and a half, to three inches and three-
quarters long, and nearly equally broad; slightly inflected
and angular at the anterior end, and every where covered
with erect moon-shaped scales, which are minute about the
apex, and become gradually larger towards the margin; the
colour is white, and generally marked with a few scattered
brown or ferrugimous spots ; the hinge is central, and has a
bifid primary tooth in each valve, with strong prominent
lateral teeth. The length and breadth are very nearly or
quite equal in the shells which come from the Eastern Seas ;
but in those from the West Indies, the latter exceeds the
former about one eighth, and [ have reason to believe that at
one time Dr. Solander had described this Western variety as
a distinct species, with the name of 7’. radula, and that he.
-afterwards changed his opinion.

©

TELLINA. 9

LacTEA. 62. Shell sub-orbicular, gibbous, pellu-
cid, and rather smooth; hinge with the car-
tilage internal.

Tellina lactea. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1119. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 130. t. 13. f. 125. Schroeter Eznl. 1. p. 659.
Gmelin, p. 3240. Montagu Test. p. 70. t. 2. f. 4.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 56. Dorset
Cat. p. 30. t. 5. f. 9. Wood’s Conch. p. 187.

Petiver Gaz. t. 52. f. 7. Gualter, t. 71. f. D.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Lisbon. Petiver.
Britam. Puéteney, &c.

The length, which varies from half to three-quarters of an inch, is
but very little exceeded by the breadth ; it is a thin convex,
white shell, marked obsoletely with irregular concentric striz ;
the hinge has two small teeth in one valve, and one in the
other, and has the cartilage placed in a deep groove, which
runs obliquely from the umbo to the inner margin.

ROTUNDATA. 63. Shell sub-orbicular, and rather
convex; hinge with two teeth in each valve,
of which one 1s bifid, and the other a little
diverging.

Tellina rotundata. Montagu Test. p. 71. t.2. f. 3. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 56. Dorset Cat.
p. 30..t., 5.f. 8... V00ds.-Coneh:, p. 187.

Tellina undata. Pu/teney, Dorset Cat. p. 30.

Venus diaphana. Gmelin, p. 3292.

Venus, No. 136. Schroeter Einleitung, ii. p. 195.

Le Felan. Adanson Senegal. p. 227. t. 16. f. 8.

Lister Conch. p. 297. f. 134.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway. Lister. Cape Manuel on the
coast of Senegal. Adanson. Britain. Pulteney, &c.

The length and breadth are nearly equal, and measure three-
quarters of an inch or an inch; it is a thin, sub-pellucid,
white, moderately glossy shell, marked with rather obsolete
concentric striz, and has much the habit of Venus undata,
but differs materially in the hinge. Le Poron of Adanson,
from which J’. Adansoni of Gmelin has been constituted,
appears to be only the fry of this species.

FLEXUOSA. 64. Shell sub-orbicular, convex, thin,
with a longitudinal furrow at the anterior end,
extending from the apex.

H @

1ag TELLINA.

Tellina flexuosa. Montagu Test. p.72. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 56. Wood’s Conch. p. 188. t. 47.
f. 7 and 8.

Venus flexuosa. Donovan, t. 42. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Donovan, &c.

Shell about three-eighths of an inch long, and not quite so
broad ; very convex, thin, pellucid, brittle, white, and marked
irregularly with minute concentrical striz; a remarkable
furrow extends from the apex, parallel to the cartilage-slope,
and formsa deep curve in the margin at its termination ; the
hinge has only an obsolete tooth. Mr. Donovan has figured an
accidental variety, with a deep indenture in the front of the
margin, and hence considered it to be the Venus senuosa of
Pennant, which appears to be a much broader shell.

CARNARIA. 65. Shell sub-orbicular, smooth, flesh-
coloured both within and without, and mark-
ed with minute oblique reflected striz.

Tellina carnaria. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1119. Born.
VEE p37. ae Ma.” Chemnitz,’ vi.."p. 150. 1. 13.
f. 126. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 660. Gmelin, p. 3240.
Donovan, ii. t. 47. Montagu Test. p. 73. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 57. Dorset Cat. p. 31.
t. 5. f.6. Wood’s Conch. p. 189. t. 40. f. 4 and 5.

Cardium carneosum. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 181.

Lister Conch. t. 339. f. 176.

Tnhabits the coasts of Jamaica and Barbadoes. Lister. Cura-

oa. Gronovius. Britain. Da Costa, &c. ?

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and a little more
in breadth ; sub-pellucid, flattish, rather more produced on
one side than the other, and of a flesh or rose colour, both
within and without; it may be at once distinguished by the
delicate minute crowded striz, with which it is covered, and
which are curved and reflected in different directions ; the
hinge, which is placed a little on the posterior side, has two
smail teeth in one valve, and one in the other, with strong
laminated Jateral teeth, somewhat like those of Cardium.
It belongs to Lamarck’s Genus Lucina.

zoNavra. 66. Shell sub-orbicular, ventricose, thick,
somewhat angulated at the anterior end, and
obsoletely striated transversely.

Tellina zonata. Gmelin, p. 3238.

‘Pellina rubra. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 211. t. 12. f. 4.

TELLINA. iol

Tellina carnaria. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 88. t. 49. f. 32.

Tellina solidula. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney, Dorset Cat.
p- 29. Montagu Test. p.63. Maton and Racket, in
Lin. Trans, vin. p. 58. Dorset Cat. p. 31. t. 8. f. 4.
Wood’s Conch. p. 193. t. 46. f. 2.

Tellna, No. 49. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 15.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 44. and Kirch. f. 43. Lister, Anim.
Ang. t. 4. f.25. and Conch. t. 405. f.250. Petiver
Gaz. t. 94. f..5, 6, and 7.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Bonanni. Coasts of Britain.
Lister, &c. West Indies. So/lander.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and eleven lines
broad ; strong, convex, ventricose, slightly angulated, and
compressed at the anterior end; the colour varies through
different shades of red, yellow, and white, more or less
strongly marked with darker concentric bands; the hinge is
nearly central, and has two small primary teeth in each
valve, without any lateral ones. On the score of priority
this species would be entitled to retain the name of T. rubra,
but it is not at all generally applicable to the shell.

BIMACULATA. 67. Shell triangularly rounded, broad,
smooth, and whitish, with two oblong red
spots on the inside.

Tellina bimaculata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1120. Da
Costa Brit. Conch. p. 213. Chemnitz, vi. p. 132. t.
13. f. 127. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 661. Gmelin, p.
8240. Donovan, t. 19. f. 1. Montagu Test. p. 6y.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 57. Dorset
Cat: pi 3). t., det. 7a, (hood s Conch. p., 192. t. 45. f.
6 and 7.

Tellina variegata. Solander’s MSS.

Enc. Method. t. 2c0. f. 9.

Variety. With several purplish longitudinal rays.

Chemnitz, vi. t. 13. f. 132. Enc. Meth. t. 290. f. 10.

Inbabits the European Ocean. Linnaeus. East and West
Indian Seas. Solander.

Shell about half an inch long, and five-eighths broad, roundish,
sub-triangular and faintly striated transversely ; the colour is
generally white, or sometimes reddish or pale purple, marked
with darker longitudinal rays, and almost always with two
oblong red spots, extending more than half way down the
inside, but these sometimes are wanting, which appears to
have induced Dr. Solander to change the name; it 1s how-

r

ever very different from Gmelin’s 1’. variegata, which Mr.

102 YTELLINA.

Montagu has quoted, and which is properly a Donax; the
hinge is placed a little on the anterior side, and has a single
large primary tooth in each valve, and strong lateral teeth
besides,

BALTHICA. 68. Shell roundish, glabrous, very brit-
tle, flesh-coloured on the outside, and smooth
within.

Tellina Balthica. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1120. Born.
Mus. p.38. Chemnitz, vi. p. 133. t.13. f. 128. Schroeter
Einl. ti. p. 662. Gmelin, p. 3241. Wood’s Conch. p.
194.

Inhabits the Baltic. Linneus.

Shell about seven fines long and eight broad, roundish, sub-tri-
angular, softish, very brittle, rather compressed, glabrous,
and not in any manner striated ; the hinge is the same as in
T. carnaria.

PISIFORMIS. 69. Shell sub-orbicular, smooth, mi-
nutely striated obliquely, and the strie re-
flected at an acute angle on the anterior end.

Tellina pisiformis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1120. Schroeter
Eil. ii. p. 663. Gmelin, p. 3241. Wood’s Conch. p.
194.

Cardium discors. Montagu Test. p. 84. Maton and Rac-
ket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 67. Wood’s Conch. p. 214.

inhabits the European Seas about the mouths of Rivers.

Linneus.

Shell about three lines long, and three lines and a half broad,
sometimes, though rarely, wholly white, but more commonly
with the apex and inside purplish or flesh-coloured ; the
oblique striz are hardly visible without the assistance of a
glass ; the hinge is central, and has one primary tooth in one
valve, and two in the other, of which one is very small ; the
lateral teeth are prominent.

DIVARICATA. 70. Shell sub-orbicular, convex, with
the two sides obliquely striated in opposite
directions.

Tellina divaricata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1120. Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 134. t. 13. f. 129. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 663.
Gmelin, p. 3241. Wood’s Conch. p. 195. t. 46. f. 6.
Brooks's Introd. p. 161. t. 2. f. 16.

Bonanni Kirch. 2. £. 104. Lister Conch. t. 301. f. 142.

TELLINA. 1038

Petiver Gaz. t. 156. f. 26. Klein Ost. t. 9. f. 28. Fa-
vanne, t. 48. f. E. 1. Enc. Method. t. 289. f. 4.
inhabits the coast of Brazil. Bonanni. Mediterranean. Lin-
neus. American Seas. D’ Avila. Coasts of Naples.
Ulysses.

The usual length is about half or three-quarters of an inch, and
the breadth is very nearly the same; it isa strong, rather
pellucid white shell, with numerous fine parailel striz run-
ning obliquely in opposite directions at the two ends, and
forming an obtuse angle near the middle ; the hinge is cen-

‘tral, and is said to have a double primary tooth at the hinge,
but no lateral teeth.

PENTATA. 71. Shell sub-orbicular, convex, with
the two sides obliquely striated in opposite
directions, and the margin serrated.

Tellina dentata. Wood’s Conch. p. 195. t. 46. f. 6.
Inhabits
Mr. Wood has figured this elegant shell from Mrs. Mawe’s

cabinet, and says, it differs from 7. divaricata in the follow-
ing particulars: ‘“ The upper part of the margin is strongly
dentated, particularly the posterior edge; the rest of the cir-
cumference is serrated ; the concentric striz are somewhat
raised from the surface of the shell, and like the margin,
have serrated edges; the waved striz, on the surface, are
finer and closer than in J’. divaricata. 'The umbones are
prominent, and turn inwards.”

DIGITARIA. 72. Shell sub-orbicular, convex, and
surrounded with uniform oblique curved
strie.

Tellina digitaria. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1120. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 126. t, 12. f. 121. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 664.
Gmelin, p. 3241. Wood’s Conch. p. 196.

Cardium arcuatum. Montagu Test. p. 85. t. 3. f. 2. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 67. Wood's
Conch. p. 213.

Enc. Meth. t. 292. f. 5.

Variety. Shell near an inch long.

Chemnitz, vi. p. 125. t. 12. f. 120.

Enc. Method. t. 292. f. 6.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. Mediterranean, and
the Variety from the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.
Shell usually not more than three lines long, and less than four

104 TELLINA.

broad ; rather strong, somewhat pellucid, white or pale flesh
colour, and sometimes of a brighter red towards the apices ;
it has derived its name from the oblique curved striz which
bear a fancied resemblance to those at the end of the fingers ;
the hinge is placed considerably nearer the posterior than
the anterior end. The shell figured by Chemnitz from the
Nicobar Islands is probably a distinct species, for it mea-
sures eleven lines in length, by thirteen in breadth, and is
clouded with a duil red.

CORNEA. 73. Shell sub-orbicular, gibbous, glabrous,
finely striated transversely, and the umbones
obtuse.

Tellina cornea. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1120. Pennant
ool. iv. p. 89. t. 49. f. 36. Schroeter Fluss. p. 189. t.
4. f. 3 to 5, and Ein. ii. p. 669. Chemnitz, vi. p. 136.
t. 13. f. 133. Gmelin, p. 3241. Maton in Lin. Trans.
lil. p. 45. t. 13. f. 89 and 40. Donovan, ii. t. 96. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 59. Wood's
Conch. p. 196. t. 46. f. 3. Brooks’s Introd. p. 57. t. 2.
f.4N5;

Tellina rivalis. Muller Verm. ii. p. 202.

Cardium Nux. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 173. t. 13. f. 2.

Cardium corneum. Dorset Cat. p. 32. t.7.f.2. Montagu
Test. p. 86.

Cyelas cornea. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 124.

Le Came des Ruisseaux. Colfpiey p soe tS:

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 2. f. 31. App. t. 1. f. 5. and Conch.
t. 159. f. 14. Gualter, t. 7. f. C. Argenville, t. 31. f. 9.
Enc. Meth. t. 302. f. 5.

Variety. Shell larger and less convex.

Cardium amnicum. Dorset Cat. p. 32.

Lister Anim. Ang. p. 22.

Inhabits rivers, ponds, and ditches in Europe, common.

Shell commonly about five lines long, and six broad; thin, pel-
lucid, horn-coloured, very convex, finely striated transversely,
and sometimes marked with a broad transverse depression or
furrow, towards the margin; the hinge is placed a little on
the posterior side, and has two very small primary teeth, with
remote, prominent, laminated, lateral ones, which has in-
duced many naturalists to consider it a Cardium.

LAcustTRis. 74. Shell sub-rhomboidal, rather com-
pressed, glabrous, with the umbones promi-
nent and acute.

TELLINA. 105

Tellina lacustris. Muller Verm. ii. p. 204. Schroeter
Fluss. p. 191. Chemnitz, vi. p. 139.-t. 13. f. 135.
Gmelin, p. 3242. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
viii. p. 60. Wood’s Conch. p. 197. t. 47. f. 5.

Tellina, No. 25. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 10.

Cardium lecustre. Montugu Test. p. 89.

Cyclas. Enc. Method. t. 302. f. 6.

Inhabits rivers, pools, and ditches. Denmark. Muller.. Bri-
tain. Montagu, &e.

Shell about four lines long and five broad, thin, pellucid, of a
pale horn colour, covered with a dark brown epidermis, and
rather compressed, particularly round the margin; the um-
bones are remarkably produced, which alone is sufficient to

- distinguish this species from 7’, cornea.

AMNICA. 75. Shell obliquely sub-oval, convex,
transversely grooved, and the umbones ob-
tuse.

Tellina amnica. Mudller Verm. ii. p.205. Schroeter Fluss.
p- 194. Chemnitz, vi. p. 138. t. 13. f. 134. Gmelin,
p- 3242. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 60.
Dorset Cat. p. 31. t. 7. f.2..a. Wood's Conch. p. 153.
t. 47. f. 6.

Tellina rivalis. Maton in Lin Trans. ui. p. 44. t. 13. f.
37 and 38. Donovan, ii. t. 64. f. 2.

Tellina, No. 24. Schroeter Evnl. iui. p. 9.

Cardium amnicum. Montagu Test. p. 86.

Gualter, t. 7. f. CC.

Inhabits rivers and other fresh water streams. Denmark.
Muller. Britam. Maton, &c.

Shell about three-eighths of an inch long, and rather broader
in proportion to its length than either of the preceding
species, from which it may be distinguished by its more oval
shape, its strong transverse grooves, and by the umbones,
which are less central. Schreeter considers Gualter’s fig.
CC. to represent another species distinct from I. amnica,
see Fluss. Conch. p. 193 and 194. He also at page 195,
has described another separate species of this tribe, with a
reference to his Tab. minor, A. f. 8. and to Gualter, t. 7. f.
B, and at page 197, another from Gualter, t. 7. f. A, and
Martini, in Berlin Mag. t. 12. f. 68. neither of which figures
are quoted in Gmelin, or any other work with which I am
acquainted.

106 TELLINA.

PUSILLA. 76. Shell ovate, ventricose, thin, and
striated transversely; hinge with a double
primary tooth in one valve, and none in the
other.

Tellina pusilla. Gmelin, p. $231. Wood’s Conch. p. 152.

Tellina virginica. Gmelin, p. 3236.

Tella, No. 87. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 25.

Schroeter Fluss. p. 194. t. 4. f. 7. a and b.

Lister Conch. t. 159. f. 15. Petiver Gaz. t. 104. f. 5.
Inhabits rivers in Europe. Gmelin. Rivers in Virginia. Lister.
Shell scarcely two lines long, aud about one fourth broader, of

a dirty white colour on the outside, and the inside very white ;

the umbones in the figures appear to be prominent. May

not the minute shell mentioned by Mr. Montagu at page
$8 of his Testacea Britannica, belong to this species?

Limosa. 77. Shell ovate, equivalve, transversely
striated, and purple within; umbones pro-
minent, and rather acute.

Tellina limosa. Maton in Lin. Trans. x. p. 328.
8 and 9, and junior f. 10. Wood’s Conch,

_ f. 4 and 5.

Inhabits rivers in South America. Maton.

Shell about half an inch long, and three-quarters of an inch
broad ; smooth, brittle, with a green epidermis, and the mar-
gin entire. Hinge with two teeth in one valve, and one in
the other, and the lateral laminz are crenated ; young shells
are paler, thinner, and somewhat diaphanous.

FLUMINALIS. 78. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
triangular, ventricose, and strongly striated
transversely.

Tellina fluminalis. Mudler Verm. ii. p. 205. Schroeter
Fluss. p. 195. Gmelin, p. 3242.

Venus fluminalis. Chemnitz, vi. p. 319. t. 30. f. 320.

Venus, No. 11. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 158.

Cyclas Euphratica. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 124.

Cyclas. ncyc. Method. t. 301. f. 2.

Inhabits the river Euphrates. Mudler.

Shell about thirteen lines long, and fourteen broad; thick,
opake, ventricose, longer on the fore than on the hind side,
green, and marked with strong imbricated transverse striz ;
the inside is bluish towards the margin; the hinge has three

t. 24. f.
p- 199. t. 46.

TELLINA. 107

primary teeth, with corresponding cavities in each valve, and
the lateral ones are long and crenulated, as also are their re-
ceiving grooves. The hinges of 7. fuminea, and T. fiuvia-
tilis are similar, and Schroeter suspects they are only Varieties
of this species.

FLUMINEA. 79, Shell somewhat heart-shaped, tri-
angular, and transversely ribbed.
Tellina fluminea. Muller Verm. ii. p. 206. Gmelin, p.

3245.

Tellina fluviatilis. Schroeter Fluss. p. 193. t. 4. f. 2. a
and b.

Venus fluminea. Chemnitz, vi. p. 320. t. 30, f. 322 and
323.

Venus, No. 13. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 159.

Inhabits the sandy bottoms of rivers in China. Muller.

Shell about six or eight lines long, and equally broad ; ventri-
cose, opake, and nearly equally broad at both ends; the
outer surface is green, marked with broad rather distant
transverse ribs, and the inside is white, with a semicircle of
black ; the hinge is the same as in T. fluminalis. ‘The shell
figured by Schroeter obviously belongs to this species, and
not to 7’. fluviatilis, as he imagined.

FLUVIATILIS. 80. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
triangular, and transversely wrinkled.

Tellina fluviatilis. Muller Verm. ti. p. 206. Gmelin, p.
$245.

Venus fluviatilis. Chemnitz, vi. p. 192. t. 30. f. $21.

Venus, No. 12. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 158.

Tohabits the river at Canton. Maudler.

Shell nine lines long and eight broad, and is longer and more
slender than the preceding species; the length at both ends
is equal, and the colour brownish green; the space be-
tween the elevated lines is narrower than in 7’. fluminea, to
which it is nearly allied, and most probably will prove to be
nothing more than a Variety, either of that species or of 7’.
Stuminalis.

HERMAPHRODITA. 81. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
triangular, thick, ponderous, coarse and very
smooth.

Venus hermaphrodita. Martini Manigf. 1. p. 402. t. 1. f.
land 2, Gmelin, p. 3278.

108 TELLINA.

Venus reclusa. Chemnitz, vi. p. 326. t. 31. f. 327 to 329.
Venus, No. 16. Schroeter Eznl. iii. p. 160.

Inhabits rivers in Guinea. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and an inch and three
quarters broad, of an olive colour, and the inside whitish
with a tinge of purple; it has the cartilage external and
gibbous, agreeing with Lamarck’s Genus Cyclas, on which
account I have thought it better to remove it to the neigh-
bourhood of the foregoing species.

109

®Benus VII.

CARDIUM:+

SHELL BIVALVE, NEARLY EQUILATERAL, AND THE
VALVES EQUAL; HINGE WITH TWO PRIMARY
TEETH ALTERNATING WITH THOSE OPPOSITE,
AND THE LATERAL TEETH REMOTE AND IN-
SERTED.

cosTatuM. 1. Shell gibbous, equivalve, with high,
keeled, concave, membranaceous, longitudi-
nal ribs.

Cardium costatum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1121. Born.
Mus. p. 40. Chemnitz, vi. p. 156. t. 15. f. 151 and 152.
Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 27. Barbut’s Verm. p. 28. t. 3.
f.7. Gmelin, p. 3244. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 224.
Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 119. Wood’s Conch. p.
he fm ats le

Lister Conch. t. 327. f. 164. Rumphius, t. 48. f. 6. Gual-
ter, t. 72. D. Argenville, t. 23. f. A. Adanson, t. 18.
f.2. Knorr, i.t.28.f.2. Favanne, t. 52. f. B. Enc.
Method. t. 293. f. 1.

Inhabits the African Seas. Linneus. Mouth of the river

Congo. Lister. Senegal. Adanson. Guinea. Humphreys.

Coasts of Naples. Ulysses.

_t The following of Gmelin’s species appear to me to be undeserving of no-
tice: C. albidum, p. 3256. C. cancellatum, p. 3256. C.flecuosum, p. 3255. C.
gaditanum, p. 3255. C. rubiginosum, p. 3256. C. trilaterum, p. 3253. C. triste,

p. 3253. and C. virescens, p.3256, C. lithocardium, p, 3246. has been found in a
fossil state only.

110 CARDIUM.

Shell about three or four inches long, and three and a half or
four and a half inches broad, and the depth of each valve is
nearly half the breadth; young shells are brittle and trans-
parent, but become thicker and more opake with age;
there are about eighteen high sharp edged ribs extending
along the outer surface, and the inside has corresponding
grooves ; the colour is pale tawny, and the ribs white.

Lima. 2. Shell heart-shaped, with longitudinal ribs,
edged with elevated dots on one side, and
lamellated on the other.

Cardium Lima. Gmelin, p.3253. Wood’s Conch. p. 230.

Cardium Asiaticum. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 224.

Cardium costatum Indiz orientalis. Chemnitz, vi. p. 160.
t. 15. f. 153 and 154.

Cardium, No. 5. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 52.

Enc. Method. t. 292. f.1. a. b.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean, and principally the coasts of Tran-
quebar. Bruguwiere.

The length is about an inch and three-quarters, the breadth
about two inches, and the height is nearly equal to the
length; the shell has from thirty to forty longitudinal ribs,
edged with short spines on the posterior, and with recurved
membranes on the anterior side; the inner surface has hol-
low grooves corresponding with the external ribs, and in
these are projecting points, with which those on the outside
appear to be connected ; the margins are toothed and pointed
like a saw, and on the posterior side under the umbones is a
heart-shaped depression ; the colour is yellowish white, and

reddish on the inside towards the margin; it 1s a very rare
shell.

CARDISSA. 3. Shell heart-shaped; valves com-
pressed, keeled, and: the keel toothed ; um-
bones approximated.

Cardium Cardissa. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1121. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 150. t. 14. f. 143 and 144. Schroeter Exnl. ii. p.
29. Barbut Verm. p. 28. t. 3. f.8. Gmelin, p. 3245.
Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 208. Wood’s Conch. p. 59.
f. 1 and 2.

Cardium Cardissa. Var. g. Born. Museum, p. 41. t. 2. f.
17 and 18.

Lister Conch. t. 318. f. 155. Rumphius, t. 43. f. E. Gual-
ter, t. 84. f. B,C, and D. Argenville, t. 23. f. 1. Fa-
vanne, t. 51.f. E.2. Enc. Method. t. 293. f. 3.

CARDIUM. lil

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Linneus. Coasts of Amboyna.
Rumphius. China and Tranquebar. Humphreys. Persian
Gulf, and coasts of Coromandel. Bruguiere.

Shell generally about twenty three lines long, twenty broad,
and eleven high, and is remarkable for its elegant form, com-
pletely resembling a heart, and for the flatness of its valves ;
it is whitish, with transparent milky spots, and is sometimes,
though rarely, variegated with pale rose colour ; the ante-
rior side is convex near the hinge, and becomes flattish to-
wards the margin, and close beneath the umbones is a small
cordiform depression ; the valves are very thin, and have
their angulated keel spinous.

HUMANUM. 4. Shell heart-shaped; valves com-
pressed and keeled, with the anterior side
convex ; umbones approximated.

Cardium humanum. Chemniéz, vi. p. 153. t. 145 and 146,
Wood’s Conch. p. 245. f. 3 and 4.

Cardium Cardissa Var. g. Linneus Mus. Lud. Ulr. p.
484. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 208

Cardium Cardissa. « Born. Mus. p. 40. t. 2. f. 15 and
16.

Cardium protrusum. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
178. lot 3825. Call. Cat. p. 49. No. 918.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 49. and Kirch. £. 48. Lister Conch. t.
319. f. 156. Klein Ost. t. 10. f. 39. Knorr, vi. t. 11. f.
1. Favanne, t. 51. f. E. 1. Enc. Meth. t. 294. f. 1.

Inhabits. the Eastern Ocean. Lister. Coasts of China and
Tranquebar. Humphreys.

Shell about sixteen lines long, fourteen broad, and rather more
than six high; it differs from C. Cardissa in being smaller,
and proportionably broader in the keel which is at most
only very minutely crenulated, and in the colour, which ge-
nerally consists of red spots disposed in a quincunx order on
a white ground.

ROSEUM. 5. Shell heart-shaped; valves compressed
and keeled, with the anterior side concave ;
umbones approximated.

Cardium roseum. Chemnitz, vi. p. 154. t. 14. f. 147 and
148. Gmelin, p. 3245. Wood’s Conch. p. 239. t. 57.
f. 6.
Cardium Cardissa Var. C. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 208.
. Cardium impressum. Solander’s MSS.
Cardium, No.1. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 52.

112 CARDIUM.

Lister Conch. t. 320. f.157. Argenville, t. 23.f.D. Enc.
Meth. t. 294. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. The
Gulf of Bengal. Bruguiere.

Shell-about fourteen lines long, eleven broad, and six high ; it
may be distinguished from C. Cardissa by its plain or only
very minutely crenulated keel, and from C. humanum by its
being narrower in proportion to the length ; and from both,
by its anterior side, which is remarkably concave, except to-
wards the hinge, where 1t becomes slightly elevated.

monstTRosuM. 6. Shell heart-shaped; valves com-
pressed, with the front margins incurved, and
the anterior side very concave ; keel slightly
toothed, and the umbones approximated.

Cardium monstrosum. Chemnitz, vi. p. 155. t. 14. f. 149
and 150. Gmelin, p. 3253.

Cardium Cardissa Var. D. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 209.

Cardium, No. 2. Schroeter Einlettung, iu. p. 52.

Enc. Method. t. 295. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. New
Zealand. Bruguiere.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and the length and
breadth are nearly equal ; it differs from the three foregoing
species, in having one side convex and the other very concave,
and their lower extremities curved upwards towards the
hinge ; it has moreover the concentric grooves on the convex
side more numerous, and is marked on a white ground with
yellowish chevrons towards the keel.

RETUSUM. 7. Shell heart-shaped, valves slightly
keeled, and marked with crenulated longitu-
dinal grooves, and a crescent-shaped cavity
beneath the umbones.

Cardium retusum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1121. Born.
Mus. p. 41. t. 3. f. 1 and 2. Chemnitz, vi. p. 147. t. 12.
f. 189 to 142. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 30. Gmelin, p.
$245. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 210. Wood’s Conch.
p- 243. t. 58. f. 4 and 5.

Cardium auricula. Forsk. Fauna. Arab. p. 122. Gmelin,
p- 3253. Wood’s Conch. p. 229.

Regenfuss, ii. t. 9. f. 20. Enc. Method. t. 249. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Arabia and Egypt. Forskah/. Tranque-
bar. Chemnitz. Persian Gulf and Red Sea. Bruguiere.
China. Humphreys.

CARDIUM. 113

Shell varying from one to two inches in length, and the breadth
and heighth are each about equal to three-fourths of the
length ; the colour is white, and shining, or sometimes pale
yellow, and occasionally spotted with red; there are in each
valve about twenty-one longitudinal crenulated grooves, whose
intermediate ribs are more or less tuberculated, and the deep
crescent-shaped cavity, which is placed immediately below
the umbones, is of itself sufficient to distinguish this species,

HEMICARDIUM. 8. Shell heart-shaped, sub-trilate-
ral, keeled at the anterior end, and marked
with punctured grooves ; umbones distant.

Cardium hemicardium. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1121. Born.
Mus. p. 42. Chemnitz, vi. p. 167. t. 16. f. 159 to 161.
Schroeter Hinl. iti. p. 31. Gmelin, p. 3246. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p, 211, Wood’s Conch. p. 240. t. 47. f.7
and 8.

Rumphius, t. 44. f. H. Petiver Amb. t.17. f. 4. Gualter,
{S24 t.. Cini Koronrovinit. Sy £,,23)) eee. Meth: it.'205.
fie

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Molucca Islands.
Chemnitz. China. Humphreys.

The length is usually an inch anda quarter, and the breadth and
height an inch; there are on each valve about twenty-four
ribs, which are tuberculated at the posterior end, and the in-
termediate grooves are marked with excavated dots; the co-
lour is whitish, or pale yellow, and the inside white.

MEDIUM. 9. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, angu-
lated at the anterior end, and marked with
rounded longitudinal ribs, and minute trans-
verse striz.

Cardium medium. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1122. Born.
Mus. p. 43. Chemnitz, vi. p. 169. t. 16. f. 162 to 164.
Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 32. Gmelin, p. 3246. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p..218. Donovan, i. t. 32. f. 1. Montagu
Test. p. 83. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vui.
p- 61. Wood’s Conch. p. 211. t. 50. f. 3.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 94. and Kirch. f. 91. Lister Conch. t.
316. f. 153. Gualter, t. 83. f. B. Knorr, u. t. 29.
f. 5. and v. t.20. f.5. Favanne, t. 51. f. 1.3. Enc.
Method. t. 296. f. 1.

Tohabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. Islands of Antigua,
VOL, I. I

114 CARDIUM.

St. Croix, and St. Thomas. Chemnitz. Britain. Donovan.

Shell about an inch and a half Jong, almost equally broad, and
near an inch high; whitish, marbled or spotted with reddish
brown, and marked with strong convex longitudinal ribs, se-
parated by almost equally broad furrows, and crossed by
minute transverse striz; the anterior side is somewhat trun-
cated, flattish, and slightly keeled at its border, but becomes
elevated towards the margin of the valves.

DONACIFORME. 10. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
longitudinally grooved, and the anterior end
truncated; umbones cancellated.

Cardium donaciforme. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 68. t. 7.
f.14. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.214. Schreber’s Conch.
i. p. 71. Wood’s Conch. p. 234.

Cardium medium Var. Chemnitz, vi. p. 171. t. 16. f. 165
Gmelin, p. 3247.

Inhabits the coasts of the West India Islands. Ghemnitz.

This species differs from C. medium im being broader than it is
long, more strikingly truncated at the anterior end, and the
longitudinal ribs separated only by narrow shallow grooves ;
it is also said to have the primary teeth closer, and the lateral
teeth much pointed in one, and very obtuse in the other
valve. .

exicuuM. If. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, and
obliquely angulated at the anterior end ; ribs
imbricated, and the interstices grooved trans-
versely. .

Cardium exiguum. Gmelin, p. 3255. Montagu Test. p. 82.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 61. Dorset
Cat. p. 31. t.2. f.11. Wood’s Conch. p. 212.

Cardium pygmezum. Solander’s MSS. Donovan, i. t. $2.
peas

Taster Conch. t. 317. {. 154. Petiver Gaz. t. 93. f. 11.
Walker’s Min. Shells, f. 83.

Inhabits the coasts of England. Lister, &c.

Shell about four lines and a half long, five broad, and three
and a half high; pale tawny white, with about twenty
angulated ribs, and their interstices strikingly grooved trans-
versely,

ACULEATUM. 12. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with

CARDIUM. 115

longitudinal rather remote spinous ribs, mark-
ed along the middle with a groove.

Cardium aculeatum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1122. Pen-
nant Zool. iv. p. 90. t. 50. £.37. Da Costa Brit. Conch.
p- 175. Born. Mus. p. 43. Chemnitz, vi. p. 161. t. 15.
f. 155 and 156. Schroeter Einl. m1. p. 33. Gmelin,
p- 3247. Brugwiere Enc. Meth. p. 216. Donovan, i.
t.6. Montagu Test. p. 77. Maton and Racket, in
Lin. Trans. vii. p. 62. Wood’s Conch. p. 207. t. 48.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 96. and Kirch. f.97 and 98. Lister
Conch. t. 321. f. 158. Gualter, t.72.f. A. Seba, iii.
t. 86. f. 4. Argenville, t. 23. f. B. Favanne, t. 51.
f Ande) ne. MM eth..t. 208, 4. 1.

Variety. Shell thinner, and armed with longer spines.
Cardium spinosum. Sowerby Brit. Misc. p.65. t.52. Ma-

ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 62.

Inhabits the coasts of Southern Europe. Linneus. Adriatic.
Bonanni. Mediterranean. D’ Avila. Coasts of Britain.
Pennant, &c.

The length is about two inches and a half, the breadth rather
exceeds the length, and the height is near two inches; it has
about twenty-one flattish, spinous ribs, marked with a narrow
longitudinal groove in the middle; the colour is tawny, or
yellowish brown, with darker transverse bands, and the inside
is white, or pale flesh colour. Mr. Montagu (Supp. p. 31.),
says that young shells are thinner, and have the spines longer,
im which state it is the C. spynosum of Mr. Sowerby.

sPinosuM. 13. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, nearly
equilateral, with crowded longitudinal ribs
marked along the middle with an obsolete
groove, and very spinous.

Cardium spinosum. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
105. lot 2297. Callone’s Cat. p. 50. No. 940.

Cardium echinatum. Brugwiere, inc. Meth. p. 217.

Cardium aculeatum Var. Chemmnitz, vi. p. 165. t. 15, f.
157. Wood’s Conch. p. 208. t. 51. f. 1.

Seba, iii. t. 86. f.3. Favanne, t. 52. f. A.2. Enc. Meth,
£,;207... £.°5.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Solander. Naples. Ulysses.

The length is about two inches and a half, the breadth two
inches and a quarter, and the height two inches; it differs
from C. aculeatum of which it has been generally called the
foreign variety, in bemg nearly equilateral and longer in

12

116 CARDIUM.

proportion to the breadth, and in having about thirty-five
ribs, which are much more closely set with spines. Kam-
merer in his Cab. Rudolst. has also placed this as a separate
species, though without a name.

ECHINATUM. 14. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
rather remote longitudinal ribs, armed along
the middle with a spinous elevated line, and
striated transversely.

Cardium echinatum. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1122. Pen-
nant Zool. iv. p.90. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 176.
t. 14. f.2. Muller Zool. Dan.i. p. 13. t. 13 and 14.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 165. t. 15. f. 158. Schroeter Einl. i.
p. 34. Gmelin, p. 3247. Montagu Test. p.78. Dono-
van, ii. t. 107. f. 1. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. vil.” p. 63.' ~ Dorset Cat. p.+31.) t6. f. 2.
Wood’s Conch. p. 208. t. 49. f. 1 and 2.

Cardium ciliare Var B. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 218.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 90, and Kirch. f. 88. Lister Anim.
Ang. t. 5. f. 33 and Conch. t. 324. f. 161. Klein Ost.
t. 10. f.40. Enc. Method. t. 298. f. 3.

Junior. Cardium ciliare. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1112. Pen-

nant ool. p. 90. t. 50. f. 39. Chemnitz, vi. p. 178.
t. 17. f. 171 and 172. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 36. Gme-
lin, p. 3248. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 218. Dono-
van, i. t. 32. f.2. Montagu Test. p. 79. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 64. Dorset Cat. p. 31.
t. 4. f. 1. Wood’s Conch. p. 209. t. 49. f. 3 and 4.

Cardium parvum. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 177.

Lister Conch. t. 325. f. 162. Petiver Gaz. t. 30. f. 1.?
Gualter, t..72. f. C. Knorr, vi. t. 5. f..5. Ene.
Meth. t. 298. f. 4.

Inhabits the Northern Ocean. Linneus. Adriatic. Lister.
Baltic. Muller. North Sea. Fabricius. Mediterranean.
Ulysses. Coasts of Britain. Lister, &c:

The Jength is about two inches, which is rather exceeded by
the breadth, and the height is about an inch and a half; it
has the same number of ribs as C. acudeatum, from which
it differs in bemg rounder, and more strongly marked with
transverse wrinkled striz, and in having the spines set in an
elevated line on the middle of each nb. Chemnitz (vol. xi.
p- 213 and 200. f. 1951 to 1953) has described and figured
some other Cardium under the name, but the young shells
of this species answer to the character, and have been
generally considered to be the Linnean C. ciliare: in this

CARDIUM. 117

early stage of its growth, the line on the ribs appears more
elevated, and the spines more compressed. Mr. Montagu,
under the name of C. nodosum, has constituted rather too
uncertain a species to be retained, which, he says, resembles
the young of C. echinatum, but that the latter are more
globose, and have their ribs sharper, and the tubercles more
pointed and distant.

CILIATUM. 15, Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
crowded somewhat triangular spinous ribs.

Cardium ciliatum. Fabricius Fauna Greul. p. 410. Gme-
lin, p. 3248.

Inhabits the North Seas, and is plentiful on the coasts of
Greenland. Fabricius.

Fabricius describes this species to be an inch and a half long,
and nineteen lines broad, and says it resembles C. echinatum,
but has from thirty-two to thirty-eight ribs; shell thick,
oblique, convex, whitish grey under the epidermis, and the
inside white; ribs spinous on the ridges, rather convex in
the middle of the shell, and the lateral ones triangular, with
the intermediate grooves striated transversely. Mr. Wood
says, that this is the young of C. echinatum, but from the
number of the ribs, it is more likely to belong to C. spino-
sum.

TUBERCULATUM. 16. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
with the ribs obtuse, knotty, and transversely
wrinkled.

Cardium tuberculatum. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1122. Born.
Mus. p. 44.) Chemnitz, vi. p: 179. 't. 17. £.. 173.
Schroeter Einl. in. p. 36. Gmelin, p. 5248. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p. 218. Donovan, iii. t. 107. f. 2. Mon-
tagu Test. p. 568. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill. p.64. Dorset Cat. p. 31.t.2. f. 2. Wood’s Conch. p.
210. t. 50. f. 1 and 2.

Rumphius, t. 48. f.11. Seba, ii. t. 86. f.7. Enc. Meth.
£2°298. f.)2.

inhabits the Mediterranean. Lister. Adriatic. Humphreys.
Coasts of Provence and Languedoc. Bruguiere. Naples.
Ulysses. Britain. Pulteney, &c.

This shell in size resembles C. echinatum, but is said to be
longer in proportion to its breadth, thicker, more rounded
at the anterior end, and the ribs only tubercular, or but very
rarely armed with spines; Mr. Montagu, ‘however, in his
supplement, page 33, has given some strong reasons for

118 - CARDIUM.

doubting whether it should be considered a distinct species ;

the colour is pale whitish brown, with darker transverse
bands.

ISOCARDIA. 17. Shell heart-shaped, with longitu-
dinal ribs, and erect vaulted scales.

Cardium Isocardia. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1122. Born.
Mus. p. 45 and Vign. at p. 39. Chemnitz, vi. p. 182. t.
17. f. 174 to 176. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 38. Gmelin,
p. 5249. Brugwiere Enc. Meth. p.215. Wood’s Conch.
p- 217. t. 52. f. 1 and 2.

Cardium squamosum. Gmelin, p. 3256.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 95 and Kirch. £.93. Lister Conch.
t. 323. f. 160. Petiver Gaz. t. 152. f.'7. Gaulter, t.
71. f. N. Argenville, t. 23. f. M. Seba, ii. t. 86. f.
5. Regenfuss.i. t. 5. f. 56. Enc. Meth. t. 297. f. 4.

Inhabits the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Bonanni. Coasts
of Jamaica. Lister. Nussatello and Hitoe in the Eastern
Ocean. Regenfuss. West Indies. Humphreys.

Shell about two inches long, and the breadth and height, which
are equal, rather exceed an inch and a half; it has about
thirty-five longitudinal ribs, covered with erect vaulted scales,
and the hinge has only a single primary tooth in each valve ;
the outer surface is whitish, with irregular reddish brown

spots, and the inside white, stained with purple in. the
middle.

YRAGUM. 18. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, and
angulated; ribs armed towards the margin,
with numerous elevated crescent-shaped strie.

Cardium Fragum. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1123. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 172. t. 16. f. 166 and 167. Schroeter Eznl. ni.
p- 39. Gmelin, p. 3749. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.
212. Wood’s Conch. p. 241. t. 58. f. 1 and 2.

Cardium imbricatum. Born. Mus. p. 42. t. 3. f. 3 and 4.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 374. Lister Conch. t. 315. f. 152.
Rumphius, t. 44. f. G. Petiver Amb. t. 18. f. 21.
Gualter, t. 83. f. E. Enc. Method. t. 295. f. 3.

Tnhabits the Asiatic and American Oceans. Linneus. Coasts
of China. Humphreys.

The length is usually rather more than an inch and a quarter,
the breadth an inch, and the height near eleven lines; it has
on each yalve, about twenty-three convex longitudinal ribs,
armed with small crescent-shaped scales, which are more
crowded at the anterior than the posterior end, and are

CARDIUM. 119

wanting on the upper part towards the hinge ; the colour is
yellowish white, and the inside white, with an orange band
extending about half way from the hinge to the margin.

UNEDO. 19. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, angu-
lated, and prominent at the anterior end;
ribs armed with scattered elevated crescent-
shaped coloured striz.

Cardium Unedo, Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1123. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 174, t. 16. f. 168 and 169. Schroeter Ein. ni.
p. 40. Gmelin, p. 3250. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 214.
Wood's Conch. p. 242. t. 58. f. 3. Brooks’s Introd. p.
161. t. 2..f. 19.
Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 375. Lister Conch. t. 135. f. 151.
Rumphius, t. 44. f. F. Petiver Amb. t. 18. f. 19. Gual-
ter, t.83. f. A. Knorr, ii. t. 29. f.2. Regenfuss, 1.
t. 3. f. 25. Seba, ii. t. 86. f. 12. Da Costa Elements,
t.6. f.8. Enc. Meth. 295. f. 4.
Inhabits the East Indies. Lzster. Coastsof Amboyna. Rum-
phius. Jamaica. D’ Avila? China. Humphreys.
The length is most commonly an inch and three quarters, the
breadth near an inch and a half, and the height an inch and
a quarter ; it is very nearly allied to C. Fragum, but differs
in the dimensions, in having its crescent-shaped striz always
red, and the marginal teeth of the opposite valves at the an-
terior end locking much closer into each other. Born appears
to have confounded C. ringens with this species.

RINGENS. 20. Shell roundish, longitudinally ribbed,
with the anterior margin deeply serrated and
gaping. — -

Cardium ringens. Chemnitz, vi. p. 176. t. 16. f. 170. Gme-
lin, p. 3254. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 225. Wood's
Conch. p. 219.

Cardium dentex. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 89.
lot 1961...

Cardium, No. 5. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 54.

Lister Conch. p. 330. f. 167. Knorr, iv. t. 14. f.3. and vi.
t. 3. f.4. Adanson, t.18.f.1. Favanne, t. 52. f. F.

_ Enc. Meth. t. 296. f. 3.

{nhabits the coasts of Guinea. Petiver. Mouths of the Niger.
Adanson. Cvasts of Africa, and the West India Islands.
Chemnitz.

The length and breadth are about an inch each, and the height

120 CARDIUM.

is almost equal; the shell is strong, white, with only a tinge
of rose colour on both sides of the margin; it has about
twenty-six longitudinal ribs, formimg corresponding serratures
on the margin, of which seven are very deeply cut, and do
not lock into those of the opposite valve, when the valves are
shut. ‘

MURICATUM. 21. Shell ovate-heart-shaped; ribs
armed with oblique flattish spines, poimted in
different directions.

Cardium muricatum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1123. Chem-
mitz, vi. p. 185. t. 17. f. 177 and 178. Schroeter Ennl.
il. p. 41. Gmelin, p. 3250. Brugwere Enc. Meth.
p. 233. Wood’s Conch. p. 216. t. 51. f. 2 and 3.

Laster Conch. t. 322. f. 159. Knorr, iv. t. 14. f. 5.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. St. Domingo. Bru-
guiere. West Indies. Humphreys.

Shell about eighteen lines long, sixteen broad, and thirteen
high; of a greyish or yellowish white colour, edged with
orange, yellow, or scarlet, on the anterior side, and some-
times stained or spotted with red. There are thirty-six lon-
gitudinal ribs, of which twelve have their spines pointed in
an opposite direction to the others; the marginal serratures
are largest on the anterior edge.

MAGNUM. 22. Shell oblong, with angulated grooves,
serrated on the side.

Cardium magnum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1123.

Inhabits Jamaica. Linneus.

Linnezus, in the Systema Nature, has referred only to the Mus.
Lud. Ulrica, and he there describes this shell to be “ ob-
long, ovate, as big as a hand, with nzneteen angulated
grooves crenated backwards; margins reddish within, toothed
at the apex, and serrated on the sides; colour pale on the
out, and reddish in the inside; mm the area on the posterior
side, the cleft by the cartilage, and the teeth of the hinge, it
resembles C. muricatum.” Bruguiere has given many reasons
(Enc. Meth. p. 229.) for supposing that C. leucostomum is
this species, and that the number of ribs in the above des-
cription has been misprinted 19 instead of 59, and he consi-
ders the figure referred to by Chemnitz and Gmelin, (Chem-
nitz, t. 19. f. 191.) for C. magnum to be the same shell or a
variety in a more advanced stage of growth; in all other re-
spects C. leucostomum agrees much better with the Linnean

CARDIUM. 121

character than C. maculatum, which Born has supposed to
be this species, and which he has notwithstanding described
with thirty-five ribs.

LEUCOsToMUM. 23. Shell oblong, nearly equilate-
ral, with numerous longitudinal ribs crenated
on both sides, and imbricated at the anterior
end.

Cardium leucostomum. Born. Mus. p. 46. t. 3. f. 6 and 7.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 187. t. 17. f. 179.

Cardium elongatum. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 22

Cardium magnum. Wood's Conch. p. 221. t. 53. f.

Cardium magnum. Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3250.

Cardium variegatum. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p.
41. No. 931.

Cardium Corbis. Martyn Univ. Conch. t. 80.

Cardium, No. 6. Schroeter Einl. iti. p. 54.

Lister Conch. t. 331. f. 168. Seba, ii. t. 86. f.2. Favanne,
t.52.f.G.. Enc. Method. t. 297. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. Carthagena. Seba.
Antilles. Chemnitz.

The length is generally about two inches and three quarters, the
breadth two inches, and the height one inch and three quar-
ters, but specimens have been found six inches long, with
the other dimensions in proportion; each valve has from
thirty-four to forty longitudinal ribs, of which about twelve
at the posterior end are imbricated, and somewhat tubercu-
lated, and the others crenulated by strong transverse elevated
striz, particularly on their sides, and towards the anterior
end ; the colour is whitish, irregularly spotted or stained with
yellowish brown, orange, or pale purple. It appears pro-
bable, from his description, that Chemnitz’s figure 191,
which Mr. Wood has quoted for C. tuberculatum, may bea
variety of this species.

8.
3.

MACULATUM. 24. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
ventricose, with longitudinal angular ribs
striated transversely on the posterior side.

Cardium maculatum. Gmelin, p. 3255.

Cardium magnum. Born. Mus. p. 46. t. 3. f. 5.

Cardium ventricosum. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 228.
Wood’s Conch. p. 290.

Cardium robustum. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat.
p: 137. lot 3517.

122 CARDIUM.

Cardium, No. 18. Schroeter Einleitung, ii. p. 59.
Lister Conch. t. 328. f. 165. Enc. Meth. t. 299. f. 1.
Inhabits the coasts of Campeachy. Lister. Virginia. Solander.

Florida. Humphreys.

Shell about four inches and a half long, four inches broad, and
more than three and a half high, but is sometimes not more
than half so large; it has thirty-three or thirty-four longitu-
dinal ribs, of which about seven at the anterior end are flatten-
ed, and somewhat imbricated, and a few at the posterior end
are without the transverse scaly striz which cross the others;
one edge of the middle ribs is more rounded than the other,
and they all form crenatures on the margin of the shell; the
colour is ferruginous, spotted, and irregularly banded trans-
versely with brown.

FLAVUM. 25. Shell sub-ovate, grooved; the ante-
rior margin scabrous, and _ the posterior,
toothed.

Cardium flavum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1123. Schroeter
Finl. iii. p. 43. t. 7. f. 11. Gmelin, p. 3251. Bruguiere
Enc. Method. p. 224. Wood's Conch. p. 224.

Inhabits the coasts of Coromandel. Schroeter.

Schroeter describes the Linnean C. flavum to be oblong-oval,
with about twenty-seven longitudinal ribs of a sulphur colour,
except towards the apex and anterior end, which are white,
and the whole shell, by exposure to the sun, becomes white ;
of the ribs, five or six at the anterior end are spinous, and
twelve or thirteen at the other end ‘tuberculated, with the
intermediate ones smooth and rounded; it is about an inch
and three-quarters long, and an inch and a half broad. The
figure to which Born has referred for C. flavum is C. leu-
costomum, but his description appears to have been taken
from C. oblongum.

OBLONGUM. 26. Shell oblong, ventricose, ribbed
longitudinally, except at the ends, which are
nearly smooth. ts

Cardium oblongum. Chemnitz, vi. p. 195. t. 19. f. 190.
Gmelin, p. 3254. Wood’s Conch. p. 223. t. 55. f. 1. and
t. 54. f. 2.

Cardium flavum. Born. Mus. p. 47. t. 3. f. 8.

Cardium serratum. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p, 229.

Cardium plebejum. Solander’s MSS. .

Enc. Method. t. 298. f. 5.

CARDIUM. 125

Inhabits the Mediterranean..Chemnitz. Coasts of Provence
and Languedoc. Brugwiere.

Shell three inches long, two inches and a quarter broad, and
rather more than two inches high ; it differs from C. /eviga-
tum in being considerably longer in proportion to the breadth,
more ventricose, and in having the longitudinal ribs rather
stronger, and the umbones more obliquely incurved towards
the posterior side ; the colour is yellowish, and it has been
described by Born for the C. flavum of Linnzus ; Bruguiere
still more erroneously has described it for the Linnean C.
serratum, and has confounded C. /evigatum with it.

LEVIGATUM. 27. Shell ob-ovate, obsoletely ribbed
longitudinally, except at the two ends, which
are nearly smooth.

Cardium levigatum. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1123. Pen-
nant Brit. Zool. iv. p. 91. t. 51. f. 40. Da Costa Brit.
Conch. p. 178. t. 13. f. 6. Donovan, ii. t.54. Montagu
Test. p. 80. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vui.
p- 65. Dorset Cat. p. 31. t. 7. f.6. Wood’s Conch.
p. 222. t. 54. f. 1.

Cardium crassum. Gmelin, p. 3254.

Cardium, No. 12. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 57. t. 7. f.12.

Cardium fluviatile. Gmelin, p. 3255.

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 5. f. 32. Conch. t. 332. f. 169. Pe-
tiver Gaz. t. 93. f. 10.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and North Sea. Schroeter. Coasts
of Britain. Pennant, &c.

The length, which but very little exceeds the breadth, is about
two inches, and the height in a shell of this size does not ex-
ceed an inch and a quarter ; it is a strong shell, with nume-
rous longitudinal rather obsolete ribs, and irregular transverse
striz, covered with a glossy yellowish brown epidermis, be-
neath which it is whitish, or flesh-coloured ; the anterior end
is smooth, and the other end is only faintly striated; young
shells are beautifully polished, and mottled with reddish
brown, or pink, in which state the species appears to have
been described by Linnzus in his account of the Museum of
the Queen Ulrica, and this has induced several subsequent
authors to consider the C. /evigatum to be another species.

LINEATUM. 28. Shell oblong-ovate, compressed,
longitudinally striated, and the inside marked
with two oblong purple spots.

124 CARDIUM.

Cardium lineatum. Gmelin, p. 3246. Wood's Conch. p.
239.

Cardium biradiatum. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 231.

Cardium levigatum. Chemnitz, vi. p. 191. t. 18. f. 185
and 186.

Cardium serratum. Schroeter inl. ii. p. 46. Gmelin,
p. 3251.

Cardium, No. 2. Kammerer Cab. Rudolst. p. 210. t.
12. f. 4.

Cardium maculosum. Wood’s Conch. p. 218. t. 52. f. 3.

Cardium levigatum Var. 6. Wood’s Conch. p. 222.

Cardium illitum. Solander’s MSS.

Martyn. Univ. Conch. t. 146. Enc. Meth. t. 298. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. Cey-
lon. Bruguiere.

Shell about two inches long, nineteen lines broad, and thirteen
high; white, with large regular orange, purplish, or tawny
spots, and marked in the inside, under the hinge, with two
oblong purple spots. It has about forty-eight, or fifty lon-
gitudinal strize ; and from his description and reference to
Enc. Meth. t..298. f. 6. Mr. Wood’s C. maculosum ap-
pears to be at most only a variety, or perhaps a half grown
shell of this species. It may at once be known from young
shells of C. oblongum, by being much less ventricose, and
from those of C. levigatum, by its greater proportionate
length, ner do the longitudinal strize terminate so abruptly
at the anterior end, as in either of those species.

SERRATUM. 29. Shell ovate, ventricose, glabrous,
very minutely striated longitudinally, and the
inner margin serrated.

Cardium serratum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1123. Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 193. t. 18. f. 189.

Cardium levigatum. Born. Mus. p. 47. Schroeter Kini.
iii. p. 45. Gmelin, p. 3251. Bruguiere Enc. Meth.

o25 be

feiti citrinum. Wood’s Conch. p. 283. t. 54. f. 3.

Lister Conch. t. 249. f.83. Gualter, t.82. f. A. Knorr,
Te 20. fe 4.0m ft! 10. £7, and We t.6.,8. 01.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. West Indies. Hum-
phreys. Coasts of Carolina, Barbadoes, St. Domingo, and
Martinique. Bruguiere. Naples. Ulysses.

Shell'about twenty-one lines long, nineteen broad, and fifteen
high; thin, glabrous, yellowish, stained with orange, or
brownish purple about the apices and margin, and marked

CARDIUM. 1235

with extremely minute longitudinal and slightly cancellated
strie, except at the anterior end; the margin in the inside
is serrated towards the posterior end.

PAPYRACEUM. 380. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
brittle, pellucid, and cmereous, with nume-
rous narrow longitudinal ribs.

Cardium papyraceum. Chemmitz, vi. p. 190. t. 18. f. 184.
Gmelin, p. 3254. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.231. Wood's
Conch. p. 230. t. 55. f. 5.

Cardium, No. 9. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 55.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Chemnitz. Coasts of Naples.
Ulysses.

Shell about two inches long, two inches broad, and rather
more than an inch and a quarter high ; thin, brittle, pellucid,
of a dull whitish ash colour, marked on the inside with
purplish brown, or fulvous spots; it has above fifty narrow
Jongitudinal ribs, which form corresponding crenatures on
the margin. I have bought this shell of Mr. Humphreys,
under the name of C. nitidum, by which I believe it is
generally known.

RUGATUM. 31. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
obsolete slightly carmated longitudinal ribs,
and the anterior end produced, and gaping.

Cardium rugatum. Gronovius Zooph. p. 278. t. 18. f. 5.

Cardium apertum. Chemnitz, vi. p. 189. t. 18. f. 181 to
i83. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.226. Wood’s Conch. p.
989.) £56. fe2:

Cardium virgineum Var. g. Gmelin, p. 3253.

Cardium tenerum. Solander’s MSS. -

Cardium, No. 8. Schroeter Hinl. ii. p. 55.

Enc. Meth. t. 296. f. 5.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Gronovius. East Indies.
Chemnitz.

Shell about nineteen lines long, twenty broad, and thirteen
high; thin, brittle, whitish, rounded at the posterior, and
produced at the anterior end, where it gapes considerably ;
the inside is white, stained with purple in the middle, and
on the anterior side.

LATUM. 32. Shell transversely ovate, with longitu-

dinal muricated ribs, and the margin cre-
nated.

ra

126 CARDIUM.

Cardium Jatum. Born. Mus. p. 48. t. 3. f.9. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 197. t. 19. f. 192 and 193. Gmelin, p. 3255.
Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 234.2? Wood’s Conch. p. 236.
t. 57. f. 4 and 5.

Cardium, No. 13. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 57.

Knorr, vi. t. 7. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar and the Nicobar Islands.
Chemnitz.

Shell rather more than nine lines long, thirteen and a half broad,
and eight lines high, but is sometimes almost twice as large ;
it has about forty longitudinal flattish ribs, rendered rough
to the touch by minute elevated points, and those at the
anterior eud are more distant than the others ; the colour is
whitish, or pale ferruginous, sometimes marked with yellow-

ish transverse bands or spots, and the apices are often of a
violet colour.

RIGIDUM. 33. Shell roundish, heart-shaped, angu-
lated at the anterior end, and produced at

the margin; ribs crenulated, and somewhat
nodulous.

Cardium rigidum. Solander’s MSS. Wood’s Conch. p. 236.

t. 57. f. 2 and 3.
Inhabits
Shell seven lines long, seven broad, and five high; whitish,
sometimes variegated with reddish brown, and covered with
a strong thick, wrinkled epidermis ; the little tubercles are

sometimes wanting on the ribs, and appear as if they had
been worn off.

PECTINIFORME. 34. Shell roundish, compressed,
with triangular ribs, and the sides muricated.

Cardium pectiniforme. Born. Mus. p. 49. t. 3. f. 10.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 188. t. 17. f. 180. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 227. Wood's Conch. p. 233.

Cardium magnum Var. 7. Gmelin, p. 3251.

Cardium, No. 7. Schroeter Einl, iii. p. 55.

Gualter, t. 71. f. H.

Inhabits
Born describes this species to be one inch long, and three
quarters of an inch broad, somewhat orbicular, and deeply
grooved ; ribs triangular, transversely crenated, and those at
each end made rough by minute vaulted scales ; margin
crenated, and at the anterior end serrated ; the outer surface

CARDIUM. 127

is white, marked with scattered brown spots ; inside white,
and longitudinally grooved ; it is difficult to imagine what
could have induced Gmelin to arrange this shell as a variety
of C. magnum.

REGULARE. 35. Shell ovate, equilateral, with convex
longitudinal ribs, marked with elevated cres-
cent-shaped transverse strie, and lamellated
at the anterior end.

Cardium regulare. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 227. Wood's
Conch. p. 228.

Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo, and other West India
Islands. Bruguiere.

Bruguiere describes this species to be most commonly two inches
long, twenty-one lines broad, and fifteen high ; white, some-
times slightly tinged with yellow about the margins, and in the
inside near the hinge ; it has thirty or thirty-one longitudinal
ribs, crossed transversely by other smaller ones, which become
more elevated and lamellated at the anterior end.

EDULE. 36. Shell antiquated, with twenty-six lon-
gitudinal ribs, and transverse wrinkled some-
what imbricated striae.

Cardium edule. Linnaus Syst. Nat. p. 1124. Pennant
Sool. iv. p. 91. t. 50. f. 41. Chemnitz, vi. p. 198. t.
19. f.194. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 47. Gmelin, p. 3252.
Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 220. Montagu Test. p. 76.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 66. Dorset
Cat. p. 32. t. 11. f. 1. Wood’s Conch. p. 226. t. 55.
f. 4.

Carduim vulgare. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 180. t. 11.
1

Cardium rusticum. Donovan, iv. t. 124. f. 1 and 2.

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 5. £. 34, and Conch. ‘. 334. f.171.
Gualter, t.71. f. F. Knorr, vi. t. 8. f. 2 and 4. Fa-
vanne, t. 73. f. E. Enc. Meth. t. 300. f. 5.

Common on the coasts of Great Britain, France, Holland,
Denmark, Iceland, &c.

Shell generally about an inch and a quarter long, near an inch
and a half broad, and an inch high; whitish, or pale ferrugi-
nous, with about twenty-six longitudinal ribs, and transverse
wrinkled strie, which in old specimens appear somewhat
imbricated.

128 CARDIUM.

FIMBRIATUM. 37. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
with twenty-four longitudinal ribs, and the
margin fringed.

Cardium fimbriatum. Wood’s Conch. p. 234. t. 56. f. 4
and 5.
Inhabits
Mr. Wood, who has described this shell from the extensive
cabinet of Mr. Jennings, says, that in colour and appearance
it much resembles C. edule, but terminates at the margin,
in a white fringe or furbelow, which is so strongly charac-
teristic, that the species can never be mistaken.

RUSTICUM. 38. Shell transversely ovate, antiquated,
with twenty remote ribs, and the interstices
wrinkled.

Cardium rusticum. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1124. Born.
Mus. p.49. Chemnitz, vi. p. 201. t. 19. f. 197. Schroeter
Finl, iii. p. 48. Gmelin, p. 3252. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 222. Wood's Conch. p. 225. t. 55. f. 2 and 3.

Cardium fasciatum. Gmelin, p. 3256.

Lister Conch. t. 329. f. 166. Gualter, t. 71.f.M. Knorr,
vi. t. 8. f. 3. Regenfuss, i. t. 12. f. 77 and 78.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and coasts of Southern Europe.
Linnaeus.

The length is about an inch and a half, the breadth about
half a line more,. and the height an inch and a quarter ; the
outer surface is white, more or less marked with yellowish

‘er bluish brown bands; and the inside is white, or pale

brown; there are most commonly twenty, or sometimes

twenty-two longitudinal ribs, which are separated by broader
and more rugged interstices than in C, edule.

ISLANDICUM. 39. Shell gibbous, with about thirty-
six longitudinal triangular ribs.

Cardium Islandicum. Chemnitz, vi. p. 200. t. 19. f. 195 and
196. Gmelin, p. 3252. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 222.
Wood’s Conch. p. 227.

Cardium, No. 14. Schroeter Ein. ii. p. 58.

Enc. Meth. t. 300. f. 8.

Inhabits the coasts of Iceland and Greenland. Chemnitz.

This shell is of about the same size, and at first sight has much
the appearance of C. edule, but Chemnitz says it may be at
once distinguished by its having at least thirty-six ribs, which

CARDIUM. 129

are triangular, with their interstices strongly wrinkled, and a
small heart-shaped depression under the beaks.

GRENLANDicUM. 40. Shell heart-shaped, smooth,
with decussated strie becoming obsolete
towards both ends, and the margin entire.

Cardium Greevlandicum. Chemnitz, vi. p. 202. t. 19. f. 198.
Gmelin, p. 3252. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 222.
Wood's Conch. p. 227.

Cardium, No. 15. Schroeter Eini. iii. p. 59.

Enc. Meth. t. 300. f. 7.

Inhabits the coasts of Greenland. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and the breadth in the
figure appears to be a litle more; Chemnitz says it has the
habit of a Venus, with the hinge of a Cardium, consisting of
two very small primary teeth, and two stronger lateral ones ;
it is marked with very fine, distant, decussated strie, which
become more obsolete towards the two ends of the shells
and of a greyish mouse colour, with ferruginous zic-zac
stripes ; the inside is flesh-coloured.

PECTINATUM. 41. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
gibbous, striated longitudinally on the ante-
rior, and transversely on the posterior side.

Cardium pectinatum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1124. Gme-
lin, p. 3253. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 223. Wood's
Conch. p. 229.

Cardium Aolicum. Born. Mus. p. 48. Chemnitz, vi. p.
191. t. 18. f. 187 and 188. Gmelin, p. 3254. Wood's
Conch.p. 235... 57. <1.

Cardium dispar. Meuschen, Mus. Gevers. p. 442. No.
1631.

Cardium, No. 10. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 56.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 91. and Kirch. 89. Lister Conch.
t. 314. f. 150. Knorr, v. t. 26. f. 1 and 2. and t. 27. f.
3. Enc. Meth. t. 296. f. 4.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Bonanni. Coasts of China.
Knorr. Mediterranean. Linnaeus. West Indies. Chemnitz.
Guinea, and South Sea. Humphreys.

This shell is commonly about eighteen lines long, rather more
than sixteen broad, and fourteen high, but is sometimes two
inches long, with the other dimensions proportionably larger ;
it may be readily known by its having the posterior end

striated transversely, and the remainder of the surface longi-
VOL. I. K

130 CARDIUM.

tudinally striated, except a small space at the anterior end,
which is smooth ; the colour is white, stained with brown,
and irregularly spotted with red. Linnzus, for this species,
has erroneously referred to Gualter, t. 75. f. A., which is
Venus pectinata.

GLAucuM. 42. Shell heart-shaped, sub-antiquated,
with longitudinal ribs, and transverse mem-
branaceous recurved wrinkles; umbones
violet.

Cardium glaucum. Poiret Voyage en Barbarie, ii. p. 13.
Gmelin, p. 3253. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 221.
Wood’s Conch. p. 218.

Cardium virgineum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1124.?

Inhabits the shores of Barbary. Potret. Very common in the
Mediterranean, and particularly so on the coasts of Langue-
doc. Bruguwere.

Shell about ten lines long, near an inch broad, and eight lines
high, white, except at the anterior end, which is bluish
grey, and the umbones, which are of a violet colour; it has
twenty or twenty-one longitudinal convex ribs, crossed with
transverse membranaceous striz, which are recurved from the
margin towards the apex; these ribs are not mentioned, al-
though Bruguiere says this shell so strikingly agrees in other
respects with the description of C. virgineum, that they may
probably be the same, especially as C. virgineum is said to
be a Mediterranean species, and Linnzeus may possibly have
thought the other characters so much stronger as to make it
unnecessary to notice the ribs in the short description which
he has given.

FASCIATUM. 43. Shell roundish-ovate, pellucid, with
twenty-seven flattened ribs, and distant trans-
verse striz.

Cardium fasciatum. Montagu Supp. p. 30. t. 27. f. 6.
Wood’s Conch. p. 215.

Tuhabits the coasts of the West of England. Montagu. Not
uncommon on the Southern shores of Wales and Ireland.
Sheil rather more than a quarter of an inch long, and about
three-eighths broad; whitish, with transverse interrupted
brown bands, which, particularly in the inside, appear like
rows of oblong spots; it has about twenty-seven longitu-
dinal ribs, and a few distant elevated transverse striz, which

CARDIUM. tl

often appear as if they had been worn off on the upper part
towards the hinge. C. fasctatum of Gmelin is the Linnean
C. rusticum.

ELONGATUM. 44. Shell sub-oval, angulated, com-
pressed, with twenty-one rounded and slight-
ly wrinkled ribs.

Cardium elongatum. Montagu Test. p. 82. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. vin. p. 67. Wood's Conch. p.
214.

Inhabits the coast of Devonshire. Montagu.

Mr. Montagu describes this shell to be a quarter of an inch in
diameter, compressed, sub-oval, of a yellowish white, or
pale rufous colour, with twenty-one rounded and slightly
wrinkled ribs ; umbo not central, and the posterior side some-
what elongated and angulated.

RUBRUM. 45. Shell minute, rounded, convex, gla-
brous, and pellucid; hinge with nearly obso-
lete primary teeth, and conspicuous lateral
ones.

Cardium rubrum. Montagu Test. p. 83. t. 27. f. 4. Maton
and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 66. Wood’s Conch.
p- 213.

Tnhabits the sea on the coast of Devonshire. Montagu.

Mr. Montagu describes this shell to be about an eighth of an
inch broad, and not quite so long; convex, smooth, glossy,
pellucid, red, rounded at both ends, and the hinge not quite
central ; inside glossy red, and the margin plain; it has been
placed in this genus on account of its hinge, but has no other
appearance of being a cardium.

MURICATULUM. 46. Shell minute, heart-shaped,
opake, and the margin muricated.

Cardium muricatulum. Adams’s Micros. p. 644. t. 14.
f.44. Montagu Test. p.85. Maton and Racket, in
Lin. Trans. vii. p. 68. Wood’s Conch. p. 215.

Walker’s Minute Shells, f. 84.

Inhabits the sea-shore at Sheppy Island in Kent. Walker.

This species is so minute as to be hardly observable with-
out a microscope, and is white, without any coloured mark-
ings,

A
©

132

@enus VITI.

MACTRA:

SHELL BIVALVE, WITH THE SIDES UNEQUAL, AND
THE VALVES EQUAL. HINGE WITH THE MIDDLE
TOOTH COMPLICATED, AND AN ADJACENT CAVITY ;
LATERAL TEETH REMOTE, AND INSERTED INTO
THE OPPOSITE VALVE.

* Shells sub-triangular.
** Shells ovate-oblong.

* Shells sub-triangular.

SPENGLERI. 1. Shell smooth, with the anterior
slope flat, and a transverse crescent-shaped
gap by the cartilage.

Mactra Spengleri. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1125. Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 209. t. 20. f. 199 to 201. Schroeter Einl. iii.
p- 72. Gmelin, p. 3256.

Regenfuss, il. t. 11. f. 49. Enc. Method. t. 252. f. 3.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. Spengler.

Shell two inches long, near three inches broad, and an inch
and a quarter high; somewhat triangular, sub-diaphanous,
smooth, and of a pale brownish colour, often becoming red-
dish towards the margin; the posterior slope is flattish, but
not so much so as the other, and the hinge is central. From
Born’s description it is probable that he mistook M. striatu-
la for this species.

PLICATARIA. 2. Shell transversely plaited, diapha-
nous, and brittle; anterior margin flattish,
and the posterior depression oblong.

MACTRA. 133

Mactra plicataria. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1125. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 213, t. 20. f. 202 to 204. Schroeter Einl. iii. p.
73. Gmelin, p. 3237.
Inhabits the coasts of Java. Linnaus. ‘Tranquebar. Chemnitz.
Shell about two inches long, two inches and three-quarters
broad, and one inch high; of a pale, dull, brownish white
colour, and strongly plaited transversely, both inside and
out; the hinge is placed considerably nearer the anterior
than the posterior end, and has parallel membranes in the
room of lateral teeth.

PAPYRACEA. 3. Shell somewhat triangular, ventri-
cose, transversely plaited, diaphanous, and
very brittle; anterior margin slightly re-
flected.

Mactra papyracea. Chemnitz, vi. p. 233. t. 23. f. 231.
Gmelin, p. 3257.
Mactra, No. 9. Schroeter Ezni. iti. p. 84.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about nine lines long, and thirteen broad, extremely
brittle, pellucid, and white, and resembles M. plicataria,
but is much smaller, more convex, and more inequilateral ;
it is striated, and plaited transversely, and the’ valves do not
close at the anterior end; except in the hinge, it is said
much to resemble a Tedlina.

VITREA. 4. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, diaphan-
ous, very brittle, and transversely plaited ;
anterior depression lanceolate, and the pos-
terior ovate-oblong.

Mactra vitrea. Chemnitz, xi. p. 219. t. 200. f. 1959 and
1960.
Inhabits the coasts of Coromandel and Ceylon. Chemnitz.
Shell about eleven lines long, and thirteen broad, and appears
in all respects to be very nearly allied to M. papyracea.

STRIATULA. 95. Shell smooth, with the anterior
slope depressed in the middle, and keeled at
the margins, and the posterior end produced.

Mactra striatula. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1125. Chemnitz,
Vi. p. 215. t. 21. f. 205 and 206. Schroeter Einl. iii. p.
73. Gmelin, p. 3257.

Mactra Spengleri. Born. Mus. p. 51.

134 MACTRA.

Gualter, t. 85. f. F. Knorr, vi. t. 34. f. 1. Enc. Meth.
ti Coa.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. West Indies. Muller.
Coasts of Coromandel. Chemnitz. Naples. Ulysses.

Shell about two inches long, two and three-quarters broad, and
an inch and a quarter high, and sometimes considerably
larger ; it is white, rather pellucid, and plaited transversely
towards the umbones; the hinge is placed rather nearer the
posterior than the anterior end, and the valves do not shut
quite close at the latter.

CYGNEA. 6. Shell ventricose, slightly wrinkled
transversely, and truncated at the anterior
end; posterior slope heart-shaped, and finely
striated.

Mactra cygnea. Chemnitz, vi. p. 217. t. 21. f. 207.
Mactra cygnus. Gmelin, p. 3260.
Mactra, No. 1. Schroeter Einl. in. p. 80.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.

Shell about one inch long, and fourteen lines broad, very ven-
tricose and triangular, and white without any coloured mark-
ings.

MACULATA. 7. Shell gibbous, brittle, smooth, irre-
gularly spotted, slightly angulated at the an-
terior, and rounded at the posterior end ; pos-
terior depression heart-shaped.

Mactra maculata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 217. t. 21. f£. 208 and
209. Gmelin, p. 3260.

Mactra, No. 2. Schroeter Einlettung, i. p. 81.

Enc. Meth. t. 254. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and three-quarters long, two inches and a
quarter broad, and an inch and a quarter high; thin, brittle,
pellucid, white, and marked with irregular scattered chestnut
spots ; the inside is white and finely striated.

TURGIDA. 8. Shell ventricose, thin, with the uin-
bones incurved, remote, and purplish ; inside
finely striated longitudinally.

Mactra turgida. Gmelin, p. 3260.
Mactra tumida seu inflata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 218. t. 2). f.
210 to 212.

1) |

MACTRA. 13:

‘Mactra, No. 3. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 81.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches long, and two inches and a half broad,
and sometimes considerably larger ; thin, pellucid, of a pale
ochraceous colour, finely striated transversely, and wrinkled
at the two ends; the inside is finely striated longitudinally,
and is white, with a large purple spot under the hinge; the
hinge has a double complicated intermediate tooth, and la-
teral membranes.

VIOLACEA. 9. Shell diaphanous, violet, finely stri-
ated transversely, and the inside longitudi-
nally ; anterior slope lanceolate, and the pos-
terior oblong.

Mactra violacea. Chemnitz, vi. p. 220. t. 22. f. 213 and
214. Gmelin, p. 3260. Solander’s MSS. Portland
Cat. p. 9. lot 185.?

Mactra, No. 4. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 82.

Variety. Shell stronger, and the umbones only of a violet

colour. a

Mactra violacea australis. Chemnitz, xi. p. 217. t. 200. f.
1954.

inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.

Shell two inches and a quarter long, and three inches broad ;
thin, smooth, somewhat pellucid, very finely striated trans-
versely on the outer surface, and the inside longitudinally ;
the colour both inside and out is violet, forming paler and
darker irregular concentric zones ; the hinge resembles that
of M. turgida. Chemnitz’s fig. 1954, represents a shell
three inches long, and four inches broad, and may probably
prove to be M. rotundata, in a more advanced stage of
growth; he says it inhabits the coasts of China, and the
South Seas.

CUNEATA. 10. Shell wedge-shaped, violet, finely
striated transversely, and the anterior end
truncated ; margin acute, and crenulated
within.

Mactra cuneata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 221. t. 22. f. 215. Gme-
lin, p. 3260.

Mactra, No. 5. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 83.

Linc. Method. t. 257. f. 5.

136 MACTRA.

Inhabits the coasts of ‘Tranquebar, and the Nicobar Islands.
Chemnitz.

Shell about ten lines long and twelve broad, and is of the same
colour, and striated in the same manner as M. violacea; from
which it differs not only in its much smaller size, but also in
having the anterior end abruptly truncated, and the margin
crenulated on the inside.

ROTUNDATA. 11. Shell triangular, somewhat round-
ed, narrower at the anterior end, and trans-
versely striated, except at the margin.

Mactra rotundata. Gmelin, p. 3257.
Mactra, No. 16. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 87. t. 8. f. 1.
Lister Conch. t. 263. f. 99.
Tnhabits
Schroeter, on whose authority this species rests, describes it to
be an inch and. a quarter long, and an inch and three-quarters
broad, and to be nearly allied to M. glabrata, but more
rounded, and narrower at the anterior end; the colour
whitish, with the umbones violet, marked with a white band,
and the anterior slope and margin also tinged with violet.

GLABRATA. 12. Shell glabrous, thickish, diaphan-
ous, with the umbones very smooth, and both
the slopes striated.

Mactra glabrata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat.p.1125. Schroeter
FEinl. iti. p.75. Gmelin, p. 3258.

Mactra polita. Chemnitz, vi. p. 222. t.22. f. 216 and 217.
Gualter, t. 71. f. A.

Inhabits the African Ocean. Linnaeus. Coasts of Tranquebar.
Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and a half long, and two inches broad, somewhat
shining, and transversely striated, except towards the um-
bones, which are perfectly smooth; the:outer surface is
tawny white, and the inside white, with two or three large
purple stains.

NITIDA. 13. Shell glabrous, thick, diaphanous,
smooth, with both the slopes striated, and
the anterior one distinctly keeled.

Mactra nitida. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 88. t. 8. f. 2. Gme-

hin, p. 8258.
Inhabits

This species rests on the authority of Schroeter, who describes

MACTRA. 137

it to be an inch and a half long, and allied to M. glabrata,
from which it differs in having the anterior slope distinctly
keeled, and the umbones more distant; it is a triangular,
thick, white, pellucid shell, and has the posterior slope rather
convex.

CORALLINA. 14. Shell triangular-rounded, pellucid,
whitish, with milk-white bands, and very ob-
tuse at both ends.

Mactra corallina. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1125. Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 223. t. 22. f. 218 and 219. Schroeter Eini.
ii. p. 76. Gmelin, p. 3258.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 53. and Kirch. f. 52. Gualter, t. 71.
f. B

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Coasts of Guinea.
Chemnitz. Naples. Ulysses.

Chemnitz has described the shell which he has figured for this
species, to be nineteen lines long, and two inches broad ;
triangular, white, smooth, diaphanous, and truncated, both
at the anterior and posterior ends. Dr. Solander considered
the Linnean M. corallina, to be only a Variety of IM. solida,
and all the figures above referred to bear a considerable re-
semblance to some of its varieties, but are less strongly
marked with transverse ridges.

LACTEA. 15. Shell sub-triangular-rounded, white,
somewhat diaphanous, and the umbones gib-
bous and tumid.

Mactra lactea. Chemnitz, vi. p. 224. t. 22. f. 220 and 221.
Gmelin, p. 3258.
Mactra, No.6. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 83.
Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.
Shell nineteen lines long, and twenty-six broad; whitish, with
milk-white bands, and differs from C. corallina, in being
thinner, and more convex, and in having the umbones tumid.

STRIATA. 16. Shell triangular, white, with numer-

ous thick, smooth, crowded, concentric strie.

Mactra striata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 225. t. 22. f. 222 and 223.
Gmelin, p. 3257.

Mactra, No. 7. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 83.
inhabits

Chemnitz’s figure represents a shell about nine lines long, and
eleven broad; whitish, with whiter bands, and strongly

138 MACTRA.

marked with numerous concentric ridges, except at the um-
bones, which as well as the inside are said to be glabrous.

RADIATA. 17. Shell sub-triangular, thin, brittle,
compressed, with fine transverse and minute
longitudinal strie.

Mactra radiata. Donovan, v. t. 161. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 69.
Cardium edentula. Montagu Supp. p. 29.

Found upon Langston beach near Portsmouth after a severe
storm, by Mr. Laskey. Donovan.

Shell about two inches and a half long, and three inches broad,
covered with a brownish epidermis, beneath which it is
white, tinged with flesh colour, and faintly marked with lon-
gitudinal testaceous rays; the posterior end is rounded, and
the anterior somewhat angulated; it is wrought with strie
in both directions, of which the longitudinal ones are more
numerous, and more minute ; the hinge has a central depres-
sion, with the rudiment of a minute oblique denticle, and a
small lamina on each side. Mr. Montagu says, it resembles
Cardium lavigatum, which is only applicable to its form.

STULTORUM. 18. Shell sub-triangular, diaphanous,
smooth, obsoletely radiated, and the umbonal
region gibbous; inside purplish.

Mactra stultorum. Lanneus Syst. Nat. p. 1126. Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 226. t. 23. f. 224 to 227. Schroeter Eznl.
ili. p. 77. Gmelin, p. 8358. Montagu Test. p. 94.
Donovan, iii. t. 106. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill. p. 69. Dorset Cat. p. 32. t. 8. f. 3. Lamarck
Syst. des Aum. p. 121. Brooks's Introd. p. 62. t. 2.

i 21.

Tellina radiata. Pennant Brit. Zool. iv. p. 87. t. 49. f.
30.

Trigonella radiata. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 196. t. 12.
f. '3.

Gualter, t. 71. f. C. Adanson Senegal. t. 17. f. 16.?
Knorr, vi. t. 5. f. 1. Born. Mus. Vign. at p. 50. Enc.
Meth. t. 256. f. 3.

Inhabits the European Ocean. Linnaeus. Mediterranean and
West Indies. Chemnitz. Coasts of Britain. Pennant, &c.
North America. Solander.

The length is most commonly about an inch and a half, the
breadth an inch and three quarters, and the height rather

MACTRA. 139

more than an inch; it is a thin shell, of a pale reddish or
greyish brown colour, marked with whitish longitudmal rays,
which vary in breadth; the hinge is central, with the
anterior slope gibbous, and the posterior produced, and
somewhat keeled in the middle; the inside is always either
pale or dark purple.

GRANDIS. 19. Shell sub-triangular, diaphanous,
smooth, obsoletely radiated, with the hinge
not central, and the anterior end somewhat

produced.
Mactra grandis. Gmelin, p. 3259.
Mactra stultorum Var. Solander’s MSS.
Mactra, No. 8. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 84.
Mactra cinerea. Montagu Supp. p. 35.?
Chemnitz, vi. p. 229. t. 23. f. 228.

Inhabits the coasts of New Jersey. Solander.

Shell two inches and a quarter long, and three inches and.a
quarter broad, and differs from M. stultorum, not only in
its larger size and greater proportionate breadth, but also in
having the hinge placed rather nearer the posterior than the
anterior end, and the latter somewhat angulated and produced ;
itis of a light fawn colour, semi-transparent, marked with pale
longitudinal rays, and the inside has only a slight tinge of
purple. Mr. Montagu describes his M. cinerea, to differ
from M. stultorum, in having the valves more convex and
angulated, and adds, without mentioning the size, that they
are broader in proportion to the length.

ACHATINA. 20. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, very
smooth, radiated towards the margin, and
marked with two violet spots on the anterior,
and two on the posterior slope.

Mactra achatina. Chemnitz, xi. p. 218. t. 200. f. 1957
and 1958.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar, Ceylon, and the Nicobar
Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch long, and an inch and a quarter broad, and
is variegated with whitish and pale brown, forming longitu-
dinal rays towards the margin, and spots towards the hinge ;
there are two distinct dark violet spots on the anterior, and
two on the posterior slope ; Chemnitz says, it has the habit
of a Venus, with the hinge of a Mactra.

140 MACTRA.

souipA. 21. Shell sub-triangular, thick, opake, with
afew concentrical ridges, and the lateral teeth
striated ; hinge central.

Mactra solida. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1126. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 92. t. 51. f.43. A. Chemnitz, vi. p. 230.

t. 23. f. 229 and 230. Schroeter Einl. iii. p.78. Gme-

~ lin, p. 3259. Donovan, ii. t.61. Montagu Test. p.
92. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 70.
Dorset Cat. p. 32. t. 12 f. 1.

Trigonella zonaria. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 197. t. 14.
£622

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 51, and Kirch. f. 50. Lister Anim.
Ang. t. 4. f.24. Petiver Gaz. t. 94. f..7. Knorr, vi.
eee Gi

Inhabits the European Ocean. Linnaeus. Coasts of Britain.
Lister, &c.

Shell commonly about an inch and a half long, and an inch
and three quarters broad; strong, thick, of a yellowish
white colour, becoming grey, or slate coloured, when worn,
and marked with a few concentric ridges; the lateral teeth
are large and striated, and the mside glossy white.

SOLIDISSIMA. 22. Shell ovate, sub-triangular, solid,
with obsolete concentral ridges, and the lateral
teeth striated ; hinge nearly central.

Mactra solidissima. Chemnitz, x. p. 360. t. 170. f. 1656.
Mactra procera. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 24.
lot 559.
Mactra solida Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3259. ~
Inhabits the coasts of North America. Chemnitz. Florida,
and New Jersey. Solander. New York. Humphreys.
Shell generally about three inches and a half long, and five
inches broad, but sometimes still larger, and remarkably
solid, thick, and opake ; it differs from M. solida, not only
in its far greater size, but also in being proportionably
broader, and more ovate, and in having the hinge placed a
little nearer the posterior than the anterior end.

TRUNCATA. 23. Shell triangular, equilateral, strong,
with a few concentric ridges, and the um-
bones thick, and prominent; lateral teeth
striated. )

MACTRA. 14]

Mactra truncata. Montagu Test. Supp. p. 34.

Mactra subtruncata. Donovan, iv. t. 126.

Trigonella gallina. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 199. t. 15.
f. 1.2

Venus rugata. Gmelin, p. 3289.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 54. and Kirch. f. 52. Lister Conch.
t. 253. f.87. Klein Ost. t. 10. f. 42.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Lister, &c.

Shell about sixteen lines long, and eighteen broad, and differs
from M., solida, in being more triangular, and in having both
the slopes more flattened, the valves deeper, and the um-
bones larger, and more promment; the external appearance
also is smoother, and the transverse ridges less numerous,
and less strongly marked.

SUBTRUNCATA. 24. Shell triangular, thickish, fine-
ly striated transversely, and the umbones
thick, and prominent.

Mactra subtruncata. Montagu Test. p. 93, and Supp. p.
37. t.27. f. 1. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii.
p. 71. t. 2. f. 11. Dorset Cat. pi 32. t..5..£..10.

Mactra stultorum. Pennant Brit. Zool. iv. p. 92. t. 52.
f, 42.

Trigonella subtruncata. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 198.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Pennant, &c.

Shell about seven or eight lines long, and nine or ten broad,
and in form resembles M. truncata, from which it may
readily be distinguished by its invariably smaller size, and
regular transverse striz.

AUSTRALIS. 25. Shell transversely oval, and wrin-
kled, compressed, nearly equilateral, and
rounded at both ends; hinge with two lateral
teeth.

Mya australis. Gmelin, p. 3321.
Mya Nove Zealandie. Chemnitz, vi. p.30. t.3. f. 19 and

20.
Mya, No. 6. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 616.

Inhabits the coasts of New Zealand. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and nearly two inches
broad, of a dull ochre colour; Chemnitz doubted the pro-
priety of arranging this species with the Myz, and as the
valves are said to be closed, it stands better in the present
genus.

142, MACTRA.

PIPERATA. 26. Shell sub-triangular, roundish, com-
pressed, and finely striated transversely;
hinge without lateral teeth.

Mactra piperata. Pozret. Voyage en Barbarie, ii. p. 15.
Gmelin, p. 3261.

Mactra compressa. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset
Cat. p. 31. Montagu Test. p. 96.

Mactra Listeri. Gmelin, p. 3261. Maton and Racket,
gn, dan. Trans..vi. p.7i- Dorset Catsp. $3: 4, 7. 4-1.

Mactra, No. 18. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. $7.

Venus dealbata. Gmelin, p. 3295.

Venus gibbula. Gmelin, p. 3289.?

Venus borealis. Pennant Brit. Sool. iv. p. 96.

Mya gaditana. Gmelin, p. 3221.

Mya Hispanica. Chemnitz, vi. p. 31. t. 3. f. 21.

Tellina plana. Donovan, ii. t.64. f. 1.

Trigonella plana. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 200. t. 13.
tle

Bonanni Rec. 3. f.52. and Kirch. £.51. Lister. Anim.
Ang. t. 4. f. 23. and Conch. t. 253. f. 88. Petiver Gaz.
t. 94. f. 3, Adanson Senegal. t. 17. f. 18. Enc. Meth.
t..257..f. 4.

Inhabits the sea, generally about the mouths of rivers. Mouths
of the Niger. Adanson. Mediterranean. Povret. Coasts
of Britain. Lister, §c. Spain. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, an inch and a half
broad, and rather more than half an inch high; thin, semi-
pellucid, of a reddish or yellowish white colour, and some-
times stained with black by the mud, which it generally in-
habits; the umbo is small and central, and the hinge without
any lateral teeth. Bonanni Rec. 2. f.55., from which /.
gibbula of Gmelin has been constituted, is referred to in Da
Costa’s British Conchology as a variety of this species.

TENUIS. 27. Shell sub-triangular, rounded, compres-
sed, and transversely wrinkled; hinge with
lateral teeth in only one valve.

Mactra tenuis. Montagu Test. p. 572. t. 17. f.7. Ma-
ton and Racket in Lian. Trans. vii. p. 72. Dorset Cat.
p- 33. *
Inhabits the shores of Britain. Montagu, &c.
Shell generally about a quarter of an inch long, and the breadth
somewhat exceeds the length, but is sometimes considerably
larger ; it may be distinguished from M. pzperata, by its hav-

MACTRA. 145

ing remote and lamellated lateral teeth in one valve ; and from
the young of the other preceding species, by its having none
in the other valve.

goysi. 28. Shell subtriangular ovate, compressed,
and glabrous ; hinge with lateral teeth in only
one valve.

Mactra Boys. Montagu Test. p. 98. t. 3. £.7. Maton
and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 72. Dorset Cat. p.
Son tales fe dr

Mactra alba. Wood, in Lin. Trans. vi. p. 165. t. 18. f. 9
to 12.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Wood, &c.

Mr. Montagu describes this shell to be rather more than half an
inch long, and three quarters of an inch broad, but it is
commonly much smaller; it is thin, pellucid, glossy, and
white, marked only with a few distant obsolete concentric
strize ; the hinge is placed considerably nearer the posterior
than the anterior end, and has broad elevated lateral teeth
in one valve.

TRIANGULARIS. 29. Shell sub-triangular, minute,
strong, opake, with the umbones prominent,
and the margin crenated.

Mactra triangularis. Montagu Test. p. 99. t. 3. f. 5. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 72.

Inhabits the coasts of the West of England. Montagu.

Shell one eighth of an inch long, and the length rather exceeds
the breadth ; strong, opake, white, with the umbones ob-
tuse and prominent, and the margin strongly crenated; Mr.
Montagu says the hinge has a large bifid tooth in one valve,
with two small ones separated by a triangular cavity in the
other valve, and depressed lateral teeth.

MINUTISSIMA. 30. Shell sub-triangular, minute,
with the umbones prominent, and the mar-
gin entire.

Mactra minutissima. Montagu Supp. p. 37.

Inhabits the sea in corallines. Montagu.

Mr. Montagu says this is one of the most minute of bivalve
shells, and might easily be mistaken for M. triangularis, was
it not for the margin in that species being crenated; it is,
however, not quite so angulated, nor so long in proportion to
its breadth, nor has it ever occurred so large as that shell.

144 MACTRA.

** Shells ovate-oblong.

GLAucA. 31. Shell sub-ovate, thin, marked with >
fine transverse strie, forming wrinkles at the
anterior end, and with reddish longitudinal
rays.

Mactra glauca. Born. Mus. p. 51. t. 3. f. 1land 12. Gme-
lin, p. 3260. Donovan, ww. t. 125. Montagu Test. p.
571. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 68.

Mactra helvacea. Chemnitz, vi. p. 234. t. 23. f. 232 and
253.

Enc. Meth. t. 256. f. 1.

Tnhabits the coasts of Spain and Portugal. Chemmitz. Found
on Hayle Sands, in Cornwall, by Miss Pocock. Donovan.

Shell usually two inches and a half long, and three and a half
broad, but sometimes three inches long, and more than four
and a quarter broad ; it Is striated transversely, and wrinkled
at the anterior end; of a dirty white colour, marked with
reddish longitudinal rays, which however are not cbservable
in the specimen figured by Born, and which appears to be
covered with a thin epidermis.

PELLUCIDA. 32. Shell sub-ovate, thin, pellucid,
unequally striated transversely, and gaping
at the anterior end.

Mactra pellucida. Chemnitz, vi. p. 235. t. 24, f. 234.
Gmelin, p. 3260.
Mactra, No.11. Schroeter Finl. iii. p. 85.
Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz.
Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and near two inches
broad; thin, pellucid, brittle, white, and somewhat pro-
duced and gaping at the anterior end.

FRAGILIS. 33. Shell ovate-oblong, pellucid, thin,
and finely striated transversely ; anterior end
angulated and gaping.

Mactra fragilis. Chemmitz, vi. p. 236. t. 24. f. 235. Gme-
lin, p. 3261.

‘Mactra dealbata. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset
Cat. p. 31. Montagu Test. p. 95. t. 5. f.1. Maton
and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 68. t. 1. f. 10. Dor-
set Cat. p. 32. t. 7. f. 7.

&

MACTRA. 145

Mactra, No. 12. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 85.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. Coast
of Dorsetshire, very rare. Pulteney.

This Shell, in size, whiteness, and tenuity, much resembles
M. pellucida, but the anterior side is more angulated, and
the slope better defined. We have the authority of Mr.
Racket, who is acquainted with our English M. dealbata, for
considering it to be the M. fragilis, and not the M. pellu-
cida of Gmelin. Chemnitz says it has the habit of a ‘Tellen,
but the hinge of a Mactra.

ruGOSA. 34. Shell ovate-oblong, marked with strong
Jongitudinal and obsolete transverse strie;
margin crenuiated,
Mactra rugosa. Chemnitz, vi. p. 236. t. 24. f. 236. Gme-
fin, p. 3261.
Mactra, No. 13. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 85.
Enc. Meth. t. 254. f. 2.

Variety. Shell smaller and thinner,

Mactra rugosa Indie Orientalis. Chemnitz, vi. p. 238.
t. 24. f. 237. ;

Mactra Nicobarica. Gmelin, p. 3261.

Mactra, No. 14. Schroeter Kinl. i. p. 86.

Tohabits the Mediterranean, and the variety the coasts of the
Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about one inch and seven lines long, and two inches and a
half broad; of a yellowish white colour, and marked with
crowded thick longitudinal striz, which are crossed trans-
versely by other obsolete ones; the two ends are somewhat
glabrous and smooth, the whole margin crenulated, and the
inside chalky white; Gmelin’s M. Nicobarica appears to be
only a variety, or probably a young shell, of this species.

HGYPTIACA. 35. Shell oblong-oval, coated with a yel-
lowish epidermis, and longitudinally striated.
Mactra Aigyptiaca. Chemnitz, xi. p. 218. t. 200, f. 1953
and 1956.
Inhabits the Red Sea. Chemnitz.

Shell about one inch long, and two inches broad, and may be
distinguished from the variety of M. rugosa, which it much

resembles, by being broader in proportion to its length.

PLANATA. 36. Shell oblong-oval, gaping, compres-
sed, thick, finely striated and ridged trans-
versely ; hinge without lateral teeth,

VOL... L

146 MACTRA.

Mactra planata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 238. t. 24. f. 238 and

239.

Mactra complanata. Gmelin, p. 3261.

Mactra oblongata. Solander’s MSS.

Mactra Lutraria Var. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
Vill. p. 73."

Mactra, No. 15. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 86.

Enc. Method. t. 258. f. 4.

Inhabits the coast of Tranquebar, and the Nicobar Islands.
Chemnitz. Has been found near Weymouth. Solander.
Shell about an inch and a quarter long, two inches and a quarter
broad, and three quarters of an inch high, and may be readily
distinguished from M. lutraria by the margin on the sides of

the hinge, which forms nearly a straight line.

LUTRARIA. 37. Shell oval-oblong, gaping, some-
what pellucid, irregularly striated transverse-
ly, and the hinge without lateral teeth.

Mactra lutraria. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1126. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 92. t. 52. f. 44. Chemnitz, vi. p. 239. t. 24.
f. 240 and 241. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 79. Gmelin, p.
3259. Donovan, ii. t. 58. Montagu Test. p. 100. Dor-
set Cat. p. 33.t.5.f.11. Brooks’s Introd. p. 62. t. 2.
f. 20.

Baphia Mirio. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 472. No. 1839.

Lutraria elliptica. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 120.

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 4. f. 19. and Conch. t. 415. f. 259.
Enc. Meth. t. 258. f. 3.

{nhabits the European seas, about the influx of rivers. Linnaeus.
North Sea. Gronovius. Mediterranean. Chemnitz. Coasts
of Britain. Lister, &c.

Shell two inches or two inches and a half long, nearly twice
as broad, and the height of the two valves rather exceeds
half the length; it is striated, and more or less strongly
ridged transversely, and the colour is yellowish white; both
sides slope a little from the hinge, and the valves do not shut
quite close at either end; the hinge, which is placed much
nearer the posterior than the anterior end, has a strong tri-
angular primary tooth in one valve, and no lateral teeth.

HIANS. 38. Shell oblong, gaping, marked with ir-
regular rugged transverse striz, and the up-
per margin incurved; hinge without lateral
teeth.

MACTRA. 147

Mactra hians. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat.
p. 32. Montagu Test. p. 101. Donovan, iv. t. 140.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 74. Dorset
Cat. p. 33. t. 2. f. 4. |

Mya oblonga. Chemnitz, vi. p. 27. t. 2. f. 12. Gmelin,
p- 3221.

Mya, No. 3. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 615.

Chama magna. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 230. t. 17. f. 4.

Lutraria solenoides. Lamarck Syst. des Vivian p- 120.

Gualter, t. 90. f. A.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Da Costa, &c.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and rather more than
half as broad, strong, rugged, of a dark brown colour, fre-
quently tinged with red or cinereous, covered, when recent,
with a thick dusky epidermis, and marked with ‘irregular wrin-
kled concentric strie ; the hinge is placed considerably on the
posterior side of the centre, and has a grooved flattish tooth
locking between two others in the opposite valve ; the valves
do not shut quite close at the posterior end, and the anterior
gapes very considerably, and is somewhat patulous; the up-
per margin on the anterior side of the hinge being incurved,
serves to distinguish this species readily from MM. lutraria.

5

148

Genus IX.

DONAX.t |

SHELL BIVALVE, WITH THE ANTERIOR END VERY
OBTUSE ; HINGE WITH TWO PRIMARY TEETH, AND
ONE RATHER REMOTE LATERAL TOOTH ON THE
-POSTERIOR SIDE.

scortuM. 1. Shell triangular-heart-shaped, with
decussated striz, and the anterior slope flat-
tish; hinge with a lateral tooth on each side.

Donax Scortum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1126. Born. Mus.
p. 53. t. 4. f. Land 2. Chemnitz, vi. p. 246. t. 25. f.
242 to 247. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 90. Gmelin, p.
3262.

Lister Conch. t. 377. f. 220. Petiver Gaz. t. 19. f. 11.
Argenville, t. 21. f. L. Favanne, t. 47. f. F.2. Ene.
Method. t. 260. f. 2.

Inhabits the sea on the coast of Fort St. George, in the East
Indies. Petiver. Ceylon. Gronovius. Malabar. Chem-
nitz. Madrass. Solander. China. Humphreys.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and two inches and a half
broad, with decussated elevated striz, which become abrupt-
ly more distant towards the posterior end, and both the slopes
are smooth ; the colour is greyish white, with darker trans-
verse bands towards the margin, and the inside is violet
towards the hinge.

PUBESCENS. 2. Shell triangular, with decussated

+ D. bicolor of Gmelin is a badly constituted species, and Gualter, t. 88. f. R.
from which D. argentea has been taken, is certainly an Arca, and has been
oe by Da Costa, Martini, Schroeter, Gmelin, Donovan, and Montagu, for
A, nucleus.

DONAX. 149

strie ; anterior slope flattish, and its margin
spinous ; hinge with a lateral tooth on each
side.

Donax pubescens. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1127. Chem-
nitz, Vi. p. 251. t. 25. f. 248. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 92.
Gmelin, p. 3262.

Rumphius, t.43.f. F. inc. Method. t. 260. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Molucca Islands.
Chemnitz.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and fourteen lines
broad, and may be distinguished from D. Scortum, by a row
of strong spines along the margin of its anterior slope; the
angular margin of the slope in D. Scortum is, however, ge-
nerally more or less armed with vaulted scales, and the shell
described by Born, with the name of D. pubescens, is cer-
tainly nothing more than a trifling Variety of that species.

RUGOSA. 3. Shell wedge-shaped, gibbous, and
wrinkled at the anterior end, and the margin
crenated ; hinge without lateral teeth, and the
cartilage cleft ovate.

Donax rugosa. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1127. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 254. t. 25. f. 250. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 93.
Gmelin, p. 3262. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 122.

Gualter, t. 89. f. F. Adanson Senegal, t.18.f.1. Seba,
il. t. 86. f. 10. Knorr, vi. t. 28. f. 8.

Inhabits the Southern Ocean. Linneus. Sandy shores of Se-
negal, especially about the mouths of the Niger. Adanson.
Coasts of America and Guinea. Gronovius. Mediterranean
and West Indies. Chemnitz.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and an inch and a
quarter broad ; compressed, longitudinally striated, and
rugged at the truncated anterior end; the colour is pale
purplish, with darker transverse bands, and the inside white
variegated with purple.

“sEeRRA. 4. Shell wedge-shaped, with the anterior
end wrinkled, and the margin crenated ;
hinge without lateral teeth, and the cartilage
cleft oblong.

Donax Serra. Chemnitz, vi. p. 257. t. 25. f. 251 and 252.

Donax grandis. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 47.
No. 869.

150 DONAX.

Enc. Method. t. 260. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz. Cape of Good
Hope. Humphreys.

This shell has been confounded by Schroeter and Gmelin,
with D. rugosa, from which it differs not only in being much
larger, but also in having the anterior end less abruptly trun-
cated, and the carulage cleft oblong ; it is about two inches
long, and three inches broad, and is sometimes rayed with
purple, as well as striated longitudinally.

TRUNCULUS. 5. Shell oblong-wedge-shaped, glossy,
minutely striated longitudinally, and the mar-
gin crenated.

Donax Trunculus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1127. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 93. t. 55. £.45. Born. Mus, p. 54. t. 4. f.
3 and 4. Chemnitz, vi. p. 259. t. 26. f. 253 and 254.
Schroeter Einl. 11. p. 94. Gmelin, p. 3263. Donovan,
i. t. 29. f.1. Montagu Test. p. 103. Maton and Rac-
ket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 74. Dorset Cat. p. 338. t. 6.
tS.

Cuneus vittatus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 207. t. 14. f. 3.

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 5. f£. 35. aud Conch. t. 376. f. 217.
Adanson Senegal, t. 18. f.2. Knorr,i.t.7.f.7. Fa-
vanne, t. 49. f. E.2. Enc. Meth. t. 262. f. 1.

Inhabits the European Ocean. Linnaeus. Coasts of Senegal.
Adanson. Mediterranean and West Indies. Chemnitz.
Britam. Lister, &c.

Shell about five-eighths of an inch long, and an inch and a
quarter broad ; smooth, glossy, and finely striated longitudi-
nally ; the colour is generally yellowish white, with bluish,
or horn coloured transverse bands, and two or three pale
longitudinal rays; the hinge, as in other shells of this Genus,
has the cartilage external.

COMPLANATA. 6, Shell oblong-oval, smooth, glossy,
and the margin very entire.

Donax complanata. Montagu Test. p. 106. t. 5. f. 4.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 75. Dorset
Cat. p. 34. '

Donax levigata. Solander’s MSS.

Tellina variegata. Gmelin, p. 3237.

Tellina vinacea. Gmelin, p. 3238.

Tellina, No. 31. Schroeter Hinl. iii. p. 11, and No, 48.
p- 15.

DONAX. 151

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 42, and Kirch.f. 41. Lister Conch. t.
384. f. 227.
Inhabits the coasts of Germany and Britain. Bonanni, &c.
This shell has the habit and size of D. trunculus, from which
it may be known by its being without longitudinal strie, and
having the margin entire; it is of a pale yellow, or purplish
colour, with small white spots or streaks, and one broad
longitudinal white ray.

STRIATA. 7. Shell oblong-oval, longitudinally
striated, truncated obliquely at the anterior,
and rounded ct the posterior end; margin
denticulated.

Donax striata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1127.? Chemnitz,
vi. p. 261. t. 26. f.255. Schroeter Hinl. ii. p. 95.

Lister Conch. t. 376. f.219. Gualéer, t. 89. f. D.? Enc.
Meth. t.261. f. 9.

Inhabits the shores of Southern Europe. Linneus. Jamaica.
Laster. Mediterranean. Chemnitz.

The shell figured by Chemnitz for D. striata, is about eight
lines long, and twice as broad; whitish, marked all over
with longitudinal striz, and toothed and crenated at the
margin. Linneus has not given any reference, and his des-
cription is so short, that some difference of opinion will pro-
bably always prevail respecting this species; Gmelin has
generally followed Schroeter, but in this instance he has al-
together rejected the reference to Chemnitz, and quoted a -
figure of Knorr’s, (vi. t. 28. f. 8.) which is at most, only a
Variety of D. rugosa.

DENTICULATA. 8. Shell ovate-wedge-shaped, with
longitudinal striez, and intermediate dots;
anterior slope transversely wrinkled, and the
margin toothed.

Donax denticulata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1127. Pennant
fool, iv. p. 93. t. 55. f.46. Born. Mus. p.55. Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 262. t. 26. f. 256 and 257. Schroeter Einl.
ml. p. 96. Gmelin, p. 3263. Montagu Test. p. 104.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vin. p.76. Dorset
Cat. p. 34. t. 5. f. 12. i

Donax crenulata. Donovan British Shells, i. t. 24.

Cuneus truncatus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 205.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 47, and Kirch. f. 48. Lister Conch.
t. 376. f. 218. Peter Gaz. t.18. f. 4. Gualter,

152 DONAX.

t.88.f.O. Adanson Seneg. t. 18. f. 3. Argenville, t. 22.
f.L. Knorr, ui. t. 23. f. 2 and 3. Favanne, t. 49. f. E. 3!
Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Sandy shores at Cape
Manuel on the Western Coast of Africa. Adanson. West
Indies. Knorr. Coast of Britam. Pennant, &c.

Shell commonly about seven lines long, and more than ten
broad; white, or lead colour, with paler transverse bands,
and longitudinal purple rays, and the inside is purple ; it is
striated longitudinally with the interstices dotted, and the an-
terior-slope is divided by a longitudinal prominent ridge, and
transversely striated.

-PLEBEIA. 9. Shell oval, compressed, smooth, ob-
soletely striated transversely, and the margin
very entire; hinge with strong teeth.

Donax plebeia. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney, Dorset Cat.
p- 32. Montagu Test. p. 107. t. 5. f. 2. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 76. Dorset Cat. p. 38.
toro. tetas

Tellina variegata, Var. y. Gmelin, p. 3237.

Tellina, No. 35. Schroeter Einl. in. p. 12.

Lister Conch. t. 389. f. 228.

Inhabits the coast of Dorsetshire. Pulteney, &c.

Shell about half an inch long, and three-quarters of an inch
broad ; thick, strong, glabrous, of a dull yellowish horn
colour, marked with two brownish longitudinal rays, and dis-
tant obsolete transverse furrows; the inside is paler than the
outside, and the teeth of the hinge are remarkably large,
considering the size of the shell.

CASTANEA. 10. Shell ovate, glossy, and slightly
wrinkled transversely ; hinge with one large
and one small primary tooth in each valve,
and no lateral teeth.

Donax castanea. Montagu Test. p. 573. t.17.f.2. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii p. 77.

Inhabits the coasts of the West of England. Montagu.

Mr. Montagu says that this shell comes nearest to D. plebeia
in shape, being sub-cuneiform, and the teeth are equally
strong in proportion to its size ; in these, however, it differs,
especially in their obliquity, being the reverse of each other ;
that shell too has a lateral tooth, and the beak turns towards
the posterior side, whereas in this, if any thing, it is inclined
to the anterior side; it is about a quarter of an inch long,

DONAX. 153

and three-eighths broad, of a chestnut colour, with a longitudi-
nal darker ray, which divides each valve into two nearly equal
parts. :

spinosa. 11. Shell wedge-shaped, and truncated
at the anterior end, which is marked with
decussated strie, and spinous at its margin ;
posterior end striated longitudinally.

Donax spinosa. Chemnitz, vi. p. 264. t. 26. f. 258. Gme-
lin, p. 3265.
Donax, No. 2. Schroeter Eznl. iii. p. 102.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.

This shell, in its hinge and shape, somewhat resembles D. ru-
gosa, but is rather smaller, and differs essentially im its
strie, and in having spines on the margin of the cartilage
slope ; it is white on the outside, and the inside is blue ; the
transverse striz at the anterior end are crenulated, and the
margin is there toothed more strongly than at the posterior
end.

INCARNATA. 12. Shell wedge-shaped, truncated,
and marked with decussated wrinkled striz
at the anterior end, and the posterior end
very finely striated longitudinally ; margin
denticulated.

Donax incarnata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 265. t. 26. f. 259.
Gmelin, p. 3265.
Donax, No. 3. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 102.
Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.
Shell about ten lines long, and but little more than an inch
broad, of a flesh-colour, sometimes marked with a few yel-
lowish transverse bands, and the margin denticulated.

CUNEATA. 13. Shell ovate-wedge-shaped, compres-
sed, thick, and slightly wrinkled at the an-
terior end; margin very entire.

Donax cuneata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1127. Born. Mus.
p. 56, and Vign. at p. 52. Chemnitz, vi. p. 266. t. 26.
f. 260. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 97. Gmelin, p. 3263.
Brooks's Introd. p. 64. t. 2. f. 23.

Lister Conch. t. 392. f. 231. Knorr, vi. t. 7. f£.3. Enc.
Meth. t. 261. f. 5.

154 DONAX.

Inhabits the East Indies. Lister. Tranquebar. Chemniiz.

Shell about an inch long, and an inch and a half broad, trun-
cated, and transversely wrinkled at the anterior end; and
the posterior end much compressed ; the colour is white, or
pale greyish, with reddish or dark violet longitudinal rays,
and the inside is white, variegated with purple; the margin
1s very entire.

LEVIGATA. 14. Shell somewhat triangular, glabrous,
truncated and inflected at the anterior end,
and the margin very entire.

Donax levigata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 253. t. 25. f. 249. Gme-
lin, p. 3265.

Donax, No.1. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 101.

Tellina purpurascens. Gmelin, p. 3257. Wood’s Conch. p.
ip per aed

Inhabits the coasts of ‘Tranquebar. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and a half long, and two inches and a quarter
broad, glabrous, of a yellowish green colour on the outside,
and violet within. The hinge has a bifid tooth in one valve,
and two in the other, without any lateral teeth.

scRIPTA. 15. Shell ovate, compressed, smooth,
with purple transverse undulated lines, and
the margin crenulated.

Donax scripta. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1127. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 267. t. 26. f. 261 to 265. Schroeter Evnl. i. p.

. 98. Gmelin, p. 3264.

Venus cytherea. Solander’s MSS.

Lister Conch. t. 379. f. 222. and t. 380. f.223. Rumphius,
t. 42. f. Land M. Petiver Gaz. t. 16. f. 9. and Amb.
t.2. f. 7. and t. 18. f.5. Klein Ost. t.11. f.59. Adan-
son Senegal. t. 17. f. 13. Enc. Meth. t. 261. f. 2 to 4.

Inhabits the East Indies. Lister. Coasts about Fort St.
George. Petiver. Cape Barnard on the coast of Senegal.

. Adanson. Mediterranean. Linnaeus. Coast of Barbary.
Gronovius. Malabar. Chemnitz.

Shell commonly about eight lines long, and one inch broad,
put this species varies considerably in size, as well as in its
colour and markings, and some shells are more oblong than
others ; the colour is white, more or less tinged with pale
violet, and marked with transverse purple, reddish, orange,
or fawn coloured, parallel undulated stripes, which in dif-
ferent shells vary considerably in breadth, regularity, and
the angle of their undulations; the hinge resembles that of

DONAX. 155

Venus Meroe, to which this species is nearly allied, and
has two central teeth in one valve, and three in the other,
with a lateral tooth on one side; the cartilage is sunk in a
groove, and the margin crenulated.

FABA. 16. Shell oval, convex, finely striated trans-
versely, wrinkled at the anterior end, and
the margin entire.

Donax Faba. Chemnitz, vi. p. 270. t. 26. f.266 and 267.
Gmelin, p. 3264.

Donax, No. 4. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 102.

Donax cuneata Var. Schreber’s Conch. ii. p.

Enc. Meth. t. 261. f. 7.

Inhabits the coast of Malabar. Chemnitz.

This shell is of about the same size as D. scripta, from all
the numerous varieties of which it differs in being thicker,
in having the umbones inclined towards the anterior slope,
and in the want of a cartilage cleft, and the serratures at the
margin; it is rather of a chestnut colour, with yellowish
spots, and a longitudinal white ray; the hinge resembles
that of D. cuneata.

RADIATA. 17. Shell sub-oval, with concentric strie,
and the inside striated longitudinally ; hinge
with a single primary tooth in one valve, and
two lateral teeth in each; margin entire.

Donax radiata. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 104. No. 11. t. 8.
f.3. Gmelin, p. 3266.

Tnhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Schroeter.

Schroeter describes this shell to be rather more than half an
inch long, and near an inch broad, with crowded concen-
tric stria, wrinkled at the anterior end, and the inside
striated longitudinally ; colour brownish, with hyaline spots,
and two white longitudinal rays towards the anterior end;
hinge with a single blunt primary tooth in one valve, and
two in the other, besides two lateral teeth in each.

MURICATA. 18. Shell ovate, with muricated striz,
and the margin denticulated.

Donax muricata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1128. Gmelin,
p. 3265.
Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Linnaeus.
No author has ascertained this species, besides Linnzeus, who
describes it to be gibbous, reddish, aud denticulated on the

156 DONAX.-

anterior margin, with the cleft by the cartilage gaping, and
ending on both sides in a compressed tooth.

STRAMINEA. 19. Shell somewhat wedge-shaped,
ridged transversely, and at the anterior end
cancellated; hinge with two lateral teeth in
each valve, and the margin very entire at the
posterior end.

Donax straminea. Gmelin, p. 3266.

Donax, No. 12. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 105. t. 8. f. 4.
Inhabits
Schroeter describes this shell to be more than an inch long,

and only three quarters broad, of a straw colour, with
darker transverse bands, the margin tawny, and the um-
bones reddish; the inside flesh-coloured, becoming violet
towards the margin; auterior slope transversely wrinkled,
aud finely striated longitudinally.

CANDIDA. 20. Shell roundish wedge-shaped, thin,
brittle, and slightly striated transversely ;
hinge with three primary teeth in each valve,
and the margin very entire.

Donax candida. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 106. No. 15. t. 8.
f.5. Gmelin, p. 3266.

Inhabits the coasts of ‘Tranquebar. Schroeter.

Schroeter describes .D. candida, whose claim to stand in the
genus appears very doubtful, to be about three quarters of
an inch long, and but very little more than three quarters of
an inch broad; thin, brittle, convex, white, marked with a
few concentric strize becoming oblique at one end, and
wrinkled towards the margin ; hinge with three primary, and
one lateral tooth in each valve.

truS. 21. Shell rhomboidal, with remote transverse
erect membranaceous ridges, and the margin
entire.

Donax Irus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1128. Chemnitz, vi.
p- 271. t. 26. f. 268 to 270.. Schroeter Erni. iii. p. 100.
Gmelin, p. 3265. Donovan, i. t. 29. f.2. Montagu
Test. p. 108 and 573. Maton and Racket, in Lan.
Trans. vii. p. 77. Dorset Cat. p. 34. t. 12. f. 6.
Brooks’s Introd. p. 64. t. 2. f. 22. ay

Tellina cornubiensis. Pennant Zool. iv. p. $9.

DONAX. 157

Cuneus foliatus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 204. t. 15.
left hand fig. 6.

Venus lithophaga. Retzius in Act. Taurin. 1786. p. 11.
f.1 and2. Gmelin, p. $3295. Olivi Zool. Adriatica.
p- 108.

Petricola sulcata. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 121.

Gualter, t.95. f. A. Borlase Gh t. 38. f.23. Enc.
Method. t. 262. f. 4.

Inhabits the Sea burrowed in Rocks and Stones. Mediterra-
nean. Linnaeus. Coasts of America. Gronovius. Adria-
tic. Olivi. Britain. Borlase, &c.

Shell about a quarter or half an inch long, and varying much
in breadth, which in some specimens scarcely exceeds the
length, and others are twice as broad ; the shape also varies
considerably, some shells being convex, and others nearly
flat, so that it is difficult to find two alike ; but the species
may, notwithstanding these variations, be readily known by
its elevated, remote, reflected, concentrical, membranaceous
ridges, which have their interstices longitudinally striated ; the
colour is brownish white, and the inside stained with purple
towards the hinge; the hinge has two primary teeth in one
valve, and a bifid one in the other. Venus sub-rhomboidea
of Montagu is most probably nothing more than a variety of
this species.

158

Genus X.

VENUS.

SHELL BIVALVE, WITH THE FRONT MARGIN OF ONE
VALVE INCUMBENT ON THE OTHER, AND A WELL
DEFINED IMPRESSION ON BOTH SIDES.

ee

Subdivisions. f

* With the anterior depression spinous, or
toothed on the margin.
** Somewhat heart-shaped.
*** Sub-orbicular.
**** Sub-oval, and slightly angulated on the ante-
rior side.

RE

* With the anterior depression spinous, or toothed
on the Margin.

DIONE. 1. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, trans-
versely ribbed, with a double row of spines
on the anterior slope.

Venus Dione. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1128. Born. Mus.
p. 58. and Vign. at p. 57. f.a. Chemnitz, vi. p. 282. t.
27. f. 271 to 273. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 109. Barbut

+ The following of Gmelin’s species appear to me to be undeserving of
notice. Venus afra, p. 3295. albicans, p. 3290. amethystina, p- 3281. argentea,
p. 3295. aurantia, p. 5290. Bajana, p. 3269. Bengulensis, p. 3288. candida, p.
3290. carnea, p. 3281. cornea, p. 3291. donacina, p. 3295. eburnea, p. 3292.
fasciuta, p. 3281. fulva, p. 3290. guttata, p. 5291. holosericea, p. 320. Italica,
p. 5289. levis, p. 3291. lineata, p. 3291. lucida, p. 3292. Macassarica, p- 3290.
maculosa, p. 3291. nived, p. 3292. nux, p. 3289. punctulata, p. 3281. purpuras-
cens, p. 5288. pusilla, p. 5288. rostrata, p. 3280. rufescens, p. 3291. spadicea,
p- 3288. subviridis, p. 3280. variegata, p. 3281. virens, p.3291. virgaia, p. 3281.
virginica, p. 3294. V. imbricata, p. 3277. is Venericardia imbricata of La-
marck, and is a fossil species. -

VENUS. 159

Verm. p. 36. t. 4. £.9. Gmelin, p. 3266. Shaw Nat.
Misc. v. t. 163.

Bonanni Rec. Supp. f. 5 and 6. and Kirch. 2. f. 121.
Lister Conch. t. 307. f. 140. Rumphius, t. 48. f. 4. Pe-
tiver Gaz. t. 51. f.9. Gualter, t.76.f. D. Argenville,
t.21.f.1. Knorr,i. t. 4. f.3 and 4. Favanne, t. 47.
f. K. 3. Enc. Meth. t. 275: fk:

Inhabits the American Seas. Linneus. Coasts of Brazil. Bo-
nanni. St. Domingo. D’Herbigny. Jamaica. Humphreys.

This rare shell, of which a perfect specimen is very valuable,
is about an inch and a quarter long, and an inch and a half
broad ; of a pink or flesh colour, variegated with white, and
armed round the anterior slope with a double row of incur-
vated hollow spines.

PAPHIA. 2. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
thick recurved transverse ribs, becoming ab-
ruptly smaller towards the anterior end.

Venus Paphia. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1129. Born Mus.
p- 59. Chemnitz, vi. p. 287. t.27. f.274 to 276. Schroe-
ter Einl.ii. p.110. Gmelin, p. 3268.

Pectunculus Vetula. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 190. t. 13.
£5:

Bonanni Rec. 2. f.'75. and Kirch. f.'72. Lister Conch.
t. 279. f. 116. Rumphius, t. 48. f. 5. Gualter, t. 85.
f. A. Knorr, ii, t. 28. f. 2. and vi. t. 6. f. 2. Regenfuss,
1. t. 7. f. 11. Favanne, t.47.f. E.5. Enc. Meth; t.
O75. Ay 4:

Inhabits the coasts of Portugal. Bonanni. America. D’ Avi-
la. Guinea. Regenfuss. Mediterranean. Da Costa. West
Indies, Carolina, and Maryland. Solander.

Shell about an inch long, and fourteen lines broad, with re-
markably thick, broad, recurved, transverse ribs, which, at
about a quarter of an inch from the anterior slope, abruptly
become much smaller ; the colour is white, marked with about
three longitudinal purplish brown bands, and prettily mottled
with small spots and angulated lines; the margin is crenu-
lated, particularly in young shells. Da Costa asserts it has
been sometimes fished up on the Western shores of England,
but Mr. Donovan says he was aware, after his work had been
published, that this assertion originated in a mistake.

FASCIATA. 3. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
thick depressed transverse ribs of an uniform
thickness throughout.

160 VENUS.

Venus fasciata. Donovan, y. t. 170. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. viii. p.80. Dorset Cat. p. 34. t.'7. f. 3.

Venus Paphia. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat. p. 33. Montagu
Test. p. 110.

Venus Paphia Var. Gmelin, p. 3268.

- Venus incrassata. Solander’s MSS.

Venus, No. 1. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 153.

Pectunculus fasciatus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 188. t.
19. if. 3.

Anus rugosa. Chemnitz, vi. p. 290. t. 27. f. 277 and 278.

Enc. Meth. t. 276. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Da Costa, &c. West India Is-
lands. Chemnitz. Sometimes found on the sea-shore at
Swansea, and is very common in Bantry Bay. L. W. D.

Shell about eleven Jines long, and one inch broad; strong, ra-
ther compressed, with broad elevated transverse ribs of an
uniform thickness throughout, and variously rayed longitudi-
nally with purplish brown and white. It is probably nearly
allied to the Linnzan V. succincta, but does not sufficiently
agree with some parts of the description, ‘ rima excisa, &c.

succincTA. 4. Shell heart-shaped, with transverse
remote excavated grooves, and the margin
crenulated.
Venus succincta. Linnaeus Mantissa, p. 546. Gmelin, p.
3282.

Inhabits ——

Linneus describes this shell to be “ roundish, heart-shaped, and
about as large as the uppermost joint of a finger, with four-
teen remote transverse grooves, forming distant obtuse some-
what reflected mbs; the cleft in the anterior slope jagged
(excisa), and the posterior impression ovate ; margin crenu-
lated within.” It appears from his MSS. that Dr. Solander
found a shell in the Rortland Cabinet which answered to
these characters, and he has added to the description, that it
is shghtly striated longitudinally, and has the ribs of an equal
thickness throughout.

maRIcA. 5./Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with de-
cussated striz, and lamellated at the margin
of the anterior slope.

Venus Marica. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1180. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 202. t.27. f. 282 to 286. Schroeter Lind, il. p.
112. Gmelin, p. 3268.

VENUS. 16)

Enc. Method. t. 275. f. 2.

Inhabits the American Seas. Linneus. West Indies. Chem-
ntz.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and one inch broad,
of a yellowish or greyish white colour, with pale reddish
brown spots, rays, and veins, and the margin every where
crenulated. Born has mistaken V. granulata for this spe-
cles.

CINGENDA. 6. Shell somewhat heart-shaped and
compressed, with transverse remote reflected
ribs and longitudinal striz.

Venus Dysera. Born. Mus. p. 60. Chemnitz, vi. p. 294.
t. 28. f. 287 to 290. Montagu Supp. p. 42.

Venus cancellata. Gronovius Zooph. p. 268. t. 1. f.8.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 348. and Kirch. 2. f. 103. Laster
Conch. t. 278. f. 115. Petiver Gaz. t. 24. f. 5. Knorr,
il. t. 28. f. 3. and vi. t. 10. f. 2. Favanne, t. 47. f. E.6.
Enc. Meth, t. 268. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of the West India Islands. Chemnitz. Ja-
maica. Lister. Frith of Forth. Montagu.

Shell about one inch long, and fourteen lines broad; of a grey-
ish white colour, with scattered brown spots, and besides the
elevated transverse ribs, it is strongly striated longitudinally,
which serves at once to distinguish this species from V’. Dy-
sera; the ribs are irregularly distant, and crenulated on one
side, aud the longitudinal striz generally in pairs ; the poste-
rior depression is heart-shaped, striated !ongitudinally, and
marked with transverse brown stripes; the margin is thick,
and slightly crenulated: Meuschen, as well as Gronovius,
considered this to be the Linnean V. cancellata, but it is
more probable, from his reference to Lister, t. 278. f. 115.,
that Linnzeus contounded it with V, Dysera,

DYSERA. 7. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, and con-
vex, with transverse remote reflected ribs,
and the margin crenulated.

Venus Dysera. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1130. Chemnitz,
Vi. p. 207. t. 28. f. 291 and 292. Schroeter Einl. ii. p.
113. Gmelin, p. 3268. ;

Laster Conch. t. 277. f.114. Klein Ost. t. 10. £. 48 and
AO Knorr, ivy. t. 24. £3.

Variety. With the transverse ribs more elevated.

Veuus lamellosa, Chemnitz, vi. p. 298. t. 293 and 294.
VOL, I. M

162 VENUS.

Venus Brasiliana. Gmelin, p. 3289.
Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 345. and Kirch. 2. f. 102. Valentyn
Abh. t. 16. £.29.? Enc. Method. t. 275. f. 5.

Tnhabits the coasts of Brazil. Bonanni. American and Asia-
tic Oceans. Linneus. East Indies. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch or an inch and a quarter long, and the
breadth but a little exceeds the length; it is thickish, white,
pale purplish brown, or rose-coloured, and may be at once
distinguished from V. cengenda by the want of any longitu-
dinal strize ; the posterior depression is heart-shaped, and the
anterior oblong.

TIARA. 8. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, and angu-
lated towards the anterior end, with a few dis-
tant much elevated transverse ribs, striated
strongly on their lower sides.

Venus cancellata. Born. Mus. p. 61. t. 4. f. 9.

Concha veneris orientalis. Chemnitz, vi. p. 290. t. 27. f.
279 to 281.

Gualter, t.88.f. D. <Argenville, t..21.f. B. Favanne,
£47. £.E. 7.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about fourteen lines long and sixteen broad, or some-
times almost twice as large ; of a dull white, frequently more
or less tinged with rose colour, and has about seven much
elevated. remote membranaceous ribs, of which the lower
sides are strongly striated, and the intermediate spaces are
obsoletely striated transversely ; the transverse ribs are conti-
nued so as to form longitudinal lamine on the posterior

heart-shaped depression, but the oblong cartilage slope is
nearly smooth.

PLICATA. 9. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, and an-
gulated towards the anterior end, with nume-
rous transverse membranaceous ribs, and the
cordiform depression nearly smooth.

Venus plicata. Gmelin, p. 3276. .

Venus foliaceo-lamellosa. Chemnitz, vi. p. 299. t. 28. f.
295 and 297.

Argenville, t.21.f. K. Valentyn Abh. t. 15. f.21. Enc.
Meth. t. 275. f. 3.
{nhabits the Levant Sea. Argenville.

Shell two or three inches long, and about equally broad; thick,

VENUS. 168

ponderous, purplish or pale flesh colour, and whitish about
the umbones; the posterior depression is cordiform, and
nearly smooth, and the anterior slope convex, red, glabrous,
and much larger than in the preceding species.

EXCAVATA. 10. Shell sub-orbicular, transversely
striated ; anterior depression broad, and the
posterior heart-shaped and excavated.

Venus excavata. Gmelin, p. 3269.
Venus, No. 34. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 167. t. 8.
f. nl.
Inhabits
Shell about an inch in diameter, and resembles VY. excisa, but
has the transverse strie thinner and more acute; the striz
also become wrinkled at both ends, and form scale-hke teeth
on the margin of the posterior depression, which is cordiform
and excavated ; it is brownish yellow, or whitish ash colour.
May it not be a variety of V. prostrata ?

SPINIFERA. 11. Shell sub-triangular, with nume
rous equidistant ribs becoming confluent in
pairs, and forming short obtuse spines on the’
margin of the anterior slope.

Venus spinifera. Montagu Test. p. 577. t.17.f. 1. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 78.

Tnhabits the coast of Devonshire, very rare. Montagu.

Mr. Montagu, who discovered this shell in some sand brought
from Salcombe Bay, describes it to be half an inch long,
and the breadth rather more, and of a yellowish white colour,
with about thirty-six fine concentric, parallel, equidistant, ele-
vated and somewhat reflected ribs, alien on the margin of
the cartilage slope, become confluent in pairs, and “form
short obtuse spines, reflecting backwards: he says that in
shape it much resembles V. Galiina, butis rather longer in

proportion to its breadth, and the concentric ridges are
finer.

** Somewhat heart-shaped.

VERRUCOSA. 12. Shell somewhat heart-shaped.
with striated membranaceous ribs, becoming

strongly warted at both ends; margin crenu-
lated.

“ M 2

164 VENUS.

Venus verrucosa. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1130. Born.
Mus. p. 60. t. 4. f.7. Chemnitz, vi. p. 303. t. 29. f.
299 and 300. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 114. Gmelin, p.
3269. Donovan, u. t. 44. Montagu Test. p. 112.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 78. La-
marck Syst. des Anim. p. 123. Dorset Cat. p. 34. t.8.

fy 1.

Venus Erycina. Pennant Brit. Zool. iv. p. 94. t. 54.
f. 48.

Pectunculus strigatus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 185. t.
iA Bead Bs

Lister Conch. t. 284. f. 122. Peter Gaz. t. 93. f..117.
Gualter, t. 75. f. H. Argenville, t. 21. f. Q. Favanne,
tA7 Fike.

Junior. Venus rugosa. Linneus Mantissa, p. 545.?
Inhabits the Southern coasts of Europe. Linnaeus. England.

Lister, &c. Mediterranean. D’ Avila. Naples. Sir. C.

Ulysses.

This species varies from an inch anda half to two inches and a
quarter long, and the breadth rather exceeds the length ; it is

a strong, thick, heavy, convex shell, with numerous strong,

elevated, somewhat recurved transverse ribs, which, when

the shell has arrived at maturity, are broken at both ends,
and particularly at the anterior, to irregular warty knobs ;
colour brownish white. Young shells have the transverse ribs
only slightly crenulated at the anterior end, are more convex,
and marked in the interstices of the ribs with longitudinal
strie, which m old shells are still observable about the um-

bones. Gmelin considered V. rigida to be the Linnean V.

rugosa, but the description in the Mantissa answers better to

a young shell, and Kemmerer considered it to be a variety

of the present species.

RIGIDA. 13. Shell heart-shaped, ventricose, with
numerous transverse membranaceous reflect-
ed ribs, and the posterior depression kidney-
shaped; margin crenulated.

Venus rigida. Solander’s MSS.
Venus rugosa orientalis. Chemnitz, vi. p. 308. t. 29. f. 303.
Venus rugosa. Gmelin, p. 3276.
Venus, No. 3. Schroeter Einleitung, iil. p. 154.
“Pectunculus rigidus. Cadllone’s Cat. p. 48. No. 900.
Lister Conch. t. 286. f. 123.

Inhabits the coast of Jamaica. Lister. Brazils. Solander.
West Indies. Humphreys.

VENUS. 165

This shell may be at once distinguished from V. verrucosa by
the posterior depression being reniform, and in a specimen
now before me, which is two inches and a quarter long, the
transverse ribs are more membranaceous, and are not at all
tuberculated at either end ; the anterior slope in one valve is
glabrous; colour whitish, irregularly stained, and marked
with spots, or short angulated streaks of pale brown.

CASINA. 14. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
acute recurved transverse ribs, and grouved
behind the beaks; margin crenulated at the
posterior end.

Venus Casina. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1130.2? Chemnitz,
vi. p. 306, t. 29. f. 301 and 302. Schroeter Einl. iii.
p- 115. t.8. f.6. Gmelin, p. 3269. Maton and Rack-
et, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 79. t. 2. f. 1. Montagu Supp.
p- 47.

Venus erycina, worn shell. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 94. t. 54.

f. 48. A.
Venus lactea, Donovan, v. t. 149. Maton and Racket,

in Lin Trans. vii. p. 79. Montagu Supp. p. 46.

{nhabits the European Ocean. Linnaeus. Coasts of Britain.
Pennant, &c.

The description in the Systema Nature is so short, and unac-
companied by any reference, that the Linnean VY. Casina
must always remain an uncertain species, and it appears
from his MSS., that Dr. Solander considered it to be our
V. Gallina. The shell here referred to, which answers the
Linnzan character much better, is said to be about an inch
and a half in diameter, thick, white, and variegated with
brown, but whether it is more than a variety of V. rigida is
rather doubtful, and in that species the posterior depression
is surrounded by a groove.

CANCELLATA. 15. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
with longitudinal striz, and transverse re-
mote membranaceous ribs; posterior depres-
sion heart-shaped. .

Venus cancellata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1130. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 309. t. 29. f. 304 to 307. Schroeter Einl. iii. p.
116. Gmelin, p. 3270. Donovan, iv. t. 115. Mon-
tagu Test. p. 574.

Venus laminosa. Montagu Supp. p. 38.?

166 VENUS.

Pectunculus membranaceus. Da Costa Brit.. Conch. p.
193. t. 13. left hand fig. 4.
Knorr, vi. t. 39. f.4. Enc. Meth. t. 267. f. 7.

Inhabits the African Ocean. Linneus. Coasts of the Nicobar
Islands. Chemnitz. West Indies. Humphreys.

This species is more strongly striated longitudinally, and is
rather broader in proportion to its length, than the young
shells of V. verrucosa, of which it has been considered a
variety by Solander and Montagu. Born has figured V.
Tiara under this name.

SUBCORDATA. 16. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,

with strong longitudinal strie, and remote
elevated transverse ribs.

Venus subcordata. Montagu Test. p. 121. t.3. f.1. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 82.

{nhabits ——

Shell about a quarter of an inch in diameter, thick, white, with
strong longitudinal costated striz, and remote transverse ridges ;
the umbones are placed nearest to one end, much incurvated,
and turned a little to one side; margin slightly crenated. Mr.
Montagu doubis whether this is really a British species,

having only once found it among some sand from Falmouth
Harbour.

MINIMA. 17. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, rather
compressed, very glossy, with broad trans-
verse strie, and two red streaks at the
margin. .

Venus minima. Montagu Test. p. 121. t. 3. f. 3. Maton
and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 81.

Inhabits Falmouth Harbour. Montagu.

Shell about a quarter of an inch in length, and rather more in
breadth, flesh-coloured, with two Pe lines, extending like
the letter V_ half way from the umbones, and connected
with the margin by a red streak diverging outwards. Mr.
Montagu says, the red streaks are constant, but that the
white lines are sometimes wanting.

suLcATA. 18. Shell somewhat triangular, with
transverse ribs becoming obsolete towards
the umbones, and the depression oblong-oval ;
margin crenulated.

VENUS. 167

Venus sulcata. Montagu Test. p. 131. Maton and Rack-
et, in Lin. Trans, vii. p. 81. t. 2. f. 2.
Pectunculus truncatus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 195.

Inhabits the coasts of Scotland. Montagu.

Shell near an inch long, and nearly as broad; strong, thick,
with concentric ribs, which are narrower than the intervening
furrows, and which become obsolete towards the umbones,
and at both ends; the colour is white, but is covered with a
very thick opake dusky brown epidermis. Messrs. Maton
and Racket say, that it:much resembles V. fasciata, but is
more triangular, and straiter at the anterior end, and dif-
fers also in the depression, which is oblong-oval.

MONTAGUI. 19. Shell sub-orbicular, compressed,
with obsolete transverse ribs, and the depres-
sion heart-spear shaped ; margin entire.

Venus compressa. Montagu Supp. p. 45. t. 26. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of Scotland. Montagu.

Mr. Montagu says, that this species very much resembles V.
sulcata, and the material difference is, that this is broader
than it is long, and has the margin entire, whereas the other
measures most in a longitudinal direction, and has the margin
crenulated. ‘The name of compressa had been before used
by Linnzus for another species,

scoTicA. 20. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, and
slightly compressed, with many regular pa-
rallel transverse ribs, and the margin entire.
Venus Scotica. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p.
81. t.2. f. 3. Montagu Supp. p. 44.
Inhabits the coast of Scotland. M‘Leay, &c.
Shell about half an inch long, and five-eighths broad, thick, with
from sixteen to twenty-two parallel transverse ribs, and of
a whitish colour, when stripped of its epidermis, which is
pale yellowish brown.

DANMONIA. 21. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, and
slightly compressed ; with reguiar strong equi-
distant transverse ribs, and the margin cre-
nulated.

Venus Danmonia. Montagu Supp. p.45. t. 29. f. 4.
Inhabits the coasts of Devonshire. Montagu.
Shell about an inch long, and an inch and a quarter broad,
and Mr. Montagu says, it is so nearly allied to V. Scotica, that

168 VENUS.

at first sight one might be naturally led to consider it the
same ; it however differs im its contour, which is more trans-
versely ovate, and in having a crenulated margin.

REFLEXA. 22. Shell sub-orbicular, with numerous
thin elevated distant transverse ribs, and the
interstices minutely striated longitudinally :
margin crenulated.

Venus reflexa. Montagu Supp. p. 40. and p. 168.
Venus undulata. Gmetn, p. 3290.

Venus, No. 107. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 187.
Gualter, t. 75. f. O.

Mr. Montagu describes his V. reflera, to be an inch in dia-
meter, and rather broader than long, of a pale yellowish
brown, with two or three broken ferrugimous rays, running
from the umbo to the opposite margin; these interrupted
rays IN some specimens are composed of six or seven spots,
which faintly resemble arrow heads, and point towards the
umbones ; he says, the shell has somewhat the habit of V.
Gallina, but is more orbicular in its contour, and has the
transverse ridges vastly more elevated, thinner, and more
distant. From Gmelin’s description, I thmk there can be
no doubt that his V. undu/ata, though a badly constituted
species, is the same, but the name has been previously occu-
pied by Born, for V. textile of Gmelm.

;

GALLINA. 23. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
crowded membranaceous recurved transverse
strie ; umbones much recurved, and both
slopes nearly smooth ; margin crenulated.

Venus Gailina. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1130. Chemnitz,
vi. p. S11. t. 30. f. 308 to 310. Schroeter Einl. ni. p.
118. Gmelin, p. 3270. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. viii. p. 82. Dorset Cat. p. 35. t. 3. f. 2.

Venus rugosa. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 95. t. 56. f. 50.

Venus sinuata. Born. Mus. p. 62, and Vign. at p. 57.
f. b.

Venus Lusitanica. Gmelin, p. 3281.

Venus Casina. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat.

p- 33. 4
Venus striatula. Donovan, i. t.68. Montagu Test. p.
113:
Pectunculus striatulus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 191. t.
12, f. 2.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 45, and Karch. f. 44. Laster Conch.

VENUS. 169

t. 282. f. 120. Petiver Gaz. t. 75. f. 12. Klein Ost.
t. 10. f. 54.
Variety. With the transverse stria rather more remote.
Venus cruentata. Gmelin, p. 3294.
Venus, No. 76. Schroeter Einl. mi. p. 179.
Lister Conch. t. 396. f. 243. Klein Ost. t. 10. f. 50.
Inhabits the Mediterranean, and the coasts of Asia and Nor-
way. Linneus. Portugal. Bonanni. Britain. Lister, &c.
Shell about three quarters of an inch, or an inch long, and the
breadth exceeds the length by about a fourth; the colour is
white, or pale brown, with two or three broad longitudinal
darker rays, and generally also marked with crowded fine
zic-zac rufous lines, which often cross the transverse strie,
so as to give them some appearance of being crenated. V.
Lusitanica of Gmelin most probably belongs to this species,
or is otherwise undeserving of notice.

CIRCINATA. 24. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, gib-
bous, with crowded transverse, elevated,
slightly imbricated striz ; margin very entire,

Venus circinata. Born. Mus. p. 61. t. 4. f.8. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 312. t. 30. f. 311 and 312.

Venus Guineensis. Gmelin, p. 3270. Montagu Supp. p.
48. and p. 168. Dorset Cat. p. 35.

Venus rubra. Gmelin, p. 3288.

Venus rubescens. Solander’s MSS.

Venus, No. 4 and 5. Schroeter Einl. in. p. 155. and No.
65. p. 176.

Tellina Senegalensis. Gmelin, p. 3244. Wood’s Conch. p.
199. ;

Le Tosar. Adanson Senegal. p. 229. t. 17. f. 14.

Lister Conch. t. 306. f. 109.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz. Magdalen Islands,
on the coast of Senegal. Adanson. Has been dredged up
in the Frith of Forth by Mr. Laskey. Montugu.

Shell about fourteen lines long, and sixteen broad, reddish
white or greyish, with longitudinal rays, and both the slopes
tinged with purple, or rose colour ; it may be at once dis-
tinguished from V. reflera, and V. Gallina, by the want of
a crenulated margin, aud its striz are more elevated and im-
bricated than in the former of these species. According to
Montagu, the hinge is very complicated, and he says, there
are three teeth in oie valve, of which one stands transverse-
et and the other has the same number, besides a pro-

inency on the side of the cavity that receives the trans-

170 ‘VENUS.

verse tooth of the opposite valve. Adanson’s description of
Le Tosar, from which Gmelin has constituted his Tellina
Senegalensis answers to this species.

CALISTE. 25. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
acute transverse strie, becoming membrana-
ceous towards the margin; anterior depres-
sion short and the posterior obsolete.

Venus Caliste. Gmelin, p. 3277.
Venus, No. 6. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 156. t. 8. f. 8
and 9.

Tnhabits the Red Sea. Schroeter.

This shell is about the same size and figure as V. circinata ;
the colour is said to be generally dirty white, with the an-
terior end tinged with pale blue on the outside, and with
dark blue within.

COMPRESSA. 26. Shell oval-heart-shaped, much com-
pressed, with transverse, remote, parallel
strie, and both the depressions linear; mar-
gin very entire.

Venus compressa. Linneus Mant. p. 546. Gmelin, p.
3282.
Inhabits
Linneus has not given any reference, or mentioned either the
size or colour of this species, and it has not been ascertained
by any subsequent author.

EXALBIDA. 27. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, flat-
tish, with transverse, elevated, slightly mem-
branaceous striz ; anterior depression lanceo-
late and wrinkled.

Venus exalbida. Chemnitz, xi. p. 227. t. 202. f. 1977.

Inhabits the coasts of the Falkland Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell two inches and three-quarters long, and three inches
broad; white, without any coloured markings. Chemnitz
says he received his specimen from London, under the name
of V. cretacea.

PETULCA. 28. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, slightly
grooved, and the margin crenulated ; cartil-
age cleft, sub-ovate, gaping ; nymphe acute.

VENUS. 171

Venus petulea. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1131. Gmelin, p.
3270.

Inhabits the Southern Coasts of Europe. Linnaus.

Linnzus has not made any reference, and in addition to the
above specific character, has only given the following short
description. ‘ It is the size of a hazel nut, clouded with
white and brown, and the posterior depression is oblong.”
It has not been ascertained by any subsequent author.

GRANULATA. 29. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
slightly gibbous, with elevated decussated
strie, and the margin crenulated.

Venus granulata. Gmelin, p. 3277. Donovan, ii. t. 83.
Montagu Test. p. 122. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. vii, p. 85.

Venus marica. Born. Mus. p. 59. t. 4. f. 5 and 6.

Venus marica spuria. Chemnitz, vi. p. 314. t. 30. f. 313.

Venus violacea. Gmelin, p. 3288.

~ Venus, No. 7. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 156, and No. 68.

» Las

Chae formis cancellata. Meuschen Mus. Gevers, p. 450.
No. 1691.

Lister Conch. t. 338. £. 175.

inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. West India Islands.
Chemnitz. Britain. Donovan, &c.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch, or an inch in diameter,
and the breadth rather exceeds the length; the colour is
white, variegated with spotted rays, and streaks of purplish
brown, and the inside is tinged with purple, especially to-
wards the anterior side; the cartilage slope is generally
bluish, and marked with a few dark chocolate transverse
stripes, and the posterior depression is brown. Gualter, t.
75. f. B. and Cardium cancellatum of Gmelin, may prob-
ably belong to this species.

ovaTa. 30. Shell oval-heart-shaped, slightly com-
pressed, with longitudinal grooves, and trans-
verse striz ; posterior depression oblong, and
elevated in the middle; margin crenulated.

Venus ovata. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 97. t. 56. f.56. Mon-
tagu Test. p. 120. Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans.
vill. p. 85. t. 2.f.4. Dorset Cat. p, 35. t. 1. f. 15.

Venus crenulata. Solander’s MSS.

Walker’s Min. Shells, f. 82.

172 VENUS.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Pennant, &e.

Shell about three-eighths of an inch long, and half an inch
broad ; of a dirty white or pale brown colour, and the in-
side is glossy white or flesh-colour, more or less tinged with

purple.

PAUPERCULA. 31. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
smooth, with the anterior depression oval,
and the posterior cordiform.

Venus paupercula. Chemnitz, xi. p. 227. t. 202. f.1977.

Inhabits the coasts of Coromandel. Chemnitz.

Shell near an inch long, and an inch and a quarter broad; of
a pale brownish yellow colour, sprinkled over with reddish
brown veins and dots, and the cordiform depression tinged
with violet.

FLEXUOSA. 52. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, pro-
duced at the anterior end, and marked with
transverse crenulated grooves, becoming bifid
towards the anterior slope.

Venus flexuosa. Solander’s MSS.? Linneus Syst. Nat.
p. 1131. Born. Mus. p. 62. t. 4. f.10. Chemnitz, vi.
p- 350. t. 31. f. 333 and 334. Schroeter Einl. ii, p.
119. Gmelin, p. 3270.

Lister Conch. t.,281. f..119.? Petiwer Gaz. t. 75. fi 8.
Gualter, t. 83. f. 1. Enc. Method. t. 266. f. 6.

Tnhabits the coasts of Jamaica, and other West India Islands.
Chemnitz.

The shell figured by Chemnitz is about an inch long, and an
inch and a quarter broad; of a dirty white colour, shaded
with brown, and has the anterior depression surrounded by
an elevated keel. Linnzus appears to have taken the name,
and described this species, from a specimen which he re-
ceived from Dr. Solander, who, in his MSS. has referred to
Lister, t. 281. f. 119. and Petiver, t. 25. f. 9. in which there
is no appearance of the anterior end being produced, nor is
it mentioned in either of their descriptions.

MACTROIDES. 33. Shell triangular-heart-shaped,
rounded at the ends, and obsoletely striated
transversely ; depressions heart-shaped on
both slopes; margin very entire. )

Venus mactroides. Born. Mus. p. 65. Chemnitz, vi. p.
324. t. 31. f, 326.

VENUS. 175

Venus turgens. Solander’s MSS.

Venus corbicula. Gmelin, p. 5278.

Venus matadoa. Gmelin, p. 5282.

Venus, No. 15. Schroeter Einleitung, ui. p. 159.

Lister Conch. t. 251. £.85. Adanson Senegal, t. 18. f. 5.
Knorr, v. t. 15. f. 2, and vi. t. 10. f. 5. Enc. Meth. t.
269. f. S.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea, and the West India Islands,
Chemnitz. .
Shell about an imch and a half, both in length and breadth, and
obsoletely marked with transyerse striz ; the colour is white
and shining, and rayed with reddish yellow, much in the
same manner as Mactra stultorwm, but in shape it more re-

sembles V. tripla, to which it is nearly allied.

TRIPLA. 34. Shell triangular-heart-shaped, obtuse
at the ends, smooth, and the margin very en-
tite:

Venus tripla. Linneus Mantissa, p. 545. Chemnitz, vi.
p- 328. t. 31. f. $30 to 332. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 152.
Gmelin, p. 3276.

Le Tivel. Adanson Senegal, p. 239. t. 18. f. 4.

Lister Conch. t. 252. f. 86. Gualter, t. 75. f.Q. Ene.
Method. t. 269. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Africa. Lister. About the mouths of
the Niger. Adanson. Guinea. Chemnitz.

The length and breadth are nearly equal, and vary from about
an inch to an inch and a quarter, and the surface 1s smooth,
or marked only with minute transverse striz; tie colour is
dirty white or pale grey, sometimes variegated with two or
three obsolete violet rays, and the inside is more or less
tinged with purple.

TRIANGULARIS. 35. Shell sub-triangular, with a
few transverse antiquated ridges, and the
margin entire; hinge with three teeth in one
valve, and two, besides a semi-lunar lamina,
in the other.

Venus triangularis. Montagu Test. p. 577. t. 17. f. 3.
Maton and Racket, in Lan. Trans. viii. p. 83.
This extremely rare shell was found on the coast of Devonshire,
Montagu.
Mr, Montagu has given the following description of this species :
“V. with a strong sub-triangular yellowish white shell; with

174 VENUS.

a few antiquated concentric ridges, in other respects smooth:
umbo central, remarkably prominent, and turned a little to one
side ; each side sloping nearly equal, and forming the um-
bonal regions into an acute angle; under the beak a lanceo-
late-cordiform depression. Inside smooth; hinge very strong
in proportion, furnished in one valve with two strong teeth,
one running backwards, parallel with the cartilage slope,
bifid or divided longitudinally ; the other is triangular, and
near it, running parallel with the cordiform depression, is a
strong lateral lamina of a semi-lunar shape, the convexity
inwards, and a deep groove between that and the margin:
the other valve is possessed of three teeth, two of which
greatly diverge, in order to admit the triangular tooth of the
opposite valve between them, and a lateral tooth which locks
in between that and the marginal edge; the margins are
plam. Length half an inch, breadth nearly the same.”

MALABARICA. 36. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
oblong, densely striated transversely ; ante-
rior impression broad and ovate, and the
posterior cordiform.

Venus Malabaricus. Chemnitz, vi. p. 523. t. 31. f. $24
and 325.

Venus Gallus. Gmelin, p. 3277.

Venus, No. 14. Schroeter Etnl. ii. p. 159.

Martyn, Univ. Conch. t. 131. right hand fig.

Inhabits the coasts of Malabar. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and rather more than two
inches broad; young shells are cinereous, and older ones
yellowish, with four darker longitudinal rays. Kammerer
considered this shell to be a Variety of V. rotundata.

FLAMMEA. 37. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, trans-
versely striated, and the back glabrous; an-
terior depression very broad, and the poste-
rior heart-shaped.

Venus flammea. Gmelin, p. 3278.
Venus, No. 145 and 146. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 200. t. 8.
1. 12.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Schroeter.

This shell appears by Schfveter’s figure to be about an inch
long, and fourteen lines broad, and is said to be very nearly
allied to V. Malabarica, but is bluish and more gibbous
towards the umbones; the colour is white, variegated with

VENUS. 175

broad brown bands, and cinereous spots and streaks, and the
cordiform depression marked with brown lines.

ERyCINA. 38. Shell oblong-heart-shaped, polished,
with very obtuse broad transverse ribs; an-
terior slope glabrous, and the posterior de-
pression ovate.

Venus Erycina. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1131. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 334. t. 32. f. 337 to 339. Schroeter Einl. iui. p.
120. Gmelin, p. 3271.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f.64 and 65. and Kirch. f. 63 and 64.
Lister Conch. t. 268.f.104. Knorr, iv. t.3.f.5. Fa-
vanne, t. 46. f. F. 2. Enc. Meth. p. 364. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Europe. Linnaeus. East Indies. Gro-
novius, &c. ‘Tranquebar, Ceylon, and the Moluccas. Chem-
nitz.

Shell varying considerably in size, but is most commonly about
two inches and a quarter long, and two inches and three-
quarters broad, and is strong, and rather thick and heavy ; it
is of a pale flesh colour, with brownish longitudinal, some-
what interrupted rays, which vary in breadth, and are often
much crowded, and the margin is sometimes bordered with

orange; the anterior slope :is glabrous, and the cartilage
cleft large.

cosTaTA. 39. Shell oblong-heart-shaped, polished,
with broad transverse ribs; anterior depres-
sion lanceolate, and the posterior cordiform.

Venus costata. Chemnitz, xi. p. 226. t. 202. f. 1975.

Inhabits the coasts of Ceylon. Chemnitz.

This shell is of about the same size, and from the description,
it appears rather doubtful whether it is more than a Variety
of V: Erycina, for in that species the posterior depression is
somewhat cordiform, though more inclining to ovate; the
colour is whitish, variegated with obsolete interrupted longi-
tudinal rays, and scattered reddish streaks. V. costata of
Gmelin is an extremely obscure species, for the description
is quite different from Knorr, iv. t. 3. f. 3. from which it
was obviously constituted, and which is much more like So-
len sanguinolentus. -

rAcIFIca. 40. Shell oblong-heart-shaped, polished,
with flattish transverse striae, and the poste-
rior depression cordiform.

176 VENUS.

Venus Chinensis. Chemnitz, xi. p. 227. t. 202. f. 1976.
TInhabits the South Seas, and the coasts of China. Chemnitz.
From Chemnitz’s description and figure, this shell appears to

be very nearly allied to VY. Erycina, from which it princi-

pally differs in beimg only faintly ribbed transversely; the
colour is greyish, variegated with crowded longitudinal violet
rays, and a violet border at the margin. Chemnitz in his

Tenth Volume, had before given the name of V. Chinensis

to another species.

MERCENARIA. 41. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
ponderous, slightly striated transversely ;
posterior depression cordiform ; inner margin
crenated and violet.

Venus mercenaria. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1131. Speng-
ler in Berlin Naturf. vi. p. 307. t. 6. f. 1 to 3. Schroe-
ter Einl. ii. p. 122. Chemnitz, x. p. 352. t.171. f.
1659 and 1660. Gmelin, p. 3271.

Lister Conch. t. 271. f. 107. Enc. Method. t. 268.

Inbabits the coasts of Pennsylvania, and about the mouths of
Rivers on the coasts of Norway. Linneus. Connecticut.
Solander. North America. Humphreys.

Shell about two inches and three-quarters long, and three
inches and a half broad, and slightly marked transversely
with irregular striae ; the outside is greyish white, and the in-
side white, bordered with dark violet ; the outer margin is
entire, but it is crenated on the inside. Pennant mistook
V.. Islandica for this species, and Linneus has obviously
committed the same error in his Fauna Suecica, so that it
may be doubted whether this shell has been found on the
coasts of Norway. It is used by the Indians of North
America, to form the purple and white beads with which
their Wampum, or Treaty-belts are made.

ISLANDICA. 42. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
slightly striated transversely, and the poste-
rior depression obliterated ; margin very en-
tire.

Venus Islandica. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1131. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 340. t. 32. f. 341 and 342. Muller Zool. Danica,
i. p. 2Y. t. 28. f. 1 to 5. Fabricius Fauna Grenl. p.
411. Schroeter Evnl. iii. p. 123. Gmelin, p. 3271.
Donovan, ii. t.77. Montagu Test. p. 114. Maton and
pee in.Lin. Trans. vii. p. 83. Dorset Cat. p. 35.
t, 6. f. 5.

VENUS. 177

Venus mercenaria. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 94. t. 53. f. 47.

Venus Bucardium. Born Mus. p. 63. t. 4. f. 11.

Venus tumens. Gmelin, p. 3292.?

Venus, No. 138. Schroeter Ein. ii. p. 196.

Pectunculus crassus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 183. t. 14.
iene.

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 4. f. 22. and Conch. t. 272. f. 108.
Gualter, t. 85.f. B. Olaffsen Isl. t. 11. f. 8.

Inhabits the coasts of Lceland. Linneus. Britain. Lister, &c.
Senegal. Adanson? Norway and Greenland. Muller.

Full grown shells are about three inches and a half long, and
three inches and three-quarters broad; thick, ponderous,
regularly striated transversely, and covered with rather a
glossy yellowish brown, or blackish epidermis; the inside is
white, and the margin very entire. . minuta of Fabricius
and Gmelin, is most probably the young of this, or at all
events of some other neighbouring species.

COAXANS. 43. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, obso-
letely striated transversely, coated with a
greenish epidermis, and the umbones decor-
ticated ; margin very acute.

Venus coaxans. Gmelin, p. 3278.

Venus Ceylonica. Chemnitz, vi. p. 333. t. 32. f. 336.

Venus erosa. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 71. lot
1603. and p. 186. lot. 3961. ?

Venus, No. 17. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 160.

Tellina coaxata. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p.462. No. 1775.

Rumphius, t. 43.f.H. Petiver Amb. t. 18. f. 18.

Inhabits rivers in Ceylon. Chemnitz. :

Shell about two and a half inches long, and three inches broad ;
the colour, when stripped of the epidermis, is whitish, and
the inside is white tinged with purple at the anterior end ; the
cartilage cleft is long, and gaping, and two of the teeth of
the hinge are notched. I suspect that this is the V. erosa of
Solander, and Mr. Humphreys describes the epidermis in
one of the specimens in the Portland Cabinet to have been
black, of which colour it had probably been stained by the
ans as is frequently the case with many other fresh-water
shells.

LUSORIA. 44. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, pon-
derous, glabrous, with the anterior slope

truncated, and the margin very entire.
VOL, I.” N

178 VENUS.

Variety A. White, with two obsolete brown longitudinal rays.
Venus Iusoria Japonica. Chemnitz, vi. p. 337. t. 32. £. 340.
Venus Chione Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3272.

Venus, No. 18. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 161.
Rumphius. t. 43. f.G. Petiver Amb. t. 18. f. 20.

Variety B. White, with scattered brown angular streaks and
spots.

Venus lusoria variegata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 347. t. 33. £.344.
Venus Chione Var. y. Gmelin, p. 3272.
Venus, No. 19. Schroeter Evnl. iui. p. 161.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Japan, and Chi-
na. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and two inches and
three quarters broad, and I have followed Chemnitz, Kem-
merer, and Schroeter, in placing it separate from V. Chione,
on account of the more truncated appearance of its cartilage
slope ; the anterior tooth of the hinge is long and crenulated,
and the margin on the inside is violet. .

CHIONE. 45. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, glossy,
with the posterior depression oblong and
acute ; margin very entire.

Venus Chione. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1131. Born Mus.
p- 63. Chemnitz, vi. p. 344. t. 32. f. 343. Schroeter
Einl. iti. p. 124. Gmelin, p. 3272. Donovan, i.t.17.
Montagu Test. p. 115. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. viii. p. 84. Dorset Cat. p.35. t.6, f. 7.

Pectunculus glaber. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 184. t. 14.
f7%

Lister Conch. t. 269. f. 105. Gualéer, t. 86. f. A. Knorr,
vi.t.4.f.1. Regenfuss,i. t.S. £17. Favanne, t. 47.
f.B. Enc. Meth. t. 266. f. 1.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Linneus. Mediterranean. D’ Avi-
la. Adriatic. Chemnitz. Coasts of Brita. Lister, &c.
Naples. Ulysses,

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and three inches
broad; of a pale chestnut colour, with darker longitudinal
rays, and the inside white; margin obtuse, and very entire ;
the cartilage cleft is broad, and extends about half way down
the anterior slope.

macutatA, 46. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, glos-
sy, with the posterior depression obliquely -
wrinkled, and the margin very entire.

VENUS. 179

Venus maculata. Linnaus Syst. Nat. p. 1182. Born
Mus. p. 64. Chemnitz, vi. p. 347. t.33. f.345. Schroe-
ter Einl. ii. p. 125. Gmelin, p. 3272.

Venus Chione Var. 8. Kemmerer Cab. Rudolst. p. 206.

Bonanni Rec. Supp. f.7. Lister Conch. t. 270. f. 106.
Guaiter, t. 86.4.1. Argenville, t. 21. f. H. Adanson
Senegal, t. 17. f. 15. Knorr, i. t. 28. f. 5. and v. t. 20.
f.4. Regenfuss, i. t.8. f. 16. Favanne, t. 46. f. F. 1.
Enc. Meth. t. 265. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. Brazils. D’ Avila.
Senegal. Adanson. Guinea. Regenfuss. New South
Wales. Solander.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and two inches broad ;
white, more or less tinged with reddish brown, and marked
with darker somewhat tesselated quadrangular spots, and two
indistinct longitudinal rays; the inside is white.

e

casTA. 47. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, com-
pressed at the posterior end; anterior slope
rounded, and the posterior depression ovate;
margin very entire.

Venus casta. Chemnitz, vi. p. 349.t. 33. f. 346. Gmelin,
p- 3278.
Venus, No. 20. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 162.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and an inch and a half
broad; very white, tinged with violet both inside and out at
the anterior end, and the posterior depression is violet; the
cartilage slope is rounded, and has a large oblong cleft; the
anterior tooth of the hinge is crenulated in both valves.

MERETRIX. 48. Shell triangular-heart-shaped, shin-
ing, Compressed at the posterior end; carti-
lage slope rather protruded, and the poste-
rior depression obsolete; margin very entire.

Venus Meretrix. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1132. Born Mus.
p- 65. Chemnitz, vi. p. 350. t. 33. £.347 to 352. Schroe-
ter Einl. iii. p. 126. Gmelin, p. 3273. Brooks's Introd.
p- 66. t. 3; f. 26. i

Meretrix labiosa. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 122.

Gualter, t. 76. f.C. Argenville, t.21. f. F. Knorr, vi.
t.6.f.3. Enc. Meth. p. 268. f. 6.

NQ

180 VENUS.

Inhabits the Indian Seas. Lianeus. Coasts of Ceylon, the
Molucca and Nicobar Islands, chiefly about the mouths of
rivers. Chemnitz. China. Humphreys.

Shell generally about an inch and a quarter long, and an inch
and a half broad, thick, and more glossy on the out than in
the inside ; the colour is white, or pale greenish, yellowish, or
yellowish brown, and variously marked with darker obsolete
rays, transverse rows of dots, or small angular streaks; the
cartilage slope becomes abruptly flattened, and is protruded
in the middle; the hinge has a distant tooth under the pos-
terior depression in one valve, and a hollow for its reception
in the other ; the inside is white, and tinged with purple on —
the anterior slope. Chemnitz, in Vol. xi. p. 228., under the
name of V’, brunnea, has described what appears to be only
a variety of this species, of an uniform chestnut colour.

PARADOXA. 49. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, solid,
compressed at both ends, and the cartilage
slope protruded in the middle.

Venus paradoxa. Born Mus. p. 66. t.4. f. 12 and 13.
Callone’s Cat. p. 47. No. 873. :
Venus Meretrix, Var.¢. Gmelin, p. 3273.

. Venus, No. 131. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 193.

Inhabits the coast of Peru? Humphreys.

Shell two inches and a half long, and three inches and four lines
broad ; white, with violet longitudinal rays, and the sides
tinged with violet; hinge with two primary teeth, besides a
short solid lateral one on each side. Born has described this
species from a single valve, and Mr. Humphreys, in his Ca-
talogue of Callone’s Museum, says, “ we presume that this is
the only specimen of this rare and beautiful species in this
country.”

L#£TA. 50. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, globose,
glabrous, tumid, and radiated ; posterior de-
pression ovate ; margin entire.

Venus leta. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1132. Schroeter Einl,
ili, p. 127. t. 8. f. 7.2 Chemnitz, vi. p. 354. t. 34. f. 353
and 354. Gmelin, p. 3273.?

Venus affinis. Gmelin, p. 3278.

Venus, No. 21. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 162.

Knorr, iv. t.24. f.2. i

Inhabits the Mediterranean and Indian Seas. Linneus.
Coasts of the Mauritius. Chemnitz.

VENUS. 183

Chemnitz describes this shell to be one inch and eight lines long,
and two inches broad ; thin, glabrous, convex, and variegated
with alternate unequal white and yellowish brown Jongitudi-
nal rays, and transverse rows of brown dots or angular lines ;
hinge with four teeth, and the cartilage cleft oblong, with its
lips oblique and tumid. Schroeter has described and figured a
shell, which he thought agreed better with the Linnean de-
scription, and Gmelin has consequently referred to Chem-
nitz’s figure of V’. eta for a separate species, with the name
of V. affinis, but has quoted Knorr’s figure for both. Lin-
nus has quoted Gualter, t. 88. f. V., which Schroeter’s
figure rather more resembles, but it dces not appear to me
to correspond better with the Linnean description, and if
more than a variety of the same species, it may probably be-
long to V. pinguis.

PINGUIS. 51. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, gla-
brous, thick, and tumid ; anterior depression
oval, and the posterior rounded and impres-
sed ; margin entire.

Venus pinguis. Chemnitz, vi. p. 355. t. 54. £.355 to 357.
Venus opima. Gmelin, p. 3279.
Venus, No. 22. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 163. ’
{nhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.
Shell about one inch and a half long, and an inch and three quar-
ters broad ; sometimes of a pale whitish brown colour, with
a few darker longitudinal rays, or white with bluish spots and
clouds, or pale grey variegated with darker clouds; the hinge
is said to have only three teeth, by which this species may be
readily distinguished from V. feta which has four.

TRIRADIATA. 652. Shell somewhat heart-shaped ;
glabrous, with three blackish rays; anterior
depression oval, and the posterior ovate;
margin entire.

Venus triradiata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 356. t. 34. f. 358. Gme-
din, p. 3279.
Venus, No. 23. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 163.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz. »

Shell about fourteen lines long, and an inch and a half broad;
of a greyish white colour, with three dark blackish blue lon-
gitudinal rays, and the inside white; the anterior slope is
tinged with violet, and somewhat protruded in the middle.

182 VENUS,

NEBULOSA. 53. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, gla-
brous, clouded and marked with four rays;
anterior depression oval, and the posterior
ovate; margin entire.

Venus nebulosa. Chemnitz, vi. p. 356. t. 34. f. 359 to 361.
Gmelin, p. 3279.
Venus, No. 24, Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 163.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.

This shell appears, by Chemnitz’s description and figures, to
be nearly allied to V. triradiata, from which it principally
differs in being but little more than half as large, and clouded
with bluish or cinereous dots.

- ExILis. 54. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, very
smooth, without any posterior depression ;
margin entire, and the anterior tooth of the
hinge slightly crenulated.

Venus exilis. Chemnitz, vi. p. 357. t. 34. £ 362 and 363.
Venus contemta. Gmelin, p. 3279.
Venus, No. 25. Schroeter Einl. ui. p, 163.

Tnhabits the coasts of Malabar. Chemnitz.

Shell about seven or eight lines long, and ten broad ; thick, yel-
lowish white, with the umbones white, reddish, or dusky ;

and sometimes marked with a red angular spot shaped like the
letter M.

recens. 55. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
three longitudinal rays, and transversely stri-
ated; posterior depression impressed and
oval,
Venus recens, Chemnitz, xi. p. 229. t. 202. f. 1979.

Inhabits the coasts of Coromandel. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch long, and rather more than an inch and a
quarter broad; of a greyish colour, with three broad darker
longitudinal rays, and the inside towards the anterior end, and
at the hinge is greenish.

JAPONICA. 56. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, angu-
lated at. the anterior end, and densely striated
transversely; anterior depression obsolete,
and the posterior oblong-ovate.

VENUS. 183

Venus Japonica. Gmelin, p. 3279.

Venus literata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 357. t. 34. f. 364.
Venus, No. 26. Schroeter Ennl. i. p. 164.
Bonannt Kirch. 2. f. 134.? Enc. Meth. t. 267. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and two inches broad ;
inequilateral, of a pale reddish, or yellowish colour, with
transverse, broadly angulated, purplish transverse lines, and
the umbones and inner margin of the anterior slope tinged
with violet.

STRIATA. 57. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, ven-
iricose, angulated at the anterior end, with
crowded, thick, slightly undulated transverse
strie, and the posterior depression ovate.

Venus striata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 358. t. 34. f. 365 and
366. Gmelin, p. 3279.
Venus, No. 27. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 164.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and rather more than
an iach and a half broad, of a greyish white colour, and the
inside is white towards the margin, and yellowish under the
umbones ; the anterior slope is ovate-oblong, and glabrous,
and has an oblong gaping cleft at the cartilage.

CASTRENSIS. 58. Shell roundish-heart-shaped, ven-
tricose, thick, glabrous, and the posterior
depression marked by a surrounding groove ;
margin very entire.

Venus castrensis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1132. Born
Mus. p. 66. Chemnitz, vi. p. 359. t. 35. f. 367 to 370.
Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 128. Gmelin, p. 3273.

Venus australis. Chemnitz, x. p.355. t.171. f. 1662. Gme-
lin, p. 3282.

Luster Conch. t. 262. £. 98. and t. 258. f.94. Rumphius,
t. 43. f. K. Petiver Amb. t. 5. f.2. Gualter, t. 82.
f.H. Argenville, t.21. f. M. Knorv,i. t. 21. f. 5.
and 11. t. 20. f.2. Favanne, t. 47. f. H. and t. 48. f.
1. Martyn Univ. Conch. t. 141. Enc. Meth. t. 273.
iis

Inhabits the coasts of both the Indies. Linneus. Amboyna.

Rumphius. Molucca Islands. Chemnitz. China. Hum-

phreys.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and the breadth but very

184 VENUS.

little exceeds the length; itis marked, especially towards the
sides, with minute transverse wrinkles ; the colour is white,
more or less clouded with stains proceeding from the pur-
ple, chestnut, or yellowish broad angulated streaks, or
blotches, with which it is irregularly ornamented.

PECTUNCULUS. 59. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
ventricose, transversely striated; posterior
depression, oval-oblong, striated, and rather
obsolete; margin very entire.

Venus pectunculus. Gmelin, p. 3287.

Venus lentiginosa. Chemnitz, xi. p. 223. t. 201. f. 1963
and 1964.

Venus castrensis Var. Chemnitz, vi. p. 365 and 366. t. 35.
£.'375 to'S77:

Venus picta. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 47. No.
884.

Lister Conch. t. 254. f. 89. t. 256. f. 91. and 257. f. 92.
Gualter, t. 82. f. G. Regenfuss, 1. t. 1. f. 3.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Forskael. Coasts of 'Tranquebar,
Ceylon, and the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. China. Hum-
phreys.

This shell is of about the same size as V’. castrensis, and
is marked with nearly similar characters; from the descrip-
tions and figures above referred to, it appears to differ prin-
cipally in being rather broader, and more distinctly striated
transversely, but both Schroeter and Gmelin have blended
many of its synonyms with V. castrensis, of which it is pro-
bably nothing more than a variety.

WORENZIANA. 60. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
smooth, with dark transverse zic-zac stripes ;
posterior depression cordiform, and the mar-
gin entire.

Venus Lorenziana. Chemnitz, xi. p. 222, t. 200. f. 1961
and 1962.
{nhabits the coasts of Ceylon. Chemnitz.
This shell in size and form much resembles V. castrensis, of
which it may perhaps be nothing more than a Variety ; itis of
a dirty white colour, with transverse irregular nearly parallel
zic-zac reddish brown stripes.

ORNATA. 61, Shell sub-triangular-heart-shaped,

VENUS. 185

smooth, with somewhat reticulated angulated
veins, and the posterior depression - nearly
obsolete; margin very entire.

Venus ornata. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 47. No.
885.

Venus castrensis Var. Chemnitz, vi. p. 366. t. 35. f. 380
and 381.

Lister Conch. t. 259. f.95. Enc. Meth. t. 273. f. 2

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Humphreys. Mauritius.
Chemnitz.

This shell is generally smaller than V’. castrensis, and is rather
broader in proportion to the length; the colour is white,
and marked with fine angulated purple veins, which form a
net-work, composed of irregular meshes.

PHRYNE. 62. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, smooth,
transversely striated at both ends ; posterior
depression inversely cordiform, and marked
with violet veins.

Venus Phryne. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1132. Gmelin, p
3274. Solander’s MSS.
Rumphius, t. 42. f. O. Petiver Amb. t. 18. f. 4.

Inhabits the Southern Ocean. Linneus. Persian Gulf. So-
lander.

Linnzus without any reference has giving nothing more than
the above’ short character, and the reference to Rumphius,
is taken from the MSS. of the late Dr. Solander, who has
given the following description: ‘ V. subcordata antice sub-
rostrata obsolete reticulata, medio levigata, porcis transversis
crassis sub-imbricatis ; marginibus crenatis ; vulva retusa, la-
biis prominulis.” He adds, that the colour is either brown
or yellowish, that the beak in different shells is more or less
produced, and that the length in Rumphius’s figure is made
too short. I cannot find any other author who has noticed
this species, or given any reference to Rumphius’ sfigure, ex-
cept Linneus, who has erroneously quoted it for V. flexuosa.

MEROE. 63. Shell ovate-heart-shaped, with narrow
transverse grooves; anterior depression ex-
cavated, and the posterior lanceolate ; mar-
gin crenulated.

Venus meroe, Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1132. Born Mus.

186 _ VENUS.

p- 67. Chemnitz, vii. p.55. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 130.
Gmelin, p. 3274.

Variety A. Brownish white, with broad zic-zac angulated
purplish stripes.

Donax. Enc. Meth. t. 261. f. 1.

Lister Conch. t. 378. f. 221. Petiwer Gaz. t. 13. f. 8.
Argenville Appendix. t. 3. f. B. Knorr, vi. t. 7. f. 2.
Favanne, t. 47. f. A. 2. Chemnitz, vii. t. 43. f. 450
and 451.

Variety B. Pale brown, with transverse rows of darker dots,
and narrow zic-zac stripes towards the margin.

Chemnitz, vii. t. 43. f. 452. /

Variety C. Brownish white, without any stripes.

Chemnitz, vii. t. 43. f. 453:

Inhabits the Southern Ocean. Linneus. East Indies. Lister.
Coasts of Brazil. D’ Avila. Tranquebar and Ceylon.
Chemnitz.

Shell generally an inch, or sometimes an inch and a half long,
and the breadth exceeds the length about one third; the
area on the cartilage slope is deeply excavated, and the pos-
terior depression impressed, lanceolate, and glabrous. In the
Encyclopedie Methodique, this species is figured as a Donax,
and Linnzus has remarked the affinity which it bears to
Donaz scriptus.

CALLIPYGA. 64. Shell ovate-heart-shaped, irregu-
larly striated transversely, and marked trans-
versely with angulated streaks ; posterior de-
pression oval; margin entire.

Venus callipyga. Born Mus. p. 68. t. 5. f.1. Gmelin,
p: 3282.

Venus Arabica. Chemmniiz, xi. p. 224. t. 201. f. 1968 to
1970.

Venus, No. 132. Schroeter Ein. iii. p. 194.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Chemnitz.

Shell about ten lines long, and thirteen broad, brownish yel-
low, marked with reddish brown transversely angulated
stripes and dots ; a small space round the umbones is white,
and often derives a stellated appearance from its being de-
fined by the other angulated markings.

DEFLORATA. 65. Shell oval-oblong, longitudinally
grooved, and slightly wrinkled transversely ;
anterior depression lanceolate, and the pos-
terior obsolete; margin crenulated.

VENUS. 187

Venus deflorata. Linnaus Syst. Nat. p. 1133. Pennant
Sool. iv. p. 96. t. 57. f. 54. Schroeter Enal. ui. p.131.
Gmelin, p. 3274. Montagu Test. p. 123. t. 3. £. 4.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 83. Brooks's
Introd. p. 66. t. 3. f. 28.

Venus versicolor. Gmelin, p. 3281.

Tellina anomala. Born Mus. p. 30. Chemnitz, vi. p.
93. t. 9. f. 79 to 83.

Capsa rugosa. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 125.

Lister Conch. t. 425. £.273. Gualter, t. 86. f. B. and C.
Knorr, ii. t. 20. f. 5. and v. t. 11. f. 2. Favanne, t.
49. f. P. Enc. Meth. t. 231. f. 3 and 4.

Variety. With the shell deformed and narrower.

Tellina purpurata. Gmelin, p. 3289.

Tella, No. 80. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 180.

Lister Conch. t. 424, f. 272.

Inhabits the coasts of Europe. Linneus. Mauritius and
Barbadoes. Lister. Britain. Pennant, &c.

Shell generally about an inch and a half long, and two inches
broad, and both the longitudinal grooves and transverse
wrinkles are strongest on the anterior side ; it is white, or of
a pale reddish, yellowish, or violet colour, generally more
or less stained with dark purple at the anterior end, and
sometimes radiated with purple; the hinge has only two
teeth in each valve, or rather two in one valve, and one bifid
tooth in the other, so that its having been placed among the
Tellens is not to be wondered at. Born supposed V. decus-
sata to be the Linnean V. deflorata, and Chemnitz has
quoted the latter as a variety of the former. I have followed
Linneus, in placing it among the heart-shaped species, but
it would stand better in the next division. Dr. Solander
considered Lister’s fig. 272, from which V. purpurata of
Gmelin has been constituted, to be only an accidentally
deformed shell of this species. |

FIMBRIATA. 66. Shell oval, thick, gibbous, trans-
versely ribbed, and longitudinally striated ;
both the depressions sub-lanceolate, and the
posterior one impressed ; margin serrated.

Venus fimbriata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1133. Born
Mus. p. 69. t. 5. f. 4. Chemnitz, vii. p. 52. t. 43. f.
448 and 449. and Vign. 8. at p. 3. Schroeter Einl. ui. p.
133. Gmelin, p. 3275.

Lister Conch. t. 1056. f. 1. Gualter, t. 75. —. C. Ar-
genville, t, 21. f. G. ,

188 VENUS.

Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Linneus. Pacific Ocean.
Solander. Coasts of China. Humphreys.

Shell commonly about two inches long, and two inches and a
half broad, and Chemnitz in a Vignette has figured a speci-
men, which measures two inches and eleven lines, by three
inches and seven lines; the colour is whitish or yellowish ,
both the depressions are somewhat spear-shaped, but the
posterior one is much, the broadest ; the hinge is nearly
central, and has two primary, and two lateral teeth.

RETICULATA. 67. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
with decussated elevated striz ; posterior de-
pression ovate, wrinkled, and surrounded by
a groove; margin crenulated.

Venus reticulata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1133. Chem-
nitz, vi. p. 367. t. 36. f. 382 to 384. Schroeter Einl.
il. p. 134. Gmelin, p. 3275.

Lister Conch. t. 335. f. 172. Klein Ost. t. 10. f. 52.
Gualter, t. 83. f. F.. Knorr, vi. t. 10. f. 3. Favanne,
t. 46. £ Co 1., | Ene. Meth. t: 278. f: 1:

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar and Ceylon. Chemnitz.
New South Wales. Solander. China. Humphreys.

Shell generally about two inches and a half long, and the breadth
is a little more, but Chemnitz possessed a specimen which
measured three inches and a half, by nearly four inches ; the
colour is brownish white, more or less clouded, or marked
with darker rays and spots, and the inside is white, with the
teeth of the hinge yellowish. Linnezus has described the
margin to be entire, and the present shell, though almost all
authors have considered it to be the V. reticulata, does not
answer well either to the description or references. Born
from his description, appears to have mistaken V. puerpera
for this species, and Meuschen has supposed that the shell
described by Linnzus was a Cardium, See Mus. Gevers.
p. 444. No. 1638.

PUERPERA. 68. Sheil somewhat heart-shaped, with
decussated strie, of which the longitudinal
are membranaceous and reflected ; posterior
depression ovate, surrounded by a groove,
and keeled in the middle; margim crenu-
lated.

Venus puerpera. Linnaeus Mantissa, p. 545. Chemnitz,

VENUS, 189

vi. p. 372. t. 36. f. 388 to 389. Schroeter Einl. iii. p.
152. Gmelin, p. 3276.

Venus reticulata. Born Mus. p. 69.

Gualter, t. 76. f.G. Knorr, vi, t.10. f.1. Favanne, t.
46.f. B.1. Enc. Meth. t. 278. f. 2.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Linnaeus. Coasts of China.
Humphreys.

Shell two or three inches long, and the breadth but a very little
exceeds the length; the colour is brownish white, faintly
spotted, and becoming slightly ferruginous towards the an-
terior end; the inside is white, except on the anterior side of
the cavity, which has a yellowish and purple tinge.

CRENULATA. 69. Shell ovate-heart-shaped, with
transverse membranaceous striz, and the in-
terstices crenulated ; posterior depression
cordiform, and the margin crenulated.

Venus crenulata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 370. t. 36. f. 385.

Venus crenata. Gmelin, p. 3279.

Venus Campechensis. Gmelin, p. 3287.

Venus arguta. Solander’s MSS.

Venus, No. 28. Schroeter Einl, imi. p. 164. and No. 59.
PSR

fe, Conch. t. 283. f.11. Favanne, t. 46. f. B. 6.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz. Bay of Campechy.
Laster.

Shell about two inches long, and two inches and a quarter
broad ; greyish white, with pale brown interrupted rays and
spots ; anterior depression ovate, obsolete, and plaited at the
lips; posterior depression dark brown, wrinkled, and sur-
rounded by a narrow line.

RADIATA. 70. Shell triangular-heart-shaped, with
_ decussated striz ; posterior depression cordi-
form, and the margin crenulated; umbones
violet.
Venus radiata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 371. t. 36. f. 386.
Venus crenata, Var. 8. Gmelin, p. 3280.

Venus, No. 29. Schroeter Hind. iii. p. 165.
Tnhabits
This shell is not half so large as V. crenulata, and it appears

from Chemnitz’s description, that it may be at once distin-

guished by the extension throughout its whole length of the
longitudinal strie, which in that species are confined to the

190 VENUS.

interstices of the transverse membranes ; the colour is white,
with a few brownish interrupted rays.

cincTa. 71. Shell triangular-heart-shaped, ventri-
cose, with broad transverse ribs, and the in-
terstices crenulated ; posterior depression
cordiform ; margin crenulated.
Venus cincta. Chemnitz, vi. p. 372. t. 36. f. $87.” Gmelin,
p. 3286.
Venus, No. 30. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 165.
Gualter, t. 76. f. A.?
Tnhabits
Shell rather more than an inch long, and the length and breadth
are nearly equal; the colour is white, variegated with pale
reddish brown irregularly angulated spots; the inside is
white, except under the umbones, where it is stained with
purple. In many respects V. reflexa of Montagu answers
to this species, but it is described with thin laminal ribs.

SQUAMOSA. 72. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, com-
pressed and beaked at the anterior end, gra-
nulated, and strongly marked with decus-
sated strie; anterior slope striated, and the
posterior cordiform ; margin crenulated.

Venus squamosa. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1133. Chemnitz,
vi. p. 332. t. 31. £.335. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 315.
Gmelin, p. 3275.

Rumphius, t. 44. f. M. Petiver Amb. t. 18. f..17. Gual-
ter, t. 83. f. G.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and almost twice as
broad, and is ventricose, except at the anterior end, which
is compressed and beaked; the colour is yellowish or ferru-
ginous, variegated on the anterior slope with bluish lines,
and the posterior depression is brown; the hinge 1s similar
to that of V. flexuosa.

LAPICIDA. 73. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
longitudinal grooves at the anterior, and un-
equal transverse striz at the posterior end.

Venus lapicida. Chemnitz, x. p. 356. t. 172. f. 1664 and
1665. Gmelin, p. 3269.
Petricola costata. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 121.

VENUS. 191

Inhabits the coasts of the West Indian Islands, burrowed in
coral and stones. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter both in length and breadth ;
white, and protuberant at the umbones. According to La-
marck’s description it gapes at both ends, and has two teeth
in one valve, and a bifid tooth in the other. It has the car-
tilage external, and belongs to the same natural family as
Donax Irus.

DIVERGENS. 74. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
minute, crowded, parallel, regularly zic-zac
transverse striz.

Venus divergens. Gmelin, p. 3269.

Venus divaricata. Chemnitz, x. p. 357. t. 172. f. 1666
and 1667.
Burrows in coral on the coasts of the West India Islands.
Chemnitz.
This shell in its size and form resembles V. lapicida, but dif-
fers in being marked with minute crowded striz, which form
~regular parallel chevrons.

PLUMBEA. 75. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, thick,
ponderous, slightly angulated on one side,
and transversely wrinkled about the umbones
and margin; margin slightly crenulated.

Venus plumbea. Chemmnitz, vii. p. 61. t. 69. f. A to D.
Venus ponderosa. Gmelin, p. 3280.
Venus, No. 51. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 173.
Crassatella gibba. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 119.
Mactra. Encyclopedie Methodique, t. 259. f. 3.
Inhabits the coasts of New Zealand. Chemnitz.
Shell about two mches long, and the length and breadth are
about equal; colour cinereous; it is transversely wrinkled
about the umbones and margin, and the intermediate space
is glabrous; the hinge has two teeth with an internal hollow
for the cartilage above them.

.

*** Sub-orbdicular.

TIGERINA. 76. Shell sub-orbicular, compressed,
with decussated striz ; posterior depression
minute and excavated ; margin entire.

192 VENUS.

Venus tigerina. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1135 and 1194.
Born Mus. p. 70. Chemnitz, vii. p. 6. t. 37. f. 390
and 391. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 136. Gmelin, p. 3283.
Montagu Test. p.119. t. 4. f.1. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 86. t. 2. f. 5. Dorset Cat. p. 35.
1. f..14.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 69. and Kirch. f. 70. Lister Conch.
t. 337. £.174. Rumphius, t. 43. f. H. Petiver Amb.
t. 18..f:.9... Gualter, t.77.. f. A... Argenville, t, 21. f.
E. Adanson Senegal, t. 16. f. 3. Knorr, iv. t. 2. f. 1.
and vi. t. 37. f.2. Regenfuss, ii. t. 3. f. 24. Favanne,
t.47.f. D.1. Enc. Method. t. 277. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. Amboyna. Rumphius.
Barbadoes. Petiver. St. Domingo. D’ Avila. Nicobar
Islands. Chemnitz. Britain. Montagu, &c.

Shell generally about an inch and three-quarters long, and two
inches broad, but is sometimes twice as large; the outside
is white, and the inside pale yellow, more or less tinged with
red round the margin, and about the hinge ; the anterior de-
pression is long and narrow, and the posterior minute, exca-
vated, and somewhat cordiform. Mr. Montagu, under the
name of V. orbiculata, has described a shell five-eighths of
an inch in diameter, which, he says, “ has probably been
confounded with VY. tigerina, but differs somewhat in its
contour, is not so flat, more orbicular, and more coarsely
decussated, and the lateral tooth is much more remote.” It
seeins now to be a general opinion, that the Linnean des-
cription of V. ancrustatu, was taken from a specimen of V.
tigerina, which had been artificially polished.

CHINENSIS. 77. Shell sub-orbicular, compressed,
with white and violet concentric bands, and
longitudinal strie ; margin crenated within.

Venus Chinensis. Chemnitz, x. p. 356. t. 171. f. 1663.
Venus Sinensis. Gmelin, p. 3285.

Inhabits the coasts of China. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and a half long, and the length and breadth are
equal; in Chemnitz’s figure there is an appearance of trans-
verse, as well as longitudinal striz, and rather differently from
the description ; it is painted with alternate bands of pale
brownish yellow and lead colour.

PROSTRATA. 78. Shell sub-orbicular, compressed,
with transverse striz which become membra-

VENUS. 193.

naceous at both ends; anterior depression
excavated, and the posterior cordiform.

Venus prostrata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1133. Born Mus.
p- 71. t. 5. f. 6. Chemnitz, vi. p. 302. t. 29. f. 298.
Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 137. Gmelin, p. 3283.

Enc. Method. t. 277. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Linn@us. Coromandel.
Chemnitz.

Shell about twenty-two lines long, and twenty-three broad, of
a brownish or blackish grey colour; the transverse striz,
which become more elevated and membranaceous at both
ends, give the margin of the anterior depression a toothed
appearance. Chemnitz, vii. t. 37. f. 393. which he consi-
dered to be a Variety of this species, is probably a Variety
of V. concentrica.

PENSYLVANICA. 79. Shell sub-orbicular, slightly
ventricose, thick, with transverse membrana-
ceous striz, and inflected with a longitudinal
furrow on the anterior side; margin obso-
letely crenulated.

Venus Pensylvanica. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1134. Born
Mus. p. 72. t. 5. £.8. Chemnitz, vii. p./12. t. 37. f. 394
to 396. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 138. Gmelin, p. 3283.

Lucina. Enc. Method. t. 284. f. 1.

Lister Conch. t. 305. f. 138. Argenville, t. 21. f. N.
Knorr, iv. t. 14. f. 4. Favanne, t. 47. f. I.

Inhabits the coasts of Barbadoes. Lister. Carolina. Petiver.
Jamaica. Sloane. West Indies. Humphreys. Naples. Sir
C. Ulysses.

Shell generally about an inch and a half, or two inches long,
and the breadth scarcely exceeds the length; the colour is
white, and the transverse membranaceous strie are tinged
with brown.

JAMAICENSIS. 80. Shell sub-orbicular, slightly ven-
tricose, with transverse membranaceous strie,
and inflected with a longitudinal furrow at
both ends ; posterior depression minute ; mar-
gin entire.

Ms Jamaicensis. Chemnitz, vii. p. 24. t. 39. f. 408 and

Venus Pensylvanica Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3283.
VOL. I. °

194 VENUS.

Venus, No. 39. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 168.
Gualter, t.88.f. B. Enc. Meth. t. 284. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Chemnitz.

‘Fhis shell m its size and form nearly resembles V. Pex-
sylvanica, but differs in being of a yellowish colour, in having
the posterior, as well as anterior side, more distinctly sinu-

ated ; the posterior depression much smaller, and the margin
entire.

SPURIA. 81. Shell sub-orbicular, slightly ventri-
cose,. with crowded concentric strie, and
shghtly inflected by a longitudinal furrow ;
inside striated longitudinally, and the margin
entire.

Venus spuria. Gmelin, p. 3284.

Venus Pensylvanica Var. Ulysses’ Travels, p. 485.

Venus borealis. Donovan British Shells, iv. t. 130.

Venus, No. 32. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 166.

Tellina radula. Montagu Test. p. 68. t. 2. f. 1 and 2.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 54. Wood's
Conch. p. 183. t. 42. f. 4 and 5.

Luciva. Enc. Methcd. t. 285. f. 2.
Lister Conch. t. 296. f. 133. Petiver Gaz. t. 93. f. 18.
Favanne, t. 48. f. F.2. Chemnitz, vi. t. 38. f. 399.

Inhabits the coasts of the Ferroe Islands, and Iceland. Chem-
nitz. Naples. Ulysses. Britain. Montagu, &c.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and the breadth but
very little exceeds the length; it is a strong convex shell of
a dirty white colour, beset with numerous sharp edged con-
centric striz which make it very rough to the touch, and the
inside is somewhat striated Jongitudinally, and of a dull
chalky white colour, often becoming brighter towards the
margin; it has a longitudinal flexure, and the anterior mar-
gin by the hinge almost straight, as in V. Pensylvanica ; the
hinge bas two small primary teeth in each valve, and no la-
teral ones.

PUNCTATA. 82. Shell sub-orbicular with longitudi-
nal, rather distant grooves, and minute trans-
verse striz ; posterior depression minute and
excavated ; margin entire.

Venus punctata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1134. Chemnitz,

vil. p. 15. t. 87. f. 397 and 398. Schroeter Einl. i. p.
140. Gmelin, p. 3284.

VENUS. 195

Venus tigerina Var. g. Kammerer Cab. Rudolst. p. 208.
Rumphius, t. 42. f. D. Petiwer Amb. t. 18.f. 6. Gualter,
t. 7a. D.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. New South
Wales. Humphreys.

Shell about two inches long, and the breadth exceeds the length
still less than in V. tigerina, which it much resembles, but
has the longitudinal ribs considerably broader ; the colour is
white stained with red, and the inside is covered with a thick
ochraceous crust. Meuschen, as well as Kemmerer consi-
dered it to be only a Variety of V. tigerina.

EXCISA. 83. Shell sub-orbicular, with crowded,
thickish, transverse strie ; cartilage cleft gap-
ing, and the posterior depression ovate ; mar-
gin entire.

Venus excisa. Chemnitz, vii. p. 17. t. 38. f. 400 and 401.
Venus sinuata. Gmelin, p. 3285.

Venus decolor. Solander’s MSS.

Venus, No. 33. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 166.

_ Lister Conch. t. 294. f. 130. Enc. Method. t. 279. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half in diameter, and is said to re-
semble V’. exo/eta, but differs in being rather less orbicular,
more convex, and having the transverse stris more elevated ;
the posterior depression is also longer, and less cordiform than
in that species.

EXOLETA. 84. Shell sub-orbicular, with unequal)
transverse strie, and the posterior depression
cordiform ; margin entire.

Venus exoleta. Linnaeus Syst. Nat, p.1134. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 94. t. 54. f. 49. A. Born Mus. p. 73. t. 5.
f.9. Chemnitz, vii. p. 18. t. 38. f.402 and 404. Schroe-
ter Einl. i. p. 142. Gmelin, p. 3284. Donovan, ii. t.
42. f.1. Montagu Test. p. 116. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. vin. p. 87. t. 3.f.1. Dorset Cat. p. 35.
io. fo.

Pectunculus capillaceus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 187.
te HO: £515.

Lister Conch. t. 291. f. 127. and t. 293. f. 129. Petiver
Gaz. t. 93. f.15. Gualter, t.75.f. F. Adanson Sene.
gal, t.16. f. 4. Favanne, t. 48. f. F.1. Ene Meth.
t. 279. f. 5.

o 2

196 VENUS.

Jumor. Venus Lupinus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. edit. 10. p. 689.
Venus lincta. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat.
p. 34.
Venus sinuata Var. Gmelin, p. 3285.
Lister Conch. t. 289. f.125., t. 290. f. 126. and t. 292. f.
128. Petiver Gaz. t.76. f.1. Pennant Zool. iv. t. 56.
f. 49. Chemnitz, vii. t. 38. f. 403.
Variety. With the valves equilateral.
Venus exoleta equilatera. Chemnitz, vil. p. 22. t. 38. f.
406.
Venus albida. Gmelin, p. 3287.
Venus, No. 37. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 168.
Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica, and Great Britain. Lister, &c.
Shell about two inches in diameter ; white, slightly stained, and
sometimes obsoletely radiated with reddish brown. Mr.
Montagu has observed, that young shells slope more from
the umbo on the anterior side, and in this stage of its growth
it has been considered a distinct species.

CONCENTRICA. 85. Shell sub-orbicular, compres-
sed, shining, with concentric equal strie ;
cartilage cleft lanceolate and gaping, and the
posterior depression cordiform; margin en-
tite:

Venus concentrica. Born Mus. p.71.t. 5. f. 5. Chemnitz,
vii. p. 10. t. 37. f. 392. Gmelin, 3286.

Venus dilatata. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 48.
No. 905.

Venus, No. 31. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 165.

Lister Conch. t. 288. f. 124. Gualter, t. 76.f. F. Adan-
son Senegal, t. 16. f. 5. Favanne, t. 48. f. F. 3. Ene.
Meth. t. 279. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. Portugal. Adanson.

Carolina, and Virginia. Chemnitz. Brazil. Humphreys.

Shell about two inches and five lines long,-by two inches and

a half broad, and may be distinguished from V. exoleta,

which it otherwise much resembles, by being considerably

flatter.

JUVENIS. 86. Shell sub-orbicular, with crowded
transverse strie, becoming wrinkled at both
ends; posterior depression cordiform, ‘and
the margin entire.

Venus juvenis. Chemnitz, vil. p. 21. t. 88. f. 405.

VENUS. 197

Venus juvenilis. Gmelin, p. 3287.
Venus, No. 36. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 167.
Lister Conch. t. 295. f. 131. Enc. Meth. t. 280. f. 2.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter in diameter; white, with
brownish chestnut spots forming interrupted rays; the car-
tilage cleft is large, oblong, gaping, and sinuated. It is plain
from his references to Chemnitz, that Mr. Montagu consi-
dered both this and the following species to be only Varie-
ties of V. exoleta.

HISTRIO. 87. Shell sub-orbicular, with acute trans-
verse reflected strie ; anterior depression ob-
solete, and the posterior cordiform, impres-
sed and ferrugmous; margin entire.

Venus Histrio. Gmelin, p. 3287.

Venus exoleta variegata. Chemnitz, vil. p. 23. t. 38. f. 407.
Venus, No. 38. Schroeter Hinl. ii. p. 168.

Enc. Meth. t. 280. f. 1.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter in diameter ; white, mottled,
and rayed with brown, and striped with chestnut colour on
the anterior slope; the transverse strize are elevated, acute,
and slightly reflected.

UNDATA. 88. Shell sub-orbicular, convex, somewhat
wrinkled transversely, and slightly undulated
longitudinally ; margin entire.

Venus undata. Pennant Sool. iv. p. 95. t. 55. f.51. Wood
in Lin. Trans. vi. p. 169. t. 17. f. 17 and 18. Montagu
Test. p.117. Donovan, iv. t. 121. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 86.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Pennant, &c.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and the breadth rather
more ; thin, somewhat transparent, yellowish white, or slightly
tinged with brown, and the posterior slope is without any
cordiform depression ; it may be readily known from Tedlina
rotundata which it much resembles, by the hinge having
three teeth in one valve, aud two in the other.

TUMIDULA, 89. Shell sub-orbicular, gibbous, with
transverse, remote, rather obsolete grooves.

Venus tumidula. Linnaus Mant. p. 546. Gmelin, p. 32835.

198 VENUS.

Inhabits ——

Linnzus has not given any reference or habitat, and to the above
specific character only adds that the cartilage cleft is simple,
the posterior slope marked with a rhombical excavated im-
pression, and the margin very entire.

BOREALIS. 90. Shell sub-orbicular, with transverse
membranaceous erect very remote strie.

Venus borealis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1134. Chemnitz,
vil. p. 26. t. 39. f. 412 to 414.2? Schroeter Einl. iii. p.
143.2? Gmelin, p. 3283.?

Inhabits the coasts of Europe. Linneus.

In addition to the above character, Linnzeus says that this shell
is white, angulated, and straight, as though truncated on the
cartilage side, and has unequal membranaceous striz ; he has
referred only to Lister Anim. Ang. t. 4. f. 23., which is
Mactra piperata, and does not answer the description.
Chemnitz under this name has figured a shell which he de-
scribes to be sub-orbicular, flattish, transversely striated,
coated with a reddish brown epidermis, always decorticated
at the umbones, and truncated at the posterior as well as the
anterior slope. Mr. Donovan, on the other hand, considers
V. spuria to be this species.

ACULEATA. 91. Shell sub-orbicular, nearly equila-
teral, with elevated acute tuberculated longi-
tudinal ribs, and the margin crenated.

Venus aculeata. Gmelin, p. 3293.
Venus, No. 147. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 200. t. 8. f. 13.

Inhabits ——

Shell about seven or eight lines long, and the length and
breadth are very nearly equal; the colour is said to be some-
times uniformly red like the blossom of a peach, but fre-
quently white striped with brown; anterior depression mi-
nute, and the hinge with two primary teeth in each valve.

PECTINATA. 92. Shell sub-orbicular, gibbous, with
longitudinal nodulous ribs’ branched at the
anterior end ; margin toothed.

Venus pectinata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1135. Born
Mus. p. 74. Chemnitz, vii. p. 28. t. 39. f. 415 and 416.
Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 144. Gmelin, p. 3285.

Lister Conch. t. 313. f. 149. Rumphius, t.43. f. D. Pe-

VENUS. 199

tiver Amb. t. 18. f. 14. Gualter, t.72. f. Eand F, Ar-
genville, t.21. f. P. Knorr, vi. t. 3. t. 3. Favanne, t.
46. f.E. 1. Enc. Meth. t. 971. f. 4.

Inhabits the Indian Seas. Linnaeus. Coasts of Amboyna.
Rumphius. Pacific Ocean. Solander. ;

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and an inch and a half
broad; thick, heavy, and slightly angulated at the anterior
end; the colour is whitish, stained with brown on the ante-
rior slope, and marked with chestnut streaks about the car-
tilage.

piscors. 93. Shell sub-oval, rather compressed,
with longitudinal slightly nodulous ribs
branched at the anterior end ; margin toothed.

Venus discors. Gmelin, p. 3292.
Venus nodulosa. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 48.
No. 897.
Venus pectinata Var. Chemnitz, vii. p. 31. t. 89. f.418 and
419. i
Venus, No. 144. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 199. t. 8. f. 11.
Lister Conch, t. 312. f. 148 Favanne, t. 46. f. E.2. Enc.
Meths to 27 1st. '1.
Inhabits the coasts of the Isle of France. Chemnitz. China.
Humphreys. .
Shell about eleven lines long, and fifteen broad, and differs
from V. pectinata in being more oval and compressed, and
im having the longitudinal ribs more crowded, and less nodu-
Tous ; the colour is pale yellowish white, prettily variegated
with purplish brown, aud the anterior slope pale purple, with
darker transverse stripes. 7

DISPAR. 94. Shell sub-orbicular, with the posterior
side transversely striated, and the anterior
obliquely ribbed ; margin entire.

Venus dispar. Chemnitz, xi. p. 230. t. 202. f. 1981 and
1982.

Venus discors. Solander’s MSS.

Enc. Method. t. 271. f. 2.

Inhabits the South Seas. Solander.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and one inch broad ;
of a pale purplish colour, mottled with angulated white spots,
and a few scattered brown dots; it is divided into two nearly
equal parts, of which the anterior is obliquely ribbed, and
the posterior striated transversely.

200 VENUS.

EQUIVOCA. 95. Shell sub-orbicular, slightly com-
pressed, with angulated diverging ribs; pos-
terior depression lanceolate; margin cre-
nated.

Venus equivoca. Chemnitz, xi. p. 229. t. 202. f. 1980.
Enc. Method. t. 271. f. 3.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and the breadth but
alittle exceeds the length ; of a yellowish white colour; the
ribs are twice divaricated, forming chevrons in the middle,
after which they diverge obliquely towards both ends, and are
crossed throughout by minute transverse striz.

DIVARICATA. 96. Shell sub-orbicular, with narrow
transversely striated ribs, obliquely divari-
cating from the centre; margin crenulated.

Venus divaricata, Chemnitz, vi. p.317. t. 30. f. 316. Gme-
lin, p. 8277. Brooks's Introd. p. 66. t.2. f. 24.

Venus incrustata. Born Mus. p. 73.

Venus bifida, Solander’s MSS.

Chamaformis Persicites. Meuschen Mus. Gevers, p. 450.
No. 1687.

Lister Conch. t. 310. f. 146. Ene. Method. t. 271. f. 5.

Inhabits the East Indies. Lister. Coasts of Ceylon. Chem-
mitz.

Shell about an inch anda quarter long, and an inch and a half
broad; rather convex, and slightly heart-shaped ; the cclour
is white, variegated with brown streaks and spots, Born con-
dered it to be the Linnean V, incrustata, but it answers very
badly to the description.

CONTRARIA. 97. Shell sub-oval, convex, with

oblique curved striz, and the margin crenu-
lated.

Venus contraria. Gmelin, p. 3277.
Venus divaricata Guinaica. Chemniiz, vi. p. 318. t. 30. f.
317 to 319.
Venus expansa. Solander’s MSS. ?
Venus, No. 10. Schroeter Fini. ii. p. 158.
Paphia undulata. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 120.
Mactra. Enc. Method. t. 259. f. 2.
Tnhabits the coasts of Guinea, and the West Indies. Chem-
nits.

VENUS. 201

Shell about three quarters of an inch in diameter, and is more
or less produced and angulated at the anterior end; the co-
lour is whitish or pale brown, irregularly streaked with pur-
ple, and the inside has a purple tinge, especially towards the
margin ; the cartilage is internal, and has a hollow for its in-
sertion under the umbones.

CORRUGATA. 98. Shell sub-orbicular, flattish, with
thick transverse striz, and the umbones wrin-
kled; depressions both obsolete, and the
margin crenulated.

Venus corrugata. Chemnitz, vii. p. 25. t. 39. f. 410. and
411.

Venus rivularis. Born Mus. p.72. t. 5. f.7.

Venus scripta Var. 8. Gmelin, 3286.

Venus, No. 40. Schroeter Einl. in. p. 169.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Chemnitz.

Shell about fifteen lines long, and seventeen broad; a space
round the umbones 1s obliquely wrinkled, and the lower part ,
towards the margin marked with regular transverse thickish
strie or ribs; the colour is pale yellowish, and it is some-
times ornamented with brown veins.

scRIPTA. 99. Shell sub-orbicular, compressed, al-
most flat, transversely striated, and both the
slopes nearly straight; margins very entire.

Venus scripta. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1185. Chemnitz,
vii. p. 31. t. 40. f.420 to 426. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 145.
Gmelin, p. 3286.

Venus Wauaria. Gmelin, p. 3291.

Venus, No 130. Schroeter Einl. in. p. 193.

Rumphius, t.42. f.C. Petwer Amb. t. 18. f. 3. Gualter,
ti7eoe C. Knorr, wto15.4f. 3.2% Regenfuss, i: t..7. f,
12. Enc. Meth. t. 274, f. 1.

Tnhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Tranquebar, and
the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. Coasts of Naples, about
Tarentum. Ulysses.

Shell about an inch and a half, or an inch and three quarters in
diameter ; the slopes are both truncated, and at the umbo
form nearly a right angle; the colour is whitish, tinged with
pale yellow, brown or purple, and variously marked with
darker spots, rays, and zic-zac stripes; the inside is white,
with a large brown spot near the middle. Gmelin’s ”. Wau-

202 VENUS.

aria appears to be nothing more than a trifling variety of this
species, with an angulated stripe in the form of a W.

EDENTULA. 100. Shell sub-orbicular, ventricose,
minutely striated transversely ; hinge without
any lateral teeth.

Venus edentula. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1135. Chemnitz,
vii. p. 34. t. 40. f. 427 to 429. Schroeter Einl. ii. p.
147. Gmelin, p. 3286.

Lucina. Enc. Method. t. 284. f. 3.

Lister Conch. t. 260. f. 96.

{nhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. St. Croix. Chemnitz.
Shell about an inch and three quarters long, and two inches

broad, ventricose, somewhat transparent, whitish, with a

slight tinge of red, and the inside of a rich yellow ; "the pos-

terior depression is ovate, acute, and much excavated,

GLoBOoSA. 101. Shell sub-orbicular, ventricose, pel-
lucid, with obsolete transverse striz, and the
margin entire ; hinge with two teeth.

Venus globosa. Forskael’s Itin. p. 53. Chemnitz, vii. p.
36. t. 40. f. 430 and 431. Gmelin, p. 3287.

Venus, No. 41. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 169.
Lucina. Enc. Meth. t. 285. f. 1.

Inhabits the Red Sea on the coast of Suez. Forskael.

Shell about fourteen lines long, and sixteen broad, ventricose,
almost globular, smooth, and of a dirty white colour through-
out; neither of the slopes are distinctly impressed.

#*** Sub-oval, and slightly angulated ¢ on the anterior
side.

GIGANTEA. 102. Shell ovate, smooth, with numerous
longitudinal rays ; posterior depression ovate,
and keeled in the middle; margin entire.

Venus gigantea. Chemnitz, x. p. 254. t. 171. f. 1661.
Gnelin, p- 3282.
Venus nimbosa. Solander’s MSS. Port. Cat. p. 175. lot
3761. Callone’s Cat. p. 49. No. 915.
Favanne, t. 49. f. 1.1. Ene. Meth. t. 280. f. 3.
Inhabits the coasts of Florida and Autigua. Solander.
Shell frequently three inches and a quarter long, and six inches

VENUS. 2038

broad, of a pale livid colour, with numerous bluish longi-
tudinal rays, which are generally interrupted ; the posterior
depression is oblong-ovate, a little impressed on its sides
and keeled in the middle, and the teeth of the hinge are
compressed ; it is the largest known shell belonging to this
genus.

LITERATA. 103. Shell oval, compressed, angulated
on the anterior side, and striated transversely.

Venus literata. Linnaeus Syst. Nut. p. 1135. Born Mus.
p- 74. Chemnitz, vii. p. 37. t. 41. f. 432 to 434.
Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 148. Gmelin, p. 3293.

A. Yellowish white, with chocolate irregularly zic-zac lines.
Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 67 and Kirch. f. 66. Lister Conch.

t. 402. f. 246. Rumphius, t. 42. f. B. Petiver Amb.
t. 18. f.2. Gualter, t. 86. f. F.. Argenville, t. 21. f.
A. Knorr, i. t. 6. f.4. Regenfuss, i. t. 4. f. 39. Fa-
vanne, t. 47. f. A. 1. Enc. Meth. t. 280. f. 4.

B. Greyish white, clouded with blackish spots.

Venus nocturna. Chemnitz, vil. p. 41. t. 41. f. 435.

Venus, No. 42. Schroeter Einl. 11. p. 170.

Knorr, vi. t. 14. f. 1.

C. Whitish, with scattered small dark spots.

Venus punctata. Chemnitz, vil. p. 42. t. 41. f. 436 and
437.

D. Yellowish white, with scattered lines, dots, and spots.
Venus adspersa. Chemmnitz, vil. p. 44. t. 42. f. 438.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Molucca

~ Islands. Chemnitz. Coromandel. Solander. China. Hum-
phreys.

Shell varying in size, but generally about two inches long, and
three broad, yellowish white, with dark chocolate irregu-
larly zic-zac lines, which frequently cross each other, so as
to form a kind of net-work, and sometimes marked only
with dark spots.

GEOGRAPHICA. 104. Shell oval, diaphanous, with
fine decussated striz, and reticulated brown
stripes.

Venus geographica. Chemnitz, vit. p. 45. t. 42. f. 440.
Gmelin, p. 3293. Turton’s Gmelin, p. 241.

Venus literata Var. U/ysses’ Travels, p. 486.

Venus, No. 47. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 171.

Gualter, t. 86. f. H.

204 VENUS.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Chemnitz. Bay of Naples.
Ulysses.

This shell, as figured by Chemnitz, appears to be about seven
lines long, and twice as broad, and marked with fine decus-
sated strie ; the colour is whitish,’ ornamented with irregu-
lar zic-zac stripes, which cross each other, so as to form a
kind of net-work. Dr. Turton says, it inhabits the British
coasts, but [ know not on what authority.

ROTUNDATA. 105. Shell ovate, slightly angulated
on the anterior side, and remotely striated
transversely ; posterior depression lanceolate, .
and obliterated at the end ; margin rounded,
entire, and spotted.

Venus rotundata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1135. Schroeter
Einl. in. p. 149. Gmelin, p. 3294.

Venus ala papilionis. Chemnitz, vii. p. 46. t. 42. f. 441.

Argenville Appendix, t. 3. f. D. Knorr, i. t. 18. f. 4.
Favanne, t. 49. f. 1. 3. Enc. Meth. t. 281. f. 3.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Linneus. Coasts of Ceylon.
Chemnitz.

Shell generally about an inch and three quarters long, and
three inches and a quarter broad, but is sometimes con-
siderably larger ; the colour is pale reddish brown, with
four radiated rows of dark brown, or chocolate spots.

UNDULATA. 106. Shell oval, very smooth, ante-
rior and posterior depression lanceolate ; mar-
gin very entire, rounded, and spotted.

Venus undulata. Born Mus. p. 67. |
Venus textrix. Chemnitz, vii. p. 48. t. 42. f. 442 and
443.
Venus textile. Gmelin, p. 3280.
Venus polita. Solander’s MSS.
Venus literata Var. Ulysses’ Travels, p. 486.
Venus, No. 48. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 171.
Chama textilis. Museum Geversianum, p. 454. No. 1719.
Lister Conch. t. 400. f. 239. Knorr, ii. t. 28. f.4. Fa-
vanne, t. 49. f. 1.2. Enc. Meth. t. 283.-f.1. _.
Inhabits the coasts of Malabar and the Red Sea. Chemnitz.
Coromandel. Solander. Bay of Naples. Ulysses.
Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and two inches and a
quarter broad, yellowish, or pale flesh-colour, with undu-
Jated reticulated purplish brown veins. In Montagu’s 'Tes-

VENUS. 205

tacea Britannica, Chemnitz’s figure of V. tertrir is quoted
for a variety of V. pullastra, but it wants the decussated
strie, by which that species is distinguished.

OBSOLETA. 107. Shell oval, with transverse striez,
which are stronger on the anterior side, and
undulated in the middle.

Venus obsoleta seu decripita. Chemnitz, vii. p. 50. t. 42.
f. 444,

Venus corrugata. Gmelin, p. 3280.

Venus, No. 49. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 172.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Chemnitz.

Chemnitz describes this shell to be an inch and five lines
long, and two inches and two lines broad, of a greyish
white colour, with the anterior end stained with purple on
the inside, and the cartilage cleft oblong, wide, and gaping.

DECUSSATA. 108. Shell oblong-ovate, angulated
on the anterior side, with crowded decussated
striz ; margin entire.

Venus decussata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1135. Chemnitz,
vii. p. 58. t. 4S. f. 455 and 456. Schroeter Einl. ii. p.
150. Gmelin, p. 3294. Donovan, ii. t.67. Wood in
Tin. Trans. vi. p. 168. t. 17. f. 11 and 12. Montagu

est. p. 124. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii.
p- 88. t. 2. f.6. Dorset Cat. p. 36. t. 6. f. 4.

Venus literata. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 196. t. 57. f. 53.

Venus deflorata. Born Mus. p. 68. t. 5. f. 2 and 3.

Venus fusca: Gmelin, p. 328).

Venus obscura. Gmelin, p. 3289.

Venus sanguinolenta. Gmelin, p. 3295.

Venus, No. 79. Schroeter Ein. iii. p- 179.

Cuneus reticulatus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 102. t. 14.
f. 4.

Tellina rhomboides. Gmelin, p. 3237.

Tellina, No. 45. Schroeter Ein. iu. p. 14.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 68 and Kirch. f. 67. Lister Anim.
Ang. t.4. f. 20. and Conch. t. 423. f. 271. Gualter, t.
85. f. L. Regenfuss, i. t. 4. f. 40.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Linneus. Coasts of Britain, Lis-
ter, &c. Mediterranean. Chemnitz. Naples. Ulysses.
Shell an inch and a half or two inches long, and the breadth

exceeds the length about one half; the longitudinal strix

206 VENUS.

are much coarser on the sides, and in the middle they are
only slightly decussated ; the colour is greyish, or pale rusty
brown, frequently marked with purplish brown spots, or
regular zic-zac stripes.

SENEGALENSIS. 109. Shell oblong-ovate, angulated
at the anterior end, and marked with delicate
reticulated striae.

Venus Senegalensis. Gmelin, p. 3282.

Venus pullastra. Montagu Test. p. 124. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. vui. p. 88. t..2. f.. 7. Dorset
Cat. p. 36. t. 1., f. 8.

Venus literata Var. radiata. Chemnitz, vil. p. 47. t. 42. f.
439.? Gmelin, p. 3293.?

Venus, No. 137. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 196.

Tellina rufescens. Gmelin, p. 3238.

Le Lunot. Adanson Senegal, p. 227. t. 17. f. 11.

Gualter, t. 85. f.C. Wood in Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. f. 18
and 14.

Inhabits the coasts of Senegal. Adanson. Nicobar Islands.
Chemnitz? Great Britain. Wood, &c.

Shell rarely more than an inch and a quarter long, and an inch
and three quarters broad ; it differs from V. decussata in being
much smaller, and in having both the longitudinal and trans-
verse striz much finer and more equal, they being thicker
only at the anterior end.

PERFORANS. 110. Shell sub-rhomboidal, with trans-
verse striz forming wrinkles at the anterior
end, which is truncated.

Venus perforans. Montagu Test. p. 127. t. 3. f.6. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 89.
Venus polymorpha. Solander’s MSS.

Variety. With the margin deeply sinuated.

Venus sinuosa. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 95. t. 54. f. 51. A.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vi. p. 90.

Inhabits the sea-shore near Plymouth, burrowed in lime-stone.
Montagu.

Shell about half an inch long, and three quarters of an inch
broad, but is variable im shape, and the breadth and length
are sometimes nearly equal ; the transverse striae are some-
times slightly decussated, and the shell at first sight might
readily be mistaken for the young of V. decussata; the
hinge has three teeth in each valve, of which one is small,

VENUS. 207

and the others very long, slender, and curved outwards; the
middle tooth is a little bifid.

VIRGINEA. 111. Shell sub-ovate, slightly angulated
at the anterior end, with rather remote trans-
verse striz, and the anterior depression tumid ;
margin entire.

Venus virginea. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1136. Schroeter
Einl, iii. p. 151. Gmelin, p. 3294. Montagu Test. p.
128. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 89. t.
2. f. 8. Dorset Cat. p. 36. t..13. f. 1.

Venus rhomboides. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 97. t. 55. right
hand fig.

Venus edulis. Chemnitz, vii. p. 60. t. 43. f. 457. Ulysses’
Travels, p. 487.

Venus dura. Gmelin, p. 3292.

Venus lutescens. Gmelin, p. $295.

Venus, No. 77. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 179, and No. 138.
p- 196. .

Cuneus fasciatus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 204.

Le Pegon. -dAdanson Senegal. p. 228. t. 17. f. 12.

Lister Conch. t. 403. f.247 and 404. f.248. Petiver Gaz.
t. 94. f.8. Enc. Method. t. 283. f. 2.

Tnhabits the Indies. Linneus. Coasts of Britain, and the
Island of Guernsey. Lister, &c. Adriatic. Chemnitz. Ta-
rentum. Ulysses.

Shell about thirteen lines long, and seventeen or eighteen
broad, and is much less angulated at the anterior end than
V’. decussata ; it is whitish, or pale brown, frequently dotted
and variegated with ferruginous, or dull purplish spots and
streaks, and sometimes with a few interrupted rays, or zic-zac
lines. Lister, t. 404. f. 248, from which Gmelin’s l’. lu-
tescens has been constituted, differs ouly in being rather
broader in proportion to the length, and has no claim to be
placed separate.

AUREA. 112. Shell oval-heart-shaped, shining, with
transverse and very minute longitudinal strie ;
margin rounded and entire.

Venus aurea. Gmelin, p. $288. Montagu Test. p. 129.
Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 90. Dorset
Cattns 36./'t.119:¢f. 3:

Venus nebulosa. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat.
p. 34.

208 VENUS.

Venus edulis Var. Chemnitz, vii. p. 60. t. 43. f. 458.
Venus, No. 78. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 179.
Lister Conch. t. 404. f. 249. Gualter, t. 85. f. I.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain, Lister, &c.

Shell about an inch long, and an inch and three-eighths broad,
but the shape is variable, and the length is sometimes almost
equal to the breadth ; it is distinctly, though minutely striated
transversely, and the longitudinal strize are so faint, as to be
hardly discernible without a glass. Mr. Montagu says, the
colour is various, ‘‘ sometimes white, elegantly marked with
brown, or bluish black zic-zac lines, or mottled with cine-
reous; others are plain brown, frequently of a yellow tinge,
and sometimes deep ferruginous about the umbo.” The striz
are much finer, and the margin more rounded than in J. vir-

_ginea.

MONSTROSA. 113. Shell oval, with decussated striz,
and one valve larger than the other.

Venus monstrosa. Chemnitz, vil. p. 50. t. 42. f. 445 and
446. Gmelin, p. 3280.
Venus, No. 50. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 173.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and an inch and a
quarter broad, but the nght valve is larger, and extends
over the whole margin of the other; the colour is dirty
white, and the inside spotted with purple; the hinge has two
teeth in one valve, and three im the other,

iw)
©
©

Genus XI,

SPONDYLUS:

SHELL WITH STRONG UNEQUAL VALVES; HINGE WITH
TWO RECURVED TEETH, AND A CAVITY BETWEEN
* THEM,

GEDAROPUS. 1. Shell slightly eared, and spinous.

Spondylus Gedaropus. Linnzus Syst. Nat.p.1136. Born
Mus. p. 77, and Vign.at p.76. Chemnitz, vii. p. 68. t.
44. f.459 to 462, t. 45. f. 463 to 470, t. 46. f. 472 and
473, t. 47. f. 474 to 478, andt. 69. f. Eand F. ix.t. 115.
f. 984 to 990, and t.116.f.991. Schroeter Einl. iii p.
203, and t.8. f.14to 16. Gmelin, p. 3296. Shaw
Nat. Misc. xvi. t.651. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p.131.
‘Brooks's Introd. p. 68. t. 3. f. 39.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 2. f. 20 and21. Lister Conch.
t. 206. f. 40 to t. 209. f.43. Rumphius, t. 47. f. E, and
t. 48. f. l and2. Petiver Amb. t. 20. f.6. Gualter, t.
99. f. F and G, t. 100, and t. 101. f. Aand B. Argen-
ville, t.19. f. E, G, and H, and t. 20. f, B,.L, and M.
Seba, t. 88. f. 1 to 11, and t. 89. f. 1 to 5, 7, and 8.
Klein Ost. t. 8. f. 23, and t. 9. £.37. Adanson Senegal,
t. 14. f. 6 and 7. Knorr, i. t. 7, f. 1, and t.9. f. 25 v. t.
7. f. 2 and 3, and t. 9. f. 1; vi. t. 9. f. 1 and 2, and t. 12.
f.3. Regenfuss, i.t. 4, f. 48; and il. t.12.f.31, andt.2.
f.11. Favanne, t. 42. f. D, E, and F, t. 43. and t. 44.
Enc. Meth. t. 190 to t. 195.

Inhabits the Mediterranean adhering to rocks. Linneus.
Coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Island of Magdalena.
Adanson. Adriatic. Ginanni. East and West India Is-
lands, China, Alexandria, South Seas, &c. Humphreys.

This species is most commonly about two inches in diameter,

VOL, I. P

\

210 SPONDYLUS.

and has the lower valve generally more concave than the up-
per. It varies so infinitely in its colour, and the size, and
form of the spines, that it is difficult to find two shells alike,
and the following are only a few of the leading varieties which
have been described in Callone’s and the Portland Cata-
logues.—A. “‘ White and scarlet, with long palmated spines.”
B. “ White and yellowish pink, with large foliations on the
under valve.” C. “Small, yellow and white, with long pal-
mated spines.” D. “ White and scarlet, with red tinted
spines.” E. “ Scarlet and yellow, with a long beak.” F.
“« Scarlet and yellow, with the under valve ventricose, the beak
short, and delicate spines.” G. “ Scarlet and yellow, with
the bottom valve finely foliated.” H. “ Scarlet, with white
narrow spines.” JI. “ Scarlet, and a little white, with red
spines, and the lower valve foliated.” K. “ Scarlet, with
broad white spines.” LL. “ Scarlet, pink, and white, with
long pink curved spines.” M. “ Large, broad, dark red, yel-
low, and pink, with short spines on the upper, and large fo-
liations and long spines on the under valve, and the ears thick
set with spines.” N. “ Saffron-coloured.” O. “ Dark pur-
ple, witha very long beak.” P. “ White and orange, mottled
with black.” Q. “ White, mottled and rayed with pink.”
R. “ White, pink, and orange, mottled with purple.” S.
“ Whitish, with purple spines.” T. “‘ Whitish, with purple
stripes.” V. ‘‘ White, with purple spots.” W. “ Scarlet,
with ramified spines.” &c. &Xc.

reGIus. 2. Shell without ears, and spinous.

Spondylus regius. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1136. Chemnitz,
vil. p. 83. t. 46. £471. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 205. Gme-
lin, p. 3298. Barbut. p. 45. t. 5. f. 2.

Argenville, t. 20. f. G.. Favanne, t. 43. f. E.

Tnhabits India. Linneus.

Linnzus says that this shell is larger, and has the spines and
grooves stronger, but it is most probably nothing more than
one of the almost endless varieties of S. Gedaropus.

pLicatus. 3. Shell without ears or spines, and
plaited longitudinally.

Spondylus plicatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p..1136. Chem-
nitz, vil. p. 90. t. 47. £.479 to 482. Schroeter Evil. ui.
p- 206. Gmelin, p. 3298. Brooks’s Introd. p. 68. t. 3.
f. 30.

Plicatula gibbosa. Lamarck Syst. des dni. p. 132.

SPONDYLUS. fi

seal Conch. t. 210. f. 44, and 1059. f.1. Petiver Gaz.
24, f.12. Gualter, t. 99. f. E. Adanson Senegal,
: 14. f.2. Favanne, t.45.f. B 1, B 2, and B 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Java. Linnaus. Portugal. ‘Lister
Barbadoes. Petiver. Jamaica. Sloane. Martinique. Gro-
novius. Red Sea. Forskael.

Shell sometimes two inches long, and an inch and three quar-
ters broad; but is generally smaller, somewhat triangular,
and strongly marked longitudinally with a few broad angu-
lated plaits; the colour is whitish, pale brown, reddish, or
yellowish, sometimes variegated with darker spots, or pur-
plish veins,

P 2

Genus XII.

, CHAMA:

SHELL BIVALVE, RATHER COARSE; HINGE WITH A
CALLOUS RIDGE OBLIQUELY INSERTED INTO A
CORRESPONDING FOSSULE; ANTERIOR SLOPE CLOS-

ED.

Subdivisions.

* Shells detached.
** Shells adherig to other substances.

ee

cor. J. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, globose,
smooth, with the umbones prominent, and

the apices spirally recurved.

Chama Cor. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1137. Born Mus.
p- 80. Chemnitz, vii. p. 101. t. 48. f. 483. Schroeter
inl. iii: p.228. Gmelin, p. 3299. Montagu Test. p.
134, and Supp. p. 50. Shaw Nat. Misc. xv. t. 636.
Donovan, iv. t. 134. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill. p. 91. Brooks’s Introd. p. 70. t. 3. f. 33.

Cardium humanum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. edit. 10. p. 682.

Cardita Cor. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 403.

Asocardia globosa. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 118.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 88, and Kirch. f. 92. Lister Conch. t.
275. f. 11. Rumphius, t.48. f. 10. Petiver Amb. t. 22.

+ Gmelin’s C. arata, p. 3304, and C. Thaca, p. 3305, are obscure species;
and I have therefore omitted them.

CHAMA. 213

f.2. Gualter, t..71. f. E. Seba, ui. t. 86. f. 1. Knorr,
vi. t.8.f.1. Regenfuss, iit. 4. f.32. Favanne, t. 53.
f£.G. Enc. Method. t. 239. f. 1.
Inhabits the Adriatic on the coasts of Dalmatia. Bonanni.
Mediterranean. D’ Avila. Coasts of Normandy and Bre-
~ tagny. D’Herbigny. Naples. Ulysses. British Seas, very
rare, and the Hebrides. Montagu. Bantry Bay. L./V.D.
Shell about three inches long, and two inches and three quarters
broad; of a pale yellowish brown colour, covered with a
darker epidermis, and slightly wrinkled transversely ; it is re-
_ markable for its large prominent distant umbones, of which
the diverging apices are much recurved.

MOLTKIANA. 2. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, tri-
angular, transversely plaited, with the um-
bones distant, and the apices recurved.

Chama Moltkiana. Chemnitz, vii. p. 105. t. 48. f. 484 to
487. Gmelin, p. 3303. i

Chama, No. 1. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 248.

Cardita Moltkiana. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 404.

— _Jsocardia Moltkiana. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 118.

“Enc. Meth. t. 233. f. 1.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz. Coasts of China.
Brugwere.

Shell about eleven lines long, and eight broad, and is a very
rare and singular species, in form somewhat resembling C.
Cor; the anterior slope is depressed, smooth, and angulated
at the edge ; the colour is yellowish white.

Gicas. 38. Shell with remote bread rounded longi-
tudinal ribs, armed with vaulted scales, and
the posterior slope heart-shaped, and gaping.

Chama Gigas. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1137. Born Mus.
p- 81. Chemnitz, vil. p.111.t. 49. f.492 to 494. Schroe-
ter Kinl, iii. p. 230. Gmelin, p’ 3299. Shaw Nat.
Misc. xi. t.442. Brooks's Introd. p. 70. t. 3. f. 31.

-Vridacna.Gigas. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 117.

Variety A. With about five longitudinal ribs, armed with re-
' -aote vaulted scales, and the interstices marked with decus-
sated striz.

Bonanni Rec. 2. £. 83, and Kirch. f. 82. Lister Conch. t.
351. f. 189 a, and t. 352. f. 189 b. Rumphius, t. 42. A.
Petiver Amb. t. 5. f. 13. Gualter, t. 92. f. B to F,
and t. 93. f.B. Argenville, t. 23.f. E. Knorr, i. t. 19.

214 CHAMA.

f.3. Regenfuss,i. t. 10. f.48. Da Costa Elements,
t.7.f.4. Favanne, t.51. f.B 1, and B 3. Chemnitz,
x1. t. 204. f. 1997 and 1998. Enc. Meth. t. 236. f. 1.

Variety B. With about six longitudinal ribs armed with crowd-
ed vaulted scales, and the interstices marked with two or
three longitudinal striae, and towards the margin wrinkled
transversely.

Chama imbricata. Chemniéz, vil. p. 122. t. 49. f. 495.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 84, and Kirch. f. 88. Lister Conch. t.
354. f. 191. Rumphius, t. 43. f. B. Petiver Amb. t.
7.f.13. Gualter, t.92. f. A. Favanne, t. 51. f. B 4.
Enc. Meth. t. 235. f. 4.

Variety C. With eight or nine longitudinal ribs, and transverse _
_ unbricated undulated scales throughout.

Chama imbricata Var. Chemnitz, vii. p. 124. t. 49. f.496.

Lister Conch. t. 353. f. 190. Gualter, t. 92. f. G. Enc.
Meth. t., 235. f. 2. : :

Variety D. Rather smooth, and only slightly wrinkled trans-
versely.

Chama imbricata Var. Chemnitz, vil. p. 125. t. 49. f. 497.
Enc. Meth. t. 235. f. 3.

Inhabits the Red Seas. Bonanni. East Indies. Lister. Coasts
of Amboyna. Rumphius. Isles of Bourbon, and the Mau-
ritius. Chemnitz. Madagascar, and New Holland. Hum-
phreys. —

This species varies very much in size, and is sometimes enor-
mously large and heavy; one shell described by Linnzeus
weighed 532 Swedish pounds (which is equal to 498 Eng-
lish); and he says that the inhabitant has been known to fur-
nish 120 men with a day’s food, and that by shutting its
valves suddenly it can snap a cable asunder. In Sir Joseph
Banks’s Library there is a MS. account of the dimensions
of a specimen preserved at Arno’s Vale, in Ireland, which
came from ‘Tappanooly in Sumatra, as follows:

Weight of one valve - - - 285 Ibs.
¢ Do. of the other - - - - 222 lbs.

s
—

Total - - 507 lbs.

The largest valve measured 4 feet 6 inches in length, 2 feet 54
inches in breadth, and 1 foot in depth. Another large shell
of this species forms the baptismal font at the church of St.
Sulpice, at Paris, and was presented by the Venetians to
Francis the First. The colour is dirty white, or yellowish
or reddish brown ; the posterior slope is flattish and cordi-

CHAMA. BAS

form, and has a large ovate aperture by the hinge ; the mar-
gin is toothed and crenated. Under all its different appear-
ances it may be at once distinguished from C. Hippopus by
the aperture in its posterior slope. Large pearls are occa-
sionally found in this species, and one exhibited at Sir Jo-
seph Banks’s in June, 1814, was valued at between 200 and
300/,

Hipropus. 4. Shell longitudinally plaited, ribbed,
and muricated ; posterior slope heart-shaped,
closed, and the margin toothed.

Chama Hippopus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1137. Born
Mus. p. 81, and Vign. at. p. 79. Chemnitz, vii. p. 127.
t. 50. f. 498 and 499. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 252. Gie-
lin, p. 3300. Brooks’s Introd. p. 70, t. 3. f. 32.

Hippopus maculatus. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 117.

Tridacna. Enc. Method. t. 236. f. 2.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. $1 and 82, and Kirch. f. SO and 81.
Lister Conch. t. 349. f. 187, and t.350. f. 188. Rum-
phius, t.43.f.C. Peter Amb. t. 18. f.15. Gualter,

r. »t..93. £. A. Argenville, t..23.4H: (Knorr, 3. t. 22.

f. land 2, and vi. t. 9. f. 3. Regenfuss, i. t. 10. f. 49.

Da Costa Elements, t. 7. f. 10. Favanne, t. 51. f. F.
Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Lister. Coasts of Amboyna.
_ Rumphius. China, and Java. Chemnitz.

Shell commonly about two inches long, and three inches anda
quarter broad, but is sometimes twice as large; it is remark-
ably thick and heavy for its size, and the colour is white or
yellowish, with scattered reddish or purple spots.

PLUMBEA. 5. Shell sub-orbicular, solid, tubercu-
lated, and coated with a brown epidermis ;
apices recurved, and the margin entire.

Chama plumbea.. Chemnitz, xi. p. 237. t. 203. f. 1991
and 1992. :

Inhabits the South Sea. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and three quarters in diameter, thick, solid,
and has the whole outer surface knotty or tuberculated ; the
hinge has its primary tooth very strong, and the fossule cre-
nated.

ANTIQUATA. 6. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
convex longitudinal ribs, and striated trans-
versely ; posterior depression cordiform.

216 CHAMA.

Chama antiquata Linn@us Syst. Nat. p. 1138. Born
Mus. p. 82. Chemnitz, vii. p. 108. t. 48. f. 488 and
489. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 234. Gmelin, p. 3300.
Brooks's Introd. p. 70. t. 3 f. 33.

Chama decora. Solander’s MSS.

— Carditasulcata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 405.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 98, and Kirch. f. 96. Lister Conch.
t. 346. f. 183. Petiver Gaz. t. 59. f.9. Gualter, t.

.71. f.T and L. Knorr, u. t. 20. f.3. Enc. Meth. t.
933. f. 2. }

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Bonanni, &c. Straights of Gi-
braltar. Petiver.

Shell about an inch long, and nearly equally broad, and has
from sixteen to eighteen strong convex longitudinal ribs ; the
colour is pale or yellowish brown, and the ribs are variegated
with white and ferrugmous spots ; posterior depressions
cordiform.

AJAR. 7. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, slightly pro-
duced at the anterior end, with longitudinal
flattish ribs, and transversely striated and
tuberculated ; posterior depression sub-orbi-
cular.

Cardita Ajar. Bruguiere Linc. Meth. p. 406.

Chama antiquata. Solander’s MSS.

Chama antiquata Var. Chemnitz, vil. p. 110. t. 48. f. 490
and 491.

L’Ajar. Adanson Senegal. p. 222. t. 16. f. 2. ,

Enc. Meth. t. 233. f. 3.

Inhabits the Mouths of the Niger. Adanson. Coasts of
Tranquebar. Bruguiere.

M. Bruguiere says, that this shell differs from C. antiquata,
by being more produced at the anterior end, by having from
twenty-one to twenty-six strong flattened ribs, and the pos-
terior depression more orbicular, and less cordiform. Bru-
guiere considers Lister’s t. 497. f. 52. which is Venus imbri-
cata of Gmelin, to be a fossil variety of this species, and
says, it is common at Courtagnon. I suspect from his short
MS. description, in Sir Jos. : Banks’s library, that Dr.
Solander considered this shell to be the Linnean C. anti-
quata, and that the preceding species is his C. decora.

TRAPEZIA. 8, Shell trapeziform, gibbous, with lon-

CHAMA. © 917

vitudinal crenulated ribs, and the margin
plaited.

Chama trapezia. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1138. Muller
Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 247. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 236.
t. 8. f.17. Gmelin, p. 3301. Chemnitz, x1. p. 240. t.
204. f. 2005 and 2006.

Cardita trapezia. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 407.

Venus carcellata. Gmelin, p. 3288.

Venus pectunculus. Solander’s MSS.?

Venus, No. 71. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 178.

Lister Conch. t. 344. f. 181. Enc. Meth. t. 234. f. 7.

inhabits the coasts of Norway. Muller.

Shell about four lines long, and three broad, and the depth is
nearly equal to the breadth; it has nineteen or twenty lon-
gitudinal transversely crenulated ribs, and the colour is red-
dish, sometimes faintly rayed with purple at the anterior
end. It resembles Cardium exiguum.

SEMIORBICULATA. 9. ‘Shell kidney-shaped, com-
pressed, with decussated striz, and the mar-
gin serrated at the posterior end.

Chama semiorbiculata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1138. Gme-
lin, p. 3301.
Chama phrenetica. Born Mus. p.83. Chemnitz, vil. p.
135. t. 50. f. 502 and 5053.
Chama cordata Var. Gmelin, p. 3301.
Chama, No. 2. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 249.
Hippopodus semiorbiculatus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p.
429. No. 1537.
Cardita semiorbiculata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 410.
Valentyn. Abh. t. 16. f.27. Knorr, ii. t. 23. £.7. Enc.
Meth. t. 233. f. 4.
Inhabits the coasts of Arabia. Humphreys.
Shell about three inches long, and two inches broad, of a
uniform reddish brown colour, except on the posterior slope,
which is whitish, and about half of the inside is also white.

CALYCULATA. 10. Shell oblong, longitudinally rib-
bed, and armed with vaulted scales ; posterior
slope gibbous ; margin plaited.

Chama calyculata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1138. Born
Mus. p. 82. t. 5. f. 10 and 11. Chemnitz, vil. p. 133.

t. 50. f. 500 and 501. Schroeter inl, ut, p. 238. Gme-
lin, p. 3301.

218 CHAMA.

Cardita variegata. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 407. La-
marck Syst. des Anim. p. 118.

Laster Conch. t. 347. f. 184. Favanne, t. 50. f. L. Ene.

_ Method. t. 233. f. 6.

Variety. Slightly elongated, and the sides less convex.
Cardita calyculata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 408.
Chama elongata. Solander’s MSS.

Le Jeson. Adanson Senegal. p. 215. t. 15. f. 8.
Gualter, t. 90. f. F. Chemnitz, xi. t. 204. f. 1999 and
2000.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas, and the variety is found only in
the Mediterranean and Red Sea, and on the coasts of Se-
negal. Bruguiere.

Shell about seventeen lines long, and eleven broad, white,
variegated with purplish brown spots; the variety is a trifle
longer, and rather narrower in proportion, has the sides
straighter, and the margin less distinctly plaited, but the dif-
ference is very small, and probably only arises from the
effect of a different climate.

CORDATA. 11. Shell heart-shaped, transversely stria-
ted, compressed, and elongated on one side.

Chama cordata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1138. Gmelin,
p- 3301.
Inhabits
Linneus, who alone has described this species, says, it is of a
testaceous colour, with transverse distinct obtuse grooves on
the lower part, but not towards the exterior margin, and has
the angle between the cartilage cleft and the exterior margin
elongated, and darker.

SATIATA. 12. Shellroundish, with toothed grooves,
mixed with dots, and the posterior depression
retuse. ;

Chama satiata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1138. Gmelin, p.
3301.

Tnkabits

No subsequent author has ascertained this species, which Lin-
nzeus describes to be white, with a tinge of red on the out-
side; grooves elevated, longitudinally toothed, and alter-
nately shorter; margin crenulated ; posterior depression cor-
diform and retuse. ‘The description may probably have been
taken, as Dr. Solander conjectured, from a worn shell of
C. arcinella, which had lost its spines.

CHAMA. 219

RuGosA. 13. Shell sub-orbicular, with very deep
grooves, and slightly imbricated wrinkles ;
margin doubly plaited.

Chama rugosa. Linneus Mant. p.546. Gmelin, p. 5305.
Tohabits
Linneus describes this shell to be “ as large as the last joint

of a finger, gibbous, thick and white, with thirty deep pa-

rallel grooves ; wrinkles compressed, and on the back slight-
ly imbricated ; scales rather obsolete, distant, and numerous ;
inner margin obtuse and plaited, and the outer set with pro-
jecting concave scales proceeding from the wrinkles ; hinge
with two or three oblique grooves, declining towards the
anterior side.” Linneus in the Mantissa, has described
another Chama, with the name of C. gryphica, which he

says is found 7x Barbary, and it therefore appears to be a

fossil species. —

OBLONGA. 14. Shell ovate-oblong, with delicate
decussated striz, and the anterior side ob-
liquely keeled ; inside yellowish.

Chama oblonga. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1139. Schroeter
Fini. in. p. 241. Gmelin, p. 5802. Chemnitz, xi. p.
938. t. 203. f. 1993 and 1994.

Chama Guinaica. Chemnitz, vii. p. 137. t. 50. f. 504 and
505.

Cardita carmata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 409.

Enc. Meth. t. 234. f. 2.

Tnhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz. Pulo Condore.
Humphreys.

Shell about sixteen lines long, and nine broad, white, some-
what pellucid,’ and the inside yellowish, and sometimes
stained with purple ; it is marked with fine longitudinal striz,
which are crossed transversely by others still more minute,
and an elevated keel extends from the summit obliquely, to
the posterior angle of the margin. In form it bears some
resemblance to Mytilus modiolus.

CONCAMERATA. 15. Shell ovate-oblong, longitudi-
nally ribbed, and transversely wrinkled, with
a separate chamber formed at the middle of
the immer margin.

Chama concamerata. Chemmitz, vii. p. 138. t. 50, f. 506.
Gmelin, p. 3304.

220 ° CHAMA.

Chama, No. 3. Schroeter Einl. ii, p. 249.

Cardita concamerata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 138.

Walch Naturf. xi. p. 53. t. 1. £.5to 7. Enc. Meth. t.
934. f. 6.

Tphabits the West Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

This rare and singular shell, for a specimen of which i am in-
debted to Mrs. Mawe, is about six lines long, and four
broad, and is white both inside and out; it differs from all
other shells by having the margin contracted, and appearing
as if doubled over near its middle, so as to form in the
inside of each valve an opposite ovate chamber; the hinge
is similar to that of C. calyculata, which the shell also a
good deal resembles in its general form.

PECTUNCULUS. 16. Shell oblong, dilated above, and
produced at the base, with smooth longitu-
dinal ribs.

Cardita pectunculus. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 412.
Lister Conch. t. 547. f. 185.

Tnhabits

M. Bruguiere describes this shell to be about fourteen or
fifteen lines long, and six broad in the middle, of a bright
brown towards the summit, and whitish at the base; it has
eighteen or twenty smooth convex longitudinal ribs ; it differs
from C. calyculata in being longer in proportion to the
breadth, less ventricose, more rounded at the base, and more
compressed at the summit, as also in the want of vaulted
scales on the ribs.

CORALLIOPHAGA. 17. Shell cylindrical, white, dia-
phanous, with decussated strie, and the
transverse strie scaly, and imbricated.

Chama coralliophaga. Chemmitz, x. p. 359. t. 172. f. 1673
and 1674. Gmelin, p. 3305.
Cardita dactylus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 412.

Tnhabits the East Indian Seas, burrowed in coral. Chem-
nitz.

Shell about an inch and three quarters long, and eight lines
broad, nearly cylindrical, and rounded at both extremities,
but the posterior side appears in the figure to be slightly con-
tracted, and elevated about a quarter of an inch above
the hinge. In shape it bears some resemblance to Mytilus
hithophagus, but it is said to have’ the hinge of a Chama.

CHAMA. 221
** Shells attached to some other substance.

LAZARUS. 18. Shell imbricated, with projecting,
jagged, striated lamelle, and the margin some-
what plaited.

Chama Lazarus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1139. Born Mus.
p-. 84. t. 5. f. 12 to 14, Chemnitz, vii. p. 141. t. 51. f.
507 to 509. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 242. Gmelin, p.
3302. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 387. Lamarck Syst.
des Anim. p. 131.

Chama Lazarus, Var. pannosus. Solander’s MSS.

Spondylus citreus. Gmelin, p. 3298.

Rumphius, t.48.£.3. Argenville, t. 20. f. F, Hand K. Se-
ba, iii. t. 88. f. 12, and t. 89. f. 6, 9 and 11. Knorr, i. t.
8.f.1. Regenfuss, i. t. 3. f. 22 and 23. Favanne, t.
43.f. A 3, and A 4, andt.44.f. A l,andA2. Ene.
Meth. t. 197. f.1.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and American Seas. Linnaeus.
Coasts of Jamaica. Brown. Curacoa. Gronovius. East
Indies. D’ Avila. Bay of Naples. Ulysses. China. Hum-
phreys.

Shell commonly about two inches in diameter, and somewhat
orbicular, with the lower valve much more concave than the
upper, and having its summit more produced and recurved ;

_ the colour is whitish, red or yellow, and Bruguiere mentions
a beautiful Variety with three longitudinal rose-coloured
bands, and the lamellated spines white.

GRYPHOIDES. 19. Shell imbricated, with adpres-
sed, short, somewhat vaulted scales, and the
inner margins of the valves striated.

Chama gryphoides. Lanne@us Syst. Nat. p.1139. Born
Mus. p. 84. Chemnitz, vii. p. 145. t. 51. f. 510 to 513.
Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 243. Gmelin, p. 3302. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p. 388.

Chama Lazarus, Var. Kemmerer Cab, Rudolst. p. 233.

- Solander’s MSS.

Chama macerophylla. Chemnitz, vii. p. 149, t. 52. f. 514
and 515. Gmelin, p. 3304.

Chama citrea. Gmelin, p. 3305.

Chama imbricata. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 131.

Chama, No. 4. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 250.

Le Jataron. Adanson Senegal, p. 205. t. 15.

Lister Conch, t. 21. f. 47, and t. 215. f. 50 and 51, Gual-

ap apd CHAMA.

ter, t.101.f. Dand E. Klein Ost. t.12.f.81. Seba,
il. t. 88. f. 8, and t.. 89. f.12. Knorr, 1. t. 21. f. 9, v. t.
14. f. 2, and vi. t. 16. f. 1 and 2. Favanne, t. 43. f; Al,
and A2. nc. Meth. t. 196. f. 4and 5.

Inliabits the Mediterranean on the coasts of Africa. Linnaeus.
Barbadoes and Jamaica. Lister. Island of Goree, and
Cape Verd. Adanson. East Indies. D’ Avila. Naples.
oe St. Domingo, and the Molucca Islands. Hum-
phreys.

This shell is of the same size as C. Lazarus, but is thicker, and
has the imbricated lamelle shorter, stronger, and more vault-
ed ; it is often of a pale rose or citron colour, prettily mottled
with white. C. macerophylla has the lamine rather more
produced, as is generally more or less the case towards the
margin, and I can find no mark to distinguish either it or
Gmelin’s C. citrea from this species.

CORNUTA. 20. Shell scaly, wrinkled, or tubercu-
lated, with the summit of the lower valve ob-
liquely and spirally elongated like a horn ;
margin smooth.

Chama cornuta. Chemnitz, vii. p.150. t. 52. f. 516 to
520.

Chama bicornis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1139. Schroeter
Einl. iii. p. 245. t. 8. f.18. Gmelin, p. 3303.

Chama unicornis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 389.

‘Chama fusca. Gmelin, 3304.

Chama, No. 10. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 252.

Fab. Columna, f.19. Lister Conch. t. 214. f. 49. Petiver
Gaz. t.152.f.1. Gualter, t.101. f. Gand I. Klein
Ost. t. 12. f. 87 and 88. Enc. Meth. t. 196. f. 6. °

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus.

This shell in size and colour resembles the preceding species,
but is distinguished by the long horn-like process at the sum-
mit of the lower valve, which it sometimes exceeds in length,
and by the smoothness of the margin; Columna has given
two figures in different points of view of the lower valve
only, and these have been copied by several subsequent au-
thors who mistook them for the two opposite valves, whereas
the upper one has not any horn-like process, and the name |
of bzcornis is therefore improper.

SESSILIS. 21. Shell sub-orbicular, with transverse

rows of imbricated plaited spinous scales, and
the inside dotted ; margin crenulated.

CHAMA, 993

Chama sessilis. pryaeere Enc. Meth. p. 391.

Chama squamosa. Chemnitz, xi. p. 238. t. 203. f. 1995
and 1996.

Lister Conch. t.213. £.48.? Klein Ost. t. 12. f. 86.2 Enc.
Method. t. 196. f. 2. |

Inhabits the Mediterranean? Brugwiere. West Indies. Chem-
mits.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and is nearly
allied to C. gryphoides, but may be at once distinguished by
its having the margin crenulated, and the inner surface of the
valves always covered with dots, which are, however, so mi-
nute as to be hardly observable without a glass; the side by
which the lower valve adheres to other substances, is flat.

LAMELLOSA. 22. Shell roundish, with transverse
rows of membranaceous serrated laminz, and
the upper valve flat.

Chama lamellosa. Chemnitz, vil. p. 156. t. 52. f. 521.
Chama foliacea. Gmelin, p. 3304.
Chama rugosa. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 391.
Chama, No.5. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 250.
Lister Conch, t. 216. f. 52, and t. 217. f. 53. Gualeer, t.
101. f.C. Favanne, t. 67. f. F. Enc. Meth. t. 197.
f. 2
Inhabits
Shell about an inch in diameter, and either roundish or ob-
long ; it differs from C. gryphoides in the lamellated scales
being placed in regular transverse rows, and not imbricated ;
but I greatly doubt whether it has ever been found in any
other than a fossil state.

PUNCTATA. 23. Shell sub-orbicular, with transverse

rows of rather distant scales, and the inside
dotted.

Chama punctata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 392.
Enc. Method. t. 197. f. 3.
- Inbabits the coasts of Guadaloupe. Bruguiere.

Shell about ten lines in diameter, ventricose, nearly orbicular,
white and transparent; it is nearly allied to the foregoing
species, from which Bruguiere says it differs in having the
inner surface of the valves minutely punctured, the under
side of the scales studded with elevated dots, and their in-
terstices striated.

224 CHAMA.

SINISTRORSA. 24. Shell ear-shaped, thick, scaly,
with one or two longitudinal furrows ; margin
crenulated, and the summits reversed.

Chama sinistrorsa. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 392.
Chama gryphoides, Var. Chemnitz, ix. part 1. p. 145. t.
116. f. 992 and 993. Gmelin, p. 3303.
Favanne, t. 80. f. D. Enc. Method. t. 196. f. 3.
Inhabits the coasts of the West India Islands. Chemnitz. East
Indies. Bruguiere.
Shell about two inches in diameter, thick, ponderous, of a
brownish colour, sometimes mottled with white, or marked
. with two or three longitudinal darker bands; the upper valve
has one or two broad longitudinal furrows, and the summits
are turned from the left to the right, contrary to the usual
direction.

ARCINELLA. 25. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with
spinous longitudinal ribs, and excavated
dots; margin crenulated, and slightly plaited.

Chama arcinella. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1139. Born
Mus. p.85. Chemnitz, vii. p. 156. t. 52. £.522 and 523.
Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 246. Gmelin, p. 3303. Bru-
guiere Enc. Meth. p. 393.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 336, and Kirch. 2. £.101. Lister
Conch. t. 355. f. 192. Petiver Gaz. t. 156. f. 23 ; and
Pterigraphia, t.15. £.389. Knorr, iv. t.14. f. 1; and
vi. t. 36. f. 1 and 2. D’Avila, t.17. f.'T. Favanne,
t. 52. f. E. Enc. Method. t. 197. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Brazil. Bonanni. Bay of Campechy.
Petiver. East Indies. Knorr. Islands of St. Croix and St.
poms Chemnitz. Naples. Ulysses. Martinique. Hum-
phreys.

Shell commonly about an inch and a half long, and near an
inch and three-quarters broad ; white, sometimes tinged with
rose colour, and the inside yellowish ; the posterior depres-
sion is large, excavated, cordiform, and warty, and terminates
at the lower margin in long spines; Bruguiere says, the
summits are reversed in the same manner as those of C., si-
nistrorsu.

he
on

@®enugs XII.

eee

ARCA:

SHELL BIVALVE, AND THE VALVES EQUAL; HINGE
WITH NUMEROUS ACUTE TEETH, ALTERNATELY
INSERTED BETWEEN EACH OTHER.

Subdivisions. >

* With the teeth ina straight line.
** With the teeth in a curved line.
*** With the teeth in a broken line.

~~ ee
* With the teeth ina straight line.

rortuosa. 1. Shell parallelopiped, distorted, with
the valves and sides unequal, and obliquely
keeled.

Arca tortuosa. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1140. Born Mus.
p- 87. Chemnitz, vii. p. 168. t. 53. f. 524 and 525.
Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 258. Gmelin, p. 3305. Barbut,
t.49.t.7.f.1. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 96.

Bonanni Rec. Supp. f.27 and 28, and Kirch. 2. f. 122 and
125. Rumphius, t.47.f. K. Petiver Amb. t. 20. f. 9.
Gualter, t. 95. f. B. Argenville, t. 19. f. I. Klein
Ost. t. 8. f. 16. Knorr, i. t. 23. f.3. Favanne, t.51.
f.G2. Enc. Meth, t. 305. f. 1.

Inhabits the Asiatic Seas. Bonanni. Amboyna. Rumphius.

+ Thave adopted Bruguiere’s subdivisions which are much better defined,
and more simple than those used by Linneus. Besides some other of Gmelin’s
species which are elsewhere mentioned, his A. pulchella, p. 5308, and A. lata, p.
3312. are undeserving of notice, and A. fossilis is a fossil, as the name implies,

VOL. I. Q

226 ARCA.

Red Sea. Forskael. China, and the Nicobar Islands. Hum-
phreys.

Shell about an inch or fotirteen lines long, and thrice as broad,
obliquely keeled and twisted; and almost equally broad
throughout, but rather narrower at the posterior end; the
colour is dirty or reddish white; both valves are marked
with decussated striz, and the part separated by the keel at
the anterior end of the larger valve is strongly wrinkled trans-
versely. Pennant mistook 4. Noe for this species, and Lin-
‘neus says, that 4. tortuosa has been found of a smaller size
on the coasts of Norway, which may probably have origi-
nated in some similar mistake.

Nox. 2. Shelli oblong-rhomboidal, strongly striated
longitudinally, with the apices incurved and
very remote; margin entire and gaping.

Arca Noe. Linnaus Syst. Nat. p.1140. Born Mus. p. »
88, and Vign, at p.86. f.b. Chemnitz, vil. p. 177. t.
53. f. 529 to 531. Schroeter Eml. ni. p. 260. Gmelin,
p- 3306. Montagu Test. p.139. ‘Donovan, v. t. 158.
f. 1 and 2. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p.
91. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 97. Lamarck Syst. des
Anim. p. 116.

Arca tortuosa. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 97.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 32, and Kirch. f. 31. Lister Conch.
t. 368. f. 208. Rumphius, t. 44. f. P. Petiver Amb.
t. 17. f. 10. -‘Gualier, t. 87. f. FH.) dreencille, t. 23.4.
G. Knorr, i. t.16. f. land 2. Regenfuss, 1. t. 12. f.
73. Favanne, t.51.f.D 4. Enc. Meth. t. 305. f. 2.

Inhabits the Red Sea, Mediterranean, and Indian Ocean.
Linnaus. Coasts of Barbadoes. Lister. Amboyna. Rum-
phius. Antilles. Regenfuss. Bay of Naples. Ulysses. Bri-
tam. Pennant, &c. Glamorganshire. L. W. D.

Shell about an inch long towards the anterior end, but is shorter
at the hinge, and the breadth is about two inches; the co-
lour is white, with diagonal parallel zic-zac chestnut stripes,
and the margin is dark brown; the broad flat space between
the apices has a few distant grooves radiating from the umbo
in each valve.

IMBRICATA. 38. Shell ovate-rhomboidal, with de-
cussated strie, of which the transverse are
imbricated and acute; apices incurved and
very remote; margin entire.

ARCA. 227

Arca imbricata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 98.

Arca Now, Var. Chemmitz, vil. p. 183. t. 54. f. 532.

Arca fusca. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 42. lot
1001. Donovan, v. t. 158. f. 3 aud 4. Montagu Supp.

Soll.

isaMsissole. Adanson Senegal, p. 250. t. 18. f. 9.

Lister Conch. t. 367. f. 207. Rumpnius, t. 44. f. L. Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 17. f. 6. Gualter, t. 87. f.. F and G.
Favanne, t. 51. f. D1. Enc. Meth. t. 305. f. 3 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. Goree. Adanson.
Cape of Good Hope. Brugwere. Mediterranean. Solan-
der. Britam. Donovan. Bantry Bay. L. W. D.

This shell differs from 4. Noe, with which it has been con-
founded by Schroeter, and Gmelin, m being generally smaller,
more ventricose, and narrower in proportion to the length ;
the longitudinal striz are rather finer, and are crossed trans-
versely by others which are acute and slightly imbricated ;
the anterior end, moreover, in 4. Nog, forms a right angle
with the hinge, but in this species it is oblique, and it is not
marked with any stripes.

NAVICULARIS. 4. Shell oblong-rhomboidal, com-
pressed in the middle, and longitudinally rib-
bed ; apices incurved, and very remote ; mar-
gin crenated at both ends.

Arca navicularis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 99.
Arca Now, Var. Chemnitz, vil. p. 183. t. 54. £533.

Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo. Bruguiere.

Bruguiere says that this species is always small, and that the
breadth is about fifteen lines ; a specimen now before me is,
however, three-quarters of an inch long, and two inches and
a quarter broad, and is shorter and more contracted in the
middle than at either end; the longitudinal ribs are rather
narrow and distant, particularly in the middle of the valves,
and the interstices are marked with minute slightly decus-
sated striae; the straight margin which contains the hinge,
projects at both ends beyond the sides ; by which, and its cre-
nated margin, this species may be readily distinguished from
either of the foregoing; the colour is white, with oblique
chestnut or orange zic-zac stripes like those of 4. Nue.

PLICATA. 95. Shell rhomboidal, with decussated
strie on the sides, and plaited and angulated
at the anterior end; margin crenated and
_ sinuated.

(9)
Q 2

228 ARCA.

Arca plicata. Chemnitz, xi. p. 244. t. 204. f. 2008.
Inhabits the Red Sea. Chemnitz.
This shell from Chemnitz’s figure, appears to be about eight
lines long and thirteen broad, and the colour is said to be
greyish white.

CANDIDA. 6. Shell oblong-sub-rhomboidal, with
longitudinal, slightly decussated, crenulated
strie, and intermediate smaller ones towards
the anterior end ; margin obsoletely toothed.

Arca candida. Chemnitz, vi. p. 195. t. 55. f. 542. Gmelin,
p- 3311.

Arca Helbingii. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 195.

Arca Jamaicensis. Gmelin, p. 3312.

Arca dealbata. Solander’s MSS.

Arca, No. 8. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 282, and No. 21. p.
285. i

Lister Conch. t. 229. f. 64.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. West Indies, and
Guinea. Brugwere.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long from the summit to
the opposite margin, which is narrower than towards the an-
terior end, and rather more than an inch and a quarter broad;
the summits are slightly recurved, and the space between
them is oblong-spear-shaped, and is rather broader in some
specimens than in others ; the colour is white.

COMPLANATA. 7. Shell transversely ovate, compres-
sed, with decussated strie, and truncated
obliquely at the posterior end; margin sinu-
ous, gaping, and entire.

Arca complanata. Chemnitz, vii. p. 198. t. 55. f. 544 and
545. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 100.

Arcacandida, Var. Gmelin, p. 3311.

Arca, No. 10. Schroeter Ein. ii. p. 283.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz. Madagascar. Bru-

uiere.

Shell about thirteen lines long, and two inches broad, and is
more compressed and shallower than any of its congeners ; it
is white all over, except the summits, which are slightly
tinged with fawn colour; the inside is marked with longitu-
dinal striaz, corresponding with those on the outside.

ARCA. 929

MAGELLANICA. 8. Shell transversely oblong, round-
ed at both ends, contracted in the middle,
and marked with decussated strie ; summits
approximated, and the margin entire.

Arca Magellanica. Chemnitz, vu. p. 192. t. 53. f. 539.
Gmelin, p. 3311. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 100.
_Arca, No. 5. Schroeter Find. lil. p. 281.

Inhabits the Straights of Magellan. Chemnitz.

Shell about ten or eleven lines long from the summit to the
opposite margin which is the shortest part, and the breadth
is about two and a half inches ; it has the hmge more nearly
central than in either of the foregoing species, but the ante-
rior is more produced than the posterior side; it is coated
with a bright brown, somewhat bearded, epidermis, beneath
which the shell is white.

BARBATA. 9. Shell transversely oblong, rounded at
both ends, and marked with decussated
strie ; summits approximated ; margin entire
and nearly closed.

Arca barbata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1140. Born Mus.
p- 89. Chemnitz, vii. p. 186. t. 54. £.535. Schroeter
Finl. ii. p. 262. Gmelin, p. 3306. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 101.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 79. and Kirch. f. 78. Gualter, t. 91.
f. PB. Argencitle,: C22 tes Kaori sO) §.°7.
Enc. Meth. t. 309. f. 1.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. Red Sea. Forskael.
Coasts of Spain, France, Italy and Barbary. Bruguiere.
Naples. Udysses.

Shel] about an inch and a half long, and rather more than two
inches and a half broad; it is covered with a pale reddish
brown epidermis, which forms dark shaggy bristles on the
longitudinal strize, and the umbones are depressed; with age
the length increases more on the anterior than on the pos-
terior side, and the hinge is consequently nearer to the cen-
ter im young, than in old shells.

LACERATA. 10. Shell transversely sub-ovate, de-
pressed, with longitudinal decussated strie,

alternately larger; margins crenulated and
closed,

230 ARCA.

Arca lacerata. Linnaeus Mus. Tessin. p. 116. t. 16. f. 1.
Chemnitz, vil. p. 189. t. 54. f. 586 and 537. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p. 101.

Arca barbata, Var. 8. Gmelin, p. 3307.

Arca, No. 3. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 280.

Seba, ii. t. 88. f.13. Favanne, t. 51. f. C.5. Enc. Meth.
t. 309. f. 2.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Linneus in the Systema Nature has blended this species with
A. barbata, from which it differs in having the anterior twice
as broad as the posterior end, the longitudinal striz alter-
nately larger, and the margin crenulated.

BICOLORATA. 11. Shell transversely oval, tumid,
with decussated strie ; summits approxi-
mated and recurved.

_ Arca bicolorata. Chemnitz, x1. p. 243. t. 204. f. 2007.
Inhabits the Red Sea on the coasts of Egypt and Arabia.

Chemnitz.

This shell according to Chemnitz’s figure is nearly an inch
long, and rather more than an inch and a quarter broad, and
of a chestnut colour, except at the umbones which are white
and shining.

NIVEA. 12. Shell transversely oval, ventricose, some-
what angulated at the anterior end, and
marked with longitudinal decussated ribs.

Arca nivea. Chemnitz, vil. p. 191. t. 54. f. 538.
Arca foliata. Forskael Itin. p. 31,

Arca ovata. Gmelin, p. 3307.

Arca, No. 4. Schroeter Einl, ii. p. 280.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Forskael.

Shell two inches and one line long, and three inches and two
Imes broad, and Forskael says the breadth is frequently four
inches; it is marked with crowded, narrow, longitudinal ribs,
which become stronger towards the margin; it is white,
coated with a blackish hairy epidermis, and the margin is
often fringed with its remains; the valves will not shut close
in the middle.

CANCELLATA. 13. Shell with cancellated striz, and
bearded ; margin gaping in the middle.

Arca cancellata. Gmelin, p. 3308.
Arca, No. 38. Schroeter Einl. mi. p. 294. t. 9. f. 2

ARCA. 231

Inhabits the coasts of Curagoa. Schroeter.

This is rather an uncertain species, and is described by Schroe-
ter to have a mossy epidermis, beneath which it is brown
mottled with white, and the inside is brownish ; the summits
are slightly recurved, and under them there is said to be a
lanceolate depression ; the figure represents it to be about
the same size as 4. fusca, and furnished at both ends with
four hairy pencil-like tufts.

FuscA.. 14. Shell transversely ovate, with longitu-
dinal granulated strie; summits approxt
mated ; margins nearly entire and closed.

Arca fusca. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 102,

Arca barbata, Var. 8. Gmelin, p. 3307.

Arca, No. 2. Schroeter Einl. ni. p. 279.

Amygdalum frixum. Chemnitz, vii. p. 185. t. 54. f. 534.

Lister Conch. t. 231. f. 65. Gualter, t. 90. f. B. D’ Avila,
t.7.f. R.

Inhabits the coasts of Barbadoes. Lister. Antilles. Chem-
mitz. Madagascar. Bruguiere.

Shell commonly about half or three-quarters of an inch long,
and the breadth exceeds the length rather more than one
third, but Martin’s figure represents a specimen twice as
large, and is badly executed ; it is of a chestnut brown co-
lour, with one or two broad whitish rays extending from the
summits to the margin. Schroeter has conjectured that this
may be the Linnean 4. modiolus.

mMopDIOLUs, 15. Shell oblong, longitudinally striat-
ed, with a projecting angle on the anterior
side, and the other incurved.

Arca modiolus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1141. Gmelin, p.
3307.
Mytilus exustus. Schroeter Einl. ni. p. 432. Gmelin, p.
3352.
Mytilus citrus. Chemnitz, vin. p. 175. t. 84. f. 754.
Mytilus flavicans. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 43.
No. 794.
Lister Conch. t. 365. f. 205.
Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. Coast of Barbadoes.
Lister, St.Thomas and St. Croix. Chemnitz.
Shell about thirteen or fourteen lines long, and five or six broad;
yellow, more or less variegated with chestnut, and the inside
white tinged with violet; valves striated longitudinally, and

232 ARCA.

the striz are much stronger on the anterior than on the pos-
terior side; the summits are recurved, and a little distant

from each other ; hinge elongated and oblique. This species
has much the habit of a Mytilus.

CONCAMERATA. 16. Shell rhombical-heart-shaped,
truncated and gaping at the anterior end, and
the inside furnished with an ear-shaped ap-
pendage; hinge with two teeth at each end.

fd concamerata. Martini Besch. Berl. Naturf. iu. p. 292.

t. 7. f. 15 and 16.

Arca cucullata. Chemnitz, vii. p. 174. t. 53. f. 526 to 528.

Arca Cucullus. Gmelin, p. $311.

Arca labiata. So/ander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 185. lot
3947.

Arca concamera. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 104.

Cuculleea auriculifera. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 116.

D’ Avila, t.18.f.V. Favanne, t. 51. f. A. Enc. Meth.
t. 304.

Tnhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and three inches and
a quarter broad; of a reddish brown colour, and the inside
often tinged with violet; it is marked with strong longitudinal
and minute transverse strize; an internal ear-shaped appendage,
and two rather large teeth at each end of the straight crenated
hinge readily distinguish this species.

ANTIQUATA. 17. Shell obliquely heart-shaped, with
rounded slightly wrinkled longitudinal ribs ;

apices remote and recurved; margin cre-
nated.

Arca antiquata. Linnaeus Syst Nat. p.1141. Born Mus.
p- 90. Schroeter Exnl. ii. p. 266. Gmelin, p. 3409.
Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 103.

Arca scapha. Gronovius Zooph. p. 274. t. 18. f. 13.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 201. t. 55. f. 548 and 549. Ulysses’s
Travels, p. 489.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 2. f..74. Laster Conch. t. 230.
f. 64 a, and t. 236. f. 70. Rumphius, t.44.f. 1. Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 17. f.8. Gualter, t. 87.f. Band C. dAdan-
son Senegal, t. 18. f.7. Knorr, i.t. 21. f.3 and 4. Enc.
Meth. t. 306.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. Malacca. Rumphius.

ARCA. ee 573)

Mouths of the Niger. Adanson. Red Sea. Forskael. Cey-
lon. Gronovius. Islands of France, Bourbon, and Mada-
gascar. Bruguiere. Naples. Ulysses. West Indies. Hum-
phreys.

Shell about two inches long, and rather more than three inches
broad; white tinged with pale flesh colour at the summits,
and coated with a brown hairy epidermis; there are about
thirty-six rounded longitudinal ribs, and the anterior end is
produced, compressed, and slightly angulated; the inside is
white, and marked with shallow longitudinal grooves. _Keem-
merer erroneously considered Chemnitz’s fig. 549. to be a
variety of 4. rhombea. Arca scapha of Gmelin is wrongly
named, for it is 4. scaphiuncula and not A. scapha of Gro-
novius, and is too uncertain a species to be retained.

GRANOSA. 18. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, ven-
tricose, thick, with strong nodulous longitu-

dinal ribs ; apices remote and recurved ; mar-
gin crenated.

Arca granosa. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1142. Chemnitz,
vil. p. 219. t. 56. £.557. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 268.
Gmelin, p. 3310. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 104.

Lister Conch. t. 241. f. 78. and t. 242. f.79. Rumphius,
t.44.f.K. Petiver Amb. t.17. f..7. Gualter, t. 87.
f. EE. <Argenville, t.27. f.C. Klein Osé. t. 10. f. 45
and 46. Knorr, vi. t. 34. f.2. Favanne, t. 51. f. C1.
Enc. Meth. t. 307. f. 1.

{nhabits the coasts of Campeachy. Lister. Southern Europe.
Linneus. 'Tranquebar, and the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.
Italy, Tuscany, and the Antilles. Bruguiere.

Shell an inch and a half, or two inches long, and the breadth
nearly the same ; almost equilateral, white, and coated with
a brown epidermis, which it is difficult entirely to remove ;
it has about twenty-five longitudinal ribs, armed with round

somewhat spinous nodules, and crossed by fine transverse
striz.

RHOMBEA. 19. Shell heart-shaped, with longitudi-
nal transversely striated ribs ; apices remote,
and the intervening space rhomboidal.

Arca rhombea. Born Mus. p. 90. Chemnitz, vii. p. 211.

t. 56. f. 553, a and 6. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 105.
Arca rhomboidea. Gmelin, p. 3314.

934 ARCA.

Arca imbricata. Solander’s MSS.

Arca, No. 13. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 284.

Cardium Brasiliense. Gmelin, p. 3255.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 395, and Kirch. 2. f. 117. Lister
Conch. t.244. f. 75. Rumphius, t. 44. f. N. Petiver
Amb. t.17.f. 5. Gualter, t. 87. f. A. Knorr, iv. t. 14.
f.2. Favanne, t. 51.f.C 3. Enc. Meth. t. 307. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Brazil. Bonanni. East Indies. Lister.
Tranquebar, the Nicobar Islands, and Island of St. Croix,
in the West Indies. Chemnitz.

Shell about fourteen lines long, and sixteen broad; gibbous,
white, coated with a brown epidermis, and has the anterior
slope heart-shaped; there are about twenty-six longitudinal
ribs strongly striated transversely, .and their interstices nearly
smooth ; margin crenated. Gmelin’s Cardium Brasiliense
is constituted wholly from Bonanni’s figures, and these are
quoted both by Chemnitz and Bruguiere for the present spe-
cles.

SENILIS. 20. Shell heart-shaped, thick, ventricose,
with remote broad longitudinal ribs, and the
margin plaited; apices recurved and distant.

Arca senilis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1142. Chemnitz, vii.
p- 213. t. 56. f. 554 to 556. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 267.
Gmelin, p. 3309. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 105.

Le Fagan. Adanson Senegal. p. 246. t. 18, f. 5.

Lister Conch. t. 238. f. 72. Gualter, t.87. f. D. Argen-
ville, t. 23. f. K. Faoanne, t. 53.f, C. Enc. Meth. t.
308. f. 1. |

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister, Mouths of the Niger.
Adanson. Guinea. Humphreys.
Shell from two to three inches long, and about equally broad ;
anne white, and coated with a greenish epidermis ; it
as twelve longitudinal ribs, of which seven are particularly
large and broad ; the umbones are much elevated, and thie
summits recurved obliquely towards the posterior slope ; the
inside is white and highly polished.

inDICA. 21. Shell somewhat rhombic, with the
valves unequal and longitudinally ribbed;
summits approximated ; margin serrated.
Arca Indica. Gmelin, p. 3312.
Arca Indie Orientalis. Chemnitz, vil. p. 196. t. 55. f.
543.

ARCA 235

Arca, No.9. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 282.
Lister Conch. t. 232. f. 66.

Variety. With the anterior end truncated.

Arca inequivalvis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 106.
Arca, No, 12. Schroeter Einl. in, p. 284.

Arca rhomboidalis. Chemnitz, vil. p. 210. t. 56. f. 552.
Enc, Meth.t. 305: : 3 6:

Tnhabits the coasts of Coromandel and Tranquebar. Chem-
nitz.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and twice as broad ;
but the variety is less produced, and rather truncated at the
anterior end, so that its breadth is smaller in proportion to
the length; one valve is larger, so as to project at the margin
beyond the other; the colour is whitish. 1 am unacquainted
with the 4. rhomboidalis of Chemnitz, which I have fol-
lowed Gmelin in placing as a variety, and which, from the
figure, appears to be larger, and probably a distinct spe-
cies.

CORBULA. 22. Shell ovate, with longitudinal, no-
dulous, rather spinous, sub-triangular ribs ;
summits obtuse and approximated; margin
crenulated.

Variety A. Somewhat compressed.

Arca corbula. Chemnitz, vil. p. 222. t. 56. f. 558.
Arca corbicula. Gmelin, p. 3310.
Arca, No. 14. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 285.

Variety B. Somewhat ventricose.

Arca granosa minor. Chemmnitz,.vil. p. 222. t. 56. f. 559.

Arca aculeata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 107.

Arca carinata, Solander’s MSS.

Arca, No. 15. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 285.

Lister Conch. t. 234. f.68. Klein Ost. t. 10. f. 43 and
44. Enc. Meth. t. 309. f. 5.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. Cape
of Good Hope. Bruguwiere.

Shell about ten lines long, and rather more than an inch broad;
white or brownish, with a tinge of blue both inside and out
at the anterior end ; it has about twenty-two somewhat trian-
gular longitudinal ribs, with four or five conical nodules or
spines on each; the two shells figured by Chemnitz appear
to differ only im the valves of the one being more compressed
than in the other.

236 ARCA.

SENEGALENSIS. 23. Shell ovate, with convex lon-

gitudinal ribs, and the inside striated; mar-
gin crenated.

Arca Senegalensis. Gmelin, p. 3312.

Arca Robet. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 107.
Arca, No. 35. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 292.

Le Robet. Adanson Senegal, p. 248. t. 18. f.6.

Inhabits the coasts of Senegal, about the Mouths of the Niger.

Adanson.

Adanson describes this species to be about eight lines long, and

ten broad, and the depth of the two valves is about equal to
the length; the colour is white, sometimes tinged with red ;
it has twenty-six convex longitudinal ribs, which are mostly
smooth, but sometimes slightly wrinkled transversely, and the
inside has twice as many longitudinal striz.

LACTEA. 24. Shell sub-rhomboidal, diaphanous,

with obsolete decussated strize; summits re-
curved and distant; margin entire.

Arca lactea. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1141. Da Costa
Brit. Conch. p. 171. t. 11. f. 5. Chemnitz, vii. p. 200.
t.55. f. 547. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 265. Gmelin, p.
3309. Montagu Test. p. 138. Donovan, iv. t. 135.
Matonand Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 93. Dorset
Cat. p. 36. t. 11. f. 5. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 108.

Arca barbata. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 98. t. 58. f. 59.

Arca crinita. Solander’s MSS. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat.
p- 34.

Arca nodulosa. Muller Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 247.?

Arca Afra. Gmelin, p. 3408.

Arca, No. 36. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 293.

Le Jabet. Adanson Senegal, p. 250. t. 18. f. 8.

Bonanni Rec. 2. £.34. and Kirch. f. 33. Lister Conch. t.
235. f.69. Petiwer Gaz. t. 73. f. 1.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Adriatic. Bonanni.

Guernsey. Lister. Goree. Adanson. Britain. Pennant, &c.

Shell about five or six lines long, and eight broad; yellowish

L

white, covered with a brown epidermis, beneath which it is
marked with extremely delicate crowded decussated strie.
Linnezus has described the margin to be crenulated, but m
all other respects this shell agrees better with his description
than 4. reticulata, which was arranged in the Portland Ca-
binet under this name. ;

ARCA. 237

RETICULATA. 25. Shell sub-rhomboidal, slightly
compressed, with decussated striz ; summits
approximated, and the margin crenated.

Arca reticulata. Chemnitz, vii. p. 193. t. 54. f. 540. Gme-
lin, p. 3311.

Arca lactea/ Solander’s MSS.

Arca, No. 6. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 281.

Laster Conch. t. 233. f. 67.

Inhabits the coasts of the West India Islands. Chemnitz. Ja-
maica, Ascension Island, and Madras. Solander. Naples.
Ulysses.

Shell about eight lines long, and fifteen broad; it is not only
rather larger, and much broader in proportion than 4. dac-
tea, but also differs in being thicker, more compressed and
angulated at the anterior end, and has the decussated striz
stronger, and the margin crenated.

LEVIGATA. 26. Shell oblong-ovate, smooth, round-
ed at both, and slightly angulated at the an-
terior end, and obsoletely striated longitudi-
nally ; margin entire.

Arca levigata. Spengler Cat. Rais. t. 1. f. 10 and 11.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 194. t. 54. f. 541.

Arca pellucida. Gmelin, p. 3308.

Arca Nicobarica. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 108.

Arca, No. 7. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 281.

Enc. Meth. t. 309. f. 8.

Inhabits the cvasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about half an inch long, and eleven lines broad ; transpa-
rent, brittle, of a yellowish white colour, and marked only
with obsolete distant longitudinal striz, which are hardly dis-
coverable without a glass; it has the habit of a Tellina, and
the hinge of an Arca.

PELLA. 27. Shell sub-triangular-ovate, minutely
striated transversely, and somewhat beaked
at the anterior end; margin entire.

Arca Pella. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1141. Schroeter Einl.
iil. p. 264. Gmelin, p. $307. Bruguiere Enc. Meth.
p- 109.
Arca fragilis, Chemnitz, vil. p. 199. t. 55. f. 546.
Enc. Method. t. 309. f. 9.
Tnhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. Shores at Cadiz.

238 ARCA.

Chemmtz. 'Tarentum. Ulysses. “Nice. Bruguiere.

Shell about four or five lines long, and six or seven broad;
white, shining, diaphanous, and brittle; it is angulated, and
slightly beaked at the anterior, and rounded at the posterior
end; the transverse striz are slightly oblique, and the hinge
has its teeth remarkably large and acute. Chemnitz, although
he has given it another name, considered this to be the Lin-

nean A. Pella.

** With the Teeth in a curved line.

4 .
CAMPECHENSIS. 28. Shell ovate-heart-shaped, with
longitudinal ribs, and crowded transverse
strie ; margin crenated.

Arca Campechensis. Gmelin, p. 3312.

Arca ovalis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 110.

Arca declivis. Solander’s MSS.

Arca, No. 22. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 288.

Lister Conch. t. 237. f.71. Ene. Meth. t. 310. f. 1.
Inhabits the Bay of Campeachy. Lister. Coasts of Jamaica,

and Carolina. Solander. . |
Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and an inch and three

quarters broad ; white, tinged with flesh colour at the margin

and summits; it has about twenty-five longitudinal ribs,

which are crossed with crowded imbricated strie, and at first

sight has more the appearance of a Cardium than of an

Arca,

PEcTUNCULUS. 29. Shell sub-orbicular, thick,
slightly eared, with longitudinal transversely
wrinkled rather distant ribs ; margin plaited.

Arca pectunculus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1142. Born
Mus. p. 92. Chemnitz, vii. p. 238. t. 58. f. 568 and 569.
Schroeter Einl. iii. p.273. Gmelin, p. 3313. Brugutere
Enc. Meth. p. 111. Brooks’s Introd. p. 73. t. 3. f.37.

Pectunculus subauritus. | Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p.
115.

Cardium amboinense. Gmelin, p. 3255.

Cardium, No. 27. Schroeter Einl. in. p. 62.

Bonanni Rec. Supp. f. 23. and Kirch. 2. f. 129. Lister

i Conch. t. 239. f. 73. Gualter, t.72.f.H. <Argenoille,
t.24. f. B. Favanne, t. 53. f. Kand D6. nc. Meth.
CHS Wir ENG

ARCA. 239

Inhabits the coasts of Bengal. Lzster. America. Linnaus.
Red Sea. Forskael. South Seas. Humphreys. Antilles,
Bruguiere.

Shell about an inch and a half in diameter, thick, rather pon-
derous, and has from sixteen to twenty broad strong longi-
tudinal ribs; the margins of both the slopes are protuber-
ant by the hinge, and this gives the shell some slight appear-
ance of being eared ; the colour is white, marked with irre-
gular interrupted transverse bands, or spotted with reddish
brown; the inside is white, more or less spotted with brown
towards the margin.

PECTINATA. 30. Shell orbicular, with smooth longi-
tudinal crowded ribs ; margin crenated.

Arca pectinata. Gmelin, p. 3313.

Arca pectunculus minor. Chemmitz, vil. p. 238. t. 58. f.
571 and 572.

Arca pectunculus, Var. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.111.

Arca, No. 19. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 287.

Lister Conch. t. 243. f.74. Favanne, t. 53.f.D 7. Enc.
Meth. t. S1Y. £..6:

Inuhabits the coasts of Barbadoes. Lister. West Indies. Chem-
nitz.

Shell commonly about three-quarters of an inch in diameter,
white, and irregularly marked with pale brown or yellowish
spots ; it differs from 4. pectunculus, not only in its smaller
size, but also in having the longitudinal ribs much more
crowded and numerous.

DECUSSATA. 31. Shell orbicular, with decussated
strie ; apices approximated, and the margin
crenated.

Arca decussata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1142. Chemnitz,
vil, p. 226. t. 57. f. 561. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 270.
Gmelin, p. 3310. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 112.

Knorr, v. t. 30. f. 5. Regenfuss, i. t. 2. f. 22. Enc. Meth.
to Sal. £01.

Inhabits the Indies. Linneus. Coasts of the Danish Island
of St. Thomas. Chemnitz.

Shell about seventeen lines long, and eighteen broad; white,
with reddish brown oblong spots, which sometimes form ir-
regular transverse bands ; it is indistinctly marked with about
fifty-four obsolete very slightly elevated ribs, and the decus-
sated stria are so fine as to be hardly discoverable without

~ the assistance of a glass.

240 ARCA.

HQUILATERA. 32. Shell somewhat heart-shaped,
longitudinally striated both inside and out;
apices approximated, and the margin plaited.

Arca equilatera. Gmelin, p. 3311.

Arca variegata zequilatera, Chemnitz, vil. p. 227. t. 57. f.
562.

Arca, No. 16. Schroeter Hinl. ii. p. 286.

Inhabits the coasts of the West India Islands. Chemnitz.

This shell is nearly of the same size, and a good deal resembles
A. decussata, but it is constantly thinner, and much less
rounded on the slopes ; the colour is pale chestnut, variegated
with white.

PALLENS. 33. Shell sub-orbicular, and slightly ob-
lique, with decussated striz 5; summits re-
curved, and the cartilage cleft extremely nar-

- row; margin crenated.

Arca pallens. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1142. Schroeter Einl.
iii. p. 270. t. 9. f.1. Gmelin, p.3311. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p, 112.

Inhabits the Indies. Linnaus.

The shell figured for this species by Schroeter, is but little
more than three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and marked
with very minute decussated striz; the summits are central
and inflected, but not turned towards either side; the colour
is pale, with a reddish or sometimes a greyish tinge, and the
inside is reddish.

ANGULOSA. 34. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, ven-
tricose, striated longitudinally, and angulated
at the anterior end; summits inflected, and
the margin crenated.

Arca angulosa. Gmelin, p. 3315.
Arca sinuata, seu sub-angulata. Chemnitz, vil. p. 234. t. 57.
f. 567.
Arca angulata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 234.
Venus pellucida. Gmelin, p. 3290.?
Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 397. and Kirch. 2. f.118.? Lister
Conch. t. 245. f. 76.
Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. Brazils. Bonanni ?
West Indies, and coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz.
Shell about two inches long, and two inches and two lines
broad; the colour is brown, except on the two sides which

ARCA. ay |

are white, and marked obliquely with. reddish bands. Both
Chemnitz and Bruguiere have quoted the above-mentioned
figures of Bonanmi’s for this species, and from these the
Venus pellucida of Gmelin has been constituted.

unpATA. 35. Shell sub-orbicular, nearly smooth,
with obsolete reticulated strie ; cartilage
cleft lanceolate; margin crenated.

Arca undata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1142. Chemnitz,
vil, p. 224. t. 57. f. 560. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 271.
Gmelin, p. 3312. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 224.

Arca decussata. Born Mus. p. 91.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 60, and Kirch. f. 58. Gualter, t. 72.
f.G. Knorr, vi. t. 14. f. 4.

Junior. Arca marmorata. Chemnitz, vil. p. 228. t. 57. f.
563. Gmelin, p. 3514.

Arca, No. 17. Schroeter Einl. i, p. 286.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 61, and Karch. f. 60.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Linneus. Mediterranean.
D’ Herbigny. West Indies. Chemnitz. Naples. Ulysses.
Common in the Adriatic, and on the shores of Italy. Bru-
guiere.

Shell from an inch and a half to two inches and a half long ;
and Chemmitz says that the length and breadth are equal, but
according to Bruguiere, the former rather exceeds the latter;
the colour is white, variegated with yellowish red spots, which
are generally formed into undulated transverse bands. Born
mistook this shell for the Linnzan 4. decussata, and doubted
whether it is more than a Variety of 4. pilosa, and Mon-
tagu considered it to be the young of that species; see Test.
Brit. Supp. p. 55. Ulysses says, that the valves shut closer
than those of either 4. g/ycymeris, or A. pilosa.

GLYCYMERIS. 36. Shell ovate-sub-orbicular, in-
equilateral, gibbous, with obsolete decussated
strie ; umbones incurved, and the margin
crenated.

Arca glycymeris. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1143. Chemnitz,
vil. p. 229. t. 57. f. 564. Schroeter Kind. iii. p. 274.
Gmelin, p. 3313. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.115. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 93. t. 3. f. 3.

Lister Conch. t. 247. f. 82. Gualter, t. 82. f.C and D.

, Knorr, vi. t. 14. f. 3.2 Enc. Meth. t. 310. f. 3.
Inhabits the coasts of Guernsey. Lister. Red Sea. Forskael.
¥OL. J. R

242 ARCA.

Adriatic. Chemnitz. Mediterranean. Bruguiere. Coasts
of Britain. Sowerby, &c.

Shell about two inches and two lines long, and two inches and
a half broad, of a rusty brown colour, variously mottled or
striped with white, or white with chestnut, orange, or yel-
lowish brown stripes. Bruguiere says it differs from A.
pilosa in being broader in proportion to the length, and in-
equilateral, and in having the summits rather more elevated.
Montagu on the other hand in his Supplement, p. 55. has
given some strong reasons for his opinion that 4. pilosa, and
A. glycymeris are mere trifling Varieties of the same species.

PILOSA. $7. Shell sub-orbicular, equilateral, with
obsoletely decussated strie ; umbones incur-
ved, and the margin crenated.

Arca pilosa. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1143. Born Mus.
p- 92. Chemnitz, vii. p. 231. t. 57. f. 565° and 566.
Schroeter Hinl. iii. p. 275. Gmelin, p. 3314. Brugwere
Enc. Meth. p. 216. Montagu Test. p. 126, and Supple-
ment, p. 55. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii.
p- 94. t. 3. f. 4. Dorset Cat. p. 36. t.11. f. 2.

Arca glycymeris. Pennant ool. iv. p. 98. t. 58. f. 58.
Donovan, ii. t. 37.
Glycymeris orbicularis. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 168. t.

PY: £2.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 80, and Kirch. f. 79. Gualter, t. 73.
f. A. Knorr, ii. t. 23. f. 6, and vi. t. 12.f.4. Favanne,
t. 53.f.D 2@and D5. Enc. Method. t. 310. f. 2.

inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. Coasts of Britain.

Pennant, §c. France, Spain, and Italy. Bruguiere.

Shell sometimes nearly four inches long, and about equally
broad, but when it is full grown the length is said by Bru-
guiere to rather exceed the breadth ; it is covered, as also is_
A. glycymeris, with a brown somewhat hairy epidermis, and
the colour and markings are similar and equally various ; it
is marked with transverse antiquated ridges, and obsolete
longitudinal stria. Ulysses says, that the well known false
Cameos are made at ‘Trapani of this shell.

STELLATA. 38. Shell orbicular, with minute decus-
sated striz ; summits curved obliquely, and
stellated ; margin crenated.

Aréa stellata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.117.
Venus stellata. - Gmelin, p. 3289.

ARCA. 243

Venus, No. 87. Schroeter inl. ii. p. 181.
Le Vovan. Adanson Senegal, p. 253. t. 18. f. 10.
Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 62, and Kirch. f. 61.

Inhabits the coasts of Portugal. Bonanni. Goree and Cape
Verd. Adanson.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and the length and breadth
are equal; it may be distinguished from the foregoing species
by its more approximated summits, which are curved to-
wards one side, and by being perfectly orbicular ; it is thin-
ner than A. decussata, and has the slopes more rounded than
in A. equilatera.

scRIPTA. 39. Shell orbicular, convex, with decus-
sated stria, and transverse zic-zac lines ;
summits curved obliquely ; margin crenated.

Arca scripta. Born Mus. p. 93. t.6. f. 1. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p. 117.

Arca pilosa Var. Gmelin, p.3314.

Arca, No.25. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 289.

Lister Conch. t. 246. f. 80. Enc. Meth. t. 311. f. 8.

Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo. Bruguiere.

Shell about two inches in diameter, and we have the high au-
thority of Bruguiere for considering it a distinct species, al-
though Maton and Racket, as well as Gmelin, have quoted
Born’s figure for a Variety of 4. pilosa; it is white, marked
with delicate transverse yellowish zic-zac lines nearly in the
same manner as Venus scripta.

NUMMARIA. 40. Shell orbicular, slightly eared,
nearly smooth, and minutely striated trans-
versely ; summits incurved, and the margin
crenulated.

Arca nummaria. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1143. Chemnitz,
vil. p. 239. t. 58. f.572. Gmelin, p. 3314. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth, p. 118.

Arca pectinata Var. Gmelin, p. 3313.

Arca, No. 25. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 288.

Lister Conch. t. 239. f. 81. Klein Ost. t..10. f. 41. Ene.
Method. t. 311. f. 4.

{nhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Coasts of Spain about
Cadiz. Chemnitz.

Shell about half an inch in diameter, white, and marked with
undulated brown stripes or dots; the sides project a little at
the terminations of the hinge, which gives them some re-

Rg

244 ARCA.

semblance to the auricles of a Pecten; the summits are cen-
tral, incurved, and so approximated as almost to touch each
other.

MULTISTRIATA. 41. Shell ovate-sub-orbicular, ra-
ther compressed, with crowded longitudinal
and minute transverse strie ; margin very
entire.

Arca multistriata. Forskael’s Descrip. Anim. in Itin. p.
123. Chemnitz, vii. p. 240. t. 58. f. 573. Brugwere
Enc. Meth. p. 118.

Arca striata. Gmelin, p. $308.

Arca, No. 20. Schroeter Kinl. ii. p. 287.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Forskael.

Shell about an inch long, and hardly eleven lines broad, of a
pale fawn colour, with transverse brown bands, and the in-
side is reddish ; the longitudinal striz are very numerous and
distinctly marked, and those which cross them transversely
are so minute as to be hardly discoverable without a glass ;
the valves become flattish towards the margin which is en-
tire, and this species may thereby be readily known.

*** With the Teeth in a broken line.

NucLEUS. 42. Shell somewhat triangular, smooth,
and the inside pearly; apices recurved, and
approximated ; margin crenated.

Arca nucleus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1143. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 98. Chemnitz, vii. p. 241. t. 58. f. 574.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 277. Gmelin, p. 3314. Donovan,
ii. t.63. Montagu Test. p.141. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 95. Dorset Cat. p. 37. t. 12. f.
6. Brooks's Int. p. 73. t. 3. f. 36.

Arca margaritacea. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 109.

Nucula margaritacea. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 115.

Glycymeris argentea. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 170. t.
15. 6.

Tellina Adriatica. Gmelin, p. 3243.

Donax argentea. Gmelin, p. 3265.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 34, and Kirch. f. 33. Petiver Gaz. t.
17. f.9. Gualter, t.88.f. R. Enc. Meth. t. 311. f. 3.

Inhabits the Adriatic. Bonanni. Coasts of Britain. Pennant,

Sc. Naples. Ulysses. St. Domingo. Bruguiere..

ARCA. 945

Shell commonly rather more than four lines long, and five
broad ; white, coated with a glossy olivaceous epidermis,
and the inside pearly ; it is marked with a few obsolete con-
centric wrinkles, and minute longitudinal striz, which are
hardly discoverable without the help of a glass.

ROSTRATA. 43. Shell oblong, with an attenuated
beak on the anterior side, and finely striated
transversely ; margin very entire.

Arca rostrata. Martini Besch. Berlin Naturf. iii. p. 297.
t.7. f.17 and 18. Gmelin, p. 3308. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p.110. Montagu Supp. p. 55. t. 27. f. 7.

Arca Pernula. Muller Besch. Berlin Naturf. iv. p. 55.?

Arca fluviatilis. Schroeter Flussconch. p. 187. t. 9. f. 2.

Arca Martini rostrata. Chemnitz, vil. p. 206. t. 55. f. 550
and 551.

Arca margaritacea. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
187. lot S977.

Arca, No. 11. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 283.

Favanne, t. 80. f. E. Enc. Meth. t. 309. f. 7.

Inhabits the Baltic and the coasts of Norway. Schroeter.
Scotland. Montagu.

Shell about haif an inch long, and rather more than twice as
broad ; rounded at one end, and the other extended into an
attenuated, and somewhat arcuated beak ; it is pellucid, of a
pale horn colour, coated with a greenish epidermis, and the
side is highly polished. Both Muller and Chemnitz have
found it in the stomach of a fish, belongmg to the Genus
Pleuronectes.

MINUTA. 44. Shell oblong-oval, with a truncated
angulated beak at the anterior end, and finely
striated transversely ; margin very entire.

Arca minuta. Muller Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 247. Fabri-
clus Ena. Grenl, p. 414. Gmelin, p. 3309. Mont. Test.
p- 140. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 92.
Arca modiolus. Walker’s Min.Shells, f. 81. Adams’s
Micros. p. 643. t. 14. f. 43.
Arca caudata. Donovan British Shells, iii. t. 78.
Tnhabits the Baltic. Mudler. Coasts of Greenland. Fabricius.
Britain, Boys, &c.
Shell about three eighths of an inch long, and half an inch
broad ; whitish or yellowish, sometimes marked with paler
transverse bands, and the inside very glossy; it has similar

246 ARCA.

angulated teeth, with the angular sides placed towards the
umbo, and is very nearly allied to 4. rostrata, but is much
narrower in proportion to the length.

TENUIS. 45. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, smooth;
umbones small, with the summits slightly in-
flected, and placed near to one end ; margin
entire.

Arca tenuis. Montagu Supp. p. 56. t. 29. f. 1.

Inhabits the Sea in Dunbar and Leith Roads. Laskey.

Shell hardly a quarter of an inch long, and the breadth but very
little exceeds the length; it is white, covered with an oliva-
ceous epidermis, and the inside is somewhat pearly. Mr.
Montagu says, the hinge is pectinated with about fifteen
elevated teeth placed within the margin, six on one side and
nine on the other, divided by a small concave plate that pro-
jects forwards.

Senug XIV.

OSTREA:

SHELL BIVALVE, WITH THE VALVES UNEQUAL AND
GENERALLY EARED: HINGE 'TOOTHLESS, WITH
AN OVATE FOSSULE, AND LATERAL TRANSVERSE
STRIE,

Subdivisions. |

* Valves with the auricles equal.
** Valves with the auricles unequal.
*** Walves more gibbous on one side than on the
other.
****- Valves coarse and rugged.
**e** With the hinge composed of transverse fur-
rows in a straight line.

* Valves with the auricles equal.

‘MAXIMA. 1. Shell with about fourteen rounded,
longitudinally striated ribs, and the upper
valve impressed between the auricles.

+ Besides several others which are elsewhere mentioned, the following of
Gmelin’s species appear to be undeserving of notice :

O. annulata, p. 3338. O. arata, p. 3527. O. aurantia, p. 5321. QO. depressa,
p. 3330. 0. exalbida, p. 3337. OU. fusca, p. 3320. VU. innominate, p. 3329. O.
modesta, p. 3331. O. papyracea, p. 3337. O. principalis, p. 5331. O. retusa,
p- 3338. O. seminuda, p. 3331. O. septemradiata, p. 3327. O, spondyloides,
p- 3321. O. squamata, p. 3329. Q. Valentini, p. 3329. O. violacea, p, 35%1.
O. vittata, p. 3321. O. mytiloides, and O, torta, p. 3339, are fossils.

5

248 OSTREA.

Ostrea maxima. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1144. Born
Mus. p. 98. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 298. Gmelin, p.
3315. Donovan, ii. t.49. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. vii. p. 96. Dorset Cat. p. 37. t. 9. f. 3.

Pecten maximus. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 99. t. 59. f. 61.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 268. t. 60. f. 585. Montagu Test. p.
143.

Pecten vulgaris. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 140. t. 9. f. 3.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 8, and Kirch. t.. 7. Lister Anim. Ang.
t. 5. f. 29, and Conch. t. 163. f. 1. Gualter, t. 98. f. A
and B. Knorr, i. t. 14. f. 1. Regenfuss, i. t. 2. f. 19,
and t. 7. f.3. Enc. Meth. t. 209. f. 1.

Inhabits the European Ocean; coasts of Sweden. Linnaeus.
Britain. Lister, &¢. Denmark. Muller. Norway and the
Mediterranean. Regenfuss. Spain and Portugal. Chem-
nitz.

Shell about four inches Jong, and four and a half broad; lower
valve very convex, white, tinged with yellow, and the upper
flattish and of a brownish red colour; or sometimes variegated
with pink and brown: either this species or O. Jacoba@a
was formerly worn by pilgrims as a mark that they had been
in the Holy Land, and therefore frequently occurs in ar-
morial bearings.

JACOBEA. 2. Shell with about sixteen’ angulated,
longitudinally striated ribs, and the upper
valve impressed between the auricles.

Ostrea Jacobea. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1144. Born
Mus. p. 98. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 209. Gmelin, p.
3316. Donovan, iv. t. 137. Maton and Racket, in
Lin. Trans. viii. p.97. Dorset Cat. p. 37. t. 13. f. 2.

Pecten Jacobeus. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 100. t. 60. f. 62.
Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 143. Montagu Test. p. 144.

Pecten Jacobi. Chemnitz, vii. p. 273. t. 60. f. 588 and
589.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 2. f. 4. Lister Conch. t. 165. f.
2 andt. 166. f. 3. Gualter, t. 99. f. B. Knorr, ii. t. 29:
f. 3, aud vi. t. 38. f. 1. Favanne, t.54.f. 11. Ene.
Meth. t. 209. f. 2.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. Coasts of Britain.

Pennant, §c. Naples. Ulysses. Adriatic. Chemnitz.

This species is very nearly allied to O. maxima, but is usually
smaller, and has the lower valve more concave and white,
and the ribs flat and angular.

OSTREA. 249

zic-zac. 3. Shell with about twenty depressed ribs;
lower valve convex, and the upper fiat.

Ostrea Zic-zac. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1144. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p. 98. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 300. Gmelin,
p. 3316.

Pecten Zic-zac. Chemnitz, vil. p. 277. t.61. f. 590 to 592.

Tister-Conch. t. 168. £5) PetiverGaz! to 159. f. 7.
Knorr, ii. t. 19. f.3, and t. 20. f. 1. Regenfuss, 1.1.11.
f.53. Favanne, t. 55.f. B. Enc. Meth. t. 207. f. 1.

Variety. With the upper valve slightly convex.

Ostrea Laurentii. Gmelin, p. 3317.

Ostrea, No.1. Schroeter Kini. i. p. 322.

Pallium Lorenziana. Chemnitz, vir. p. 2
and 594.

Favanne, t. 55. f. E3.?

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Lister. West Indies and Pro-
vidence. Humphreys. Red Sea. Forskael.

Shell about two inches and three quarters long, and three inches
broad; of a brown or chestnut colour, and frequently pret-
tily variegated with yellow or white ; the ribs on the flat valve
are longitudinally divided, and appear twice as numerous as
on that which is concave. O. Laurentiis a native of the
South Seas, and Kemmerer says it is only a variety of this
species.

STRIATULA. 4. Shell with sixteen rays, and trans-
verse membranaceous striz ; margin very en-
tre.

Ostrea striatula. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1144. Gmelin,
p. 3316.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Linnaeus.

Linnezeus has described this species to be of the middle size, with
the lower valve but a little more convex than the upper ;
colour purple, variegated with white, and the interstices of
the rays white ; inside yellowish.

MINUTA. 5. Shell with about twenty convex rays,
and the valves unequal.

Ostrea minuta. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1144. Gmelin, p.
3317.
Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Linnaeus.
Shell rather small, with the lower valve white and very convex,
and the upper valve flatter, plaited, and clouded with brown.

a

250 OSTREA.

O. nucleus comes very near this description, but it belongs
to the next subdivision, though its ears are nearly equal.

PLEURONECTES. 6. Shell orbicular, with both valves
nearly flat; outside smooth, and the inside
with about twenty-eight ribs.

Ostrea Pleuronectes. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1145. Born
Mus. p. 99. Schroeter Hinl. i. p. 303. Gmelin, p. 3317.

Amusium Rumphii. Chemnitz, vi. p. 284. t. 61. f. 595.

Bonanni Rec. 3. £.954, and Kirch. 2. f. 108. Rumphius,
t.45.f. Aand B. Petiver Gaz. t. 49. f. 13, and Amb.
t.17.f. 14. Gualter, t.73.f.B. Klein Ost. t.9. f.30.
Knorr, i. t. 20. f.3 and4. Favanne, t. 55.f.E 1, Ene.
Meth. t. 208. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna and Batavia. Rumphius. Pu-
lo Condore. Petiver. Molucca Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell generally about three inches in diameter, with the upper
valve reddish, marked with longitudinal darker lines in pairs,
and the lower valve white; both valves are smooth, and
level on the outside, but the inside has about twenty-eight
longitudinal ribs, and is silvery.

JAPONICA. 7. Shell orbicular, with both valves
slightly convex; outside smooth, and the in-
side with about forty-eight ribs.

Ostrea Japonica, Gmelin, p. 5317.

Ostrea, No. 2. Schroeter Hinl.ii. p. 323.

Ostrea obliterata Var.? Kemmerer Cab. Rudolst. p. 215.
Amusium Japonicum. Chemnitz, vil. p. 288. t. 62. f. 590.
Pecten pleuronectes Var. Solander’s MSS.

Enc. Meth. t. 208. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of China and Japan. Chemnitz.

Shell about five inches in diameter, and is rearly allied to O.
pleuronectes, but is larger, coarser, thicker, and rather more
convex, and the internal ribs are more numerous; the colour
is generally darker, and the inside of both valves has a yellow
border.

MAGELLANICA. 8. Shell orbicular, with the upper
valve rather more convex than the lower, and
striated longitudinally.

Ostrea Magellanica. Gmelin, p. $317.
Ostrea, No. 3. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 325.

Amusium magnum Magellanicum. Chemnitz, vil. p. 290.
t. 62. f. 597.

OSTREA. 951

Favanne, t. 55. f. E 2. Enc. Method. t. 208. f. 5.
Inhabits the Straights of Magellan. Chemnitz.
Shell four or five inches in diameter, and somewhat resembles
V. Japonica, but there are no ribs on the inside, and the out-
side is striated longitudinally, as also are the auricles trans-

versely.
i

HYBRIDA. 9. Shell with about nine narrow ribs,
and the interstices striated longitudinally ;
valves and auricles nearly equal.

Ostrea hybrida. Gmelin, p. 3318.

Ostrea, No. 5. Schroeter Finl. in. p. 324.

Pseud-Amusium. Chemnitz, vil. p. 298. t. 63. f. 601 and
602.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and three quarters long, and the length ra-
ther exceeds the breadth; the upper valve is reddish, varie-
gated with white veins, and the lower valve is wholly white ;
both the valves are thin, slightly convex, and flattish at the
margin. Chemnitz and Gmelin have quoted Lister, t. 173.
f. 10., but it is more like O. obliterata.

RADULA. 10. Shell ovate, depressed, with about
twelve convex ribs, and decussated crenated
strie.

Ostrea Radula. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1145. Born Mus.
p- 100. Schroeter Einl. ni. p. 304. Gmelin, p. 3318.
Barbut. Verm. p. 54. t. 8. f. 2.

Ostrea crenulata. Gmelin, p. 3329.

Ostrea, No. 30. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 334.

Pera Venatoria. Chemnitz, vil. 295. t. 63. f.599 and 600.

Lister Conch. t. 175. f.12. Rumphius, t. 44. f. A. Peti-
ver Amb. t.17.f. 1. Gualter,t.74.f. L. Argenville,
t.24.f. D. Knorr, v.t. 9. f.4. Regenfuss, u. t. 4. f.
40. Favanne, t. 55.f.C. Enc. Meth. t. 208. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Molucca Islands.

Chemnitz. Tranquebar, and China. Humphreys.

Shell about three inches and a half long, and three inches
broad ; white, variegated, and the ribs sometimes regularly
spotted with brown ; the lower valve is rather more convex

than the upper, and the ears are wrinkled and striated
obliquely.

952 OSTREA.

“IMBRICATA. 11. Shell ovate, flattish, with about
nine ribs, which are alternately larger, and
furnished with imbricated scales.

Ostrea imbricata. Gmelin, p. 3318.
Ostrea, No.4. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 324.
Pera venatoria imbricata. Chemnitz, vil. p. 298. t. 69.
£, Ge

Inhabits the Red Sea. Chemnitz.

This shell is of about the same size, and is said to be nearly al-
lied to O. Radula ; it is whitish, with purple spots, and has
the margin slightly crenated.

pLica. 12. Shell sub-orbicular, with about six con-
vex ribs, and striated longitudinally ; auricles
equal.

Ostrea plica. “Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1145. Born Mus.
p- 101. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 305. Gmelin, p. 3318.

Ostrea rosea. Gmelin, p. 3319.

Ostrea, No. 40. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 337.

Pecten plicatus. Chemnitz, vii. p. 292. t. 62. f. 598, and
xi. p. 263. t. 207. f. 2041.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 2. f.10. Rumphius, t. 44. f.O.
Petiver Amb. t. 2. f. 10. Argenville, t. 24. f.C. Fa-
vanne, t. 55. f. A, 38

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Indian Ocean.

Linnaeus.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and the length but very

little exceeds the breadth ; besides the longitudinal, it has also
a few remote transverse striz, and the inside has longitudinal
striz in pairs, corresponding with the ribs on the outside ;
the colour is reddish brown, clouded or rayed with white, or
sometimes white is the prevailing colour ; there is some ap-
pearance of teeth on each side of the hollow which receives
the cartilage.

PES-LUTRA. 13. Shell somewhat wedge-shaped, with
six Convex ribs and longitudinal striz ; auri-
cles small and unequal.

Ostrea Pes-Lutra. Linneus Mantissa, p. 547. Gmelin,
p. 3339.

Ostrea coarctata. Born Mus. p. 106.

Pecten plicatus Var. ? Oheinwtex; vil. p. 294.

Lister Conch. t.171. f.8. Gualter, t. 74. £. CC. Argen-
ville, t. 24. f.. A. Knorr, ui. t. Ql. f. 5.

OSTREA. 253

Inhabits

This has much the appearance of an imperfect shell of O. pli-
ca, and differs principally in having only small auricles, and
one of them larger than the other; Gmelin has quoted three
of the above-mentioned figures for both species.

** Valves with the Auricles unequal.

PALLIUM. 14. Shell, with about thirteen convex
ribs longitudinally grooved, and armed with
yee transverse rows of small vaulted scales.

Ostrea pallium. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1145. Born Mus.
p. 102. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 307. Gmelin, p. $222.
Barbut. Verm. p. 54. t.8.f.3. Shaw Nat. Misc. xii.
t. 492.

Pallium Ducale. Chemnitz, vii. p. 302. t. 64. f. 607.

Lister Conch. t. 187. £.25. Rumphius, t. 44. f. B. Pe-
tiver Amb.t.17.f.2. Gualter, t. 74. f. F. Argenoille,
t. 24. f.1. Seba, iii. t.87. f. 8 to 12. Knorr, ii. t. 21,
f. 1 and 2, and v. t.27. f. 2. Regenfuss, i. t. 6. f. 59,
and ni. t.5.f.41. Favanne, t. 54. f.O and K. Enc.
Meth. t. 210. £. \.

{nhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Frederick’s Is-
Jand. Regenfuss. Molucca Islands. Chemnitz. China.
Humphreys.

Shell about two inches or sometimes two inches anda half long,
and the length and breadth are equal; the colour is generally
purplish red, elegantly mottled with brown and white, and

the inside is surrounded with a saffron border. Knorr, ii. t.

19. f. 4 and 5., from which O. subrotunda and O. maculo-

sa of Gmelin have been constituted, have no claim to be ar-

ranged separately, and Knorr calls both ‘Le Manteau bi-

garré;’ the former is probably an imperfect, and the latter a

young shell of either the present species or of O. sanguino-

fenta ; and Knorr, in describing the rounded ears of the
former, says they appear ‘ comme si elles etoient usées.’

Gmelin’s O. regia is also at all events too doubtful a species

to be retained.

SANGUINOLENTA. 15. Shell with about nine obtuse,
longitudinally grooved, and prickly ribs.
Ostrea sanguinolenta. (Gmelin, p. 3322.
Ostrea picta. Solander’s MSS.?

954 OSTREA.

Ostrea, No. 7. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 325.
Pallium variegatum et aculeatum. Chemnitz, vil. p. 305.
t. 64. f. 608.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Chemnitz.

Shell two inches and two lines long, and two inches broad ;
white, with sanguineous spots; it is very nearly allied to O.
pallium, but has fewer longitudinal ribs, and they are said to
be prickly.

PALLIATA. 1{6. Shell with about twenty angulated
ribs, and slightly imbricated transverse striz.

Ostrea palliata. Gmelin, p. 3331.

Ostrea aspera. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 52.
No. 975.

Ostrea, No. 71. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 344.

Knorr, 1. t. 19. f. 2. Da Costa’s Elements, t. 6. f. 1.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Solander.

Shell about an inch or an inch and a quarter long, and the
breadth is the same, or but very little exceeds the length ;
it is elegantly variegated in the same manner as O. pallium,
from which it may be distinguished by the greater number of
its ribs.

noposa. 17. Shell with nine rounded ribs, and
strong longitudinal strie ; ribs armed with
hollow vesicles on the upper valve.

Ostrea nodosa. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1145. Born Mus.
p- 102. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 308. Gmelin, p. 3322.
Barbut. Verm. p. 55. t. 8. f. 4.

Pecten corallinus. Chemnitz, vii. p. 306. t. 64. £. 609 to
611.

Bonanni Rec. Supp. f. 12, and Kirch, 2. f. 132. Laster
Conch. t. 174. f. 11, and t. 186, f. 24. Rumphius, t.
4S. f. 7 and8. Gualter, t.99. f. C and D. Argenville,
t. 24. f. F.. Knorr, i. t. 5. f. 1, and iv. t. 13. f. 5. Seba,
ii. t. 87. f. 1 to 5. Regenfuss, i. t.4. f. 38, and i. t. 7,
f.8, andt.10.f.32. Favanne, t.55.f. D. Enc. Meth.

aN, rhesee
Junior. Ostrea decemradiata. Gmelin, p. 3329.

Ostrea nodulosa. Gmelin, p. 5320.?

Ostrea, No. 36. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 336.

Lister Conch. t. 188. f. 26.

Inhabits the African and Indian Oceans. Linneus. Coasts of

Guinea. Spengler. Islands of St. Thomas, St Croix, and

OSTREA. 955

St. John in the West Indies. Chemnitz: Coromandel.
Humphreys.

Shell varying in size from two to five inches, and the length and

breadth are nearly equal; the colour is most commonly red-
dish brown both inside and out, but is sometimes slightly
mottled with white; young shells have the ribs nodulous, and
as they get older the nodules increase in size, and at length
open on the side next the margin, so as to form large remote
vaulted scales,

pEs-FELIS. 18. Shell oblong, with about eight con-
vex ribs, longitudinally striated, and slightly
wrinkled transversely; one of the auricles
minute.

Ostrea Pes-felis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1146. Schroe-
ter Hinl. ni. p. 309. Gmelin, p. 3323.

Ostrea elongata. Born Mus. p. 103. t. 6. f. 2.

Pecten Pes-felis. Chemmitz, vii. p. 312. t. 64. f. 612, and

t'650 £613)

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 7., and Kirch. f. 8. |

Inhabits the African Seas. Linneus. Coasts of Barbary.
Chemnitz. Mediterranean. Humphreys.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and an inch broad; ra-
ther thin and pellucid, and generally of a pale reddish brown,
with darker veins and spots; it is somewhat wedge-shaped,
and besides the longitudinal ribs and striz, it is marked trans-
versely with minute scaly wrinkles; one of the auricles is four
times as large as the other.

SULCATA. 19. Shell sub-orbicular, compressed, with
about eleven prominent, convex, transversely
scaly ribs, and striated longitudinally.

Ostrea sulcata. Born Mus. p. 103. t. 6. f. 3, and Vign. at
p-97- fb:
Ostrea histrionica. Gmelin, p. 3326.
Ostrea, No.8. Schroeter Einl. iii. p: S25.
Pallium Sannionis. Chemnitz, vii. p. 313. t. 65. f. 614.
Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 2. f. 14. Knorr, iv. t. 12. f. 3.
Enc. Meth. t. 210. f. 4.
Tnhabits
Shell about an inch long, and the length and breadth are equal ;
it is yellowish, or sometimes rose-coloured, and prettily spot-
ted with dark brown on the ribs ; the auricles are both rather
large, and nearly equal, and the margin is strongly plaited.

256 OSTREA.

O. sudcata of Gmelin is a different species, and is O. pyzi-
data of Born.

CINNABARINA. 20. Shell ovate-orbicular, depressed,
with about eighty scaly alternately smaller
ribs.

Ostrea cinnabarina. Born Mus. p. 103. Portland Cat.
p- 106. lot 2333.

Osturea Islandica. Gmelin, p. 3326. Shaw Nat. Misc.
xxi. t. 978 and 987.

Ostrea demissa. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 52.
No. 986.

Ostrea, No.9. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 326.

Pecten Islandicus. Chemnitz, vil. p. 314. t.65. f.615 and
616.

Lister Conch. t. 1057. f. 4. Gualter, t.73.f. R. Seba,
i. t. 87. f..7. -) Knorr, 1.t. 4. f..1, and t..5.f. 2, and v.
t.15.f.1. Linnaeus It. Westgoth. t. 5.f.%. Eavanne,
t. 54.8. Bol.) Enc. Meth. t: 2120 to 1,

Inhabits the coasts of West Gothland. Linneus. Iceland.
Olaffsen. Greenland. Fabricius. West Indies. Seba. Nor-
way, Belgium, England, and Barbary. Gronovius. North
America. Solander. Newfoundland. Humphreys.

Shell commonly about two inches and a half long, and two
inches and a quarter brvad, and the number of its scaly ribs
varies from seventy to about one hundred; the shell also varies
greatly in colour, which is sometimes only pale reddish, with
darker concentric bands, or often,yellowish, or dark red,
with purple bands, and Dr. Shaw has figured a beautiful va-
riety, with purple, black, and crimson bands. Gronovius
says itis an English shell, and my late lamented correspon-
dent, Mr. Montagu, informed me of its having been found
on the coasts of Scotland. Sir Joseph Banks procured a
specimen from the stomach of a cod on the Banks of New-
foundland.

SENATORIA. 21. Shell with about twenty-two
rounded transversely wrinkled ribs, and gra-
nulated striz in the interstices ; valves equal.

Ostrea Senatoria. Gmelin, p. 3327.

Ostrea sanguinea Var. Kemmerer Cab. Rudolst. p. 218.

Ostrea, No. 10. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 327.

Pallium Senatoris. Chemnitz, vii. p. 320. t. 65. f. 617.
Inhabits the coasts of the Molucca Islands. Chemnitz.

OSTREA. 257

Shell two inches and three quarters long, and the breadth is
about a line less, with the valves convex and equal; the out-
side is brown marbled with red, violet, and white, and the
inside is pale violet, bordered with reddish brown.

CITRINA. 22. Shell with about twenty rounded
transversely wrinkled ribs, and the lower
valve flatter than the upper.

Ostrea citrina. Gmelin, p. 3327.

Ostrea sanguinea, Var. g. Kemmerer Cab. Rudolst. p.
218.

Ostrea, No. 11. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 327.

Pallium ex citrino vividissime coloratum. Chemnitz, vii. p.
321. t. 65. f. 618.

Valentyn Abh. t. 13. f. 1.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

This shell is said to have some of its rays scaly, and some
of the interstices marked with granulated striz; in form and
size it resembles O. Senatoria, of which it most probably is
nothing more than a variety ; it differs in being of an orange
colour, and in having one valve rather flatter than the other.

PELLUCENS. 23. Shell ovate, depressed, with about
nine narrow scaly ribs, and the interstices
striated longitudinally ; one of the auricles is
minute.

Ostrea pellucens. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1146, Gmelin,
p- 3323.

Ostrea squamosa. Gmelin, p. 3319.

Ostrea anonyma. Gmelin, p. 3329.

Ostrea, No. 13. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 328, and No. 95.
p- 336.

Ostrea. Chemnitz, vii. p. 326. t.66. £. 625 to 627.

Lister Conch. t. 184. f.21. Enc. Meth. t. 213. £. 6.

Inhabits the West Indies. Humphreys.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and an inch and a quarter
broad ; reddish or white, and the upper valve spotted; one
valve is smooth, and the other has minute vaulted scales, and
one of the auricles is much larger than the other. _Linnzus
has not quoted any figure besides Argenville, t.24. H, which
is O. varia.

VOL. 1. . s

258 OSTREA.

OBLITERATA. 24. Shell orbicular, compressed,
with forty-eight narrow ribs on the inside, and
the outside smooth.

Ostrea obliterata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1146. Schroe
ter Einl. ii, p. 311. Gmelin, p. 3323.

Ostrea tenuis. Gmelin, p. 3320.

Ostrea, No. 44. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 338.

Pecten glaberrimus. Chemnitz, vil. p. 324. t. 66. f. 622 to
624.

Gualter, t.73. f.C. Regenfuss, ii. t. 2. f. 12.

Inhabits the Southern coasts of Europe. Linneus. Molucca
Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and very nearly or quite
equally broad; the upper valve is generally of a dull red
marked with very fine darker longitudinal lines, and a few
transverse striz ; the lower valve is pale rose colour, and both
valves are white on the inside ; the auricles are nearly equal,
and the shell bears some resemblance to a small specimen of
O. pleuronectes.

TIGERINA. 25. Shell sub-orbicular, with crowded
minute longitudinal striz, and the valves near-
ly equal.

Ostrea tigerina. Gmelin, p. 3327.
Pecten tigerinus. Muller Zool. Dan. ii. p. 26. t. 60. f. 6
to 8.
Pecten domesticus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 261. t. 207. f. 2031
to 2036.
Inhabits the coasts of Denmark, on Fucus saccharinus. Mudler.
Shell about an inch in diameter, and the length and breadth are
equal ; the colour is reddish, irregularly spotted with brown
on the upper, and dotted on the lower valve; the striz on
the upper are also thicker than on the lower valve, and the in-
side is striated, and appears tinged with the same colours as
the outside. Chemnitz has not quoted Muller’s P. tigerinus,
but there can be no doubt that it is the same as his P. do-
mesticus.

ruci. 26. Shell sub-orbicular, striated longitudi-
nally, and armed with small spines towards
the margin; valves nearly equal.
Ostrea Fuci. Gmelin, p. 3327.

' Pecten striatus. Muller Zool. Dan. i. p. 26. t. 60. f. 3
. tod.

bo

OSTREA. a9
Pecten reticulatus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 263. t. 207. f. 2039

and 2040. ?

Inhabits the coasts of Denmark on Fuci. Muller.

This appears to be rather smaller than the foregoing species,
which it much resembles, and is red variegated with white
spots and dots; the inside is of the same colour, and is stri-
ated as well asthe outside; Muller says that the ovary of the
animal is red im this species, and white in O. tigerina.

EXOTICA. 27. Shell sub-orbicular, slender and
smooth; margin acute and entire.

Pecten exoticus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 262. t. 207. f. 2037 and
2058.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and the breadth rather
exceeds the length; the colour is pale brown, with darker
somewhat triangular rays, and mottled with white towards
the margin; Chemnitz has described the ears to be equal,
but they are represented quite otherwise in the figure.

SANGUINEA. 28. Shell sub-ovate, depressed, with
about twenty-two spinous convex ribs, and the
interstices longitudinally striated.

Ostrea sanguinea, Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1146. Schroe-
ter Einl. ii. p. 312. Gmelin, p. 3323.
Variety A. Scarlet.
Pecten sanguineus. Chemmnitz, vii. p, 326. t. 66. f. 628.
Lister Conch. t. 185. f. 22.
Variety B. Citron colour.
Ostrea sulphurea. Gmelin, p. 3328.
Ostrea crocea. Gmelin, p. 3330.
Ostrea, No. 14. Schroeter Einl. iii, p. 328, and No. 55.
p- 341.
_Pecten sulphureus. Chemnitz, vii. p. 328. t. 66. f. 629.
Gualter, t.74. f. P. Seba, iii. t. 87. f. 13 and 18.
Variety C. Orange.
Ostrea media. Gmelin, p. 3330.
Ostrea sulphurea, Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3328.
Ostrea, No. 15. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 328, and No. 54,
p. 340.
ee aurisicanus. Chemnitz, vii. p. 329. t. 66. f. 630 and
31,
Gualter, t.74. f.N. Seba, iii. t. 87. f. 14.
Inhabits the Southern Ocean. Linnaeus. Coasts of Curagoa.
s@

260 OSTREA.

Gronovius. Red Sea. Forskael: Mediterranean, and the
West Indies. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches long, and one inch and three-quarters
broad; the colour is bright scarlet, orange, or citron, not
often much variegated, but sometimes becoming, whitish to-
wards the margin: [ have followed Kemmerer in placing
P. sulphureus, and P. aurisicanus of Chemnitz as Varieties
of this species.

PORPHYREA. 29. Shell sub-orbicular, with about
twenty-five scaly convex ribs, and the valves
nearly equal.

Ostrea porphyrea. Gmelin, p. 3328.
Ostrea, No. 16. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 329.
Pallium porphyreum. Chemnitz, vii. p. 330. t. 66. f.632.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and the length and
breadth are equal; the colour is bright red or scarlet, varie-
gated with a few white spots, and the inside is white or
sometimes red; the valves are almost equally convex.

VARIA. 30. Shell ovate, with about thirty narrow
elevated ribs armed with vaulted spines, and
the interstices transversely wrinkled ; auricles
very unequal.

Ostrea varia. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1146. Born Mus.
p-104. Schroeter Hinl. iii. p. 313. Gmelin, p. 3324.
Donovan, i. t. 1. f. 1. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. viii. p.97. Dorset Cat. p. 38. t. 10. f. 1, 2, 4,
5, 7 and 9. .

Ostrea muricata. Gmelin, p. 3320.

Ostrea aculeata. Gmelin, p. 3320.

Ostrea punctata. Gmelin, p. 3320.

Osirea subrufa. Gmelin, p. 3329.

Ostrea tenuis. Gmelin, p. 3329.

Ostrea ochroleuca. Gmelin, p. 3330.

Ostrea mustelina. Gmelin, p. 3330.

Ostrea flammea. Gmelin, p. 3330.

Ostrea incarnata. Gmelin, p. 3330.

Ostrea versicolor. Gmelin, p. 3331.

Ostrea, No. 32. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 335, No. 43. p.
338, No, 47. p. 339, No. 51. p. 340, No. 52. p. 340,
No. 57. p. 341, No, 58. p. 341, No. 59. p. 341, No.
60. p. 342, and No. 89. p. 350.

OSTREA. 261

Pecten varius. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 101. t. 61. f. 64.
Chemnitz, vil. p. 331. t. 66. f. 633 and 634. Montagu
Test. p. 146.

Pecten monotis. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 151. t. 10. f.
1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 9.

Faster Conch. t. 180. f. 17. t. 181. f. 18, and t. 189. f. 23.
Rumphius, t. 44. f. C. Gualter, t. 73. f. C, Land N;
and t. 74. f. G, H, R, S and T. Argenville, t. 24. f. H.
Knorr, i. t. 18. f. 3, and v. t.11. f. 3, and t. 12. f. 5.
Favanne, t. 54. f. B 3 and B4. Enc. Meth. t. 213.
f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Southern Europe. Linneus. Barba-
does. Lister. Britain. Pennant, &c. Mediterranean.
D’ Avila. Adriatic. Ginanni.

Shell generally about two inches long, and one inch and three-
quarters broad, with the valves compressed and almost
equally convex ; the auricles are very unequal, and one is
commonly full four times as large as the other ; the ribs are
wholly or partially covered with concave spines or imbricated
transverse wrinkles, and the interstices are not longitudinally
striated as in O. sanguinea ; the colour is very variable, be-
ing sometimes of a uniform bright red, pink, purple, orange,
yellow, brown or white, and both the valves are frequently
beautifully mottled or striped with two or three of these
colours.

SAUCIATA. 31. Shell ovate, with numerous narrow
ribs alternately larger, and the margin cre-
nated ; auricles very unequal.

Ostrea sauciata, Gmelin, p. 3328.
Ostrea, No. 20. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 331.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 345. t. 69. f. H.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and an inch and a quarter
broad, with the valves equal and of a whitish colour, with
numerous scattered small purple spots.

PUSIO. 32. Shell ovate, with about forty filiform
transversely wrinkled ribs, and one of the
auricles minute.

Ostrea Pusio. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1146. Schroeter
Hinl. iii, p. 314. Gmelin, p. 3324.

Ostrea pusilla. Gmelin, p. 3321.
Palliolum. Chemnitz, vi. p. 333. t. 67. f. 635? and 636.

262 OSTREA.

Gualter, t. 74. f. A A.

Inhabits the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell sometimes about an inch long, and hardly three-quarters
of an inch broad, but is generally rather smaller; the upper
valve is described by Linneus to be variegated with black
and white undulated stripes and veins, and the under valve
white ; Chemnitz says that the colour is extremely variable,
but he has quoted Pecten distortus of Da Costa, and has
referred to some figures which obviously belong to O. varia ;
this reference to Da Costa probably misled Montagu to
quote both of Chemnitz’s figures for P.distortus, but they
appear to be different.

SINUOSA. 33. Shell ovate, irregularly tumid, with
about forty-five unequal filiform ribs, and the
auricles nearly equal.

Ostrea sinuosa. Gmelin, p. 3319. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 99. Dorset Cat. p. 38. t. 10. f.
3 and 6.

Ostrea, No.29. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 334.

Pecten Pusio. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 101. t. 61. f. 65.
Donovan, 1. t. 34.

Pecten distortus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 148. t. 10. f.
3 and 6. Montagu Test. p. 148.

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 5. f. 31. and Conch. t. 172. f. 9. Pe-
tiver Gaz. t. 94. f. 2. Favanne, t. 54. f. F.

{nhabits the coasts of Britain. Lister, &c.

This strange shell is sometimes two inches long, and an inch
and a half broad, and of such a distorted growth that no two
are found alike; the lower valve partakes of ali the inequa-
lities of the rock or shell to which it is affixed, and the upper
valve is also much distorted; the colour is most commonly
reddish brown or red mottled with white.

MINIATA. 34. Shell sub-ovate, with numerous mu-
ricated filiform ribs, and the auricles nearly .
equal.

Ostrea miniata. Born Mus. p. 104. t. 7. f.1. Gmelin, p.
3321.
Ostrea, No. 90. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 350.
Tnhabits
Shell about an inch and a half long, and sixteen lines broad,
with one of the valves convex and the other flattish; the

ribs are narrow and numerous, and are armed with small, ir-

OSTREA. 263

regular, and somewhat lamellated excrescences ; the colour
is white, variegated with numerous confluent bright red
spots.

viITREA. 35. Shell sub-orbicular, hyaline, with very
fine rays, and minute scaly concentric strie ;
margin acute.

Ostrea vitrea. Gmelin, p. 3328.

Ostrea, No. 17. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 329

Pecten glaber. Pennant Svol. iv. p. 102.? Montagu Test.
p- 150.?

Chemnitz, vii. p. 335. t. 67. f. 637 a.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway, Iceland, and Greenland. Chem-
nitz.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and almost equally
broad ; transparent, very brittle, and of a dirty white or red-
dish colour; the valves are similar, and the auricles are re-
presented nearly equal, so that it may probably be the Pec-
ten glaber of Pennant; Chemnitz says they are unequal,
but then he has obviously blended the following species with
it in his specific character.

OBSOLETA. 36. Shell sub-orbicular, depressed with
about nine obsolete ribs, and crowded longi-
tudinal, and very minute transverse striz.

Ostrea obsoleta. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii.
p. 100.

Ostrea vitrea, Var. 8.. Gmelin, p. 3328.

Ostrea, No. 18. Schroeter Einl. m1. p. 330.

Pecten obsoletus. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 102. Donovan,
i: Gee 2 ee Test. p. 149.

Pecten parvus. Costa Brit Conch. p. 153.

Chemnitz, vii. p. enn t. 67. f. 637, 6 and c.

TInhabits the coasts of Britain. Pears &c.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and the length ra-
ther exceeds the breadth ; the valves are similar, and flattish ;
one of the auricles is much dilated, and the other very small;
the colour is purplish or reddish, and is sometimes slightly
marbled with white.

LEVIS. 387. Shell sub-orbicular, depressed, and
nearly smooth, with only obsolete concentric
wrinkles,

264 OSTREA.

Ostrea levis. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p.
100. t. 3. f. 5.

Pecten levis. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 102. Montagu Test.
p- 150. t. 4. f. 4. and Supp. p. 61.

Enc. Meth. t. 214. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Pennant, &c.

Shell but little more than half an inch long, and the length ra-
ther exceeds the breadth; of a greyish glossy white colour,
and marked only with slight irregular concentric wrinkles ;
one of the auricles is very large, and the other very small,
and it may be readily known from QO. obsoleta, by its want
of the decussated striz.

TRIRADIATA. 38. Shell roundish-triangular, glab-
rous, with about five plaits, and extremely
minute longitudinal strie ; valves nearly
equal.

Ostrea triradiata. Muller Zool. Dan. ii. p. 25. t. 60. f. 1
and 2. Gmelin, p. 3326.

Pecten Danicus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 265. t. 207. f. 2043.

Enc. Method. t. 212. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway on Fuci. Muller. Denmark.
Cheninitz.

Shell about an inch long, and the length and breadth are nearly
equal; one of the auricles is large, and the other very small ;
the colour is red, studded all over with white dots. Pecten
Danicus of Chemnitz appears to be the same species, and
differs principally from Muller’s O. trirvadiata, in being an
inch and a half long.

SOLARIS. 39. Shell orbicular, flattish, glabrous,
with twenty convex rays, and intermediate
longitudinal striz ; ears nearly equal.

Ostrea solaris. Born Mus. p. 106. t. 6. f. 4.
Pecten solaris. Chemnitz, vil. p. 336. t. 67. f. 638 to 640.?

Inhabits the Adriatic. Chemnitz.

Born has described this species to be an inch and a half long,
and only fourteen lines broad, but in his figure the length and
breadth are represented to be equal; it is said to be of an
orange colour; both Schroeter and Gmelin have quoted
Born’s figure for O. glabra, but that species has never much
more than half as many ribs.

GLABRA. 40. Shell sub-orbicular, compressed, gla-

OSTREA. 265

brous, with about ten slightly elevated convex
ribs, and the inside striated in pairs ; ears
nearly equal.

Ostrea glabra. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1146. Born Mus.
p. 105. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 315. Gmelin, p. 3324.

Ostrea flavescens. Gmelin, p. 3321.

Ostrea, No. 79. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 347.

Pecten glaber. Chemnitz, vii. p. 338. t. 67. f. 641 to 645,

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 11 and 12, and Kirch. f. 10 and 11.
Gualter, t.73.f.H. Knorr, i. t.8.f. 5. Regenfuss,i.
t.1.f.8 and 10. Favanne, t. 54.f.L4. Enc. Meth.
£.. 213. faa.

Variety. With the ribs more elevated and spotted.

Ostrea maculata. Born Mus. p. 105.
Gualter, t. 74. f. A, Band C. Knorr, ii. t. 18. f. 5. Re-
genfuss, 1. t. 3. f. 30 and 31.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Adriatic. Knorr.
Coasts of Majorca and Minorca. D’Herbigny. Naples.
Ulysses. Portugal. Humphreys.

Shell about an inch and a half or two inches long, and the
length and breadth are equal; it is obsoletely striated longi-
tudinally, and slightly wrinkled transversely; the colour is
yellowish, reddish, whitish, or pale brown, and the flattest of
the two valves is generally either white or paler than the
other, and the inside is white, slightly tinged with yellow.

Proteus. 41. Shell sub-orbicular, with about five
broad convex plaits, and numerous longitu-
dinal striz ; auricles nearly equal.

Ostrea Proteus. Solander’s MSS.
Pecten discors, seu disconveniens. Chemnitz, xi. p. 264. t.
207. f. 2042.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. So/ander.

Shell about an inch, or sometimes an inch and a half long, and
the breadth exceeds the length about two lines; the colour
of the upper valve is reddish or pale brown, sometimes
marked with darker transverse zones, and sometimes slightly
clouded with white; the lower valve is generally white.

OPERCULARIS. 42. Shell orbicular, with about
twenty convex ribs, and crowded decussated
strie; upper valve more convex than the
lower.

ho

66 OSTREA.

Ostrea opercularis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1147. Born
Mus. p. 106: Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 317. t. 9. f. 3.
Gmelin, p. 3325. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill. p. 98. Dorset Cat. p. 38. t. 9. f. 1, 2, 4, and 5.
Brooks’s Introd. p. 77. t. 4. f. 41.

Ostrea dubia. Gmelin, p. 3319.

Ostrea elegans. Gmelin, p. 3319.

Ostrea versicolor. Gmein, p. 3319.

Ostrea radiata. Gmelin, p. 3320.

Ostrea subrufa. Donovan, i. t. 12.

Ostrea, No. 36. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 336, No. 38. p.
336, No. 39. p. 337, and No. 50. p. 340.

Pecten subrufus. Pennant ool. iv. p. 100. t. 60. f. 63.

Pecten pictus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 144. t. 9. f. 1,
2, 4, and 5.

Pecten opercularis. Chemnitz, vii. p. 341. t. 67. f. 646.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 2. f. 6. . Lister Anim. Ang. t. 5.
f. 30, and Conch, t. 182. f. 19, t. 190. f. 27, t. 191. f. 28,
and t.192. f. 29. Petiver Gaz. t.94.f.1. Seba, i. t.
87. f.15. Knorr, i. t. 3. f.2 and 3. Favanne, t. 54.
f, L2.. Enc. Meth. t..213. f. 3.

Tnhabits the Southern Ocean. Linneus. Coasts of Britain.
Pennant, &c. Ferroe Islands. Muller. America. D’ Avila.
Bay of Naples. Ulysses.

Shell varying from one to two inches and a half in diameter,
and the length and breadth are equal ; the colour is bright
yellow, brown, reddish, flesh-colour or purple, generally more
or less beautifully streaked, and mottled with white; the
lower convex valve has the brightest colours, and the inside
is white tinged with brown; the auricles are nearly equal.

LINEATA. 43. Shell sub-orbicular, with about
twenty somewhat carinated ribs, and crowd-
ed decussated striz ; upper valve more con-
vex than the lower.

Ostrea lineata. Donovan, iv. t.116. Maton and Racket,
in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 99. Dorset Cat. p. 38. t. 10.
f. 8.

Ostrea crenata. Gmelin, p. 3319.

Ostrea carinata. Solander’s MSS.

Ostrea, No. 28. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 334.

Pecten lineatus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 147. t. 10. f.
8. Montagu Test. p. 147.

Lister Conch. t. 170. f. 7.?

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Da Costa, &c.

OSTREA. 267

Shell from one to two inches long, and the breadth rather ex-
ceeds the length; it is nearly allied to O. opercularis, but
differs in having a slightly elevated red line on the ridge of
every rib of the upper valve, without any other coloured
marking.

NuCLEUS. 44. Shell sub-orbicular, with about twen-
ty transversely wrinkled ribs, and the margin
strongly plaited.

Ostrea nucleus. Born Mus. p.107. t. 7. f. 2.

Ostrea Tranquebarica. Gmelin, p. 3328.

Ostrea, No.19. Schroeter Ein. ni. p. 330.

Ostrea undata. Born Mus. p. 108.

Lister Conch. t.179. f. 16. Gualter, t. 73. f. L and M.
Knorr, ii. t. 4. f. 2 and 3. Enc. Meth. t. 212. f. 4.

Tnhabits the East Indies. Lester. Coasts of ‘Tranquebar.
Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and the breadth a trifle
exceeds the length; it has about twenty elevated ribs, and is
delicately wrinkled transversely ; the colour is white, and the
flattest of the valves is mottled or otherwise variegated with
brown, red, or grey; of the auricles one is rectangular, and
the other in one valve is dilated ; but in the other valve they
are so nearly equal, that if examined separately the species
might be referred to the first subdivision, and corresponds
with the Linnean description of O. minuta,

GisBa. 45. Shell sub-orbicular, gibbous, with about
twenty longitudinal striated ribs, and slightly
wrinkled transversely ; smaller auricle ob-
lique.

Ostrea gibba. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1147.. Born Mus.
p- 107. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 318. Gmelin, p. 3325.

Ostrea lutea. Gmelin, p. 3320.

Ostrea plana. Gmelin, p. 3320.

Ostrea flabellum. Gmelin, p. 3321.

Ostrea, No. 45. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 339, No. 53. p.
340, and No. 82. p. 348.

Pecten rubicundus. Chemnitz, vii. p. 321. t. 65. f. 619
and 620.

Gualter, t. 73. f. D and F, and t. 74. f. I. Brown’s Ja-
maica, t.40.f. 10. Knorr, i. t. 18. f. 2, i. t. 5. f. 4,
and t. 17. f. 2, and v. t. 13. f. 9. Regenfuss, i. t. 1.

268 OSTREA.

f.11, t.2. f. 16, t. 5. f. 51, and t.11. f. 51. Enc. Meth.
4.219. f. 3:

Inhabits the American Ocean. Linnaeus. Coasts of Jamaica.
Brown. Guinea and the West Indies. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and rather more than nine-
teen lines broad, generally of a bright red, orange, or some-
times yellowish colour, and the inside white, more or less
tinged with red towards the margin; the smallest of the two
auricles being oblique, and its longitudinal striee serve, as well
: the colour, at once to distinguish this species from O. nu-
cleus.

TURGIDA. 46. Shell sub-orbicular, gibbous, with
about twenty elevated ribs, and the inter-
stices strongly wrinkled transversely ; mar-
gin plaited.

Ostrea turgida. Gmelin, p. 3327.

Ostrea conspersa. Gmelin, p. 3320.

Ostrea florida. Gmelin, p. 3330.

Ostrea guttata. Gmelin, p. 3330.

Ostrea farcta. Solander’s MSS. ?

Ostrea, No. 12. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 327, No. 48. p.
339, No. 56. p. 341, and No. 62. p. 342.

Pecten gibbosus variegatus. Chemnitz, vil. p. 323. t. 65.
f. 621, a and 6.

Lister Conch. t. 169. f. 6.

Inhabits the East Indies. Lister. Coasts of the Island of St.
Croix in the West Indies. Chemnitz.

Shell usually about three-quarters of an inch, or an inch long,
and the breadth rather exceeds the length; it has the valves
equal, and rather more convex than in the foregoing species
from which it also differs in size and colour, and in having
the ribs more elevated ; the lower valve is white, and the
upper is yellow, variegated, clouded, or spotted with grey
or reddish brown.

PYXIDATA. 47. Shell sub-orbicular, with about
thirty smooth ribs, and the upper valve flat-
tish ; margin plaited.

Ostrea pyxidata. Born Mus. p. 108. t. 6. f. 5 and 6. °

Ostrea sulcata. Gmelin, p. 3325.

Ostrea, No.6. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 324.

Pyxis sulcata. Chemnitz, vii. p. 299. t. 63. f, 603 and 604.
Inhabits the coasts of Malabar. Chemnitz.

OSTREA. 969

Shell about an inch and a half long, and the breadth is one or

- two lines more; the colour is white, with pale reddish brown
spots, or sometimes pale brown with white spots; ihe up-
per or flattest valve has about twenty-eight, and the lower
thirty-two ribs.

*** Valves more gibbous on one side. than on the
other.

FLAVICANS. 48. Shell nearly equivalve, gibbous,
with about eight striated ribs, and the mar-
gin rounded on one side.

Ostrea flavicans. Linnaus Syst. Nat. p. 1147. Gmelin,
p- 3331. :
Tvhabits the Southern Ocean. Linneus.
Linnzus has described this shell to be rather oblique, with one
of the auricles very short; colour white, variegated with
brown and red, and the inside white with yellow rays.

FASCIATA. 49. Shell ovate, gibbous, with ahout
twenty narrow transversely wrinkled ribs,
and the interstices striated longitudinally ;
hinge oblique.

Ostrea fasciata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1147.? Born Mus.
p- 109. t. 6. f. 7.2 Schroeter Einl. i. p. 320. Gmelin,
p- 3331.

Ostrea hians. Solander’s MSS.

‘Ostrea tuberculata. Olivi Adriat. p. 120.?

Pecten inflatus. Chemnitz, vii. p. 346. t. 68. f. 649 a.

Pecten fragilis. Montagu Test. Supp. p. 62.

Lister Conch. t. 177. f. 14. Gualter, t. 88. f. FF. Fa-
vanne, t. 54. f. N 2, and N 3. Enc. Meth. t. 206. f. 5.

Inhabits the Southern Ocean, Linnéus. Coasts of Barbadoes.
Lister. Guinea and the West India Islands. Chemnitz.
Mediterranean. Solander. Cape of Good Hope. Hum-
phreys. Devonshire. Montagu.

Shell about seventeen lines long, and one inch broad; white,
slightly ventricose, and gaping considerably at one, and a
little at the other end; the auricles are equal and very small.
Linneus has erroneously referred to Gualter, t. 74. f. E. and
his short description is almost equally applicable to some
other species. From Montagu’s description, I think there

270 OSTREA.

can be no doubt that his P. fragilis belongs to this species,
and is different from the P. fragilis of Chemnitz, which is
considerably narrower in proportion to the length.

BULLATA. 50. Shell ovate-oblong, with about thirty-
two narrow ribs, and the auricles acute and
equal ; hinge transverse.

Ostrea bullata. Born Mus. p. 110. t. 6. f. 8.

Ostrea inflata. Gmelin, p. 3321.

Ostrea, No. 21. Schroeter Hinl. iii. p. 331.

Pecten bullatus. Chemnitz, vil. p. 348. t. 68. f. 649 b.
Pecten subauriculatus. Montagu Supp. p. 63. t. 29. f. 2.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and a quarter Jong, and but little more than half
as broad; it is white, and differs from O. fasciata in being
equilateral, and in having the straight upper margin which
contains the hinge placed at right angles.

FRAGILIS. 51. Shell oval-oblong, with about twen-
ty-five narrow ribs, and the auricles acute;
hinge oblique. ;

Ostrea fragilis. Gmelin, p. 3332.
Ostrea, No. 22. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 331.
Pecten fragilis. Chemnitz, vii. p. 349. t. 68. f. 650.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and half as broad ;
white, brittle, pellucid, and gaping on both sides ; it differs
from O. fasciata in being flatter and narrower, and from O.
bullata, in having the hinge oblique. The shell which Mr.
Montagu mistook for this species he describes to be three-
quarters of an inch long; and almost two thirds as broad ;
convex, and the ribs marked with intermediate striz ; so that
it is probably at most only a trifling variety of O. fasczata.

HIANS. 652. Shell oblong, thin, with numerous ob-
solete undulated ribs, and transverse strie ;
auricles small and acute ; hinge oblique.

Ostrea hians. Gmelin, p. 3332.
Ostrea, No. 23. Schroeter Kinl. iii. p. 332. t. 9. f. 4.
Inhabits the coasts of Norway. Schroeter.
Shell an inch and a half long, and half as broad ; gaping at both
ends, and ofa whitish colour; the margin is said to be cre-
nated on the outside, and very entire within. , Schroeter’s

OSTREA. 271

figure is badly executed, and this is by no means a well defined
species.

LIMA. 53. Shell oblong, with about twenty-two
broad muricated ribs, and flattish on one
side ; hinge oblique.

Ostrea Lima. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1147. Born Mus.
p. 109. Schroeter Hinl. iii. p. 321. Gmelin, p. 3332:
Barbut Verm. p. 55. t. 8. f. 5. Brooks’s Introd. p. 77.
t. 4. f. 43.

Pecten radula. Chemmnitz, vi. p. 349. t. 68. f. 651.

Lima squamosa. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 136.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f.. 71, and Kirch. f. 69. Rumphius, t. 44.
f. D. Petiver Amb. t. 8. f. 4. Gualter, t. 88. f. F.
Argenville, t. 24. f.E. Klein Ost. t. 9. f. 34. Knorr,
vi. t. 34.f.3. Enc. Meth. t. 206. f. 4.

{nhabits the Archipelago. Bonanni. Coasts of Ceylon. Gro-
novius. Mediterranean. Solander. ‘Tranquebar, and the
Red Sea. Chemnitz. Bay of Naples. Udysses.

Shell sometimes two inches and three quarters long, and two
inches broad, but is generally considerably smaller ; it is flat-
tish on one side, and slightly gibbous, and somewhat trun-
cated on the other; the colour is dirty white, and the longi-
tudinal ribs, especially in young shells, are armed with ele-
vated vaulted scales.

,

SCABRA. 54. Shell ovate, compressed, with about
fifty narrow scaly ribs, and the scales vault-
ed and imbricated; hinge slightly oblique ;
margin crenated.

Ostrea scabra. Born Mus. p. 110.
Ostrea glacialis. Gmelin, p. 3332.
Ostrea sagrinata. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 52.
No. 991.
Ostrea, No. 24. Schroeter Ein! iii. p. 332.
Lima aspera. Chemnitz, vii. p. 352. t. 68. f. 652.
Lister Conch. t. 176. f. 13. Klein Ost. t. 9. f 32. Knorr,
vi. t. 38. f. 5. Favanne, t. 54. f. N 1. Enc. Method.
SW REH2OG. .F.'2,
Inhabits the coasts of Barbadoes. Lister. St. Domingo. .D’A-
vila. West Indies. Chemnitz.
Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and an’ inch and a
half broad; and has one of its auricles turned up and thicken-
ed atits margin; the colour is dirty white.

bo

72 OSTREA.

GLACIALIS. 55. Shell ovate, flattish, with near an
hundred narrow scaly ribs, and the scales
depressed and imbricated ; margin entire.

Ostrea glacialis Var. Gmelin, p. 3332.

Ostrea sagrinata Var. Solander’s MSS.
Ostrea glaciata. U/ysses’s Travels, p. 495.
Ostrea, No.25. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 332.
Lima tenera. Chemnitz, vii. p. 352. t. 68. f. 652.
Lima. Enc. Method. t. 206. f. 3.
Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo. .D’ Avila. Curacgoa. Gro-
novius. St. Thomas. Chemnitz. Bay of Naples. Ulysses.
Shell about two inches and a quarter long, aud rather more than
an inch and a half broad; thin, brittle, pellucid, and of a
brownish white colour ; it has one of the auricles turned up
and thickened towards its margin as in O. Scabra, from
which it differs in being thinner, in having the ribs much more
numerous and filiform, and their scales not elevated.

EXCAVATA. 56. Shell oval, ventricose, with nume-
rous slightly undulated ribs, and remote
transverse wrinkles ; margin very entire.

Ostrea excavata. Fabricius. Chemmniiz, vil. p. 355. t. 68.
f.654. Gmelin, p. 3332.

Ostrea, No. 26. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 333.

Lima. Enc. Meth. t. 206. f. 1.?

Inhabits the coasts of Norway. Fabricius.

Chemnitz mentions two specimens, of which one measured five
inches and a quarter, by three inches and ten lines, and the
other four inches and ten lines by three inches and a half; the
umbones are placed near one extremity of the straight upper
margin which contains the hinge, and the hinge is said to
consist of a triangular excavated oblique fossule; the colour
is white.

**** Valves coarse and rugged.

MALLEUS. 57. Shell oblong-linear, flexuose, dis-
torted, with a transverse lobe on each side of
the hinge.

Ostrea Malleus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1147. Born Mus.
p- 111. Chemnitz, vii. p. 8. t. 70. f. 655 and 656.
Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 358. Gmelin, p. 3333. Barbut’s
Verm. p. 55. t.9. f. 1. Brooks's Introd. p. 77. t. 4. f. 39.

ho
~)
Go

OSTREA.

Malleus vulgaris. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 133.

Avicula. Enc. Meth. t. 177. f. 12 and 13.

Bonanni Kirch. 2. f.130. Lister Conch. t. 219. f. 54.
Rumphius, t. 47. f.H. Petiver Amb. t.20. f. 10. Gual-
ter, t. 96. f. D and E. Argenville, t. 19. f. A. Seba,
ll. t. 91. f. 4 and 5, and t. 93. f. 1 and 2. Knorr, iii.
t.4. f. 1. Regenfuss, ii. t. 1. f.7. Favanne, t.42.f. A 1.

Variety. Sheli greyish white.

Ostrea Malleus albus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 257. t. 206. f. 2029
aud 2030. —

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. _Tranquebar.
Chemnitz. China, Pulo Condore, and the Philippine Is-
lands. Humphreys.

This strange shell is formed somewhat like the letter T, about
five or six inches long, and one or one and a half inches
broad ; the two linear lobes placed transversely on each side
of the hinge together measure four or five inches ; the colour
is generally dark grey or blackish, and the inside very glossy,
aud tinged with blue; the white variety is very rare, and is
stated in the Portland Catalogue, lot 3832, to have been
brought by Captain Cook from the Coral Reef, off Endea-
vour River, on the coast of New Holland.

REGULA. 58. Shell oblong-linear, distorted, very
coarse and brittle, rounded at the hinge, aud
truncated at the opposite margin.

~ Ostrea regula. Forskael Descrip. Anim. p. 124. Chem-
mitz, vill. p. 15. t. 70. f. 657.
Ostrea Vulsella. Gmelin, p. 3333.
Ostrea, No. 97. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 366.
Avicula. Enc. Meth. t. 177. f. 15.

Tnhabits the Red Sea. Forskael.

Shell about three or four inches long, and an inch broad, and in
shape and distorted growth a good deal resembles O. ma/-
leus, when deprived of its linear lobes; the outside is tawny
or pale chestnut, and the inside blue. In the Encyclopédie
Methodique this shell is figured as an Avicula, and the Lin-
nean Mya Vulsella among the Ostree.

FIGURATA. 59. Shell oblong-linear, slightly beaked
on one side towards the hinge, and much in-
curved on the other.

Ostrea figurata, Chemnitz, Vill, p. 17. t. 70. f. 658. and ft,
71. f. 659.
YOL. I, T

Q74. OSTREA.

Ostrea anatina. Gmelin, p. 3338.

Ostrea, No. 98. Schroeter Einl, ii. p. 367.

Anas domestica. Spengler Cat. Rais. t. 6. f. 1 and 2.
Avicula. Enc. Meth. t. 177. f. 14.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about three inches long, and one inch broad; white,
tinged with violet, brittle, and pellucid; a small beak pro-
ceeds from near the summit on one side, and the shell is
much bent and curved in the opposite direction, so as to give
a fanciful resemblance to a goose when sitting ; it is rather a
doubtful species.

FORNICATA. 60. Shell oblong-linear, coarse, with
the valves diverging at the hinge, and the in-
side vaulted. |

Ostrea fornicata. Forskael Descrip. Anim. p. 124. Gme-
lin, p. 3338.

Ostrea rostrata. Chemnitz, vii. p. 25. t. 71. f. 667.

Ostrea, No. 101. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 368.

Ostrea. Enc. Method. t. 178. f. 6 and 7.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Forskael.

Shell about two inches long, and rather more than three quarters
of aninch broad; brittle, membranaceous, of a chestnut co-
Jour, and has both valves terminating at the hinge in an elon-
gated diverging beak.

ORIENTALIS. 61. Shell parasitical, ovate, yellowish
brown, with black rays, and one valve much
flatter than the other.

Ostrea parasitica Indie Orientalis. Chemnitz, viii. p. 19.
t. 71. f. 660.

Ostrea edulis Var.? Gmelin, p. 3335.

Ostrea, No. 99. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 367.

Ostrea. Enc. Method. t. 184. f. 4.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and three quarters long, and an inch and a
half broad; coarse, and of a yellowish brown colour, with
black longitudinal rays ; one valve is flat, and the other con-
vex, and by the former the shell is attached to other sub-
stances.

FOLIUM. 62. Shell parasitical, oval, obtusely plait-
ed on the sides, and transversely wrinkled.

OSTREA. 275

Ostrea Folium. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1148. Born Mus.
p. 112. Chemnitz, viii. p. 21. t. 71. f. 662 to 666.
Schroeter Hinl. ii. p. 361. Gmelin, p. 3334.

Ostrea. Enc. Method. t. 184. f. 10 to 14.

Rumphius, t. 47. f. A. Petiver Amb. t. 20.f.1. Argen-
ville, t. 19. f. F. Klein Ost. t. 8. f. 22. Knorr, i. t. 23.
f.2. Regenfuss, ii.t.3.f.23. Favanne, t. 45. f. D4.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Jamaica. Lin-
neus. Molucca Islands. Chemnitz. Naples. Ulysses.

Shell about an inch and three quarters long, and an inch and a
quarter broad; of a pale violet, tawny, or straw colour, and
the inside glossy; the upper valve is turgid along the back
from the hinge tothe margin, and plaited on the sides; the
other valve is flatter, and more or less grooved in the middle.

PLICATA. 63. Shell parasitical, with obtuse longi-
tudinal plaits and transverse imbricated wrin-
kles ; lower valve rather less, and flatter than
the upper.

Ostrea plicata. Chemnitz, viii. p. 34. t. 73. f£.674.

Ostrea plicatula. Gmelin, p. 3336.

Ostrea sericea. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 189.
lot 4026.?

Ostrea, No. 106. Schroeter Kinl. iii. p. $70.

Gualter, t. 104. f. A.

Inhabits the West Indies, the Mediterranean, and the shores
about Cadiz. Chemnitz.

Shell from two to four inches long, and varying much in shape
as well as size; the colour is generally grey tinged with vio-
let, and sometimes white, with reddish or bluish streaks. It
is not a well defined species.

SINENSIS. 64. Shell sub-ovate, coarse, strongly
wrinkled transversely, and the sides obtusely
plaited ; lower valve larger, and slightly pro-
duced at the summit.

Ostrea Sinensis. Gmelin, p. 3335.
Tale nue sic dicta diluviana. Chemmitz, viii. p. 26. t. 72.
Ostrea, No. 102. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 368.
Ostrea. Enc. Method. t. 184. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of China. Chemnitz.

Shell about four inches long, and rather more than three and a
half broad; of a purplish brown colour, and whitish on the

T 2

276 OSTREA.

inside, especially towards the hinge; the lower valve is larger
and more convex than the upper, has about five obtuse plaits
on each side, and ends at the hinge in a short beak, Some
Conchologists have considered this to be the same as the fos-
sil species described by Linneus under the name of OQ. dilu-
oland.

CRISTATA. 65. Shell roundish, with transverse imbri-
cated membranes, and the summit of one
valve produced; margin obtuse, and toothed.

Ostrea cristata. Born Mus. p. 112. t. 7. f. 3. Gmelin, p.
3337.
Ostrea, No. 113. Schroeter Eznl. ii. p. 374.
Variety. Shell rather oblong.

Ostrea stellata. Gmelin, p. 3337.

Ostrea, No. 119. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 377. t. 9. f. 7.
Inhabits
Born has described this shell to be twenty-two lines long, and

sixteen broad, covered with imbricated transverse membranes,

and the colour white with scattered black spots. O. stelluta -
of Gmelin is badly defined, and is probably only a variety of

this species. .

rORSKALIT. 66. Shell oblong, longitudinally plait-
ed and wrinkled transversely ; one valve flat,
and the other terminating ina long incurved
hollow beak.

Ostrea Forskalii. Chemnitz, vii. p. 30. t. 72. f.671. Gme-
lin, p. 3336.
Ostrea, No. 104. Schroeter Exnl. il. p. 369.
Ostrea. Enc. Meth. t. 181. f.5. :
Inhabits the coasts of Egypt. Forskaed.
Shell two or three inches long, and about half as broad; with
the flat valve dirty white, and the other clouded with violet
and rusty brown; itis marked transversely with imbricated
wrinkles, and longitudinally piaited towards the margin.

RosTRATA. 67. Shell oblong, with the upper valve
flattish, and the lower longitudinally furrow-
ed, striated and produced at the summit.

Ostrea rostrata. Gmelin, p. 3336.

Ostrea rostrata minor. Chemnitz, viii. p. 36. t. 73. f.676.
Ostrea, No. 107. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 370. .
Gualter, t. 102. f. D.

OSTREA. 277

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Chemnitz.

Shell from two to four inches long, and rather more than two
thirds as broad; with the under convex valve ending in a
hollow beak, and longer than the upper, which has its mar-
gin toothed ; the former is said to be greenish white, and the
latter tinged with violet ; inside chalky white.

VIRGINICA. 68. Shell oblong, thick, curved, with
imbricated transverse wrinkles, and the sum-
mit of the lower valve produced; margins
very entire.

Ostrea Virginica. Gmelin, p. 3336.

Ostrea rostrata maxima. Chemnitz, vill. p. 38. t. 73. f.677.

Ostrea, No. 108. Schroeter Hind. i. p. 370.

Ostrea elongata. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 55.
lot 1303.

Ostrea. Enc. Method. t. 180. f. 1 to 3.

Lister Conch. t. 200. f. 34. Petiver Gaz. t. 105. f. 3. Fa-
vanne, t. 41. f. C2.

Senior. Ostrea crassa. Chemnitz, viii. p. 40. t. 74. f. 678.
Ostrea, No. 109. Schroeter Einl. 11. p. 370.

Lister Conch. t. 201.f. 35.

Inhabits the coasts of Virginia. Lister.

This shell, when full grown, is from five to nine inches long,
and about half as broad; it is very thick and solid, and of a
dirty or yellowish white colour ; the fossule of the hinge, which
holds the cartilage, is transversely striated, as also is a purplish
muscular impression towards the margin, and the remainder
of the inside is whitish.

cUCULLATA. 69. Shell oblong, parasitical, with
longitudinal plaits, and strong imbricated
transverse wrinkles; upper valve flat, and its
margin by the hinge somewhat toothed.

Ostrea cucullata. Born Mus. p. 114. t. 6. f. 11 and 12.

Ostrea Cornucopie. Chemnitz, viii. p. 41. t. 74. f. 679.
Gmelin, p. 3336.

Ostrea purpurea. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 139.
lot 3091, &c. Callone’s Cat. p. 55. No. 1008S.

Ostrea, No. 110. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 372.

Ostrea. Enc. Method. t. 182. f. 1 and 2.

D’ Avila, t.19. f. ¥. Favanne, t, 43. f. E.

278 OSTREA.

Inhabits the Western. coasts of Africa, Ascension Island, and
China. Chemnitz. Arabia, Sumatra, and the South Seas.
Humphreys.

Shell from three to five inches long, and rather more than half
as broad ; thick, ponderous, and clouded with greenish black
and violet; the upper valve is flat, and the lower, which is

concave, ends at the summit im a more or less elongated
beak.

ORBICULARiS. 70. Shell orbicular, flattish, -parasi-
tical, longitudinally plaited, and transverse-
ly wrinkled towards the margin ; margin ob-
tuse, and somewhat toothed by the hinge.

Ostrea orbicularis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1148.2? Chem-
nitz, vill. p. 44. t. 74. f. 680. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 362.
‘Gmelin, p. 3314.

Gualter, t. 104. f. G.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter in diameter, with the valves
unequal, compressed, of a purplish colour, and the inside
yellowish. Both Schroeter and Gmelin have quoted Chem-
nitz’s figure with a mark of doubt, and the Linnzan de-
scription is so short that this will probably always continue
to be rather a doubtful species.

ARBOREA. 71. Shell rather oblong, transversely
wrinkled, with the lower valve thicker and
convex, and the upper thin and flat; margin
entire.

Ostrea arborea. Chemnitz, vii. p. 46. t. 74. f. 681.
Ostrea parasitica. Gmelin, p. 3336.
Ostrea Rhizophora. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
133. lot 2958.
Ostrea, No. 111. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. $72.
Ostrea. Enc. Method. t. 185. f. 1 to 3.
Rumphius, t. 46. f.O. Peticer Amb.t. 19. f. 11. Klein
Ost. t.8. f.17. Favanne, t. 80. f. Q.
Variety. Shell rather wedge-shaped, and larger.
Le Gasar. Adanson Senegal, p. 196, t. 14. f. 1.
Enc. Method. t. 178. f. 1 and 2.
‘Inhabits the Atlantic and Indian Seas, fixed to the roots and
branches of trees which grow close to the water. Chemnitz.
Molucca Islands. Rumphius. Curagoa. Humphreys.

OSTREA. 279

Shell from two to six inches long, and the form so much de-
pends on that of the wood it adheres to, that it is difficult to
find two alike; the outside is blackish, or sometimes violet,
and the inside is nearly white tinged with violet, and has a
dark violet muscular impression; it is generally found on the
roots or branches of the Mangifera indica, when they over-
hang the water.

SENEGALENSIS. 72. Shell sub-orbicular, with both
the valves flattish and smooth.

Ostrea Senegalensis. Gmelin, p. 3337.
Ostrea, No. 118. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 377.
Le Rojel. Adanson Senegal, p. 202. t. 14. f. 5.
Inhabits the coasts of Senegal, fixed to stones. Adanson.
Shell about two inches in diameter, and both the valves are so
nearly flat that it is not more than a quarter of an inch deep ;
the outside is of a dark chestnut colour, and the inside dirty
white.

DENTICULATA. 73. Shell sub-orbicular, with strong
transverse imbricated wrinkles, and some-
what truncated at the hinge, on both sides of
which the margin is toothed.

Ostrea denticulata. Born Mus. p. 113. t. 6. f.9 and 10.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 32. t. 73. f. 672 and 673. Shaw Nat.
Misc. xvi. t. 675.

Ostrea edulis, Var. 6. Gmelin, p. 3334.

Ostrea, No. 105. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 369.

Le Vetan. Adanson Senegal, t. 14. f. 3.

Lister Conch. t. 193, and t. 194. Klein Ost. t. 8. f. 21.
Enc. Meth. t. 183. f. 1 to 4.

lp the sea at the Cape of Good Hope adhering to rocks.

aw.

Shell about six inches anda quarter long, and six inches broad;
of a dirty or brownish white colour; there is a considerable
difference in the appearance of the shell figured by Chem-
nitz, and that of Born, which is very like some of the varieties
of O. edulis ; Lister’s figures are quoted by Shaw as wellas by
both these Conchologists, and Lister has marked them to
be English shells; of the figures which are above quoted in
the Encyclopédie Methodique, the two first have been
copied from Chemnitz, and the two latter from Born.

250 OS'TREA.

EDULIS. 74. Shell oblong-orbicular, very rugged,
with imbricated transverse membranaceous
wrinkles, and the upper valve flat.

Ostrea edulis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1184. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 104. t. 62.f. 70. Born Mus. p. 113. Chem-
mitz, vil. p. 48. t. 74. f.682. Schroeter Einl. iii. p.
363. Gmelin, p. 3354. Montagu Test. p.151. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p.101. Lamarck
Syst. des Anim. p. 132. Dorset Cat. p. 38. t. 11. f.6.

Ostreum vulgare. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 154. t. 11.
f. 0.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f.70, and Kirch. f. 68. Lister Anim.
Ang. t. 4. f. 26. Gualter, t. 102.f. A and B. Knorr,
i. t. 24. f.2, and t. 25. f. 2.

Inhabits the sea-shore every where. Born.

This shell varies much in shape and size according to the situa-
tion m which it is found, but is commonly more or less orbi-
cular, and very rugged. Pennant, in his British Zoology,
and Dale, in the History of Harwich, have related the me-
thods of taking, breeding, and fattening oysters, and the for-
mer has justly remarked that ‘a description of so well known
a shell is needless.’

SPONDYLOIDEA. 75. Shell ovate, flattish, with lon-
gitudinal undulated granulated striz on the
upper valve ; summits somewhat beaked, and
the margin very sharp.

Ostrea Spondyloidea. Chemnitz, viii. p. 28. t. 72. f. 669
and 670. Gmelin, p. 3335.

Ostrea, No. 103. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 368.

Pedum Spondyloides. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 136.

Pedum. Enc. Method. t. 178. f.1.

Favanne, t. 80. f. K.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about three inches and two lines long, and two inches and
five lines broad; white, with a few tawny or flesh-coloured
spots; the cartilage which connects the valves is external,
and placed in a deep narrow groove.

ovALis. 76. Shell oval, very thin, with unequal
longitudinal strize, and terminating ina short
lateral channelled beak.

Ostrea ovalis. Gmelin, p. 3337.
Ostrea, No. 120, Schroeter Hinl. ui. p. 378. t. 9. f. 8.

OSTREA. 28f

inhabits ——

Shell about an inch long, and the length rather exceeds the
breadth; very thin, brittle, whitish, and the inside glossy
silvery white ; the lower valve is somewhat longer and broader
than the upper. Schroeter in the same page of his Eileit-
ung has mentioned another somewhat similar shell, which
Gmelin has very imperfectly defined under the name of O.

papyracea.

SES ** With the Hinge composed of transverse fur-
rows in a straight line.

SEMIAURITA. 77. Shell oval, slightly eared,
smooth, and the umbones ending in a short
incurved beak ; hinge oblique.

Ostrea semiaurita. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1149. Schroe-
ter Ennl. ii. p. 365. t. 9. f.6. Gmelin, p. 3335.
Gualter, t. 84. f. H.
Inhabits the Mediterranean. Schroeter.
The shell figured by Schroeter for this species is described to
* be an inch and a half long, and an inch and a quarter broad,
very thin, of a dirty olive colour, with a few undulated lon-
gitudinal white stripes. Dr. Solander considered the Lin-
nean O. semiaurita and O. Perna to be the same species,
and Gualter, t. 84. f. H., to which Linnzus has referred for
the former, is very much like the latter shell.

bape,

PERNA. 78. Shell oblong, with the umbones form-
ing an incurved lateral beak ; hinge oblique.

Ostrea Perna. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1149. Schroeter
Einl. ii. p. 351. t. 9. f. 5. Gmelin, p. 3338.
Ostrea semiaurita. Chemnitz, vii. p. 250. t. 59. f. 579 and
580.
Pedalion Perna. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 52.
lot 1242.
Perna. Enc. Meth. t. 175. f.1.
Laster Conch. t. 199. f. 33, and t. 228. f. 63. Kilein Ost.
t.8. f. 19 and 20.
Inhabits the Indian Seas. Linneus. Coasts of Tranquebar,
and the West Indies. Chemnitz. China. Humphreys.
Chemnitz has figured two shells which he considered to be va-
rieties of O. semiaurita, and both of these are referred to by
Schroeter and Gmelin for the Linnean O. Perna; the first
(fig.579.) measures two inches aad two lines by one inch and

282 OSTREA.

a quarter, and is Oriental; the other is much shorter in pro-
portion to the breadth, 1s more flexuose, and agrees with Lis-
ter’s figures, which are said to have been made from West
Indian shells ; the latter has much the appearance of a dis-
tinct species, and as such was arranged by Dr. Solander in
the Portland Cabinet under the name of Pedalion torta ; the
colour of both is brownish white, or dull ferruginous, and
the latter is more strongly wrinkled transversely than the for-
mer.

IsoGNoMon. 79. Shell oblong, with the hinge pro-
duced, and forming a transverse narrow lobe
on one side.

Ostrea Isognomon. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1149. Chem-
nitz, vil. p.257. t. 59. f. 584. Schroeter Ennl. il. p. 352.
Gmelin, p. 3338. Barbut Verm. p. 56. t.9. f. 4.
Shaw Nat. Misc. xi. t. 439.

Pedalion Isognomon. Solander’s MSS.

Variety A. With the lateral lobe very long.

Perna. Enc. Method. t. 176. f. 1. :

Rumphius, t.47.f.1. | Petiver Amb. t. 20. f.11. Klein
Ost. t.8.f.15. Seba, iii. t.91.f.6. Regenfuss, ii. t.
8.f.11. Favanne,t. 42. f. B 1.

Variety B. With the lateral lobe short.

Perna Tranquebarensis. Leach Zool. Misc. p. 142. t.114.

Perna. Enc. Meth. t. 175. f.4 and 5.

Gualter, t.97.f. A. Seba, ui. t.91.f.8. Knorr, i. t.
10. f. 1 and 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna, Rumphius. Ceylon, and the
Molucca Islands. Chemnitz. Luconia, Pulo Condore,
China, and the Philippine Islands. Humphreys.

Shell from five to seven inches long, and about one inch and
three quarters broad ; of a blackish violet colour, and the in-
side pearly ; it bears some resemblance to O. Malleus, but
has only one linear lobe, and the hinge is widely different,
being more like that of an Arca. In the variety the lateral
lobe is either very short, or sometimes almost wholly wanting,
and the shell is frequently considerably bent.

EPHIPPIUM. 80. Shell sub-orbicular, fiattish, much
produced, and rounded on one side, and the
hinge straight.

Ostrea Ephippium. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1149. Born
Mus. p. 114. Chemnitz, vit. p. 245. t. 58. £576.

OSTREA. 283

Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 354. Gmelin, p. 3338.
Pedalion Ephippium. Solander’s MSS.
Perna Ephippium. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 134.
Perna. Enc. Method. t. 176. f. 2.
Lister Conch. t. 227. f. 62. Klein Ost. t.8.f. 18. Seba,
il. t. 90. f. 1, &c. Knorr, vi. t. 21. f. 1.

Inhabits the Asiatick Ocean. Linnaeus. Coasts of ‘Tranque-
bar. Chemnitz. Cape of Good Hope. Schroeter. Luconia
and Pulo Condore. Humphreys.

Shell varying from two to five inches long, and about equally
broad, with the valves nearly flat, transversely wrinkled, and
rather ponderous; the colour is purplish black, ferruginous
or dark violet, and the inside is pearly.

ALATA. 81. Shell oblong, flattish, brittle, pellueid,
and dilated towards the margin; hinge
oblique.

Ostrea alata. Gmelin, p. 3339.
Ostrea, No. 93. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 356.
Ala Corvi. Chemnitz, vii. p. 253. t. 59. f. 581.

Inhabits the coasts of the West India Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about half an inch long, and an inch and a quarier broad;
and is said by Chemnitz to be wing-shaped ; it is very brittle,
blackish on the outside, and somewhat pearly within.

PpicTa. 82. Shell oblong, thin, pellucid, becoming
narrower towards the hinge, and the oppo-
site end dilated; margin very acute.

Ostrea picta. Gmelin, p. 3399.

Ostrea, No. 91. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 355.

Arca Mytiloides. Martini Besch. Berlin Naturf. iu. t. 7.
f. 23 and 24.

Concha alam Phasiani representans. Chemnitz, vii. p. 243.
t. 58. f. 575.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Forskael.

Shell about two inches long, and fourteen lines broad at the
base, and in form somewhat resembles the common muscle ;
the colour is yellowish brown variegated with darker undu-
lated longitudinal stripes.

LEGUMEN. 83. Shell linear, straight, very brittle,
and diaphanous; hinge oblique.
Ostrea Legumen. Gmelin, p. 3399.

284 OSTREA.

Ostrea, No. 92. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 356.
Siliqua Spengleri. Chemnitz, vii. p. 250. t. 59. f. 578.
Perna. Enc. Method. t. 175. f. 2 and 3.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about fourteen lines long, and four broad; white, with
a dark spot near the umbo, and the inside silvery ; the hinge
is oblique, and has its furrows blackish.

285

Genus XV.

es

ANOMIA:t

SHELL WITH UNEQUAL VALVES, OF WHICH ONE IS
FLATTISH, AND THE OTHER MORE GIBBOUS AT
THE BASE; IN SEVERAL SPECIES THE FLAT VALVE
[S$ PERFORATED NEAR THE HINGE; HINGE
‘TOOTHLESS, WITH A LINEAR PROJECTION IN THE
FLAT VALVE, WHICH IS JOINED UNDER THE BEAK
TO THE OPPOSITE VALVE BY A STRONG CARTI-
LAGE.

CRANIOLARIS. J. Shell sub-orbicular, with the up-
per valve conical-convex, and the lower flat,
with three perforations near the hinge.

Anomia craniolaris. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1150. Ret-
ztus in Berlin Naturf. i. p.73. t. 1. f. 2 and 3. Chem-
nitz, vili. p. 72. t. 76. f. 687. f. a tof. Schroeter Einl. iii.
p- 381. Gmelin, p. 3340.

Crania personata. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 138.

Crania. Enc. Method. t. 171. f. 1 to 7.

Variety. Somewhat heart-shaped.

Cognata Anomia craniolaris. Chemnitz, viii. p. 78. t. 76.

f. 688.
Inhabits the coasts of the Philippine Islands. Retzius.
Shell about an inch long, and three quarters of an inch broad ;

+ Several of the Anomiz described by Linnzus have not been found jin a re-
cent state, and besides the fossils, I have omitted the following of Gmelin’s
species, which are too imperfectly described to be worth retaining. A, avena-
cea, p. 3349.~ A. flexuosa, p. 3349. A. gryphoides, p. 3348. A. nucleus, p. 3349,
A. rugosa, p. 3349. A, ventricosa, p. 3348. wy oats

286 ANOMIA.

white, and thickened at the margin; the lower valve adheres
to other substances, and is thicker than the upper which is
convex, more or less inclined to conical ; the inside is longi-
tudinally striated. It occurs frequently in a fossil state.

TURBINATA. 2. Shell sub-orbicular, with the upper
valve conical-convex, and the apex nearly
marginal ; lower valve flat, and very thin.

Anomia turbinata. Pol Testacea, ii. p. 189. t. 30. f. 15,
and 21 to 24.

Patella Anomala. Muller Zool. Dani. p. 14. t. 5. Gme-
lin, p. 3721.

Orbicula Norwegica. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 140.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway, adhering to rocks and stones.
Muller.

Shell about seven lines in diameter ; coarse, of a brownish co-
lour, and the inside bluish white. Muller has described this
species as a Patella, but Lamarck says there are two valves,
of which the lower is flat and very thin, and adheres to rocks
and other substances.

EPHIPPIUM. 3. Shell sub-orbicular, with wrinkled
plaits and the flat valve perforated, and the
summit of the other obtuse.

Anomia Ephippium. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1150. Pen-
nant Brit. Zool. iv. p. 109. t. 62. f. 70, upper figure.
Born Mus. p.117. Chemnitz, viii. p- 81. t. 76. f. 692
and 693. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 383. Gmelin, p. 3340.
Brugwere Enc. Meth. p.72. Pole Test. i. p. 186. t.
30. f.9 to 11. Donovan, i. t. 26. Montagu Test. p.
155. Maton and Racket, in Lan. Trans. vii. p. 102.
Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p.138. Dorset Cat. p. 38.
ig ah Bee 3

Anomia Tunica Cepez. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 165. t.
a4. f.'3.

Anomia Cepa, Var. rustica. Solander’s MSS.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 56, and Kirch. f. 55. Laster Conch.
t. 204. f.38. Gualter, t.97. f. B. Argenville, t. 19.
f.C. Favanne, t. 41. f. B. Enc. Method. t. 169. f. 6
and 7.

Junior. Anomia squamula. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1151.
Pennant Brit. Zool.iv. p. 109. Da Costa Brit. Conch.
p- 167. Chemnitz, vii. p. 86. t. 76. f. 696. Schroeter
Einl. iii. p. 387. Gmelin, p. 3341. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 70. Poli Test. ii. p.188. t. 30. £.18. Mont.

ANOMIA. 287

Test. p. 156 and p. 581. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. vii. p. 103. Dorset Cat. p. 39. t. 13. f. 4.
Enc. Method. t.171. f. 6 and 7.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and coasts-of America. Linneus.
Great Britain. Pennant, &c. Brittany and Languedoc.
Bruguiere. China. Humphreys.

Shell generally about two inches, but sometimes three inches
and a half in diameter, and adheres by its flat valve to other
bodies, particularly oyster shells, and accommodates its form
to whatever it fixes on; the colour is reddish, yellowish, or
white, and the inside pearly, tinged with green or purple.
Bruguiere says, these shells have a small testaceous covering
for the perforation, which is in fact a third valve, and which
is fixed so firmly to whatever it adheres to, as to be hardly
separable, and is therefore rarely seen m cabinets. Mr.
Montagu, in his Appendix, says, that 4. Cepa is a Variety,
and A. squamula, nothing more than the young of this
species.

cEPA. 4. Shell ob-ovate, violet, with the flat valve
perforated, and the other only slightly
wrinkled.

Anomia Cepa. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1151. Born Mus.
p-117. Chemnitz, vii. p. 85. t. 76. f. 694 and 695.
Schroeter Eznl. ii. p. 384. Gmelin, p. 3341. Poli
Test. i. p. 182. t. 30. f. 1 to S.

Anomia violacea. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 71.

Anomia Cepa, Var. rosea. Solander’s MSS. Dorset Cat.
p. 39.

Knorr, vi. t. 9. f.5. Ene. Method. t. 171. f. 1 and 2.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Coasts of Britain.
Pulteney, &c. Provence and Languedoc. Bruguiere. West
indie Islands, and Africa. Chemnitz. South Seas. Hum-
phreys.

This shell is generally smaller, more ovate, much less strongly
wrinkled, and more highly coloured than 4. Ephippium,
but they are both so very variable, and run so much into
each other, that it is probably nothing more than a Variety ;
the convex upper valve is generally of a violet colour, but is
sometimes purple or yellow, and not unfrequently appears as
if bronzed ; the inside is nearly white, and the lower valve
mostly whitish.

ELECTRiICA. 5. Shell sub-orbicular, yellowish,
smooth, with the convex valve gibbous,

288 ANOMIA.

Anomia electrica. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1151. Born
Mus. p.118. Chemnitz, viii. p. 79. t. 76. £.691. Schroe-
ter inl. i. p. 385. Gmelin, p. 3341. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p. 71.

Anomia Cepa, Var. electrica. Solander’s MSS.

Laster Conch. t. 205. f. 39. Rumphius, t. 47. f. L.? Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 20. f. 8.2? Knorr, v. t. 25. f. 6. Enc.
Method. t. 171. f. 3 and 4.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Coasts of the Mo-
lucca Islands. Rumphius. Guinea and Morocco. Chem-
mitz. Languedoc. Bruguiere.

This shell is not more than one fourth as large as 4. Ephip-
pium, from which it also differs in being thinner, more brit-
tle, and always of a bright yellow colour; the upper valve
is also more convex, and its surface more level and slightly
marked with only a few irregular transverse wrinkles.

PuNCTATA. 6. Shell orbicular, horny, with impres-
sed dots on the lower and elevated dots on
the convex valve. .

Anomia punctata. Chemnitz, viii. p. 88. t. 77. f. 698.
Gmelin, p. 3346. Bruguiere Enc. Method, p. 72.

Anomia, No. 3. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 408.

Enc. Method, t. 171. f. S and 9.

Inhabits the coasts of the Ferroe Islands, most commonly at-
tached to Muscles. Chemnitz.

Shell about half an inch in diameter, transparent, very brittle,
and of a horn colour; the outer surface of the convex valve
is covered with elevated dots, and the flat valve has them
impressed on the outside, and elevated within.

ACULEATA. 7. Shell sub-orbicular, with longitudi-
nal prickly striz, and the summit recurved ;
lower valve flat and porous.

Anomia aculeata. Muller Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 249,
Chemnitz, viii. p. 92. t. 77. f. 702. Gmelin, p. 3346,
Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.73. Montagu Test. p. 157.
t. 4. f.5. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p.
103.

Anomia scabra. Solander’s MSS.

Enc. Method. t. 171. f. 10. 4

Inhabits the coasts of Norway on shells, and the stems of Fuci,

Muller. Britain. Montagu.

ANOMIA. 989

Shell about three-eighths of an inch in diameter, marked on
the convex valve with longitudinal prickly striz, except on
the umbo which is smooth, and the lower valve is porous in
concentric rows ; the colour is dirty white or brownish.

MuRIcATA. 8. Shell orbicular, pellucid, with longi-
tudinal strie, and vaulted slightly imbricated
spines ; summit recurved.

Anomia muricata. Gmelin, p. 3346.

Anomia imbricata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 73.

Anomia, No. 6 and 7. Schroeter Eznl. iii. p. 409.

Chemnitz, vii. Vign. at p. 65. f. Ato D. Enc. Method.
tFZ li F192 :to,.15.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea? Chemnitz.

Shell sometimes nearly an inch and a half in diameter, very
thin, and almost as transparent as glass; the striz on the up-
per convex valve are armed with hollow, vaulted, slightly
imbricated spines; the lower valve is flat, and the margin of
its perforation elevated. Chemnitz discovered this shell on
a keel of a vessel when it arrived from Guinea, and therefore
supposes it is an inhabitant of that coast.

UNDULATA. 9. Shell sub-orbicular, with irregular
- undulated longitudinal strie, and minutely
striated transversely.

Anomia undulata. Chemnitz, viii. p. 88. t. 77. f. 699.
Gmelin, p. 3346. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.'74. Mon-
tagu Test. p. 157, and p. 580. t. 4. f.6. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p.103. Dorset Cat. p. 39.
t.11. f. 4. }

Anomia, No. 4. Schroeter Eznl. ii. p. 408.

Ostrea striata. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 162. t. 11. f. 4.
Donovan, ii. t. 45. Montagu Test. p. 153.

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 4. f.27, and Conch. t. 202. f. 36.
Enc. Meth. t. 171. f. 16 and 17, andt. 184. f. 5 and 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Great Britain. Laster, &c. Norway
and the Mediterranean. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch, or an inch and half in diameter, thin, pel-
lucid, and marked with fine undulated, longitudinal, rib-like
striz, and obsoletely striated transversely ; the lower valve
is wholly white, and the upper more or less mottled with
reddish brown. -

VOL, I. U

290 ANOMIA.

PATELLIFORMIS. 10. Shell sub-ovate, rather con-
vex, longitudinally ribbed, and minutely stri-
ated transversely ; umbones smooth, and the
summits slightly recurved.

Anomia patelliformis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1151. Mul-
ler Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 248. Chemnitz, viii. p. 89. t.
77. f. 700. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 388. Gmelin, p.
3342. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 74.

Anomia sulcata. Poli Test. ii. p. 187. t. 30. f. 12.

Enc. Meth. t. 171. f. 18 and 19.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway. Linneus.

Shell about an inch long, thin, brittle, marked with longitudinal
ribs, and obsolete transverse striz ; the colour is dirty white,
and Linnzus says, the upper valve so much resembles Pa-
tella lutea, that when separated, it might be readily mis-
taken for it; the umbones are smooth, and the summits in-
distinctly recurved.

sQUAMA. 11. Shell oval-oblong, with the convex
valve minutely striated longitudinally, and the
other perforated near its middle.

Anomia Squama. Gmelin, p. 3346.

Anomia striatula. Brugwere Enc. Meth. p. 74.
Anomia, No. 2. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 407.
Squama magna. Chemnitz, vill. p. 87. t. 77. f. 697.
Enc. Method. t. 171. f. 22 and 23.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and near an inch broad,
with the upper valve only slightly convex, and marked with
delicate longitudinal strie, radiating from the summit ; the
lower valve is thin and flat, and thickened at the margin, and
has a large oval perforation, which Bruguiere says, is more
nearly central than in any of the neighbouring species.

BIFIDA. 12. Shell oblong; with longitudinal, some-
what imbricated, bifid strie on the convex
valve.

Anomia pectinata. Chemnitz, vii. p. 79. t. 76. f. 689 and
690. Schroeter Hinl. iii. p. 382. Gmelin, p. 3340.
Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 74.

Anomia. Enc. Meth. t. 171. f. 20 and 21.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Chemnitz. Shores of Nice, and
those of the Isle of France. Bruguiere.

ANOMIA. 291

Shell about an inch and a half long, and thirteen lines broad ;
of a greyish white colour, and the convex valve has bifid
longitudinal stria, which are furnished with minute brittle
scales. Bruguiere, though he has retained the name, says
this is perfectly distinct from the Anomia pectinata of Lin-
neus, which is entirely a fossil species.

eyLInpDRIca. 13. Shell oblong, sub-cylindrical,
coarse, and slightly striated; upper valve
convex, perforated, and the umbo incurved.

Anomia cylindrica. Gmelin, p. 3349.

Anomia cymbiformis. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill. p. 104. t. 3. f. 6. Montagu Supp. p. 64.

Anomia, No. 25. Schroeter Hinl. ii. p. 419. t. 9. f. 13.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway, adhering to the spines of Echini.
Schroeter, Great Britain on Sertularie. Montagu.

Shell about half an inch long, and the length rather exceeds
the breadth; the upper valve is considerably convex, and
contracts at the umbo into a lengthened beak which is in-
curvated over the other valve; the lower valve is very con-
vex and gibbous, and conforms to the shape of the substance
it adheres to; the colour is white.

scOBINATA. 14. Shell roundish, striated longitudi-
nally, and the inside rough; umbo_ perfor-
ated.

Anomia scobinata. Lenneus Syst. Nat. p.1151. Chemnitz,
vill. p. 95. t. 78. f..704. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 389. t.
9. f.9.? Gmelin, p. 3342.

Terebratula. Enc. Method. t. 243. f. 9.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Chemnitz.

The shell figured by Chemnitz for this species, is about half
an inch long, and the breadth rather exceeds the length ; the
colour is pale reddish brown; the description given by Lin-
nzeus is very short and unsatisfactory, and Gualter, t. 96. f.
A, to which he has referred, is more like Anomia truncata.

AURITA. 15. Shell ob-ovate, striated, and slightly
eared ; umbo perforated.

Anomia aurita. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1151. Gmelin,
p- 3342. Gualter, t. 96. f. B.
Inhabits
Linnzus has given only the above very short description, and
has referred to Gualter, t. 96. f. B. which Born and Chem-
nitz have quoted for 4. Cuput-serpentis.
uU 2

992 ANOMIA.

RETUSA. 16. Shell ob-ovate, striated, retuse, and
longitudinally indented ; umbo perforated.
Anomia retusa. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1151. Gmelin,
p. 3342.
Inhabits the Norway Seas on Alcyonia. Pennant.
Linneus appears to have given the above description from a
shell which Pennant sent him, but it is so short that the
species has not been ascertained by any subsequent author.

TRUNCATA. 17. Shell transversely oval, with one
valve keeled in the middle, and the other in-
dented longitudinally; umbo perforated in
one valve, and the other truncated.

Anomia truncata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1152. Born
Mus. p. 118. t. 6.f. 14. Chemnitz, viii. p. 90. t. 77. f.
701. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 393. Gmelin, p. 3343.
Pol Test. p. 191. t. 30. f. 16 and 17.

Terebratula. Enc. Meth. p. 243. f. 2.

Inhabits the Norway Seas on Corallines. Linneus. Mediter-
ranean. Humphreys.

Shell about five lines long, and seven broad; depressed, of a
brownish or yellowish white colour, and obsoletely striated
longitudinally ; one valve is longitudinally keeled, and the
other has a corresponding furrow in the middle.

CAPENSIS. 18. Shell roundish, strongly striated
longitudinally, with one valve nearly flat,
and the other convex; margin crenated, and
one of the valves sub-truncated.

Anomia Capensis. Gmelin, p. 3347.
“Anomia striata Promontorii Bone Spei. Chemnitz, viii.
p. 94. t..77. f. 703.
Anomia, No. 8. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 410.
Inhabits the Sea at the Cape of Good Hope. Chemnitz.
Shell a little more than an inch long, and the breadth rather
exceeds the length ; the colour is white or reddish, and the
middle of the inside of the flat valve is longitudinally ribbed.

DECOLLATA. 19. Shell sub-orbicular, strongly stri-
ated longitudinally, and the inside ribbed ;
one valve truncated, and the other perforated
at the umbo.

Anomia decollata. Chemnitz, viii. p. 96. t. 78, f. 705.
Anomia detruncata. Gmelin, p. 3347.

ANOMIA. 293

Anomia, No. 9. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 410.
Terebratula. Enc. Meth. t. 243. f. 10.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Chemnitz.

Shell about five lines long and six broad, of a pale reddish
brown colour; the flat truncated valve on the inside has
three longitudinal ribs, and the other which is convex, is
striated and divided bya partition in the middle ; the flattest
valve is so much truncated as to be almost semicircular, and
the umbo of the other, which has the perforation, is promi-
nent,

PUBESCENS. 20. Shell ob-ovate, downy, longitudi-
nally grooved, and has the umbo in one valve
prominent and gaping.

Anomia pubescens. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1152. Schroe-
ter Ennl. ii. p. 397. t. 9. f. 10. Gmelin, p. 3344.

Terebratula. Enc. Method. t. 246. f. 8.

Gualter, t. 96. f. C.

Inhabits the Norwegian Seas on corallines. Linnaeus.

Linneus says the shell is about the size of a cucumber seed ;
white, and covered with very minute erect distant hairs; the
valves are nearly equal, and neither is truncated, but the
umbo which has the perforation, is more prominent than the
other. Muller’s Terebratula pubescens appears to be Ano-
mia Caput-serpentis, covered with a minute hairy Zoophyte.

SANGUINEA. 21. Shell ovate, glabrous, with one
valve longitudinally keeled, and the other de-
pressed in the middle, and the perforated
umbo more prominent than the other.

Anomia sanguinea. Chemnitz, vin. p. 96. t. 78. f. 706.
Anomia sanguinolenta. Gmelin, p. 3347.
Anomia, No. 10. Schroeter Hind. iii. p. 411.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell nearly seven lines long, and about five broad, of a pale
reddish colour with darker sanguineous rays, and rather pel-
lucid; the perforated summit of the convex valve is more
elevated than the other, but neither is truncated. I have a
een which Mrs. Mawe told me came from the South

eas.

CAPUT-SERPENTIS. 22. Shell ovate, longitudinally
grooved, with the summit of the convex valve

elevates and perforated ; margin sinuous and
crenulated.

294 ANOMIA.

Anomia Caput-serpentis, Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1153.
Born Mus. p. 119. t. 6. f. 13. Chemnitz, vii. p. 103.

,t.78. f.712.? and xi. p. 248. t. 203. f. 2013 and 2014.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 399. Gmelin, p. 3344. Poli
Test. ii. p. 192. t. 30. f. 15. y.

Terebratula pubescens. Muller Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 249.

Terebratula. Enc. Meth. t. 241. f. 2.

Favanne, t. 41. f. A 2.

Inhabits the Norway Seas. Linnaeus.

Shell about an inch or an inch and a quarter long, and the
length and breadth are nearly equal; the form is somewhat
pentangular, for besides a keel in the middle, the convex per-
forated valve has a longitudinal ridge on each side and the
other valve has corresponding depressions; the colour is
greyish white.

TEREBRATULA. 23. Shell ovate, ventricose, smooth,
pellucid, brittle, and truncated in front, with
one summit perforated and inflected over the
other.

Anomia Terebratula. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1153. Gme-
lin, p. 3344. Da Costa Elements, p. 292. t. 6. f. 3.

Anomia vitrea. Born Mus. p. 119, and Vigu. at p. 116.
Gmelin, p. 3347.

Terebratula vitrea. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 139.

Terebratula. Enc. Meth. t. 239. f. 1.

Klein Ost. t. 11. f. 74. Argenville App. t. 3. f. E.
D’ Avila, t. 20. f. C. Knorr, iv. t. 30. f.4. Favanne,
t.41.f. A 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway. Linnaeus. Mediterranean.
Humphreys.

Shell about sixteen lines long, and one inch broad; dirty
white, thin, brittle, and transparent; 4. vitrea of Born, and
A. Terebratula of Linnzus appear to be the same species,
but A. vitrea of Chemnitz is different.

CRANIUM. 24. Shell roundish, convex, minutely
striated, pellucid, and brittle, with one sum-
mit perforated and slightly inflected over the
other.

Anomia Cranium. Gmelin, p. 3347.

Anomia obsoleta. Solander’s MSS.

Anomia, No. 11. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 412.

Anomia vitrea. Chemnitz, vill. p. Y7. t. 78. f. 707 to 709.

ANOMIA. 995

Terebratula Cranium. Muller Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 247.
Petiver Gaz. t. 93. f. 19.

Variety. Shell reddish and somewhat streaked with white.

Anomia picta. Chemnitz, xi. p. 247. t. 205. f. 2011 and
2012.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway. Muller.

Shell about an inch long, and the length and breadth are nearly
equal ; it is of a dirty white colour, and is nearly allied to
A. Terebratula, but differs in being broader and less trun-
cated at the margin, and is obsoletely marked with minute
decussated striz. Chemnitz’s description of 4. picta differs
from that which Dr. Solander has left of his 4. sanguinea,
and comes much nearer the present species from which it
principally differs in colour.

CRUENTA. 25. Shell roundish-ovate, longitudinally
ribbed, and covered with impressed dots;
one summit perforated, and slightly inflected
over the other.

Anomia sanguinea. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p.
45. No. 836.
Terebratula sanguinea. Leach Zool. Misc. i. p. 76. t. 33.

Inhabits the South Seas. Solander. Coasts of New Zealand.
Humphreys.

Shell about an inch long, and the length rather exceeds the
breadth, of a blood red colour; it has a slight longitudinal
depression in the middle of one valve, and a corresponding
elevation in the other; in the smaller valve there is a bifid
process on each side of the hinge, and another towards the
center. The name of sanguinea has been given by Chem-
nitz to a different species.

DORSATA. 26. Shell sub-cordiform, with longitudi-
nal ribs, and fine transverse striz ; the con-
vex perforated valve is keeled, and the other
depressed in the middle.

Anomia dorsata. Gmelin, p. 3348.
Anomia striata Magellanica. Chemnitz, vii. p. 101. t. 78.
f. 710 and 711.
Anomia, No. 13. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 413.
_ Terebratula. Enc. Meth. t. 242. f. 1.
D’ Avila, t. 20. f. A. Da Costa Elements, t.6.f.7. Fa-
vanne, t. 41. f. A 3.
Tnhabits the Straights of Magellan. Chemnitz.

296 ANOMIA.

Shell about an inch and a quarter, or sometimes an inch and
a half long, and the breadth rather exceeds the length ; the
colour is greyish white, and the inside of the flattest valve

sie a curiously folded, gristly appendage, extending from the
inge.

PSITTACEA. 27. Shell ovate, gibbous, longitudi-
nally striated, with the umbo of the convex
valve much produced and perforated ; mar-
gin sinuated, entire.

Anomia Psittacea. Gmelin, p. 3348.

Anomia Rostrum-psittaci. Chemnitz, vii. p. 106. t. 78. f.
713.

Anomia aquilina. Solander’s MSS.

Anomia, No. 14. Schroeter Einl. iui. p. 413.

Lampas Psittacea. Callone’s Cat. p. 45. No. 834.

Terebratula. Enc. Method. t. 244. f. 3.

Lister Conch, t. 211. f. 46. Argenville, t. 23. f. O. Klein
Ost. t. 12. f.84. D’ Avila, t. 20. f. B. Favanne, t.
41. f. A 5.

Inhabits the Indian Seas. D’ Avila. Coasts of Greenland.
Chemnitz. Newfoundland. Humphreys.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and the length ra-
ther exceeds the breadth; it is somewhat horny, pellucid,
and finely striated longitudinally; the valve which has the
produced perforated summit is less convex than the other,
and the perforation is somewhat triangular ; the colour is
blackish or greenish brown.

TRIDENTATA, 28. Shell tricuspidated with tubular
points, thin, pellucid, and finely striated
transversely ; valves united.

Anomia tridentata. Forskael Descrip. Anim. in Itin. p.
124, and t. 40. f. B. Chemnitz, viii. p. 108. Vign. 13.
fig. F and G. Gmelin, p. 3348.

Anomia, No. 15. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 414.

Hyalza cornea. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 140.

Hyale tridentata. Shaw Nat. Misc. xvi. t. 664.

D’ Avila, t. 20. f. D and E.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Forskael.

Forskael describes this singular species to be as large as a nut,
of a yellowish colour, and very thin and pellucid ; the sum-
mit is rounded, the base mucronated, and each side is armed
with a projecting tube,

ANOMIA. 297

PLACENTA. 29. Shell orbicular, flat, and pellucid ;
hinge with two ribs spreading like the letter
V on the inner surface of one valve.

Anomia Placenta. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1154. Born
Mus. p. 120. Chemnitz, viii. p. 116. t. 79. f. 716.

' Schroeter Einl. iii, p. 404. Gmelin, p. 3345. Brooks's
Introd. p. 81. t. 4. f. 46.

Placuna Placenta. Solander’s MSS. Lamarck Syst. des
Anim. p. 135.

Placuna. . Enc. Meth. t. 173. f. 1 to 3.

Lister Conch. t. 225. f. 60, and t. 226. f. 61. Seba, iii. t.
90. f. 5, 6, 12 and 18. Knorr, ii. t. 24. f. 1. Da Costa’s -
Elements, t. 7..13. Favanne, t. 41. f. D 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar and China. Chemnitz. Co-

romandel. Humphreys.

Shell about five inches in diameter ; white, pellucid, thin, brit-
tie, and marked with very fine longitudinal striz crossing
transverse wrinkles ; the upper valve is flatter than the other,
and the inside is silvery; the hinge has two longitudinal ribs
diverging like the letter V on the inner surface of one valve,
and two corresponding hollows in the other valve. The
Chinese are said to glaze the windows of their summer-
houses with these shells.

SELLA. 30. Shell sub-quadrangular, and the hinge
with two ribs spreading like the letter V on
the inner surface of one valve.

Anomia Sella. Gmelin, p. 3345.
Anomia, No. 16. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 415.
Ephippium Anglicanum maximum. Chemnitz, viii. p. 111.
C798. 704.
Placuna Ephippium, Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat.
p. 45. No. 827.
Placuna. Enc. Meth. t. 174. f. 1.
Seba, iii. t. 90. middle fig. Knorr, iv. t. 18. f. 2. Favanne,
t.41.f. D3.
Junior. Ephippium parvum papyraceum. Chemnitz, viii.
p. 114, t. 79. f. 715.
Placuna. Enc. Meth. t. 174. f. 2.
Rumphius, t. 47. f. B. Petiver Amb. t. 20. f. 3. Guatlter,
t. 104. f. B.
Tnhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Molucca Islands,
Chemnitz. Tranquebar. Humphreys.
Shell from four to seven inches long, and the breadth but very

93

ANOMIA.

little exceeds the length; it is blackish brown, slightly
clouded with greenish white, has rather a bronzed appear-
ance, and is somewhat iridescent towards the margin, the
valves are striated and wrinkled in the same mamner as those
of Anomia Placenta, which by many Conchologists, is sup-
posed to be the same species in a still earlier stage of stows
than the Ephippium parvum éf Chemnitz.

299

Genus XVI.

——,

MYTILUS:

SHELL BIVALVE, ROUGH, GENERALLY AFFIXED BY
A BYSSUS; HINGE WITHOUT TEETH, AND MARKED
BY A LONGITUDINAL FURROW.

Subdivisions. f

* Parasitical, and aftixed by claws.
** Flat, or compressed into a flattened form,
and slightly eared.
“** Somewhat ventricose.

i

* Parasitical, and affixed by Claws.

CRISTA-GALLI. 1. Shell roundish, sharply plaited
and spinous ; both lips rough.
Mytilus Crista-galli. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1155. Born
Mus. p. 122. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 422. Gmelin, p.
3350. Montagu Test. p. 166. Maton and Racket, in
Lin. Trans. viii. p. 104.
Ostrea Crista-galli. Mus. Gevers. p.424. Solander’s MSS.
Portland Cat. p. 137. lot 3060. Callone’s Cat. p. 53.
No. 1011. Chemnitz, viii. p. 52. t. 75. f. 683 and 684,
and t. 73. f. 675.

+ The following of Gmelin’s species are omitted, and most of them are
wholly undeserving of notice. MM. albus, p. 3356. MM. argenteus, p. 5361. M.
aier, Pp. 3356. M. azureus, p. 3361. M. canaliculus, p. 3363. M. fasciatus, p.
3360. M. fulgidus, p. 3361. M. mammarius, p. 3360. M.murinus, p. 3361.
M. persicus, p. 3360. M. pictus, p. 3360. M. polymorphus, p. 3363. M. pur-
pureus, p. 3360. IM. roseus, p. 3362. M. undatus, p. 3360.

300 MYTILUS.

Ostrea. Enc. Method. t. 185. f. 9.

Rumphius, t.47.f. D. Petiver Amb. t. 20. f. 2. Gual-
ter, t. 104.f. E. <Argenville, t. 23. f. D. Knorr, iv. t.
10. f. 3 to 5, and v. t. 16. f. 1, and t. 17. f. 1 to 3. Re-
genfuss, i. t. 2. f. 16. Favunne, t. 45. f. A 3.

‘ariety. With the shell reversed.

Ostrea Crista-galli simistra. Chemniiz, ix. p. 140. t. 116.
f. 998.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean, adhering to Gorgoniz. Linnaeus.
Amboyna. Rumphius. Red Sea, and coasts of the Mo-
lucca Islands, and Coromandel. Chemnitz. China. Hum-
phreys. Has been found alive adhering to the bottoms of
ships on the coast of Britain. Montagu.

Shell sometimes two inches and a quarter long, and nearly two
inches and three-quarters broad, but is usually smaller; the
valves are transversely rugged, and strongly plaited longitu-
dinally, with sharp angular plaits which correspond with each
other, so as to shut close at the margin; the colour varies
from dark purplish brown to pale chestnut, and the inside is
yellowish. The animal, the hinge, and the muscular im-
pressions are similar to those of the Ostrez, and whenever
the Genera are new modelled, this species, and also M.
Hyotis and M. Frons must be removed.

HyoTIs. 2. Shell oval, plaited, and imbricated with '
broad compressed spmous membranes ; both
lips smooth.

Mytilus Hyotis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1155. Born Mus.
p. 122. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 423. . Gmelin, p. 3350.

Ostrea Hyotis. Mus. Gevers. p. 424. Solander’s MSS.
Portland Cat. p. 6. lot 80. Callone’s Cat. p. 53. No.
1012. Chemnitz, viii. p. 58. t. 75. f. 685.

Ostrea. Enc. Method. t. 186. f. 1 and 2.

Rumphius, t. 47.f. C. Petiver Amb. t. 20. f.5. Gualter,
t. 103. f. A. <Argenville App. t. 3. f. F. Knorr, i. t.
20. f. 1. Favanne, t. 45. f. C.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean adhering to Gorgoniz. Linneus.
Coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. China and the Friendly
Islands. Humphreys.

Shell about four inches and a quarter long, and three inches -
and a quarter broad, of a dark brownish olive, or ferruginous
colour; the valves are strongly plaited longitudinally, and
covered with imbricated transverse scaly membranes, here
and there beset with thick hollow thorn-like processes.

MYTILUS., 501

FRONS. 3. Shell plaited towards the margin, and
transversely wrinkled, without any spines ;
one lip rough.

Mytilus Frons. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1155. Born Mus.
p- 123, and Vign. at p.121.f.b. Schroeter Ein. iii. p.
424. Gmelin, p. 3350.

Ostrea Frons. Mus. Geversianum, p. 424. Solander’s
MSS. Portland Cat. p. 30. lot 713. Callone’s Cat.
p. 53. No. 1007. Chemnitz, vii. p. 61. t. 75. f. 686.

Ostrea. Enc. Method. t. 186. f. 4 to 6.

Lister Conch. t. 197. f. 32, and t. 198. f.32 a. Gualter,
t.104. f.C. <Argenville, t.19.f. D. Knorr, iv. t. 8.
f.§. Favanne, t. 45. f. D 1 and D 2.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean on Gorgonie. Linnaeus. Coasts
of Jamaica. Lister. St. Croix. Chemnitz. St. Domingo,
Guadaloupe, Acapulco, and St. Christophers. Humphreys.

Shell one and a half, or two inches long, and generally about
equally broad, but varies in shape according to the substance
it adheres to; the colour is most commonly reddish brown,
and the inside yellowish ; it is plaited towards the margin,
and there is an elevated rib in the middle of one valve, and a
corresponding depression in the other.

** Flat, or compressed into a flutiened form, and
slightly eared.

MARGARITIFERUS. 4. Shell sub-orbicular, com-
pressed, covered with transverse membrana-
ceous scales, and the inside pearly.

Mytilus margaritiferus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1155. Born
Mus. p. 124, and Vign. at p.121.f. a. Chemnitz, viii. p.
126. t. 80. f. 717. Schroeter Einl, iu. p. 426. Gmelin,
p- 3351. Barbut Verm. p. 66.t.11.f. 4. Shaw Nat.
Misc. xx. t. 831.

Avicula. Enc. Meth. t. 177. f. 1 and 2.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 2. f. 1. Lister Conch. t. 221.
f. 56, t. 223. f. 57, and t. 294.f. 58. Rumphius, t. 47.
f. F. Petiver Amb. t. 20. f.4. Gualter, t. 84. f. E, F
and G. Argenville, t. 20. f. A. Knorr, iv. t. 18. f. 1.
Da Costa Elements, t..7.f.14. Favanne, t. 41. f. E 4.

V the B. Shell plaited longitudinally, and of a bright green
colour.

Chemnitz, viii. p. 132, t. 80. f. 718.

302 MYTILUS.

Avicula. Enc. Method. t. 177. f. 4.

Variety C. Less scaly and whitish, with dark blue longitudi-
nal rays.

Favanne, t. 41. f. E1. Enc. Meth. t. 177. f. 1 and 2.
Chemnitz, xi. p. 250. t. 198. f. 2015.

Inhabits the East and West Indian Seas. Linnaeus. Coasts of
Jamaica. Lister. Amboyna. Rumphius. China and Ota-
heite. Humphreys.

Full grown shells are sometimes ten or twelve inches long, and
the length rather exceeds the breadth; these are thick and
ponderous, but young shells are thin, brittle, and slightly
eared; the margin is rounded, except on the side of the
hinge, where it is straight and transverse ; the colour is com-
monly greenish or pale chestnut, sometimes marked with
paler rays, and Chemnitz has figured a beautiful Variety with
dark blue rays. This species affords valuable pearls, and
the inside (which is known by the name of Mother of Pearl)
is beautifully polished and iridescent.

RADIATUS. 5. Shell roundish, with transverse mem-
branaceous scales, forming spinous processes-
arranged in longitudinal lines.

Mytilus margaritiferus, Var. Chemnitz, viii. p. 134. t. 80.
f. 719.

Avicula radiatus. Leach Zool. Misc. 1. p. 98. t. 43.

Avicula. Enc. Meth. t. 177. f. 3.

Knorr, ui. t. 25. f. 2 and 3. Favanne, t. 41. f. E 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and two inches
broad, of a greyish colour, with a few obsolete or sometimes
purplish rays ; it is nearly allied to M. margaritiferus, and
differs principally in being armed with regular longitudinal
rows of thorn-like processes which issue from its transverse
membranes.

uncuis. 6. Shell roundish, longitudinally striated,
pellucid, and slightly eared.

Mytilus Unguis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1156. Gmelin,
p- 3351.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus.

Linnzus describes this shell to be about the size of a man’s
nail, very thin and transparent, and finely striated longitudi-
nally ; no subsequent author has ascertained the species, but
it is generally supposed to belong to the Ostrea.

MYTILUS. 303
*#* Somewhat ventricose.

LITHOPHAGUS. 7. Shell sub-cylindrical, obliquely
striated on one side, and rounded at both
ends.

Mytilus lithophagus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1156. Born
Mus. p. 124. t. 7. f. 4. Schroeter Hinl. iil. p.428. Gme-
lin, p. 3351. Barbut Verm. p. 66. t. 11. f.5. Maton
and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 270. t. 6. f. 1.

Mytilus. Enc. Meth. t.221. f. 6 and 7.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 28 and 29, and Kirch. f. 27 and 28.
Lister Conch. t. 427. f. 268. Rumphius, t. 46. f. F. Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 19. f. 13. Argenville, t. 26. f. K.

Variety. With an angular protrusion on one side.

Mytilus cinnamominus. Chemnitz, vill. p. 152. t. 82. f.
(eae

Mytilus, No. 6. | Schroeter Eznl. iu. p. 452.

Inhabits the Indian, European, and Mediterranean Seas, bur-
rowed in rocks and coral. Linnaeus. Coasts of Italy. Bo-
nanni. Amboyna. Rumphius. Toulon. Argenville. Africa.
D?’ Avila. Jamaica. Sloane. Isles of France and Bour-
bon. Chemnitz. Naples. Ulysses.

Shell most commonly about half an inch long, and one third as
broad, but is sometimes almost twice as large; it is coated
with a dark chestnut or a greenish epidermis, and the inside
is bluish white, and somewhat silvery; both valves are
marked with concentric ridges, and these on one side towards
the hinge are crossed with delicate oblique strie. Mr. C.
Ulysses says that in the Bay of Naples ‘ the fishermen place
the animal in the sun, and with it besmear their hands and
faces at night so as to illuminate them as with phosphorus.’

ARISTATUS. 8. Shell sub-cylindrical, rounded at
the hinge, and armed at the opposite extre-
mity with two beak-like processes which
cross each other.

Mytilus aristatus. So/ander’s MSS.
Le Ropan. Adanson Senegal. p. 267. t. 19. f. 2
Enc. Meth. t. 221. f.8. Lin. Trans. viii. t. 6. f. 2.
Inhabits the coasts of Senegal burrowed in the shells of Balani.
Adanson. In calcareous rocks. Sowerby.
Shell an inch long, and rather more than one third as broad ;
generally of a dirty white, but sometimes brownish or fawn-
coloured ; the want of strie, and a beak-like process from the

304 MYTILUS.

extremity of each valve, crossing each other like the mau-
dibles of the Loxia curvirostra, distinguish this species from
M. lithophagus, of which however Dr. Maton considers it
to be only a variety.

AmMBIGUUS. 9. Shell oblong, smooth, rounded at
both ends, and gaping on one side.

Mytilus Pholadius. Solander’s MSS.

Mya dubia. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 82. t. 44. Donovan, iii.
t. 108. Dorset Cat. p. 27. t. 1. f.11. . Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p.33. Wood’s Conch. p. 102.
t: 25. f. 2 and 3.

Mya Pholadia. Montagu Test. p. 28 and 559, and Supp.
p. 20.

Pholas Faba. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat. p. 27.

Chama parva. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 234.

Inhabits the coast at Weymouth burrowed in stone. Pulteney.
Coasts of Devonshire. Montagu.

Shell about the size of a Pistachia Nut; thin, brittle, opake,
marked with concentric striz, and of a pale brown colour.
Mr. Montagu remarks that the small elevation of the hinge
is scarcely to be denominated a tooth, and it is altogether
unnoticed by Solander, whose MS. description appears to
have been taken from the same specimen in the Portland Ca-
binet, which Pennant mentions.

ruGosus. 10. Shell oval, sub-rhomboidal, rounded
at one and truncated at the other end, and
strongly wrinkled transversely.

Mytilus rugosus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1156. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 110. t.63. f. 72. Da Costa British Conch.
p. 223. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 429. t. 9. f. 14. Gmelin,
p- 3352. Montagu Test. p. 164. Donovan, iv. t. 141.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 105. Dor-
set Cat. p. 39. t. 13. f. 5.

Mytilus Pholadis. Linnaeus Mant. p. 548. Chemnitz,
vill. p. 154. t. 82. f..735. Schroeter Ennl. ii. p. 448.
Gmelin, p 3357. Mohr Hist. Nat. Islandia, p. 135.
Muller Zool. Dan. i. p. 11. t.87. f. 1 to 3.

Mya byssifera. Fabricius Fauna Grenl. p. 408. Gmelin,
p- 3323.

Laster Anim. Ang. t. 4.f.21. Linneus Iter. Westgoth.
t. 5562:

Inhabits the northern coasts of Europe, burrowed in lime-stone,

MYTILUS. $05

Britain. Lister, &c. Norway, Iceland, Greenland, and the
Ferroe Islands. Muller.

Shell an inch or an inch and a quarter long, and about half as
broad; of a dirty white colour, covered with a yellowish
epidermis, and very rugged concentric wrinkles; it varies
much in shape, some shells being much broader and more
cylindrical than others, and this variation may probably have
misled Linnzeus to describe the species under two different
names.

CORALLIOPHAGUS. 11. Shell carinated in the mid-
dle, with the margin crenated, and the um-
bones obtuse.

Mytilus coralliophagus. Chemnitz, vill. p. 174. t. 84. f.
752. Gmelin, p. 3359. '

Mytilus, No. 15. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 457.
Mytilus. Enc. Method. t. 219. f. 4.

Inhabits the East and West Indian Seas, and perforates rocks
and coral like a Pholas. Chemnitz.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and less than half as
broad at the broadest part, which is towards the hinge; the
colour is whitish.

precisus. 12. Shell oblong, distorted, with the
valves unequal, and strongly wrinkled trans-
versely ; hinge terminal.

Mytilus precisus. Montagu Test. p. 165. t.4.f.2. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vin. p. 112.

Inhabits the Western coasts of England and Wales, adhering to
the roots of Algz, or burrowed in lime-stone. Montagu.
Mr. Montagu has given the following description of this spe-
cies, “ Shell oblong, irregular, rugose, wrinkled, and fre-
quently much distorted; commonly so much the shape of
the Solen minutus, as to be easily confounded for a worn
shell-of that species, having lost the spines; others resemble
the Mytilus rugosus. The particular characters are that the
hinge 1s close to one end, which side is quite square as if cut
off; the beak, large, prominent, and projects further in one
valve than the other; which valve is rather largest, and re-
ceives the other within its margin, particularly at the oppo-
site end from the hinge. In some both ends are truncated ;
colour dirty white, frequently covered with a brown epider-
mis. Inside white, hinge rough, strong, inflected, forming
a deep cavity underneath the margin. Length from hinge te

VOL. I. x

306 MYTILUS.

the opposite margin, a quarter of an inch, breadth half an
inch, but usually much less; though we have one specimen
full three quarters of an inch wide. It is readily distinguish-
ed from the young of the Mytilus rugosus by the larger end
being truncated, and not rounded, and by the valves being
unequal.”

Fuscus. 13. Shell oblong, smooth, incurved, with
the posterior side sub-cylindrical, and the
other compressed ; umbones prominent and
incurved.

Mytilus fuscus. Gmelin, p. 3359.
Mytilus brunneus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 104.
lot 2275. Callone’s Cat. p. 43. No. 798.
Mytilus, No.25. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 459.
Lister Conch. t. 359. f. 197.
Inhabits the East Indies? and lives in stones. Humphreys.
Shell about three quarters of an inch or an inch long, and not
much more than one third as broad; it is ventricose, and of
a brown colour.

ARBORESCENS. 14. Shell sub-cylindrical, smooth,
compressed at the margin, and marked over
one half with minute branching lines.

Mytilus arborescens. Chemnitz, xi. p. 251. t. 198. f. 2016
and 2017.

Mytilus ornatus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 135.
lot 2994.

Mytilus. Enc. Meth. t. 221. f. 2.

Tamarindiformis Dendrites. Mus. Gevers. p. 412. No.
1424.

D’ Avila, t. 19. f.Z. Favanne, t. 50. f. G.

Aghebi the coasts of St. Domingo. Chemnitz. China. Hum-
phreys.

Shell ae two inches and a quarter long, and one inch broad ;
of a yellowish colour ; the valves are divided diagonally into
two parts, of which one is plain, and the other ornamented
with minute irregularly branched lines of a dark brown or
blackish colour.

pLicatTus. 15. Shell rhomboidal, inequilateral,
striated and wrinkled transversely, and the
summits inflected. ,

MYTILUS. 307

Mytilus plicatus. Chemnitz, vii. p. 153. t. 82. f, 733.
Gmelin, p. 3358. Montagu Supp. p. 70.
Mytilus, No. 8. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 453.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and half as broad ;
transparent, brittle, of a dirty white colour, and the inside
silvery ; it is rounded on the side by the hinge, and at the op-
posite extremity is dilated and angular. Mr. Montagu says
that a shell resembling Chemnitz’s figure, but only half as
large, has been taken alive by Mr. Laskey on the coasts of
the Isle of Sky.

VULGARIS. 16. Shell flattish, and inflected on one
side, with converging incurved summits;
hinge one-toothed.

Mytilus vulgaris. Chemnitz, viii. p. 153. t. 82. f. 732.
Gmelin, p. 3358.
Mytilus, No. 7. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 452.
Favanne, t. 50. f. D.? Enc. Meth. t. 218. f. 4.
Inhabits the coasts of the West India Islands. Chemnitz.
Shell about an inch long, and rather more than half as broad;
smooth, of a pale clay colour, and covered with a brown epi-
dermis ; summits incurved and approximated.

-NIvEus. 17. Shell oval, sub-diaphanous, thickly
striated longitudinally, and the margin acute ;
hinge with two teeth.

Mytilus niveus. Chemnitz, vill. p. 154. t. 82. f. 734. Gme-
lin, p. 3358.
Mytilus, No.9. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 453.
Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.
Shell about an inch and three quarters long, and three quarters
of an inch broad ; of a snow white colour on both sides, and
the inside polished.

BILOCULARIS. 18. Shell ovate-wedge-shaped, with
longitudinal diverging striae; anterior side
rounded, and the other flat; summits vault-
ed, with a white internal appendage.

Mytilus bilocularis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 5352. Schroe-
ter Ennl. ii. p. 431. Gmelin, p. 3352.
Mytilus Nicobaricus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 155. t. 82. f. 736.
Variety. Shell smaller, and sub-triangular.
x 2

308 MYTILUS.

Mytilus Nicobaricus, Var. Chemnitz, viii. p. 157. t. 82.
fo737-

Lister Conch. t.. 357. f. 195 b.? Klein Ost. t. 12. £.76
and 77.?

Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Linnaeus. Coasts of the Nicobar
Islands. Chemnitz. China. Humphreys.

Shell usually about two inches long, and half as broad, and has
a remarkably rugged appearance ; the anterior side is
rounded and somewhat angular, and the posterior is flattish
and slightly mcurved ; the colour is bluish, or sometimes
white tinged with violet, and covered with a dark olive or
blackish epidermis ; the inside 1s sometimes dark blue, and
the margin is crenated. Kemmerer has referred to Chem-
nitz’s fig. 742. for the Linnean M. exustus, and considered
fig. 736. to be a Variety of the same species.

ExusTus. 19. Shell ovate-wedge-shaped, longitu-
dinally striated, with the anterior side angu-
lar ; margin crenated.

Mytilus exustus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1156. Born Mus.
p. 125. t. 7.f. 5.

Mytilus crenatus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 165. t. 83. f. 744.
Lister Conch. t. 366. f. 206. Petiver Gaz. t. 153. f. 3.
{nhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Linnaeus and Lister. Tran-

quebar. Chemnitz.

Shell about fifteen lines long and eight broad, of a pale fer-
ruginous or rosé colour; the valves are covered with very
fine longitudinal striz, and the margin on the inside is crenu-
lated. About this species a great difference of opinion has
prevailed, and the following of Chemnitz’s figures have been
quoted for it; fig. 754. (which appears to me to be the Lin-
nean Arca modiolus) by Schroeter and Gmelin; fig. 742
and 743. by Chemnitz and Kemmerer; Schroeter and
Gmelin, with a mark of doubt, have quoted Chemnitz’s fig.
744. and Born’s figure for M.striatulus of the Mantissa,
but the present is a larger and broader shell, and is rather
convex on both sides.

STRIATULUS. 20. Shell very finely striated longi-
tudinally, with the anterior side slightly an-
gulated, and the other incurved; strie slightly
crenated.

- Mytilus striatulus. Linnaeus Mantissa, p. 548. Schroeter
Eiinl. iii. p. 449. t. 9. f. 16. Gmelin, p. 3358.

MYTILUS. 809

Inhabits the Northern Ocean. Linnaeus.

Shell commonly about three-quarters of an inch long, and but
little more than one third as broad, somewhat moon-shaped,
nearly diaphanous, and of a greyish brown colour, with fine
longitudinal slightly crenated striz.

NIGER. 21. Shell compressed, brittle, very finely
striated, and the inner margin denticulated.

Mytilus niger. Gmelin, p. 3362.
Mytilus, No. 53. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 469.
Le Dotel. Adanson Senegal, p. 211. t. 15. f. 3.
Inhabits the Western Coasts of Africa, frequent. Adanson.
Shell an inch and a half long, and half as broad, with about
one hundred minute longitudinal strie, and covered with a
black epidermis, beneath which it is milk white and po-
lished ; the hinge has one or two minute teeth. Born has
quoted Le Dotel for M. bidens, but it appears by Adan-
son’s description to be perfectly distinct, and more nearly
allied to M. striatulus.

EDULIS. 22. Shell oblong, convex, smooth, flatiish
| on the posterior, and somewhat angulated
and keeled on the anterior side; hinge ter-

minal and pointed.

Mytilus edulis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1157. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 110. t. 63. f. 73. Born Mus. p. 126. Chem-
nitz, vill. p. 169. t. 84. f. 750 and 751, and xi. p. 254. t.
205. f. 2024. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 434. Gmelin, p.
3353. Montagu Test. p. 159. Donovan, iv. t. 128.
f.1. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 105.
Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. p.113. Dorset Cat. p. 39.
SS ay Aes

Mytilus vulgaris. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 210. t. 12.
£9

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 50, and Kirch. f.29. Lister Anim.
Ang. t. 4. f. 28, and Conch. t. 362. f. 200. Argenville
Zoom. t. 5.f. D. Knorr, i. t. 4. f. 5 and 6, and iv. t. 15.
f.1. Regenfuss, i. t. 7. f. 8, andt. 11. f. 58. Favanne,
t. 50. f. O 1 and O 2.

Variety. Distorted, and much incurved on the posterior side.

Mytilus incurvatus. Pennant, iv. p. 111. t. 64. f. 74.
Montagu Test. p.160. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. vii. p. 106. t. 3. f. 7.

310 MYTILUS.

Inhabits the European, Baltic, and Indian Seas. Linneus, &c.
and is the most common of all British shells.

Shell two or three inches long, and half as broad, of a blackish
blue colour, sometimes radiated with fine blue, and covered
with a brown epidermis; the inside is blue towards the edge,
and whitish in the middle ; on the margin under the umbones
are several tooth-like crenulations.

PELLUCIDUS. 23. Shell oblong, convex, very smooth,
rather convex on the posterior, and somewhat
angulated and keeled on the anterior side ;
hinge terminal and pointed.

Mytilus pellucidus. Pennant, iv. p. 110. t.63.f. 75. Do-
novan, ili. t. 81. Montagu Test. p. 160. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 107.

Mytilus edulis, Var. Solander’s MSS. Chemnitz, vii. p.
174. t. 84. f. 755.

Regenjuss, i. t. 12. f.71.

Inhabits the coasts of Britain. Pennant, &c.

Shell about two inches long and half as broad, of a bluish
white colour, more or less radiated with dark blue or purple,
and covered with a yellow epidermis; in shape it much re-
sembles M. edulis, of which it is probably nothing more
than a Variety, and differs principally in bemg more convex
on the posterior side, and more smooth and glossy.

UNGULATUS. 24. Shell oblong, with the posterior
side incurved, and the summits conical and

diverging ; hinge with two or three minute
teeth.

Mytilus ungulatus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1157. Born
Mus. p. 127. Chemnitz, vin. p. 176. t. 84. f. 756.
Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 436. Gmelin, p. 3354. Dono-
van, iv. t.198. f.2. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vil, p. 107.

Mytilus ungulinus. Montagu Test. p. 582.

Lister Conch. t. 360. f.199. Gualter, t.9i.f. E. Regen-
Juss, i. t. 4. f. 47.

Junor. Mytilus viridis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1158.
Gmelin, p. 3356.

Mytilus pictus. Born Mus. p. 127. t. 7. f. 6 and 7.

Mytilus Africanus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 160. t. 83. f. 739 to
741,

Mytilus Afer. “ Gmelin, p. 3358.

MYTILUS. 31k

Mytilus virgatus. Gmelin, p. 3361.

Mytilus levigatus. Gmelin, p. 3362.

Mytilus, No. 54. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 470.
Le Fonet. Adanson Senegal, p. 212. t. 15. f. 4.
Knorr, vi. t. 4. f.2. Favanne, t. 50. f. F 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Southern Europe, and the Cape of
Good Hope. Linneus. West Indies. Regenfuss. Medi-
terranean, and coasts of Guinea. Gronovius.

Shell four or five inches long, and nearly half as broad; ven-
tricose, brittle, transversely wrinkled, and of a brownish
white colour covered with a blackish epidermis; the valves
are very convex, and the name is derived from their sup-
posed resemblance to the hoof of an ox. Young shells
have the epidermis green, especially towards the margin, and
are sometimes marked with reddish zic-zac lines. The
above-mentioned figure of Knorr’s belongs to this species,
and from it Gmelin appears to have constituted his M. vir-
gatus, though he has erroneously quoted iv. t. 4. f. 2. which
is a Turbo.

LATUS. 25. Shell ovate, with the posterior side ra-
ther convex, and the apices distant and slight-
ly curved; hinge channelled with a tooth in
one valve.

Mytilus latus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 167. t. 84. f. 747.
Mytilus durus. Solander’s MSS.
Mytilus ungulatus, Var. Gmelin, p. 3354.
Mytilus, No. 13. Schroeter Hinl. ui. p. 455.
Junior. Mytilus variegatus. Chemnitz, vill. p. 108. t. 84.
f. 748.
Mytilus viridis Chinensis. Chemnitz, xi. p. 253. t. 205. f.
2022 and 2023.
Mytilus versicolor. Gmelin, p. 3359.
Mytilus saxatilis. Gmelin, p. 3360.?
Mytilus edulis, Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3353.
pales, No. 14. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 456, and No. 27.;°
p. 400.
Lister Conch. t. 362. f. 201. Rumphius, t.46.f.D. Ar-
genville, t. 22. Q. Enc. Method. t. 218. f. 2.
Tohabits the coasts of New Holland, New Zealand, and China.
Humphreys.
My specimen is seven inches long and three broad, and Mr.
Humphreys has one which measures eight-inches by three
and a quarter; it is of a dirty white colour, coated with a

od)
i"
be

MYTILUS.

blackish brown epidermis, and the inside is pearly; young
shells have the epidermis green, especially towards the mar-
gin. M. savatilis is badly constituted from Rumphius, t. 46. -
f. D, which probably belongs to this species, and Gmelin
has quoted Chemnitz, fig. 748, both for Mytilus versicolor
and for Mya Perna.

PERNA. 26. Shell oblong, smooth, with the sides
‘nearly straight, and the apices acute; hinge
with a tooth in each valve, and channelled.

Mytilus Perna. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 42.
No. 784.

Mytilus elongatus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 157. t. 83. f. 738.

Mytilus testaceus. Gmelin, p. 3361.

Mytilus, No. 46. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 465.

Mya Perna. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1113. Schroeter
Finl. ii. p. 608. t.7. f. 4. - Gmelin, p. 3219.

_ Argenville, t.22.f. N. Knorr, iv.t.15. f. 4.

Inhabits the Straights of Magellan. Linnaeus.

Shell about five inches long, and two broad; beautifully po-
lished and variegated with purple, violet, and blue; Linnzus
has expressed a doubt whether this species should not be re-
moved from the Myz to the Mytili, and Kammerer consi-
dered it to be only a variety of Mytilus edulis.

SMARAGDINUS. 27. Shell sub-triangular and com-
pressed ; hinge with two teeth in one valve
and one in the other.

Mytilus smaragdinus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 166. t. 83. f. 745.
Gmelin, p. 3359.
Mytilus, No. 11. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 454.

Variety. With the shell broader, and more compressed.
Mytilus, No. 12. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 455.

Chemnitz, viii. t. 83. f. 746.

Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar, and the variety came from
Guinea. Chemnitz.

Chemnitz has described this shell to be two inches long, and
eleven lines broad, and he says that the variety differs princi-
pally in being broader and flatter; the colour is reddish brown
coated with a green epidermis, and the inside is somewhat
pearly.

conFusus. 28. Shell three-sided, dilating from the

MYTILUS. 313

apex, with angular, decussated, and conflu-
ent lines; hinge with two teeth.

Mytilus confusus. Chemnitz, viil. p. 175. t. 84. f. 753.
Mytilus lineatus. Gmelin, p. 3359.
Mytilus, No. 16. Schroeter Eiml. i. p. 457.
Inhabits
This shell appears by Chemnitz’s figure to be about ten lines
long, and seven broad, and the colour greenish brown with
a yellow margin; the inside is pearly.

BIDENS. 29. Shell cblong-wedge-shaped, longitudi-
nally grooved, with the summits produced
and remote ; hinge with one tooth.

Mytilus bidens. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1157. Born Mus.
p- 128. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 437. Gmelin, p.3354.
Mytilus Magellanicus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 162. t.83. f.742.
Lister Conch. t. 356. f. 193. Petiver Gaz. t. 57. f. 9.

Klein Ost. t.9. £.24. Knorr, iv. t. 30. f.3, and vi. t. 4.
io:

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Cape of Good Hope.
Petiver. Coasts of America. Gronovius. Straights of Ma-
gellan. D’ Avila. Africa, and the West India Islands.
Chemnitz. South Sea. Solander. Falkland Islands. Hum-
phreys.

Shell about two inches long, and half as broad; of a brownish
blue colour, coated with a dark grey epidermis, and the in-
side silvery; the valves are strongly grooved longitudinally,
and crenated at the margin.

PUNICEUS. 30. Shell ventricose, longitudinally
grooved, with the summits acuminated, and
the margin crenated; hinge with four minute
teeth.

Mytilus puniceus. Gmelin, p. 3362.
Mytilus, No. 52. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 469.
L’Aber. Adanson Senegal, p. 210. t. 15. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Goree. -Adanson.

Adanson says this shell is never more than fourteen lines long,
and half as broad; and is so remarkably ventricose, that the
depth sometimes exceeds the breadth; it has about fifty lon-
gitudinal grooves; the colour is violet or scarlet, sometimes
variegated with brownor green, and covered with a fulvous
epidermis.

314 MYTILUS.

DEMIssus. 31. Shell oblong, longitudinally striat-
ed except on the anterior side next the hinge,
and the summits rounded and approximated.

Mytilus demissus. Solander’s MSS.
Lister Conch. t. 358. f. 196. Enc. Method. t. 220. f. 5.

Inhabits the coasts of Carolina. Lister. Virginia, and other
parts of North America. Solander.

Shell about three inches long, and an inch and a quarter broad ;
of a silvery white colour, covered with a dark brown epider-
mis; the valves are covered with strong longitudinal striz,
except a small space on the anterior side below the hinge
which is nearly smooth ; the margin is crenated, and the in-
side white indistinctly rayed with purple.

MODIOLUS. 32. Shell oblong, gibbous, smooth, with
the posterior side dilated, and elevated above
the hinge; apex rounded.

Mytilus Modiolus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1158. Pennant
Sool. iv. p. 113. t. 66. f.77. Da Costa Brit. Conch.
p- 219. t. 15. f.5. Born Mus. p. 128. Muller Zool.
Dan. ii. p. 16. t. 53. Chemnitz, viii. p. 178. t. 85. f..757
to 759, and xi. p. 253. t. 205. f. 2020 and 2021. Schroe-
ter Kinl. ui. p. 489. Gmelin, p. 3354. Donovan, i.
t. 23. Montagu Test. p. 163. Maton and Racket, in
Lin. Trans. vin. p. 107. Dorset Cat. p. 40.

Mytilus rusticus. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 43.
No. 791.

Mytilus. Enc. Meth. t. 219. f. 1.

Modiola Papuana. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 113.
Leach Zool. Misc. ii. p. 33.

Modiola Americana. Leach Zool. Misc. ii. p. 32. t. 72.
A Mg

Le Lulat. ddansoh Senegal, p. 207. t. 15. f. 1.

Lister Conch. t. 359. f. 198, and t. 1057. f. 5. Petiver
Gaz.t. 71. f.11. Knorr, iv. t. 15. f.3. Favanne, t. 50.
f. B.

Variety. With a deep umbilicus under the summit.

Mytilus umbilicatus. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 112. t. 65. f. 76.
Donovan, ii. t.40. Montagu Test. p. 164, and Supp.
71. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 109.

Mytilus curvirostratus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. t. 220.

Junior. Mytilus barbatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1156.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 168. t.84, f.749. Schroeter Einl. in.
p. 433. Gmelin, p. 3353. Donovan, ii. t.70. Mon-

MYTILUS. 315

tagu Test. p. 161. Dorset Cat. p. 40. t. 12. nght hand
fig. 5.
Mycinn curtus. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 112. t. 76. f. 76, A.
Mytilus Modiolus. Brooks's Introd. p.86. t. 4. f. 48.
Modiola Gibsii. Leach Nat. Mise. i. p. 34. t. 72. f. 2. ?
Gualter, t. 91. middle fig. H. Enc. Meth. t. 218. f. 6.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and coasts of Norway. Linnaeus.
Jamaica. Lister. Great Britain. Pennant, &c. Senegal.
Adanson. Denmark. Muller. Iceland and Greenland.
Chemnitz. Naples. Ulysses.

Shell about four, or sometimes six inches long; rather strong,
and covered with a purplish black epidermis; the posterior
angle is more or less rounded, and the anterior side more or
less distinctly incurved ; from which variations, principally,
Dr. Leach has constituted three species, but they appear to me
to approach each other by so many intermediate gradations,
that itis impossible to draw any separating line. Young shells
are yellowish with brown rays, and often have the upper gib-
bous part of the posterior side of a dark chestnut colour ; they
also have the epidermis hairy towards the margin, and when
decorticated are bluish white with reddish brown rays. My-
tilus striatus of Montagu, and other English authors, is pro-
bably the fry of this species.

cYGNEUS. 33. Shell transversely ovate, convex,
very brittle, and rather compressed on the
anterior side; hinge lateral.

Mytilus Cygneus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1158. Muller
Verm. ii. p. 208. Schroeter Fluss. p. 162. t. 3. f.1.
Pennant Zool. iv. p. 113. t. 67.f.. 78. Da Costa Brit.
Conch. p. 214. Chemnitz, vii. p. 185. t. 86. f. 762.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 440. Gmelin, p. 3355. Dono-
van,il. t. 55. Montagu Test. p.170. Maton and Rac-
ket, in Lin, Trans. vin. p. 109. t. 3A. £.2. Dorset
Cat. p. 40.

Anodonta. Enc. Meth. t. 201. f. 1.

La Grande Moule. Geoffroy, p. 139. No. 1. t. 3.

Lister Anim. Ang App. t. 1. f. 3, and Conch. t. 156. f. 11.
Gualter, t.7. f. F. Argenville, t. 31. left hand fig.
10

Variety. Shell oval, with the posterior end radiated.
Mytilus radiatus. Muller Verm. ii. p. 209. Schroeter
Fluss. p. 162.
Inhabits Europe in ponds and rivers, not uncommon.
Shell about two inches and a half long, and six inches broad ;

316 MYTILUS.

thin, fragile, semi-pellucid, transversely wrinkled, and co-
vered with an olive or yellowish green epidermis; it differs
from M. anatinus in being larger and more convex, and in
not being equally compressed at the margin on both sides of
the hinge. Muller however has justly observed that it is often
very difficult to distinguish these species, and his M. radiatus
appears to be an intermediate variety; the inside is white and
pearly. Gmelin says that his M. Zedlensis is allied to M.
Cygneus, but Schroeter, from whose figure in the Flusscon-
chylien it is taken, considered it to be the Linnean Mya are-
naria, and it is too doubtful a species to be retained. The
animals of the fresh water muscles are similar to those of
Mya pictorum and its congeners, and are not furnished with
a Byssus.

FLUVIATILIS. 34. Shell transversely oval, rounded
on both sides and smooth; umbones large,
rounded, and the summits inflected.

Mytilus fluviatilis. Gmelin, p. 3359.
Mytilus illitus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 163.
lot 3541.

Mytilus, No. 22. Schroeter Einl. ni. p. 459.
Lister Conch. t. 157. f. 12.

Inhabits the rivers of North America. Solander. Virginia.
Lister.

Shell about two inches long, and rather more than three broad ;
and Lister says that the inside is reddish.

STAGNALIS. 35. Shell transversely oval, flattish,
and somewhat ribbed transversely.

Mytilus stagnalis. Gmelin, p. 3362. Sowerby Brit. Misc.
t. 16.? Montagu Supp. p. 68.!

Mytilus, No. 49. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 467.

Musculus maximus planior viridens edentulus. Schroeter
Flussconch. p. 159. t. 1. f. 1.

Inhabits the Lake of Schwansee. Schroeter.

Shell five inches and a half long, and eight inches and three
quarters broad; of a greenish colour, becoming yellowish
brown towards the margin, and marked with darker longitu-
dinal rays ; it is said to be flatter and narrower in proportion
than M. Cygneus ; the shell found by Mr. Sowerby in Kew
Gardens is on the contrary said to be more convex than M.
Cygneus, andis probably only a variety of that species.

MYTILUS. 37

ANATINUS. 36. Shell transversely oval, very brittle,
semi-transparent, rather compressed, and the
margin membranaceous; umbones decorii-
cated.

Mytilus anatinus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1158. Mudler
Verm. ii. p. 207. Schroeter Fluss. p. 160. t. 1. f. 2 and
3. Pennant Zool. iv. p. ils. t. 68.f 79. Da Costa
Brit. Conch. p. 215. t. 15. f. 2. Chemnitz, viii. p. 129.
t. 86. f. 763. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 442. Gmelin, p.
3355. Montagu Test. p. 171. Donovan Brit. Shells,
iv.p. 113. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vui. p.
110. t.3 A. f.1. Dorset Cat. p. 40. t. 13. f. 6.. Brooks's
Introd. p. 86. t. 4. f. 49.

Anodonta anatina. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 114.

Anodonta. Enc. Method. t. 202. f. 1.

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 2. f. 29, App. t. 1. f. 2, and Conch.
t. 153..f. 8. Petiver Gaz. t. 93. f. 8. Gualter, t.7. f. E.
Argenville, t. 31. middle fig. 10.

Inhabits rivers and other fresh waters in England, and most
other parts of Europe.

Shell about two inches long, and three and a half broad, and is
very like M. Cygneus, but is usually of a brighter green co-
llour, and has the margin at the hinge more prominent, and
rising into a sort of angulated wing on the anterior side.

FuCATUS. 37. Shell transversely oblong, convex,
smooth, with the umbones prominent and de-
corticated, and the summits infiecied.

Mytilus fucatus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 29.
lot 672.

Mytilus Avonensis. Montagu Test. p. 172.

Mytilus anatinus, Var. @. melin, p. 3355. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 110, t. 3 A. f. 4.

Mytilus, No. 20. Schroeter Evnl. iu. p. 458.

Lister Conch. t. 154. f. 9.

{nhabits the rivers of Virginia. Lister. Maryland. So/ander.
River Avon about Lackham, in Wiltshire. Montagu.

Shell about an inch and three-quarters long, and three inches
and a half broad; of a greenish brown colour, with concen-
tric wrinkles; it differs from M. anatinus in being rather
broader in proportion to its length, and in having the upper
margin on the anterior side less produced, and less angular,
aud the posterior side more rounded. Mr. Montagu says

3

18

MYTILUS.

“ it seems to differ essentially from either the M. Cygneus or
M. anatinus, and is much less like either than those shells
are to each other.” It is broader in proportion to the length,
more convex, and has the umbones smaller than M. fluvia-
tilis.

puBius. 38. Shell transversely ovate and wrinkled,

rounded at both, and broader at the anterior
end ; umbones obsolete.

Mytilus dubius. Gmelin, p. 3363.

Mytilus plicatus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 183.
lot 3910. Callone’s Cat. p. 59. No. 1080.

Mytilus, No. 56. Schroeter Hinl. ii. p. 471.

Le Mutel.. Adanson Senegal. p. 234. t. 17. f. 21.

TInhabits rivers and lakes in Senegal. Adanson. China. Hum-

phreys.

Adanson describes this species to be two inches long, nearly five

inches broad, and two inches high ; the anterior is consider-
ably broader than the posterior end, and both are rounded;
the outer surface is tawny, and the inside very pearly and iri-
descent. I have little doubt that this is the M. plicatus of
Solander, and of this a specimen is thus described in Mr.
Humphreys’s Catalogue of the Portland Cabinet, “a fresh-
water shell from China, each valve having a row of six pearls,
all furnished with stalks, explaining an artifice made use of
by the Chinese, in assisting nature in the formation of pearls,
by fastening knobbed wires on the inside of the shell while
the animal was living, which was afterwards replaced in the
river or other place it was originally in, and im process of
time, coated the wires over with the pearly substance of its
shell.”

RUBER. 39. Shell wrinkled, with the valves oblique

and dilated on the anterior side; cardinal
margin equalling the apex.

Mytilus ruber. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1158. Gmelin,
p-. 3356.

Inhabits the Southern Ocean. Linnaeus.
This shell is said to be minute and convex, witha very short

compressed tooth in the hinge. It is probably the young of
some other species, but Dr. Solander in his MSS. has refer-
red tothe middle figure H of Gualter’s tab. 91, and consider-
ed Myt. incurvatus of Pennant to be a variety.

MYTILUS. 319

DISCREPANS. 40. Shell transversely ovate, com-
pressed, with the two sides longitudinally
ribbed, and plain in the middle.

Mytilus discrepans. Montagu Test. p. 169, and Supp. p.
65. t. 26. f. 4.

Mytilus discors, Var. Chemnitz, viii. p. 194. t. 86. f. 766
and 767. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 446. t. 9. f. 15.

Modiola discrepans. Leach Zool. Misc. ii. p. 36.

Anodonta. Enc. Meth. p. 204. f. 4.

Inhabits the Baltic. Chemnitz. Coasts of Great Britam. Mon-
tagu.

Shell sometimes fourteen lines long, and two inches broad, but
is generally much smaller ; it is nearly allied to M. discors,
and Mr. Montagu says, ‘‘ The principal distinctions are that
this is very little convex, whereas the other is nearly as thick
as it is broad ; thisis rounded and broadest at the anterior
side ; the other is smallest on that side, and runs out to an
obtuse point; it has only eight or nine clearly defined ribs on
the side next to the beak, whereas the other has double that
number, which character is invariable; and this is never
otherwise than of an uniform colour without spots or markings
of any kind.”

piscors. 41. Shell transversely sub-oval, very con-
vex, with the two sides longitudinally ribbed
and plain in the middle.

Mytilus discors. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1159. Da Costa
Brit, Conch. p. 221. t. 17. f. 1. Chemmnitz, viii. p. 191.
t. 86. f. 764 and 765. Schroeter Eznl. iii. p. 444. Gme-
lin, p. 3356. Donovan, i. t.25. Montagu Test. p.
167. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 111.
t. 3. f. 8. Dorset Cat. p. 40. t. 2. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of Norway and Iceland. Linnaeus. Great
Britam. Da Costa, &c. Greenland. Fabricius.

Shell about three-eighths of an inch long, and half an inch
broad ; of a pale greenish or reddish white colour, covered
with a glossy olive epidermis ; each valve is divided into three
compartments, of which those on the sides are longitudinally
ribbed, and the middle is smooth, or only very faintly wrin-
kled transversely.

320 MYTILUS.

IMPACTUS. 42. Shell transversely oval, somewhat

~ four sided, very convex, with the two sides

longitudinally ribbed, and the middle trans-
versely wrinkled ; inside iridescent.

Mytilus impactus. Herman Naturf. xvii. p. 147. t. 3. f.5
to 8, and xix. p. 183.

Mytilus discors Oceani Australis. Chemnitz, viii. p. 195. t.
86. f. 768.

Mytilus Cor. Martyn Universal Conch. i. t.77.

Mytilus lanatus. Cadlone’s Cat. p. 43. No. 796.

Mytilus discors, Var. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 445. Gmelin,
p- 3356.

Anodonta. Enc. Method. t. 204. f. 5.

Born Mus. Vign. at p. 121. f. d.

Inhabits the coasts of New Zealand. Solander, &c.

Shell sometimes an inch long, and an inch and five lines broad;
of a purplish brown colour, and covered with a darker epi-
dermis ; the three compartments are as observable on the
inside as on the out, and the former is remarkably iridescent,
by which, as well as its much larger size, this species may be
distinguished from M. discors. It is said to be always found
im clusters, enveloped in a yellowish silky Byssus.

FABA. 43. Shell roundish-oval, ventricose, longitu-
dinally striated, and the margin crenulated.

Mytilus Faba. Muller Zool. Dan. Prodr. No. 3015.
Fabricius Fauna Grenlandica, p.418, No. 419. Chem-
nits, vill. p. 184, t. 85. f. 761. Gmelin, p. 3359.

Mytilus decussatus. Montagu Supp. p. 69.?

Inhabits the coasts of Greenland. Fabricius.

This shell is said to be about the size of M. discors; white,
coated with a reddish epidermis, and the inside pearly; it is
longitudinally striated, and has the margin crenulated through-
out. Mr. Montagu says that a single valve of his M. decus-
satus has been taken on the coast of Scotland, and he sus-
pects it may belong to this species.

uiIRUuNDO. 44. Shell smooth, with two lateral lobes,
of which that on the side of the hinge is
much larger than the other. |
Mytilus Hirundo. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1159. Born
Mus. p. 129. Chemnitz, viii. p. 136. t. 81. f. 722.
Schroeter Einl. iii. p.446. Gmelin, p. 3357. Brooks's
Introd. p. 86. t. 4. f. 50.

MYTILUS. 321

Variety A. Shell blackish, with paler rays, and the cardinal
lobe long and narrow.

Avicula communis. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 134.

Avicula. Enc. Meth. t. 179. f. 9.

Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 58, and Kirch. f. 57. — Lister Conch.
t.290. f. 55. Rumphius, t.46.f.G. Petiver Amb. t.
19. f.9. Gualter, t. 94. f. B. Argenville, t. 19. f. B.
Knorr, iv. t. 8. f. 3, and v. t. 10. f. | and 2. Adanson
Senegal, t. 15. f.6. Favanne, t. 42. f. C 1.

Variety B. Reddish, with the cardinal lobe somewhat arcu-
ated,

Chemnitz, viii. t. 81. f. 723. Enc. Meth. t. 177. f. 10.

Variety C. Dusky citron colour, with two brownish red rays,
the cardinal lobe pointed.

Avicula Chinensis. Leach Zool. Misc. i. p. 86. t. 38. f. 1.

Variety D. Reddish yellow, with two black rays, and the
cardinal lobe pointed.

Chemnitz, xi. p. 255. t. 205. f. 2025 and 2026.

Variety E. Brown, with the cardinal lobe broad and short.
Chemnitz, viii. t. 81. f. 724. Enc. Meth. t. 177. f. 11.
Variety F. Yellowish green, with blackish rays, and the cardi-

nal lobe short.

Lister Conch. t. 224. f. 59. Chemnitz, vili. t. 81. f. 725.
Favanne, t. 42. f.C 2. Enc. Meth. t. 177. f. 8.

Variety G. Green, with white rays, and the cardinal lobe
small.

Chemnitz, x. t. 171. f. 1672.

Variety H. White, with greenish dotted rays, and the lobes ob-
solete.

Mytilus meleagridis. Chemnitz, vii. p. 143. t. 81. f. 726.

Mytilus, No. 3. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 451.

Mytilus Hirundo, Var. g. Gmelin, p. 3357.

Avicula. Ene. Meth. t. 177. f. 5.

Inhabits the Asiatic, West Indian, and Mediterranean Seas,
and the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz.

Shell generally from two to four inches long, and varying much
in breadth as well as in form, thickness, colour, and mark-
ings; the cardinal lobe in length sometimes exceeds that of
the valve, and it is often much shorter; the inside is pearly.
H is probably more nearly allied to M. Ala-corvi, and
Chemnitz says it is extremely rare and beautiful, and very
thin and brittle. ;

YOL. J. ¥

322 MYTILUS.

MORIO. 465. Shell transversely striated, with two
lateral lobes, and the epidermis longitudinal-

ly undulated, and forming rays from the
umbo.

Mytilus Hirundo, Var. HEgyptiaca. Chemnitz, xi. p. 252.
t. 205. f. 2018 and 2019.
Avicula Morio. Leach Zool. Misc. ii. p. 86. t. 38. f. 2.
mibahie the Red Sea. Chemnitz. Coasts of Pulo Condore.
each.

This shell in size and form resembles M. Hirundo, from which
Dr. Leach says it differs in being striated concentrically and
black, with a brown epidermis elevated into undulations,
which are arranged in lines radiating from the umbo.

ALA-CORVI. 46. Shell with two rather obsolete
lobes, and marked with minute white dots
forming longitudinal rays.

Mytilus Ala-corvi. Chemmitz, viii. p. 144. t. 81. f. 727.
Mytilus Hirundo, Var. Gmelin, p. 3357.

Mytilus, No. 4. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 451.

Avicula. Enc. Meth. t. 177. £.6.

Inhabits the coasts of the South Sea Islands. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and an inch broad, and ap-
pears to have nearly the same oblique shape as M. Hirundo,
but the cardinal lobe is only slightly produced ; the colour is
blackish brown, with minute white dots forming longitudinal
rays, and the inside is pearly.

LINGUA. 47. Shell somewhat tongue-shaped, com-
pressed, very brittle, and the umbones keel-
ed; summits acuminated, and both ends gap-
ing.

Mytilus Lingua. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 172.
lot 3717.

Mytilus Rostrum. Shaw Nat. Misc. ix. t.315, upper figures,
Turton’s Gmelin, p. 300.

Patella Unguis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1260. Schroeter
Einl. i. p. 420. Gmelin, p. 3710.

Pinna Unguis. Chemnitz, x. p. 360. t. 172. f. 1675 and
1676.

Anatifera Luzona. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 476. No.
1859.

MYTILUS. 323

LLingula anatina. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 141.

Lingula. Enc. Meth. t. 250. f. 1.

Imitant le Lepas. Favanne, i. p. 542. t. 4. f. G.

Rumphius, t. 40. f. L. Petiver Amb. t.16. f.31, and Gaz.
t. 32. f. 9. Humphreys’s Conch. t. 2. f. 2.

Inhabits the shores of Amboyna under the sand. Rumphius.
Luzone, one of the Philippine Islands. Petiver.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and nearly half as broad;
very thin and brittle, whitish about the umbones, and to-
wards the margin green; the umbonesare keeled, and termi-
nate in a sharp point.

CAMELLII. 48. Shell somewhat tongue-shaped, com-
pressed, very brittle, and the umbones keel-
ed; summits acuminated, and the valves com- _
pletely closed.

Mytilus Camellii. Shaw’s Nat. Misc. ix. t. $15. lower
figures. T'urton’s Gmelin, p. 300.

Inhabits the coasts of Japan. Shaw.

Dr. Shaw says “This species seems to agree in every respect
with the Myti/us Rostrum, except that the valves shut very
exactly, without leaving any hiatus at either end of the shell.
It is a native of Japan, and is represented in some original
drawings of Camelli in the British Museum. I have also ob-
served this species in Chinese drawings.”

324

Genus XVII.

PINNA:+

SHELL SUB-BIVALVE, BRITTLE, UPRIGHT, AND FUR-
NISHED WITHA BYSSUS; HINGE WITHOUT TEETH,
AND THE VALVES UNITED BY A CARTILAGE.

ee Sie ee

rupIs. 1. Shell oblong, with six or eight longitu-
dinal rounded ribs, armed with membrana-
ceous vaulted scales.

Pinna rudis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1159. Chemnitz,
vill. p. 218. t. 88. f..773.. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 474.
Gmelin, p. 3363. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 112.

Pinna nobilis. Born Mus. p. 132.?

Lister Conch. t. $73. f. 214. Seba, i. t. 92. several
figures. Enc. Meth. t. 199. f. 3.

Inhabits the Mediterranean, Southern, and Asiatic Seas. Lin-
n@us. Coasts of Guinea, and the West India Islands.
Chemnitz.

Shell generally about eight inches long, and three inches and a
quarter broad; of a dark red or liver colour; the vaulted
membranaceous scales, which issue from the longitudinal ribs,
are large and rather remote, and sometimes towards the mar-
gin they become perfectly tubular.

t The animal inhabiting the Pinnz has the power of affixing itself at pleasure
to any substance by throwing out an extensile member, and discharging from
its tip a drop of gluten, which by the retraction of the same organ is formed
into a silky filament, and by frequently repeating this operation, a thick tuft is
formed, by which the shell is fastened in any situation the animal chooses. Of
these silky filaments, which are of a rich golden colour, the Ancients wove the
robes of State for their Monarclis, and they are still manufactured at Palermo
into gloves, &c.

Two of Gmelin’s species, P. sanguinea and P. bullata, p. 3367, are wholly un-
deserving of notice.

PINNA. 325

NIGRA. 2. Shell ovate, ventricose, with the margin
rounded on both sides, and striated longitu-
dinally.

Pinna nigra. Chemnitz, vill. p. 221. t. 88. f. 774, and
Vign. 15. f. A.

Pinna rudis, Var. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1159. Schroeter
Einl. iii. p. 474. Gmelin, p. 3363.

Pinna nigricans. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 147.
lot 3342.

Rumphius, t. 46. f. L. Petiver Amb. t.19. f. 6. Gualter,
t.81.f.A. Enc. Method. t. 199. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Red Sea.
Chemnitz. Otaheite. Humphreys.

Shell about sixteen inches long, and a foot broad, of a blackish
colour both inside and out; it has sometimes, but not con-
stantly, a few remote vaulted scales towards the margin.
The shells of this Genus vary so much, and approach each
other so closely, that it is often very difficult to define the
species, but there is to the full as much difference between
this shell and P. rudis, as exists between many others which
Linnzus has arranged separately.

INGENS. 3. Shell sub-triangular-ovate, slightly in-
curved towards the summit, with irregularly
scaly wrinkles, and interrupted longitudinal
strie.

Pinna ingens. Pennant Sool. iv. p. 115. Montagu Test.
p- 180, and Supp. p. 72. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. vii. p. 112.

Pinna levis. Donovan, v. t. 152.

Inhabits the coasts of the Hebrides. Pennant, &c.

Shell about a foot long, and seven inches broad, of a dark horn
colour; Mr. Montagu, who has given a long account of this
species, says, that from the summit run a few interrupted
strie, which crossing the wrinkles form on the broader part
of the shell, a few distant concave spines.

PECTINATA, 4. Shell sub-triangular-oblong, longi-

tudinally ribbed on one side, and obliquely
_wrinkled on the other.

Pinna pectinata, Linnaeus Syst. Nat.p. 1160. Chemnitz,

Vill. p. 213. t. 87. f..770. Schroeter Einl. it. p. 475.
Gmelin, p. 3368. Montagu Test. p..178. Maton and

326 PINNA.

Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 113. Dorset Cat. p. 41.
i a oS

Pinna fragilis. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 114. t. 69. f. 80.

Pinna muricata. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 240. t. 16.
f.3. Donovan, i. t. 10.

Gualter, t.79. f. A. Seba, iii. t. 92. f. 4. Enc. Meth.
t. 200. f. 5.

Inhabits India. Linngus. Coasts of Coromandel. Chemnitz.
Sometimes taken by fishermen on the coasts of Dorset and
Sussex. Montagu.

Shell about six or seven inches long, and nearly half as broad ;
pellucid, thin, brittle, of a pale horn colour, and darker to-
wards the summit, which is faintly variegated with purple
and bluish green; it is marked with about eleven longitudi-
nal spinous ribs, which occupy about two-thirds of each
valve, and the other third is only obliquely wrinkled.

INFLATA. 5. Shell sub-triangular-ovate, slightly
keeled longitudinally, with abbreviated ribs
on one side, and reticulated wrinkles on the
other.

Pinna inflata. Chemnitz, viii. p. 215. t. 87. f. 771.
Pinna pectinata, Var. Guelin, p. 3364.
Pinna, No. 2. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 485.
Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.
Chemnitz has described this species to be four inches and five
lines long, and two inches and five lines broad, pellucid,
brittle, and of a horn colour; the longitudinal ribs are ex-
tended only three fourths of the way from the apex towards
the opposite margin, and not throughout the whole length,
as in P.pectinata; the two thirds of the shell which has
these ribs is separated by an obsolete longitudinal keel, and
the other third of each valve is said to be minutely reti-
culated.

CARNEA. 6. Shell sub-triangular, pellucid, with
eight or ten longitudinal ribs beset sparingly
with vaulted spines at the broader end.

Pinna carnea. Gmelin, p. 3365.? Solander’s MSS.

Pinna haud ignobilis. Chemnitz, viii. p. 212. t. 86. f. 769.
Leske Mus. p. 186.

Pinna nobilis, Var. Gmelin, p. 3364.

Pinna muricata. Pulteney’s Dorset Cat. p.39. Montagu

PINNA. 327

Test. p.183. t. 5. f.3. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. vii. p. 113.

Argenville, t. 22. f. F. Knorr, ii. t.23. f. 1.2? Favanne,
t. 50. f. A 4.

Variety. With one side indented, and the spines tubular.
Pinna Pernula. Chemnitz, viii. p. 24%. t. 92. f. 785.
Pinna nobilis, Var. y. Gmelin, p. 3364.

Pinna, No. 4. Schroeter Einl. ui. p. 486.
Knorr, i. t. 26. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of the West India Islands. Chemnitz. Dor-
setshire. Pulteney.

Shell four or five inches long, and half as broad; thin, brittle,
semi-pellucid, and of a pale brownish red or flesh colour ;
it has eight or ten ribs, and a few intermediate longitudinal
striz. 1 think there can be no doubt that this is the P.car-
nea of Solander, and it is certainly distinct from the Lin-
nexan P. muricata. P. Pernula of Chemnitz is quite dif-
ferent from P. nobilis, and is much more likely to be an old
aud somewhat deformed shell of the present species.

RIGIDA. 7. Shell sub-triangular-ovate, with about
thirteen spinous ribs on one side, and the
other transversely wrinkled ; spines tubular.

Pinna rigida. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 136.
lot 3040.
Pinna pectinata. Born Mus. p. 132.
Pinna nobilis. Chemnitz, viii. p. 224. t. 89. f. 775.
Seba, iii. t. 91. f. 3. Knorr, uu. t. 26. f. 1.
Inhabits the coasts of Curagoa. Chemnitz.
Shell about six inches long, and nearly four broad, of a greyish
colour, and differs from P. nobilis, with which it has been
_ confounded by Schroeter and Gmelin in having fewer longi-
tudinal ribs, and the margin of the posterior side much more
rounded.

nopitis. 98. Shell sub-triangular-oblong, with
twenty-four longitudinal spinous ribs ; spines
somewhat tubular.

Pinna nobilis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1160. Chemnitz,
vili. -p. 226. t. 89. f..776. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 477.
Gmelin, p. 3364.

eee Rec. 2. f. 24, and Kirch. f. 26. Gualter, t. 78.

Variety. With the spines extremely crowded.

328 PINNA.
Pinna aculeato-squamosa. Chemnitz, viii. p. 228. t. 89. f.

777.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Adriatic. Chemnitz,
who says the Variety has been found at Trieste.

Shell about seven inches long, and rather less than half as
broad, of a pale reddish or rose colour; it is narrower and
less rounded on the posterior side than P. rigida, and ac-
cording to Chemnitz, has almost twice as many longitudinal
ribs, which are extended equally over the whole surface ;
the tubular spine-like scales in some specimens are erect,
and in others reflected.

MuRIcATA. 9. Shell sub-triangular, with numerous
longitudinal ribs, which are alternately
broader and spinous.

Pinna muricata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1160. Born Mus.
p- 133. Chemnitz, vill. p. 235. t. 1. f. 781. Schroeter
Einl. iui. p. 478. Gmelin, p. 3364.

Pinna nebulosa. Solander’s MSS.

Lister Conch. t. 370. f. 10.2 Rumphius, t. 46. f. M. Pe-
twer Amb. t. 19. 7. 14. Gualter, t.79.f. D. Knorr,
vi: £5 20,4. ‘1.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linngus? East Indian Seas.
Chemnitz.

Shell about five inches and a half Jong, and rather more than
two inches and a half broad, of a horn colour, and pellucid;
it has about sixteen or eighteen longitudinal ribs, of which
each alternate one is broader and armed with somewhat tu-
bular thorn-like scales. It appears from his MSS. that Dr.
Solander considered P.squamosa to be the Linnzan P. mu-
ricata, and that the present shell is his P. nebudosa, but the
latter agrees best with the description which Linneus has
given’ in his account of the Museum of the Queen of
Sweden.

ApusTA. 10. Shell sub-triangular-ovate, transversely
wrinkled, with several smooth, and a few
spinous longitudinal ribs.

Pinna adusta. Chemnitz, viii. p. 237. t. 91. f. 782.
Pinna exusta. Gmelin, p. 3360.
Pinna, No.7. Schroeter Einl. iu. p. 488.
Seba, ii. p. 91. f..2.?
Inhabits the coasts of Manilla. Chemnitz. New Zealand.
Humphreys.

PINNA. 329

Shell about five inches long, and three broad, of a brownish
horn colour with dusky rays; it has several longitudinal ribs,
of which a few towards the middle of the shell are armed
with vaulted scales, and is transversely wrinkled, especially
towards the margin.

VEXILLUM. 11. Shell sub-triangular-ovate, with the
posterior margin dilated ; anterior side longi-
tudinally ribbed, and the other transversely
wrinkled.

Pinna Vexillum. Born Mus. p. 134. t.7.f.8. Chemnitz,
vill. p. 238. t. 91. f. 783. Gmelin, p. 3366.
Pinna, No. 8. Schroeter Einl. ii. p. 488.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

The shell described by Chemnitz measured five inches in length,
and three and a half in breadth, but Born who appears to
have met with only an accidentally distorted Variety, de-
scribes his to have been three inches and eight lines long,
and four inches and two lines broad ; it is convex, thick, of
a brown colour, with a few blackish clouds, and destitute of
spines.

SQUAMOSA. 12. Shell sub-triangular-ovate, with nu-
merous longitudinal ribs covered with small
imbricated membranaceous scales, bec oming
vaulted towards the margin.

Pinna squamosa. Gmelin, p. 3365.

Pinna marina. Chemnitz, vill. p. 239. t. 92. f. 784.

Pinna muricata. Solander’s MSS.?

Pinna rotundata, Var. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 481.

Laster Conch. t. 374.f.215. Gualter, t.78.f. A. Argen-
ville, t.22.f.B. Enc. Method. t. 200. f. 1.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Lister, Chemnitz, &c.

Shell about a foot long, and half as broad, of a reddish brown
or chestnut colour, becoming paler at the base; the surface
towards the hinge is smooth, but becomes scaly below, and
the scales are more elevated as they approach the broader
end, on the margin of which they are frequently more or
less tubular.

ROTUNDATA. 13. Shell oblong-spear-shaped, with
a few obsolete unarmed longitudinal strie,
and transversely wrinkled.

330 PINNA.

Pinna rotundata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1160. Schroeter
Einl. ii. p. 479. Gmelin, p. 3365.
Pinna incurvata. Born Mus. p. 133.
Pinna Gigas. Chemnitz, viii. p. 244. t. 93. f. 787.
Gualter, t. 80.f. A. Seba, i. t. 91. f.1. Enc. Meth. t.
200. f. 2.
Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. |
Shell two feet, or sometimes two feet and a half long, and
eight or nine inches broad, very convex, slightly keeled longi-
tudinally towards the summits, and of a pale reddish brown
or flesh colour; it is transversely wrinkled throughout, and
a little scaly at the broader end.

BICOLOR. 14. Shell ovate-oblong, incurved to-
wards the summit, and rather glabrous with
only a few longitudinal striz.

Pinna bicolor. Chemnitz, viii. p. 234. t. 90. f. 780.
Gmelin, p. 3366.
Pinna, No. 6. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 487.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Chemnitz.

This species is described by Chemnitz to be nine inches long,
and three inches and a quarter broad, of a yellowish horn
colour, with blackish brown longitudinal rays; it has a few
longitudinal striz, and is partially wrinkled transversely.

INCURVA. 15. Shell incurved, narrow, longitudi-
nally keeled in the middle, slightly striated
longitudinally, and transversely wrinkled.

Pinna incurva. Gmelin,.p. 3366.
Pinna incurvata glabra. Chemnitz, vil. p. 229. t. 90. f.
778.
Pinna, No.5. Schroeter Eznl. ii. p. 487.
Bonanni Rec. 2. f. 23, and Kirch. f. 25. Rumphius, t. 46.
f. 1. Petiver Amb. t. 19. f. 4.2? Enc. Meth. t. 200. f. 3.
Inhabits the Adriatic. Bonanni. Coasts of Amboyna. Rum-
phius. Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz.
Shell nearly a foot long, and three inches and three-quarters
broad, of a pale horn colour, marked with a few longitudi-
nal striz, and transverse undulated wrinkles.

VITREA. 16. Shell hyaline, with several undulated
longitudinal ribs, and transversely wrinkled.

Pinna vitrea. Chemnitz, viii. p. 216, t. 87. £.772. Gmelin,
p. 3366. Leske Mus. p. 186.

PINNA. 331

Pinna lubrica. Solander’s MSS.
Pinna, No. 38. Schroeter Ein. iil. p. 486.
Guailter, t. 78. f. C.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about four inches long, and rather more than an inch and
a half broad, very brittle, thin, transparent, shining, and of a
very pale horn colour; the form is somewhat triangular, with
the base rounded ; it has about sixteen longitudinal ribs, and
is rather regularly wrinkled transversely.

PAPYRACEA. 17. Shell pellucid, with ten longitu-
dinal somewhat scaly ribs.

Pinna papyracea. Chemnitz, viii. p. 283. t. 93. f. 786.
Gmelin, p. 3367.

Pinna tenera. Solander’s MSS.

Pinna, No. 10. Schroeter Kin/, iii. p. 489.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

This shell is allied to P. vitrea, from which it may be dis-
tinguished by its fewer ribs, and by the transverse scaly
wrinkles being confined to the ribs, and not extended regu-
larly throughout the whole breadth of the shell; it is of a
horn colour, with a brownish violet spot in the middle.

saccaTa. 18. Shell sub-triangular, satchel-shaped,
with a few longitudinal unarmed ribs, and
transverse wrinkles; base truncated.

Pinna saccata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1160. Chemnitz,
vill. p..231.t. 90. f.779. Schroeter Einl. iu. t.9. f. 17.2
Gmelin, p. 3365. Leach Zool. Misc. i. p. 130. t. 57.

Lister Conch. t. 371. f. 212. Rumphius, t. 46. f. N. Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 19. f. 7.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean. Linnaeus.

The specimen which Chemnitz has described, measured six
inches and three-quarters long, and four inches and five lines
broad, and Schroeter describes his to have been shorter and
much narrower in proportion. According to Linneus, the
‘colour is either white, violet, or reddish brown; and Dr.
Leach says, “ this rare species is readily distinguished by its
irregular distorted form: some specimens are ribbed from
the base to the point, and others only anteriorly.”

OIGITIFORMIS. 19. Shell smooth, tubular, finger-
shaped, incurved, and the margin membrana-
ceous.

don PINNA.

Pinna digitiformis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1160. Gmelin,
p- 3365. ;

Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Linneus.

This shell was described by Linnzus from the museum of the
Queen of Sweden, and no author has since been able to as-
certain the species ; it is said to be flattish, oblong, and pel-
lucid.

LOBATA. 20. Shell unarmed and lobed.

Pinna lohata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1160. Gmelin, p.
3366.
Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Linnaeus.

This species as well as the foregoing is at present unknown,
and is said to be of a straw colour, ornamented with purple
lines, membranaceous, and heart-shaped when the valves are
open ; the lateral lobes rounded and broader, with a nerve
running from the hinge to the lobes, and lateral lines pro-
ceeding from the nerve.

@Genus XVIII.

————=

ARGONAUTA:

SHELL UNIVALVE, SPIRAL, INVOLUTE, MEMBRANA-
CEOUS, WITH A SINGLE CHAMBER.

—

\

ARGO. 1. Shell with its keel narrow and sharply
toothed ; sides nearly flat, with numerous an-
gular ridges.

Argonauta Argo. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1161. Born
Mus. p. 140. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 4. t. 1. f. 1. Gmelin,
p- 3367.

Argonauta sulcata. Lamarck Systeme des Animauz, p.99.

Le Grand Nautile papyracé. Favanne, i. p. 707. t. 7. f.
A 2.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 1. f. 13. Lister Conch. t. 556.
f. 7, and t. 557. f. 7. Rumphius, t. 18. f. A. Petiver
Gaz. t. 127. f. 7. Gualter, t. 12. f. A. Klein Ost. t.
1. f.3. Argenville, t.5. f. A. Seba, ii. t. 84. f. 6.
Geve, t.2.f.4. Knorr, i.t.2.f.1. Martini, i. t.17.
a 7

Variety. With the lateral ridges much branched.

Le Grand Nautile 2 Cannelures rameuses. Favanne, i. p.
709.t.7.f. AS.

Gualter, t.11. f. A. Seba, ii. t. 84. f. 5.

Inhabits the shores of America, and the north of St. Domingo
near Port de Paix, but principally the Mediterranean, on
the coasts of the Adriatic, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Majorca
and Minorca. The Variety inhabits the Molucca Islands,
and Batavia. Favanne.

This species may be readily distinguished from its congeners
by its narrow keel, which is on each edge bordered by a
row of conical tubercles, and by the ridges on the sides of
the shell being destitute of any knotty protuberances ; the

304 ARGONAUTA.

aperture is also narrower, and at the end next the spine, it
is on each side drawn out into a sharp point. The lateral
ridges i some of the Mediterranean shells are occasionally
forked, but they are much more so in the oriental variety,
and according to Favanne, the shell is also thicker. It is
probable that ‘ Le petit Nautile strié’ of Favanne, t. 7.
f. C 4. is the young of this species.

TUBERCULATA. 2. Shell with the keel rather broad
and bluntly toothed; lateral ridges tuber-
cular.

Argonauta tuberculata. Shaw Nat. Misc. xxiii. t. 995.
Argonauta nodosa. Sv/ander’s MSS. Portland Cata-
logue p.96. lot 2120.
Argonauta Argo, Var. 6. Gmelin, p. 3368.
Argonauta oryzata. Mus. Geversianum, p. 252. No. 133.
Le Nautile a grains de Ris. Favanne, 1. p. 714. t. 7. f.
A 9.
Rumphius, t. 18. No.1. Gualter, t..12. f. B. Petiver
Amb. t. 10. f.1. Argenville, t.5. f.C. Seba, ii. t.
84. f.4. Knorr, vi. t. 31. Martini, 1. t. 17. f. 156.
Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Mozambique.
lavanne. Cape of Good Hope. Humphreys.
This species has a broader keel, and may be readily known
from A. Argo, by its having the lateral ridges strongly tu-
bercular.

HIANS. 3. Shell with the keel dilating outwards;
lateral ridges distant, alternately shorter ;
aperture dilated.

Argonauta hians. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue,
p. 44. lot 1055.
Argonauta Argo, Var. &. Born Museum, p. 140.
Argonauta Argo, Var. 3. Gmelin, p. 3368.
Le Papier Brouillard. Favanne, 1. p. 712.
Rumphius, t. 18. f. B. Gualter, t. 12. f. C. Petiver
Amb. t. 10. f.2. Argenville, t. 5.f. B. Seba, iu. t.
84. f.9 to 12. Geve, t.2. f.6and 7. Martini, i. t.
17. f. 158 and 159.
Inhabits the coasts of Mexico, and the Molucca Islands. Fa-
vanne. China. Humphreys.
The diameter of the whole shell rarely exceeds an inch and a
half, and the aperture is about an inch and a quarter long,
by near an inch broad; the ribs on the sides of the shell are

ARGONAUTA. 330

more distant than in either of the others, and are alternately
shorter, by which as well as by its browner colour, this spe-
cies may be readily known. [ suspect that Favanne’s des-
cription of ‘ Le Croisant,’ (Vol. 1. p. 712. t. 7. f. A 1.) is
taken wholly from Lister, t. 555. f. 6. which may be a bad
representation of the present species, though his having
marked it to be a native of England creates a suspicion that
it may be a magnified figure of some of our numerous mi-
nute shells. Favanne’s ‘ Petit Nautile a grosses cotes, t. 7.
f. A 5. which he describes to be less than an inch long, and

of a tawny brown colour, may probably be the young of this
species.

GONDOLA. 4. Shell with its keel edged with com-
pressed teeth; lateral ribs numerous and
branched ; aperture broad ovate.

Argonauta Argo, Var.«. Gmelin, p. 3368.

Argonauta Navicula. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat.
p. 44. lot 1055.?

Le Nautile 4 Oreilles. Favanne, i. p. 715. t. 7. f. A 7.

Argenville, t.5.f. C. Martini, i. t. 18. f. 160.

Inhabits the coasts of Mozambique, and the Isle of France.
Favanne.

Shell of about the same size as 4. tuberculata, but the keel is
not concave, and differs in having the teeth on its edge
placed further apart, and of a more compressed and less
conical shape; the sides are more convex, and the lateral
ridges only very slightly tubercular; the aperture is much
broader, and the corners next the spire are drawn out into
two more or less recurved horn-like appendages. I suspect,
however, that these appendages are only to be found in old
shells, for I have a specimen without them which otherwise
answers to Favanne’s description; and 4. Navicula of So-
lander, Laster, t. 554, f.5. Rumphius, t. 18. f. 4, and
Petiver Amb. t. 22. f. 10. may probably be the same species
in an earlier stage of growth.

HAUSTRUM. 5. Shell with the keel edged with com-
pressed teeth ; lateral ridges smooth and sim-
ple; aperture sub-triangular.

Argonauta Argo, Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3368.
L’ Ecope de Batalier, Favanne, i. p. 716. t. 7. f. A3.

Seba, iii. t. 84. £.8. Martini, i. p. 238. and Vignette,
at p. 221. fig. 2,

336 ARGONAUTA.

Inhabits the East Indies. Favanne.

‘The length of the shell is near an inch and a half, and its height
when placed on the keel scarcely exceeds half an inch; the
aperture widens from the keel til it attains the width of
about thirteen Imes, and then turns almost at right angles
towards the spire. Martini has represented a horn-like ap-
pendage at each of the angular extremities of the aperture,
similar to those of Argonauta Gondola, but he has arranged
it as a separate species.

v1IREA. 6. Shell conical, compressed, transversely
ribbed ; keel convex, toothed.

Argonauta vitreus. Gmelin, p. 3368.

Patella cristata. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1160. Schroeter
Finl. ii. p. 421. Gmelin, p. 3710.

Argonauta, No.1. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 6.

Carinaria vitrea. Lamarck Syst. des Animauz, p. 99.

Le grand Nautile vitré. Favanne, i. p. 719. t. 7. f. C 2.

Argenville Zoom. t. 10. f. B. Martini, i. p. 239. t. 18.
f. 163.

Inhabits Amboyna, extremely rare. Favanne.

Shell about two inches long, and nearly equally broad at the
aperture, rather conical, with the sides compressed and trans-
versely ribbed. ‘The summit is rolled in, and forms a very
small external wheel, like that of Patella Hungarica.
From the summit along the back of the spire to the base,
runs a convex keel which has the appearance of being denti-
culated, from the crossings of the transverse ribs. There
can be no doubt that this is the P. cristata of Linnzus, and
it has much more affinity with the present Genus than
Patella.

cymBIuM. 7. Shell with its keel wrinkled and with-
out teeth.

Argonauta Cymbium. Linnaus Syst. Nat. p. 1161. _Mar-
tini, i. p. 238. t. 18. f. 161 and 162. Schroeter Einl. i.
p. 5. Gmelin, p. 3368.
Le petit Nautile vitré. Favanne, i. p. 718. t. 7. f. C 1.
Gualter, t. 12. f. D.
Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus.
Shell small, not so large as Patella mitrula, which in shape it
somewhat resembles, compressed, slender, transversely
wrinkled, and longitudinally striated; summit obtuse, and
slightly recurved.

ARGONAUTA. 337

cornu. 8. Shell with the whirls detached, and the
aperture somewhat four-sided.

Argonauta Cornu. Gmelin, p. 3368.

Argonauta, No. 2. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 6.
Le Cornet de chasseur. Favanne, i. p. 665. t. 5. f. I.
Chemnitz, x. p. 4. t. 137. f. 1271 to 1273.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. Gmelin.

Shell near half an inch in diameter, and the aperture, which is
much dilated, is rather more than half as broad; the whirls
are revolute, and detached from each other in the same man-
ner as those of Nautilus Spirula, and are marked with trans-
verse striz, and on the side of the keel with a longitudinal
groove. Favanne has placed this species among the Ser-
pule.

ARCTICA. 9. Shell perforated with the keel entire.
Argonauta Arctica. Fabricius Fauna Grenlandica, p. 386.
Gmelin, p. 3368.

Clio helecina. Pallas Spic. Zoologica, fasc. x. p. 38.

inhabits the Greenland Seas, on which it floats in spring and
autumn. Fabricius.

Shell about three and a half lines in diameter, very brittle,
white, finely grooved, and the umbilicus perforated.

VCL. I. Z

338

@Benus XIX.

NAUTILUS:

SHELL UNIVALVE, DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL CHAM-
BERS, AND THE PARTITIONS PERFORATED.

Subdivisions.

* Spiral, with contiguous whirls.
** Spiral, with detached whirls.
*** Elongated, and almost straight.

~~ BR -

* Spiral with contiguous Whirls.

POMPILIUS. 1. Shell with the aperture heart-
shaped; whirls obtuse, smooth; spire invo-
lute and concealed.

Nautilus Pompilius. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1162. Born
Mus. p. 143. Schroeter Einl.i. p. 8. Gmelin, p. 3369.
Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 100. Shaw Nat. Misc.
xii, t. 515, and xiv. t. 580, 581.

Le grand Nautile flambé. avanne, 1. p. 721. t. 7. f.
D 2.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. i. f. 1 and 2. Lister Conch. t.
550. f. 1 and 3, and t. 551. Rumphius, t. 17. Petiver
Gaz. t. 99. f. 9, and Amb. t. 3. f.7. Gualter, t. 17,
andt.18. Klein Ost. t. 1. f.1. Argenville, t. 5. f. E
and F. Seba, ii. t. 84. f. 1 to 3. Knorr, i.t. 1. f.1
and 2, and t. 2. f. 3. Martini, 1. Vign. at p. 226, and
t. 18. f. 164, and t. 19. f. 165 to 167. Geve, t. 1. f. 1.

+ N. Belemnita, p. 3373, and N. Helicites, p. 3371. of Gmelin are Fossil, and
the Linnean N. Orthocera is too uncertain a species to be retained.

NAUTILUS. 339

Inhabits the coasts of Africa. Linneus. Amboyna. Rum-
phius. China. Bonanni. India. D’ Avila. :

Shell usually from five to eight inches in diameter; whitish,
with waved streaks of reddish or yellow brown, and pearly
within. Of this well known species the inhabitants of the
East make drinking cups.

SCROBICULATUS. 2. Shell with the aperture heart-
shaped ; whirls obtuse, smooth ; spire umbili-
cated and external.

Nautilus scrobiculatus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Ca-
talogue, p. 169. lot 3653.

Nautilus Pompilius, Var. ¢. Gmelin, p. 3369.

Nautilus crassus umbilicatus. Chemnitz, x. p. 6. t. 137. f.
1274 and 1275.

Le grand Nautile ombilique. Favanne, i. p. 726. t. 7. f.
D 3, and t. 69. f. D 2.

Lister Conch. t. 552. f. 4. Knorr, iv. t. 22. f. 1 and 2.

Inhabits the coasts of New Guinea. Humphreys.

This shell is of about the same size, and is marked nearly in
the same manner as N. Pompilius, but the spire is not en-
veloped by the outer whirl, and more in the manner of
Helix cornea, forms an umbilicated concavity on each side
of the shell. I have followed Kemmerer and Dr. Solander
in placing it as a separate species, and the depressed spire at
the center so much encreases its resemblance to a Cornu
Ammonis, that Knorr calls it the only one of the tribe
which has been discovered in a recent state. It is a very
scarce and valuable shell.

LACUSTRIS. 3. Shell spiral, compressed, wmbili-
cated, keeled, with three contiguous whirls,
convex above; aperture semi-ovate.

Nautilus lacustris, Lightfoot in Phil. Trans. \xxvi.t. 1. f. 1
to 7. Montagu Test. p. 191. t. 6. f. 3. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 114.

Planorbis nitidus. Muller Verm. ii. p. 163. Schroeter
Flussconch, p. 242. t. 5. f. 27.

Helix nitida. Gmelin, p. 3624.

Helix, No. 315. Schroeter Einleitung, ii. p. 267.

Martin Berlin Mag. iv. p. 262. t. 8. f. 22, Walker's
Minute Shells, t. 1. f. 28.

zZ 2

340 NAUTILUS.

Inhabits ditches in Denmark. Muller. In Kent and about
London. Montagu.

Shell near a quarter of an inch in diameter, brittle, pellucid,
polished, horn-coloured, or reddish brown, and appearing
black whilst inhabited by the animal, with three or four
curved white lines radiating from the umbilicus to the mar-
gin, and which are supposed to be the internal partitions ap-
pearing through the shell.

cALCAR. 4. Shell with raised joints on the whirls,
and the aperture linear.

Nautilus Calcar. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1162. Gmelin, p.
3370.

Le Nautile microscopique épineux. Favanne, i. p. 729. t.
7h Bes

Gualter, t. 19. f.C. Martini, i. t. 19. f. 169, and t. 20. f.
182 and 183.?

Variety. Shell without spines.

Le Nautile miscroscopique uni. Favanne, 1. p. 735. t. 7.
f. B 4.
Gualter, t.19. f. B. Martini, t. 19. f. 168.

Iuhabits the shores of the Adriatic. Linnaus.

Shell minute, white, shining, somewhat pellucid, with a com-
pressed sharp keel, which is armed with four pointed teeth
at nearly equal distances from each other, and formed by a
projection of the dissepiments. Martini has considered his
figures 182, 183. to belong to the same species as fig. 169.
but Mr. Montagu in his Supplement, p. 76. suspects that
they are distinct. Da Costa says, that thirty-three of these
minute Nautili hardly equal a grain in weight.

roTatTus. 5. Shell spiral, smooth, keeled ; ‘joints
six, with the partitions elevated and flexuose;
keel entire, aperture semicordate.

Nautilus rotatus. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii.
p. 114.
Nautilus Calcar. Montagu Test. p. 189. t. 15. f. 4. Supp.
p- 76. At
Plancus, t.1. f.3. Martini, 1. t. 20. f. 180 and 181.
Inhabits the shores of Rimini. Martini. England. Montagu.
Shell minute, smooth, spiral, with six joints on the body-whirl,
marked by as many flexuous elevated striz radiating from
the umbilicus, but not quite extending to the margin. Back
strongly carinated.

NAUTILUS. 341

LEVIGATULUS. 6. Shell spiral, smooth ; joints ten,
with the partitions slightly elevated ; aperture
triangular.

Nautilus leevigatulus. Walker Min. Shells, t. 3. f. 67.
Adams's Micros. 2nd. Ed. p. 641. t. 14. f. 32. Montagu,
p. 188, and Supp. p. 75. t. 18. f. 7 and 8. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 115.
Inhabits the sea at Sandwich and Seasalter in Kent. Walker.
Shell minute, opake, smooth, pale ferruginous brown, with ten
flexuous rays of rather a darker colour, and but slightly ele-
vated at the partitions: differs from N.rotaéus in being ra-
ther larger, and having more celis, as well as in its colour,
and not having a regular keel.

DEPRESSULUS. 7. Shell spiral, much compressed,
with about nine joints, and a small pellucid
spot in the center.

Nautilus depressulus. Walker’s Minute Shells, t. 3. f. 68.
Adams's Miscros. p. 641. t. 14. f. 33. Montagu Test.
p- 190. Supp. p. 78. t. 18. f. 9. Maton and Racket, in
Lin. Trans. vi. p. 115.

Inhabits the sandy shore at Reculver in Kent. Walker.

Shell extremely minute, not half so large as N. votatus, from
which it also differs im being much more compressed, in
having no keel, and in the greater number of its joints; co-
lour white, glossy, semi-pellucid, with the partitions marked
by their opacity, but not at all raised. Mr. Montagu says,
that the central spot is not an umbilicus.

crispus. 8. Shell spiral, with contiguous whirls,
and the joints crenated; aperture semicor-
date.

Nautilus crispus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1162. Martini, i.
p- 250. t. 20. f. 172 to 174. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 10.
Gmelin, p. 3370. Walker's Min. Shells, t. 3. f. 65.
Adams’s Micros. p. 640. t. 14. f. 30. Fichtel and Moll,
t.4.f.d,e, f. Montagu Test. p. 187. t.18. f. 5. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin Trans. vii. p. 115. Dorset
Cat. p. 42. t. 19. f. 29.

Le Nautile microscopique granuleux. Favanne, i. p. 728.
t. 7. f. B 1, and t. 69. f. D 2.

Plancus, t.1. f. 2. Gualter, t. 19. f. A, D.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linna@us. Shores of Great Bri-
tain, not unfrequent. Montagu.

342 NAUTILUS.

Shell minute, spiral, with about twenty flexuous crenated
joints in the exterior whirl, marked by elevated striz; the
sides are uniform and carinated on the outer edge. This is
an elegant species, and forms a curious object for the micro-
scope.

BECCARII. 9. Shell spiral, with contiguous swollen
whirls, contracted at the partitions ; aperture
ob-ovate.

Nautilus Beccari. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1162. Martini, i. p.
261. t. 20. f. 175 to 177. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 11, and
Inn. Bau. Conch. t. 1. f. 3. Gmelin, p. 3370. Walker’s
Min. Shells, t. 3. f. 63. Adams’s Microsc. p. 640. t. 14.
f. 29. Montagu Test. p. 186, and Supp. p. 74. t. 18. f.
4. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vi. p. 116.
Dorset Catalogue, p. 42. t. 19. f. 28.

Plancus, t. 1. f. 1. Gualter, t.19. f. H and I. Favanne,
t. 69. f. D 1.

Variety. With the Whirls reversed.

Nautilus perversus. Walker’s Min. Shells, t. 3. f.64. Mon-
tagu Test. p. 187. t. 18. f. 6.

Le Corne d’ Ammon microscopique. avanne, i. p. 730.
(07. £.B @,

Martini, t. 19. f. 178, 179.

Inhabits the Sea on Fucus vesiculosus, the roots of other Algz,
and on shells; frequent on the shores of Britain, and among
the sands of the South Seas, as well as those at Rimini in the
Adriatic. Montagu.

Shell mmute, white, and pellucid, or sometimes covered with
a brown epidermis, and while the animal is alive its crimson
colour appears through the shell; whirls four or five with
deep contractions at the partitions, of which there are ten
in the outer whirl; the upper side is convex, and the lower
fla. The Variety above noticed, differs in no respect be-
sides having the whirls reversed, and Mr. Montagu differs
from other authors in supposing it to be a distinct species.

_BALTHIcUS. 10. Shell spiral, convex, with the first
whirl larger than the others ; aperture linear.

Nautilus Balthicus. Gmelin, p. 3370.

Nautilus, No. 2. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 20. t. 1. f. 2.
Inhabits the Baltic, adhering to the roots of Fuci. Schroeter.
Shell minute, white, polished, sometimes opake, and sometimes

pellucid ; whirls five, of which the outer is the largest, and

NAUTILUS. 343

the surface varies considerably, being either smooth, striated,
ribbed or tuberculated. In the figure the joints are repre-
sented to be very numerous, and there is the appearance of a
broadish keel, but it is not mentioned in Schroeter’s de-
scription.

CRASSULUS. 11. Shell spiral, compressed, umbili-
cated ; Joints numerous ; aperture rather ob-
lique.

Nautilus crassulus. Walker’s Min. Shells. t. 3. f. 70.
Adams’s Microsc. p. 641. t. 14, f.35. Montagu Test.
p- 191. and Supp. p. 79. t. 18. f.2. Maton and Rack-
et, in Lin. Trans, viii. p. 117.

Inhabits the sea shore at Reculver, in Kent. Walker.

Shell very minute, and is described by Mr. Montagu to be
strong, opake, pale brown, with numerous close sub-elevat-
ed joints ; sides compressed, similar, umbilicated, shewing part
of the interior volution within the umbilicus ; mouth placed
a little oblique, scarcely clasping the body-whirl, and fur-
nished with a Syphon.

UMBILICATULUS. 12. Shell spiral, umbilicated on
both sides, with nine or ten joints projecting
at the partitions.

Nautilus umbilicatulus. Walker’s Min. Shells, t. 3. f. 69.
Adams's Microsc. p. 641. t. 14. f. 34. Montagu Test.
p- 191, and Supp. p. 78. t.18.f.1. Maton and Racket
an Lin. Trans. vii. p. 115.

Inhabits the sea at Sandwich. Walker. Often forms part of
Sabella Penicillus at Kingsbridge, in Devonshire. Mon-
tagu.

Share minute, not half so large as N. crassulus, from
which Mr. Montagu says it differs in being somewhat hya-
line, in having the partitions less numerous, and the joints
becoming occult after a single turn, whereas in N. crassu/us
the volution does not terminate at the mouth, and become
lost, but part of the second volution is visible beyond the
junction of the first, and is gradually lost in the umbili-
cus.

LOBATULUS. 13. Shell spiral, rather flat, warty,
with very thin semilunar partitions.

044 NAUTILUS.

Nautilus lobatulus. Walker’s Minute Shells, t. 3. f. 71.
Adams’s Microsc. p. 641. t. 14. f. 36. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 117.

Nautilus farctus, Fichtel and Moll, t.9. f. g, h, and 7.

Serpula nautiloides. Gmelin, 3739.

Serpula lobata. Montagu Test. p. 515, and Supp. p. 160.

Schroeter n. Litterat. in. t. 3. f. 22 and 23.

Tnhabits the coasts of Norway on Madrepora prolifera. Schroe-

_ ter. On Fuci, shells, Sertulariz, and the byssus of Pinna in-
gens on the English coasts. Montagu.

Shell minute, hardly a line in diameter, white or yellowish, ei-
ther roundish or more or less oblong, convex above, flat be-
neath, and with from six to eight parallel lobes. Mr. Mon-
tagu says no Nautilus is ever sessile, whereas this species is
never detached but by accident, and then the animal dies ;
and on this account he has placed it among the Serpulz, but
the structure of the shell is obviously that of a Nautilus. It
first appeared with the present name in the Essays on the
Microscope, and Adams there says he had obtained a MS.
corrected copy of the Minute Shells, to which Walker had
added all the trivial names which he has used.

ruGosus, 14. Shell spiral, with the whirls com-

pressed, and the margin thickened ; aperture
linear.

Nautilus rugosus. Linneus Syst Nat. p. 1162. Schroe-
ter Einl.i. p. 12. Gmelin, p. 3371.

Inhabits the Southern Ocean. D. Brunniche. Linnaeus.

This species does not appear to have been ascertamed by any
subsequent author, and is described by Linnzus to be minute,
white, flattish, with prominent dissepiments appearing like
transverse wrinkles.

UMBILICATUS, 15. Shell spiral, with contiguous
compressed whirls ; aperture compressed, li-
near; umbilicus concave. .

Nautilus umbilicatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1163. Schroe-
ter Einl.i. p. 12. Gmelin, p. 3371.
Column. Phytob. ii. t. 38. f. E.
Inhabits Croatia. J. D. Koehler. Linnaeus.
Shell minute, joimted obliquely, and contracted at the parti-
tions, particularly on the keel. Linnaeus.

NAUTILUS. 345

** Spiral with detached Whirls.

sPrRULA. 16. Shell spiral, with the whirls cylin-
drical and detached; aperture orbicular.

Nautilus Spirula. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1163. Martini, i.
p. 262, Vignette at p. 254, and t. 20. f. 184 and 185.
Born Mus. p. 143. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 13.

Nautilus Spicula. Gmelin, p. 3371.

‘Spirula fragilis. Lamarck Syst.des Animauz, p. 102.

‘Le Cornet de postillon. Favanne, i. p. 731. t.7. f. E.

Lister Conch. t. 550. f. 2. Rumphius Mus. t. 20. f. No. 1.
Gualter, t. 19.f. E. Klein Ost. t. 1. f. 6. Argenville, t.
Sef. A Geve. t.io0fi8. 1 Knerr, i. to 2. £6.

Inhabits the coasts of America, Amboyna, and the Molucca
Islands. Linnaeus. Barbadoes. Lister. Jamaica. Brey-
nius. Martinique, and the Isle of France. Favanne.

Nautilus Spirula is most commonly about an inch in diameter ;
of a whitish or cream colour without, and pearly in the in-
side. The whirls are detached from each other, and in the
broken state in which they are usually found, their appear-
ance has obtained for the shell the name of the Ram’s horn, but
that of the Crozier is more applicable to a perfect specimen.
The principal chamber is a straight cylinder, so extremely
brittle, that even a vestige of it is but rarely to be met with ;
and Linnzus, who never saw more than the spiral ter-
mination, mistook and described it in this broken state for a
perfect shell. ‘The cylindrical chamber, which, independent
of its separated whirls, is sufficient to distinguish this species
from the Nautili, duced Da Costa to place it in the fossil
genus Lituus, of Breynius, and the generic character of La-
marck’s Spirula is also taken from it.

SPENGLERI. 17. Shell spiral, smooth, minute, with
detached whirls, and four conical tubercles.

Nautilus Spengleri. Gmelin, p. 3371.
Spengler Schr. Denish. Ges. i. p. 373. t. 2. f. 9, 6 and c.
Inhabits sands in India. Gmelin.
To the foregoing specific character Gmelin has only added that
the shell is very minute, and I have been unable to procure the

work of Spengler’s, from which this and the following species
are taken,

346 NAUTILUS

uNGuIcuULATUS: 18. Shell diaphanous, minute,
with seven joints protuberant at the dissepi-
ments, and six conical tubercles.

Nautilus unguiculatus. Gmelin, p. 3372.
Spengler Schr. Den. Ges. i. p. 373. t. 2. f. 9 d.
Inhabits sands in India. Gmelin,
Shell minute, thin, shining, white, polished, and _ slightly

ribbed.

*** Elongated and almost straight.

SEMILITUUS. 19. Shell incurved, and spiral at the
summit, with the whirls contiguous.

Nautilus semilituus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1163. Schroe-
ter Einleitung, 1. p. 14. Gmelin, p. 3372. Montagu
Test. p. 196. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii.
p. 118.

~ Nautilus Lituus. Schreber Conch. 1. p. 6.

Nautilus subarcuatulus. Walker’s Minute Shells, p.3. f.73.
Adams's Micros. p. 642. t. 14. f. 38. Montagu Supp.
p- 80. t. 19. f. 1.

Plancus, t. 1. f. 10. Martini, i. t. 20. f. 186 and 187.

Inhabits the shores of Liburni. Linneus. Sandy shores of

Sandwich and Sheppy Islands. Boys.

Shell minute, brown, with the summit rolled in, something like

a Crozier ; joints convex ; aperture, with a small produced

syphon.

Lituus. 20. Shell sub-conical, with globular joints
becoming gradually smaller; summit incurv-
ed and spiral.

Nautilus Lituus. Gmelin, p. 3372.
Spengler Schr. Den. Ges. i. p. 373. t. 2. f. 10, d to g.

Klein Danz. Naturf. Ges. Schr. i. p. 47. t. 1. f. a.
Inhabits the Red Sea, and is frequently found among fossils.

Gmelin.

CARINATULUS. 21. Shell oblong, keeled; aperture

narrow oval.
Nautilus carinatulus. Walker’s Minute Shells, t. 3. f. 72.
Adams's Microsc. p. 642. t. 14. f. 37. Montagu Test.
p. 195. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 118.

NAUTILUS. 347

Inhabits the sea-shore at Sandwich, and Seasalter, Kent, very
rare. Walker. — :
Shell minute, whitish, transparent like glass.

oBLiquus. 22. Shell nearly straight, with a slight
curvature ; joints obliquely striated.

Nautilus obliquus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1163. Schroeter
Einl.i. p.15. Gmelin, p. 3372.

Nautilus jugosus. Montagu Test. p. 198. t. 14. f. 4. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vin. p. 119.

Gualter, t.19. f. N. Martini, i. Vign. 1. at p. 1. f. Hand h.

Inhabits the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas. Linnaeus.
Shores of Great Britain. Montagu.

Shell minute, white, pointed, in form rather like Dentalium
Entalis, but jointed and contracted at the partitions ; aperture
extended to a small central conical syphon. Mr. Montagu’s
description leaves but little doubt that his N. jugosus is at
most only a variety of this species.

RAPHANISTRUM. 23. Shell straight, sub-cylindrical ;
joints swollen with twelve elevated strie ; sy-
phon central, regular.

Nautilus Raphanistrum. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1163.
Schroeter Einl.i. p. 15. Gmelin, p. 3372.
Ledermuller Micros. t. 4. f. X, lower figure.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus.

Linnzus says this species is the length of a nail, and is the
largest of the minute Nautili. It differs from N. Raphanus
in the number of the striz, in size, in having a regular Sy-
phon, and in being only slightly attenuated towards the sum-
mit..

‘

RAPHANUS. 24, Shell straight, attenuated, with
swollen joints, and seventeen elevated striz ;
syphon sub-lateral and oblique.

Nautilus Raphanus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1164. Schroe-
ter EKinlertung, i. p. 16. Gmelin, p. 3372.

Orthocera raphanoides. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 103.

Planous, t. 1.f.6. Gualter, t.19. f. L. M. Da Costa
Elements, t. 2. f. 12 and 13. Martini, i. Vign. at p. 1.
f. d and B.

348 NAUTILUS,

Inhabits the Adriatic and Mediterranean. Linnaeus.

Shell minute, white, straight, and pointed. ‘Lamarck has re-
vived the genus Orthocera of Breynius and Gualter, which
includes several of the neighbouring as well as the present
species. The Nautilus Orthocera of Linneus has, I be-
lieve, never been found in any other than a fossil state, and
is therefore not described in the present work.

cosTATus. 25. Shell straight, sub-cylindrical, with
swollen joints, and from four to seven longi-
tudinal ribs.

Nautilus costatus. Montagu Test. p. 199. t. 14. f. 5, and
Supp. p. 83. t. 19. f. 2. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. viii. p. 120.

Inhabits the coast of Kent. Mr. Boys.

Shell mmute, from one to three lines long, varying with from
five to twelve swollen joints, and from four to seven longitu-
dinal ribs. It is nearly allied, and may perhaps be only a va-
riety of N. Raphanus.

GRANUM. 26. Shell straight, oblong, with swollen
joints, and eight elevated interrupted striz ;
syphon oblique.

Nautilus Granum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1164. Schroe-
ter Ennl. i. p. 16. Gmelin, p. 3372.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus.

Shell minute. Linnzus says it differs from N. Raphanus in be-
ing more oblong, and in having only eight striz, which be-
ing interrupted by the contractions at the partitions, give the
shell somewhat of a reticulated appearance.

-RADICULA. 27. Shell straight, ovate-oblong, with
swollen glabrous joints.

Nautilus Radicula. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1164. Schroe-
ter Einl. 1. p.17. Gmelin, p. 3373. Montagu Test.
p- 197. t. 6. f. 4, and t. 14. f.6. Maton and Racket, in
Lin. Trans. viii. p. 119.
Plancus, t. 1. f. 5. Martini, i. Vign. 1. at page 1. f.
G, G,andg. -
Inhabits the Adriatic. Linneus. Coast of Sandwich. Mr.
Boys.
Shell minute, opake, brown, smooth with from two to five
joints, and Mr. Montagu says this species is subject to very
considerable variation with respect to the shape of the ex-

NAUTILUS. 349

treme joint at each end as well as inthe number: in some
specimens the aperture is extended to a conical point; in
others it is only a small round opening on the extreme arti-
culation which is globose ; the smaller end is also sometimes
crowded, and sometimes conical and pointed.

SPINULOSUS. 28. Shell straight, ovate-oblong, with
swollen spinous joints.

Nautilus spinulosus. Montagu Supp. p. 86. t. 19. f. 5.

Inhabits the sea. Montagu.

Shell minute, and differs from N. Radicu/a only in being of a
chestnut colour, and in having the joints spinous, so that Mr.
Montagu suspects it may be one of the numerous varieties of
that species.

SUB-ARCUATUS, 29. Shell sub-arcuated, rather cy-
lindrical, with three globose joints at the
larger end, and the remainder indistinct.

Nautilus subarcuatus. Montagu Test. p. 198. t. 6. f. 5.
Maton and Racket, an Lin. Trans. viii. p. 119.
Ledermuller Micros. t. 4. f. 8.
Inhabits the coast near Sandwich, very rare. Mr. Boys.
Shell minute, about one tenth of an inch long; white, pellucid,
glabrous, sometimes covered with a brown epidermis ; aper-
ture a small produced syphon. .

BICARINATUS. 30. Shell arcuated, with two oppo-
site longitudinal keels ; joints globose.

Nautilus bicarinatus. Montagu Supp. p. 86.

Inhabits the coast about Sandwich. Mr. Boys.

Shell minute, similar in shape to the foregoing species, but is
more curved, and Mr. Montagu says it may be at once dis-
tinguished by a slight longitudinal keel along the arc, and
another on the opposite side.

FASCIA. 31. Shell straight, with striated joints,
smooth and elevated at the partitions.

Nautilus Fascia. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1164. Schroeter
Ewl.i. p.17. Gmelin, p. 3373.
Gualter, t.19. f.0. Martini, i. Vign. 1.at p. 1. f. D and d.
Inhabits the Adriatic. Linnaeus.
Shell minute, conical, white ; joints closely striated longitudi-

350 NAUTILUS.

nally, but the striz are interrupted by elevated rings at the
partitions, which are smooth; summit rather obtuse; aper-
ture toothed at the margin, and the syphon central.

INEQUALIS. 32. Shell cylindrical, with eight joints,
of which the second and third are very short ;
aperture margined.

Nautilus inequalis. Gmelin, p. 3373.

Spengler Dan. Ges. Schr. i. p. 373. t.2. f. 10 a, 6 and c.
Inhabits the Red Sea, among sand. Gmelin.
Shell minute, and pure white.

SIPHUNCULUs. 33. Shell straight, smooth, with re-
mote cylindrical joints, and intermediate cy-
lindrical contractions.

Nautilus siphunculus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1164. Schroe-
ter Einl.i. p. 18. Gmelin, p. 3378.
Gualter, t. 19. f. R, S. Martini, i. Vign. 1. at p. 1.
f. di, off,and. f.
Inhabits the shores of Sicily, adhering to coral rocks. Gme-
lin.
Shell minute, with about eleven alternately broader and nar-
rower cylindrical divisions, all of which are nearly equal in
length.

LEGUMEN. 34. Shell compressed, jointed and mar-
gined on one side; syphon lateral.

Nautilus Legumen. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1164. Schroe-
ter Einl. i. p. 16. Gmelin, p. 3373. Maton and Rack-
et, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 118. Montagu Supp. p. 82.
t. 19. f. 6.

Plancus, t.1.f.7. Gualter, t. 19. f. P. Watker’s Min.

- Shells, t. 3. f..74. Martini, i. Vign. 1. at p. 1. f. E e.

Inhabits the Adriatic. Linneus. Coasts of Kent, and South
Devonshire. Montagu.

Shell minute, somewhat curved on one side, and straight on
the other ; smooth, glossy, pellucid, white, rather compress-
ed, and nearly of equal size throughout ; joimts oblique. The
concave side is opake by reason of the continuation of the
syphon, which gives the appearance of a margin, but Mr.
Montagu says that there is neither a margin or a keel on ei-
ther side.

NAUTILUS. 304

LINEARIS. 35. Shell straight, compressed, narrow,
jointed and ribbed at the smaller end.

Nautilus linearis. Montagu Supp. p. 87. t. 30. f. 9.
Inhabits the sea-coast near Dunbar, Scotland. Mr. Laskey.
Shell minute, white, and is distinguished from N. Legumen

by being straight, and ribbed at the smaller end.

rEcTus. 36. Shell nearly straight, with smooth, de-
pressed joints.
Nautilus rectus. Montagu Test. p. 197, and Supp. p. 82.
t.19.f.4 and 7. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
viii. p. 119.
Inhabits the sea near Sandwich. Mr. Boys.
Shell minute, about one tenth of an inch long; thick, opake,
brown, and nearly allied to N. Legumen.

3O2

Genus XX,

CONUS: ~

SHELL UNIVALVE, CONVOLUTED AND TURBINATED ;
APERTURE EFFUSE, LONGITUDINAL, LINEAR, WITH-
OUT TEETH, AND ENTIRE AT THE BASE; PILLAR
SMOOTH.

Sub-divisions.t

* Spire somewhat truncated.
** Pyriform, rounded at the base, and the body-
whirl half as long again as the spire.
*** Elongated and rounded at the base ; the body-
whirl as long again as the spire.
**** Ventricose with a wide aperture.

i
* Spire somewhat truncated.

MARMOREUS. 1. Shell conical, brown, with ovate
sub-angular white spots; spire coronated,
and the whirls channelled.

Conus marmoreus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1165. Born
Mus. p. 146. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 22. Gmelin, p.
3374. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 8. Bruguiere Enc. Meth.
p- 608. Shaw Nat. Misc. vi. t. 211. Lamarck, in An-
nales du Mus. xv. p. 29, and Syst. des Anim. p. 71.
Variety A. Nearly black, with large angular white spots.
(hia 72 RR ES CRAPS CN ER

+ Gmelin’s C. Sinensis, p. 3394, and C, violaceus, p. 3391, appear to me to be
undeserving of notice.

CONUS. 300

Le Damier ordinaire. Favanne, ii. p. 539. t. 14. f. E 4.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. iii. f. 123. Laster Conch. t. 787.
f.39. Rumphius, t. 32.f.N. Argenville, t. 12. f. O.
Petiver Gaz. t. 47.f.11. Gualter, t. 22.f. D. Seba,
nt. 46. f. 1, 25 8,4, 13,,and19} t).47..f..1. Regen-
fuss, 1. t. 5. f. 53. Martini, n: t..62. £685. Enc.
Meth. t. 317. f.5. Brooks’s Introd. p. 162. t. 5. f. 59.

Variety B. Nearly black, with small white spots.

Le Damier sable. Favanne, ii. p. 439.

Valentyn Abh. t. 3. f. 25.

Variety C. Blackish, with one or two broad transverse bands,
and the spots tinged with rose colour.

Rumphius, t. 32. f. 1. Seba, ii. t. 47. f. 5 and 6. Enc.
Meth. t. 317. f. 6.

Variety D. Blackish, with white spots, and a transverse band
of alternate black and white lines.
Chemnitz, x. p. 21. t. 138. f. 1279.

V. ey E. Black, with oblong white spots placed longitudi-
nally.

Enc. Meth. t. 317. f. 8.

Variety F. Yellowish or chestnut-coloured, with white spots.
Le Damier jaune. Favanne, ii. p. 440.

Argenville, t. 12. f. M. Seba, iu. t. 47. f. 2and 3. Knorr,
1.t. 15. f. 2, and iv. t. 17. f. 1. Martini, i. t. 62. f. 686.

Variety G. Blackish, with small white, somewhat heart-
shaped spots, tinged with blue and rose colour.

Conus Bandanus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 611. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 29. Seba, iu. t. 55. f. 2
and 3. Knorr, 1. t. 7.f. 4.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Linnaus. Coasts of Amboyna.
Rumphius. East and West Indies. D’ Avila. Isle of France,
Java, the Moluccas, Borneo and Ceram. Favanne.

Shell generally about two inches and a half or three inches
long; ponderous, conical, and smooth, except at the base,
which 1s slightly striated transversely. M. Bruguiere says his
C. Bandanus is rather longer in proportion than C. marmo-
reus, but differs so little in other respects besides colour that
he suspects it is only a variety. C. oculatus of Gmelin has
been quoted by Schreibers as a variety of this species, but it
appears to me to be undeserving of notice.

NocTuRNus. 2. Shell conical, granulated at the
base, blackish, with bands of white, some-
what heart-shaped, confluent spots ; spire co-

ronated and channelled.
VOL. I. QA

304

CONUS.

Conus nocturnus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 15.
lot 220. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 611. Lamarck in
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 30.

Conus marmoreus, Var. Linnaeus Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 550.
Martini, ii. p. 334. t. 62. f. 687 and 688. Born Mus.
p. 146. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 23. Gmelin, p. 3374.
Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 8.

Conus Vicarius. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 360. No.
1034.

Le Damier greni a bandes. Favanne, ui. p. 541. t. 14.
ee Dis 2

Seba, iii. t. 46. f. 5 to 12. Regenfuss, uu. t. 3. £.26. Enc.
Meth. t. 318. f. 1, 2, and 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Humphreys. Moluccas.

Brugwere.

This shell is nearly allied to C. marmoreus, of which it is pro-

bably nothing more than a variety, and except in the colour-
ed markings, differs principally in being more polished, and
in having about twelve transverse rows of small granules on
the lower part of the body-whirl. It appears on the autho-
rity of Mr. Humphreys in the Portland Catalogue, that this
is C. nocturnus of Solander, but among his MSS. in Sir Jo-
seph Banks’s Library I cannot find any species described un-
der this name, or any reference to Martini’s figures, 687,
and 688.

NICOBARICus. 3. Shell conical, mottled with black,

and somewhat heart-shaped white spots, and
marked with two darker transverse bands ;
spire coronated, channelled, and mucronated ;
throat yellow.

Conus Nicobaricus. bruguzere Enc. Meth. p. 612. La-

marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 30.

Conus marmoreus, Var. 3. Gmelin, p. 3374.

Conus, No. 22. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 17.

aig x. p. 32. t. 139. f. 12902. Enc. Meth. t. 318.
9

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Brugwere.
Shell near two inches and a half long, and more than half as

broad. It has a much greater affinity with C. arachnoideus
than with C. marmoreus, and its most striking difference from
the former consists in its yellow throat.

ARACHNOIDEUS. 4. Shell conical, white, reticulat-

CONUS. 3995

ed with capillary lines, and marked with two
brown interrupted bands; spire coronated,
depressed, and mucronated.

Conus arachnoideus. Gmelin, p. 3588. Shaw’s Nat. Misc.
xii. t. 502, lower figure.

Conus araneosus. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 13.
No. 217. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 613. Lamarck in
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 30.

Conus marmoreus, Var. c. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 9.

Conus Cassis. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 360. No. 1041.

Conus, No. 42. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 69.

Variety A. With pale brown markings.

Le-Cornet Linon. Favanne, ii. p. 532. t. 14. f.

Argenville Supp. t.1.f.T. Knorr, vi. t.4. f.
tint, 11. t. 61. £.676. Enc. Meth. t. 318. f. 8.

Variety B. With blackish brown markings.

La Toile d’Araignée. Favanne, i. p. 533. t. 17. f. P.

Chemnitz, x. p. 89. t. 144 A. f. c and d. Enc. Meth. t.
318.4, +7,

Inhabits the coasts of Coromandel. Solander. 'Tranquebar.
Humphreys. Moluccas. Bruguwere.

Shell from two to three and a half inches long, and more than
half as broad, and is distinguished by the very slender reticu-
lated lines with which its surface is covered. According to
Favanne the Variety B is rather narrower, but the principal
if not the only difference consists in the darker colour of its
markings.

‘All:
4. Mar-

zonatus. 5. Shell conical, of a greyish violet co-
lour, with parallel transverse lines forming
bands alternately tessellated with white; spire
flat, obtuse, and coronated.

Conus zonatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 613.

Conus coronatus, Var. 3 and «. Gmelin, p. 3389.

Conus, No.60. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 31.

Le Damier Impérial. Favanne, ii. p. 538. t. 14. f. E 1.

Chemnitz, x. p. 28. t. 139. f. 1286 to 1288. Enc. Meth.
t. 318. f. 4.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Bruguiere.

Shell about two inches long, and rather more than half as
broad. It is arare and beautiful species. Lamarck men-
tions a variety with white contorted worm-shaped spots, and
says it has been called C. nubifer.

2A 2

356 CONUS.

(MPERIALIS. 6. Shell conical, whitish, with longi-
tudinal livid streaks, and transverse bands,
and interrupted lines; spire coronated.

Conus imperialis. Linnaus Syst. Nat. p. 1165. Martini,
il. p. 337. t. 62. f. 690 and 691. Born Mus. p. 147.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 23. Gmelin, p. 3374. Schreibers
Conch. i. p.9. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 614. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. p.31.

Variety A. With the spire flat.

La Couronne Impériale. Favanne, ii. p. 534. t. 14. f. A 3.

Lister Conch. t. 766. f. 15. Argenville, t. 12. f.F. Gual-
ter, t.22.f. A. Klein Ost. t. 4. f. 84. Seba, 1. t. 47.
f. 21.) Knorr, iit. 11. f. 2.) Regenfuss, 1. t.1. £. 4.
Enc. Meth. t. 319. f. 1.

Variety B. With the spire slightly elevated.

La Couronne Impériale a clavicule elevée. Favanne, ii. p.
437.

Rumphius, t. 34. f. H. Petiver Amb. t.7.f.6. Seba,
il. t.47.f. 18 to20. Enc. Meth. t. 319. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. East Indies. Seba.
Guinea. Martini. Moluccas, Java, and Isle of France.
Favanne. South Seas. Solander.

Shell most commonly about two inches and a half long, and ra-
ther more than half as broad; shining, slightly striated lon-
gitudinally, and transversely granulated towards the base ; the
colour is white, marked longitudinally with broadish livid or .
olivaceous streaks on the upper part, and transversely with
two yellowish or orange bands, besides several interrupted
brown lines. The colour of the transverse bands and _ lines
in the Variety B. is usually much darker, and the latter are
said to be almost black. Chemnitz, x. t. 139. f. 1290 and
1291, is placed as a variety of C. marmoreus by Gmelin,
and as a distinct species by Schreibers, but has greatly the ap-
pearance of some accidentally deformed shell.

FuscaTus. 7. Shell conical, brownish green, with
longitudinal confiuent white streaks, and
darker transverse interrupted lines ; spire co-
ronated.

Conus fuscatus. Born Mus. p. 147. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 616. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 31.

Conus imperialis, Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3375.

La Couronne Impériale Chinoise. Favanne, ii. p. 537. t.
14. f. A 4,

CONUS. 307

Rumphius, t. 34. f. 1. Petiver Amb. t.15.f.17. Valen-
tyn Abh. t. 3.f. 26. Martini, ii. t. 62. f. 692 and 693.
Enc. Meth. t. 319. f. 4 and 7.

Variety. Colour yellowish green, and the darker transverse
lines spotted with white.

Conus viridulus. Lamarck in Ann. Mus. xv. p. 31.

Chemnitz, x. t. 139. f.1289. Enc. Meth. t. 319. f. 3.

Inhabits the Mauritius. Martini. New Zealand and New
Guinea. Favanne. Coasts of Tranquebar. Humphreys.
Shell commonly rather more than two inches long, and some-

what less than half as broad, and besides in size and colour,
differs also in having the tubercles on the spire more numer-
ous, but less prominent than in C. 2mperialis; the spire is
sometimes truncated and sometimes slightly raised.

LITERATUS. 8. Shell conical, white, with trans-
verse rows of dark spots; spire flat, and the
whirls concave.

Conus literatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1165. Born
Mus. p. 148. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 25. Gmelin, p.
3375. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 10. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 637. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 40.

Variety A. White with yellow bands, and transverse rows of
brown spots.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 363, and Kirch. f. 357. Gualter, t.21.
f.O. Regenfuss, i. t. 4. f. 46. Martini, ii. t. 60. f.
668. Da Costa Elements, t. 5. f.9. Favanne, t. 18. f.
A 3,andA 4. Enc. Meth. t. 323, f. 1.

Variety B. White with transverse rows of bluish spots.

Seba, iii. t. 45. f.1. Regenfuss, i. t. 3. f. 29. Martini, ii.
t. 60. f. 666. Enc. Meth. t. 324. f. 4.

Variety C. White with reddish bands, and transverse rows
of dark spots.

Regenfuss, ii. t. 2. f.15. Martini, i. t. 60. f. 667. Fa-
vanne, il. t. 18. f. A 1.

Variety D. White with yellow bands, and transverse rows of
confluent dark spots.

Lister Conch. t. 770. f. 17 C. Rumphius, t. 31. f. D.
Favanne, ii. t. 18. f. A 2. Enc. Meth. t. 324. f. 5.
Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. East Indian and

African Ocean. Martini. Isle of France, Batavia, Borneo,

China, &c. Favanne. Ceylon and Otaheite. Humphreys.

Conus literatus is about half as broad as long, and the length
varies from two to five inches ; the markings also are
very variable, some shells are without any transverse bands, —

308 CONUS.

whereas others have two or three, and the spots vary much
in size, shape, and colour ; the whirls of the spire are gener-
ally marked with dark brown transverse stripes. Lamarck
has arranged all those Varieties which have three transverse
bands, as a separate species, with the name of C. Arabicus.

EBURNEUS. 9. Shell conical, white, with transverse
rows of dark quadrangular spots, and the
base transversely grooved ;_ whirls of the spire
longitudinally striated.

Conus eburneus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 640. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 263. p

Gualter, t. 22. f. F.

Knorr, i. t. 17. f. 4, and iii. t. 3. f. 2... Martini, ii. t. 61.
f.674. Enc. Meth. t. 324. f. 1 and 2.

Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Bruguiere.

This shell rarely exceeds an inch and three-quarters in length,
and is nearly two thirds as broad. It differs from C. lter-
atus, not only in bemg smaller and proportionably broader,
but also in being strongly grooved transversely at the base,
and in having an indented double line on the spire which
follows the course of the whirls. I have a shell differing
from this only in having eight deep longitudinal grooves on
the body-whirl, and Bruguiere considers it to be a Variety
of this species.

TESSELLATUS. 10. Shell conical, white, with trans-
verse rows of red ‘spots; base violet, and
slightly grooved transversely.

Conus tessulatus. Born Mus. p. 151.

Conus tessellatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 641. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 263.

Conus lithostratus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers, p. 348, No.
945.

Conus Virgo, Var. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 28. Gmelin, p.
3376. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 11.

Le Pavé d'Italie. Favanne, ii. p. 598. t. 16. f. A 1, and
AQ,

Laster Conch. t. 767. f. 17.. Gualter, t. 21. f. H. Seba,
ili. t. 53. f. 4. to.6. Knorr, ii. t: 19. f..3, and vi. t. 11.
f.4. Regenfuss, i. t. 8.f.19. Martini, ii. t. 59. f. 653
and 654. Enc. Meth. t. 326. f. 7 and 9.

Inhabits the African Ocean. Martini. Isles of France, Bor-
neo, the Moluccas and Batavia. Fuvanne. Coasts of Ma-
labar. Bruguiere. Madagascar. Humphreys.

CONUS. 359

Shell about one and a half, or two inches long, and generally
rather more than half as broad, and in form most resembles
C. eburneus, from which it may be distinguished by the co-
lour of its spots, and the want of striz on the spire; the
base also is much less strongly grooved, and as well as the
throat is slightly tinged with violet.

GENERALIS. 11. Shell conical, shining, yellowish
brown with white bands; spire flattish, mu-
cronated, and the whirls channelled; base
blackish.

Conus Generalis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1166. Martini,
ii. p. 291. t. 58. f. 645, 646, and 648 to 652. Schroeter
Einl. i. p. 26. Gmelin, p. 3375. Schreibers Conch. 1.
p- 11. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 642. Lamarck in
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 263.

La Flamboyante Orientale. Favanne, il. p. 611. t. 14. f.
K 2.

Lister Conch. t. 786. £.35. Rumphius, t. 33. f. Y. Pe-
tiver Gaz. t. 27. f. 11, and Amb. t. 3.f.9. Gualter, t.
20.f.G. Argenville, t.12.f.T. Seba, ii. t. 54. f. 11
ti bs} dhtonty: Teybs, Heide Spphilsy ite deyds iS, alte tiv Ls £4,
and v.t.18.f.3 and 4. Regenfuss, i. t.6.f.65. Enc.
Meth. 325. f. 1 to 4.

Variety B. Rust coloured, with white three sided spots, and

numerous brown belts dotted with white.

Conus Maldivus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 644. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 264.

Enc. Method. t. 325. f. 5.

Variety C. Rust coloured, with distant dark brown trans-

verse lines.

Conus Maldivus, Var. Bruguiere ‘Enc. Meth. p. 644.
Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 264.

La Volute a Fileis. Favanne, ii. p. 609. t. 15. f. C.

Enc. Meth. t. 325. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. South Seas,
coasts of Malabar, Isle of France, Borneo, Java, and the
Cape of Good Hope. Favanne.

Shell from an inch and a half to three inches long, and gener-
ally considerably less than half as broad, of a yellowish
brown, chestnut, or citron colour, with one or two white in-
terrupted or spotted bands, and tinged with black at the
base; the spire is whitish, and the summit sharply acumi-
nated. Bruguiere says, his C. Maldivus differs only in being

360 CONUS.

thicker and in the different disposition of its colours; Fa-
vanne’s Figure C, which he quotes as a Variety of C. Mal-
divus, appears broader, and the spire is less depressed at
its base; Favanne says the latter came from the coast of

China.

MONILE, 12. Shell conical, smooth, reddish, with
darker transverse dotted lines, and_ paler
bands; spire flattish, mucronated, and the
whirls channelled.

Conus Monile. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 173.
lot 3723. Brugwere Enc. Meth. p.346. Lamarck in
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 264.

Conus Generalis, Var. Mus. Gevers, p. 348, No. 937.
Kammerer Cab. Rudolst. p. 82. Gmelin, p. 3376.

Conus Ammiralis, Var. regius, c. Gmelin, p. 3379.

Conus, No. 133. Schroeter Einl.1. p. 86.

Conus, No. 29. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 17.

Le Faisan. Favanne, ii. p. 464.

Knorr, ii. t. 6. f. 3. Chemnitz, x. t. 140. f. 1301 to 1303.
Enc. Meth. t. 325. f. 7 and 8.

Inhabits the coasts of the Nicobar Islands. Humphreys.

This species differs only in colour and markings from C. Gene-
ralis, of which both Kemmerer, Meuschen, and Gmelin
have considered it to be a Variety, and its claim to be kept
separate is extremely doubtful. Bruguiere’s names are
taken from the Museum of M. Hwass, and are generally the
same as those used by the late Dr.Solander, from whose
MSS. they must have been derived.

CANALICULATUS. 13. Shell conical, white, with
reddish brown interrupted transverse bands
and lines; spire mucronated, and the whirls
marginated.

Conus canaliculatus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 48. t. 181. f.1748
and 1749.
Conus Malacanus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 645. La-
marck in Annales du Mus. xv. p. 264.
inc. Method. t. 325. f. 9.
Inhabits the coasts of Ceylon, and the Nicobar Islands. Chem-
nitz. Straights of Malacca. Bruguwiere.
Shell about two inches long, and fourteen lines broad, and is
smooth, except at the base, which is transversely grooved ;
the spire terminates In an acuminated point, and the whirls

CONUS. 361

are longitudinally striated and marked by an elevated border,
which serves at once to distinguish this species.

RApDIATUS. 14. Shell conical, transversely grooved
at the base; spire slightly convex, and the
whirls concave.

Conus radiatus. Gmelin, p. 3386. Schreibers Conch. 1.
- 49.
Cone Daucus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 651.
Conus, No. 15. Schroeter Einl.i. p. 62.
La Carotte. Favanne, ii. p. 579. t. 15. f. O:
Variety A. Brownish yellow longitudinally striped with white
at the base, and the spire white.
Conus gilvus. Solander’s MSS.
Martini, i. t. 53. f. 584.
Variety B. Brownish yellow, and the spire spotted with
white.
Conus unctus. Solander’s MSS.
Martini, ii. t. 53. f. 587. Enc. Meth. t. 327. f. 3.

Variety C. Brownish yellow, with one or two white bands.
Gualter, t. 20. f. 1.

Variety D. Reddish, and the spire spotted with white.
Conus Arausiacus, Var. 6. Gmelin, p. 3392. Schreibers

Conch. 1. p. 41.
Chemnitz, x. t. 144. A. f. L. !

Variety E. Shell whitish, and the spire not spotted.

Conus pastinaca. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 266.:?

Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo and Martinique. Favanne.
West Indies. Humphreys. Guadaloupe. Bruguiere.

Shell varying in length from an inch to near two inches, and
about half as broad; the summit is generally rose coloured,
and the inside tinged more or less with flesh colour, Dr.
Solander has described his C. gi/vus to be more oblong than
C. unctus, and it is so represented in Martini’s figure, but
both figures are referred to by Favanne for ‘ La Carotte.’

virco. 15. Shell conical, yellowish, with a violet
base; spire slightly convex and obtuse.

Conus Virgo. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1166. Martini, ii.
p- 234. t. 53. f. 585 and 586. Born Mus. p. 151.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 27. Gmelin, p. 3376. Bruguiere
a: Meth. p. 650. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p.
200.

Le Cierge. avanne, ii. p. 576. t. 15. f. P and Q.

362 CONUS.

Lister Conch. t. 754. f. 2, and t. 758. f.. 3. Rumphius, t.
31.f. E. Petiver Amb. t.8.f.9. Gualter, t. 20. f. A
and B. Klein Ost.t. 4. f. 83. Seba, iii. t. 47. f. 8 and
9. Knorr, i. t.22.f.1. Enc. Meth. t. 326. f. 5.

Variety. Reddish yellow with one or two pale bands.

Conus flavidus. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 265.?

Inhabits the African Océan. Linneus. Coasts of Amboyna.
Rumphius. Mauritius. Lister. Batavia. Favanne. Ma-
dagascar. Humphreys.

Shell from one and a half to four inches long, and about half
as broad, very finely striated transversely, and slightly wrinkled
at the base; the inside, as well as the base, is timged with
violet; when stript of its outer coat the shell becomes en-
tirely white.

caANpDipus. ° 16. Shell conical, glabrous, white ;
spire coronated, and the apex of a violet co-
lour.

Conus candidus. Born Mus. p. 150. t. 7. f. 9.
Conus niveus. Gmelin, p. 3392. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- 38.
Conus, No. 149. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 90.
Tnhabits
Born describes this species to be an inch and three-quarters
long, transversely striated at the base, with the spire coro-
nated, and the apex decorticated and of a violet colour.
Though Born’s accuracy may be generally relied on, it ap-
pears to me not improbable that in this instance he has
figured a decorticated shell of some of the foregoing species.

CAPITANEUS. 17. Shell conical, yellowish olive,
with two white transverse bands, spotted with
brown; spire somewhat conical and striated.

Conus Capitaneus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1166. Mar-
tint, il. p. 303. t. 59. f. 660 to 662. Born Mus. p. 152.
Schroeter Einl. i. p.28. Gmelin, p. 3376. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 12. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 652. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 266.

VL? Hermine. Favanne, ii. p. 583. t. 15. f. Al.

Bonanni Ree. 3. f. 361, and Kirch. f.354. Lister Conch.
t. 780. f£.27. Rumphius, t.33.f. X. Petiver Amb. t.
9.f. 11. Argenville, t. 12. f.K. Gualter, t. 22. f. M.
Seba, ili, t. 42. f. 27 and 28. Knorr, i. t, 15. f. 3, and

~

CONUS. 363

v. t. 16. £.2. Regenfuss,i.t. 7. f.7. Enc. Meth. t.
327. f. 1 and 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. East Indies.
Regenfuss. Isle of France, and the Moluccas. Favanne.
Shell from an inch and a half to two inches long, and about
two thirds as broad, of a yellowish olive, variously tinged
with brown or chestnut colour, and marked below the spire
. and about the middle of the body-whirl with a white band ;

the body-whirl has several transverse rows of dark spots
which are larger on the bands, and the spire is white and
variously spotted.

/

CHEMNITZII. 18. Shell conical, greenish brown,
with two white spotted transverse bands, and
numerous scattered white dots; spire flattish
and obtuse ; base and throat blue.

Conus Capitaneus punctatus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 55. t. 182.
f. 1764 and 1765.

Conus Capitaneus, Var. C. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus.
xv. p. 266.

Inhabits the coasts of Ceylon. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and three-quarters long, and rather more than an
inch broad; at the upper extremity, and also most com-
monly in the middle of the body-whirl is a white ‘spotted
band, but the latter is sometimes obsolete ; and immediately
below the upper band Chemnitz has figured three or four
transverse brown stripes, and the lower half of the shell only
is sprinkled with white dots.

MUSTELINUS. 19. Shell conical, greenish, with
white transverse bands spotted with brown;
base with granulated lines, and the spire sub-
conical and striated.

Conus mustelinus. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p.
11, No.176. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 654.
Conus Capitaneus. Chemnitz, x. p. 23. t. 138. f. 1280.
Conus Capitaneus, Var. Gmelin, p. 3377. Schreibers
Conch. p. 12. :
Sate d’Hermine verte. Favanne, 1. p. 585. t. 15. f.
SAS Bs
Seba, iii. t. 42. f. 31. Knorr, ii. t. 6. f. 3. Ene. Meth.
t. 327. f. 6. .
Inhabits the coasts of Batavia, and the Philippines. Favanne.
Madagascar. Humphreys.

364 CONUS.

This shell is narrower in proportion to its length than C. Capi-
taneus, from which it also differs in having transverse granu-
lated striz at the base; Favanne, who considered it to be
only a Variety of C. Capitaneus, says it sometimes has four
bands, and is sometimes of a rich yellow colour.

LEOPARDUS. 20. Shell conical, brownish yellow,
with dark longitudinal conftuent stripes, and
two white transverse bands; spire convex
and striated.

Conus Leopardus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers, p. 352, No.
979.

Conus Sumatrensis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.655. La-
marck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 268.

Conus Capitaneus, Var. Gmelin, p. 3377. Schreibers
Conch. 1. p. 12.

Le Loup rayé. Favanne, ii. p. 453.

Lister Conch. t. 781. f. 28. Seba, iii. t. 42. f. 26. Chem-
nitz, x. t.144 A.f.a and 6. Enc. Meth. t. 327. f. 8.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas, and principally the coasts of
Sumatra. Bruguiere. Jamaica. Lister.

Shell rather more than two inches and a half long, and nearly
two thirds as broad; besides the colour, it differs from C.
Capitaneus in having the upper part proportionably broader,
and more ventricose than the base, but it appears from his
MSS. that Dr. Solander, as well as Gmelin and Schreibers
considered it to be only a Variety.

HYNA. 21. Shell conical, with longitudinal dark
red stripes, and transverse rows of dots;
spire mucronated.

Conus Hyzna. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 656. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 268.

Conus Pellis Hyene. Chemnitz, xi. p. 49. t. 181. f. 1750
and 1751.

La Peau d@’Hyéne. Favanne, ii. p. 453.

Enc. Method. t. 327. f. 5 and 7.

Inhabits the coasts of New Zealand. Favanne. Western coasts
of Africa. Bruguiere.

Shell about an inch and a half, or sometimes near two inches
and a half long, and rather more than half as broad; the
colour is either whitish tinged with violet, or yellowish,
marked with longitudinal dark red, mulberry or chestnut
stripes, and there is sometimes, though rarely, a transverse

CONUS. 365

white band in the middle of the body-whirl; it is much less
ventricose towards the summit than C. Leopardus, and the
apex of the spire is more pointed.

mites. 22. Shell conical, whitish, with longitudi-
nal undulated yellow lines, and the base
brown ; base striated, and the spire convex.

Conus Miles. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1167. Martini, ii.
p- 306. t. 59. f. 663 and 664. Born Mus. p. 153.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 30. Gmelin, p. 3377. Schreibers
Coneh. i. p. 12. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 657. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. p. 269.

Le Faux Amiral. Favanne, ii. p. 566. t. 15. f. B.

Variety A. With a brown band on the middle of the body-
whirl.

Lister Conch. t. 786. f. 34. Rumphius, t. 33. f. W. Pee
tiver Amb.t. 8.f.1. Gualter, t. 20. f.N. Argenville,
t.12.f.L. Seba, ii.t. 42. f. 23 to 25. Knorr, 1. t. 15.
f.4. Enc. Meth. t. 329. f. 7.

Variety B. Without any band in the middle.

Le Bois de Chéne. Favanne, ii. p. 447.

Knorr, ii. t. 1. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Moluccas and

Isle of France. Favanne. China. Humphreys.

Shell generally about two and a half inches long, and more
than half as broad, whitish, tinged with yellow, and marked
longitudinally with pale or dark orange undulated lines.

CENTURIO. 23. Shell conical, attenuated, and sul-
cated at the base, white, with two or three
yellow transverse bands; spire sub-convex,
and the whirls concave.

Conus Centurio. Born Mus. p. 150. t. 7. f.10. Bruguiere

Enc. Meth. p. 647. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p.
Bea infarct Gmelin, p. 3392. Schreibers Conch.
esti This Gmelin, p. 3877. Schreibers Conch. 1.
odin, i 0. 40. Schroeter Einl. ip. 68, and No. 90. p.
La Flamboyant Americaine. Favanne, ii. p. 614. t. 14. f.

Martini, ii. t. 59. £. 655. Enc. Meth. t. 326. f. 1.2

366 CONUS.

Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo and Martimque. Favanne.
Shell varying from about an inch and a quarter to two inches
long, and raiher more than half as broad; the transverse
bands, and also the white mterstices are irregularly marked
with orange stripes. ‘There does not appear to be any doubt
that C. Tribunus and C. bifasciatus of Gmelin are the same.

spurius. 24. Shell conical, white, with irregularly
alternate rows of broad and smaller spots;
spire depressed, mucronated, and the whirls
concave.

Conus spurius. Gmelin, p. 3396. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- ol.
Conus Prometheus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
39. lot 940.
Conus Proteus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 682. La-
marck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 276.
Le Spectre Oriental. Favanne, il. p. 601. t. 14. f.C 1.
Variety A. With pale brownish yellow spots.
Gualter, t. 22. f. E. Argenville, t. 12. f. C. Knorr, v.
t. 22. f.3. Martini, n. t. 56. f. 626 to 628. Enc.
Meth. t. 334. f. 1 and 2.
Variety B. With dark reddish brown spots.
Seba, iii. t. 46. f. 24 and 25. Knorr, i. t.18. f. 5, and
v. t. 9. f.6. Martini, ii. t. 55. f. 606.
The Variety A habits the Asiatic Ocean, and B the coasts of
St. Domingo and Guadaloupe. Bruguiere.
Shell about two inches long, and rather more than half as broad,
with the spire flattish at the circumference, and mucronated
at the centre ; some of the rows of spots are frequently con-
fluent, and others detached in the same specimen, and in
other specimens they are frequently all detached, and often
considerably distant from each other. A shell from the
Red Sea figured by Chemnitz, x. t. 140. f. 1300, has the
spire considerably elevated, and is considered by Bruguiere
to be a Variety of this species. .

LEONINUS. 25. Shell conical, white, with brown
contiguous spots forming indistinct bands ;
spire flattish, mucronated, and the whirls
concave.

Conus leoninus. Gmelin, p. 3386. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 683. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 277.

CONUS. 367

Variety A. «Somewhat marbled, and the bands very indis-
tinct.
Lister Conch. t. 772. f.18. Rumphius, t. 34.f. M. Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 4. f.15. Gualter, t.21. f. D. Knorr,
un. t12. £4... Martini,'i1.t. 55.1. 007:
Variety B. Bands interrupted and crowded, —
Gualter, t.22.f.N. Knorr, vi. t. 1. f. 3. Martini, ii. t.
57. f. 640. Chemnitz, x. t. 140. f. 1299. Enc. Meth.
t. 335. f. 5. ,
Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. West Indian
Seas. Martini. Coasts of Mexico, and Brazil. Bruguiere.
Gmelin has so very badly defined C. /eoninus and C. spurius,
and they are so very nearly allied, that it is impossible to as-
certain his meaning, or draw any satisfactory line between
them. Gmelin has considered the Leo ascendens of Rum-
phius, t. 34. f. M. from which the present name is derived,
to be the same as Martini, fig. 603, 604, 606 and 607, and
of these the two latter are conical, and appear to be differ-
ent from the two former, which are more pyriform. Fa-
vanne and Bruguiere have coupled Rumphius’s figure with
Martini, fig. 627, and from his MSS. it appears that Dr.
Solander’s arrangement was similar, and that he considered
Martini’s 606, to be a Variety of the same species to which
he had given the name of C. Prometheus. Bruguiere, al-
though he has placed them separate, admits that he is un-
able to find any specific character to distinguish them, except
that the spire of C./eonznus is rather more flattened at the
circumference, and as the contrary occurs in some specimens
which are now before me, [ cannot doubt the propriety of
uniting them. Dr. Solander has referred to Martini, 604,
for a separate species under the name of C. ornatus, and has
described it with elevated granulous lines at the base.

CHARACTERISTICUS. 26. Shell conical, transversely
grooved at the base, white, with numerous
reddish character-like spots; spire truncated,
and spotted with brown.

Conus characteristicus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 54. t. 182. f. 1760
and 1761.

Tnhabits the West Indian Seas on the coasts of the Island of
St. Bartholomew. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and three-quarters long, and nearly two-
thirds as broad, and of the transverse rows of spots three are
larger than the others, and have a fancied resemblance to
Arabic characters.

368 CONUS.

C@RULESCENS. 27. Shell conical, transversely stri-
ated, and minutely granulated, glaucous with
irregular brown spots ; spire slightly elevated,
and the throat bluish.

Conus ceerulescens. Chemnitz, xi. p. 54. t. 182. f. 1762
and 1763.

Inhabits the West Indian Seas on the coasts of the Island of
St. Thomas. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and three-quarters long, and but very little
more than half as broad, in which it differs from C. charac-
teristicus, as also in being minutely granulated; the spots
are similar, but the larger ones are formed with less regula-
rity into rows.

** Pyriform, rounded at the Base, and the body-
whirl half as long again as the spire.

PRINCEPS. 28. Shell sub-conical, transversely stri-
ated at the base, and marked with longitudi-
nal branched lines ; spire coronated and con-
vex.

Conus Princeps. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1167. Schroe-
ter Einl. i. p. 30. t. 1. f.3. Gmelin, p. 3378.
Conus regius. Chemnitz, x. p. 17. t. 138. f. 1276. Bru-
guiere Enc. Meth. p. 617. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus.
p- 31.
Conus, No. 56. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 30.
La Robe Persienne. Favanne, ii. p. 546. t. 17. f. B.
‘Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 138. Enc. Meth. t. 318.
f., 3.
Anbabits the Asiatic Ocean, and is extremely rare. Bruguiere.
The shell described by Bruguiere is said to have been twenty-
two lines long, and near fourteen broad; smooth, glossy, of
a pale rose colour, and marked with dark purple branched
longitudinal lines, interrupted by a white transverse band about
the middle of the body-whirl; the transverse band is not
mentioned in Favanne’s description, and his figure is far from
good. The shell which Martini supposed to be the Linnzan
C. Princeps, in the opinion of Bruguiere is only a variety of
C. ebraus.

CONUS. 369

ganus. 29." Shell oblong-conical, grooved at the
base, white, undulated long:tudinaily with
yellowish brown; spire conical, acute, with
the whirls striated and channelled.

Conus Janus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 690. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 279.

Conus flammeus. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 12.
No. 187.

Variety A. With two or three entire yellowish brown transverse

bands.

Conus, No. 63. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 73.

Le Janus a bandes. f'avanne, il. p. 487.

Lister Conch. t. 782. f. 29. Gualter, t. 25. f. T. Martini,
i. t. 52. f.581. Enc. Meth. t. 336. f.6.

Variety B. With the transverse bands interrupted or obsolete.

Conus, No. 64. Schroeter Hinl. i. p. 74.

Le Janus. Favanne, ii. p. 487. t. 17. f.O.

Lister Conch. t. 785. f. 33. Martini, ii. t. 58. £.647. Enc.
Meth. t. 336. f. 5.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean on the coasts of the Moluccas and
the Isle of France. Favanne. Coasts of New Guinea and
Otaheite. Bruguiere.

The variety A is about two inches and a half long, and rather
less than half as broad; the variety B is generally rather
shorter, and broader in proportion to its length ; Martini and
Gmelin appear to have confounded the former with C. Gene-
ralis, and the latter with C. Spectrum, from both of which
they are perfectly distinct.

Guinaicus. 30. Shell sub-conical, reddish, with
obsolete brown and white variegated bands ;
spire obtuse, spotted, and striated.

Conus Guinaicus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 697.

Conus Ammiralis, Var. Guineensis. Gmelin, p..3380.

L’Amiral de Guinée. Favanne, ii. p. 696 and 698. t. 16.
f. F 1 and F2.

Argenville App. t. 1. f.Q. Enc. Meth. t. 337. f. 4.

Variety. Clouded with bluish white.

Enc. Meth. t. 337. £. 6.

TInhabits the coasts of Guinea. Argenville. Batavia, and Isle
of France. Favanne.

Shell about an inch and three quarters long, and more than
half as broad; of a pale or darker brownish red, or some-
times straw-coloured. It has a considerable resemblance to

VOL. I. 2B

370 CONUS.

C. elongatus of Chemnitz, but that species is more elongat-
ed, and its aperture is rather more effuse.

FULMINEUS. 31. Shell sub-conical, rugged at the
base, white, with longitudinal interrupted
zic-zac Chestnut stripes, and the lip spotted ;
spire concave, and the apex acute.

Conus fulmineus. Gmelin, p. 3388. Schreibers Conch. 1.
p. 405.

Conus fulgurans. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.687. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 278.

Conus Spectrum, Var. «. Gmelin, p. 3395.

Conus, No. 39. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 68.

Kemmerer Cab. Rudolst. t. 6. f.2. Martini, u. t. 58. f.
644.

Variety. With a white transverse band.
Le Cornet foudroyant. Favanne, ii. p. 620. t. 17. f. D.
Enc. Meth. t. 337. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Africa. Bruguiere. New Zealand. Fa-
vanne.

Shell an inch and three quarters long, and one inch broad, and
the longitudinal stripes are sometimes interrupted so regular-
ly as to leave a transverse band of white near the middle of
the body-whirl.

LORENZIANUS. 32. Shell sub-conical, yellow, with
interrupted longitudinal reddish stripes, and.
the base dotted with red ; spire concave and
acute.

Conus Lorenzianus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 51. t. 181. f. 1754
and 1755.

Conus flammeus. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 279.

Enc. Method. t. 336. f. 1.

Inbabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz. Coasts of Africa.
Lamarck.

Shell an inch and a half long, and half as broad, with the lon-
gitudinal stripes undulated, and sometimes so regularly inter-
rupted in the middle as to leave the appearance of a trans-
verse band. Chemnitz has described this species to be sub-
cylindrical, but the term is not applicable to his figure.

AMADIS. 33. Shell conical, yellowish, reticulated
with three-sided white spots; base marked

CONUS. 371

with punctured grooves, and the spire with
an elevated ridge at the sutures.

Conus Amadis. Solander’s MSS. Chemnitz, x. p. 71. t.
142. f. 1322 and 1323. Gmelin, p. 3388. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p. 689. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 279.

Conus Textile, Var. Schresbers Conch. 1. p. 43.

Conus, No. 38. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 68.

L’Amadis. Favanne, ii. p. 571. t. 17. f. M.

Variety A. With one or more obsolete brown bands.

Argenville App. t.1.f. 8. Knorr, vi. t.5.£.3.2 Marti-
ni, ii. t. 58. f. 642 and 643. Enc. Meth. t. 335. f. 2.

Variety B. With one or more yellowish bands, and a dotted
line in the middle of each.

Conus fulgens. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 115.
lot 2533.

Conus Ammiralis, Var. Surinamensis,+ Gmelin, p. 3380.

Chemnitz, x. p. 34. t. 139. f. 1293. Enc. Meth. t. 335.
fl

Inhabits the coasts of Bantam, Java, and Borneo. Favunne.
China and Ceylon. Humphreys.

Shell about three inches long, and half as broad, and has the
spire much produced at the summit, and marked with trans-
verse striz besides the elevated ridge at the edge of the su-
ture; the outer lip is emarginated at the angle next the spire;
Gmelin has erroneously described the spire to be coronated.

ACUMINATUS. 34. Shell conical, striated at the
base, white, reticulated with brown; spire
conical, acuminated, and the whirls concave.

Conus acuminatus. Solander’s MSS. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 688. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 278.
Conus Ammiralis, Var. Americanus, 6. Gmelin, p. 3378.

Conus Vicarius. Schreibers Conch.i. p. 24.
Conus, No. 37. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 67.
Variety A. With one or two transverse bands, and intermedi-
ate rows of dark spots.
L’Amiral de Rumphius. Favanne, ii. p. 569. t.17. f. N 1.
Rumphius, t. 34. fF. Petiver Amb. t. 15. f. 19. Seba,
lu. t. 48. f. 12. Argenville App. t. 1. f. L. Ene. Meth.
BesoO: ft. 3.
Variety B. With one or two transverse bands, and no inter-
mediate spots.
Chee x. p. 38. t. 140. f. 1297. Enc. Meth. t. 336.
4,

2BQ

SW CONUS.

Variety C. Without any transverse bands or spots.
Le iS Amiral de Rumphius. Favanne, 1. p. 570. t. 17.
f. N 2.
Argenville App. t.1.f. K. Knorr, v. t. 24. f. 4. Martini,
i. t. 57. f. 638 and 6390.
Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Moluccas. Fa-
vanne. Red Sea. Chemnitz.
Shell about an inch and a half long, and half .as broad. Schrei-
bers has considered this species to be C. Vicarius, but
it does not accord with the Linnzan description.

THOM#. 35. Shell conical, sub-elongated, smooth,
yellow, with transverse paler bands, and nu-
merous interrupted chestnut lies ; spire co-
nical, with the whirls channelled, and the
apex red.

Conus Thome. Gmelin, p. 3394.

Conus St. Thome. Chemnitz, x. p. 84. t. 143. f. 1331,
No. 2.

Conus lineatus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 166.
lot 5605.

Conus St. Oma. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 346. No. 929.

Conus Omaicus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 714. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 425.

Conus Ammiralis, Var. Americanus, d. Gmelin, p. 3379.
Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 21.

Conus, No. 16. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 62.

Le Rouleau d’Oma. Favanne, ii. p. 681. t. 17. f. F.

Le Cornet ponctué. Favanne, ii. p. 593. t. 14. f. 1 2.?

L Inscription Chinoise. Favanne, ii. p. 480.

Argenville App. t. 1. f. Y. Martini, i. t. 53. £.590. Enc.
Meth. t. 339. f. 3.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean, on the coasts of the Isle of Oma.
Bruguiere.

Shell near three inches long, and rather less than half as broad ;
orange or chestnut-coloured, with two or three indistinct
paler bands, and crowded transverse interrupted lines or rows
of spots, of which those on the transverse bands are gene-
rally largest.

AMMIRALIS. 36. Shell conical, smooth, of a dark
citron colour, with three-sided white spots,
and reticulated yellow bands; spire conical,
and the whirls concave.

CONUS. 373

Conus Ammiralis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1167. Born
Mus. p. 158. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 30. Gmelin, p.
3378. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 20. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 658. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 269.

Variety A. With three bands, and the middle one divided by

a spotted line.

Conus Ammiralis, Var. summus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.
1167.

L? Amiral. Favanne, ii. p. 625. t. 17. f. 1 1.

Rumphius, t. 34. f. B. Petiver Amb. t. 15. f. 18. Argen-
ville, t. 12. f. N. Seba, i. t. 48. f.5. Regenfuss, ii.
t.1.f.1. Martini, ui. t.57. f.634. Born Mus. Vign.
at p. 145. f. B. Enc. Meth. t. 328. f.1. Shaw Nat.
Misc. xi, t. 495. lower fig.

Variety B. With three bands, and the middle one divided by
two spotted lines.

Le double Amiral. Favanne, ii. p. 627.

Born Mus. t.7.f.11. Enc. Meth. t. 328. f.8.

Variety C. With three bands, and the two lower ones divided
by two spotted lines.

Le Grand Amiral. Favanne, ii. p. 627. t. 17. f. I 2.

Argenville App. t. 1. f.O.

Variety D. With four bands, of which the three lower are di-
vided by a spotted line.

L’ Extra Amiral. Favanne, ii. p. 627. t. 17. f. 14.

Argenville App. t. 1. f. P.

Variety KE. With four bands, of which the lowest but one is di-
vided by a spotted line.

Seba, ii. t.48. £.4. Martini, ii. t. 97. f. 635. Chemnitz,
x. t. 1405 -f. 1308,

Variety F. With four undivided bands.

Conus Vicarius. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1167. Gmelin,
p- 3381.

Le Contre Amiral. Favanne, ii. p. 628. t. 17, f. 15.

Rumphius, t. 34. f. D. Petiver Amb. t. 15. f. 11. Argen-
ville, t. 12. f. H. Chemnitz, x. t. 141. f. 1307. Enc.
Meth. t. 328. f. 9.

Variety G. With three undivided bands.
Seba, iii. t. 48. f.6. Knorr, iv. t. 3. f.1. Encyc. Method.
528. 1.2.
Variety H. With two undivided bands.
L’ Amiral masqué. Favanne, ii. p. 629. t. 17. f. 1 3.
Martini, ii. t. 97. f. 635, a. Enc. Meth. t. 328. f. 7.
Variety I. With the bands indistinct.
Chemnitz, x. t. 141. f, 1309.

374 CONUS.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Ceram, Banda,
and Ceylon. Bruguiere.

The beautiful shells which compose this species vary from one
inch to two inches and a half in length, and are about half as
broad; Dr. Solander, as well as Favanne and Bruguiere,
considered the Linnean C. Vicarius to be only a variety,
and many of the other varieties are very valuable. Lamarck,
for his C. Vicarius, has not quoted any other author, and it
appears to be a different species.

ARCHITHALAsSSUS. 37. Shell conical, granulated, and
brownish yellow, with three transverse bands;
spire conical, and the whirls slightly concave.

Conus Archithalassus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat.
p. 189. lot 4017.
Conus Ammiralis, Var. coronatus. Gmelin, p. 3379. Schrei-
bers Conch. i. p. 20.
Conus Ammiralis, Var. FandG. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.
659 and 660.
Conus Ammiralis, Var. C and D. Lamarck in Ann. du
Mus. xv. p. 269.
Variety A. With the middle band divided by a spotted line.
L’ Amiral grent. Favanne, iu. p. 630. t. 17. f. 1 7.
Argenville App.t.1.f.M. Knorr, 1.t. 8. f. 2 Marti-
ni, ii. Vign. 26. f.1. Enc. Meth. t. 328. f. 4.
Variety B. With all the bands undivided.
Le Vice Amiral grenf. Favanne, ii. p. 631. t. 17. f.16.
Argenville App. t. 1. f. N. Martini, ii. Vign, 26. f. 2.
Enc. Meth. t. 328. f. 3.
Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Bruguiere. Coasts of Am-
boyna. Humphreys.
This shell much resembles the varieties A and B of C. Ammi-
ralis, but is usually smaller and thicker, and may be at once
distinguished by its numerous transverse granulated lines.

CEDONULLI. 38. Shell conical, granulated, and
marked with dotted lines and bands, and con-
fluent or detached spots; spire conical and
coronated.

Conus Cedonulli. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.602. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 31.

Conus geomantiatus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p.358. No.
1018.

Variety A. Yellow, with four bands, of which the lower and

CONUS. 370

the middle ones are marbled with white, and the others mark-

ed with transverse rows of bead-like spots.

Conus Ammiralis, Var. Cedonulli. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.
1167. Schroeter Einl. i. p.33. Gmelin, p. 3378. Schrei-
bers Conch. i. p. 19.

Le Cédonulli a bandes. Favanne, ii. p. 551. t. 16. f. D5
and D 8. ©

Seba, iii. t.48. f.8. <Argenville App. t. 1.f.H. Regen-
fuss, u. t/10. f. 30)" Knorr; vi. tel. £0) Martng, 11.
t 57 tS 69380% Encs Meth® t. S60. 1%.) 0.

Inhabits the Tropical coasts of America. Bruguiere.

Variety B. Orange marbled with white, and marked with
transverse rows of bead-like spots.

Conus Mappa. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 116.
lot

Conus geographicus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 356.
No. 1013.

Conus varius. Born Mus. p. 161. Schroeter Einl. i. p.
46. Gmelin, p. 3385. Kemmerer Cab. Rud. p. 76.
Schrecbers Conch. 1. p. 29.

Le Cédonulli Géographique. favanne, ii. p.549 t. 16.
fi D7.

Seba, i. t.44. f.19. Knorr,i.t.8.f. 4. Martini, ii. t.
62. f.682. Enc. Meth. t.316. f. 7.

Tnhabits the Tropical coasts of America. Bruguiere.

Variety C. Citron colour spotted with white, and marked with
transverse rows of bead-lke spots.

Conus Lama. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 356. No. 1017.

L’ Amiral de Curagoa. Favanne, ii. p. 547. t. 16. f. D 1.

Argenville App. t. 1. f.x. Seba, ni. t. 44.-f. 20 to 22.
Regenfuss, 1. t.7.f.9 and 10. Shaw Nat. Misc. xii.
t.495, upper fig. Enc. Meth. t. 316. f.4.

Inhabits the coasts of Curagoa. Favanne.

Variety D. Olivaceous, spotted with white, and marked with
transverse rows of bead-like spots.

Le Cédonulli des Isles. Favanne, ii. p. 549. t. 16. f. D 6.
Enc. Meth. t. 316. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Trinity Island. Favanne. Isle of
France. Bruguiere.

Variety E. Chestnut colour, with a white band, and trans-
verse rows of dots.

Knorr, i. t. 24. f.5. Enc. Meth. t. 316. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Martinique and St. Domingo. Bru-
guiere,

Variety F. Saffron colour, with a band and spots of bluish
white, and transverse rows of dots.

376 CONUS.

Conus Regina australis. Chemnitz, x. p. 47. t. 141. f. 1506.
Conus, No. 154. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 91.

Conus Ammiralis, Var. Cedonulli, b. Gmelin, p. 3381.
Enc. Meth. t. 316. f. 8.

Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo. Bruguiere.

Variety G, Ochraceous, mottled with white and brown, and
marked with transverse dotted stria.

Conus solidus. Chemnitz, x. p. 59. t. 141. f. 1310. Gme-
lin, p. 3339. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 16.

L Amiral de Surmam. Favanne, ii. p. 546. t. 16. f.D 3.

Enc. Meth. t. 316. f. 9.

Inhabits the coasts of Surmam. Favanne.

Variety H. Yellowish red, with pale spots, and transverse
rows of red dots.

Conus Insularis. Gmelin, p. 3389.
Conus varius, Var. d. Kemmerer Cab. Rudolst. p. 76.
Conus Ammiralis, Var. G. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 23.
Martini, u. p. 327. t. 62. f. 683.

Inhabits the Caraccas. Bruguiere.

This beautiful species varies from an inch and a half to two
inches long, and is about half as broad; all the varieties are
rare, and particularly the first, of which a specimen former-
ly in the cabinet of M. Lyonnet at the Hague, but now in
Paris, has been valued at three hundred guineas.

AURANTIUS. 39. Shell conical, granulated, of an
orange colour ; spire conical and coronated.

Conus aurantius. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.606. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 33.

Conus varius. Martini, i. p. 324. t. 61. £.679. Born Mus.
p- 161. Kemmerer Cab. Rudolst. p. 76. Schroeter
fiinl.i. p. 46. Gmelin, p. 3386. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- 29. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. p. 33.

L’ Ecorce @orange. Favanne, ii. p. 557. t. 16. f. D4.

Laster Conch. t..775. f. 21. Gualter, t.20.f.L. Knorr,
v.t. 25.f.3. inc. Meth. t. 317. f. 7.

Inhabits the coasts of the Philippine Islands. Favanne.

Shell two inches anda half long, and about half as broad; of a
pale or sometimes a dark orange colour, marked with only
a few irregular white spots ; several authors have confounded
it with the variety B of C. Cedonulli, and considered them to
be the Linnean C. varius; to the former it is nearly allied,
and by Bruguiere’s description appears to differ principally in_
being less elegantly marked, and in having the tubercles on
the spire placed nearer to the sutures, and the whirls not at

all concave. )

CONUS. old

LEucosTicus. 40. Shell conical, sub-granulated,
white, marbled with brown or yellow; spire
acute, coronated, and nodulous at its base.

Conus leucosticus. Gmelin, p. 3388.

Conus nebulosus. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 14.
No. 226. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 606. Lamarck in
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 33.

Variety A. Marbled with yellow or chestnut colour, and mark-
ed with numerous rows of white dots.

Conus Ammiralis, Var. Americanus, c. Gmelin, p. 3379.

Conus, No. 46. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 70.

Le Papier marbré chagriné. avanne, ii. p. 559. t. 16.
f. E 2

Gualter, t. 21. f. L. Knorr, v. t. 24. f. 3, and vi. t. 1.
f. 2, and t.13.f.'5. Martini, ui. t. 61. f. 678.
Variety B. Mottled with olive brown, and two indistinct darker
bands.
Conus Ammiralis, Var. regius, b. Gmelin, p. 3379.
Le grand Papier marbré. Favanne, ii. p. 559. t. 16. f. E 4.
Seba, ii. t. 44. £17. Martini, i. t.62. f. 684. Ene.
Meth. t. 317. f. 1.
Variety C. Marbled with reddish yellow, forming two indis-
tinct bands.
Conus Ammiralis, Var. regius, a. Gmelin, p. 3379.
Le Papier marbré 4 cordon. Favanne, 1. p. 561. t. 16.
f.E5.
Argenville App. t.1 f. R. Gualter, t. 21. f. Q. Marti-
ni, ii. t. 61. f. 677.
Variety D. With large reddish brown spots.
Gualter, t.21.f. M. Enc. Meth. t. 517. f. 9.
Variety E. Pale citron colour without spots.
Lister Conch. t. 759. f.4. Enc. Meth. t. 317. f. 4.
Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo, Martinique, and Barba-
does. Favanne. West Indies. Humphreys. A and E, Ma-
dagascar. Bruguiere. And E, Mauritius. Lister.
Shell one or two inches long, and about half as broad ; marked
more or less with transverse granulated striae, particularly
towards the base. C. nebulosus of Gmelin and of Bruguiere

are quite different, and the former is the Limean C. Mona-
chus.

VITULINUS. 41. Shell conical, white, marbled with
orange, and granulated at the base; spire
with dotted striz.

378 CONUS.

Conus vitulinus. Brugwiere Enc. Meth. p. 648. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 265.

Le Veau panaché. Favanne, ii. p. 616. t. 15. f. R.

Enc. Method. t. 326. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo and Martinique. Favanne?
Isles of France and Madagascar. Bruguiere.

M. Bruguiere says, this species is twenty two lines long
and thirteen broad, and may be known from its congeners by
the dotted striz on its spire; he describes it to have a
large dark fawn-coloured zone divided transversely by dis-
tant paler lines, and longitudinally by straight or undulated
brown stripes; he also mentions two white bands mottled
with brown, one at the upper extremity, and the other below
the middle of the body-whirl; but Favanne describes the
colours to be marbled together in a more irregular way.

PLANORBIS. 42. Shell conical, yellow, more or less
granulated ; spire depressed, obtuse, and the
whirls concave and striated ; throat violet.

Conus planorbis. Born Mus. p. 164. t. 7. f. 13.
~ Conus polyzonias. Gmelin, p. 3392. Schreibers Conch.
1. p. 15.
Conus vulpinus. Solander’s MSS. Bruguiere Enc. Meth.
p-15. Lamarck in Ann. du. Mus. xv. p. 265.
Conus, No. 151. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 90.
Variety A. With granulated lines only about the base.
Le Veau lisse. Favanne, ii. p. 467.
Enc. Meth. t. 326. f. 4.
Variety B. The body-whirl granulated all over, and spotted
with white.
Le Veau grend. Favanne, ii. p. 467.
Enc. Meth. t. 326. f. 8.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Bruguiere.

Shell about two inches long, and not more than half as broad,
and differs from C.vitulinus, not only in being of a more
slender form, but also in not having the strice on the spire
dotted. Schreibers has arranged this species among the
shells with truncated spires, but on account of its’ greater
affinity in general appearance, I have followed Bruguiere in
placing it next to C. Senator, of which it may probably
prove to be only a Variety.

SENATOR. 43. Shell conical-oblong, grooved, and
slightly granulated at the base, yellowish,

CONUS. 379

with a white band, and obsolete dotted brown
lines ; spire sub-conical and striated.

Conus Senator. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1168. Martini,
ii. p. 302. t. 59. f. 659. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 36. Gme-
lin, p. 3381. Schreabers Conch. i. p. 24.

Conus ferrugineus. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 649.

Conus vulpinus, Var. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. p. 265.

Le Cornet rouillé fascié. Favanne, ii. p. 466.

Knorr, vi. t.15.f.2. Enc. Meth. t. 326. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Bruguiere.

Shell about two inches long, and half as broad, and has the
elevated striz slightly granulated at the base in the same
manner as the Variety A of C. planorbis, from which it may
be distinguished by its rather more oblong shape, and by the
mside being white. It appears from his MSS. that Dr.
Solander, and also Kemmerer as well as the authors above
referred to, considered Martini, t. 59. f. 659. to be the Lin-
nan C. Senator, but Bor refers to t. 55. f. 609 to 611.
which is C. Catus of Bruguiere.

caTus. 44. Shell sub-ovate, more or less granu-
lated, marbled with brown and yellow, and
marked with convex spotted striz ; spire ob-
tuse and striated.

Conus Catus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 707. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 285.

Conus Senator. Born Mus. p. 155.

Conus leoninus, Var. Gmelin, p. 3387.

Conus grumosus. Solander’s MSS. ?

Conus, No. 22. Schroeter Hinl. i. p. 64.

Conus, No. 32. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 18.

Le Chat. Favanne, ii. p. 679. t. 19. f. M 3, and M 4.

Knorr, ii. t. 27. f.5. Martini, ii. t. 55. f. 609 and 610.
Enc. Meth. t. 332. f. 3, 4.and 7.

Inhabits the coasts of St. Domimgo, Fernambouca, the Isle of
France, and Cape of Good Hope. Favanne.

Shell generally about an inch and a half long, and rather more
than half as broad, and slightly ventricose ; it is sometimes
of a brownish olive, or reddish with darker stripes or white
spots, and the transverse convex striz or ribs are sometimes
tubercular. Kzemmerer considered this to be a Variety of
Martini’s fig. 579 and 580, which according to Bruguiere,
is the Linnean C. Magus. .

380 CONUS.

NOBILIS. 45. Shell somewhat cylindrical, yellow,
with white scattered spots; spire depressed,
mucronated, and the whirls concave.

Conus nobilis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1168. Martini,
ii. p. 335. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 36. Gmelin, p. 3381.
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 24. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.
715. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 425.

Conus Cervulus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 362, No.
1056.

Variety A. Sub-reticulated, with heart-shaped white spots.
Le Damier Chinois. Favanne, il. p. 580. t. 14. f. E 2.
Argenville, t. 12. f. M. Seba, ii. t. 43. f. 13 and 14.

Martini, ii. t. 62. f. 689. Chemnitz, x. t. 141. f. 1312.
Enc. Meth. t. 339. f. 8.

Variety B. With the heart-shaped spots interrupted by two
or three transverse bands composed of dotted lines.

Le Damier Chinois a bandes. Favanne, ii. p. 452.

Chemnitz, x. t. 141. f. 1313 and 1314. Enc. Meth. t. 339.
ae

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Seba. Moluccas. Bru-
guiere. China. Humphreys.

This scarce shell is about two inches and a half long, and half
as broad, very glossy, and strongly emarginated at the base.
In the Portland Catalogue it is said to inhabit the Mediter-
ranean, but this is probably an error. Schreibers has most
strangely referred to Chemnitz, fig. 1313 and 1314, both as
a separate species, No. 27, and as a Variety of C. striatus.

SIAMENSIS. 46. Shell conical, yellowish, with white
bands and numerous spotted narrow belts ;
spire conical and mucronated.

Conus Siamensis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 662. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 270.

L’Amiral Chinois. Favanne, ii. p. 624. t. 16. f. B.

Rumphius, t. 34. f. E. Petiver Amb. t. 4. £.13. Seba,
ii. t. 46. f. 20 and 21.

Inhabits the coasts of China. Favanne.

Shell generally two inches and a half or three inches long, and
about three fifths as broad, and Bruguiere has mentioned a
ee five inches long, in the cabinet of M.Hwass at

aris,

GENUANUS. 47. Shell conical, smooth, reddish,

CONUS. 381

with white narrow belts spotted with brown ;
spire mucronated, and the whirls nearly flat,

Conus genuanus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1168. Born
Mus. p. 155. Schroeter inl. i. p. 37. Gmelin, p.
$381. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 25. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 663. Lamarck in Ann, du Mus. xv. p. 269.

Variety A. With the belts nearly equally broad.

L’Aile de Papillon simple. Favanne, ii. p. 456.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 337, and Kirch. f.336. Lister Conch.
t. 767. f. 16. Rumphius, t. 34. f.G. Gualter, t. 22.
f.H. Martini, ii. p. 267. t. 56. f. 624 and 625. Enc.
Meth. t. 329. f. 5.

Variety B. With some of the belts much broader than the
others.

Conus genuanus, Var. Papilio. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1168.
Gmelin, p. 3282.

Conus Papilio. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 348, No. 941.

L’Aile de Papillon double. Favanne, ii. p. 546. t. 14. f.
3:

Argenville, t.1%. f. V. Seba, ii, t. 48. f. 1 to 3. Knorr,
ul. t.1.f. 1. Adanson Senegal, t. 6.f.1. Martini, ii.
t. 56. f. 623. Enc. Meth. t. 329. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Knorr. Senegal. Adanson.
East Indian Ocean. Martini. Batavia and Amboyna.
Bruguere.

Shell usually about two inches and a quarter long, and half as
broad, and perfect specimens are much admired for the
elegance of their shape, the regularity of the transverse some-
what tessellated belts, and the brilliancy of their colours.
The Variety B differs from A, only nm having some of its
belts twice or thrice as large as the others.

PAPILIONACEUS. 48. Shell conical, white, with
transverse rows of yellow spots and dots;
spire convex, mucronated, and the whirls
slightly channelled.

Conus papilionaceus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 665. La-

—marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 270.

Conus pseudo-Thomas. Chemnitz, x. p. 25. t. 138, f.
1282 and 1283.

Conus litteratus, Var. Schroeter Einl.i. p. 25. Gmelin,
p- 3375. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 10.

Conus Thome, Var. Gmelin, p. 3394.

382 CONUS.

La fausse Aile de Papillon. Favanne, ii. p. 591. t. 14.
f. 11.
Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 1382. Lister Conch. t. 773. f. 19-
Gualter, t. 22. f.C. Argenville, t.12. f. Q. Seba, iii.
t. 45. f. 8.12 and 13. Knorr, ii. t. 6. f. 4. Martini,
ii. t. 60. f. 669. Enc. Meth. t. 330. f. 1, 2, 5, and 8.
Inhabits the coasts of Guinea, the Isle of France, Madagascar,
Otaheite, Borneo, St. Domingo and Martinique. Favanne.
Shell varying from two and a half to four and a half inches
long, and is about two thirds as broad; the spots are ob-
long, and some of the adjoining rows are frequently conflu-
ent, and form irregular bands. Kemmerer considered this
species to be a Variety of ‘ La Speculation’ of Favanne,

which is C. fluctifer.

FLUCTIFER. 49. Shell conical-oblong, white, with
transverse bands of short ferruginous undu-
lated stripes; spire conical, concave and
acuminated.

Conus fluctifer. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 350. No.
955, &e.

Conus Prometheus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 667. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 271.

Conus, No. 61. Schroeter Ennl. i. p. 73.

La Spéculation. Favanne, ii. p. 594. t. 15. f. I.

Lister Conch. t. 771. f. 17, d. Gualter, t. 22. f. B. Seba,
i. t. 78. f. 27 and 28. Enc. Meth. t. 331. f. 5.

Inhabits the coasts of Java, Mozambique, and Zanguebar. Fa-
vanne.

Shell about five inches long, and half as broad, with two or
three broad transverse zones composed of ferruginous un-
dulated stripes and interrupted lines. C. Prometheus of
Solander, and of the Portland Catalogue, is a different spe-
cies, and is C. spurius of Gmelin.

TENIATUS. 50. Shell conical-ovate, bluish white,
with darker bands and transverse black and
white jointed belts; spire obtuse and .coro-
nated.

Conus teeniatus. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 18,
No. 206. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.628. Lamarck in
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 36.

Conus Africanus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 354. No. 995.

al CONUS- 983

Conus Vexillum, Var. 8. Gmelin, p. 3397. !

Conus, No. 66. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 32.

Le Cornet Musique. Favanne, ii. p. 446.

Lister Conch. t. 763. f. 12. Petiwer Gaz. t. 15. f. 11.
Martini, ii. t. 57. f. 632. Chemnitz, x. t. 144 A. f. m
and n. Enc. Meth. t. 319. f. 5.

{nhabits the coasts of Africa. Martini. Arabia and Mada-
gascar. Humphreys. China. Brugwiere. North Ameri-
can Seas. Chemmitz.? _

Shell an iach and a quarter long, and about two thirds ag
broad ; thick, heavy, and marked with a few distant deep
longitudinal furrows; the lip has generally on its inside an
interrupted streak of brown.

Musicus. 51. Shell conical, striated at the base,
white, with a blue band, and transverse rows
of spotted lines ; throat violet; spire obtuse
and coronated.

Conus musicus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 629. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 36.

Le petit Cornet Musique. _ Favanne, i. p. 446.

Enc. Meth. t. 322. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of China. Brugwiere.

The length of this shell never exceeds eight lines, and it is
only half as broad; there are six or seven rows of spotted
lines, and the blue transverse band is placed between the two
middlemost of them; at the upper extremity of the body-
whirl there is also a row of character-like dark brown spots

» which extends over the spire.

MILIARIS. 52. Shell conical, flesh-coloured, with
two white bands, and crowded transverse
dotted lines; spire obtuse and coronated.

Conus miliaris. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 629. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 36.

Le Milliaire. Favanne, ii. p. 446.

Enc. Meth. t. 319. f.6.

Inhabits the coasts of China. Bruguiere.

Shell rather more than an inch and a half long, and one inch
broad, and has about twenty-two dotted transverse lines on
the body-whirl; the spire is strongly coronated to its sum-
ee three elevated striz follow the course of the
whirls,

!

384 CONUS.

GuAucus. 53. Shell conical, striated and emargi-
nated at the base, glaucous with transverse
interrupted brown lines; spire convex, mu-
cronated and spotted with brown. —

Conus glaucus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1168. Chemnitz,
x. p. 19. t. 138. f. 1277 and 1278. Gmelin, p. 3382.
Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 668. Lamarck in Ann. du
Mus. xv. p. 271.

Conus glaucus, Var. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 25.

Le Minime bleu. Favanne, ii. p. 706. t. 15. f. D 2.

Rumphius, t. 33. f. GG. Petiver Amb. t. 9. f.10. Seba,
i. t. 54. f.9. Enc. Meth. t. 329. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Moluccas.

Favanne.

Shell about an inch and three-quarters long, and nearly two-
thirds as broad, and is sometimes, though rarely, marked
with one or two paler transverse bands.

SURATENSIS. 54. Shell conical, striated, and emar-
ginated at the base, yellow with transverse
rows of brown linear spots; spire convex,
mucronated, and spotted with brown.

Conus Suratensis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 669. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. 271.
Conus betulinus lineatus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 50. t. 181. f.
1752 and 1755.
Enc. Method. t. 329. f. 4.
Tnhabits the East Indian Ocean. Bruguiere.
M. Bruguiere describes this shell to be twenty-three lines
long, and fourteen broad, and it differs from C. glaucus,
principally in the colour.

MONACHUsS. 55. Shell conical-ovate, striated at the
base, and clouded with bluish brown and
white ; spire acute, and the whirls striated.

Conus Monachus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1168. Born
Mus. p. 156. Kemmerer Cab. Rudolst. p.75. -Bru-
guiere Enc. Meth. p. 670. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus.
Xv. p. 271.

Conus nebulosus. Gmelin, p. 3387.

Conus Rusticus, Var. c. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 26.

Conus, No. 27. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 65.

Le Papier de la Chine flambé. Favanne, ii. p. 677. t. 15.
f. L 2.

CONUS. 385

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 126. Seba, ii. t. 48. f. 45. Knorr,
ii. t. 16. f. 2, and v. t. 18. f.4. Regenfuss, i. t. 12. f.
68. Martin, iu. t. 55. f. 614. Enc. Meth. t. 329. f. 1
and 2.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Seba? Coasts of the Moluccas
and Isle of France. Favanne. China. Humphreys.

Shell rather more than an inch and a half long, and about
eight lines broad, white, clouded longitudinally with blue
and brown, or olive irregular broad undulated stripes. Mar-
tin, Schroeter, Gmelin, and Schreibers have entirely mis-
taken C. Monachus, and under this name have blended to-
gether C. punctulatus and C, verrucosus, which are two per-
fectly different species.

RANUNCULUS. 56. Shell conical-oval, white, clouded
with red and yellow or olive, and marked
with elevated dotted strie; spire rather ob-
tuse, and the whirls striated.

Conus Ranunculus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.671. La-
marck Ann. du. Mus. xv. p. 272.
Conus Achates. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. $354, No. 999
and 1000.
Le Renuncule cannelé. Favanne, ii. p. 485.
Seba, i. t. 43. f. 36. . Enc.’ Meth. t. 331. f. 1.
Inhabits the American Ocean. Bruguiere.
Shell nearly an inch and three-quarters long, and half as broad,
and its form is more oval and ventricose than C. Monachus,
from which it may also be distinguished by its elevated

dotted striz. ;

ANEMONE. 57. Shell conical-ovate, white, grey, or
cinnamon colour, spotted, and finely striated
transversely ; spire obtuse and striated.

Conus Anemone. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 272.

Variety A. With brown or chestnut spots in waves.

Variety B. Variegated with irregular longitudinal brown
stripes.

Variety C. Yellow waved with chestnut.

Inhabits the coasts of New Holland. Lamarck.

Lamarck says this shell is nearly allied to C. Ranunculus, but
differs in colour, im the transverse elevated striz not being
dotted, and in the spire, which has numerous strize following
the course of the whirls.

VOL. I. 2c

336 CONUS.

ACHATINUS. 58. Shell conical-ovate, scabrous at
the base, of a dark colour with bluish white
spots, and interrupted dotted lines; spire
acute.

Conus achatinus. Chemnitz, x. p. 66. t. 142. f. 1317.
Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 671. Lamarck in Ann. du
Mus. xv. p. 272.

Variety A. Olive, clouded with bluish white.

Conus Minimus. Gmelin, p. 3382.

Conus Rusticus, Var. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 26.

La Tulipe. Favanne, ii. p. 673. t. 19. f. M 2.

Argenville, t. 12. f. B. Martini, ii. t. 55. £-613. Enc.
Meth. t. 330. f. 6.

Variety B. Blue variegated with white and dark olive.

La 'Tulipe bleue. Favanne, il. p. 483.

Seba, i. t. 48. f. 38.

Variety C. Brown with a few white spots and dark trans-
verse lines.

La Tulipe a lisiéres. Favanne, ii. p. 484.

Rumpiuus, t. 34. f. L. Chemnitz, x. t. 142. f. 1320. Enc.
Meth. t. 331. f. 9.

Inhabits the coasts of Bengal, Batavia, Java, and the Isle of
France. Favanne.

Shell about two inches and a half long, and Bruguiere says the
Variety A is two thirds, and the other Varieties only half as
broad. Inthe Systema Nature, among the synonyms of
that species some figures of the present shell are confounded,
and hence Favanne erroneously considered it to be the Lin-

nean C. Tulipa. Gmelin’s C. achatinus is the Linnean
C. Magus.

LUZONIcUS. 59. Shell conical, whitish, with brown
spotied bands, and transverse milk-white in-
terrupted lines ; spire convex, and somewhat
coronated.

Conus Luzonicus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 706. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 285.

Le Velours Anglois. Favanne, ii. p. 678. t. 17. f. C.

Enc. Meth. t. 338. f. 6.

{nhabits the coasts of the Philippine Islands. Favanne.

Shell an inch and a half long, and nearly two thirds as broad,
and the six ultimate whirls, which form the point of the spire,
are somewhat coronated; the milk-white transverse lines
are interrupted by chevrons, and the bands are composed of
large dark or yellowish brown spots.

CONUS. 387

Rusticus. 60. Shell conical-ovate, grooved at the
base, cinereous, with a white clouded band,
and transverse rows of brownish spots; spire
convex and mucronated.

Conus Rusticus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1168. Kemmerer
Cab. Rudolst. p. 76. Gmelin, p. 3383.

Conus Rusticus, Var. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 26.

Conus nitidus. Solander’s MSS.

Conus cinereus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 673.

Gans NG. 12. Schroeter Einl.1. p. 61.

Le Taupin panaché. Favanne, ii. p. 690. t. 16. f. C 2.

Variety A. Bluish grey with a white band.

Valentyn Abh. f. 50. Martini, ii. t. 52. f. 578.

Variety B. Bluish grey with the band obsolete.

Conus cerulescens. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 423.?

Laster Conch. t. 765. f. 14. Rumphius, t. 32. f.R. Pe-
tiver Amb, t. 15. £.6. Chemnitz, xi. t. 183. f. 1776
and 1777. Enc. Meth. t. 331. f. 7.

Variety C. Chestnut coloured, with transverse lines obso-
letely spotted.

Chemnitz, x. t. 142. f. 1319.

Variety D. Whitish with pale yellow spots.

Conus stramineus. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 273.?

Variety E. White, and probably bleached.

Conus lacteus. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. p. 274.?
Conus Spectrum, Var. 8. Gmelin, p. 3395.?
Chemnitz, x. t. 140. f. 1304. ?

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius.

Shell about an inch and three-quarters long, and half as broad,
and has the lower half of the body-whirl marked with trans-
verse grooves, which become deeper towards the base, and
which are longitudinally wrinkled; the edge of the lip is
sharp, and of the same colour on both sides, with a brown
longitudinal band at a short distance in the inside. A great
difference of opinion prevails respecting this species, owing
to Linnzus’s having quoted three very different figures, nei-
ther of which accords well with the description, and many
authors have considered C. lividus to be the shell intended,
but if so, the coronated spire would most probably have been
noticed. The present shell does not answer well to the
description, for the base is not muricated, aor 1s the form
ovate, and I have adopted the reference to Rumphins’s
figure, only because it appears to be the least objectionable
of the three.

2c @

388 CONUS.

nisus. 61. Shell conical-oblong, grooved towards
the base, cinereous, clouded with white, and
marked with transverse rows of brownish
spots ; spire convex.
Conus Nisus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 64. t. 183. f. 1784 and
1785.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

This shell a good deal resembles the Variety B of the preced-
img species, but is only about an inch and a quarter long,
and not much more than two fifths as broad; the throat is
said to be brown, but in the figure it is coloured of a bluish
grey with a brown band parallel to the outer lip.

Livipus. 62. Shell conical, with transverse granu-
lated striz at the base, and livid with one or
two white bands; spire coronated and ob-
tuse; mside violet.

Conus lividus. Solander’s MSS. Bruguiere Enc. Meth.
p- 630. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 36.

Conus Rusticus, Var. Linnaeus Mus. Reg. Ulr. p. 556.
Martini, ii. p. 340. t. 63. f. 694 and 695. Gmelin, p.
3383.

Conus Rusticus. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 41. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 26. Museum Leskeanum, p. 193.

Le Fromage vert. Favanne, i. p. 544. t. 15. f. M.

Knorr, w. t. 13. f.'3.. Enc. Meth. t: 321. f. 5.

Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo, the Cape of Good Hope,
Isle of France, and the East Indies. Favanne.

Shell near an inch and three-quarters long, and rather more
than half as broad, and marked with transverse slightly ele-
vated striz, which become almost imperceptible on the up-
per half, and on the lower half are strongly granulated ;
there is generally a milk-white band at the upper extremity
of the body-whirl, and another of a more dirty white about
the middle; the summit of the spire is obtuse, and always of
a pale rose colour. C. lividus of Chemnitz, xi. p. 60. t.
183. f. 1776 and 1777, appears to be a Variety of C. Rus-

ticus.

mus. 63. Shelli conical, with elevated transverse
strie alternately larger, cinereous, with a
white band, and obsolete longitudinal yel-
fowish brown stripes; spire acute and coro-
nated.

CONUS. 389

Conus Mus. Brugwere Enc. Meth. p. 630. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. p. 320.
Lister Conch. t. 784. f. 31. Enc. Meth. t. 320. f. 9.

Inhabits the American Ocean, and principally the coasts of
Guadaloupe. Bruguiere. Barbadoes. Lister.

M. Bruguiere’s sheli was nineteen lines long, and one inch
broad, but he says that this species is most commonly one
third smaller ; the whirls are coronated on the lower side,
and on the upper are three elevated striz which follow the
course of the spire, and the sutures are marked by a fawn-
coloured line; the tubercles are white, with the interstices
of a rich brown.

DISTANS. 64. Shell conical, somewhat elongated and
striated with distant impressed. lines ; base
and throat violet; spire convex and coro-
nated.

Conus distans. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 64. f.
1450. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 634. Lamarck Ann.
du Mus. xv. p. 38.

Conus Mennonitarum. Chemnitz, x. p. 24. t. 138. f. 1281.

Conus Virgo, Var. Gmelin, p. 2376. Schreibers Conch.
4.p. 11.

Conus, No. 72. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 54.

Knorr, iv. t.16.f. 5. Martini, i. t. 63. f. 701 and 702. ?
fing. Meth. t. 521...

Inhabits the South Seas, and the coasts of Nicobar. Chem-
nitz. New Zealand. Bruguiere.

Shell frequently three inches and three-quarters long, and less
than half as broad, of a yellowish olive colour, and sometimes
marked with a brighter transverse band. M. Bruguiere
gives it as the opinion of M.Hwass, that Martimi’s figure
701, which is much smaller, represents a young shell of this
species, but 702 has more the appearance of a decorticated
shell of C. citrinus. The name of C. Mennoneta, on the
score of priority, more properly belongs to a decorticated
shell of C. Virgo, See Favaune, ii. p. 577, and Knorr, il.
p. 44.

CALEDONICUs. 65. Shell conical, of an orange co-
lour, with crowded transverse parallel red
Strie 5; spire acute, coronated.

Conus Caledonicus. Brugwiere Enc. Meth. p. 634. La-
marckin Ann.dy Mus. xv. p. 38.

390 CONUS.

Enc. Meth. t. 321. f. 10.

Inhabits the coasts of New Caledonia. Bruguiere.

Shell two inches long and fourteen lines broad, thick, and
marked with slightly elevated transverse red striz, which on
the lower half of the body-whirl are somewhat granulated ;
the spire is of an uniform orange colour, and the two outer
whirls are rather concave.

COFFE&. 66. Shell conical, chestnut-coloured, with
darker longitudinal lines, and two white
transverse bands; spire conical, obtuse, and
the whirls slightly channelled.

Conus Coffee. Gmelin, p. 3388. Schreibers Conch. i.
p. 18.

Conus fumigatus. Solander’s MSS. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p.'704. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 284.
Conus fasciatus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 354, No. 994.

Conus, No. 30. Schroeter Ennl. 1. p. 66.

Le Cordelier brun. Favanne, ii. p. 450.

Argenville, t. 12. f. D. Martini, ii. t. 56. £.618. Ene.
Meth. t. 336. f. 7.

Inhabits the American Seas. Bruguiere.

Shell about an inch or an inch and a quarter long, and five
eighths as broad, shining and marked at the base with a few
slightly elevated transverse strie; the uppermost band ex-
tends over the edge of the spire, and is spotted or tessel-
lated with brown, and the other in the middle of the body-
whirl is sometimes bordered with a brown line.

virtaTus. 67. Shell conical-pyriform, yellowish,
with two white marbled transverse bands,
and obsolete interrupted limes; spire conical,
striated, and the whirls convex.

Conus vittatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.704. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 267.

Conus Vitellus. Solander’s MSS.

Le Capitaine de Knorr. Favanne, ii. p. 451.

Knorr, ii. t. 11. f. 3. Enc. Meth. t. 335. f. 3.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Bruguiere.

Shell nearly an inch and a half long, and about five eighths as
broad; one of the transverse white bands is at the upper
extremity, and the other in the middle of the body-whil,
and both are variegated with orange.

CONUS. se |

cLAsstARius. 68. Shell conical, ferruginous, with
two white variegated bands, and the base
white; spire convex, obtuse, and smooth.

Conus Classiarius. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.705. La-
marck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 267.

Conus Capitaneus Senex. Chemnitz, xi. p. 65. t. 183. f.
1786 and 1787.

Le Cornet enflammé. Favanne, ii. p. 607. t. 14. f. C 5.

Gualter, t.21.f.C. Enc. Meth. t. 335. f. 7.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Bruguiere.

Shell an inch long and five eighths broad, smooth, and but
very slightly striated at the base; one of the transverse
bands is at the upper extremity, and the other about the
middle of the body-whirl, and they are both variegated with
reddish brown spots and yellowish stripes; the spire is tes-
sellated with white and brown.

MERCATOR. 69. Shell conical-ovate, smooth, with
reticulated yellow bands ; spire convex.

Conus Mercator. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1169. Martini,
ii. p. 162. Born Mus. p.157. Schroeter Einl. 1. p.
41. Gmelin, p. 3383. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 27.

— Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.675. Lamarck Ann. du Mus.
xv. p. 275. Brooks’s Introd. p. 162. t. 5. f. 60.

Variety A. White with yellow reticulated bands.

Le Rouleau blanc a reseau. Favanne, ii. p. 693.

‘Lister Conch. t. 788. f.41. Valentyn Abh. t.7. f. 65 B.
Argenville, t.12.f. P. Knorr, i. t. 1. f. 4. Martini,
i. t. 56. f. 619 and 620. Enc. Meth. t. 333. f. 7.

Variety B. Pale yellow, with yellowish brown reticulated
bands.

ie ae jaune a reseau. Favanne, i. p. 695. t. 14. f

3.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f.136. Adanson Senegal, t.
6: £13, Ene. Meth: t.:333. 1,'9.

Variety C. Olivaceous with yellow reticulated bands.
Variety D. White or yellowish, and reticulated all over.

Conus reticulatus. Born Mus. p.157. Solander’s MSS.

Le Tricot. Favanne, ii. p. 691. t. 14. f. G 1.

Lister Conch. t. 789. f. 42. Seba, iii. t. 48. f. 42. Mar-
tint, u. t. 56.f.621. Enc. Meth. t. 334. f. 7.

inhabits the coasts of Senegal, and the Island of Magdalena,
Adanson. Cape of Good Hope, Isle of France, and the
Moluccas. Favanne. Guinea, Humphreys.

392 CONUS.

Shell generally about an inch, or an inch and a quarter long,
and rather more than half as broad. C. reticulatus of Born
has exactly the same form, and differs only in its reticulated
markings, which entirely cover the body-whirl.

BETULINUS. 70. Shell conical, emarginated, and
wrinkled at the base, and marked with trans-
verse belts or spots; spire convex, mucro-
nated and spotted with brown.

Conus betulinus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1169. Martini,
i. p. 309. Born Mus. p. 158. Schroeter Einl. i. p.
42. Gmelin, p. 3383. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 27.
Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.677. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. _
Xv. p. 275.

Variety A. Yellowish with transverse rows of brown spots.
La 'Tine de Beurre a bandes. Favanne, ii. p. 588. t. 16. f.

L 2.

Seba, iii. t. 45. f. 4." Knorr, il. t. 11. f. 3. Da Costa’s
Elemenis, t. 5. £.3. Martini, i1..t. 40. f.665. Enc.
Meth it. 833: 5.18:

Variety B. Yellowish with the rows of spots alternately
smaller.

La Tine de Beurre a lisiéres. _ Favanne, il. p. 455.

Rumphius, t. 31. f. C. Petiver Amb. t. 15. £.2. Seba,
nl. t. 45. f. 7. Enc. Meth. t. 334. f. 8.

Variety C. Yellowish with distinct white belts spotted with
brown.

La Tine de Beurre a grosses taches. Favanne, ii. p. 587.
t..16.f. L}.

Lister Conch. t. 762. f.11. Seba, ii. t. 44. f. 1 to 4.
Ene. Meth: t: 333. 1.35:

Variety D. Yellowish with transverse rows of large brown
spots. ats
Gualter, t. 21. f. B.. ‘Chemnitz, x. t. 142. f. 1321.

Variety E. White with the spots roundish.
Seba, ii. t. 45. £.6, Martini, ii. t. 61. f.673. Enc.

Meth, t. 335. f. Saas, *

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Isles of France,
Batavia, and China. Favanne. East Indian Ocean, from
Madagascar to China. Bruguiere.

Shell from three to about four inches long, and nearly two
thirds as broad, and is very heavy for its size. According
to Favanne, Martini’s fig. 671. (which as well as 673, Gme-
lin has erroneously cited for C. g/aucus,) is a small Variety
of this species.

CONUS. 393

FIGULINUS. 71. Shell conical-ovate, striated at the
base, ferruginous, with entire or interrupted
transverse brown lines; spire acuminated,
and the whirls transversely striated.

Conus figulinus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1169. Martini,
ii. p. 301. Born Mus. p. 160. Schroeter Einl. i. p.
44. Gmelin, p. 3384. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 27.
Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 679. Lamarck in Ann. du
Mus. xv. p. 276.

Variety A. Yerruginous with the transverse lines entire.

Le Minime brun. Favanne, ii. p. 703. t.15. f. D 1.

Taster Conch. t. 785. f. 32. Rumphius, t. 31. f.V. Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 5.f. 7. Argenville, t.12.f. A. Seba,

_ i. t.54.f. 3 and 4. Knorr, ii. t. 25. f.2. Martin,
u. t. 59. f.656. Enc. Method. t. 332. f. 1.

Variety B. Ferruginous with two paler bands, and the trans-
verse lines entire.

Le Minime fascié. Favanne, ui. p. 494.

Rumphius, t. 33. f. No. 1. Valentyn Abh. t. 4. f. 34.
Seba, iii. t. 54. f. land 2. Regenfuss, i. t. 10. f. 47.
Martini, ii. t. 59. f.658. Enc. Meth. t. 332. f. 2.

Variety C. Cinereous with the trafisverse lines entire.

Le Minime gris. Favanne, u. p. 493.

Variety D. Ferruginous with the transverse lines broken,

Le Minime ponctué. Favanne, ii. p. 494.

Enc. Meth. t. 332. f. 9.

Variety E. Cinereous with the transverse lines broken.

Conus Minimus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1168.

inhabits the coasts of Mozambique, the Philippines, Nicobar,
Madagascar, and the Isle of France. Favanne. On all the
coasts of Malabar. Bruguere. China. Humphreys.

Shell about two inches long, and nearly two thirds as broad.

Limneus for his C. Minimus, has only referred to and derived

his specific name from Le Minime of Argenville, which cer-

tainly belongs to the present species, and the description
also applies to some of its Varieties. Favanne indecd has
arranged this shell as C. Minimus, and considered C. quer-
cinus to be the Linnean C. figudinus. Gmelin on the other
hand supposes it to be C. Anemone, and Born and Bru-
guiere have quoted Martini’s fig. 703. which is Gmelin’s
C. coronatus.

QUERCINUS. 72. Shell conical, yellow, with numer-
-ous pale chestnut transverse lines ; spire con!-

304 CONUS.

cal, depressed, and the whirls longitudinally
striated.

Conus quercinus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
67. lot 1501. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 681. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 276.

La Fileuse. favanne, ii. p. 575. t. 15. f. D 3.

Knorr, ii. t. 11. f, 2. Martini, ii. t. 69. f. 657. Ene.
Meth. t. 332, f. 6.

Variety. With a single elevated belt in the middle.
Conus Cingulum. Martyn Univ. Conch. i. t. 39. Gmelin,

p- 3378. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 19.

Inhabits the coasts of the Isle of France, Madagascar, and the
Cape of Good Hope. Fuvanne. Friendly Islands. Mar-
tyn.

Shell about two or three inches long, and nearly two thirds as
broad. It has been generally confounded with C. figulinus,
from which it materially differs in form as well as colour,
and may be at once distinguished by the striz which run pa-
rallel to the sutures on the spire. Mr. Humphreys informs
me that only a single specimen of Martyn’s C. Cingulum has
been found, and that it is obviously nothing more than an ac-
cidental variety of this species.

LINEATUS. 73. Shell conical, granulated at the base,
white, variegated with brown, and marked
with crowded transverse interrupted lines ;
spire obtuse.

Conus lineatus, Chemnitz, x. p.27. t. 138. f. 1285. Bru-
guiere Enc. Meth. p. 645. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus.
XV. p. 264.

Conus figulinus, Var. Gmelin, p. 3384.

Conus, No. 59. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 30.

Le Fileurd’or. Favanne, ii. p. 615. t. 15. f. K.

Enc. Methodique, t. 326. f. 2.

\nhabits the coasts of the Isle of France, and the Philippines.
Favanne.

Shell near an inch and three quarters long, and half as broad ;
white, marked with a few large oblong blotches of chestnut
brown, and sometimes with three transverse bands, of which
one is placed at each extremity, and the other in the middle.

EQUES. 74. Shell conical, somewhat ventricose,
whitish, with a transverse yellow band, and

CONUS. 395

two rows of distant large brown spots ; spire
convex.

Conus Eques. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 705. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 284.
Variety A. Spots oblong, and the inside clouded with flesh co-
lour.
Le Chevalier. Favanne, ii. p. 606. t, 14. f. F 1.
Enc: Meth. t..335.f.9.
Variety B. Spots angulated, and the throat violet.
Le Chevalier tacheté. Favanne, ii. p. 606. t. 14. f. F 2.
Inhabits A, the coasts of New Zealand; and B, those of Flo-
rida. Favanne.
Shell an inch and a half long, and nearly two thirds as broad ;
but the variety B is usually smaller, thicker, and rather more
ventricose,

ERMINEUS. 75. Shell conical, reddish yellow, with

two mottled bands, and blackish and granu-
lated at the base; spire conical, ana the
whirls flat.

Conus ermineus. Born Mus. p. 159. Solander’s MSS.
Conus lithoglyphus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 350. No.
965. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 692. Lamarck in Ann.
du Mus. xv. p. 280.
Conus Capitaneus, Var. Gmelin, p. 3377. Schreibers
Conch. 1. p. 12.
Conus, No. 35. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 67.
L’ Etourneau. Favanne, ii. p. 581. t. 18. f. F.
Valentyn Abh. t. 5. f.47. Seba, i. t. 42. f. 40 to 42.
Martini, ii. t.57. f. 630 and 631. Chemnitz, x. t. 140.
f. 1298. Enc. Meth. t. 338. f. 8.
Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Martini. Isle of France, St.
Domingo, and Martinique. Favanne. China. Humphreys.
Shell about two inches long, and rather more than half as
broad ; it is marked with somewhat darker transverse stripes,
and two white mottled bands, of which one is at the upper
extremity, and the other in the middle of the body-whirl.

VEXILLUM. 76. Shell conical, yellowish brown,
with two mottled bands, and irregular longi-
tudinal streaks; base blackish; spire conical
spotted with brown, and the summit yellow.

396 CONUS.

Conus Vexillum. Martini, ii. p. 260. t. 57. £.629. Gme-
lin, p. 3397. Museum Leskianum, p.191. Bruguiere
aoe Meth. p. 693. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus, xv.
p- 208.

Conus Epistomium. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 350. No.
968.

Conus Capitaneus, Var. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat.
p. 64. lot 1450.

Conus mutabilis. Chemmitz, xi. p. 52. t. 182. f. 1758 and
1759.

Conus, No. 34. Schroeter Hinl.i. p. 67.

L? Amusse marbré. Favanne, ii. p. 582. t. 15. f. H 1.

Rumphius, t. 31. f. No.5. Petiver Amb. t. 21. f. 12.
Gualter, t. 20. f. M, andt.@21.f. E. Seba, ii. t. 44.
f.8 to 11, andt. 45. f. 1l6and17. Knorr, i. t. 1. f.3.
Regenfuss, i Its Osho 57.4

Variety. Without any, or with only an obsolete transverse
band.

L’ Amusse simple. Favanne, ii. p. 583. t. 15. f. H 2.

Enc. Method. t. 336. f. 8.?

Inhabits the Coasts of Batavia. Favanne. Malabar, and the
Moluccas. Bruguiere.

Shell generally about three inches and a quarter long, and very
near two inches broad, and is sometimes still larger, but not
thick or heavy for its size ; the spire is much more elevated
than in C. Capitaneus, and the variety differs only in having
the markings more or less obsolete.

TESTUDINARIUS. 77. Shell conical-ovate, whitish,
clouded with dark grey, and marked with |
two dark bands spotted with white ; spire ob-
tuse, and the whirls striated longitudinally.

Conus testudinarius. Martini, i. p. 250. t. 55. f. 605.
Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 694. Lamarck in Ann. du
Mus. xv. p. 280.

Conus testudineus. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 14.
No. 228.

Conus leoninus, Var.g. Gmelin, p. 3387.

Conus, No. 20. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 64.

Conus, No. 30. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 17.

La Peau de Serpent a deux bandes. favanne, i. p. 623.
t. 16. f. G.

Rumphius, t. 34. f. K. Seba, ii. t. 44. f. 13. Knorr, i. t.
12.f. 4, Regenfuss, i. t.11. £55. Enc. Meth. t.335. £.6.

CONUS. 397

Variety. Whitish, variegated with orange.

Regenfuss, i. t. 5. f. 37. Martini, u. t. 55. f. 608.

Inhabits the coasts of Surinam, St. Domingo, and Martinique.
Favanne. Guinea. Humphreys.

Shell one, two, or sometimes three inches long, and rather
more than half as broad; the colour is whitish, or pale ci-
nereous, clouded and spotted with dark grey, which forms
two irregular broad transverse bands on the body-whirl.
M. Bruguiere says that La Peau de Serpent orangée of.
Favanne, ii. p. 468, is a variety which differs in its orange
colour, in being smaller, and in having the transverse bands
narrower.

VENULATUS. 78. Shell conical-ovate, striated at the
base, white, with somewhat reticulated yel-
lowish stripes; spire convex.

Conus venulatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 695. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 280.

Variety A. Reticulated and marked with three rows of irre-

gular yellowish or brownish orange spots.

Le Bois veiné. Favanne, ii. p. 604. t. 14. f. D 1.

Enc. Meth. t. 337. f. 9.
Variety B. Reticulated with brownish orange, and marked
’ with two transverse brown bands.

Le Bois veiné 4 bandes. Favanne, ii. p. 605. t. 14. f. D 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Manilla, and the American Seas, Fa-
vanne.

C. venulatus, according to Favanne, is two or three inches
long, and two thirds as broad ; but Bruguiere describes his
specimen to have measured only twenty-one by eighteen
lines.

NAMOCANUS. 79. Shell conical, yellowish, with nu-
merous transverse darker bands, and_ inter-
mediate lines ; spire obtuse, striated, with the
two first whirls slightly concave, and the
others convex.

Conus Namocanus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 712. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 422.
_ Enc. Method. t. 338. f. 5.
Inhabits the South Sea about the Island of Namoca. Bru-
guiere.
Sheil three inches and a quarter long, and an inch and three

398 CONUS.

quarters broad; the body-whirl is irregularly furrowed longi-
tudinally, and has a paler transverse band at its upper extre-
mity, as also another but more obsolete in the middle, and
the latter, instead of transverse lines, is marked with a row
of somewhat quadrangular brown spots; there are not any
transverse striz at the base, and the throat is tinged with
blue.
costatus. 80. Shell conical, yellowish white, trans-
versely grooved, and ribbed with crenated
somewhat granulated ribs; spire conical and
coronated.

Conus costatus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 47. t. 181. f. 1745 to
1747.
Conus asper. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 39.

Tnhabits the South Sea, and coasts of China. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches and a half long, and half as broad; of
a nearly uniform dull whitish yellow; the whirls of the spire
are channelled and striated, and the edge of the outer lip
denticulated.

EBRAUS. 81. Shell conical, whitish, with transverse
rows of large four-sided dark spots ; spire con-
vex, slightly coronated.

Conus ebreus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1169. Martini, ii.
p- 259. Born Mus. p. 160. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 44.
Gmelin, p. 3384. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 28. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p.619. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv.
p. 34.

Variety A. With large black spots.

L’ Hebraique. Favanne, ii. p. 563. t. 14. f. B 2.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 122. Lister Conch. t. 779.
f.25. Rumphius, t. 33. f. BB. Petiver Gaz. t. 99. f.
12, and Amb. t.9. f.12. Gualter, t.25.f.T. Argen-
ville, t. 12. f. G. Adanson Senegal, t.6.f.5. Seba,
ii. t. 47. f. 28 and 29. Knorr, ii. t. 6. f. 2. Martini,
ai..t. 56. £61075

Variety B. With large black spots, and intermediate smaller
rows.

L’ Hebraique acordons. avanne, ii. p. 445.

Chemnitz, x. t. 144 A. f.g andr. Enc. Meth. t. 321.
f. 9.

Variety C. With some of the spots confluent, forming longi-
tudinal stripes.

CONUS. 399

Conus vermiculatus. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 34.
Enc. Methodique, t. 321. f. 1.
Variety D. With the spots all confluent, forming longitudinal
stripes.
Conus Princeps. Martini, il. p. 344. t.63. f. 699 and 700.
Born Mus. p. 153.
Conus Princeps, Var. Schroeter Einl. i, p. 30. Gmelin,
p- 3378. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 19.
L’ Hebraique rayée. Fuvanne, i. p. 564. t. 14. i's!
Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 168. Lister Conch. t.779.
f. 26. Gualter, t.25. f.Q. Seba, ii. t. 47. f. 30 and
31. Knorr, ii. t. 4. f.2. Enc. Meth. t. 321. f. 8.
Inhabits many parts of the East Indian Seas. Petzver. Isle of
France. Lister. Amboyna, and the Moluccas. Rumphius.
Coasts of America. Seba. Senegal. Adanson. Isles of
Bourbon and Madagascar. Bruguiere. China. Humphreys.
Shell seldom more than about an inch long, and three-fourths
as broad, and more or less strongly marked at the base with
transverse striz, which are frequently granulated ; the spots
are sometimes of a chestnut colour.

STERCUS-MUSCARUM. 82. Shell sub-cylindrical,
emarginated at the base; ofa pale flesh co-
lour, with numerous crowded rows of dark
and milk-white dots ; spire elevated, and the
whirls concave.

Conus Siercus-muscarum. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1169.
Martini, ii. p. 349. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 45. Born
Mus. p. 160. Gmelin, p. 3385. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- Pia Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p- 716. Lamarck in
Ann. du Mus. XV. p. 429.

Variety A. With black and milk-white dots.

Le Drap @ argent a points noirs. Havanne, ii. p. 708. t.
15. f. D 4.

Bonanni Rec. Supp. f. 30, and Kirch. 3. . 408. Lister
Conch. t. 757. f. 9. Rumphius, t. $8. f: Z.\Petiver
Gaz. t. 75. f. 1, and Amb. t. 15. f. 21. Gualter, t. 25.
£0. Argenville, t. 13. f. E. Knorr, 1.t..7. 4. 5. Res
genfuss,i.t. 7. f.2. Martini, ii. t. 64. f. 711 and 712.
finc. Meth. t. 341. f. 6.

Variety B. With red and white dots.

Knorr, vi. t. 16. f.4. Martini, ii. t. 64. f. 713.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Zanguebar, Isle
of France, Madagascar, and the Cape of Good Hope. Fa-
vanne. Ceylon. Humphreys.

400 CONUS.

Shell generally about two inches long, and rather less than half
as broad; there are often two indisanet bands, on which the
black dots are aggregated, and the inside of the lip is often
spotted; the apex and throat are of a rose colour.

ARENATUS. 83. Shell conical-ovate, emarginated at
the base, white, with transverse rows of
black dots; spire coronated.

Conus arenatus. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 13.
No. 210. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 621. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 34.

Conus Stercus-muscarum, Var. Linneus Mus. Lud. Ulr. p.
set Born Mus. p. 161. t.7. £12. Schroeter Eind.

p-46. Gmelin, p. 3385. Schreibers Conch.i. p. 28.

Gor Stercus-culicum. Meuschen Mus. ‘Gevers. p. 358.
No. 1027.

Variety A. With the dots large.

La Piqfire de Mouches. Favanne, i. p. 710. t. 15. f. F 2.

Lister Conch. t. 761. f. 10. Rumphius, t. 33. f. AA. Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 15. f. 20. Gualter, t.25.f. P. Argen-
ville, t. 12. f. S. Martini, ii. t. 63. f. 696. Enc. Meth.
t. 320. -fi6:

Variety B. With the dots minute.

La Moire ondée. Favanne, ui. p. 713. t. 15. f. F 3.

Seba, ii, t. 55. f. 1. Martini, n. t. 63. f. 697. Enc. Meth.
t. 320.,f.'3 and. 7.

Inhabits the coasts of Batavia, Ceram, Coromandel, Mada-
gascar, and the Isle of France. Favanne. Philippine Is-
lands, and the Cape of Good Hope. Bruguiere.

The variety A is about two inches long, and more than half as
broad; but the variety B is generally considerably smaller ;
in the disposition of the dots it resembles C. Stercus-musca-
rum, but differs in bemg more ovate, and the spire is always
coronated.

puLicaRtius. 84. Shell conical-oblong, emarginated
at the base, white, with smail brown ovate
spots ; spire mucronated and coronated.

Conus pulicarius. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Catalogue,
p. 13. No. 211. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 622. La-
marck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 34.

Conus Stercus-pulicum. Meuschen Mus. Geversianum, p.
358. No. 1030.

CONUS. 401

Conus Stercus-muscarum, Var. Gmelin, p. 3385. Schrei-
bers Conch. i. p. 28.
Conus, No. 53. Schroeter Hinl.i. p. 71.
Variety A. With the spots scattered and ovate.
La Morsure de Puces. Favanne, p. 713. t. 15. f. F5.
Laster Conch. t. 774. f.20. Rumphius, t. 83. f. No. 23
Gualter, t. 21. f. G. Martini, ii. t. 63. f. 698 a. Enc.
Meth. t. 320. f. 1.
Variety B. With the spots in transverse rows, and quadrangu-
lar.
Conus fustigatus. Bruguere Enc. Meth. p. 623. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 35.
Le Fustigé. Favanne, ii. p. 714. t.15. f. N.
Martini, i. t. 63. f. 698. Enc. Meth. t. 320. f. 2.
Inhabits the coasts of New Guinea, and the Moluccas. Fa-
vanne, Otaheite. Solander. Society’s Islands. Humphreys.
Shell an inch, or an inch and a half long, and about half as
broad ; and besides the dark brown or blackish spots, it is
also sometimes marked with one or two indistinct bands of
yellow,

OBESUS. 85. Shell ovate, emarginated at the base,
white, tinged with chestnut colour, and mark-
ed with dark clustered dots ; spire depressed,
coronated, and marked witha double groove.

Conus obesus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 9.

lot 177. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 623. Lamarck Ann.
du Mus. xv. p. 35.

Conus Ceylonicus. Chemmitz, x. p. 67. t. 142: f. 1318.

Conus Zeylanicus. Gmelin, p. 3389. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 47.

La Peau de Civette. Favanne, ii. p. 496.

Enc. Meth. t. 320. f. 8.

Inhabits the coasts of Madagascar and China. Tumphreys.
Ceylon. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch, or sometimes two inches long, and more than half

as broad, and some of the spots, or masses of confluent dots,
are frequently triangular.

PIPERATUS. 86. Shell conical, emarginated at the
* base, fawn-coloured, marked transversely
with two white belts, and numerous slightly
elevated dotted strie; spire coronated, and

spotted with brown.
VOL. 1, 2D

402 CONUS.

Conus punctatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 628. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 36.
Conus Stercus-muscarum, Var. ). Gmelin, p. 3385.
Conus, No. 62. Schrevbers Conch. i. p. 31.
Chemnitz, x. t. 139. f.1204. Enc. Method. t. 319. f. 8.
» Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Chemnitz. African Ocean.
Bruguiere.

Shell two inches long, and fourteen lines broad ; of a fawn co-
lour, with dark reddish brown spots on the striz, which are
but very slightly elevated, especially on the upper part. C.
punctatus of Gmelin is a different species.

CANCELLATUS. 87. Shell conical, white, cancellat-
ed with transverse grooves and longitudinal
strie ; spire acuminated.

Conus cancellatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.712. La-
marck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 423.
Finc. Method. t. 338. f. 1.
inhabits the coasts of Owyhee in the South Seas. Brugweere.
Shell an inch and a half long, and half as broad, and bears a
strong resemblance to a fossil species described by Bruguiere
with the name of C. deperditus, and of which the following
figures have been given, Argenville, t. 290. f. 8. Walch.
Naturf, ii. t. 43. f. 4, Favanne, t. 66. f. G 1, and Encyc.
Meth. t. 337. f.. 7. C. fusiformis of Lamarck is probably a
variety of this species, and 1s described with a slight tinge of
rose colour, and its spire rather more elevated.

varius. 88. Shell conical elongated, granulated,
whitish, with large irregular spots ; spire ele-
vated, striated longitudinally, and coronated.

Conus varius. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1170. Brugwere
Enc. Meth. p. 624. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. p. 35.
Conus varius, Var. g. Gmelin, p. 3386.
Conus, No. 58. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 30.
Variety A, With the spots of a chestnut colour. :
La Peau de Chagrin. Favanne, ii. p. 562. t. 16. f. E 3.
Argenville, t. 12. f. R. Seba, iii. t. 48. f. 26 to 28. Chem-
nitz, x. t. 138. f. 1284. Enc. Method. t. 321. f. 3.
Variety B. With red spots.
La Peau de Chagrin rouge. Favanne, i. p..444.
Enc. Method. t. 321. f. 4.
Inhabits the coasts of the Isle of France and of St. Domingo.
Favanne. Antilles. Bruguiere. Curagoa. Chemnitz.
Shell generally an inch or an inch and a half long, and rather

CONUS, 403

less than half as broad; white or pale flesh colour, with large
irregular chestnut or orange patches ; there are about sixteen
transverse slightly elevated granulated striz extended over the
body-whirl, and between each of these is a row of minute
chestnut dots; the granules are larger towards the base of
the shell, and in different specimens appear more or less ob-
solete on the upper part. Most authors have confounded C.
aurantius of Bruguiere with this species.

PORTORICANUS. 89. Shell conical, granulated,
white, with brownish yellow spots; spire
convex and mucronated.

Conus Portoricanus. Brugwiere Enc. Meth. p. 714. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus, xv. p. 424.
Enc. Meth. t. 338. f. 4.

Inhabits the American Seas on the coasts of Porto Rico. Bru-
guere.

Shell an inch and a half long, and rather more than half as
broad ; with eighteen or twenty granulated strize on the body-
whirl, and two fine elevated lines between each ; it has two
rows of distant oblong spots of a yellowish brown or citron
colour.

TINIANUS. 90. Shell conical, red, clouded with pale
bluish spots, and scattered yellowish dots ;
Spire convex.

Conus Tinianus. Brugwere Enc. Meth. p.713. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 424.
Enc. Meth. t. 338. f. 2.

Inhabits the South Sea on the coasts of the Isle of Tinian.
Brugwmere.

Shell about two inches long, and fourteen limes broad; of a
fine cinnabar red, clouded with spots of pale bluish ash co-
lour, and irregularly marked with brownish yellow dots which
form transverse rows only at the base.

coronatTus. 91. Shell conical, reddish grey, with

large yellowish spots, and transverse brown
and white jointed lines; spire obtuse, and
coronated.

Conus coronatus. Gmelin, p. 3389.

Conus Minimus, Born Mus. p. 156. Bruguiere Enc,
Meth. p. 618. Lamarck in Ann, du Mus. xy. p. 33.

Le Papier Ture pointillé. Favanne, ii. p. 446.

Valentyn Abh, t.3. f.24. Martini, ii, t. 63. f. 703 to 705.
Enc. Meth, t. 322. f. 2.

9p Q

404 CONUS.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas.. Bruguiere.

Shell not quite an inch long, and nearly two thir ds as broad,
and has the base marked with five or six transverse grooves ;
there are sometimes two faint transverse bands, of which the
upper is fawn-coloured, and the lower white, and in some
specimens the latter only is observable.

BARBADENSIS. 92. Shell conical, slightly grooved
transversely, and granulated at the base, red-
dish, with two white bands; spire obtuse and
coronated.

Conus Barbadensis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 632. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p- 37.

Le Gourgouran. Favanne, ii. p. 445.

Enc. Meth. t. 322. f. 8.

{nhabits the coasts of Barbadoes, Guadaloupe, and St, Do-
mingo. Bruguiere.

Bruguiere has described this shell to be thirteen lines long and
eight broad, and says it may be at once distinguished ‘from
C. Mus by ‘the spire, which is more obtuse, and by the dif-
ference in its transverse striz. Most authors have followed
Martini in confounding it with C. coronatus, from which it
may be at once distinguished by its granulated striz.

RosEuS. 93. Shell conical, transversely grooved,
and of a rose colour, with one white band;
spire obtuse and coronated.

Conus roseus. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 37.
Martini, ii. t. 63. f.. 707. Enc. Meth. t. 322. f. 7.

Inhabits the Antilles. Lamarck.

Bruguiere appears to have confounded this species with C.
Barbadensis, from which, Lamarck says, it differs in being
transversely grooved, in not having the transverse lines dotted,
in having only one white band, in the base not being granu-
lated, and in having the base of its pillar spotted with NG
ple brown.

coccinEus. 94. Shell conical, transversely striated,
and granulated, scarlet, with a white mottled
band; spire convex and coronated.
Conus coccineus. Gmelin, p. 3390. .
Conus corallinus. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 11.
No. 173.
Conus Cardinalis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 632. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus, xv. p. 37.

CONUS. 405

Conus sipmanus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 364. No. 1078.
Conus Ammiralis, Var. Anglicus. Gmelin, p. 3379. Schrei-
bers Conch. i.'p. 22.
Conus Aurisiacus, Var. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 41.
Conus, No. 7. Schroeter Einl.i. p. 60, and No. 50. p.71.
Le Cornet Cardinal. Favanne, ii. p. 543. t. 10. f. I.
Knorr, v. t. 17. f. 5, and t. 24. f.2. Martina, iu. t. 61. f.
680. nc. Meth. t. 322. f. 6.
Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo and Martinique. Favanne.
Shell about an inch long, and rather more than half as broad,
and besides a white transverse band spotted with brown in
the middle, it has also sometimes an obsolete zone of white
spots near the upper extremity of the body-whirl. Lavanne
mentions a Variety with two flesh-coloured bands.

CITRINUS. 95. Shell conical, citron-coloured, with
transverse interrupted black lines at the base;
spire coronated.

Conus citrinus. Gmelin, p. 3389.
Conus, No. 51. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 71.
Variety A. With a white band at the base.
Conus Ammiralis, Var. F. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 23.
Conus lividus, Var. C. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 631.
Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 36.
Martini, ii. t. 61. f. 681.
Variety B. With a white band in the middle as well as at
the base.
Conus Magellanicus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 633. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 37.
Le Détroit de Magellan. Favanne, ii. p. 543. t. 16. f. H.
Enc. Meth. t. 322. f. 3.?
Inhabits the coasts of Curagoa. Martini. Martinique. [a-
vanne. Straights of Magellan. Bruguzere.
Shell about an inch long, and rather more than half as broad,
of a citron colour with one or two white bands, and some-
times a few white irregularly scattered spots.

SPONSALIS. 96. Shell sub-ovate, gibbous, with the
base transversely striated and granulated,
white, with one or two rows of large remote
spots; spire coronated; base and throat
blackish.

Conus sponsalis. Solander’s MSS. Chemnitz, xi. p. 56.
t. 182. f. 1766 and 1767. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 635.
Lamarck in Ann, du Mus. xv. p. 38.

406 CONUS.

Enc. Meth. t. 322. f.1.

Inhabits the South Seas. Chemnitz. Coasts of the Island of
St. George. Bruguiere.

Shell about an inch long, and three fourths as broad, varying
with the spots brown, yellowish, or flesh-coloured. i

TAITENSIS. 97. Shell conical, transversely striated,
of a blackish violet colour, with a few white
spots and dots; spire obtuse, striated.

Conus Taitensis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 713. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 424.
Enc. Meth. t. 336. f.9.

Inhabits the coasts of Otaheite. Bruguiere.

Shell an inch and a quarter Jong, and two thirds as broad;
there is a transverse irregular row of bluish white spots at
the upper extremity, and a more indistinct row on the mid-
dle of the body-whirl, which are bluish, pointed with white.

SCABRIUsCULUS. 98. Shell conical, white, with
transverse elevated roughish strie, and five
transverse rows of reddish brown spots 5 spire
obtuse.

Conus scabriusculus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 56. t. 182. f. 1768
and 1769.
inhabits the coasts of Guinea about Sierra Leone. Chemnitz.
Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and nearly two-
thirds as broad; there are only four rows of spots on the
body-whirl, and one is on the spire ; of the former, one is at
the base, and the next above is an oblong stripe, and there
are two other rows of oval spots above it.

PUNCTURATUS. 99. Shell conical, transversely
grooved, and the grooves punctured, livid
and marked with two white zones; spire co-
ronated, obtuse, with the apex rose-coloured;
throat blue.

Conus puncturatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.635. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 38.
Enc. Meth. t. 322. f. 9.
Inhabits Botany Bay. Bruguiere.
Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and rather more
than half as broad; the upper third part of the body-whirl
is smooth, but the lower two-thirds are grooved transversely,

CONUS. 407

and a row of hollow dots may be discovered, with the help
of a glass, in each groove ; one of the white zones occupies
the upper part, and the other is placed below the middle of
the body-whil.

CEYLONENSIS. 100. Shell conical, granulated at
the base, yellowish, with two white spotted
bands, and intermediate longitudinal greyish
zic-zac stripes; spire coronated and obtuse;
throat and base violet.

Conus Ceylonensis. Bruguwiere Enc. Meth. p.636. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 39.
Enc. Method. t. 322. f. 10.

Inhabits the coasts of Ceylon. Bruguiere.

Shell about five eighths of an inch long, and rather more than
half as broad; the uppermost band is marked with two or
three transverse dotted yellowish brown lines, and the spire
is white, except the interstices of the tubercles, which are of
a dark yellowish brown colour,

ExiGuus. 101. Shell conical-oblong, white, with
brown longitudinal spots, and distant trans-
verse striz; spire convex, acute, and coro-
nated.

Conus exiguus. Lamarck in Ann du Mus. xv. p. 39.

Inhabits the Asiatic Seas. Lamarck.

M. Lamarck says, that this species in its size and shape
resembles C. Ceylonensis, but differs in being white, with
longitudinal reddish brown spots, and in not having any zone,
or the transverse lines dotted.

PUSILLUS. 102. Shell conical, white, with longitu-
dinal reddish stripes, and transverse rows of
dots ; spire conical, depressed, and slightly
coronated ; throat and base violet.

Conus pusillus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 65. t. 183. f. 1788 and
1789. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 39.
Conus puncticulatus, Var. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv.
p.- 284.
Enc. Meth. t. 331. f. 8.
TInhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz.
Shell ten lines long, and rather more than half as broad. La-
marck has erroneously placed this shell as a separate species,

408 CONUS.

and also as a Variety of C. puncticulatus, from which it dif-
fers in having the spire somewhat coronated, and more de-
pressed at its margin.

LAMELLOsus. 103. Shell conical, slightly grooved,
and the base granulated, white, spotted with
rose colour ; spire coronated and lamellated.

Conus lamellosus. Brugwere Enc. Meth. p. 636. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 39.
Enc. Meth. t. 322. f. 5.
Inhabits the coasts of Ceylon. Brugwere.
Shell seven lines long, and rather more than half as broad, and
may be readily known by its numerous moon-shaped lamellar
processes, which almost cover the lower whirls of the spire.

RATTUS. 104. Shell conical, greyish violet, with a
white band, and scattered distant spots; spire
obtuse; base and inside violet.

Conus Rattus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.700. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 283.

La Peau de Rat. Favanne, ii. p. 491.

Enc. Meth. t. 338. f. 7.

Variety. White with brownish yellow spots, and transversely
dotted in rows.

La Peau de Rat a cordons. Favanne, u. p. 491.
Enc. Meth. t. 338. f. 9.

Inhabits the coasts of America. Bruguiere.

Shell nineteen lines long, and nearly an inch broad, thick and
gibbous at the upper extremity of the body-whitl ; the co-
lour is greyish, slightly clouded with violet, and marked with
a few distant scattered white spots; there are two bands, of
which one at the upper extremity is white with greyish spots,
and another a little below the middle, is said to be of an
agate colour, clouded with violet and white spots.

JAMAICENSIS. 105. Shell conical, slightly gibbous,
olive, with transverse rows of dots, and white
bands marbled with brown; spire convex
and acute.

Conus Jamaicensis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.'700. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 283.

Le Pavillon Indien. Favanne, ii. p. 573. t. 18. f. D 1.

Enc. Meth, t. 335. f. 4.

CONUS. 409

Inhabits the American Seas, and coasts of Jamaica. Bruguiere.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and rather more than half
as broad, marked with extremely fine transverse strie, which
become rather stronger towards the base; there are three
white bands which are variously marked with blue, brown, or
greyish lines or spots.

MEDITERRANEUS. 106. Shell conical, dull olive,
clouded, with two obsolete white bands, and
transverse brown lines and dots; spire coni-
cal, acute, and striated.

Conus Mediterraneus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 701.
Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 283.
Seba, til. t. 47. f. 27. Enc. Meth. t. 330. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Algiers, Naples, Corsica, Provence, and
Languedoc. Bruguwiere.

Shell commonly varying from half an inch to near an inch in
length, and is half as broad, and Bruguiere says, it is some
times fourteen lines long ; the inside is dull violet, with two
transverse pale bands, of which one is at the upper extremity,
and the other in the middle.

PUNCTICULATUS. 107. Shell conical-ovate, slightly
grooved at the base, white, with transverse
rows of dots; spire conical, obtuse, and the
whirls channelled.

Conus puncticulatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 702.

Conus punctulatus. Solander’s MSS.

Conus leucosticus, Var. Gmelin, p. 3388.

Conus Monachus. Gmelin, p. 3382.

Conus, No. 25. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 16.

La Chiure de Mouches. Favanne, ii. p. 448.

Variety A. White with crowded rows of red dots.
Seba, ui. t. 48. f.46 and 47. Martini, ii. t. 55. f. 612 6.
Chemnitz, x. p. 140. f. 1305. Enc. Meth. t. 331. f. 2.
Variety B. White variegated with red, and distant rows of
blackish spots.

Gualter, t. 22. f. No. 2. Martini, ii. t. 55. f. 612 a.
Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo, Guadaloupe, and Marti-
__ nique. Bruguiere.

Shell about an inch long, and nearly two thirds as broad, and
the transverse striae at the base are sometimes slightly gra-
nulated. Martini, Gmelin, Schroeter, and Schreibers have

410 CONUS.

confounded this species with C.verrucosus, and considered
it to be the Linnean C. Monachus.

MAURITIANUS. 108. Shell conical, white, with pale
brownish yellow spots, and transverse rows
of brown crescent-shaped dots; spire obtuse,
and the base grooved.

Conus Mauritianus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 703. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 284.

Le Cornet chiné. avanne, ii. p. 450.

Enc. Meth. t. 330. f. 9.

Inhabits the coasts of Africa. Bruguiere.

Shell fourteen lines long, and nine broad, and is very nearly
allied to C. puncticulatus, from which Bruguiere says it
principally differs in the coloured markings. Lamarck men-
tions a Variety of an orange colour spotted with white.

suLcaTus. 109. Shell conical-oblong, white, and
transversely grooved; spire coronated, ob-
tuse.
Conus sulcatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.618. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 34.
Enc. Meth. t. 321. f. 6.
Inhabits the West Indian Seas. Bruguiere.
Shell ten or eleven lines long, and rather more than half as
broad; it is uniformly white both inside and out, and the
whole of the exterior surface is transversely grooved.

VERRUCOsUS. 110. Shell conical, striated, and
granulated; spire conical, with the lower
whirls concave and crenated on the edge.

Variety A. White variegated with reddish or yellowish brown.
Conus verrucosus. Solander’s MSS. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 708. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 285.
Le Cornet a grains de petite-vérole. Favanne, ii. p. 567. t.
apf; EH.
Martini, ii. t. 55. f.612 c. Enc. Method. t. 335. f. 4.
Variety B. White without any coloured markings.
Conus nodulosus. Solander’s MSS. ?
La Petite-vérole blanche. Favanne, ii. p. 448.
Lister Conch..t. 756. f. 8. Martina, ii. t. 55. £612 d.

-

CONUS. Ali

Inhabits the coasts of Africa, Senegal, and Mozambique.
Bruguiere. Isle of France, and Cape of Good Hope.
Favanne.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch, or one inch long, and
half as broad. Dr. Solander has described his C. nodu/osus,
for which he quotes Martini, f. c. to be more elongated
than his C. verrucosus, which is fig. d.; and this difference,
which he observed among the specimens in the Portland
Cabinet, was probably only accidental.

coLUMBA. 111. Shell conical, rose-coloured, and
the base striated ; spire acute.

Conus Columba. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.'709. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 422.
La Colombe rose. Favanne, ii. p. 572. t.18. f. K 1.
“Enc. Meth. t. 334. f. 3.
Variety. Shell whiter, and twice as large.
Gualter, t.25. f.G. Ene. Meth. t. $31. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of the Isle of France. Favanne.

Shell about eight lines long, and rather more than half as broad,
of an uniform rose colour, and the lower half of the body-
whirl is marked with transverse elevated striz. Bruguiere
mentions a white Variety in which one or two of the upper-
most striz are slightly granulated.

MADURENSIS. 112. Shell conical, greenish, with
three or four bands clouded with white and
yellow, and marked with transverse brown
and white dotted lines; spire acuminated.

Conus Madurensis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 709. La-
marck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 422.

Le Croisé vert. Favanne, ii. p. 617. t.15. f. E11.

Enc. Meth. t. 333. f. 3.

Inhabits the Asiatick Ocean. Bruguiere.

Shell about an inch long, and half as broad, and the lower
third of the body-whirl has a few distant strie; the spire is
striated longitudinally towards the apex, but the lower whirls
are entirely smooth.

JASPIDEUS. 113. Shell conical, yellowish green,
with brown and white transverse dotted lines;
Spire acuminated ; throat violet.

a

412 CONUS.

Conus jaspideus. Gmelin, p. 3387. Schreibers Conch. i.
p. 45.

Conus Pusio. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 710. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 286.

Conus, No. 24. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 64.

Martini, u. t. 55. f.612. Enc. Meth. t. 334. f. 4.
Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo, Martinique, and Guada-
_ loupe. Bruguiere.

Shell about eight lines long, and half as broad, and is some-
times mayked with a white band in the middle of the body-

. whirl. According to Bruguiere, La Jaunisse, of Favanne,
t. 18. f. 1 1 and I 2. is a white Variety of this species.

JAPONICUS. 114. Shell conical, grooved at the base,
yellow, variegated and marked with trans-
verse brown and white dotted lines; spire
acuminated, and the whirls flattish.

Conus Japonicus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.710. La-
marck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 286.

La Pluie Or. Favanne, ii. p. 448.

Enc. Meth. t. 330. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Japan. Bruguiere.

Shell about thirteen Imes long, and rather more than half as
broad, and is variously mottled with white, brown, or orange.
M. Bruguiere says it differs from C. jaspideus, principally
in being larger.

MINDANUS. 115. Shell conical, white, variegated
with scarlet, and marked with brown and
white dotted transverse lines; spire acumi-
nated, and the whirls concave. ‘

Conus Mindanus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 711. La-
marck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 286.
La Pluie d’Argent. Favanne, ii. p. 448.
Enc. Meth. t. 330. f. 7.
Inhabits the coasts of the Philippine Islands. Bruguiere.
Shell fourteen lines long, and rather more than half as broad,
and was considered by Favanne to be only a Variety of C.
Japonicus, from which it differs in having the aperture emar-
ginated at the upper extremity, and the whirls concave. C.
acutangulus of Chemnitz, which is mentioned under the
head of C. Augur, a good deal resembles this species, but
is considerably narrower in proportion to the length.

CONUS. 413

FESTIVUS. 116. Shell conical, scarlet, with two
transverse rows of large white spots, and nu-
merous dotted brown lines; spire conical,
and the whirls convex.

Conus festivus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 57. t. 182. f. 1770 and
S771:

Conus nobilis. Schroeter Hinl.i. p. 36. t. 1. f. 4.
Conus amabilis. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 425.
Valentyn Abh. t. 3. f. 21.

Inhabits the coasts of the Molucca Islands. /% erie

Shell about an inch long, and rather more than half as broad ;
it much resembles Bruguiere’s C. Mindanus, but in that
species the whirls are said to be concave, and in this they
are convex.

“** Elongaied and rounded at the base; the body-
whirl as long again as the spire.

cLAvus. 117. Shell sub-cylindrical, transversely
striated, white, with reticulated veins and
yellowish bands ; ; spire conical.

Conus Clavus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1170. Martini, ii.
t.52. f.570. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 47. Ginelin,
p- 3390. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 39. Lamarck in Ann.
du Mus. xv. p. 433.
Conus auricomus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 742.
Lister Conch. t. 744. f. 34. Chemnitz, x. t. 143. f. 1327.
Enc. Meth. t. 346. f. 3.
{nhabits the East Indian Ocean. Chemnitz. Coasts of Guinea.
Humphreys.
Shell rather more than two inches long, and three quarters of
an inch broad, marked all over with peienecd yellaw veins,
and two or three yellowish brown bands.

AUREUS. 118. Shell sub-cylindrical, transversely
striated, yellow, with orange longitudinal
stripes, and white triangular spots; spire
conical and acute.

Conus aureus. Solander’s MSS. Bruguiere Enc. Meth.
p-. 742.

Al4 CONUS.

Conus auricomus. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 433.
Knorr, v. t. 11. f.5. Enc. Meth. t. 346. f. 4.

Variety. With somewhat granulated striz.

Conus notabilis. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 15.
No. 251.?

Inhabits the coasts of China. Bruguiere.

Shell about an inch and three-quarters long, and rather more
than one-third as broad, yellow, with longitudinal orange
stripes, and white triangular spots, and marked transversely
with interrupted paler minutely reticulated bands.

circumcisus. 119. Shell sub-cylindrical, trans-
versely striated, of a bluish flesh-colour, with
darker bands, and transverse rows of brown
spots; spire conical, and the whirls rather
concave.

Conus circumcisus. Born Mus. p. 163.

Conus affinis. Gmelin, p. 3391.

Conus Dux. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 732. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 430.

Conus Nussatella, Var.b. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 39.

Conus, No. 1. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 59.

L’Amiral d’Holland. Favanne, ii. p. 480.

Martini, ii. t. 52. £.571. Enc. Meth. t. 342. f. 4 and 5.

Tnhabits the East Indian Ocean. Bruguiere.

Bruguiere says this shell is sometimes though rarely two inches
and eight lines long, and an inch in diameter, but Born has
described the usual length to be seventeen lines, and the
breadth only five lines; it is sometimes variegated with
brownish yellow, and has the transverse bands rather obso-
lete. C. Dux of Solander is quite a different species allied
to C. ebreus from which it principally differs in having a
more elevated spire.

TENDINEUS. 120. Shell sub-cylindrical, transversely
striated, of a chocolate colour, with broad
longitudinal whitish bands ; spire conical,
smooth.

Conus tendineus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 69.
lot 1551. Brugwiere Enc. Meth. p. 733. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 430.

Conus Terebellum, Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3390.

Lister Conch. t. 745. f. 36. Chemnitz, x. p. 83. t. 145. f.
1330. Enc. Meth. t. 342. f. 6,

CONUS. 415

Inhabits the coasts of the Isle of France. Chemnitz. Coasts of
Africa. Bruguiere. Madagascar. Humphreys.

Shell two or three inches long, and about one third as broad,
and sometimes has three bands of a darker chocolate colour
than the ground, which are divided by the longitudinal white
belts.

AUSTRALIS. 121. Shell conical elongated, trans-
versely grooved, yellowish, with transverse
rows of brown spots, and irregular longitudi-
nal stripes ; spire conical, acuminated.

Conus australis. Chemnitz, xi. p. 59. t. 183. f. 1774 and
1775. Lamarck Ann. du: Mus. xv. p. 439.

Inhabits the coasts of New South Wales and China. Chem-
nitz.

Shell about two inches and a half long, and the breadth is ra-
ther less than two-fifths of the length; the outer lip is slight-
ly crenated on its edge. Lamarck doubts whether it is dis-
tinct from C. strigatus.

LEVIS. 122. Shell sub-cylindrical-oblong, trans-
versely striated, of a pale yellowish red, with
brown and white spots, and variegated with
yellow; spire conical, smooth.

Conus levis. Gmelin, p. 3391. Schreibers Conch. i.

FULL oP

Guin Nussatella, Var.c. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 40.

Conus tendineus, Var. B. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 734.

Conus melancholicus. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p.
430.

Conus, No. 3. Schroeter Einl, i. p. 59.

Martini, ii. t. 52. f. 572.

Inhabits the coasts of Africa. Brugwiere.

If the accuracy of Martini’s figure can be at all relied on, this
shell differs not only in colour from C. tendineus, but is
also considerably breader in proportion to its length ; it is re-
presented two inches and a quarter long, and eleven lines
broad, and is more like Gmelin’s C. ochroleucus, of which
Martimi considered it to be a variety; the inside is white,
with a violet border on the outer lip.

OCHROLEUCUS. 123. Shell sub-cylindrical elongat-
ed, striated at the base, and yellowish, with

‘ a paler transverse band ; spire acute, with the
outer whirl slightly convex. .

416 CONUS.

Conus ochroleucus. Gmelin, p. 3391. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 34.

Conus Prefectus. - Solander’s MSS. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 734. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p.430.

Conus Nussatella, Var. d. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 40.

Conus, No.4. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 60.

Martini, i. t. 52. f. 573. Enc. Meth. t. 343. f. 6.

Inhabits the American Seas. Bruguiere.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and two-fifths as
broad, and is perfectly smooth, except towards the base,
which has ten or twelve elevated distant striz ; the inside
is white. ,

STRIGATUS. 124. Shell sub-cylindrical, transverse-
ly striated, and of a pale violet colour, with
yellowish spots and dots; spire conical, con-
vex.

Conus strigatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 735. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 431.
Enc. Meth. t. 342. f. 1.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Bruguiere.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and half an inch broad ;
and has the inside violet or bluish, with a flesh-coloured bor-
der on the edge of the outer lip. Bruguiere says that young
shells are of an orange colour, with a pale violet band in the
middle, which is irregularly sprinkled with milk white dots.

MITRATUS. 125. Shell sub-cylindrical elongated,
with transverse, somewhat granulated striae,
and white, with brownish yellow bands; spire
pyramidal.

Conus mitratus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.738. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 431.
Enc. Meth. t. 342. f. 3.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Bruguiere.

Shell rather more than an inch and a half long, and only half
an inch broad, and the spire is about seven lines long ; the
colour is white, with oblong yellowish or ferruginous spots
disposed in transverse zones.

GLANS. 126. Shell. sub-cylindrical, transversely
striated, brown, with an obsolete white band;
spire longitudinally striated, and the whirls
convex.

CONUS. 417

Conus Glans. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 736. Lamarck in
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 431. ?

Conus Nux-sativa. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 366. No.
1082.

Variety A. Brown, with smooth elevated strie, and the white
band obsolete.

Le Gland fauve. Favanne, ii. p. 656. t. 17. £. G.
Argenville App. t.2. f. D. Seba, iii. t. 53. f. Z. Enc.
Meth. t. 342. f. 7.

Variety B. Brownish violet, with a white band, and the trans-

verse striz granulated.

Conus Terebellum, Var. g. Gmelin, p. 3390.

Conus Nussatella, Var.a. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 39.

Le Gland violet. Favanne, ii. p. 478.

Chemnitz, x. p. 83. t. 143. f.1331, No.1. Enc. Meth.
t. 342. f. 9.

Tnhabits the coasts of the Isle of France, and the Moluccas.
Favanne. Coasts of Africa. Bruguiere.

Shell seventeen lines long, and seven broad, with the inside
white, except towards the edge of the outer lip, which is vio-
let; it differs from C. tendineus in being broader, and in
having the spire striated. The shell which I have followed
Bruguiere in placing as a variety differs only in its colour,
and in having the transverse strie granulated.

TENELLUS. 127. Shell sub-cylindrical, transverse-
ly striated, whitish, transversely dotted, and
marked with interrupted yellowish bands ;
spire depressed, and the whirls slightly chan-

nelled.
Conus tenellus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 64. t. 183. f. 1782 and
1783.
Conus Timorensis, Var. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv.
p. 429.

Tnhabits the coasts of the Moluccas. Chemnitz.

Shell an inch and a half long, and about two-fifths as broad;
the white ground is irregularly tinged, and marked with pale
yellow or red, and there are two or three transverse irregular
bands of large brownish yellow spots.

NUSSATELLA, 128. Shell sub-cylindrical, trans-
versely striated, white, clouded with yellow,
and marked with transverse rows of dark
dots ; spire conical.

VOL, I, : 2k

418 CONUS. :
Conus Nussatella. Lianneus Syst. Nat. p.1170. Marti-

ni, ii. p. 188. t. 51. f. 567. Born Mus. p. 162.. Schroe-

ter Einl.i. p.48. Gmelin, p. 3390. Schreibers Conch.

i. p.39. Brugwere'Enc. Meth. p. 736. Lamarck in
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 431.

Variety A. With smooth elevated striz.

Le Drap dor piqueté. Favanne, ii. p. 653. t. 18. f. E 2.

Lister Conch. t. 744. f. 35. Rumphius, t. 33. f, EE. Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 15. f. 13. Chemnitz, x. t. 143. f. 1329.
Enc. Meth. t. 342. f.8.

Variety B. With granulated strie.

Le Drap d’or piqueté granuleux. Favanne, i. p. 655. t.
18. f. E 4, |

Gualter, t.25.f.L. Argenville, t. 13. f. P. Knorr, iu.
t. 4. f. 7. Martini, ii. t. 51. f. 567. Enc. Meth. t. 342.
fo:

Tnhabits the coasts of Nussatella, an Island in the Indian Seas.
Rumphius. China, Amboyna, the Philippines, and coasts
of New Guinea. Favanne. :

The variety A is sometimes two inches and a half, and B ge-
nerally about one inch and a half long, and the breadth in
both is one third of the length; the transverse rows of dots
are either dark red or blackish, and the inside is white.

GRANULATUS. 129. Shell sub-conical elongated,
transversely ribbed, clouded with red and
white, and marked with a white band; spire
conical, with the whirls convex and striated.

Conus granulatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1170. Born
Mus. p. 163. Gmelin, p. 3391. Brugwiere Enc.
Meth. p. 718. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 427.

Conus, No. 6. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 60.

Conus letus. Gmelin, p. 3391.

Conus Nussatella, Var. e. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 40.

L’Amiral d’Angleterre. Favanne, ii. p. 660. t. 15. f. GQ.

Lister Conch. t. 760. f.5. Seba, iii. t. 48. f. 21, 22, and
26. Knorr, ii. t.6.f. 5. Martini, ii. t. 52. f. 574 and
575. Enc. Meth. t. 339. f. 9.

Inhabits the African coasts. Linnaeus. American Seas. Seba.
Coasts of Spanish America, and the Antilles. Martini. Su-
rinam and Brazil. Bruguiere. West Indies. Humphreys.

Shell varying from an inch and a quarter to two inches long,
and the breadth is rather more than two-fifths of the length,
of a bright scarlet or rose colour, clouded with white ; the

CONUS. 419

body-whirl has a white transverse band, and a row of brown or
purplish spots ia the middle ; the form is somewhat conical,
and the base narrow.

Fusus. 130. Shell sub-conical elongated, trans-
versely ribbed, and dull yellowish white ;
spire conical, striated, with the whirls con-
vex and channelled at the sutures.

Conus Fusus. Gmelin, p. 3390.
Conus verulosus. Solander’s MSS. Bruguiere Enc. Meth.
p- 719. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p.427.
“Conus Nussatella, Var. f. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 40.
Conus, No.9. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 61.
Le Bout de Chandelle. Favanne, ii. p. 660. t. 15. f. G3.
Lister Conch. t. 768.f.17 A. Martini, ii. t. 52. £. 576.
Enc. Meth. t. 341. . 7.
Inhabits the West Indian Seas. Humphreys.
Shell from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half long,
and nearly half as broad ; it is of a dull yellowish white, like
the colour of tallow, sometimes marked with paler obsolete
interrupted bands, and becoming of a purer white towards the

base. Favanne considered it to be only a variety of C. gra-
nulatus.

AURISIACUS. 131. Shell conical sub-elongated, of
a flesh colour, with white bands, and narrow
spotted ribs; spire conical, and the whirls
concave.

Conus Aurisiacus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat.p. 1170. Martini, ii.
p. 282. t. 57. f. 636 and 637. Schroeter Fini. i. p. 49.
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 41. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p:
720. Shaw Nat. Misc. xiii. t. 502. upper fig. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 426.

Conus Arausiacus, Gmelin, p. 3392.

L’Amiral d’Orange. -Favanne, ii. p. 663. t. 17. f. K 1.

Rumphius, t. 34. f. A. Petiver Amb. t.7. f. 7. Argen-
ville App.t.1.f.1. Seba, iii. t. 48. f..7. Knorr, i. te
8. f.3, and v. t. 24. f.1. Regenfuss, ii. t. 12. f. 53.
Enc. Meth, t. 339. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Ceram and
Banda. Favanne.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and half as broad,
and in forfa much resembles many of the shells which have
been placed in the second division; the narrow slightly ele-
vated transverse ribs are white, with dark brown spots.

2EQ

420 CONUS.

TEREBRA. 132. Shell sub-conical elongated, with
distant ribs; spire conical, obtuse, and the
whirls flattish.

Conus Terebra. Born Mus. p. 503. Bruguiere Enc. Meth.
p- 721. Lamarck inAnn. du Mus. xv. p. 427.

Conus Terebellum. Gmelin, p. 3390.
Conus Nussatella, Var. g. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 40.
Conus, No. 11. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 61.

Variety A. Reddish or yellowish white, with two obsolete pale
bands.
Le faux Amiral d’Orange. Favanne, ui. p.662. t.17.f. K2.
Martini, ui. t. 52. f. 577. Enc. Meth. t. 339. f. 1.

« Variety B. White, without bands.

inc. Method. t. 339. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Batavia, Isle of France, and the Nico-
bar Islands. Favanne.

Shell near two inches long, and rather more than three quarters
of an inch broad; the base and apex are frequently violet,
and the inside is white, with one or two violet bands.

RAPHANUS. 133. Shell conical elongated, trans-
versely ribbed, white, with brownish yellow
dotted bands; spire obtuse, striated, and the
apex rose-coloured.

Conus Raphanus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 722. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 428.

Le Radix a bandes. Favanne, i. p. 481.

Enc. Meth. t. 341. f. 2.

Variety. White, variegated and banded with brownish yellow.
Le Radix panaché. Favanne, u. p. 481.
inc. Meth. t. 341. f. 1.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Bruguiere.

Shell about two inches and a quarter long, and rather more
than one inch broad, and the variety is generally somewhat
smaller; the inside is white, and banded with brownish yel-
low, spotted with brown oh the outer lip.

ADANSONI. 134. Shell conical-oblong, greyish yel-
low, with a white interrupted band, and nu-
merous rows of brown dots; spire convex,
acute, striated and spotted.

Conus Adansoni. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 424.
Conus Jamaicensis, Var. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 700.

CONUS. A2 |

Le Chotin. Adanson Senegal, p. 95. t. 6. f. 6.
Enc. Meth. t. 343. f. 7.
Inhabits the coasts of Senegal. 4danson.
Shell about an inch and a quarter or an inch and a half Jong,
and not half as broad, and is more nearly allied to C. Radix
than to C. Jamaicensis; from the former it differs in colour
and in the shape of ifs spire, and it is not much more than
half so broad, and far more cylindrical than the latter.

AuGUR. 135. Shell conical, grooved at the base,
white, with numerous transverse rows of
reddish dots, and two of oblong brown
streaks ; spire obtuse, and the whirls chan-
nelled.

Conus Augur. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 44.
lot 1046. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 685. Shaw's Nat.
Mise. xxi. t. 896. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 277.

Conus punctatus. Gmelin, p. 3389. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 38.

ee Magus. Martini, ii. p. 288. t. 58. f.641. Born
Mus. p. 164. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 50. Gmelin, p.
3392. Schretbers Conch. i. p. 42.

VL’ Enseigne Chinois. Favanne, ii. p. 463.

Lister Conch. t. 755. f. 7. Rumphius, t. 32. f. Q. Petiver
Amb. t.5.f.10. Argenville App. t. 2. f. B. Knorr,
Nits US. £6. opine. Meth. t. 233. f.\6!

Inhabits the coasts of Ceylon. Bruguiere. Amboyna. Shaw.
Shell one or two inches long, and may be readily known from

C. Magus by its being considerably more than half as broad.

As Bruguiere’s C. pertusus is placed next to this species, it

may be here remarked that I have seen a specimen of C.

Nussatella, in which the granular dots had been polished off

so as to leave the places on which they stood deprived of the

enamel coat, and which had consequently been acted on by
the acids used in cleaning, so as to form minute hollow punc-
tures. C. pertusus of Bruguiere, C. Moluccensis of Chem-
nitz, (xi. p. 63. t. 183. f. 1780 and 1781.) and Le Cornet @

Trous of Favanne, (ii. p. 621. t. 79. f. M.) which differ

materially from each other both in shape and colour, are

described with punctured strize, and it appears rather doubt-
ful whether the punctures may not have been produced
either in the same or some other artificial manner. This

observation applies also to C. acutangylus of Chemnitz, xi.

p. 59. t. 182. f. 1772 and 1773.

A22 CONUS.

maGcus. 136. Shell sub-cylindrical, white, with
longitudinal broad, brownish bands, and
transverse white dotted lines; spire obtuse,
and the summit flesh-coloured.

Conus Magus. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1171. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p. 723. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p.
428.

Conus achatinus. Gmelin, p. 3386. Schreibers Conch. i.
p. 45.

Conus, No. 18. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 62.

Variety A. With longitudinal brown bands, interrupted by
irregular transverse white zones.

La Nébuleuse tachetée. Favanne, ui. p. 672. t. 17. f. A 2.

Seba, iu. t. 44. f. 29. Argenville App. t. 2. f. C. Knorr,
vi. t. 16. f.5. Martini, ii. t. 52. f.579 and 580. Enc.
Meth. t. 341. f. 8.

Variety B. With longitudinal pale livid bands interrupted by
white transverse zones.

Conus Indicus. Chemnitz, x. p. 36. t. 140. f. 1295.

Conus, No. 63. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 31.

Variety C. With longitudinal brown confluent bands, and an
interrupted white zone.

Conus Circae. Chemnitz, xi. p. 61. t. 183. f. 1778 and
1779.

Variety D. Reddish brown with white spots.

Conus clandestinus. Chemnitz, x. p. 37. t. 140. f. 1296.

La Nuée dOr. Favanne, ii. p. 483.

Variety E. Bluish white with longitudinal brownish olive
bands.

La Nébuleuse verte. Favanne, ii. p. 483.

Variety F. White with longitudinal brownish olive bands, and
two transverse zones of the same colour.
pois en Espagne. Favanne, ii. p. 669. t. 17. f.

1.

Inhabits the coasts of the Isle of France, Amboyna, the Philip-
pines, Java, &c. Favanne.

Shell varying in length from an inch and a half, to two inches
and a half, and the breadth is about two fifths of the length ;
all the Varieties are marked with numerous white or pale
transverse dotted lines, particularly on the dark longitudinal -
bands, and they agree better with the Linnean description
than C. dugur, which has hardly any claim to be placed
among the elongated shells, except from its resemblance in
other respects to the present species.

CONUS. 4923

STRIATUS. 187. Shell ovate-oblong, white, with
brown spots, and bands marked with crowd-
ed parallel transverse lines ; spire acute with
the lower whirls concave.

Conus striatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1171. Martini,
ii. p. 351. t. 64. f. 714 to 716. Born Mus. p. 165.
Schroeter Einl.i. p. 51. Gmelin, p.3393. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 42. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 725. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 426.

L wn brune. Favanne, ii. p. 666. t. 19. upper
fi

Tae Conch. t. 760. f.6. Rumphius, t.31. f. F. Peti-
ver Gaz. t. 98. f. 9, and Amb. t. 15. f. 4. Gualter, t.
26. f. D. Valentyn Abh. t. 7. f. 60 and 6i. Argenville,
t. 13. f. C. Seba, ii. t. 42. f.5 to9. Knorr, i. t. 18.
f. 1; ili. t. 12. f. 5, t. 21. f. 1, and t. 29. f. 4. Regenfuss,
i. t.8.f.13. Enc. Meth. t. 340.f. 1, 2 and 3.

Inhabits the African Ocean. Linneus. Coasts of Hitoe in
the East Indies. Rumphius. Frederick’s Island. Regenfuss.
Isle of France, Madagascar and the Moluccas. Favanne.
Otaheite. Solander.

Shell varying from two to about three and a half inches long,
and the breadth rather exceeds two fifths of the length; the
white ground is sometimes tinged with blue or flesh-colour,
and the spots vary in different specimens from yellowish to
purplish or blackish brown, and are marked with darker nu-
merous very fine parallel transverse lines.

GUBERNATOR. 138. Shell oblong-conical, grooved
at the base, reddish white, with irregular
spots or longitudinal undulated stripes, and
two transverse brown bands; spire mucro-
nated, and the lower whirls coneave.

Conus Gubernator. Solander’s MSS. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 727.

Conus Terminus. Lamarck in Ann du Mus. xv. p. 426.?

L’ Ecorchée orangée. Favanne, il. p. 481.

Enc. Method. t. 340. f. 4, 5, and 6.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. ‘Bruguiere.

Shell about two and a half, or “three inches long, and near-
ly half as broad; M. Bruguiere says the body-whirl is
slightly contracted in the middle, and is more ventricose at
the upper extremity than in C. striatus, from which it also

7

424 CONUS.

differs in the spire, and in not having any transverse lines on
the brown spots or bands ; it is however a doubtful species.

GLORIA-MARIS. 139. Shell sub-cylindrical elon-
gated, white, with minute brown reticula-
tions, and, transverse orange bands; spire
acuminated, with the upper whirls nodulous.

Conus Gloria-maris. Chemnitz Naturf. ui. p. 321. t. 8. f-
A, and Conch. x. t. 143. f. 1324 and 1325. Meuschen
Mus. Gevers. p. 366, No. 1087. Callone’s Cat. p. 16,
No. 254. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 756. Lamarck
Ann. Mus. xv. p. 438. Shaw Nat. Misc. xxii. t. 976.

Conus, No. 18. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 63.

Enc. Meth. t. 347. f. 7.

Tuhabits the East Indian Ocean. Bruguiere. Its native place
is presumed to be either Japan, New Guinea, or some less
frequented country in Asia. Humphreys.

This scarce and beautiful shell is from three to five inches long,
and about two fifths as broad; Gmelin has confounded it
with C. Textile, from which it may be distinguished by its
more slender form and minute reticulations.

PYRAMIDALIS. 140. Shell conical elongated, yel-
lowish, with numerous longitudinal zic-zac
brown lines, and irregular white spots; spire
elevated, acuminated, with the upper whirls
nodulous.

Conus pyramidalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 438.

Conus Textile, Var.M. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 753.
Le Drap @or pyramidal. avanne, i. p. 645. t. 18. f.
Ci.

Enc. Meth. t. 347. f. 5.

Inhabits the Torrid Zone. Lamarck.

Shell about two inches long, and one third as broad, and is
remarkable for its long produced spire, of which the upper

whirls are coronated ; it is an intermediate species between
C. Gloria maris and C. Textile.

TEXTILE. 141. Shell sub-cylindrical-ovate, white,
with somewhat reticulated brown zic-zac
lines, and irregular transverse rows of spots ;
Spire acuminated.

Conus Textile. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1171. Martini, i.

CONUS. 495

p. 246. Born Mus. p. 165. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 52.
Gmelin, p. 3373. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 42. Bruguiere
Enc. Meth. p. 751.

Variety A. White, with brown zic-zac sub-reticulated lines,
and irregular transverse bands of bright yellow spots.

Le Drap dor ordinaire. Favanne, ii. p. 632. t. 18. f.B 1.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 135. Lister Conch. t. 788.
f.40. Rumphius, t. 32. f.O. Peter Amb. t. 15. £.9.
Gualter, t.25. f. A A. Seba, iii. t. 47. f. 14, 16, and
17. Adanson Senegal, t. 6. f.7. Knorr, i. t. 18. £.6,
and ii. t. 8. f.3. Regenfuss, i. t. 6. f.62. Martini, ui.
t.54. f. 598 to 600. Ene. Meth. t. 344. f. 5.

Variety B. Yellowish, with brown zic-zac sub-reticulated lines,
which form larger meshes on three or four interrupted chest-
nut bands, and smaller ones in the paler interstices.
Chemnitz, x. t. 143. f. 1326 a. Enc. Meth. t. 345. f. 7.

Variety C. White, clouded with rose colour, and marked with
orange reticulated lines, and irregular transverse rows of
spots.

Le Drap dor couleur de Rose. Favanne, ii. p. 638. t. 18.
f.1B'S.
Seba, iil. t. 43. f. 9.

Variety D. White, with longitudinal brown zic-zac lines, and
but few reticulations. E
Conus Panniculus. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 435.
Le Drap d’or rayé. Favanne, ii. p. 635. t. 18. f. B 6.
Enc. Method. t. 347. f. 1.

Variety E. Ovate, bluish white, with brown spots and reticu-
lations.
Le Drap dor bleu. Favanne, ii. p. 636. t. 18. f. B 4.
Enc. Meth. t. 347. f. 4.

Variety F. Ventricose, sub-rhomboidal.
Conus striatus, Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3393.

Le Drap dor ventru. Favanne, ui. t. 18. f. B 5.
Chemnitz, x. t. 141. f. 1811. Enc. Meth. t. 346. f. 5.
Tnhabits the coasts of Banda. Rumphius. Isle of France. Lis-
ter. Island of Magdalena on the coast of Africa. 4danson.
Moluccas, Philippines, China, Cape of Good Hope, St.
Domingo, Martinique, &c. Favanne. Madagascar. Bru-

guiere. South Seas. Humphreys.

This is a very variable species both in size, form, and colour,
and there are almost innumerable intermediate varieties, be-
sides those which are above enumerated ; the shell is from
two to four inches long, and generally either only rather
more or rather less than half as broad; but in the variety F,

426 CONUS.

the breadth is three-fifths of the length; all the varieties are
very slightly grooved transversely, particularly towards the
base, and two or three of the lower whirls of the spire are
slightly concave.

ABBAS. 142. Shell ovate-oblong, orange, striped
with brown, and marked with a few white
spots, and three or four finely reticulated
transverse bands ; spire acute.

Conus Abbas. Bruguiere Enc. Method. p. 750. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 430.

Conus Textile, Var. Gmelin, p. 3393. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 43.

La Dentelle dor. Favanne, ii. p. 471.

Chemnitz, x. t. 143. f. 1326, 6 and c. Enc. Meth. t. 345.
Sd

Inhabits the coasts of the Isle of France. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches long, and nearly half as broad ; it differs
in form from C. Textile by being more conical, and has the
spire faintly marked with cancellated strie. C. Legatus of
Lamarck is narrower, but probably nothing more than a va-
riety.

ARCHIEPISCOPUS. 143. Shell ovate-conical, ventri-
cose, yellowish, with cancellated brown lines,

and four bands of blue violet and white reti-
culations ; spire acuminated.

Conus Archiepiscopus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 747. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 435.
Enc. Meth. t. 346. f. 7.

Variety B. With the bands rather indistinct, and the reticu-
lations of a violet colour.
Enc. Meth. t. 346. f. 1.

Harty C. With the bands distinct, and the aperture rose-co-
oured.

Conus Canonicus, A. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 749.
Martini, ii. t. 54. f. 602. Enc. Meth. t. 345. f. 5.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Bruguiere.

Shell about three inches long, and rather more than half as
broad; with cancellated longitudinal and transverse lines, in-
tersected by four transverse bands of variegated net-work.
‘Le Drap dor violet’ of Favanne, which Bruguiere has
quoted for this species, is probably a variety of C. Tewizle,
and Lamarck considers it to be his C. Panniculus.

CONUS. 427

cANnonicus. 144. Shell sub-cylindrical, brown,
reticulated with crowded very unequal white
angular spots; spire acuminated, and the up-
per whirls coronated.

Conus Canonicus. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 436.
Conus Canonicus, Var. B. Bruguzere Enc. Meth. p.749.
Knorr, iii. t. 18. f.2. Enc. Meth. t. 345. f. 1.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Brugwiere.

Shell about two inches long, and eleven lines broad; and may
be readily distinguished by its far more cylindrical form from
the variety C, of C. Archiepiscopus, with which it agrees in
having the aperture tinged with rose-colour ; the spire con-
sists of twelve slightly concave whirls, of which the five up-
permost are of a rose-colour, aad somewhat coronated.

EPIscopus. 145. Shell sub-cylindrical-oblong, dark
brown, with triangular white spots, and trans-
verse dotted lines ; spire obtuse.

Conus Episcopus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.748. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 436.

Conus decoratus. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 15.
No. 247.

Conus Aulicus, Var. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 54. Gmelin, p.
3394. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 44.

Variety A. With large white spots, forming three irregular

transverse rows.
Le Drap dor a filets. Favanne, ii. p. 472.
Knorr, ii. t. 1. f. 3. Martini, ii. t. 53. f. 591. Enc. Meth.
t. 345. f. 2 and 6.
Variety B. With white spots, nearly equally small.
Conus, No.68. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 43.
Le Drap Wor brun. Favanne, ii. p. 472.
Lister Conch. t. 790. f.43. Seba, iii. t. 43. f. 6.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Bruguiere.

Shell two or three inches long, and about half as broad; the
variety B is smaller, and has small triangular spots covering
the whole shell, while in A, three transverse rows are much
larger than the others; both varieties are marked with nu-
merous transverse dark lines dotted with white.

PRELATUS. 146. Shell conical-oblong, yellow,
with transverse dotted lines, and two bands
variegated with brown, white, grey, and flesh
colour; spire acute.

498 CONUS.

Conus Przlatus. Brugutere Enc. Meth. p.'746. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 435.

Conus Aulicus, Var. e. Gmelin, p. 3394.

Conus Textile, Var. Schreibers Conch. i. p.43.

Le Drapd’or Amiral. Favanne, ii. p. 639. t. 18. f. B7.

Martini, u.t. 54. f.601. Enc. Meth. t. 345. f. 4.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Favanne.

Shell an inch and three quarters long, and hardly half as broad ;
and may be distinguished from C. rubiginosus and C. pen-
naceus by its more pointed spire, as well as its different
markings.

PENNACEUS. 147. Shell conical-oblong, orange-
brown, with transverse dotted lines, and
heart-shaped white spots; spire obtuse.

Conus pennaceus. Born Mus. p. 167. t.7. f.14. Bru-
guiere Enc. Meth. p.'745. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv.
p. 434.

Le Drap dor de la Chine. Favanne, ii. p. 643. t. 18.
f.C2

Rumphius, t.33.f.4. Seba, iii. t. 43. f. 3. Enc. Meth.
t. 344. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. China. Favanne.
- Shell from an inch and a half to two inches and a quarter long,
and the breadth is about three-fifths of the length; itis more
ventricose, and shorter in proportion to its breadth, than its
congeners, and has the summit of the spire rose coloured.
Born’s description of the dimensions differ materially from
the appearance of his own figure, and also from Martini’s fig.
596, which he has quoted. Lamarck for his C. Colubrinus
has quoted Seba, t. 43. f. 3. and it appears to me to be at

most only a variety of this species.

RUBIGINOSUS. 148. Shell ovate-oblong, orange
brown, with irregular large oblong white
spots; spire convex, obtuse.

Conus rubiginosus. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
185. lot 3943. Callone’s Cat. p. 15. No. 246. Bru-
guiere Enc. Meth. p. 744. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv.
p- 434.

Conus Aulicus, Var. Martini, i. p. 239. t. 54. £.593 and
594. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 54. Born Mus. p. 166.
Gmelin, p. 3394. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 44.

CONUS. 429

Le Poudingue, ou la Caillouteuse. Favanne, ii. p.644, t. 18.
f.C 4.
Enc. Method. t. 344. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna, and the Philippines. Fa-
vanne.

Shell from an inch and three-quarters, to two inches and three
quarters Jong, and not more than half as broad; the inside is
white, but from the transparency of the shell it appears spot-
ted; the whirls of the spire are slightly convex.

omMARIA. 149. Shell sub-cylindrical, yellowish
brown, with large three-sided white spots,
and transverse dotted lines; spire obtuse,
and the summit rose-coloured.

Conus Omaria. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 743. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 434.

Conus Aulicus, Var. Martini, ii. p. 241. t. 54. f. 596.
Schroeter Einl.i.p. 54. Born Mus. p. 166. Gmelin,
p. 3394. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 44.

La Brunette perlée, ou L’Omaria. Favanne, ii. p. 652. t. 18,
fro:

Seba, iii. t. 47. f.13. Knorr, ii. t. 1. f. 3. Enc. Meth.
t. 344. f. 3.

{nhabits the coasts of New Guinea, Madagascar, Manilla, and
Banda. Favanne.

Shell about two inches and a half long, and the breadth is two
fifths of the length; it differs from its congeners in being al-
most equally broad at both extremities. Born has errone-
ously quoted Martini’s figure of this species for his C. pen-
naceus.

auLicus. 150. Shell sub-cylindrical-oblong, ob-
soletely striated transversely, and marked
with white scattered unequal angulated spots;
spire conical, acute.

Conus Aulicus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1171. Born Mus.
p. 166. Schroeter Hinl. i. p. 54. Gmelin, p. 3394,
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 44. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.
738. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 432.

Variety A. Dark purplish brown, with rather small white
spots.

La Brunette. Favanne, ii. p. 651. t. 18. f. C 7.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch, 3. f. 133. Rumphius, t. 33. f. 3.

430 CONUS.

Gualter, t.25. f. Z. Argenville, t. 18. f.G. Seba, t.
43.f. 4and 5. Knorr, ii. t. 19. f.1. Regenfuss, i.
t. 8. f. 25, and ii. t. 12. f. 60. Martini, ii. t. 53. f.592.
Enc. Meth. t. 343. f. 4,

Variety B. Brown, with very large white spots.

La Brunette Chauve-souris. Favanne, ii. p. 475.

Chemnitz, x. t. 143. f. 1328.

Variety C. Orange, with white spots.

Conus auratus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.'740.

Le Drap Wor orangé. Favanne, ii. t. 18. f. C 3.

Argenville, t. 18. f. D. Seba, iii. t. 43. f. 1 and 2. Knorr,
u.t.1.f.1. Martini, u. t. 54. £.5907. Ene. Meth.
1. (34a, 3. Be

Variety D. Orange, with white spots, and the transverse stri
dotted with white.

Conus auratus. Lamarck, in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 432.
Conus auratus, Var. B. Bruguiere Enc. Meth, p.741.
Gualter, t. 25. f. X. Enc. Meth. t. 343. f. 1.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Isle of France.
Spengler. China, the Moluccas, Philippines, and Manil-
la. Favanne. Ceylon. Humphreys.

Shell varying from one inch and a half to four inches and a half
long, and the breadth is about two-fifths of the length; be-
sides the large white spots, the transverse slightly elevated
strize are frequently more or less marked with minute white
dots.

ELONGATUS. 151. Shell ovate-oblong, striated at
the base, yellowish brown, with transverse
bands of brown and white spots and dots;
spire conical, acute.

Conus elongatus. Chemnitz, x. p. 92. t. 144 A. fig. 7 and k.

Conus Mozambicus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 696. La-
marck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 281.

Enc. Method. t. 337. f. 2.

Variety. With narrow black and white jointed transverse belts.
Enc. Method. t. 337. f. 1.

{nhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz.

Shell varying from an inch and three quarters to two inches and
a half in length, and nearly half as broad ; Chemnitz says the
aperture is effuse, but Bruguiere states its breadth at the
base to be only one seventh of the length; the outer lip is
bordered with brown, and the throat is white, with a tinge
of violet. .

CONUS. 431

**** Ventricose, with a wide aperture.

SPECTRUM. 152. Shell conical, sub-cylindrical,
grooved and emarginated at the base, white
with waved longitudinal brown short stripes;
spire depressed and mucronated.

Conus Spectrum. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1171. Martini,
ii. p. 233. t. 53. f. 582 and 583. Born Mus. p. 167.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 55. Gmelin, p. 3395. Schreibers
Conch. i. p.48. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 728. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 428.

Le Spectre de Rumphius. Favanne, ii. p. 488. t. 14. f. H 2.

Lister Conch. t. 783. f. 30. Rumphius, t. 32. f.S. Pe-
twer Amb. t. 15.f.5. Valentyn Abh. t. 5. f. 39 and
40. Seba, ni. t. 43. f.26. Knorr, ii. t.8. f.4. Ene:
Meth. t. 341. f. 9.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. China, and New
Guinea. Brugwiere.

Shell an inch and a half, or two inches long, and half as broad ;
white, with a few short longitudinal undulated reddish brown
or orange stripes, either scattered without order, cr sometimes
disposed in three irregular transverse rows ; aperture effuse.

INFORMIS. 153. Shell conical, striated at the base,
often deformed, white, with brown and bluish
spots ; spire convex, acute.

Conus informis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 699.
Variety A. Thin, hight, and transparent.
Conus Spectrum Sumatre. Chemnitz, x. p. 91. t. 144A,
fig. g and h.
Conus Spectrum, Var. Gmelin, p. 3395. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 48.
Le Rouleau panaché. Favanne, ii. p. 700. t. 79. upper
fig. N.
Knorr, ii. t. 1. f. 6. Enc. Method. t. 337. f. 8.
Variety B. More ventricuse, heavy, and marked with distant
longitudinal furrows.
Conus rudis. Chemnitz, x. t. 144 A. f. e and fC
Conus Rusticus, Var. Gmelin, p. 3383.
Conus, No. 68. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 32.
Inhabits the coasts of New Zealand. Favanne, American
Ocean. Bruguiere.

432 CONUS.

Shell about two inches long, and not quite half so broad;
differs from all other Cones in being more ventricose on one
side than on the other, and Bruguiere says it bears on this
account some resemblance to a young Strombus.

VENTRIcosus. 154. Shell conical, sub-ventricose,
chestnut-coloured, with two white zones, of
which the upper is extended along the su-
tures ; spire conical, acute.

Conus ventricosus. Gmelin, p. 3397. Schreibers Conch.
i. pao ls

Conus Franciscanus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 698. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 282.

Kemmerer Cab. Rudolstadt. p. 91. t. 6. f.4. Enc. Meth.
t Doge:

Inhabits the African Ocean. Bruguiere. Mediterranean. La-
marck.

Shell about two inches long, and rather more than half as
broad ; it bears some resemblance to C. Coffee, from which
however it may be at once distinguished by its greater size,
and wider aperture. Lamarck says that the shells of this
species, which have been found in the Mediterranean, are
very small.

BULLATUS. 155. Shell oblong, ventricose, speckled
with white and orange; spire depressed 5
aperture effuse, and the inside reddish yel-
low.

Conus bullatus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1172. Chemnitz,
x. p. 64. t. 142. f. 1315 and 1316. Gmelin, p. 3395.
Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 730. Lamarck in Ann. du
Mus. xv. p. 429.

Conus Nubecula. Gmelin, p. 3396. Schreibers Conch. 1.

. ol.

Conn No. 31. Schroeter Ennl. i. p. 66.

Conus, No. 142. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 51.

UOmelette. Favanne, ii. p. 720. t. 18. f. C 8.

Gualter, t. 26. f.C. Argenville, t. 13. f. H. Seba, iii.
t. 42. f. 14 and 15, and t. 43. f.15 and 16. Knorr, v.
t. 1 ae Resenfiuss, ii. t. 11. f.45. Enc. Meth. t.
339. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of the Moluccaand Philippine Islands. Fa-
oanne. China. Humphreys.

CONUS. 433

Shell two inches long, and about half as broad, and the orange
specks are most commonly more or less distinctly formed in-
to transverse bands. Martini, for the Linnean C. bullatus,
has figured several young Cypre, which have much the ap-
pearance of Cones, and the error has been continued by
Born, Schroeter, and Schreibers. Chemnitz, in his 10th
Vol., has given a correct figure and references, which Gme-
lin has most strangely incorporated with those of Martini. It
is plain from his description that Martins fig. 622 was in-
teuded for this species, but it is so badly executed as not to
be worth notice.

TIMORENSIS. 156. Shell sub-cylindrical, flesh-co-
Joured, mottled with white, and marked with
a dotted transverse zone ; spire acuminated,
channelled; aperture effuse, and the throat
white.

Conus Timorensis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.731. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 429.
Enc. Method. t. 341. f. 3.

Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Bruguiere.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and eight lines broad; it
differs from C. 6udlatus, not only in being generally smaller
and rather narrower in proportion to its length, but also in
having the spire conical and acuminated.

NimBosus. 157. Shell oblong, sub-ventricose, trans-
versely grooved, whitish, with transverse
brown lines and dots, and rose-coloured
bands; spire depressed, striated.

Conus nimbosus. Solander’s MSS. Bruguiere Enc. Meth.
p- 732. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 429.
Enc. Meth. t. 341. f. 5.
Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Bruguiere.

_ Shell about sixteen lines long, and seven broad, and has the
aperture much narrower than in either of the preceding spe-
cies; the outer lip is unusually thick, and is slightly toothed
on its edge ; the inside is pearly white, with a faint tinge of
citron colour.

ROSACEUS. 158. Shell ovate, sub-ventricose, rose-
coloured, with two narrow whitish transverse

bands ; spire conical, aperture effuse.
VOL, I, QF

434 CONUS.

Conus rosaceus. Chemnitz, xi. p. 52. t. 181. f. 1756 and
1757.
Conus Aurora. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 423.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell near two inches long, and rather more than half as broad ;
it is of a bright scarlet or rose colour, with two pale narrow
transverse bands, of which one is at the upper extremity and
the other rather below the middle of the body-whirl.

TULIPA. 159. Shell oblong-veniricose, bluish white,
with irregular reddish longitudinal bands,
and transverse dotted lines; spire depressed,

_ and the whirls concave; aperture effuse.

_ Conus Tulipa. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1172. Martini, it.
p. 356. t. 64. f.718 and 719, and t. 65. f. 720 and 721.
Born Mus. p. 168. Schroeter Einl.i. p.57. Gmelin,
p- 3395. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 49. -Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 625. Shaw Nat. Misc. xii. t. 523. Lamarck
in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 35.

eieapin pointillé. Favanne, ii. p. 719. t. 19. upper fig.
(6)

Bonanni Kirch. 3. f. 411. Lister Conch. t. 764. f. 13.
Gualter, t.26. f. G. Seba, iii. t. 42. f. 16 te 20. Adan-
son Senegal, t. 6. f. 8. Knorr, i. t. 11. f.4, and v. t. 20.
f. 1 and2. Regenfuss, i. t. 2. f. 20. Enc. Meth. t. 322.
f1l.

Inhabits the Bay of Bengal. Lister. Coasts of Spanish Ame-
rica. Martini. Magdalen Islands, on the coasts of Sene-
gal. Adanson. Isles of France and Batavia. avanne.
Madagascar. Humphreys.

Shell about two inches and a half long, and half as broad, and
the insidé is often bright blue; in form it resembles C. geo-
graphicus, but is generally smaller, and the spire is, at most,
only very indistinctly coronated.

\

GEOGRAPHICUS. 160. Shell oblong-ventricose, white,
clouded with brownish yellow; spire coro-
nated, and the aperture effuse.

Conus geographicus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1172. Mar-
tint, i. p. 355. t. 64. f.717. Born Mus. p. 169, and
Vign. at p. 145. fig. d. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 58. Gmelin,
p- 3396. Schreibers Conch. i. p.50. Bruguiere Enc.
Meth. p. 620. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 35.

CONUS. 435

Le Brocard de Soie. Favanne, ii. p. 715. t. 19. upper fig.
| Diy Ie
Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 319. Lister Conch. t. 747.
f.41. Rumphius, t. 31.f.G. Petiver Gaz. t. 98. f.8,
and Amb. t. 15. f. 3. Gualter, t. 26. f. E. Arsenville,
t.13.f.A. Seba, ii. t. 42. f. 1 to 4. Knorr, i. t.21.
f, 2,’ and viwit. 17.4.3." Enc. Meth. t.322-f. 12.
Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Isle of France.
D’ Avila. Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, Philippines,
and Guinea. Favanne.
Shell from three to six inches long, and not quite half as broad,
and the yellowish brown markings often more or less assume
a reticulated appearance ; the inside is white, or only slightly
tinged with blue.

QF

456

@enus XXI,

CYPRAEA:

SHELL UNIVALVE, INVOLUTED, NEARLY OVATE, OB-
TUSE AND SMOOTH ; APERTURE LINEAR, TOOTHED
ON BOTH SIDES, AND EXTENDING THROUGHOUT
THE WHOLE LENGTH OF THE SHELL.

Sub-divisions.t

* The Spire not quite concealed.

** Obtuse, and the Spire quite concealed.
*** Umbilicated.

** ** With the Margin thickened.

——
* The Spire not quite concealed.

EXANTHEMA. 1. Shell oblong, ferruginous, with
whitish round spots, and brown teeth.

+ These subdivisions are but little to be depended on, and can only be sup-
posed to apply to the shells when they are full grown ; for a junior and a senior
of the same species generally come under different heads. The following of
Gmelin’s species are so indistinctly defined, that they appear to be undeserving
of any notice. C. ambigua, p. 3409. C. badia, p. 3414. C. cancellata, p. 3414.
C. Chinensis, p. 3421. C. leucogastes, p. 3413. C. lineata, p. 3413. C. minuta,
p- 3406. C. ochroleuca, p. 3413. C. punctulata, p.3404. C. purpurascens, p.
3404. C. pusilla, p. 3421. C. rufescens, p. 3404. C. similis, p. 3421. C. stel-
lata, p. 3413. C. striata, p. 3421. C. translucens, p. 3404. C. vinosa, p, 3421.

CYPREA. 437

Cyprea exanthema. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1172. Martini,
i. p. 368. t. 28. f. 289, t. 29. f. 298 to 300, and t. 26. f.
257 and 258. Born Mus. p. 172. Schroeter Einl. i.
p- 94. Inn. Bau. Conch. p. 5. Chemnitz, x. p. 108.
t. 145. f. 1343. Gmelin, p. 3397. Schreibers Conch.
1. p. 52. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 71, and Ann. du
Mus. xv. p. 447.

Cyprea Cervus. Lin. Mantissa, p. 548. Lamarck mm
Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 447.

Cyprza oculata. Gmelin, p. 3403.

Cyprea Leucopis. Shaw Nat. Misc. xv. t. 619. lower fig.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 257 and 267, and Kirch. f. 256 and 266.
Laster Conch. t. 697. f. 44, t. 698. f. 45, and t. 699. f.
46. Petiver' Gaz. t.. 153. f. 11. Seba, m,.t.'76. f..4,
0, 16, and 18. Knorr, 1. t. 5. f.'3 and 4, 1. t. 24. f, 2.
Regenfuss, t. 10. f. 38. Favanne, t.29.f.B 1. En-
cyc. Method. t. 349, and t. 353, f. 3.

Junior. Cyprea Zebra. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1174. Born

Mus. p. 177. t. 8. f. 3. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 101. t. 1.
f. 6. Gmelin, p. 3400. Shaw's Nat. Misc. xiv. t.
583,

Cyprzea bifasciata. Gmelin, p. 3405. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 60.

Cyprea plumbea. Gmelin, p. 3403. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- 58.

Cyprea dubia. Gmelin, p. 3405. Schreibers Conch. i.
p. 116.

Laster Conch. t. 669. f. 15. Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 266, and
Kirch. f. 265. Gualter, t. 16. f.0. <Argenville, t. 18.
f.G. Seba, ii. t.76.f. 16. Martini, i. t. 26. f. 256.
Favanne, t. 29. f. C 2.

{nhabits the American and Atlantic Oceans. Gmelin. Coasts
of Jamaica. Lister. Caribee Islands. Regenfuss. Santa
Cruz, and St. Thomas. Martini.

Shell from two to five inches long, and about half as broad ;
of a ferruginous, russet brown, or coffee colour, marked
with whitish eyes or spots varying in size and number : some
of the spots are frequently ocellated and others plain in the
same specimen. In the first stage of its growth it is repre-
sented by Martini, ii. t. 65. f. 730, and has been confound-
ed with Conus bullatus. When the shell is more advanced,
and first assumes the form of a Cyprea, itis of a bluish colour
with brown bands, in which stage it is the Linnean C. Zebra,
and the spots also do not appear till the Jast coat ofits enamel
has been thrown over. In the Encyclopédie Methodique it is

438 CYPRAIA.

represented under ali these different appearances on the same
plate.

MAPPA. 2. Shell ovate, inscribed with characters,
and the dorsal streak broad, branched, and
sinuated.

Cyprea Mappa. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1173. Martini, 1.
p- 340. t. 25. f. 245 and 246. Born Mus. p. 172.

— Schroeter Einl.i. p.95. Gmelin, p. 3397. Schreibers
Conch. p. 53. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p, 449.

Rumphius Mus. t. 38. f.B. Argenville, t. 18. f. B. Peti-
ver Amb. t. 16. f.2. Seba, ui. t. 76. f. 3, 13 and 17.
Knorr, i. t. 26. f. 3. Favanne, t. 29. f. A 3. Encyc.
Method. t. 352. f. 4.

Inbabits the African Seas. Linneus. Coasts of Amboyna.
Rumphius.

Shell usually two and a half inches long, and the breadth is al-
most two thirds of the length. The sides are irregularly
marked with crowded brown characters, and along the back
is a broad, branched, sinuated streak of dirty white, Teeth,
saffron colour. Born mentions a Variety with the back and
base of a rose colour, and the markings rufous.

ARABICA. 3. Shell ovate-oblong, inscribed with
brown marks like Arabic characters, and the
dorsal streak simple.

Cyprea Arabica. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1173. Martini,
i. p. 398. t. 31. f. 328 to 330. Schroeter Einl. i. p.95.
Inn. Bau, Conch. p. &, t. 8. f.5. Born Mus. p. 173.
Gmelin, p. 3398. Schreibers Conch. p. 54. Shaw’s
Nat. Misc. xvi. t. 648. lower figure. Lamarck Ann. du
Mus. xv. p. 449.

Lister Conch. t. 658. £.3. Rumphius, t. 38. f. M. Gualter,
t.16.f.V. Knorr, vi. t. 20. f.2. Favanne, t. 29. f,
A 2... Enc. Method. t. 352. f. 2 and 5.

Variety. Shell much smaller, and the teeth white.
Cyprea Arabicula. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 100.
Junior. Cyprea amethystea. Lin. Syst- Nat. 1174. Mar-
tind, 1. p. 343. t.25. f.247 to 249. Schroeter Eznl. i. p;
102. Gmelin, p. 3401. Schreibers Conch. p. 56.

Cyprea fragilis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1175. Schroeter Einl,
i. p. 106. Gmelin, p. 3404. Shaw's Nat. Misc. xvi.
t. 648. upper fig.

Lister Conch, t, 662. f.6. Rumphius, t. 39. f.Q. Pes

CYPREA. 439

tiver Amb. t. 16. f. 5. Gualter, t. 16. f.Q. Knorr,
v. t. 28.f. 5. Enc. Method. t. 352. f. 1.

Inhabits the Straights of Sunda, and coasts of Madagascar,
Linneus. Amboyna. Rumphius.

Shell generally about two inches long, and the breadth is nearly
three fifths of the length; the back is brownish or bluish
white, covered with irregular brown markings resembling
Arabic characters; the sides towards the base are thickened,
and spotted with purple; base flesh-coloured, with chestnut
teeth, and the throat is violet. Young shells are bluish grey
variously clouded or banded with brown, and when the teeth
are formed the back becomes brownish or dull blue, in
which stage of its growth it is known by the name of C,
amethystea, or the Smoke Cowry.—Linnzus does not seem
to have been aware of the different appearances which the
Cowries assume at different periods of their growth, and
from the want of this knowledge, has described the present
species under three different names.

HISTRIO. 4. Shell ovate-oblong, with the character-
like markings confluent, and inclosing paler
spots.

Cyprea Histrio. Mus. Gevers. p.404. Gmelin, p. 3403.
Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 450.
Cypreea reticulata. Martyn Univ. Conch. t.15. Gmelin,

p- 3420.

Cypreea Arlequina. Chemnitz, x. p. 110. t. 145. f. 1346
and 1347.

Cyprea Arabica. Var. 8. Born Mus. p.173. . Gmelin, p.
3398.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 260, and Kirch. f. 259. Lister Conch.
t. 659. f.3 a. Rumphius, t. 39. f. R. Petiver Gaz.
t. 53. f. 6, and Amb. t. 16. f.3. Argenville App. t. 2.
£1. “Knorr; mst. 163. 1.

{nhabits many parts of the Indian Ocean. Petiver. Coasts of
Amboyna. Rumphius. Friendly Islands. Martyn.

C. Histrio differs from C. Arabica, principally im having its
markings more reticulated, with the spaces between the
larger meshes of an uniform pale colour, and only the smaller
interstices filled up with irregular brown lines, and in being
rather narrower in proportion to the length. ‘The sides are
thickened, and somewhat tumid at the base, and are gene-
rally tinged with a fine bloom colour.

440 CYPREA.

Argus. 5. Shell oblong, sub-cylindrical, marked
with brown rings above, and four dark spots
on the base.

Cyprea Argus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1173. Martini, i. p.
365. t. 28. f. 285, 286. Schroeter Einl.i. p. 97. Born
Mus. p. 174. Chemnitz, x. p. 109. t. 145. f. 1344 and
1345. Gmelin, p. 3398.- Schreibers Conch. i. p. 54-
Shaw's Nat. Misc. xv. t. 619. Lamarck in Ann. du
Mus. xv. p. 448.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 263. Lister Conch. t. 705.
f. 54. Rumphius, t.38.f.D. Petiver Gaz. t. 97. f. 6,
and Amb. t. 5. f.9. Gualter, t.16.f.T. Klein. Ost.
t.6.f. 101. Knorr, ii. t. 11. f. 5. Regenfuss, t. 5. f.
57. Favanne, t. 29. f. B 2. Enc. Method. t. 350. f. 1.

Tnhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Madrass, Java,
and Borneo. Petiver. African Ocean. Linneus. Fre-
dericksburg on the coast of Guinea. Regenfuss.

Shell usually about three inches long, and rather less than half
as broad; fawn-coloured, sprinkled all over the upper part
with brown rings varying in size and thickness, and marked
on the base with four large blackish spots. The teeth are
brown. Till the last coat of enamel has beea thrown over, the
young shells have not any rigs, and are marked with brown
transverse bands.

TESTUDINARIA. 6. Shell oblong, sub-cylindrical,
depressed at the extremities, and variegated
like Tortoise shell.

Cyprzea testudinaria. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1173. Martini,
1. p. 354. t. 27. f. 271, 272. Schroeter Ennl. i. p. 98.
Born Mus. p. 175. Gmelin, p. 3399. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 55. Shaw's Nat. Misc. xvii. t.734. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 448.

Lister Conch. t. 689. f.36. Rumphius, t. 38. f.C. Petiver
Amb.t.8.f.7. Knorr, iv. t. 27. f.2. Favanne, t. 30.
f.O. Ene. Method. t. 351. f. 2.

Inhabits the Persian Gulf. Linneus. Coasts of Amboyna.
Rumphius. Ceylon. Humphreys.

Shell four or five inches long, and not quite half so broad ;
whitish or yellowish, with russet brown clouds, and large
black spots freckled with minute specks of white; the aper-
ture is white.

CYPRAEA. 441

STERCORARIA. 7. Shell ovate, gibbous, livid with
reddish spots, marginated on both sides, and
flat beneath.

Cyprza stercoraria. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1174. Born Mus.
pil75. its 8.0 f., 15) Sehroeter EBinlas pivgg.'t..1. f. 5.
Gmelin, p. 3399. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 55. Chemnitz,
x1, p. 36. t. 180. f. 1739 and 1740. Lamarck in Ann.
du Mus. xv. p. 451.

Cyprza olivacea. Gmelin, p. 3408.

Cyprea conspurcata. Gmelin, p. 3405. Schreibers Conch,
i. p. 60.

rn nebulosa. Gmelin, p. 3413.?

Cyprea, No. 107. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 160.

Cypraa Rattus. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p.451.

Porcellana Gibber. Mus. Gevers. p. 406.

Lister Conch. t. 687. f. 34. Knorr, iv. t. 13. f.1. Martint,
i. t. SE. 332, » Enc. Method. t. 354. £25; and: t. 351.
f. di.

Junior. Cyprea fasciata. Chemnitz, x. p. 100. t. 144. f.

1334, Gmelin, p. 3406. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 61.

Cyprea gibba. Gmelin, p. 3403.

Lister Conch. t. 663. f. 7.

Inhabits Jamaica. Lister. Coast of Guinea, frequent. Schroe-
ter.

Shell about three inches long, and two broad, with the back
gibbous and much elevated in proportion to its size; colour
light greenish brown, or livid with dull rather obsolete rufous
spots, and a large ferruginous mark near the spire. Some
shells are without any, or with only a small protuberance on
the back, and these have been arranged separately by La-
marck with the name of C. Rattus, but they appear to me to
be the same species in a different stage of growth, or at most
only a Variety. Young shells are of a bluish colour on the
back with lighter bands. Born has figured a shell with a la-
teral mammiform tubercle which seems to be a Lusus of
this species, and Chemnitz’s figures 1332 and 1333, most
probably represent other accidental Varieties. Martim’s
figure 332, is far from good, but the description leaves no
doubt that it was intended for this species.

AURORA. 8. Shell ovate, ventricose, orange, with a

white unspotted margin and base; teeth
orange,

AAZ CYPREA.

Cyprea Aurora. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue,
p. 10. lot 197. Chemnitz, xi. p. 34. t. 180. f. 1737 and
1738. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 452.

Cypraa Aurantium. Martyn Univ. Conch. ii. t. 59. Gme-
lin, p. 3403. Schreibers Conch. p. 115.

Favanne, t. 30. f. S.

Inhabits the coasts of Otaheite. So/ander. Friendly Islands.
Martyn. New Zealand. Chemnitz.

This scarce and beautiful species is about four inches long, and
rather more than half as broad, and the height when standing
on its base, is two inches anda quarter. ‘The sides are ven-
tricose, and rounded at the margin. It constitutes part of the
ornaments worn by the chiefs of the Friendly Islands.

CARNEOLA. 9. Shell ovate-oblong, pale, with flesh-
coloured bands, and the teeth violet.

Cypraea carneola. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1174. Martini, i. p.
566. t. 23. f. 287, 288. Schroeter’s Einleitung, 1. p. 100.
Born Mus. p. 176. t. 8. f.2. Gmelin, p. 3400. Schret-
bers Conch. p. 56. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p.
454.

Cyprea crassa. Gmelin, p. 3421.

Lister Conch. t. 664. f. 8. Rumphius, t. 38. f. K. Petier
Gaz. t. 80. f. 8. Gualter, t. 30. f. H. Argenville, t.
18.f.O. Knorr, vi. t. 17. f.4. Favanne, t..29. f. C 5,
Enc. Meth. t. 554. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Asia. Linneus;
East Indies. Humphreys.

Shell varies from an inch to two inches and a half long, and in
all stages of its growth may be readily known by its pale
yellowish hue, and flesh-coloured or reddish transverse bands.
The base is white, and the teeth violet. Lamarck under the
name of C. sordida, has described a species, which he says,
differs principally from this m being smaller and more ven-
tricose, and in not having the aperture at all tinged with
violet, but it appears to me to be only a variety.

TALPA. 10. Shell oblong, sub-cylindrical, brownish
yellow, with paler bands; thickened, and
blackish at the base.

Cyprea Talpa. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1174. Martini, i. p.
356. t. 27. f. 273 and 274. Born Mus. p. 177. Schroe-
ter Einl. i. p. 102. Gmelin, p. 3400. Schreibers
Conch. p. 56. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus, xv. p. 453.

CYPREA. 44S

Lister Conch. t. 668. f. 14. Rumphius, t. 38.f.1. Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 16. f. 1. Gualter, t. 16. f.N. Argenville,
t.18.f.H. Knorr, i. t. 27. f.2and3. Regenfuss, i.
t. 10. f. 37. Favanne, t. 29.f.C 1. Enc. Method. t.
353. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Madagascar. Lister. Amboyna. Rum-
phius. Fredericksburg on the coast of Guinea. Regenfuss,
Asia. Linneus. China. Humphreys.

Shell about two inches long, and one broad, finely polished ;
above liver colour, or light brownish yellow, with three paler
bands, and the lower parts of a dark rich blackish brown,
The inside is white,

LURIDA. 11. Shell ovate-oblong, lurid, and obso-
letely barred transversely; extremities pale
yellow, with two black spots.

Cyprza lurida. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1175. Martini, i. p.
386. t. 30. f. 315. Born Mus. p. 178.. Schroeter Einl.
i. p. 103. Gmelin, p. 3401. Schreibers Conch. p. 57.
Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 89.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 251, and Kirch. f.250. Lister Conch.
fG7d Ne, and \t079. 1. 19., \Gualter; t. 13: £, FE, FE,
Argenville, t. 18. f.C. Adanson Senegal, t. 5. f. D.
Favanne, t. 29. f. C 4. Encyc. Method. t. 354. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of the Island of Ascension. Lister. Sicily.
Bonanni. Senegal. ddanson. Brazil. Martini. Naples.
Ulysses.

Shell one or two inches long, and about half as broad, gene-
rally on the upper part of a mouse colour, with two or three
paler or sometimes with darker transverse bands, and vary-
ing considerably in this respect. ‘The base is always white,
and the extremities are yellowish, with two black spots at
each,

VANELLI. 12. Shell ovate-oblong, with pale irregu-
lar spots, and two blackish marks at each
extremity; throat saffron colour.

Cyprea Vanelli. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1175. Gmelin, p.
$402.

Cypraa squalina. Gmelin, p. 3420. Schrecbers Conch. 1.
p- 79. }

Cyprea, No. 3. Schroeter’s Einleitung, 1. p. 134.

Lister Conch. t. 684. f. 31. Petiver Gaz. t. 95. f.°13.
Knorr, iv. t. 9. £.6. Martini, i, t. 25. f. 250, 251.

AAG CYPRAEA.

Junior. Cyprea cinerea. Gmelin, p. 3402. Schreibers
Conch. 1. p. 58.
Cyprea cincta. Solander’s MSS.
Cyprea, No. 6. Schroeter’s Einleitung, i. p. 134.
Porcellana trifasciata. Mus. Geversianum, p. 402.
Lister Conch. t. 667. f. 11, t. 668. f. 13, a andb, and t. 670.
f. 16. Gualter, t. 16. f. H, M. Martini, i. t. 25. f.
254, 255.
Inhabits the coasts of Barbadoes. Petiwver. Jamaica. Lister.
Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and more than half as
broad; colour on the upper part dirty white, with irregular
pale yellowish brown spots, and two much darker blotches
at each extremity ; the base and teeth are white, but the in-
terstices of the latter are saffron colour. Among the spots
there is sometimes a tinge of blue as well as a few dark
blotches on the sides similar to those at the extremities, and
with this appearance the shell answers tolerably well to Gme-
lin’s C. leucostoma, which is, however, a species so badly
constituted as to be almost undeserving of any notice.

LoTA. 13. Shell ovate, white, with subulate teeth.

Cyprza lota. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1175. Born Mus. p.
179. t. 8. f.4 and 5. Schroeter Einl.i. p. 105. Gme-
lin, p. 3402. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 105. Lamarck
Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 99.

Cyprza albida. Gmelin, p. 3404.

Bonanni Ree. 3. f. 245, and Kirch. f. 244. Gualter, t. 16,
f.C. Martini, i. t. 30. f. 322.

Inhabits the Sicilian Seas. Martini.

Shell three-quarters of an inch long, and rather more than half
as broad, margined on both sides, and white with a row of
yellowish hollow dots round the upper edge of the margin.

GUTTATA. 14. Shell ovate, gibbous, thin, fulvous
dotted with white; base white, with the teeth
yellow.

Cyprea guttata. Gmelin, p. 3402. Schreibers Conch. 1.
. 58.
yore! No. 5. Schroeter’s Einleitung, i. p. 134.
Lister Conch. t. 676. f.23. Gualter, t. 16. f. 1. Mar-
tini, i. t. 25. f. 252, 253.
Tnhabits
The shell figured by Martini is two inches long, and an inch

CYPREA. 445

and a quarter broad, of a reddish yellow colour, with a few
large scattered round white spots. It may not improbably
be a Variety or some other species in an immature state.

SANGUINOLENTA. 15. Shell oblong-ovate, livid, with
brown bands, and the margin light purple
with darker spots.

Cyprea sanguinolenta. Gmelin, p. 3406. Schreabers
Conch. i. p. 59. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 97.
Cyprzea purpurata. Solander’s MSS.
Cyprea, No. 15. Schroeter’s Exnleitung, 1. p. 137.
Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 234. Argenville, t. 18. f.
R. Martini, i. t. 26. f. 265, 266. Enc. Meth. t. 356.
f. 12.
Tnhabits
Shell near an inch long, and the breadth rather exceeds half
the length. The colour on the back is livid or dingy drab,
with two obsolete brown bands, and the sides as well as the
base are of a very pale purple, marked with dark purple —
spots. ‘The inside is violet.

UNDATA. 16. Shell ovate, yellowish white, with
longitudinal brownish waves, and transverse
dark bands.

Cypreea undata. Chemnitz, x. p. 102. t. 144. f. 1337.
Cyprea undulata. Gmelin, p. 3406. Schreibers Conch.i.
. 62.

Inhabits the Mauritius. Chemnitz.

Shell about three inches long, and the size of ahen’s egg. It
is said to be thin, and is represented with the spire project-
ing, as well as every other indication of immaturity, so that it
may be doubted whether C, wndata is more than the young
of some species already described.

TERES. 17. Shell cylindrical, milk white, with three
brownish waved bands; on one side the
margin is thickened, and marked with a few
brownish yellow spots.

Cypraa teres. Gmelin, p. 3405. Schreibers Conch. p.
116.
Cues No. 110. Schroeter’s Einleitung, i. p, 161. t. 1.
plidle
Tnhabits ——

446 CYPRZA.

The shell of which Schroeter has given a coarse figure, appears
to be rather more than an inch and a quarter long. The
colour is described to be milk-white, with three broken
waved transverse brownish bands on the back, and a few dis-
tant brownish yellow spots on the margin. It is rather a
doubtful species. Cyprea ovata, which Gmelin has also ta-
ken from Schroeter, is unquestionably a very immature shell,
for the imperfect formation of the teeth is particularly men-
tioned.

** Obtuse, Spire quite concealed.

ACHATINA. 18. Shell ovate, with the sides dark
brown, and thickly coated with enamel ;
aperture white.

Cyprea achatina. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue.
Cyprea ventriculus. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 452.
Cypreea carneola, Martyn Univ. Conch. i. t. 14.

Inhabits the coasts of Otaheite. Solander. New Holland.
Lamarck.

Shell two inches long, and the breadth is about sixteen lines.
The back is of a dirty yellow with faint transverse bands,
and there are two or three indistinct white spots near the
spire. The sides are of a rich brown, becoming duller to-
wards the base, and so thickly coated with enamel, that in all
the specimens which I have seen, it has been much cracked,
with an appearance of transverse strie; the base is fawn-
colour, becoming paler towards the aperture, which is white.

CAPUT-SERPENTIS. 19. Shell triangularly gibbous,
brown, with white spots in the back, and the
sides blackish ; aperture white.

Cyprza Caput-serpentis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1175. »Mar-
tint, 1. p. 887. t. 30. f. 316. Born Mus. p. 179.
Schroeter Einl. p. 107. Gmelin, p. 3406. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 62. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 90.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 258, and Kirch. f. 257. Lister Conch.
t. 702. f.50, and t. 704. f. 53. Rumphius, t. 38. f. F.
Petiver Gaz. t. 96. f.9, and Amb. t. 16. f. 7. Gualter,
t.15. f.1,0. Adanson Senegal, t.5.f.G. Knorr, iv.
t.9. f. 3. Favanne, t. 30. f. F 1. Enc. Method. t. 354.
f. 4. aand b.

CYPRAA. aAz

Junior. Cyprea reticulum. Gmelin, p. 3407.
Cyprea, No. 11. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 136.
Lister Conch. t. 701. f. 49. Martini, 1. t. 26. f. 259.

Mnhabits the Mauritius. Lister. Isle of Nussatella. Rum-
phius. Borneo. Petiver. Senegal. ddanson. Otaheite.
Solander.

Shell usually an inch and a quarter Jong, near an inch broad, and
very thick and solid; colour brown, darker, and rather
blackish on the sides, with a whitish blotch at each extre-
mity, and the back spotted with white ; the base towards the
sides is dark brown, but white about the aperture, and the
teeth are saffron colour; inside violet. Young shells, before
the spire becomes concealed, are much thinner, and of an
ovate-oblong form.

MAURITIANA. 20. Shell ovate, gibbous, blackish,

with paler spots on the back; base black and
dilated.

Cyprea Mauritiana. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1176. Martint,
1. p. 388. t. 30. f. 317. Born Mus. p. 180. Schroe-
ter Einl.i. p. 107. Gmelin, p. 3407. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 63. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 449.

Bonanni Mus. and Kirch. 3. £. 261. Lister Conch. t. 703.
f. 52. Rumphius, t. 38. f. E. Petiver Gaz. t. 96. f. 8.
Gualter, t.15.f.5,T. Seba, ii. t. 76. f.. 19. Knorr,
3. t..15. f..1, and. i, t. 27.5. , Favanne,.t..30. f..F, 2.
Enc. Method. t. 350. f. 2. a, b.

Junior. Cyprea Regina. Chemnitz, x. p. 101. t. 144. f. 1335
and 1336. Gmelin, p. 3406. Schreabers Conch. i. p. 61.
Cyprea turbinata. Gmelin, p. 3404. Schreibers Conch.

1. p. 59.

Cyprea Venerea. Gmelin, p. 3404. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- 60.

Cyprea trifasciata. Gmelin, p. 3405. Schreibers Conch.
1. p. 60.

Cypraa nebulosa. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue.

Bulla ovata. Gmelin, p. 3432.

Bulla Ovum, Var. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 81.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 262. Knorr, vi. t. 18. f. 2,
and t. 27. f.6. Martini, i. t.22. f. 207, 208, and t. 30.
f. 319, and u. t.65. f. 726, 727.

Inhabits the Persian Gulf. Bonanni. Mauritius. Lister.
Amboyna. Rumphius. Java. Linnaeus, Nussatella. Mar-
tint.

448 CYPRA&A.

Shell usually about three inches anda half long, and two and a
quarter broad ; ovate, solid, with a wide somewhat dilated
base, and the back much raised : the colour is blackish brown,
becoming rather paler upwards, and marked with dingy pur-
plish spots. Young shells are shaded with brown, and vari-
ously marked with triangular spots and bands, which remain
after the aperture is matured, and till they are concealed by
the overspreading of the last coat of enamel.

VITELLUS. 21. Shell ovate, sub-ventricose, livid,
_with white spots ; and the sides finely striated.

Cyprza Vitellus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1176. Martina, i. p.
327. t. 23. f. 228, and (decorticated) 229. Born Mus.
p- 181. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 109. Gmelin, p. 3407.
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 63. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi.

. 89.

Boni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 254. Lister Conch. t. 693.
f.40. Gualter, t.18.f.T,V. Knorr, vi. t. 20. f. 3.
Favanne, t. 30. f.12. Encyc. Method. t. 354. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Straights of
Sunda. Lister. Holalihoe, Island of St.Oma. Martini.

Shell from one inch and a half to two inches and a half long,
and about half as broad ; the colour is a pale greenish livid
brown, with round white spots, and marked with fine some-
what dotted stria, particularly on one side. ‘The base is
white, and the inside blue.

The shell figured in the Universal Conchology, t. 96, under the
name of C. subfuscula, a good deal resembles C. Vitellus,
but is larger, and the base is fawn-coloured. Martyn has not
given any description, and I have been unable to procure a
specimen.

mus. 22. Shell ovate, gibbous, whitish, mottled
with cinereous ; dorsal line white, and edged
with black spots; teeth brown.

Cypraa Mus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1176. Martini, i. p.
325. t. 23. f. 222 and 223. Born Mus. p. 182. Schroe-
ter Einl. i. p. 110. Gmelin, p. 3407. Schreibers Conch.
p- 63. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 451.

Rumphius, t. 39. f. 8. Petiver Amb. t. 16. f. 4. Argen-
ville, t. 18. f. E. Seba, i. t. 76. £.33 and 34. Knorr,
ii. t. 12. f..3. Favanne, t. 30. f. A. Enc. Method.
t. 354. f, 1.

CYPRAEA. 449

Inhabits the American and Mediterranean Seas, Gmelin.
Coasts of Carthagena. Linnaeus. Guinea. Humphreys.
Shell about an inch and a half long, and one inch broad. Be-
sides an irregular row of spots on each side the dorsal line,
there is generally a large blotch of black by the end of the
spire, but both these markings are wanting in young shells,

TIGRIs. 23. Shell ovate, ventricose, whitish, with
large dark brown spots, and a yellowish
straight dorsal line.

Cyprea Tigris. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1176. Martini, i. p.
330. t. 24. f. 232 to 234. \ Born Mus. p. 182. t. 8. f.7.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 111. Gmelin, p. 3408. Schreibers
Conch. 1. p. 64. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 452.

Cypraa Pardalis. Shaw’s Nat. Miscellany, vi. t. 193.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 231 and 232. Lister Conch.
t.682. f.29. Rumphius Mus. t. 38. f.A. Gualter, t. 14.
f. G, I, L,andt. 16. f. S. Seba, iii. t. 76. f..7, 9, and 14.
Knorr, vi. t. 21. f. 4and 5. Favanne, t. 30. f.L.2. Enc.
Method. t. 353. f. 3.

Variety. Shell with waved yellow spots.

Cyprea flammea. Gmelin, p. 3408.

Cyprea, No. 52.. Schroeter Einletiung, 1. p. 148.

Valentyn Abhandlung, t. 4. f. 30.

Junior. Cyprea feminea. Martini, i. p. 333. Gmelin,

p- 3409. Schreabers Conch. i. p. 65.

Cyprza tigrina. Gmelin, p. 5404.

Cyprza seriata. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue,
p. 133. lot 2965.

Cyprea, No. 87. Schroeter Hinl. 1. p. 155, and No. 10.
p- 136.

Lister Conch. t. 748. f. 42, and t. 672. f. 18. Seba, iii. t.
76.f.8 and 12. Knorr, v.t.8.f.2and 3. Favanne,
t. 30. f. L 3 and L 4.

Inhabits the Red Sea. Bonanni. Coasts of Madagascar. Lis-
ter. Amboyna. Rumphius. Java. Linneus.

Shell from three to four inches long, and more than half as
broad; the colour is either pure or dull purplish white, and
the upper surface is beautifully marked with numerous large
rich dark brown spots varied with a reddish or a yellowish
tinge.

PANTHERINA. 24. Shell ovate-oblong, reddish, with
small dark spots; base white, and the dorsal
line undulated.

YOL, I, 2G

450 CYPRAA.

Cyprea pantherina. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cata-
logue, p. 156. lot 3407.

_ Cyprzea guttata. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 453.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 256, and Kirch. f. 255. Lister Conch.
t.681. f. 28. Gualter,t. 14. f. H. Argenville, t. 18.
f.F. Knorr, i.t. 26. f.4. Martini, 1. t. 24. f. 235,
236. favanne, t. 30. f. L 6. Enc. Method. t. 353.
Ap

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Lister. Adriatic.. Martini.
Coasts of China, and Arabia Felix. Zumphreys.

This shell is smaller, and narrower in proportion te its length
than C. Tigris, which it much resembles; it differs also in
the colour of the upper part being strongly tinged with red,
the spots very much smaller, and the base more thickly coat-
ed with enamel. Martini, as well as Solander, considered
it to be a distinct species.

LYNX. 25. Shell oblong-ovate, with unequal brown
spots, and a yellowish dorsal line; aperture
saffron colour.

Cypreaa Lynx. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1176. Martini, i. p.
330. t. 23. f. 250, 231. Born Mus. p. 183. t. 8. f. 8
and 9. Schroeter Eznl. i. p. 112. Gmelin, p. 3409.
Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 64. Lamarck Ann. du Mus.
Xvi. p. 92.

Lister Conch. t. 683. f. 30. Rumphius, t. 38. f. N. Peti-
ver Gaz. t. 97. f. 17, and Amb. t. 16. f. 9. Gualter, t.
13. f. Z, andt. 14. f. B, C and D. Kznor’, vi. t. 23. f.6.
Enc. Method. t. 355. f. 8.

Tnhabits the Straights of Sunda, the Mauritius, and Ascension
Island. Lister. Madagascar. Linneus.

Shell nearly two inches long, and rather more than half as
broad ; pale cinereous, variously tinged, and irregularly mark-
ed with brown spots of very different sizes. The base is white,
and slants inwards towards the aperture, which is of a rich
saffron colour between the teeth.

FELINA. 26. Shell ovate-oblong, livid, with ferru-
ginous dots, and obsolete bands ; margin and
extremities yellowish, with large purple
spots.

Cyprea felina. Gmelin, p. 3412.
Cyprza olivacea. Solander’s MSS.
Cypraa, No. 24. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 140.

CYPREA. 451
Laster Conch. t. 680. f.'7. Martini, i. t. 28. f. 283, 284.

Tnhabits the coasts of the Maldives. Martini.

Shell about ten lines long, and six broad; the colour on the
upper part is livid, or pale greenish yellow, dotted with fer-
ruginous, and marked with obsolete transverse bands, on
which are a few irregular pale purplish blotches: the base,
margin, and extremities are yellow, with large dark purple
spots. Young and decorticated shells have their backs with-
out any spots, and of arich bluish brown colour. This spe-
cies has been erroneously placed by Gmelin in the umbilicat-
ed division, and Schreibers has most strangely arranged it as
a variety of C. asellus.

CINEREA. 27. Shell ovate-oblong, cmereous, with
two pale bands, and irregularly dotted with
black, particularly about the margin.

Cyprea cinerea. Gmelin, p. 3402. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- 58. ;

Cyprea, No.6. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 134.

Lister Conch. t. 667. f. 11, and t. 670. f. 16. Gualter, t.
16. f. M. Martini, i. t. 25. f. 254 and 255.

Inhabits the coasts of Barbadoes and Jamaica. Lister.

Shell generally an inch, or an inch and aquarter long, and half as
broad ; cinereous, or testaceous, with two paler bluish trans-
verse bands, and marked somewhat like Mocho, with irregular

' scattered black dots, which are generally remarkably cluster-
ed together about the margin; the base is nearly white, with
the interstices of the teeth blackish. Martini’s figures are
not well done, but his description leaves no doubt that they
belong to this species, and most of the other figures above
referred to are taken from shells which have hardly arrived
at maturity,

-~

ISABELLA. 28. Shell-sub-cylindrical, with dotted
longitudinal lines, and yellow extremities.

Cyprea Isabella. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1177. Martina, 1.
p- 357. t. 27. f. 275. Born Mus. p. 183. Schroeter
inl. i. p. 113. Gmelin, p. 3409. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 65. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 94.

Lister Conch. t. 660. f,4. Rumphius, t. 39. f.G. Petiver
Amb. t. 16. f.16. Argenville, t. 18. f. P. Knorr, iv.
t.9.f.5. Enc. Method. t. 355. f. 6.

Inhabits the coast of Madagascar and the Mauritius. Lister.

Amboyna. Rumphius.

2Ga2

452 CYPREA.

Shell about an inch, or an inch and a quarter long, and half as
broad; testaceous, or light fawn colour, with irregular lon-
gitudinal blackish dotted lines, and two obsolete paler trans-
verse bands. ‘The extremities are both yellow, or orange-
coloured, and the base is white. ‘The aperture is narrow,
and the teeth small.

CYLINDRICA. 29. Shell sub-cylindrical, obtuse, flat-
tened’ at the spire, and marked with two
brown spots at each extremity.

Cyprea cylindrica. Born Mus. p. 184. t.8. f. 10. Gmelin,
p- 3405. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 77.

Cyprea, No. 109. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 160.
Inhabits
Shell thirteen lines long, and five broad; of a pale violet co-

lour, with a few yellow spots; the two ends are margined,

and each marked with two brown spots; the base is snowy
white, and the hinder teeth are set further apart than the
others.

scURRA. 30. Shell sub-cylindrical, livid, with
greenish spots, and a yellowish border spot-
ted with brown; base flat; teeth brown.

Cyprzea Scurra. Chemnitz, x. p. 103. t. 144. f. 1338 @ and
b. Gmelin, p. 3409. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus, xv.
p- 450.

Cyprza Indica. Gmelin, p. 3412.?

Rumphius, t. 39. f. H. Martini, i. t. 27. f. 276 and 277.
Enc. Meth. t. 352. f. 3.

Inhabits the Eastern Ocean. Chemnitz.

Shell near two inches long, and about half as broad ; livid or
yellowish, with roundish green spots, and a greenish dorsal
line. Martini’s and Chemnitz’s figures are said to represent
the same species, and they are a good deal alike, except that
in the former there are brown markings like Arabic charac-
ters between the spots, in the same manner as in C. Histrio.
Martini quotes Rumphius, t. 39. f. H, which has a very simi-
jar appearance, and is the C. Indica of Gmelin.

*** Umpbilicated.

ONYX. 31. Shell ovate, gibbous, yellowish brown

on the back, and the margin and base black-
ish,

CYPREA. 453

Cypreea Onyx. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1177. Gmelin, p. 3410.
Cyprea Pulla. Gmelin, p. 3412. Schreibers Conch. i.
. 69.

Gatien adusta. Chemnitz, x. p. 106. t. 145. f. 1341. La-
marck in Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 92. :

Cyprea, No. 20. Schroeter Einlertung, i. p. 139.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 255, and Kirch. f. 254. Lister Conch.
t. 657. f.2. Gualter, t. 15. f. N. Martini, i. t. 26.
f. 269 and 270.

Inhabits the coasts of Asia. Linnaeus.

This shell is of about the same size, and somewhat resembles
C. Caput-serpentis, but the colour is still darker, and there
are no spots or other markings, except sometimes two obso-
lete transverse bands on the back. The base and margin are
nearly black, and the teeth brownish yellow.

SUBFLAVA. 32. Shell ovate, gibbous, smooth, spot-
less, yellow on the back, with a paler margin
and base.

Cyprza subflava. Gmelin, p. 3413. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- 69.
Cyprea, No.54. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 148.
Gualter, t. 13. f. D.
Tuhabits
Shell an inch and a quarter long, and about two-thirds as broad ;
much rounded at the sides, and the spire distinctly umbili-
cated. It has not any spots or other markings.

CLANDESTINA. 33. Shell umbilicated, with very fine
yellowish transverse lines every where con-
current, :

Cyprza clandestina. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1177. Gmelin,
p. 3410.
Inhabits
This species does not appear to have been noticed by any au-
thor besides Linnzus, who says it is a smooth livid shell of
the size of C. Asellus, marked with one or two obsolete pale
bands, and yellowish concurrent striz, so extremely minute
as to be hardly visible without the assistance of a glass. ‘The
base white, and without spots. Dr. Solander supposed the
Variety of C. zic-zac, represented by Martini, fig. 296 and

454

CYPREA.

227, might probably be this shell, and Chemnitz, (vol. x. p.
37.) considers it to be the Cone which he has figured at t.

140. f. 1296, and which he has therefore called Conus
clandestinus.

succincTa. 34. Shell with the interior lip rounded

Inhabits

at each extremity.

Cyprza succincta. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1177. Gmelin, p.
3410. Chemnitz, xi. p. 38. t. 180. f. 1741 and 1742.?

It cannot be doubted that the Linnzean description was taken

from an immature shell, and Bruguiere in the Journal d’ His-
toire Naturelle, p. 511, supposes it to be the young of Cy-
prea Mus. The shell figured by Chemnitz has not any of
the usual appearances of a full grown Cypreea, and is more
like a Bulla; nor has it the two linear white lines which
Linnzus particularly mentions.

zic-zac. 35. Shell ovate, brown, with paler bands,

and undulated lines; base spotted with
brown.

Cyprza zic-zac. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1177. Martini, i. p.
325. t. 23. f. 294 to 227. Schroeter Exni. 1. p. 116.
Gmelin, p. 3410. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 67.

Lister Conch. t. 661. f. 5. Argenville, t. 18. f. N. Seba,
ji. t. 55. No. 19. f. 2, 3, and 11. Knorr, vi. t. 17. f. 5.
Encyc. Method. t. 356. f. 11.

Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Humphreys.
Shell commonly about an inch long, and rather more than half

as broad, flesh-colour, or white variously marked with pale
or chocolate brown undulated longitudinal bands, and nar-
row transverse zic-zac lines; the base is white, yellowish, or
light brown, with darker spots. Linneus has described two
brown spots at the extremities, but their appearance is far
from constant. ‘The shell represented by the two latter of
Martinis figures, was considered to be a distinct species by
Dr. Solander, and is his C. undata; Lamarck on the other
hand has quoted the two latter for C. zic-zac, and the two
former for C. undata.

ZONATA. 36. Shell ovate, bluish, with four trans-

verse zones marked with brown moon-shaped
spots.

CYPREA. 45a

Cypreea zonata. Chemnitz, x. p. 107. t. 145. f. 1342. La-
marck Ann.du Mus. xvi. p. 90.
Cyprea zonaria. Gmelin, p. 3414. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 66.
Inhabits the coast of Guinea. Chemnitz.
Chemnitz describes this species to be the size of a pigeon’s
egg, and to have a white margin spotted with brown; the
base also is white.

HIRUNDO. 37. Shell oblong, bluish, with two ob-
solete white bands, and two black spots at
each extremity.

Cyprea Hirundo. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1178. Martini, i.
p- 361. t. 28. f. 282. Born Mus. p. 184. t. 8. f. 11.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 116. Gmelin, p, 3411. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 116. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 95.

Lister Conch. t. 674. f. 20. Petiver Gaz. t. 30. f.. 3.
Knorr, iv. t. 25. f. 4. Enc. Method. t. 356. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of the Maldives. Lister. The Antilles.
Muller.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and half as broad,
of a lively cinereous or pale blue colour, with two irregular
rather obsolete transverse white bands, and two very dark
spots at each extremity. The sides and the base are white,
and the former generally, but not always spotted with brown.

URSELLUS. 38. Shell oblong, pale reddish brown,
with two white irregular bands, and two
brown spots at the upper extremity.

Cypreea Ursellus. Gmelin, p. 3411. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- 68. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 98.°?
Cyprea, No.2. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 133.
Rumphius, t. 39.f.O. Gualter,t. 15. f. L. Martini, i:
t. 24. f. 241,
Inhabits
Shell hardly half an inch long, of a pale reddish brown colour
on the back, with two broad irregularly curved transverse
white bands, and the base white: There are sometimes two
chocolate brown spots at each extremity, but those by the
umbilicus are the most distinct. Dr. Solander considered
it to be a Variety or damaged shell of C. Hirundo, but be-
sides the difference in colour, C. Ursellus is smaller and
more beaked at the upper extremity.

456 CYPREA.

LuTeEA. 39. Shell oblong, brownish, with two
white bands ; base yellow and spotted with
brown.

Cyprea lutea. Gronovius Zooph. t. 19. f.17. Schroeter
Einl. i. p. 168. Gmelin, p. 3114. Schreibers Conch.
p-. 71.
Tnhabits
The shell is larger than the last, but it is not a well defined,
and seems to be a doubtful species.

ASELLUS. 40. Shell oblong, white, with three trans-
verse dark brown bands.

Cyprzea Asellus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1178. Martini, i. p.
359. t. 27. f. 280. Born Mus. p. 185. Vign. at p. 171.
f. D. Schroeter Einl. i. p.117. Gmelin, p. 3411.
Schreibers Conch. p. 68. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi.
. 98.
Bone Rec. and Kirch. 8. f. 236. Lister Conch. t. 666.
f.10. Rumphius, t. 39. f. M. Petiver Gaz. t. 97. f.
11, and Amd. t. 16. f. 18. Gualter, t. 15. f. M. Ar-
genville, t.18.f.T. Adanson Senegal, t.5. f.H. Knorr,
iv. t. 25. f.3, Favanne, t.29.f.P. Encyc. Meth. t.
350.4..5:
Variety B. With the bands yellow.
Gualter, t. 15. f. CC, and DD. Martini, i. p. 361. t.27.
f. 281.
Variety C. With the bands flesh-coloured.
Cyprea moniliaris. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 98.
Petiver Gaz. t. 97. f. 10.

Inhabits the coasts of the Maldives. Lzster. Amboyna.
Rumphius. Senegal. Adanson. China. Humphreys.
Shell eight lines long, and four broad, white in every part ex-

cept the three dorsal transverse bands.

ERRONES. 41. Shell oblong, ovate, greenish, mot-
tled with brown; margin thickened, white,
and spotless.

Cyprza Errones. Lan. Syst. Nat. p. 1178. Born Mus.
p. 185. Gmelin, p.3411. Solander’s MSS.

Cyprea ovum. Gmelin, p. 3412. Schreibers Conch. p. 69.

Cyprea olivacea. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 95.

CYPREA. 457

Cyprea, No. 22. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 139.
Petiver Gaz. t. 97. f.21. Martini, i. t. 27. f. 278, 279.

Inhabits the East Indies. Humphreys.

Shell rather more than an inch long, and about half as broad,
of alight olive green, mottled all over the back with rusty
brown, and sometimes marked with two obsolete paler bands.
The margin and base are white or paler flesh colour, and
thickly coated with enamel ; inside violet. The shells from
which this description is taken were procured from Mr,
Humphreys under the name of C. virescens, which in Cal-
lone’s Catalogue is said to be the Linnean C. Errones, and
they answer to Dr. Solander’s as well as Born’s descriptions,
except that the solitary dorsal spot noticed by Linneus is
wanting, and according to the observations both of Solander
aud Lamarck, this is occasionally found in the same species.
Born has erroneously referred to Martini, f. 294, 205. but
his description was obviously taken from the present shell,

pyruM. 42. Shell ovate, yellowish, mottled with
pale brown spots, and marked with two paler
bands; base and margin saffron colour.

Cyprzea Pyrum. Gmelin, p. 3411. Schreibers Conch. i.
. 69.
Chores flaveola. Born Mus. p. 190.
Cyprza maculosa. Gmelin, p. 3412.
Cyprza ochracea. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue.
Cyprea Siciliana. Ulysses’s Travels, p. 455.
Cypreea rufa. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 92.
Cyprzea, No. 16. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 138.
Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 259, and Kirch. £.258. Gualter, t.
14. f. E. Martini, i. t. 26. f. 267 and 268.

Inhabits the coasts of Sicily. Bonanni.. Africa and Malaga.
Martini.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and rather less than half
as broad, ovate, and somewhat pear-shaped; the back is
mottled with mixt shades of light brown and yellow, and
marked with two paler transverse bands; the sides and base
are of a dark ochre or saffron colour, and the inside pale
violet. Bonanni’s figure, on which Gmelin’s C. maculosa
depends, is very bad, but the description leaves no doubt that
it was intended for this species; and C. variolosa, and C.
fuloa of Gmelin, and C. cinnamomea of Olivi, are probably
only Varieties of the same.

458 CYPRAA.

puncraTA. 43. Shell ovate-oblong, white, with
scattered ferruginous dots.

Cypraa punctata. Lin. Mantissa, p. 548. Gmelin, p.
3414. Solander’s MSS.
Cypreea Stercus-muscarum. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus.
xv1. p. 98.
Cyprea atomaria. Gmelin, p. 3412. Schreibers Conch.
. 69.
ope No. 25. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 140.
Martini, i. t. 28. f. 290 and 2901. Enc. Meth. t. 355, f.
10.
Inhabits
Shell scarcely half an inch long, and half as broad, white, with
minute ferruginous dots scattered thinly over the upper part,
and the base plain white.

**E* With the Margin thickened.

CRIBARIA. 44. Shell oblong-ovate, umbilicated,
yellow, with round white spots.

Cyprza cribaria. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1176. Martini, i.
p- 403. t. 31. f. 336. Born Mus. p.186. Schroeter
cai 1.p.119. Gmelin, p. 3414. Schreibers Conch.

i. p. 72. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 94.

Lister Conch. t. 695. f. 42. Petiver ale t. 8.49. Ar-
genville, t.18.f. X. Regenfuss, 1. t. 12. f. 74, Favanne,
t.29.f.B 4. Enc. Method. t. 355. f. 5.

Inhabits the coasts of China. Humphreys.

Shell generally rather more than one inch long, and not quite
half so broad ; above yellow, with numerous distinct round
white spots ; base and margin entirely white, except that
there are sometimes spots of yellow between the teeth.

MONETA. 45. Shell ovate, gibbous, white, and the
margin nodulous.

Cypraa Moneta. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1178. Martini, i. p.

404. t. 31. f. 337 to 340. Born Mus. p. 187, and Vign,

at p. 73. fig. e. Schroeter Kinl. i. p. 120. Gmelin, p.

3414. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 72. Lamarck Ann. du

Mus. xvi. p. 102.
Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 233. Lister Conch. t. 709.

CYPREA. 459

#.59. Rumphius, t.39.f.C. Petiwer Gaz. t. 97.f. 8,
and Amb. t. 16. f. 14. Gualter, t. 14. f.3to 5. Ar-
genville, t. 18. f. K. Knorr, iv. t. 14. f. 4. Favanne,
t. 20. f.G. Enc. Method. t. 356. f. 3.

Variety. With the margin raised higher than the back, and
not nodulous.

Cypreea obvelata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 102.

Inhabits the Mediterranean, Atlantic, AZthiopic, and Indian
Seas. Gmelin. The Variety comes from the coasts of New
Holland. Lamarck.

Shells varying from half an inch to an inch in length, and two
thirds as broad; white or yellowish, without any coloured
markings except sometimes a yellow ring similar to that of
C. Annulus, from which species this Variety may be known
by the protuberant knobs on its margin. Worn shells are
blue on the back, as is represented in Martim’s fig.
339. Linneus says, that in the Maldives these shells are
fished up by the Negro Women three days before or after
the full moon, and sent into Bengal, Siam, and other coun-
tries to be used as money. Vast quantities are imported
into this country for the purposes of traffic, and it is said
that as much as one hundred tons of them are sent annually
to Guinea alone. The Variety is intermediate between C.
Moneta and C. Annulus.

ANNULUS. 46. Shell ovate, gibbous, with the back
surrounded by a yellow ring, and the margin
smooth.

Cyprzea Annulus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1179. Martini, 1.
p. 336. t. 24. £.239, 240. Born Mus. p. 187. Schroe-
ter Einl. 1. p. 121. Gmelin, p. 3415. Schreibers
Conch. p. 73.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 240. and 241. Rumphius, t.
39. f. D. Petiver Gaz. t. 6. f. 8. Gualter, t. 14. f. I
and 2. Knorr, iv. t.9. f. 4. Enc. Method. t. 356.
1

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Alexandria. Lin-
néus. East Indies. Humphreys.
Shell generally near an inch long, and rather more than two
_thirds as broad, white or greyish yellow, and marked round
the back by a yellow ring. ‘The back when decorticated be-
comes blue as in C. Moneta, but the margin is less flattened,

and the knotty protuberances, which distinguish that species,
are wanting,

‘

460 CYPRAEA.

cAURICA. 47. Shell ovate, cimereous, speckled with
brown ; margin tumid, nodulous, and spotted
with purplish brown.

Cyprzea Caurica. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1179, Martini, i. p.
375. t. 29. f. 301 and 302. Born Mus. p. 188. Schroe-
ter Ennl. i. p. 122. Gmelin, p. 3415. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 73. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 93.

Lister Conch. t. 677. f. 24. Rumphius, t. 38. f. P. Gual-
ter, t.15.f. AA. Favanne, t. 30.f.E 1. Enc. Meth.
£356. f..10,

Inhabits the coasts of Madagascar. Lister. Amboyna. Rum-
phius.

Shell most commonly an inch and a quarter Jong, and about
half as broad ; the back is pale cinereous, thickly speckled
with brown, and obsoletely marked with three transverse
bands, of which the center one has sometimes a four-sided
patch of darker brown dots; the margin is very tumid, with
an uneven knotted surface, and marked with dark brownish
purple spots ; the base is reddish brown with whitish teeth.

DRACENA. 48. Shell oblong, cinereous, speckled
with brown; margin slightly tumid, smooth,
and spotted with purple.

Cyprea Dracena. Born Mus. p. 189. t. 8. f. 12.

Cyprea stolida. Martini, i. p. 372. t. 28. f. 292, 293.
Schroeter Einl. i. p.125. Gmelin, p. 3416. Schreibers
Conch. p. 77.

Cyprea corrosa. Gronovius Zooph. p. 291. t. 18.f. 10.

Cyprza derosa. Gmelin, p. 3416.

Rumphius, t. 39. f. E. Seba Mus. iu. t. 55, f. 12 and 14,
Enc. Method. t. 356. f. 10.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius.

This shell is of the same length as C. Caurica, but is nar-
rower in proportion, and of an oblong form: the colour
and the markings are similar, but the margin is comparatively
very little thickened, and has a level surface. The four-sided
brown mark in the center of the back is not, as Born sup-
posed, peculiar to this species, but is also occasionally ob-
servable in C. Caurica, of which Dr. Solander considered it
to be only a Variety.

CRUENTA. 49. Shell ovate, pale glaucous, speckled
with ferruginous; margin slightly tumid, with
bright red spots.

CYPREA. 461

Cypraa cruenta. Gmelin, p. 3420.

Cyprza variolaria. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xvi. p.91.

Cyprea morbillosa. Solander’s MSS.

Cypraa Caurica, Var. Gmelin, p. 3415. Schreibers Conch.
1. p. 122.

Cyprea, No. 30. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 142.

Rumphius, t. 38. f.O. Petiver Amb. t. 8.f. 8. Gualter,
t.15.f. E. Favanne, t. 30.f. E 3. Martina, 1. t. 29.
£303. Enco Methst) 353. f., 2:

{nhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius.

Shell an inch and a quarter or inch and a half long, and about
two thirds as broad; the margin is slightly tumid and level,
and is flesh-coloured with pink red spots; the aperture yel-
low, with white teeth.

EROSA. 50. Shell oblong-ovate, yellowish, with
white dots; margin toothed and marked with
a large brown spot on each side.

Cyprea erosa. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1179. Martini, i. p.
392. t. 30. f. 320 and 321. Born Mus. p. 189. t. 8. f.
13. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 122. Gmelin, p. 3415.
Schreibers Conch. p. 73. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi.
p. 93.

Lister Conch. t. 692. f. 39. Rumphius, t. 39. f. A. Pe-
tiver Gaz. t. 97. f. 19, and Amb. t. 16. f. 12. Gualter,
t. 15. f. H. Knorr, vi. t. 20. f. 4. Favanne, t. 30. f.
E 2. Enc. Method. t. 355. f. 4.

Junior. Cyprea miliaris. Gmelin, p. 3420. Lamarck in
Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 91.

Cypreea erosa, Var. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 75.

Cypreea, No. 34. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 143.

Lister Conch. t. 701. f. 48. Gualter, t. 15. f. G. Martini,
t. 26. f. 260. and t. 30. f. 323.

Inhabits the coasts of the Mauritius, Ascension Island, and
Bengal. Lister. Amboyna. Rumphius.

Shell near an inch and a half long, and the breadth is about
three fifths of the length; the colour on the back is pale
brownish yellow, with numerous round white dots; the mar-
gin is white, tumid, and toothed, and on each side is a very
large purplish brown spot, extending to the base, which
is white. Kemmerer in the cabinet Rudolstadt, has sug-
gested that Gmelin’s C. miliaris may be the young of this
species, and I have a series of specimens which compleatly
establish the truth of this conjecture. Gmelin, under the
name of C, ferruginosa, has constituted a species from the

462 CYPREA.

Larve of C. erosa, and of C. gangranosa, which are there
confounded together.

FLAVEOLA. 51. Shell yellowish with white dots ;
margin thickened and jagged, white, with
obsolete scattered brown spots.

Cyprea flaveola. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1179. Gmelin, p.
3416.
Inhabits
Born supposed C. Pyrum to be this species, but it does not
correspond with the Linnean character, and other authors
have with greater probability stated their opinions, that the
shell described by Linnzus was a Variety of C. erosa.

spURCA. 52. Shell ovate, yellowish, with darker
spots; margin slightly thickened, and _ its
upper edge crenulated, and dotted with

brown.
Cyprza spurca. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1179. Gmelin, p.
3416.
Cyprea acicularis. Gmelin, p. 3421. Schreibers Conch.
1. p- 79.

Cyprza flaveola. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 97.
Cyprea, No. 37. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 144.
Martini, 1. t. 31. f. 335.

Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea. Linncus.

Shell about an inch long, and rather more than half as broad,
with a very narrow margin, of which the upper edge is every
where crenulated, and dotted with brown; the base and in-
side are white. Gmelin’s C. acicularis answers so well to
the description of this species in the Systema Nature that I
have no doubt of its being the same. Born’s C. spurca, (t.
8. f. 14.) which is C. oblonga of Gmelin, is very obviously
a young shell belonging to some other ‘species. Lamarck
has quoted Born’s figure, and also Enc. Meth. t. 355. f. 9.
for his C. Turdus, which may probably be rather a young
shell of C. Vanelli.

STOLIDA. 53. Shell oblong-ovate, umbilicated, sub-
glaucous, with a large square ferrugious
spot on the back.

Cyprza stolida. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1180. Born Mus. p.
19.t.8.f.15. Chemnitz, xi. p. 41. t. 180. f, 1743 and
1744. Lamarck Ann, du Mus, xvi. p. 95.

CYPREA. 463

Cyprea rubiginosa. Gmelin, p. 1721.
Cypraa Arabica, Var. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 54.
Cyprea, No. 32. Schroeter Einleitung, i.p. 142.
Petiver Gaz. t.97.f.19. Argenville, t. 18 f. Y. Mar-
tint, 1. t. 29. f. 305. Favanne, t. 29. f. S.

Inhabits the Eastern Ocean. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch long, and half as broad, of a pale bluish
colour, with a large square ferruginous spot in the middle,
and checquered with smaller ones on the sides.

TABESCENS. 54. Shell sub-cylindrical, glaucous, with
somewhat tessellated bands, and sprinkled
with ferruginous dots ; margin thickened on
one side.

Cyprea tabescens. Solander’s MSS.

Cypreea stolida, Var. £. Gmelin, p. 3417.

Cyprea, No. 26. Schroeter Kinleitung, i. p. 141.

Bonanni Rec. and Mus. Kirch. 3. f. 237. Rumphius, t.
39.f. F. Petiver Amb. t. 16. f. 13. Martini, i. t. 28.
f. 2904 and 295.

Variety. Shell broader and more oblong.

Cyprea stolida, Var. y. Gmelin, p. 3417.

Lister Conch. t. 678. f. 25. Martini, i. t. 28. f. 296 and
297.

Inhabits the coasts of Madagascar. Lister. Amboyna, Rum-
phius.

Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and half an inch broad,
glaucous, sprinkled with ferruginous dots, and marked with
obsolete bands, somewhat tessellated with reddish brown.
The margin is thickened principally on one side, and is white
spotted with brown. The inside is of a violet colour. The
shell figured by Martini, 296 and 297, appears to differ only
in being broader and of a more oblong shape.

ANGUSTATA. 59. Shell ovate, reddish brown, with
the margin and base white, and the former
spotted with dark brown.

Cyprza angustata. Gmelin, p. 342). Schreibers Conch. i.
p. 77.
Cyprea, No.62. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 150,
Gualter, t. 13. f. QQ.
Tahabits ——
Shell about an inch long, and rather more than half as broad,

464 CYPREA.

of a pale reddish brown or fawn-colour on the back without
any markings; the margin is thickened on one side only, and
is white with dark reddish brown spots ; base white without
any markings.

HELVOLA. 56. Shell ovate, mottled with brown
and white spots, and the base plain brownish
yellow; margin jagged behind.

Cyprzea helvola. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1180. Born Mus. p.
191. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 126. Gmelin, p. 3417.
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 75. Lamarck Ann. du Mus.
XV1. p. 100.

Lister Conch. t. 691. f. 38. Rumphius, t. 39. f. B. Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 16. f.17. Gualter, t. 15. f. BB. Knorr,
vi. t. 14. f.6 and 7. Martini, i. t. 30. f. 326 and 327.
Enc. Method. t. 356. f. 13.

Inhabits the coasts of the Maldives. Lister. Amboyna.
Rumphius.

Shell rather Jess than an inch long, and about half an inch
broad, covered with mottled white and reddish brown spots,
of which the latter are increasingly numerous towards the
margin; the base and margin are of an uniform brownish
yellow or saffron colour, and the two extremities are often
tinged with violet. Dr. Solander in his MSS. has quoted
Lister, t. 656. f. 1. for ‘ C. helvola senissima,’ and from the
same figure Schroeter has constituted a species which is the
C. livida of Gmelin, p. 3403.

OCELLATA. 57. Shell ovate-gibbous, yellow with
white spots, and black eyes; margin slightly
thickened.

Cyprza ocellata. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1180. Martini, i. p.
402. t. 31. f. 333 and 334. Born Mus. p. 192. Schroe-
ter EHinl. i. p. 127. Gmelin, p. 3417. Schreibers
Conch. i. p.75. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 94.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 247. Lister Conch. t. 696. f. 43. Pe-
tiver Gaz. t.9. f. 7. Favanne, t. 29. f.B 5. Ene.
Method. t. 355. f. 7.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Martini. Coasts of China. Hum-
hreys.
Shell about ten lines long, and six broad, yellow, covered with
small round white spots, of which some are ocellated with
black dots; the margin and base white spotted with brown.

CYPREA. AGS

PORARIA. 58. Shell ovate, livid, with white spots
encircled by brown rings, and the upper edge
of the margin crenated on one side.

| Cyprea poraria. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1180. Born Mus. p.
192. t. 8. f. 16. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 97.
Cypraa poraria, Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3417. Schreibers
Conch. 1. p. 75.

Cyprea, No. 1. Schroeter Einl. i. p..133.

Lister Conch. t. 694. f. 41. Seba, ni. t. 55. f. 19, No. 5.
Martini, i. t. 24. f.237 and 238. Enc. Method. t. 356.
f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica. Martini.

Shell about eight lines long, and five broad, of a pale livid co-
lour with a faint tinge of violet, and covered with white
spots, of which some of the larger are encircled by a brown
ring. The base is white with a slight tint of purple towards
the margin, and has no spots. Born, though he has figured
this shell, has erroneously quoted the C. poraria of Martini,
which is a different species, and is the C. gangranosa of So-
lander.

GANGRANOSA. 59. Shell oblong, bluish, with scat-
tered white and ferruginous spots, and two
brown spots at each extremity.

Cyprza gangranosa. Solander’s MSS.

Cyprea poraria, « Martini, i. p. 594. t. 30. f. 324, 325,
Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 128. Gmelin, p. 3417. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 75.

Junior. Martini, i. t. 26. f. 261 and 262. decorticated.

Inhabits the coasts of China. Humphreys.

Shell rather more than half an inch long, and half as broad, of
a livid bluish colour, with white and ferruginous spots, and
the upper edge of the margin as well as the extremities spot-
ted with brown; base white except at the upper extremity
which 1s yellow.

FIMBRIATA. 60. Shell oblong, with minute dots, and
obsolete pale brown bands ; the extremities
spotted with violet. |

Cyprea fimbriata. Gmelin, p. 3420. Schreibers Conch.
1. p. 79.
Cyprea tenella. Solander’s MSS.
Cyprea, No: 14. Schroeter Hinl. i. p. 137.
Martini, i. p. 350. t. 26, f. 263, and 264, decorticated.
VOL, I, 2H

466 CYPREA.

Inhabits

Shell about eight lines long and four broad, of a bluish white
colour on the back, and the base white. Martini has figured
only one pale brown obsolete transverse band, though in his
description he bas used the plural number, and a few mi-
nute scattered ferruginous dots are represented.

oniscus. 61. Shell ovate, ventricose, transversely
ribbed, with a broad dorsal groove, and the
ribs thickened at its edge; aperture broad.

Cyprea Oniscus. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 103.

Cyprea Pediculus, Var. g. Gmelin, p. 3418. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 76.

Cyprea costata. Solander’s MSS.

Cyprea, No. 33. Schroeter Hinleitung, 1. p. 142.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. £. 239. Lister Conch. t. 706.
f.55. Martini, i. t. 29. f. 306 to 308. Favanne, t. 29.
f.'H3.

Inhabits the Adriatic Sea. Martini.

Shell sometimes near an inch long, and more than half as
broad, varying from a flesh-colour to a brownish yellow.
The longitudinal groove on the back is much broader than
in C. su/cata, and the transverse ribs become rather abruptly
tumid at its edge. 'estudo is the name under which this
species is mentioned by Klein, and several other of the older
authors.

SULCATA. 62. Shell ovate, transversely ribbed with
a narrow dorsal groove, and black spots on
each side.

Cyprea Pediculus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1180. Born Mus.
p- 193. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 129. Gmelin, p.
3418. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 76. Lamarck Ann. du
Mus. xvi. p. 103.

Taster Conch. t. 706. f. 56. Gualter, t.15.f. R. Argen-
ville, t. 18. f. L. Martini, i. t. 29. f. 310, 311. Fa-
vanne, t.29.f.H 1. Enc. Method. t..356. f. 1 a.

Variety B. Shell white, ventricose, rounded at the base and
margin.

Cyprea Oryza. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 104.

Cypreea nivea. Solander’s MSS.

Rumpihius, t. 39. P. Gualter, t. 14. f.O, P. Petiver
Amb. t. 16. f. 22.

Variety C. Shell chestnut-brown with the back gibbous, and
the base and margin blackish.

CYPREA. 467

Variety D. Shell pale reddish brown, with the base and mar-
gin white.

Cyprea Pulex. Solander’s MSS.

Junior. Cyprea carnea. Gmelin, p. 3418. Schreibers
Conch. p. 65.

Cyprea, No. 103. Schroeter Einleitung, p. 158.
Knorr, vi. t. 15. f. 7.

Inhabits the coasts of Jamaica and Barbadoes. Lister.

Shell sometimes rather more than half an inch long, and about
half as broad, of a flesh-colour, generally with more or less
of a greyish tint, and most commonly marked with two or
three black spots on each side of the dorsal groove. The
shells above enumerated as Varieties differ so materially in
their forms, that when examined separately they appear to be
distinct species, but they all have the dorsal groove, and there
are so many intermediate gradations both as to colour, form,
size, and spots, that I am unable to find any distinctive speci-
fic characters. ‘The transverse ribs are not perfectly formed

- ull after the shell has attained its full size, and Gmelin’s C.
carnea appears to be nothing more than the present species
in this immature state. Linnzus considered all the Cypraz
with transverse elevated ribs to belong to the same species,
and they together constitute his C. Pediculus.

EUROPEA. 63. Shell ovate, transversely ribbed,
without any groove, or more than three spots
on the back.

Cyprea Europea. Montagu Test. Supplement, p. 88.

Cyprea Pediculus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1180. Pennant
Zool. iv. p. 115. t. 70. f. 82. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p.
32. t. 2. f.6. Donovan, i. t.45. Montagu Test. p.
200. Maton and Racket in Lin Trans. vii. p. 120.

Cyprea coccinella. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 104.

Cyprza Arctica. Solander’s MSS.

Variety. Shell without any dorsal spots.

Cyprea Arctica. Montagu Test. p. 201.

Lister Anim. Ang. t. 3. f. 17, and Conch. t. 707. f. 57.
Martini, t. 29. f. 309. Enc. Meth. t. 356. f. 1 b.
Junior. Cyprea bullata. Montagu Test. p. 202. t. 6. f. 1.

Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 121.
Bulla diaphana. Montagu Test. p. 225. t. 7. f. 8. Maton
and Racket in Lin Trans. viii. p. 126.
Inhabits the coasts of Britain, and other parts of the North of
Europe.
Shell about half an inch long, and rather more than half as

2H 2

468 CYPRAEA.

broad, of a pale greyish purple or flesh-colour, with three
dark spots on the ridge of the back. It may be at once dis-
tinguished from C. sulcata, by its not having any dorsal
groove, or more than three dorsal spots, and these are some-
times wanting. Mr. Montagu in his Supplement has justly
remarked that C. bullata is this species in the adolescent
state, and Bulla diaphana the first and most imperfectly
formed shell.

MADAGASCARIENSIS. 64, Shell oval, depressed,
white, with raised tubercles, and obsolete un-
dulated ribs.

Cypraa Madagascariensis. Gmelin, p. 3419.

Cypraa Nucleus, Var. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p.
101.

Cyprea, No. 45. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 146.

Lister Conch. t. 710. f. 61.

Inhabits the coasts of Madagascar. Lister. Otaheite. La-
marck.

Shell near an inch long, and rather more than two thirds as
broad; white with a slight tinge of flesh-colour, much de-
pressed, and marked on the upper part with raised tubercles,
aud obsolete irregular somewhat undulated ribs. The two
extremities appear rather truncated, and slightly indented by
the aperture; the base is broad, convex, and transversely
ribbed through its whole breadth. All the specimens which
1 have seen have had two holes through them, and Lamarck
says they are strung together, and used as necklaces by the
natives of Otaheite. It is a much flatter and broader shell
than C. Nucleus.

NuctEus. 65. Shell ovate, whitish, rugged, with
raised wrinkles and tubercles; extremities
slightly beaked.

Cypreea Nucleus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1181. Born Mus.
p. 194. t. 8.f.17. Schroeter Hinl. i. p. 130. Gmelin,
p- 3418. Schreibers Conch. i. p.76. Lamarck Anon. -
du Mus. xvi. p. 101.

Rumphius, t. 39. f. 1. Petiver Gaz. t. 97. f. 12, and Amb.
t.16.f. 11. Gualter, t. 14. f.Q, R, S. Argenville, t.
18. f. V. Knorr, iv. t. 17. f. 4. Favanne, t. 29. £.Q 2.
Enc. Meth. t. 355. f. 3.

Variety. With the extremities yellow.
Cyprea Nucleus. . Martini, i. p, 388. t. 29, f. 312.

CYPREA. AG69

Cypreea limacina. Lamarck Ann. du Mus, xvi. p. 101.
Cypreea Oryza. Solander’s MSS.
Regenfuss, 1. t. 12. f. 75.

Inhabits the Island of Nussatella. Remphius. East Indian
Ocean. Linnaeus.

Shell about ten lines long and six broad, white or pale flesh-
colour; the upper surface is made rugged by numerous raised
tubercles and transverse wrinkles, and divided by a deep dor-
sal groove. Martini’s figure is painted of a pale blue colour
with white tubercles, in which respect it differs from his de-
scription.

PUSTULATA. 66. Shell ovate, lead colour, with
raised strie and orange tubercles surrounded
by brown rings.

Cyprea pustulata. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
106. lot 2330. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 101.

Cyprea, No. 47. Schroeter Kinleitung, i. p. 146.

Lister Conch. t. 710, f. 62. 3

Inhabits the Coasts of China. Humphreys. Acapulco. La-
marck.

This rare and beautiful species is three-quarters of an inch
long, and rather more than half as broad, and besides its tu-
bercles, is marked with raised short transverse striz; the
base is shaded with chestnut brown, and ornamented through-
out its whole breadth with white elevated ribs. ‘

STAPHYLEA. 67. Shell ovate, livid, with raised
white dots; brown, and slightly beaked at
the extremities. !

Cyprea Staphylea. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1181. Martini, i.
p. 384. t. 29. f. 313, 314. Born Mus. p. 194. t. 8. f.
18. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 131. Gmelin, p. 3419.
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 76. Lamarck Ann du Mus. xvi.

2100.

Later Conch. t. 708. f. 58. Gualter, t.14. f.T. Argen-
ville, t. 18. f.S. Knorr, iv. t. 16. f.2. Linc. Method.
tABSO. £19,

Inhabits the East Indies. Humphreys.

Shell about eight lines long, and more than half as broad,
marked by elevated dots, and a dorsal groove throughout
the upper surface, but not any striz; the base is flat, and
ribs proceeding from the teeth extend across its whole
breadth. :

470 CYPREA.
CICERCULA. 68. Shell sub-globular, white, with
raised dots, and beaked at both extremities.

Cyprea cicercula. Lin. np Nat. p. ae Martini, i.
p-.339. t. 24. f. 243, 244. Born Mus. p. 195. t. 8. f.
19. Schroeter Einl. i, p. 1382. ey p. 3419.
Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 77. Lamarck Ann. du Mus.
xv1. p. 99.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 243, and Kirch. f. 242. Lister Conch.
t. 710. f. 60. Rumphius, t. 39. f. K. Petiver Amb. t.
16.£21. Enc. Method. t. 355. f. 1.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. Coast of Amboyna.
Rumphius. China. Humphreys.

Shell three quarters of an inch long, and rather more than half
as broad, with the beaks at the extremities considerably pro-
duced, and somewhat bifid. Lamarck mentions a variety
from the coasts of Timor, which is larger and nearly smooth,
and not beaked at the posterior end.

MARGARITA. 69. Shell sub-globular, white, smooth,
; beaked at both extremities, and umbilicated.

Cypreea Margarita. Solander’s MSS.
Rumphius, t. 39. f. N. Petiver Amb. t. 16. f. 20. Gual-
ter, t. 14. f. M. Martini, t. 24. f. 242.

Inhabits Amboyna. Rumphius.

Shell about half an inch long, and two thirds as broad ; nearly
globular, strikingly beaked at both ends, and white, without
any markings. The margin is only slightly thickened, and
the spire is distinctly umbilicated, so that it might perhaps
be placed with equal propriety next to C. Urseddus in the um-
bilicated Division, though Born, Schroeter, and Gmelin,
have confounded it with C. Globulus.

GLOBULUS. 70. Shell somewhat globular, yellow-
ish, with obsolete ferruginous dots; and
beaked at both extremities.

Cyprza Globulus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1181. Martini, i. p.
338. Born Mus. p. 195. t. 8. f.20. Chemnitz, x. p.
104, t. 145. f. 1339 and 1340. Gmelin, p. 3419. Schret-
bers Conch.1. p. 77. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 99.

Cyprea affinis. Gmelin, p. 3420.

Rumphius, t. 39. f. L. Petiver Gaz. t.97. f. 14, and Amb.
t. 16. f. 19. Gualter, t. 14.f. N. Knorr, vi. .t. 21. fa
7. Enc. Meth, t. 356. f. 2.

CYPRAEA. 471

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. Asia. Linneus.

Shell eight lines long, and two thirds as broad, of a more or
less dull yellow colour, with obsolete small ferruginous scat-
tered dots; the extremities are strongly beaked, but the mar-
gin is only very slightly thickened on the sides. C. ovulata,
Enc. Meth. t. 355. f. 2. which in Lamarck’s arrangement
ae this species, has every appearance of being a young
shell,

A72

Genus XXII.

BULLA:

SHELL UNIVALVE, CONVOLUTE, UNARMED; APER-
TURE SOMEWHAT COARCTATE, OBLONG, LONGI-
TUDINAL, AND VERY ENTIRE AT THE BASE;
PILLAR OBLIQUE AND SMOOTH.

ovum. 1. Shell ovate, obtuse, beaked at both ends,
and the outer lip toothed ; inside brown.

Bulla Ovum. Lun. Syst. Nat. p. 1181. Martini, i. p-
294, t. 22. f. 205 and 206. Born Mus. p. 198. Schroe-
ter Einl. i. p. 167, and Inn. Bau Conch. p. 4. t. 3. f. 7.
Gmelin, p. 3422. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 82. \

Ovula oviformis. Lamarck Syst. des Animauz, p. 72, and
Ann du Mus. xvi. p. 110.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 252, and Kirch. f. 251. Lister Conch.
t. 711. £.65. Rumphius, t. 38. f.Q. Petiver Gaz. t.
97. f. 7, and Amb. t. 8. f.6. Gualter, t. 15. f. A, B.
Argenville, t. 18. f. A. Seba, iii. t. 76. f. 6, 10, and 11.
Knorr, vi. t. 33. f. 1. Favanne, t. 30. f. N. Enc.
Method. t. 358. f. 1.

Inhabits Coram, one of the Molucca Islands. Rumphius. Am-
boyna, and other parts of India. Petiver. China. Humphreys.
This well known shell generally rather exceeds three inches in

length, and is about an inch and three quarters broad; the

whole of the external surface is white without any markings,

and the inside is brown, and it differs from the Cypree in

little besides the teeth being wanting in the inner lip. Its

common name is the Poached Egg.

eee

* The following species of Gmelin’s are so badly defined that I have been
unable to ascertain them, and appear to be totally undeserving of notice. B.
spreta, pe 3434, and B. Vesica, p. 3433.

BULLA. 473

IMPERIALIS. 2. Shell ovate, obtuse, beaked at both
ends, and the outer lip toothed ; inside of a
pale pink colour.

Bulla imperialis. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
155. lot 3391.

Bulla Ovum, Var. 8. Gmelin, p. 3422.

Ovula costellata. Lamarck Ann du Mus. xvi. p. 110.

Cyprea tortilis. Martyn. Univ. Conch. t. 60. Chemnitz,
x. p. 128.

Inhatica'de coasts of Otaheite. Solander. Friendly Islands.

Martyn.

This shell is hardly half so large as B. Ovum, from which it
also differs in having its surface uneven, so as to have ob-
tained for it the name of the Crumpled Cowry, and the in-
side is of a pale pink colour.

voLvA. 3. Shell with long beaks at both ends;
the beaks sub-cylindrical, and striated.

Bulla Volva. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1182. Martini, i. p.
301. t. 23. f. 218 and 219. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 168.
Gmelin, p. 3422. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 83.

Ovula Volva. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 113.

Bonanni Kirch. 3. f. 390. Lister Conch. t.711. f. 63.
Petiver Gaz. t. 152.f.10. Argenville, t. 18. f. I. Seba,
ii. t. 55. f. 13 to 16. Knorr, v. t. 1. f. 2 and 3, and vi.
t. 32. f.1. Favanne, t.30.f. K 2. Enc. Method. t.357.
os

Inhabits Jamaica. Lister. Japan. Humphreys.
Shell often more than three inches long, and an inch broad in
the middle, of a cinereous or yellowish colour.

CARNEA. 4. Shell ovate, gibbous, slightly beaked,
of a flesh-colour, and the outer lip toothed ;
pillar with one plait.

Bulla carnea. Poiret Voyage en Barbarie, ii. p.21. Gme-
lin, p. 3434.
Bulla Nucleus. Solander’s MSS.
Ovula carnea. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 111.
Enc. Method. t. 357. £. 2.
Inhabits the Mediterranean on the coasts of Africa. Poiret.
Shell about half an inch long, and rather more than half as
broad, of a flesh-colour, and rather paler on the back and
the base ; the pillar has a tuberculated plait at its summit.

AVA BULLA.

LEPIDA. 5. Shell ovate-oblong, slightly beaked, of
an orange colour, and the outer lip toothed ;
pillar with one plait.

Bulla lepida. Solander’s MSS.
Ovula triticea. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 111.
Petiver Gaz. t. 66. f. 2 and 3.

Inhabits the shores about Leghorn. Petiver. Coasts of
Africa. Lamarck.

This shell is nearly allied to B.carnea, but is rather smaller,
more oblong, less ventricose, of an orange colour, and not
paler on the back or base. Lamarck under the name of
Ovula hordacea, has described another species, which he
says is nearly similar, but differs in being still more cylindri-
va and a little angulated on the back towards the anterior
end.

BIROSTRIS. 6. Shell beaked at both ends, and the
outer lip thickened ; beaks long and smooth.

Bulla birostris. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1182. Born Mus.
p- 198. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 168. Gmelin, p. 3423.
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 84.

Bulla Volva, Var. 6. Kammerer Cab. Rudolstadt.

Ovula birostris. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 113.

Knorr, vi. t. 20. f. 5. Martini, i. t. 23. f. 217, a and b.
Favanne, t. 30. f. K 1. Enc. Meth. t. 357. f. 1, a and 6.

Inhabits Java. Linneus. China. Humphreys.
The following is Linnzus’s description of this species: “ It
resembles B. Volva, but is much smaller, and of the size of

a horse-bean; is less distended, smooth, and of a whitish

flesh-colour. The beaks are equal, smooth, nearly of the

length of the body, obliquely truncated, and one of them a

little ascending. The outer margin thickened. Aperture

nearly equal, but broader towards the beaks.” ‘Though

Kemmerer has placed it as a Variety of B. Voloa, yet both

he and Born consider Martini’s figure 217 to be the Lin-

nean B. birostris, and in the opinion of many Conchologists,
it is nothing more than a young shell of that species.

SECALE. 7. Shell oblong, sub-cylindrical, acumi-
nated at both extremities, and the outer lip
very slightly thickened at the margin.

Bulla Secale. Solander’s MSS.
Ovula acicularis. Lamarck, Ann. du Mus, xvi. p. 112.
Lister Conch. t 711. f. 66.

BULLA. A753.

Inhabits the American Seas, about the Antilles. Lamarck.
Coasts of Jamaica. Solander.

Shell about half an inch long, of a violet colour, and is more
nearly cylindrical, and has the extremities much less beaked
than B. birostris ; pillar straightish, and nearly entire.

PATULA. 8. Shell slightly beaked at both ends, and
the outer lip thin at the margin; pillar twisted.

Bulla patula. Pennant, iv. p.117. t. 70. f. 85 A. Dono-
van, iv. t. 142. Montagu Test. p. 207. Maton and
Racket in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 121. Dorset Catalogue,
p- 43. t. 12. f. 8.

Inhabits the coast at Weymouth. Pennant. Coast of Devon.
Montagu.

This rare species is an inch long, and half an inch broad, and
is very smooth, white, pellucid, and brittle. It resembles B.
birostris, but differs in having the aperture much wider, and
the margin of the lip not thickened.

SPELTA. 9. Shell oblong, equal and rather obtuse
at the ends; lip arched, and its margin
thickened within.

Bulla spelta. Lin Syst. Nat. p.1182. Martini, i. p. 299.
t. 23. f.215 and 216. Born Mus. p. 199. Schroeter
Einl. i. p. 169. Gmelin, p. 3423. Schreibers Conch.
i, p. 84.

Ovula spelta. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 113.

Lister Conch. t. 712. f. 68. Gualter,-t. 15. f. 4.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Coasts of Naples.
Ulysses.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and rather less than
half as broad, white and rounded at both ends. This is a
doubtful species, and it appears to me probable that all the
figures above referred to may be young shells of B. gibbosa
in different stages of its growth.

veERRuUCOSA. 10. Shell ovate, transversely angular,
with a tubercle at each end.

Bulla verrucosa. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1182. Martini, i.

ain. 323. t. 23. f. 220\and 221. Born Mus.) p. 199.

Schroeter Hinl. i. p. 170. Gmelin, p. 3423. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 84.

Ovula verrucosa. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 111.
Lister Conch, t. 712. f. 67. Rumphius, t. 38.f.H. Pe-

hy

A76 BULLA,.

taver Gaz. t. 99. f. 2, and Amb. t. 16. f. 23. Gualter,

t. 16. f.F. Argenville, t. 18. f. M. Seba, iii. t. 55. f.

17. Knorr, iv. t. 26. f. 7. Favanne, t. 30. f. G2. Enc.
nh | Method. t: 357. £5.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. China. Hum-
phreys.

Shell about an inch long, and eight lines broad ; white, except
at the two ends, which are tinged with red. This species is
distinguished from all others by a single tubercle encircled by
a small groove at each extremity, and it differs from the Cy-
prez principally m its want of teeth in the pillar lip.

GIBBOSA. 11. Shell angular, with a broad protu-
berant transverse belt.

Bulla gibbosa. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1183. Martini, i.
p- 297. t. 22. fig. 211 to 214. Born Mus. p. 200.
Schroeter Einl.1. p.170. Gmelin, p. 3423. Schrei-
bers Conch. i. p. 84.

Ovula gibbosa. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 112.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f.249 and 339. Lister Conch.
t. 711. f. 64. Petiver Gaz. t. 15. f..5.. Gualter; t. 15.
£3. | Argenville, 4. 18... f..Q. Seba, i. t.55. £718,
Knorr, i. t. 14. f. 3and 4, and vi. t. 32. f. 4. Favanne,
t.30. f. G1. Enc. Method. t. 357. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Brazil. Bonanni.

Shell about an inch in length, and half an inch broad; white,
or flesh-coloured, oblong, with a strong much elevated broad
transverse belt, and the aperture destitute of teeth.

NAUCUM. 12. Shell rounded, pellucid, transverse-
ly striated, and umbilicated at both ends.

Bulla Naucum. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1183. Martini, i. p.
290. t. 22. f. 200 and 201. Born Mus. p. 201. Schroe-
ter Kinl. 1. p. 171. Gmelin, p. 3424. Schreibers Conch.
1. p. 85. Bruguierein Enc. Meth. p. 373.

Bonanni Rec. aud Kirch. 3. f. 4. Lister Conch. t. 714.
f.73. Rumphius, t.27.f.H. Gualter, t. 13. f. GG.
Argenville, t. 17. f.Q. Seba, ii. t. 38. f. 45. Knorr,
vi. t. 38. f.2and 3. Favanne, t. 27. f. F9. Ene.
Method. t. 359. f. 5, a and 6.

Inhabits Amboyna. Rumphius. Asia. Linneus. Batavia,

Java, Holalihoe, Island of Oma, and the African Ocean.

Martini.

BULLA. A477

Shell near an mech and a half long, and about an inch broad,
white, pellucid, transversely striated, and slightly wrinkled
longitudinally.

FERRUGINOSA. 13. Shell sub-ovate, equable, pale
grey undulated with brown, and marked with
ferruginous spots, and two white bands.

Bulla ferruginosa. Gmelin, p. 3432.
Bulla, No.3. Schroeter Ein. 1. p. 188.
Martini, i. p. 296. t. 22. f. 209 and 210.

Tuhabits

The above-cited two figures were intended by Martini for the
same shell, though Gmelin refers only to fig. 209, which has
very much the appearance of a young Cyprea, and Schrei-
bers has arranged this species as a variety of Gmelin’s Bulla
ovata, which is the young of Cyprea Mauritiana. Fig. 210
has more the appearance of a Bulla, and is shaped a little
like B. Naucum. Martini describes it to be an inch and a
half long, and to have the outer lip replicated, serrated, and
slightly toothed on the inside, but it appears to me to be a
very doubtful species.

APERTA. 14. Shell somewhat rounded, peliucid,
slightly striated transversely, and the aper-
ture comprising almost the whole shell.

Bulla aperta. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1183. Da Costa Brit.
Conch. p. 30. t. 2. f.3. Born Mus. p. 201. Schroeter
Einl. 1. p.172. t. 1. £. 8, a and 6. Chemnitz, x. p. 119.
t. 146. f. 1354 and 1355. Gmelin, p. 3424. Bruguiere
an Enc. Method. p. 375. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 85.
Montagu Test. p. 208. Vign. 2. f. 1 to 4. Donovan, iv.
t.120. Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 121.
Dorset Cat. p. 43. t. 22. f.3.

Bullea Planciana. Lamarck Syst. des Animauz, p. 63.

Lobaria quadriloba. Miiller Zool. Danica, iii. p. 30. t. 100.
Gmelin, p. 3143.

Philine quadripartita. Ascarius in Act. Stock. 1772. t.10.
f. A and B.

Plancus Appendiz, t.11.f. FandG. Gualter, t.13.f.E E.
rie ton i. vign. at page 266. f. 3. Favanne, t. 27.

7

f. }
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. Linnaeus. Coasts of Bri-
tain, not uncommon.

A478 BULLA.

This shell rarely exceeds half an inch in diameter, and is thin,
pellucid, white, very brittle, and without any external con-
volution or umbilicus; the aperture is so extremely large, that
the whole shell lies open to view, except a small part, where
the inner lip is slightly involuted. Unlike all other shells, ex-
cept those of a few congenerous species, it is not a testace-
ous covering, but is so completely enveloped by the animal,
that not the least trace of it can be discovered, and it is there-
fore more analogous to what is called the shield of a Laply-
sia. In Lamarck’s System it forms a genus which he has
placed among the Naked Mollusca, with the name of Bullea,
but he does not appear to have been aware that it had before
received a similar arrangement from other authors. Gmelin
has described it as Bulla aperta among the Testacea, and
also under Miiller’s name of Lobaria quadriloba among the
Mollusca, without any intimation that they are the same.
Masticatory organs, similar to those of Bulla lignaria,
have been discovered in this species by Mr. Montagu.

CATENA. 15. Shell oval, mimute, pellucid, trans-
versely striated ; spire obtuse ; aperture very
large.

Bulla Catena. Montagu Test. p. 215. t.7. f.7. Maton.
and Racket in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 122.

Inhabits the coasts of Devonshire. Montagu.

Shell rarely exceeds one-tenth of an inch in diameter, white,
glossy, pellucid, finely striated all over, and in shape much
like B. aperta. Mr. Montagu has observed that under a
strong magnifier the striz appear interwoven or formed into
links like a chain; apex obtuse, with~a visible involution.

PLUMULA. 16. Shell ovate-oblong, depressed, wrin-
kled concentrically, and the aperture very
large.

Bulla Plumula. Montagu Test. p. 214. t. 15. f.9, and
Vign. 2. f. 5. Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. viii.
p- 123.
Inhabits the coasts of Devon, on Milton Sands. Montagu.
Shell half an inch long and only half as broad, pellucid, thin,
of a yellowish colour tinged with brown at one end, and the
other end slightly convoluted ; itis strongly wrinkled concen-
trically, and marked with two or three ray-like indentations
running from the margin towards the apex. This shell is

BULLA. 479

concealed under the skin of an animal whose diameter is
nearly double its own.

HYDATIS. 17. Shell rounded, pellucid, and slight-
ly striated longitudinally; apex umbilicated.

Bulla Hydatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1183. Schroeter Evnl.
i. p. 173. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 27. t. 118. f. 1019.
Gmelin, p. 3424. Bruguiere in Enc. Method. p. 374.
Montagu Test. p. 217. Vign. 1. f. 1 to 5. Donovan, in.
t. 88. Maton and Racket in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 123.
Dorset Cat. p. 43. t. 23. f. 10.

Bulla Navicula. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 23. t.1. f. 10.

Bulla hyalina. Gmelin, p. 3402.

Bulla papyracea. Udysses’s Travels, p. 456.

Bulla Physis, Var. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 87.

Bulla, No.1. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 187.

Gualter, t. 13. f. DD. Martini, i. t. 21. f. 199.

inhabits the Mediterranean Sea. Linnaeus. Bay of Tarentum.

Ulysses. Coasts of Britain. Da Costa, &c.

Shell often an inch long and three quarters broad, rather
oval, sub-pellucid, brittle, of a greenish or yellowish horn-
colour, and in shape more like B. Naucum than B. aperta,
to which Gmelin has compared it. The body of the shell is
tumid, and there is no external volution, but in its place is
an umbilicus. Linneus has described B. Hydatis to be
rounded, whereas it is oval, and Gualter’s figure, to which
Linneus has referred, is of a more spherical form than any
other of the figures above quoted, but there does not ap-
pear to be much doubt of their belonging to the same species.

AMPULLA. 18. Shell rounded, opake, dotted in
waves ; apex umbilicated.

Bulla Ampulla. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1183. Martini, i. p.
279 and 280. t. 21. f. 188 to 193. Born Mus. p. 202.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 174. Bruguiere in Enc. Metho-
dique, p. 371. Lamarck Syst. des Animaux, p.90.

Bulla solida. Gmelin, p. 3439.

Lister Conch. t. 713. f. 69, and t. 1056. f. 8. | Rumphius,
t.27.f.G. Petiver Gaz. t.99. f. 14, and dmb. t. 9.
f. 19. Gualter, t.12.f.E. Seba, ii. t. 38. f. 34 to 43,
Knorr, ii. t. 8. f. 1 to 5, andt. 17. f. 6; and vi. t. 21. f.2,
Regenfuss, t. 5. f. 58, and t.8. f.21. Favanne, t. 27.
f. EF 6. Enc. Method. t. 358. f. 3, a and 6.

/

480 BULLA.

Inhabits Amboyna. Rumphius. Mauritius. Lister. 'Tranque-
bar. Regenfuss. East Indies. Martini. Pacific Ocean.
Solander.

Shell varies considerably in size, and is sometimes three inches
long, and near two broad, of an oval form approaching to
globular ; colour white or cinereous, dotted in waves, and
marked with various shades and spots of reddish brown and
blue, or sometimes with flexuous darker lines, or bluish or
yellow transverse bands. Knorr, vi. t. 21. f. 2, undoubted-
ly belongs to this species, and Gmelin has referred to it as
such, though immediately afterwards he has from the same
figure constituted his Bulla solida.

AMYGDALUS. 19. Shell oval-oblong, opake, dotted
in waves ; apex umbilicated ; outer lip con-
tracted in the middle.

Bulla Amygdalus. Solander’s MSS.

Bulla Ibyx. Meuschen. Mus. Gevers. p. 396.

Bulla Ampulla, Var. 6. Schroeter EHinl.1. p. 175. Gmelin,
p- 3425. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 86.

Bulla Ampulla. Pennant, iv. p. 116. Montagu Test. p.
206. t. 7. f.1. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii.
p- 124.

Bulla striata. Bruguzere in Encyc. Meth. p. 372.

Lister Conch. t.714. £.72. Petiver Gaz. t. 50. f. 13.
Gualter, t. 12. f. Fand I. Adanson Senegal, t. 1. f. 2.
Seba, ii. t. 34. f.44. Martini, i. t. 22. f. 202 to 204.
Favanne, t. 27. f. F 2. Enc. Method. t. 358. f. 2,
a and 6.

Inhabits Jamaica. Lister. Barbadoes. Petiver. Mouths of
the Niger. Adanson. Siam, Goree, and the Isle of Elva.
Martini.

This species varies almost equally in its markings, and is very
nearly allied to B. Ampulla, but the shell is smaller, and
more oblong, and the outer lip is contracted or pressed in-
wards about its middle towards the pillar.

LIGNARIA. 20. Shell ovate, rather oblong, trans-
versely striated, and sub-umbilicated at the
apex.

Bulla lignaria. anneus Syst. Nat. p. 1184. Martini,

1. p. 284, t. 21. f. 194 and‘195. Pennant Zool. iv. p.
116. t. 70, f.83, Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 26. t. 1.

BULLA. 481

f.9. Born Mus. p. 202. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 175.
Gmelin, p. 3425. Humphreys in Lin. Trans. ii. p. 15.
t.2. f. 18. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 86. Montagu Test.
p- 205. Bruguiere in Enc. Method. p. 378. “Maton
and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 125. Dorset Cata-
logue, p- 43. t. 23. f. 9.

Bonanni Rec. Supp. f. 16, and Kirch. 3. f. 406. Lister
Conch. t. 714. f.71. Knorr, vi. t. 37. f. 4 and 5. Enc.
Method. t. 359. f. 3.

Inhabits the Adriatic Sea. Plancus. Syracuse. Klein. Coasts
of Naples. Ulysses. Great Britain. Pennant, &c.

Shell usually about two inches long, and one and a quarter
broad at the base, very brittle, and yellowish brown, with
numerous transverse striz of a lighter colour, which give it
some resemblance to veined wood; the aperture at the base
is wide, but becomes narrower towards the apex, which
is umbilicated, and exhibits the columella throughout its
whole length ; the inside is white. Mr. Humphreys, in the
Linnean Transactions, has given a particular account of the
masticatory organs which he has discovered in this species, and
similar organs have since been found in several others of this
family. ‘These Gizzards have themselves so much the appear-
ance of small shells, that they have been described as such
by M. Gioéni, a Sicilian Naturalist, and formed into a sepa-
rate genus of Testacea by Bruguiere with the name of Gie-
nia, and also by Retzius with that of Triclu,

PECTINATA. 2]. Shell ovate, rough, with the
aperture pectinated at its base; apex trun-
cated.

Bulla scabra. Muller Zool. Danica, ii. p.41. t.71. f. 10
to 12. Bruguiere in Enc. Meth. p. 376. t. 360. f. 3, a,
b, and c.

Inhabits the coasts of Denmark. Mudler.

Shell about a quarter of an inch long, and half as broad; yel-
lowish, rough to the touch, and the roughness occasioned by
moniliform strie, which are only to be distinguished with a
glass. This species differs from all others, and may be rea-
dily known by its having the lower margin of the aperture
strongly pectinated. ‘The shape bears some resemblance to
that of B, lignaria. Muller and Chemnitz in the same year
described two very different shells with the name of B. sca-
bra, and as neither has the preference on the score of priori-
ty, 1 have changed the name of the present species, because
it offers another which is peculiarly applicable.

VOL. I. 2k

482 BULLA.

SsOLUTA. 22. Shell sub-cylindrical, transversely
striated, with the outer whirl detached ; apex
truncated and channelled.

Bulla soluta. Chemnitz, x. p. 123. t. 146. f. 1359 to 1361.
Gmelin, p. 3434.
Bulla Ceylonica. Brugwere Enc. Meth. p. 377.

Inhabits Ceylon. Chemnitz.

Shell rather more than an inch and a half long, and ten lines
broad. It appears, from Chemnitz’s description, to be very
nearly allied to B. Akera, and to differ principally in being
more cylindrical, much larger, and more distinctly striated.

AKERA. 23. Shell ovate, with the outer whirl de-
tached ; apex truncated and channelled.

Bulla Akera. Gmelin, p. 3434. Kemmerer Cab. Ru-
dolstadt, p. 127. t.3. f. 1 to 3. Montagu Test. p. 219.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vin. p. 125. Dor-
set Cat. p. 43. t. 22. f. 12.

Bulla soluta parva. Chemnitz, x. p. 122. t. 146. f. 1358,
ING. tO. 3.

Bulla soluta. U/lysses’s Travels, p. 455.

Bulla Norwegica. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p.377.

Bulla resiliens. Donovan, iii. t. 79.

Akera bullata. Muller Zool. Dan. ii. p. 88. t. 71. f. 1 to 5.

{nhabits the coasts of Norway. Muller. Bay of Tarentum.
Ulysses. Great Britain. Donovan, &c.

Shell about three quarters of an inch long, and rather less than
halfan inch broad; thin, pellucid, horn-coloured, somewhat
wrinkled longitudinally, and appearing minutely striated when
magnified. ‘The lip is extremely thin, and the external vo-
lution is unconnected at its extremities with the inner whirls;
the aperture is large at the base, but contracts towards the
apex, which is truncated, convoluted, and channelled, with
the whole columella visible.

Muller, in the Zoologia Danica, t.71. f.6to9, has figured
another species allied to B. Akera, but has not given any
description, and the figures are copied in the Encyclopédie
Methodique, t. 360. f. 4. a, 6, c.

pHysis. 24. Shell rounded, very smooth, pellu-
cid, with waved transverse stripes; spire re-
tuse.

BULLA. 483

Bulla Physis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1184. Martini, i. p. 286.
t. 21. f. 196 and 197. Born Mus. p. 203. Schroeter
Einl. i. p. 176. Gmelin, p. 3425. Bruguiere Enc.
Method. p. 379. Schreibers Conch. i. P: 74:

Gualter, t. 13. f. FF. Seba, iii. t. 38. f. 46 to 50. Encyc.
Meth. t. 359. f. 4.

Variety. Shell larger, and the stripes black.

Bulla virgata. Martyn Univ. Conch. i. t. 11.

Inhabits the East Indies. Martini. Sandwich Islands. Mar-
tyn. Pulo Condore. Humphreys.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and an inch broad; _pel-
lucid, white, with undulated transverse brown stripes more
or less crowded ; the aperture is large, and the spire depress-
ed. B. virgata is represented twice as large, with all the
stripes darker, and some quite black ; but in other respects
it answers to the more common appearance of this species.

NITIDULA. 25. Shell oval, white, with straight
| transverse, and waved longitudinal red lines :
spire convex.

Bulla nitidula. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue.

Bulla undata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p: 380.

Lister Conch. t.715. £.74. Martini, i. p. 283. Vign. at
p- 274. f. 4 and 5.

Inhabits the West Indies. Humphreys.

Shell about five lines long, and three broad; thin, brittle,
white, and marked with three straight transverse red lines,
crossed by several longitudinal ones of the same colour ;
which are undulated. This is a perfectly distinct species,
though it has been strangely confounded with B. Physis by
Schroeter and Gmelin.

AMPLUSTRE. 26. Shell roundish, white, with two
flesh-coloured bordered zones ; spire elevat-
ed, retuse.

Bulla Amplustre. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1184. Chemnitz, x.
p. 116. t. 146. f. 1350 and 1351. Gmelin, p. 3426.
Bruguiere in Enc. Method. p. 381.

Martini, i, Vign. 14. at p. 274. £3. Kammerer Cab. Ru-
dolst. t. 9. f.5. Enc. Method. t. 359. f. 2.

Inhabits the Molucca and Nicobar Islands. Chemnitz. China.

Humphreys.

912

484 BULLA.

Shell about half an inch long, and the breadth about two-thirds
of the length; thin, delicate, white, with two flesh-coloured
broad transverse zones, which are bordered by blackish lines ;
the zones and the white interstices are nearly equally broad ;
the pillar is somewhat twisted, and the spire slightly ele-
vated.

vELUM. 27. Shell sub-globular, yellowish, with
bordered white zones; spire umbilicated.

Bulla Velum. Gmelin, p. 5433.

Bulla Amplustre. Born Mus. p. 204. t.9. f. 1.

Bulla Vexillum Nigritarum. Chemnitz, x. p. 114. t. 146.
f. 1348 and 1349.

Bulla zonata. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue,
p- 164. lot 3561.

Bulla, No. 5 and No. 6. Schroeter Ennl. i. p. 188.

Bulla fasciata. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 380.

Argenville, t.17.f.1. Enc. Method t. 359. f. 1, a andb.

Inhabits ‘Tranquebar. Chemnitz.

Shell about eighteen lines long, and fifteen broad ; brittle, yel-
lowish, noniked at both extremities and in the middle with
a white, rather narrow, transverse band bordered with brown.
The spire is retuse, and umbilicated, which is sufficient at
once to distinguish this species from b. Amplustre.

SCABRA. 28. Shell ovate, slightly keeled on the
back, and rough with decussated strie ;
spire slightly elevated, obtuse.

Bulla scabra. Chemnitz, x. p. 118. t. 146. f. 1352 and
1353. Gmelin, p. 3434.
Inhabits the coasts of Java. Chemnitz.
Shell half an inch long, and rather more than half as broad ;
white, with rose-coloured longitudinal lines, and decussated
striz ; pillar sinuous and reflected.

Ficus. 29. Shell pear-shaped, with a produced
beak ; thin, brittle, and rough with cancella-
ted ae

Bulla Ficus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1184. Martini, iti. p. 22.
t. 66. f. 734, 735. Born Ms p. 204. Schroeter Einl.
i. p. 177, and Inn Bau Conch. Ms 18.t.2.f.5. Gmelin,
p. a426: Schreibers Conch. i. p. 87.

BULLA. 485

Pyrula Ficus. Lamarck Syst. des Animaux, p. 82.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. ii. f. 15. Lister Conch. t. 750.
f. 46, and t. 751. f.46a. Rumphius, t. 27.f. K. “Pe-
tiver Amb. t. 6.f.9. Gualter, t. 26.f. 1. Argenville,
t. 172f..O7; Knorr; i. t.01Q. f. 4, ands vi t. 27. £. 7.
Klein Ost. t. 5. £. 93. Seba, ii. t. 68. f. 5 and 6. Fa-
vanne, t. 23. f. H 5.

Variety. With transverse ribs and longitudinal striz.
Gualter, t. 26. f. M. Seba, iii. t. 68. f. 1 to 4. Knorr,

lil, t. 23. f. 1. Martini, iii. p. 21. t. 66. f. 733.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Bonanni.. Amboyna. Rumphius.
The Antilles. Martini. China. Humphreys.

Shell about three inches long, and more than half as broad,
with cancellated striz all over its outer surface ; the colour
is whitish or brownish, with paler longitudinal lines, or trans-
verse spotted bands. The shell above referred to as a variety
is longer in proportion to its breadth, and has the transverse
ribs much broader and more distant than its longitudinal
stri, so that it may probably prove to be a distinct species.
Linneus in Mus. Lud, Ulrica has placed B. Ficus (as well
as B. Rapa) among the Murices, and they have the straight
canal, which is the Jeading feature of that genus,

PyRUM. 30. Shell pear-shaped, thick, and faintly
striated transversely ; beak produced ; aper-
ture spreading.

Bulla Ficus, Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3426. Schreibers Conch.
1. p. 87.

Bulla, No.7. Schroeter Einl.i. p. 189.

Lister Conch. t. 877. f. 1. Martini, ii. p. 27. t. 66. f.
736 and 737.

Inhabits ——

This shell is nearly of the same size and form as B. Ficus, but
is said to be thick and ponderous, and Martini doubted whe-
ther it might not be a variety of Murex canaliculatus. It
is represented white, with stripes of red, and there appears
in the figure to be a red grooved transverse band round the
middle of the body-whirl.

RAPA. 31. Shell sub-globose, turbinated, slightly
striated, with a curved beak, and finely
wrought spire.

Bulla Rapa. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1184. Martini, in.

486 BULLA.

p. 27. t. 68. f. 747 to 749. Born Mus. p. 205. Schroe-
ter Einl. i. p. 179. Gmelin, p. 3426. Schreibers Conch.
1. p. 88.

Rumphius, t. 27. f. F. Petiver Amb. t. 9. f. 8. Argen-
ville, t. 17. f. K. Seba, iii. t. 38. f. 13 to 24. Knorr,
1. t. 19. f. 5.

Variety. With the body-whirl transversely ribbed.

Seba, iii. t. 68. f. 7 and 8. Chemnitz, x. t. 146. f. 1364 to
1366.

Inhabits Amboyna. Rumphius. Asiatic Ocean. Linnaus.
China. Humphreys.

Shell two inches long, and rather more than an inch and a half
broad, whitish or yellowish, in shape somewhat resembling a
turnip, and ending in a short curved wrinkled beak. I can-
not discover its claim to be placed in this Genus.

CANALICULATA. 382. Shell cylindrical, with the
whirls of the spire grooved.
Bulla canaliculata. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1185. Gmelin, p.
3427.
Inhabits
Linneus says that this species is of a testaceous colour marked

with paler clouds, and it has not been ascertained by any
subsequent author.

CONOIDEA. 33. Shell oblong, turbinated, smooth,
substriated at the base; sutures crenulated.

Bulla conoidea. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1185. Gmelin, p.
3427.

Inhabits

No author has noticed this species besides Linnzeus, who de-
scribes it to be of the size of an acorn, yellowish white, shaped
like a Cone, and scarcely striated, except with dotted striz
towards the base; spire conical, half as long as the shell ;
whirls thin, imbricated, and dotted at the sutures, so as to
appear crenulated ; base emarginate; pillar with five or six
folds, and the pillar-lip obtuse.

voLuTA. 34. Shell cylindrical, smooth, olive;
aperture efiuse; pillar inflected and _ trun-
cated.
Bulla Voluta. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 16. t. 117. f. 1009
and 1010. Gmelin, p. 3433.
Bulimus Glans. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 365.

BULLA. 487

Inhabits

Shell two inches long, and three-quarters of an inch broad, ob-
long, consisting of seven whirls, of which the first occupies
three-fourths of the length; the colour is described to be
olive green, but the figures are painted more ochraceous, and
the sutures nearly white, with a crenulated appearance.

DOMINICENSIS. 35. Shell sub-cylindrical, longi-
tudinally striated and banded; sutures cre-
nulated ; pillar smuated and truncated.

Bulla Dominicensis. Gmelin, p. 3433.

Bulla turrita et maculata. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 17.
f. 072.5. LOL,

Bulimus maculatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 365.

Inhabits St. Domingo. Chemnitz.

This shell resembles B. Voluta, but is somewhat less, and has
nine whirls, of which the first occupies rather a smaller pro-
portion of the length; it is of a pale reddish colour, longi-
tudinally striated, and the whirls marked with a few distant
short brown longitudinal bands; the sutures are crenulated
and granulated.

CRASSULA. 36. Shell ovate, ventricose, rather thick,
with the whirls reversed; spire rather pro-
minent.

Bulla fontinalis, Var. 8. Gmelin, p. 3407.

Helix, No. 84. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 201.

Lister Conch. t. 135, f. 35. Petiver Gaz. t. 106. f. 16.
Chemnitz, ix. t. 103. f. 879, 880.

Inhabits Virginia. Lister. West Indies. Chemnitz.

This shell is nearly allied to Bulla fontinalis, but is almost
twice as large, and differs from that as well as the other three
following species, in being much thicker, and not brittle or
pellucid.

FONTINALIS. 37. Shell ovate, pellucid, with the
whirls reversed; spire obsolete; aperture
ovate-oblong.

Bulla fontinalis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1185. Schroeter Einl.
i. p. 181. Gmelin, p. 3427. Montagu Test. p. 226.
Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 126. t. 4. f..1.
Dorset Cat. p. 43. t. 21. f. 6.

Planorbis Bulla. Muller Vermium, ii. p. 167.

Bulimus fontinalis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 306.

488 BULLA.

Turbo adversus. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 96. t. 5. f. 6.
Helix bulloides. Donovan, v. t. 168. f. 2. Maton and
Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 223.

Lister Amm. Ang. t. 2 f. 25, and Conch. t. 134. f. 34.
Gualter, t.5.f. CC. Favanne, t. 61. f. E 9.

Inhabits rivers and pools on aquatic plants in Great Britain, and
many other parts of Europe.

Shell about half an inch long, and half as broad, extremely
brittle, horn-coloured, and pellucid, with reversed whirls, of
which the lowest is inflated and constitutes almost the whole
of the shell. Bruguiere has confounded Bulla rivalis with
this species.

RIVALIS. 38. Shell oval, pellucid, with the whirls
reversed ; spire prominent, acute; aperture
ovate-oblong.

Bulla rivalis. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. vii. p.
126. t. 4. f.2. Montagu, Supp. p. 97.

Bulla fontinalis. Schroeter Flussconch. p. 269. t. 6. f. 16,
aand b. Chemnitz, ix. p. 30. t. 103. f. 877 and 878.

La Bulle aquatique. Geoffroy, p. 101. No. 10. t. 3.

Favanne, t. 61. f. E 6.

Inhabits pools and rivers in Great Britain, and other parts of
Europe. West Indies. Montagu.

This shell is intermediate between B. fontinalis and B. Hyp-
norum, and is readily distinguished from the former by the
spire being more acute and produced, and the lower part of
the aperture more contracted; and from the latter by having
the spire more conical, and more acutely pointed. Mr.
Montagu says, that in the West Indies it grows to twice the
size of British shells,

HYPNORUM. 39. Shell ovate, pellucid, with the
whirls reversed; spire prominent; aperture
ovate lanceolate.

Bulla Hypnorum. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1185. Chemnitz,
ix. p. 34. t. 103. f. 882 and 883, a, 6, andc. Gmelin,
p. 3428. Montagu Test. p. 228. Maton and Racket,
am Lin. Trans. vil. p. 127. t. 4, £.3. Dorset Catalogue,
p. 43. t. 18. f, 20.

Planorbis turritus. Muller Verm. ii. p. 169.

Bulimus Hypnorum. Bruguiere in Encyclopédie Metho-
dique, p. 301.

Helix marmorata. Gmelin, p. 3665.

BULLA. 489

Helix achatina. Gmelin, p. 3665.

Helix, No. 240. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 245, &c.

Lister Conch. t. 1059. f. 5. Petiver Gaz. t. 10. f. 8.
Schroeter Fluss. t. 6. f. 9, and f. 15. a and 6.

Inhabits ponds and ditches in Great Britain, and many other

parts of Europe.

This species a good deal resembles B. fontinalis, but is more
glossy and of a darker colour, has a produced taper spire,
and the aperture is shorter and more contracted. Gmelin’s
Helix achatina appears to differ from his H. marmorata,
only in being a younger shell.

GELATINOSA. 40. Shell ventricose, very brittle,
pellucid, with the whirls reversed ; spire ob-
solete; aperture ending in a beak.

Bulla gelatinosa. Gmelin, p. 3428.
Planorbis gelatinus. Muller Verm. ii. p. 170. Schroeter
Fluss. p. 293. :
Inhabits the rivers of Denmark, but is very rare. Muller.
Shell two and a half lines long, ventricose, tawny, diaphanous,
shining, extremely slender and brittle, and as light as a fea-
ther; the first whirl is very large, the others obsolete and
depressed so as to form a broad blunt summit; the aperture
-ends in a long and very sharp point. Inhabitant grey, thrice
as large as the shell which it completely envelopes in a thick
gelatinous membrane.

TEREBELLUM. 41. Shell cylindrical, with a subu-
late spire ; and the base truncated.

Bulla Terebellum. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1185. Martini,
il. p. 191. t. 51. f. 568 and 569. Chemnitz, x. p. 124.
t. 146. f. 1362 and 1363. Born Mus. p. 206. Schroe-
ter Einl. i. p. 168, and Inn Bau Conch. p. 15. t. 2. f. 3.
Gmelin, p. 3428. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 91.
‘Terebellum subulatum. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 72,
~ and Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 301.
La Tariere. Favanne, ii. p. 805. t. 19. f. D.
Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 8. f. 57. Lister Conch. t.736.
f. 30 and 31, and t. 737. f. 32. Rumphius, t. 30. f. S.
Pet. Amb. t. 13, f. 24. Gualter, t. 23. f. O. Argen-
ville, t.11.f.G. Klein Ost. t. 2. f. 48 and 49. Knorr,
net. 4. f.4 and 5. Enc. Meth. t. 360. f. 1.a, 6, and c.
Inhabits Amboyna. Rumphius. Mindanao, and the Isle of
France. Favanne.

490 BULLA.

Shell usually about two inches long, and half an inch broad,
and shaped like a Cone; the colour is white, and Born has
enumerated the following Varieties in the markings: 1st, with
scattered minute dots ; 2d, clouded with spots and dots; 3d,
with dotted lines; and 4th, with angular oblique lines: these
markings are generally of a reddish colour, and the shell is
sometimes wholly white.

cYyPREA. 42. Shell oblong, ventricose, sub-cylin-
drical, and of a chestnut colour; aperture
effuse, and the pillar somewhat twisted.

Bulla Cyprea. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1185.

Ancillaria cinnamomea. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p.
304.

Ancilla cinmamomea. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 73.

Martini, ii. t. 65. f. 731.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus.

Shell about an inch long, and half as broad, and agrees so well with
the Linnean description of B. Cyprea, that I have no hesi-
tation in considering it to be the same. The figures referred
to for this species by Born, Schroeter, Gmelin, and Schrei-
bers, are young Cypraze. The spire is short, and the whirls
indistinct, and the pillar at its base has a thick, somewhat
striated oblique enlargement.

VENTRICOSA. 43. Shell ovate, ventricose, and of a
yellowish orange colour; aperture effuse,
with a white smooth oblique enlargement on
the pillar. ;

Ancillaria ventricosa. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 304.
Cylindrus torosus. Mus. Gevers. p. 380, No. 1201.
Voluta, No. 38. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 258.
Lister Conch. t.746. f. 40.
Inhabits
Lamarck describes this species to be nearly an inch long, but
Lister’s figure, which he says it in other respects resembles,
is half as large again, and it is much more ventricose than the
preceding species; the spire is small, and the sutures indis-
tinct.

ampta. 44. Shell elongated, semicylindrical, white,
and the spire very small; aperture efluse,
with a striated oblique enlargement on the
pillar.

BULLA. 491

Voluta ampla. Gmelin, p. 3467.
Voluta, No. 232. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 303.
Ancillaria candida. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 304.
Martini, i. t. 65. f. 722.
Tnhabits
Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and less than half as
broad, white, and sometimes has a few orange spots towards
the spire; the spire is very short and pointed, and the su-
tures are obsolete.

viRGINEA. 45. Shell conical, with particoloured
transverse bands; pillar truncated ; aperture
purple.

Bulla Virginea. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1186. Born Mus. p.
207. Schroeter £lussconch. p. 335. t. 8. f. 3 and 4, and
Einl. i. p.184, and Inn Bau Conch. p. 42. t.5. f. 7.
Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 8. t. 117. f. 1000 to 1003. Gme-
lin, p. 3429. Shaw’s Nat. Misc. viii. t. 268.

Bulla ambigua. Gmelin, p. 3431.

Bulla, No. 21. Schroeter Evnl. 1. p. 193.

Buccinum Virgineum. Muller Verm. iu. p. 143.

Bulimus Virgineus. Brugwere Enc. Meth. p. 363.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 66. Luster Conch. t. 15.
f. 10. Petiver Gaz. t. 22. f. 11, and t. 151. f. 1. Gual-
ter, t.6.f. A. Argenville,t.11.f.N. Klein Ost. t.7.
f. 116. Seba, i. t. 40. f. 38. Knorr, i. t. 30. f.7, and
vi. t. 28. f.4. Favanne, t.65.f.G 1.

Variety. With the whirls reversed.

Favanne, t. 65. f.G 4. Chemnitz, x. t. 173. f. 1682 and
1683.

Inhabits rivers in Africa. Linneus, Barbadoes. Lister. Cuba
and Surinam. Humphreys.

Shell sometimes two inches long, and nearly half as broad,
formed by eight whirls gradually tapermg to a point; colour
white, or bluish with transverse bands of red, green, yellow,
black, or brown, and varying in number, Gmelin after hav-
ing cited the same figure for B. Virginea, has afterwards
constituted another species with the name of B. ambigua,
from Knorr, vi. t. 28. f. 4, which, though badly executed,
was certainly intended either for B. Virginea or B. fasciata.

FASCIATA. 46. Shell conical, with transverse
bands; pillar sub-truncated, and the aper-
ture white.

492 BULLA.

Bulla fasciata. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 13. t. 117. f. 1004
to 1006. Gmelin, p. 3430.

Bulla Virginea, Var. 6. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1186. Schroe-
ter Einl. i. p. 185.

Buccinum fasciatum. Muller Vermium, ii. p. 145.

Bulimus Vexillum. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 362.

Laster Conch. t. 12. f.7. Gualter, t.6.f. Cand D.. Ar-
genville, t. 11. f. M. Klein Ost. t. 2. f..43. Seba, iii.
t. 39. f. 62 to 74. Knorr, v. t. 25. f.4. Regenfuss, t.
10. f. 46. Favanne, t. 65. f. G 2, G3, G 5, and G 6.

Variety. Shell more ventricose, and the outer Jip emargined.
Bulimus yentricosus.. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 363.?
Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 16. t. 117. f. 1007 and 1008.

Inhabits the Indies. Mudler.

Resembles B. Virginea, but is rather larger, less polished, and
the pillar is not so distinctly truncated; the shell is white
and variously banded, but the colours are usually less mixed
than in the foregoing species. It has not been ascertained
whether this is a land or fresh-water species. Chemnitz’s
shell referred to for a Variety may probably be distinct, and
both its aperture and general appearance approaches still
nearer to.a Helix.

STRIGATA. 47. Shell conical, acuminated, glabrous,
with undulated yellow streaks; pillar straight,
reflected.

Bulla strigata. Gmelin, p. 3430.

Buccinum strigatum. Muller Vermium, i. p. 148.
Inhabits
Shell two and a quarter inches long, and one inch broad, white,

glabrous, without any distinct striz, and marked with waved

equidistant yellow streaks; whirls eight, not so much pro-
duced as in B. striatula, between which and B. fasciata
this is an intermediate species; pillar perforated, straight,
and reflected ; aperture ovate-oblong, of a pale bluish co-

lour. Bruguiere suspects that this is only a Variety of B.

striatula,

STRIATULA. 48. Shell conical, white, and striated ;
pular straight and reflected.

Bulla striatula. Gmelin, p. 3430.

Buccinum striatulum, Muller Vermium, i. p. 147.

Bulimus striatulus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 329.
Inhabits

BULLA. 493

Shell from fourteen to twenty-two lines long, and from six to
eight broad ; is very nearly allied to B. strigata, but is wholly
white, and has not a vestige of any bands or other markings.

EXARATA. 49. Shell oblong, acuminated, white,
grooved ; sutures crenulated, and the body-
whirl transversely keeled below.

Bulla exarata. Gmelin, p. 3431.

Buccinum exaratum. Muller Verm. ii. p. 148. Schroeter
Flussconch. p. 390. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. t. 120. f. 1031,
1032.

Bulimus exaratus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 361.
Inhabits Guinea, and is a fresh-water species. Chemnitz.
Shell two inches long, and rather more than half as broad,

brittle, pellucid, grooved (or rather wrinkled) longitudinally,

white, without any coloured markings. Whirls six or seven,
crenulated at the sutures, and the upper ones smooth ; outer
lip acute, slightly reflected; pillar straight, imperforate.

Chemnitz’s shell has an unpolished, unfinished appearance,

and only the body-whirl is keeled.

TRUNCATA. 50. Shell oblong, turrited, white, stri-
ated longitudinally ; sutures crenulated ; pil-
lar truncated and inflected.

Bulla truncata. Gmelin, p. 3434.
Buccinum striatum. Muller Vermium, ii. p. 149. Chem-
nitz, 1x. part 2. p. 36. t. 120. f. 1028 to 1030.
Bulimus striatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 366.
Helix tenera. Gmelin, p. 3653.
Seba, iii. t. 71. f.6. Kammerer Cab. Rud. p. 128. t. 16
£5;
Inhabits
Shell two or three inches long, and not much more than one
third as broad; white, longitudinally striated, and has the
same unpolished and unfinished appearance as B. exarata,
to which it is nearly allied, but may at once be distinguished
by its far more slender form.

PRIAMUS. 51. Shell ovate, ventricose, with trans-
verse rows of distinct spots; pillar sinuated,
outer lip acute.

Bulla Stercus-pulicum. Gmelin, p. 3434.

Buccinum Stercus-pulicum. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 35.
t. 120, f. 1026 and 1027.

494 BULLA.

Helix Priamus. Gronovius Zooph. p. 335. t. 19. f. 10 and
11. Schroeter Evnl. i. p. 236.
Helix Priapus. Gmelin, p. 3654.
Bulimus Priamus. eset Enc. Meth. p. 360.
Inhabits Guinea and the West India Islands. Cheats
Shell near three inches long, and half as broad, very thin, of a
chestnut or cimmamon-colour, with four or five transverse rows
of distant squarish darker spots. ‘The first whirl constitutes
about two thirds of the shell. Gronovius suspects it is a
fresh-water species.

ZEBRA. 952. Shell ovate, acuminated, with longi-
tudinal brown bands; pillar inflected and
entire. |

Bulla Zebra. Gmelin, p. 3431. Schroeter Flussconch. p.
325.
Buccinum Zebra. Muller Vermium, ii. p. 138. Chemnitz,
ix. part 2. p. 24. t. 118. f. 1015 and 1016.
Bulimus undatus. Bruguiere in Enc. Meth. p. 320.
Lister Conch. t. 11. f. 6, t. 10. f..5, and t. 580. f. 34. Seba,
il. t. 39. f. 54 and 55. Faoanne, t. 65. f. M 4.
Inhabits Guinea. Chemnitz. And is 2 land shell. Lister.
Shell from an inch and a quarter, to two inches and a quarter
long, and about half as broad; glabrous, pellucid, white,
with irregular, waved longitudinal bands, of which some
are dark brown, and others pale greyish purple; the outer
lip is acute, and bordered on both sides with brown; the
pillar is not truncated, and the species ought to be removed
to the Helices.

ACHATINA. 53. Shell ovate-oblong; with reddish
longitudinal bands; pillar truncated and
channelled.

Bulla achatina. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1186. Born Mus. p
208. Schroeter Fluss. p. 301. t. 6. f. 1, and Erni. i. a
185. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 18. t. 118. f. 1012 and
1013. Gmelin, p. 3432.

Bulimus achatinus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 358.

Buccinum achatinum. Muller Verm. ii. p. 140.

Achatina variegata. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 91.

‘Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 192, and Kirch. f. 190. Lister Ponch.
t. 579. f.34. Gualter » 45. f. B. . Argenville, t. 10.

: BULLA. 495

f. Ee Knorr, .in..t. 3. f..1. Klein. Ost. t.. 3. f..60;
Seba, ili. t. 71. f. 1 to 3, and 7 to 10. Regenfuss, ii. t.
7.1.5. Favanne, t. 65. f. M5.

Variety. With narrower longitudinal bands, and the pillar

white. :
Bulla Zebra. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 22. t. 118. f. 1014,
_Bulimus Zebra. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 357.
Argenville App. t.2. f. L. Seba, ui. t. 71. f. 4 and 5.
Knorr, v.t. 12. f. 2. Born Mus. t. 10. f. 1. Favanne,
t. 65. f. M 3.

Inhabits the American Ocean. Linnaeus? Jamaica. Lister.
Cayanne. D’ Herbigny. Guinea, Cape of Good Hope, and
the East Indies. Humphreys. Is a land shell. Chemnitz,
&e.

Shell about four inches long, and rather more than half as
broad, and the following Varieties in colour and markings
are described by Muller: 1st, white with a crimson apex ; 2d,
white with a yellow apex; 3d, yellow or white with crimson
pillar, and 4th, which is B. Sebra of Chemnitz, has narrow
crowded red bands, and a white pillar. It is most com-
monly white with broadish brown, or reddish longitudinal
waved bands, and the inside white. Born has figured t. 10.
f. 2. a white ponderous shell, which he has also arranged as
a Variety, but it appears to me to be perfectly distinct, and
Schroeter has arranged it as a separate species. See Evnlei-
tung, 1. p. 194, No. 23. The 3d Variety with a. crimson
pillar is Bulimus fulvus of Bruguiere.

PURPUREA. 54. Shell ovate, ventricose, longitudi-
nally wrinkled, and streaked; pillar trun-
cated, and, as also the inside, purple.

Bulla purpurea. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 25. t. 118. f. 1017
and 1018. Gmelin, p. 3433.

Bulimus purpurascens. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 360.

Bulla achatina, Var. Shaw Nat. Misc. vii. t. 248, and xil.
t.438.

Lister Conch. t. 581. f. 35. Knorr, iv, t. 24. f. 1.

Inhabits Africa, and is a land shell. Chemnitz.

Shell about three and a half inches long, and two inches broad,
and differs from B. achatina, principally in having the pillar
and inside purple. Chemnitz has described the inner margin
of the aperture with a black border, but the shell is figured
without one, and [ never saw a specimen with such a mark,

496 BULLA.

BICARINATA. 55. Shell ovate, obtuse, ventricose,
~with the whirls reversed and_bicarinated ;
pillar truncated.

Bulimus bicarinatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 359.
Bulla Zebra, Var. y. Gmelin, p. 3431.
Bulla achatina sinistrorsa. Chemnitz, ix. part 1. p. 28. t.
103. f. 875 and 876.
Buccinum, No. 72. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 374.
Lister Conch. t. 37. f. 36,
Inhabits
Shell six inches long, and half as broad; it differs from B.
achatina, not only in having the whirls reversed, and the
summit less pointed, but the body-whirl has a double trans-
verse keel in the middle, which follows the course of the

spire at the base of the second whirl, and the inside is bluish
white.

CYLINDRICA. 56. Shell cylindrical, mvoluted, um-
bilicated at the apex, and striated at the two
extremities.

Bulla cylindrica. Helbings Beytrage, iv. p. 122. t. 2. f.
30 and 31. Chemnitz, x. p. 121. t. 146. f. 1356 and
1357. Gmelin, p. 3433.

Bulla solida. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 374.

Favanne, t. 27.f. F 5. Enc. Method. t. 360. f. 2.
Inhabits the East Indies, and the South Sea. Chemnitz.
Chemnitz says that the largest specimen in his own collection

measured only eleven lines, but those from Spengler’s Mu-

seum, which he has figured, are seventeen lines long and
eight broad. The colour is white, and the shell is smooth
in the middle, but striated transversely at the two extremities.

The aperture is oblong, extending the whole length of the

shell, with the outer lip replicated, and the pillar sinuous.

CYLINDRACEA. 57. Shell cylindrical, involuted, um-

bilicated at the apex, smooth, aperture very
narrow.

Bulla cylindracea. Pennant Brit. Zool. iv. p. 117. t. 70.
f.85. Montagu Test. p. 221. t.7. f.2. Maton and
Racket, in Lin Trans. vii. p. 127. Dorset Cat. p. 43.
t. 18. f. 22.

Bulla Oliva. Gmelin, p. 3433.

Bulla cylindrica. Donovan, iv. t. 120. f. 2.

Bulla, No. 16. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 192.

BULLA. 497

Volvaria bulloides. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 93.
Laster Conch. t. 714. f. 70, right hand figure,

Inhabits the coasts of Britain, Lister, &c.

Shell about eight lines long and three broad, white, smooth,
with the aperture extending through the whole length, very
narrow, and a little dilated at the base, It differs from the
foregoing species not only in size, but also in having the
aperture much narrower, and in the want of striz at the two
ends. Though the description, taken from Schroeter’s
Eiuleitung, is singularly erroneous respecting the aperture,
it is obvious that Gmelin’s B. Oliva was constituted entirely
from Lister’s figure of this species.

UMBILICATA. 58. Shell oblong-oval, imvoluted,
minute, rounded and umbilicated at the
apex. :

Bulla umbilicata. Montagu Test. p. 222. t. 7. f.4. Ma-
ton and Racket in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 129.
Inhabits the sea in Falmouth Harbour. Montagu.
Shell one eighth of an inch long, and half as broad, white,
and differs from 5. cylindracea in being less cylindrical, and
broader in proportion to its length.

RETUSA. 59. Shell sub-cylindrical, involuted, mi-
nute, striated longitudinally on the upper
part; apex truncated and umbilicated.

Bulla retusa. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p.
128,

Bulla truncata. Adams in Lin. Trans. v. t. 1. f. 1 and 2,
Montagu Test. p. 223. t. 7. f. 5. .

Inhabits the coast of Pembrokeshire. ddams, West of Eng-
land. Montagu.

This species has the habit, and is of the same size as B. um-
bilicata, but differs in being truncated at the apex, in being
striated longitudinally on the upper part, and -in having the
aperture most contracted in the middle,

oBTusA. 60. Shell cylindrical, involuted, with the
spire somewhat prominent.

Bulla obtusa. Montagu Test. p. 223. t. 7. f. 3. Maton
and Racket in Lin. Trans. vii. p. 128. Dorset Cat. p.
44. t. 18. f. 14.
Bulla Regulbiensis. Adams's Micros. p. 640. t. 14. f. 28.
Walker’s Minute Shells, fig. 62.
YOL, I. 2%

498 BULLA.

Inhabits the coasts of Brita. Walker, &c.

Shell a quarter of an inch long, and half as broad, white,
opake, wrinkled longitudinally, and becoming rather nar-
rower towards the apex. Mr. Montagu says it differs from
B. retusa, not only in bemg much larger, but also in the
produced volutions, in the aperture not reaching quite to the
top, and in being destitute of the regular longitudinal striz
on the upper part of the shell.

499

@enug XXIII.

oe

VOLUTA:

SHELL UNIVALVE, SPIRAL; APERTURE WITHOUT A
BEAK AND SOMEWHAT EFFUSE); PILLAR PLAITED.

Subdivisions.}

* With the aperture entire.
** Sub-cylindrical and emarginate.
*** QOvate, effuse, and emarginate.
**** FPusiform.
***** WVentricose, and the summit of the spire pa-
pillary.

* With the Aperture entire.

AURIS MIDE. 1. Shell oval-oblong, with a wrinkled
spire; aperture ear-shaped, contracted ; pil-
lar with two teeth.

Voluta Auris Mide. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1186. Martini,
ii. p. 121. t. 43. f. 436 to 438. Born Mus. p. 211.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 196. Gmelin, p. 3435. Schreibers
Conch. 1. p. 95.

Helix Auris Mide. Muller Vermium, ii. p. 110.

Bulimus Auris Mide. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 342.

Auricula Mide. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 92. Leach,
Zool. Misc. i. p. 74. t. 32.

+ The following of Gmelin’s species appear to be so very indistinct that I
have not thought them deserving of any notice : V.clathrata, p. 3455. V. mu-
tronata, p.3456. V. nitens, p, 3456. V. reticulata, p. 3468. V. Syracusana, p. 3456.
and V, tricolor, p. 3456. :

2K 2

- 900 VOLUTA.

Lister Conch. t. 1058. f. 6. Rumphius, t. 33. f. HH.
Petiver Amb. t. 8. f.2. Gualter, t. 55.f.G. Argen-
ville, t.10. f. G. Klein Ost. t. 7.4. 122. Seba, ii. t.
71. f.21 and 22. Knorr, vi. t. 25. 'f. 1. Favanne, t.
65. f. H 2.

Inhabits marshy places m the East Indies. Zinneus. Salt
marshes in Ceram. Rwmphius.

Shell three or four inches long, and half as broad, pyramidal,
brown, solid, with a granulated band at the sutures; aper-
ture somewhat ear-shaped, long, widening downwards, and
without any canal or notch at its base. ‘

AURIS JUD&. 2. Shell oblong, with a smooth spire;
aperture ear-shaped, contracted ; pillar with
three teeth.

Voluta Auris Jude. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1187. Schroeter
inl. i. p. 197. t. 1. £9. Gmelin, p. 3437. Schreibers.
Conch. i. p. 97.

Helix Auris Jude. Muller Vermium, un. p. 109.

Bulimus Auris Jude. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 344.

Voluta Auris Mide, Var. Schroeter Flussconch. p. 315.
t.9. f. 10. Kemmerer Cab, Rudolstadt, p.

Bonanni Rec. Supp. f. 37, and Kirch. 3. f. 412. Lister
Conch, t.32. f. 30. Martini, uu. p. 128. t. 44. f. 449 to
451. '

Inhabits fens in India. Gmelin. Malacca. Humphreys.

Shell two inches long, and three quarters of an ‘inch broad, and
besides being smaller, differs from V. duris Mid@ in being
narrower, more oblong, and having three teeth on the pillar.

AUSTRALIS. 38. Shell ovate-oblong, longitudinally
wrinkled; aperture ear-shaped, contracted ;
pillar with one tooth.

Auris Mide Terre Australis. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 42.
t. 121. f. 1039 and 1040.
Voluta Auris Malchi, Var. 8. Gmelin, p. 3437.
Bulimus Bovinus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 345.
Lister Conch. t. 1058. f. 8.
Variety. Shell distorted; pillar with one thick solid tooth.
Auris Mide distorta. Chemnitz, x. p. 146. t. 149. f. 1395
and 1396.
Voluta, No.8. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 97.
Inhabits New Holland. Favanne. New Caledonia, and is a
land shell. Chemnitz.

VOLUTA. - 001

Is nearly of the same size and colour as Y. Auris Mide, but
the spire is more produced, and the body-whirl, which in the
former occupies full two thirds of the shell, in this species
occupies but little more than half, and the pillar has only
one tooth, by which it may be known from VY’. Auris Jude,
The inside is yellowish brown. The shell figured by Gro-
novius for the Linnean /. Auris Jude, is described to have
only one tooth, and agrees much better with the present
species. ‘The distorted shell, which Chemnitz has figured,
may probably belong to a distinct species, but has more the
appearance of this than of VY. Auris Mide, and has also
only one tooth on the pillar. Bruguiere has referred to the
same figure for his Budimus distortus, but it appears to be
rather doubtful whether this may not be a distorted Variety
of some other species.

AURIS MALCHI. 4. Shell oval-oblong, finely granu-
- lated; whirls with an elevated longitudinal
belt; aperture contracted ear-shaped.

Voluta Auris Malchi. Gmelin, p. 3437.
Auris Malchi. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 41. t. 121. f. 1037
and 1038.

Helix Auris Malchi. Mudler Vermium, ii. p. 112.

Bulimus Auris Malchi. Bruguiere in Enc. Meth. p. 319.
Inhabits
Shell two inches and a half long, and rather more than an inch

broad, white, but covered with a brown epidermis; whirls

six, and are represented by Chemnitz to be interrupted lon-

gitudinally by a broadish elevated belt. ‘The aperture is ear~

shaped, and the pillar has a sharp angle near its upper end,

but not any regular tooth.

GLABRA. 45. Shell oval-oblong, smooth, with longi-
tudinal waved bands; aperture ear-shaped ;
pillar with one tooth.

Voluta glabra. Gmelin, p. 3436.
Voluta Auris Jude. Gronovius Zooph. p. 296. t. 18. f. 12.
Voluta Auris Jude, Var. 6. Gmelin, p. 3437.
Voluta, No.109. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 273.
Martini, i. p. 127. t. 43. f. 447 and 448.
Inhabits
Shell an inch and a half long, and rather less than half as broad,
sub-umbilicated, white, with waved longitudinal yellow or
brown bands. The whirls are slightly ventricose, and the
pillar has only one tooth.

502 VOLUTA.

AURIS SILENI. 6. Shell oval, gibbous, umbilicated ;
aperture ear-shaped ; pillar with a single
thick flexuous plait.

Voluta Auris Sileni. Born Mus. p. 212. t. 9. f. S and 4.
Gmelin, p. 3436. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 121. Chem-
nitz, xi. p. 15.4. 176. f..1701, 1702.

Voluta, No. 164. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 285.

Bulimus Auris Sileni. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 345.

Inhabits

Shell near an inch and three-quarters long, and half as broad,

_ glabrous, obtuse, reddish, with darker red _ longitudinal

waved bands; whirls four, gibbous; aperture ovate, con-

tracted. M. Bruguiere has incorporated V. glabra with
this species.

FASCIATA. 7. Shell ovate, banded transversely
round the sutures; aperture ear-shaped ;_pil-
lar with one tooth.

Auris Midz fasciata. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 44. t. 121.
f, 1041.

Voluta Auris Malchi, Var. y. Gmelin, p. 3437.

Bulimus Australis. Bruguzere Enc. Meth. p. 347.

Inhabits Australasia, and is a land shell. Chemnitz.

Shell near an inch long, and half an inch broad, of a dull
brown colour with a darker band round the base of the
body-whirl, which follows the spiral turns at the suture. It
is totally unlike Y. Auris Malchi, to which Gmelin has at-
tached it as a Variety.

AURIS-VIRGINIS. 8. Shell oval-oblong, rose-coloured
with a white band at the suture; aperture
ear-Shaped ; pillar toothless.

Auris virginea. Chemnitz, ix. part 2. p. 44. t. 121. f. 1042.

Helix pudica. Muller Vermium, ii. p. 97. Gmelin, p.
3645.

Helix erubescens. Portland Cat. p. 187. lot 3973.?

Bulimus virgineus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 315.

Lister Conch. t. 24. f. 22.

Inhabits the East Indies, and is a land shell. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and nearly half as broad,
shining, covered every where with minute wrinkles. I have
followed Chemnitz in placing it with this family, for the
aperture is ear-shaped, and the pillar, though not properly
toothed, is sinuous, and has a sharp projecting angle.

VOLUTA. 003

AURIS VULPINA. 92. Shell oval, with the whirls
crenated and flattened at top; aperture ear-
shaped ; pillar without teeth.

Auris vulpina, Chemnitz, xi. p..287. t.210. f. 2086 and
2087.

Inhabits the Island of St. Helena. Chemnitz.

Shell two inches long, and fourteen lines broad, greyish white,
consisting of seven whirls, which are flattened and strongly
crenulated on the upper part, immediately below the suture;
the aperture is ear-shaped, thickly margined all round, and

‘the pillar is sinuous, but destitute of teeth or any sharp

‘angle. Chemnitz considered it very doubtful to which of
the Linnean Genera this singular species should be referred,
but though it wants the leading mark of a Voluta, it appears
to possess most affinity with the present family.

AURIS-CATI. 10. Shell oval, with the whirls longi-
tudinally plaited ; aperture contracted, with
three folds on the pillar, and the lip reflected.

Voluta Auris-cati, Chemnitz, xi. p. 20. t. 177. f.1711 and
1712.
Inhabits
Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and half as broad,
greyish white, with brownish longitudinal wrinkled striz, and
a white reflected border to the aperture.

TORNATILIS. 11. Shell ovate, finely striated ; spire
elevated, rather acute; aperture narrow; pil-
lar with one fold.

Voluta tornatilis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1187. Pennant Zool.
iv. p. 117. t. 71. f. 86. Schroeter n. Latterat. iii. t. 2. f.
12 and 13. Gmelin, p. 3437. Donovan, ii. t. 57.
Montagu Test. p. 231. Maton and Racket, in Lin.
Trans. vii. p. 129. Dorset Cat. p. 44. t. 14. f. 2.
Voluta bifasciata. Gmelin, p. 3436.
Voluta, No.105. Schroeter Evnl. i. p. 271.
Turbo ovalis. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 101. t. 8. f. 2.
Bulimus tornatilis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 338.
Laster Conch. t. 835. f. 58. Knorr, vi. t. 19. f. 4. Mar
tini, ii. t. 43. f. 442 and 443. Favanne, t. 65. f. P 3.
Inhabits the coasts of England. Pennant, &c. South Wales,
not uncommon. r
Shell three-quarters of an inch long, and about half as broad,
glossy of a pale red colour, with two broadish white bands

504 VOLUTA.

on each spire, and thickly marked with spiral extremely fine
hair-like striz. It has eight whirls, of which the first is very
large, and the others small and tapering to a point. The
aperture is long and narrow, and the outer lip thin without
any margin. Schreibers has most strangely referred to Mar-
tini’s figures of this species, as well as to several others
equally unlike, for Varieties of V. Auris Mida!

FLAMMEA. 12. Shell roundish-oval, transversely
striated ; body-whirl ventricose, with a wide
aperture ; pillar one-toothed.

Voluta flammea. Gmelin, p. 3435.

Voluta, No. 103. Schroeter Finl. i. p. 271.

Bulimus variegatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 336.

Lister Conch. t. 814. f. 24. Martini, ii. p. 123. t. 43. f.
439. Favanne, t. 27. f. E.

Inhabits ,

Shell an inch and a quarter long, and two thirds as broad,
transversely striated, white, with longitudinal waved red
bands, and the pillar-lip bordered with yellow. The first
whirl is much rounded and ventricose, and occupies almost
the whole of the shell.

SOLIDULA. 13. Shell oblong-ovate, opake, trans-
versely sulcated and striated with dots;
spire elevated, rather acute; pillar with two
plaits.

Voluta solidula. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1187.? Schroeter n.
Litterat. iti. p. 251. t. 2. f.14 and 15. Chemmnitz, x. p.
154. t. 149. f. 1405. Gmelin, p. 3437. ;

Voluta sulcata. Gmelin, p. 3436. ;

Voluta, No. 104. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 271.

Helix Nevia. Gmelin, p. 3656.

Bulimus solidulus. Bruguiere Enc, Meth. p. 337. .

aay i. t. 43. f. 440 and 441. Kemmerer Cab. Rud.
t.S.h ase

Inhabits the Southern Ocean. Kammerer. China. Hum-

- phreys.

Shell varymg from three-quarters of an inch to an inch and a
quarter long, and about half as broad, transversely sulcated,
of a greyish white colour, and thickly marked between the

grooves with four-sided dark spots in a crowded and regular
“Series. ‘The body-whirl is somewhat cylindrical, and occu-
pies three-fourths of the shell, and about the middle is

VOLUTA: 009

slightly contracted, and has a narrow transverse band of
white. The aperture is rounded and somewhat produced
at the base, and terminates upwards in a fine point; the
outer lip is sharp; the pillar 1s twisted, with two plaits, and
as well as the inside is white. ‘The shell here described is
generally considered to be the VY. solidula of Linneus, but
in his description no notice is taken of any transverse grooves
or spots, and the shell is said to be white with waved
red longitudinal lines, answering better in this respect to our

V. flammea.

LIViDA. ~ 14. Shell ovate-cylindrical, contracted ;
spire slightly elevated, rather obtuse; pillar
with five folds.

Voluta livida. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1187. Gmelin, p.3438.
Gualter, t. 25. f. B.

Ynhabits Africa. Linneus.

Linnzeus says this species is allied to the Cylinders, but is more
ventricose, scarcely more than an inch long, and marked with
pale obsolete bands. Gualter’s figure, to which he refers,
is white without any markings, and does not well answer the
description, but is more like a Variety of Voluta Prunum.

corFEA. 15, Shell ovate, smooth, with the spire
obtuse ; aperture contracted, and toothed on
both sides.

Voluta Coffea. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1187. Chemnitz, ix.
part 2. p. 45. t. 121. f. 1043 and 1044.? Gmelin, p.
3438.

Bulimus Auris-felis. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 343.?

Lister Conch. t. 834. f. 59. Favanne, t. 65. f. H 7.

Inhabits Barbadoes. Lister.

Linneus describes this species to be of a dull livid colour,
shaped like a Cone, but the aperture contracted behind ; and
the shell with obsolete transverse bands, which is commonly
known by the name of V. Coffea, answers to this descrip-
tion. ‘The shell figured by Chemnitz is larger, being fifteen
lines long by nine broad, of a dark brown colour, with a
margined white border, and narrow white bands at the su-
tures; nor does it accord with his own references, but ap-
pears to have more affinity with some of the species at the
head of this division.

506 VOLUTA.

MINUTA. 16. Shell ovate, transversely banded, with
a conical short spire; outer lip crenulated,
and the pillar with three teeth.

Voluta minuta. Gmelin, p. 3436.

Voluta, No.107. Schroeter Ennl. i. p. 272.

Bulimus coniformis. Brugwere Enc. Meth. p. 339.

Lister Conch. t. 834. f. 60. Martini, ii. p. 126. t. 43. f.
445. Favanne, t. 65. f. H 8.

Inhabits Barbadoes. Lister.

Shell rarely half an inch long, and two thirds as broad, of a
chestnut colour, with three white transverse bands. In shape
and aperture it much resembles ’. Coffea, of which Chem-
nitz considered it a Variety, and it principally differs in its
much smaller size, brighter colour and bands, and thinner
lip. Gmelin has referred to Martini’s figure for both these
species, and Bruguiere considers this to be the Linnean V.
Coffea.

FLAVA. 17. Shell ovate, sub-ventricose, with the
spire rather depressed ; outer lip crenulated,
and the pillar with two teeth.

Voluta flava. Gmelin, p. 3436.
Voluta, No. 106. Schroeter Exnleitung, 1. p. 272.
Martini, ui. p. 126. t. 43. f. 444.

Inhabits the East Indies. Martinz.

Shell about eight lines long, and rather more than half as
broad, of a brownish yellow colour, and the pillar white;
the body-whitl i is ventricose, and occupies almost the whole
of the shell. Bruguiere has referred to Martini’s figure
444, for his Bulimus Monile, but that shell is described with
white bands, and may probably be a Variety.

DENTICULATA. 18. Shell ovate, glabrous; spire
elevated, rather acute; outer lip denticulat-
ed, and ‘the pillar toothed.

Voluta denticulata. Montagu Test. p. 234. t. 20. f.5. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 130. Dorset
Cat. p. 44. t. 18. f. 1.

Inhabits the shores of Great Britain. Montagu, &c.

Shell near half an inch long, and half as broad; of a semi-
transparent horn-colour, and purplish at the summit; whirls
seven or eight, of which the first is large, and the others de-
crease gradually; the outer lip is denticulated on the inside,

VOLUTA. 207

and the pillar has three or four much elevated white folds.
Mr. Montagu says that the pillar extends no further than the
upper part of the body-whirl, and that the spire is conse-
quently destitute of any internal spiral division.

TRIPLICATA. 19. Shell ovate, smooth, with the spire
elevated; aperture narrow, contracted ; pillar
with three teeth.

Voluta triplicata. Donovan, iv. t. 138. Montagu Supp.

p- 99.

Inhabits Guernsey. Montagu.

Shell scarcely half an inch long, and half as broad ; of a chest-
nut-brown colour, with six whirls, of which the first occu-
pies three fourths of the whole, and the others are marked
only by the suture. The pillar being three-toothed, and its
more contracted aperture will serve to distinguish this from
the foregoing species.

PUSILLA. 20. Shell ovate, striated, with the spire
elevated ; pillar with three teeth.

Voluta pusilla. Gmelin, p. 3436.

Voluta, No. 108. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 273.

Bulimus Ovulus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 339.

Martini, ii. p. 127. t. 43. f.446. Favanne, t.65. f. H 4.
Inhabits
This shell is of the same size, and has much the same appear-

ance, as V.triplicata, but Martini has described it to be

striated perpendicularly, and the aperture is represented

wider aud less contracted in the upper part.

BIDENTATA. 21. Shell ovate, slightly wrinkled
longitudinally ; spire elevated, conical; pil-
lar with two teeth.

Voluta bidentata. Montagu Supp. p. 100. t. 30. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Scotland. Mr. Laskey; and of Devon-
shire. Montagu.

Shell a quarter of an inch long, and about half as broad ; thick,
white or pale horn-colour, with a few distant longitudinal
wrinkles. Pillar much thickened, and folding back forms
a sub-umbilicus, and is furnished with two tooth-like plaits.
Its smaller size, and not having any teeth on the outer lip,

will serve at once to distinguish this species from V’. denticu-
lata.

908 VOLUTA.

ALBA. 22. Shell oval, minute, longitudinally stri-
ated ; spire obtuse; aperture contracted.

Voluta alba. Walker's Min. Shells, £.61. Adams's Mi-
crosc. p. 639. t. 14. f. 27. Montagu Test. p. 235. Ma-
ton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 130.
Inhabits the sea-shore at Sandwich, and Sheppy Island. Wai-
ker.
Shell one tenth of an inch long; white, glossy, opake, with
four whirls finely striated; aperture long and narrow.

PELLUCIDA. 23. Shell conical, minute; body-
whirl striated transversely at its base, and
longitudinally ribbed above.

Voluta spiralis. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii.
- 130.

Tbe spiralis. Montagu Test. p. 323. t. 12. f. 9.

Walker’s Minute Shells, f.46.

Found among some sand from Salcomb Bay, Devon. Mon-
tugu.

Shell one line long, and half as broad, pellucid, glossy, white,
with four or five whirls; the body-whirl is marked with
transverse spiral ridges half way from the base, and the up-
per half is finely ribbed longitudinally ; the whirls are rather
flat, and the suture is bordered by a very fine spiral ridge. I
have been obliged to change the name, as spiralis had before
been given by Gmelin to a different species.

4

UNIDENTATA. 24. Shell conical, smooth, with five
or six rather depressed whirls; pillar with a
single tooth.

Voluta unidentata. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill. p.131.
Turbo unidentatus. Montagu Test. p. 324.
{nhabits the sea, on the coasts of Devonshire. Montagu.
Length two-tenths of an inch, and nearly half as broad. Shell .
strong, conical, smooth, glossy, sub-pellucid, white, usual-
ly with a tinge of purple or rose colour at the summit ;
whirls five or six, not raised, and ending in a somewhat ob-
tuse apex. It resembles Turbo Ulve im its shape, but the
tooth on its pillar is an invariable discriminating mark, and
the colour also is different.

VOLUTA. 509

INTERSTINCTA. 25, Shell turreted, minute, with
five flattish whirls, longitudinally ribbed;
pillar with a small tooth.

Voluta interstincta. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
vill. p. 131.
Turbo interstinctus. Adams, in Lin. Trans. iii. p. 66. t.
13. f. 23 and 24.? Montagu Test. p. 324. t. 12. f. 10.
Found among sand from Bigberry Bay, Devon. Montagu.
Length one Jine, and one third as broad. Shell glossy white,
taper, with five rather flat finely ribbed whirls, separated by
a small suture; apex obtuse: aperture sub-oval ; pillar-lip
a little reflected, and one-toothed.

INSCULPTA. 26. Shell sub-conical, minute, with
five or six transversely striated whirls; pillar
with a small tooth.

Turbo insculptus. Montagu Supp. p. 129.

Inhabits the sea, on the coast of Devon. Montagu.

Length one-eighth of an inch, and one third as broad. Shell
sub-pellucid, white and taper, with five or six moderately
convex whirls, regularly striated transversely ; apex obtusely
pointed ; pillar-lip with a faint duplication, forming a sub-
umbilicus.

PLICATULA. 27. Shell acuminated, minute, smooth,
with six flattish whirls; pillar with a tooth-
like fold.

Voluta plicata. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii.
p- 131.

Turbo plicatus. Montagu Tesé. p. 325. t. 21. f. 2.
Tnhabits the sea, on the coast of Devon, rare. Montagu.
Shell an eighth of an inch long, and one third as broad, smooth,

glossy, sub-pellucid, white, with six rather slender, nearly

flat whirls, defined only by a narrow suture ; aperture sub-
oval, contracted a little to an angle at the upper part. Mr.

Montagu says it resembles V. unidentata, but is thinner,

more slender, narrower at the base in proportion to its

length, and larger in the aperture. ‘It has more the shape of

Helix polita, but is neither so finely pointed, nor is the aper-

ture so long, and may be at once distinguished from that

shell by its tooth-like fold on the pillar-lip.

ol0 VOLUTA.

AMBIGUA. 28. Shell acuminated, minute, smooth,
with six or seven flattish, whirls ; aperture
sub-orbicular ; pillar slightly folded.

Voluta ambigua. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii.
ao.
Turbo pallidus. Montagu Test. p. 325, and Supp. p. 133.
t. Sia ae

Inhabits the Devonshire coast, in Salcomb Bay. Montagu.

Shell rather more than one-eighth of an inch long, and the
breadth scarcely one third of its length ; smooth, white, with
six or seven flattish whirls tapermg to a moderately fine apex,
and separated by a well defined suture. Aperture sub-orbi-
cular, with a small umbilicus formed by the reflection of the
pillar-lip. Mr. Montagu is of opinion that the fold on the
pillar of this, as well as of several others of these minute Vo-
lutes, is not sufficient to authorize their removal from the
Turbos, and it is particularly difficult to ascertain to which
of these genera the present species most properly belongs.

** Sub-cylindrical, and emarginate.

PORPHYREA. 29. Shell sub-cylindrical ; spire small,
cuspidate ; outer lip acute; pillar-lip incrust-
ed with transverse strie.

Voluta Porphyrea. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1187. Born Mus.
p- 212. Schroeter Hinl. i. p. 201. Gmelin, p. 3438.
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 100.

Oliva Porphyrea. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 73, and
Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 309.

L’Olive de Panama. Favanne, ii. p. 818. t. 19. f. K.

Rumphius, t. 39. f. No. 1. Gualter, t. 24.f.P. Argen-
ville, t. 13. f. K. Knorr,i.t.15.f.1. Martini, u. t.
46. f. 485 and 486, and t.47. f.498. Enc. Meth. t.
361. f. 4.

Inhabits the West Indies, and coasts of South America.

Shell from three to five inches long, and the breadth is about
two fifths of the length; colour pale brownish red or flesh-
colour, marked with darker lines forming triangles of various
sizes, and the lower half of the whirls is coated with purplish
enamel.

VOLUTA. oll

ERYTHROSTOMA. 30. Shell cylindrical; spire small,
conical, with a projecting appendage over the
upper angle of the aperture ; throat orange-
coloured.

Cylindrus erythrostomus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p.376.

Oliva erythrostoma. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 309.

Voluta Porphyrea, Var.@. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 202. Gme-
lin, p. 3438. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 100.

Voluta Oliva, Var. f. Born Mus. p. 214. Solander’s
MSS.

Le Flacon couromé, Favanne, il. p. 822. t. 19. f. L1.

Gualter, t.24.f.O0. Argenville, t.13.f.N. Seba, t. 53.
fe iss, SEveteny Usa te 2. 1.1. KM0TT, Wis) tO. ta oe
Martini, ii. t. 45. f.476 and 477. Enc. Method. t.361.
Leen

Variety. With remote longitudinal stripes, and the throat pale.
Oliva tremulina. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 310.
Lister Conch. t. 727. f. 14.

Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna, Nicobar Islands, Coroman-
del, Isle of France, and Cape of Good Hope. Favanne.
South Seas. Solander.

Shell two or three inches long, and less than half as broad,
yellowish white marbled with pale orange, and marked with
two interrupted purplish brown broad transverse bands, be-
sides a third on the belt at the base ; the margin of the outer
lip is white, and with this exception the whole inside is of a
rich orange colour. Linnzus appears from his references to
have confounded this species with V. Porphyrea, of which
Gmelin has followed Schroeter in placing it as a variety ; but
the shape is more cylindrical, the markings entirely different,
and in all respects it has a greater affinity to V. Oliva. I
have followed Martini, Meuschen, and Favanne, in consi-
dering it a distinct species, and Martini, f. 519, (which is
La Brocatelle of Favanne) is probably a variety.

OLIVA. 31. Shell sub-cylindrical ; spire short, de-
pressed, with the whirls thickened at the
base and ending in a projecting claw; belt
single.

Voluta Oliva. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1188. Born Mus. p.
213. Schroeter Einl. i, p. 203. Gmelin, p. 3439.
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 101.

Variety A. Whitish, with dotted flexuous somewhat reticu-

012 VOLUTA.

lated lines, and two transverse interrupted brown bands;

throat white.

Oliva textilinea. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 309.

Lister Conch. t.728. f.15. Gualter, t.24. f. F. Marti-
ni, li. t. 51. f.559. Enc. Meth. t. 362. f. 5.

Variety B. White, with flexuous yellowish brown reticula-
ted lines, and two interrupted bands ; throat white, and the
pillar coloured at its base.

Oliva irisans. Lamarck Ann. du Mus, xvi. p. 312.
Martini, ii. t. 51. f. 561. Chemnitz, x. t. 147. f. 1371
and 1372.

Variety C. White with brown spots forming zic-zac lines ;
aperture white, and the pillar coloured at its base.
Oliva elegans. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 312.
Enc. Meth. t. 367. f. 3.

Variety D. White, mottled with yellow and pale violet spots ;
throat violet.

Oliva episcopalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 313.
Lister Conch. t. 719. f. 3. Martini, uu. p. 159. t. 46.
f, 489.

Variety E. Yellowish white tinged with blue, and spotted
with orange; pillar yellowish, and the throat white.

Oliva tricolor, Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 316.

L’Olive Queue de Paon. Favanne, ii. p. 828. t. 19. f. B 2.

Seba, ii. t. 53. f. H, 1. Martini, ii. p. 168. t. 48. f. 511.
Enc. Meth. t. 365. f. 4.

Variety F, Greenish yellow, with dark brown spots and
bands; pillar and throat bluish white.

Oliva funebralis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 317,
Knorr, v. t. 26. f.3. Martini, ii. t. 45. f. 480 and 481.
Variety G. Yellowish, with waved longitudinal brown stripes,

and the throat violet.

Oliva mustelina, Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 316.

Lister Conch. t. 731. £. 20. Petiver Gaz. t. 156. f. 18.
Martini, ii. p. 171. t.48, f. 515, 516, and 518.

Variety H. Yellowish olive, with transverse bands of black
zic-zac stripes,

Oliva Maura, Var. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi p. 311.
Knorr, ii. t. 17. f. 3. Martini, ii. p. 166. t. 47. £.503 and
504. Enc. Method. t. 365. f. 3.

Variety I. Pale olive reticulated with black, and two inter-
rupted black transverse bands. }
Oliva sanguinolenta. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 316.?
Lister Conch. t. 739. f. 28. Seba, t.53.f. M. Martini,

ii. p. 169. t. 48. f. 512 and 513. a

VOLUTA. O13

Variety K. Olive with two black interrupted bands, and the
throat white.
Oliva sepulturalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 311.
Gualter, t. 24. f.E. Enc. Meth. t. 365. f. 1.

Variety L. Ash-coloured, with brown zic-zac longitudinal
stripes, and the throat white.

Oliva fulminans. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 312.
Chemnitz, x. t. 147. f. 1874. Enc. Meth. t. 364. f. 4.
Variety M. Brownish olive, with dark spots and waved lon-

gitudinal stripes ; throat bluish white.
Martini, i. p. 167. t. 47. f. 505 and 506.
Variety N. Brown, with cancellated blackish stripes ; throat
white.
Knorr, v. t. 27. f. 4. Martini, ii. p. 166. t. 47. f. 502.
Variety O. Brownish olive, with dark transverse stripes ; throat
white.
Oliva Maura, Var. Lamarck Ann, du Mus. xvi. p. 311.
inc. Meth. t. 366. f. 1.
Variety P. Uniform yellowish brown; throat white.
Seba, ii. t. 53. f. K. Knorr, v. t.27. f. 5. Da Costa
Elements, t. 5. f..7. Martini, ii. p. 164. t. 47. f. 501.
Variety Q. Uniform brownish black; throat white.
La Negresse. avanne, ii. p. 826. t. 19. f. F.
Oliva Maura. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 311.
Cylindrus Nigellus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 376.
Lister Conch. t. 718. f.2, and t. 739. f. 27. Rumphius,
12.3001 1..20 , (Gualter (23% f:B.. Seba,, tv 59.) fe Ee.
Knorr, v. t. 28. f. 6. Martini, ii. p. 150. t. 45. f. 472
-and 473. Enc. Method. t. 366. f. 2.
Variety R. White, with a brown band and spots; throat
brown, and the spire more elevated. ‘
Oliva Ispidula. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 321.
Martini, ii. p. 176. t. 49. f. 524 and 525. ‘
Variety S. Yellow, spotted with brown, and the throat brown;
spire more elevated.
Oliva Ispidula, Var. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 321.
Martini, ii. p. 175. t. 49. f. 522 and 523.
Variety T. Brownish, with angular white spots; throat pale
violet, and the spire more elevated.
Oliva flammulata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 314.
Martini, ii. p. 177. t. 49. f. 526. Enc. Meth. t. 367. f. 5.
Variety V. Blackish, and clouded and edged with white at the
margin and sutures ; spire more elevated.
Oliva oriola. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 321.
Martini, ii. p. 179. t. 49. f. 587 and 538. Enc. Meth. t.
366. f. 3, and t, 367. f. 2.
VOL, I. 21

514 VOLUTA.

Inhabits Amboyna. Rumphius. Brazils. Linneus. Mouths
of the Niger. Adanson. Batavia. Martini. South Sea.
Solander.

Shell from one to three inches long, and the breadth is gene-
rally about two-fifths of the length. Of the varieties in co-
lours and markings, which are almost endless, a few only of
the most striking are here enumerated, and those with the
more elevated spire probably ought to constitute a separate
species. Linneus and Lamarck appear to me to have erred
in the opposite extremes, for the former has expressed a
doubt whether there is more than one species of olive, and
the latter has described fifty-nine.

CRUENTA. 32. Shell sub-ovate, slightly gibbous ;
spire elevated, with a wide and deep suture;
belt simple; throat orange.

Voluta cruenta. Solander’s MSS.
Voluta Ispidula. Martini, ii. p. 160. t. 46. f. 491 and 492.
Voluta Ispidula, Var.c. Gmelin, p. 3443.
Oliva guttata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 313.
Lister Conch. t. 720. f.4and 5. Rumphius, t. 39. f. 6.
Petiver Amb. t.22. f. 5. Gualter, t. 23. f.Q. Knorr,
n. t. 10. f. 6 and 7. Enc. Method. t. 368. f. 2.
Variety. Shell transversely striated.
L/Olive a Gouttes violettes striée. Lavanne, ul. p. 810. t. 19.
f. B 4.
Inhabits Amboyna. Rumphius. Isle of France. Favanne.
Shell near two inches long, and the breadth is about two-fifths
of the length; the colour is yellowish white or flesh-colour
with purple spots, and the variety differs only in being mark-
ed with fine transverse striae. It is obvious, from his refer-
ence to Rumphius, f. 6, that Linnzeus has blended V’. cruen-
ta with V. Ispidula, and both Martini and Favanne have
considered it to be the latter species, from which in all re-
spects it 1s perfectly different.

+ “La couleur de cette coquille est peu constante. J’en ai de blanches, de
jaunes, de jaunes-livides, de jaunes-vertes, et méme de verdatres sans aucun mé-
lange. J’en ai aussi qui, sur ces différens fonds, sont tachées, tigrées, marbrées,
ou couvertes de zig-zags, qui s’étendent tantdt sur leur Jongueur, tantot sur leur
largeur. Ces taches, ces points, ces bandes, et ces lignes, sont cendrés, noirs, ou
bleuatres dans les unes ; bruus, rougeatres, ou pourpres daus les autres ; enfin
leur mélange est si varié, que ce seroit perdre son temps que de faire Pénumé-
ration de toutes celles qui ont été décrites ou figurées par les auteurs. Je me
suis contenté de citer une vingtaine des principales variétés, auxquelles on peut
rapporter toutes les autres, dont plus de deux cens sont parvenues a ma con-
noissance. Leur intérieur est aussi blanc, jaune, violet, ou pourpre foncé.—
Adanson Hist. Nut. du Senegal, p. 63.

VOLUTA. 215

ANNULATA. 33. Shell sub-ovate, gibbous, with an
elevated ridge round the body-whirl; spire
elevated, conical.

Voluta annulata. Gmelin, p. 3441.
Voluta baltheata. Solander’s MSS.
Voluta, No. 7. Schroeter Ein. i. p. 247.
Oliva leucophaa. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 314.
Lister Conch. t. 717. f.1. Martini, it. p. 188. t. 51. f. 564.
Enc. Method. t. 363. f. 2.

Inhabits Amboyna, and the Isle of France. Favunne.

This is a rather shorter, and proportionably wider shell than
the last, of which Messrs. Favanne considered it to be only
a variety, and they say that some traces of the elevated ridge
may be occasionally observed in V. cruenta. ‘The colour is
white, either pure or faintly tinged with yellow, and there
are no markings. Martini considers his fig. 496 to belong
to this species, but it is more likely to be a large variety of
V.micans, for which it is quoted by Favanne.

VENTRICOSA. 34. Shell sub-oval; spire depressed,
with the whirls convex; pillar transversely
ridged, with the upper ridge thickest.

Voluta ventricosa. Solander’s MSS.

Le Chameau. Favanne, ii. p. 753.

Variety A. White, with irregular brown zic-zac longitudinal
stripes.

Voluta Oliva, Var. @ Gmelin, p. 3439.

Oliva undata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 318.

Le Chameau blanc a zig-zags. -['avanne, i. p. 831. t. 19.
f. BE 2.

Lister Conch. t. 735. f. 25, and t. 740. f.29. D’ Avila,
t.15.f.F. Martini, ii. p. 167. t. 47. f.507 and 508.
Chemnitz, x. t. 147. f. 1373. Enc. Method. t. 564. f. 7.

Variety B. White spotted with blue, and streaked or banded
with brown.

Oliva bicingulata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 3

Oliva tigrina. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 322.?

Martini, ii. t. 45. £.475. Enc. Meth. t. 364. f. 1.

Variety C. Yellowish, faintly reticulated or spotted, and trans-
versely banded with brown; pillar orange.

Martini, ii. t. 45. f. 478 and 479.

Variety D. Blackish brown, variegated with white.

Oliva fabagina. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 325.

ZLQ

19,

916 VOLUTA.

Martini, ii. p. 179. t. 49. f. 532 and 533. Enc. Method.
t. 363. f2 5:

Inhabits the coasts of Mindanao, and the Molucca Islands.
Favanne.

This species varies in its size and markings almost as much as
V. Oliva, from which it may be readily distinguished by its
more oval form, and by the thick irregular ribs at the base of
the pillar ; the throat is generally white, and the pillar most-
ly streaked with reddish brown or orange. ‘The vitreous sub-
stance which in most of the Olives is spread more or less over
the spire and the pillar-lip, often forms a projecting appendage
above the upper angle of the aperture, and it appears from
Favanne’s figures that this appendage in the present species is
sometimes more elevated than the summit of the spire.

INCRASSATA. 35. Shell ovate gibbous; spire ra-
ther depressed, with the whirls thickened at
the base; outer lip somewhat angular, and
very thick.

Voluta incrassata. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
13. lot 264.
Voluta Oliva, Var. c. Gmelin, p. 3440.
Voluta, No. 17. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 251.
Oliva angulata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 310.
Le Peau de Tigre. avanne, i. p. 757.
Martini, ii. p. 164. t. 47. f. 499 and 500. Enc. Method.
ti 36308 Ge
Inhabits the Moluccas. Favanne. Brazil. Humphreys.
Shell two inches and a half long, and nearly one and a half
broad. Yellowish white, variously mottled with blue and
brown, and the throat mostly if not always pale blue. Knorr,
ll. t. 12. f. 1 and 2, may probably be a variety of this spe-
cies, but tie angular projection towards the upper end of the
outer lip is wanting, and the colour is darker than usual.

pINGUIS. 36. Shell somewhat Cone-shaped ; spire
short and depressed, with a vitreous mass con-
cealing the whirls, and forming a callosity
over the pillar-lip ; belt double.
Voluta pinguis. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue,
p. 174. lot 3740.
Oliva Brasiliensis. Chemnitz, x. t. 147. f. 1367 and 1368.
Oliva Brasiliana. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 322.
Inhabits the coasts of Brazil. Humphreys.

VOLUTA. 317

Shell an inch and three-quarters long, and more than an inch
broad, with obsolete alternate pale livid, and dull yellowish
longitudinal stripes, and less glossy than is usual in shells of
this family, of which it is altogether the least showy, and it
has therefore obtained the name of Quaker Olive. The
body-whirl is broadest at its upper extremity, which, added to
the flattened spire, gives its shape some resemblance to that
ofa Cone. ‘The first suture of the spire is large and deep,
and the others are concealed by an expansion of the same
vitreous substance, which forms a thick protuberance at the
upper end of the pillar-lip.

GIBBOSA. 37. Shell ovate gibbous; spire elevated,
with a vitreous mass extending over the base
of the whirls, and forming a callosity over
the pillar-lip. Belt double.

Voluta gibbosa. Born Mus. p. 215.

Voluta Utriculus. Gmelin, p. 3441. Schreibers Conch,
p. 108.

Voluta, No. 20. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 252.

Oliva cingulata. Chemnitz, x. p. 131. t. 147. f. 1369 and
1570.

Oliva Utriculus. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 323.

La Moire. Favanne, ii. p. 761, and p. 838. t. 19. f. E 3.

Lister Conch. t. 723. f. 10, and t. 730. f. 19. Petiver Gaz.
t. 19. f. 9. Gualter, t. 24. f.G. Argenville, t. 13. f. M.
Knorr, ii. t. 12. f.4 and 5, v.t. 4. f.4. Martini, ii. t.
49. f. 539 and 540, t. 50. f. 541 and 542, and t. 51. f.
565 and 566. nc. Method. t. 365. f. 6.

Inhabits the coasts of Coromandel, Zanguebar, Madagascar,
and the Philippine Islands. Favanne.

Shell most commonly about two inches long, and near an inch
broad, but varying considerably in size, and of a yellowish
white colour, variously mottled and streaked with bluish or
reddish brown. On the upper part of the pillar-lip there is
a white vitreous protuberance, which extends along the pillar,
and almost covers the whirls, but I believe never fills the su-
tures as in V. pinguis. ‘The belt at the base of the shell is
double, and generally more or less spotted with brown.

ISPIDULA. 38. Shell cylindrical, with a prominent
conic spire, and the base of each whirl coat-
ed with enamel; belt double.

ols VOLUTA.

Voluta Ispidula. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1188. Solander’s MSS.

Voluta Ispidula, Var. y. Born Mus. p. 217.

Voluta Uunculus, Var. 1. Gmelin, p. 3441. Schreibers
Conch. ». 109.

Voluia, No. 24. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 254.

L’Olive pyramidale. Favanne, ii. p. 41. t(19sf.)/A.

Variety A. White, marbled with grey, and two remote yel-
Jowish bands.

Oliva acuminata. Tirade Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 323.

Lister Conch. t. 722. f. 9. Rumphius, t. 39. f.9. Petiver
Gaz. t. 102. f.18. Seba, ii. t. 53. f. P and Q. Mar-
tinz, 1, t. 50. f.551 to 553. Enc. Meth. t. 368. f. 3.

Variety B. Brownish lead colour, and the belts at the base
brownish yellow.

Oliva subulata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 324.
Gualter, t. 23. f. RR. Martini, ii. t. 50. f.549 and 550.
Enc. Meth. t. 368. f. 6.

Variety C. Yellowish white mottled with brown, and a cal-
‘losity on the pillar-lip.

Oliva luteola. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 324.
Gualter, t. 24. f.A. Martini, ii. t. 50. f. 554.

Inhabits the Isle of France, the Moluccas, St. Domingo,
and the Caribee Islands. Favanne.

The attention which Linnzus gave to the Olives must have been
extremely small, for he expresses a belief that V. Porphyrea,
V. Oliva, and V. Ispidula, are only varieties; and it is
impossible with any certainty to ascertain the present species,
either by his description or references. Martini, Schroeter,
Born, Gmelin, Meuschen, Favanne, and Solander have all
more or less differed in their opinions ; and I have adopted
that of Dr. Sclander, not only because I think his is most
probably the shell which Linnzus intended, but also because
it is the one which I have generally met with under the name
of V. Ispidula. It varies im size, colour, and markings, al-
most as much as V. Oliva, from which it may be distin-
guished by its double belt, and by being narrower and more
cylindrical.

HIATULA. 39. Shell sub-cylindrical, with the spire
elevated; pillar thickened, and longitudinal-
ly ridged; aperture large, widening down-
wards ; belt single.

Voluta hiatula. Gmelin, p. 3442. Schreibers Conch. i.
p. 110.

VOLUTA. 519

Voluta ringens. Solander’s MSS.

Voluta, No.25. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 254.

Oliva hiatula. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 325.

Le Poincon. Favanne, i. p. 764. t. 19. f. C1 and C 2.

Lister Conch. t. 729. £.17. Adanson Senegal, t. 4. f. 7.
Martini, ii. p. 185. t.50. £.555. Enc. Meth. t. 368. f. 5.

Inhabits the Mouths of the Niger. Adanson. Isle of France.
favanne.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and rather more than one
third as broad; yellowish grey, more or less tinged with ci-
nereous, and is either without markings, or mottled, or
streaked with reddish brown. It is most nearly allied to V.
Ispidula, but it may be at once distinguished by its broader.
aperture which widens downwards, by the belt being single,
and by_the longitudinal ridges at the base of the pillar. ‘The
vitreous coat which lines the base of the whirls and the belt
is generally either brown, or of a darker colour than the rest
of the shell, and the throat is bluish or brownish white.

NivEA. 40. Shell ovate, polished, with the spire
very prominent and conical; aperture widen-
ing downwards; belt double.

Voluta nivea. Gmelin, p. 3442. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 110.
Voluta lubrica. ers MSS

Voluta, No. 28. Schroeter Einl. i 1. p. 215.

Oliva eburnea. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 526.

Le Grain de Blé. Favanne, ii. p. 836. t. 19. f. 11.
Martini, ii. t. 50. f. 557 and 558.

Inhabits the coasts of St. Domingo, Martinique, Isle of
France, Mindanao, and Guinea. Favanne.

Shell near three quarters of an inch long, and about one third
as broad; much polished, and of a pure white, either with-
out any markings, or with two narrow interrupted bands of
pale violet; the shell is slightly flattened on the side of the
aperture, and a vitreous callosity extends from its upper an-
gle along the pillar-lip.

JASPIDEA. 41, Shell sub-fusiform; spire very pro-
minent and acute; belt double, with waved
purple stripes.

Voluta Jaspidea. Gmelin, p. 3442. Schretbers Conch. i.
110.

vont No. 26. Schroeter Hinleitung, i. p. 254.

Oliva conoidalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. XVI, p. 325.

220 VOLUTA.

Le Grain d’Avoine. Favanne, i. p. 835. t. 19. f. I 2.
Wirster Conckept. 725. f.. 18), Petier Gaz. 1,152) 4. 6,
Martini, ii. p. 186. t. 50. f. 556.

Inhabits Barbadoes. Lister. Philippine Islands, Maldives,
and Isle of France. Favanne.

Shell about eight lines long, and rather less than halfas broad ;
glossy, greenish, mottled with white, and marked with bands
of darker pencilled striz at the sutures. The belt at the base
of the shell is double, of a bluish white colour marked with
dark purplish waved stripes, and often edged with a narrow
band of yellow tines. The inside is white, with a dark edge
at the outer lip.

TIGRINA. 42. Shell sub-cylindrical; spire short,
depressed, covered with enamel; throat dark
violet.

Cylindrus Tigrinus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 370.

Voluta maculata. Solander’s MSS.

Voluta Ispidula, Var. @. Gmelin, p. 5443.

Voluta Oliva, Var.+. Born Mus. p. 215.

Voluta, No. 4. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 247.

Voluta, No. 29. Schreibers Conchylien, 1. p. 107.

Oliva tessellata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 320.

Lister Conch. t: 721. f.6. Martini, in. p. 161. t. 46. f.
493 and 494. Enc. Method. t. 368. f.1.

Inhabits the Eastern Ocean. Martine.

Shell three quarters of an inch long, and the breadth is nearly
half the length; the colour is yellow, with dark violet or
purplish brown spots, and the throat and pillar are of a nch
violet. Dr. Solander, as well as Martini, Meuschen, Fa-
vanne, and Schreibers, considered this to be a distinct spe-
cles.

CARNEOLA. 43. Shell sub-ovate, thick, polished;
spire short, depressed, covered with enamel ;
throat white. j

Voluta carneolus. Gmelin, p. 3443. Schreibers Conch.1.
nl Cra

volte Aurora. Solander’s MSS.

Voluta Oliva, Var.» Born Mus. p. 214.

Voluta, No. 5. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 247.

Oliva carneola. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 321.

an ou la Cornaline. Favanne, ii. p. 829. t. 19.

VOLUTA. O21
Martini, ii. p. 162. t. 46. f.495. Enc. Method. t. 365.
F255

Inhabits the coasts of Zanguebar, the Isle of France, and the
Molucca [siands. Favanne.

Shell about seven lines long, and four lines broad ; white, with
two or three bands of reddish or pale cornelian colour, and
highly polished. The throat is white, or slightly tinged with
violet, and the pillar always white.

MICANS. 44. Shell sub-oblong; spire short, co-
vered with enamel; pillar-lip thickened; belt
double.

Voluta micans. Solander’s MSS. |

Voluta Utriculus, Var.3. Gmelin, p. 3441.

Voluta Ispidula, Var. ¢ Born Mus. p. 217.

Voluta, No. 21. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 253.

Voluta, No. 38. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 109.

Oliva nana. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p.326.

L’Olive naine. Favanne, il. p. 837. t. 19. f. H 1.

Lister Conch. t. 733. f. 22. Martini, ii. p. 182. t. 50. f.
543 and 544. Enc. Method. t. 363. f. 3.

Inhabits the Moluccas, the Philippines, and the Isle of France.
Favanne.

This species rarely exceeds four lines in length, and the breadth
rather exceeds half the length; the colour is either dusky
white, or tinged with yellow, and a broad band of purple
zic-zac stripes encircles the middle of the body-whirl ; the
vitreous protuberance along the pillar-lip renders the shell
flattish on the side of the aperture.

NITIDULA. 45. Shell sub-ovate; spire conical, pro-
minent; pillar-lip thickened ; belt double.

Voluta nitidula. Solander’s MSS.

Voluta Utriculus, Var. «. Gmelin, p. 3441.

Voluta Ispidula, Var.» Born Mus. p. 217.

Voluta, No. 22. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 253.

Voluta, No. 40. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 109.

Oliva nana, Var. B. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 327.
Martini, ii. p. 182. t. 50. f. 545 to 547. Enc. Meth. t. 363.

f. 4.
Inhabits the Philippines, the Moluccas, and the Isle of France.
Favanne.
Messrs. Favanne have arranged this species as a variety of V,

Qn
iw)
bho

VOLUTA.

micans, from which it differs principally in its more promi-
nent spire, and more slender form; the length is about the
same, but its coloured markings are generally much fainter,
and the suture is often edged with purple brown.

oryzaA. 46. Shell ovate-conical, minute, white
without any spots, and the spire conoidal.

Oliva Oryza. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 327.
Martini, ii. t. 50. f. 548.
Tnhabits
Shell only two or three lines long, and white, without any co-
loured markings ; the pillar has three or four grooves at its
base, and the sutures of the spire are distinctly marked.

*** Ovate, effuse, and emarginate.

DACTYLUS. 47. Shell ovate, with decussated strie,
obtuse; pillar with six plaits.

Voluta Dactylus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1188. Born Mus.
p. 219. Schroeter Hint. i. p.208. Chemnitz, x. p. 160.
t. 150. f.1411 and 1412. Gmelin, p. 3443.

Mitra Dactylus. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 212.

Laster Conch. t.. 813. f. 23. Seba, in. t. 53. f.S. Enc.
Method. t. 372. f. 5.

Variety. With large brown spots.

Voluta spuria. Gmelin, p. 3458. Schreibers Conch. 1. p.
113:

Voluta, No. 229. Schroeter inl. 1. p. 302. t.1. f. 16.

Favanne, t.25. f. F 1.

Inhabits the Bay of Bengal. Lister. India. Linneus. Chi-
na. Humphreys.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and rather more than half
as broad; white, clouded with flesh-colour, and marked
with decussated striz ; the spire is short and conical, and the
outer lip thickened, and slightly crenated.

FENESTRATA. 48. Shell ovate, with strong decus-
sated strie, of which the longitudinal are
more obtuse; pillar with eight plaits.

Mitra fenestrata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p, 212.
Gualter, t.28.f.P.. Enc. Meth, t. 372. f. 3.

VOLUTA. 023

Inhabits the Indian Seas. Lamarck.

In its form this shell resembles V. Dactylus, from which it
differs in being rather smaller, and much more strongly stri-
ated, and in having the plaits on its pillar more numerous ;
the longitudinal are thicker and more obtuse than the trans-
verse striz, and are prettily dotted with brown; the colour
is whitish.

CRENULATA. 49. Shell sub-cylindrical, with decus-
sated striz, and the whirls nodulous and cre-
nulated at the suture ; pillar with eight plaits.

Voluta crenulata. Solander’s MSS. Chemnitz, x. p. 162.
t.150. f. 1413 and 1414. Gmelin, p. 3452. Schrei-
bers Conch. p. 106.

Voluta, No. 39. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 258.

Mitra crenulata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p.

Lister Conch. t. 813. £.23 a. Encyclo. Method.
f. 4, a and b.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about fourteen lines long, and five broad; white, cloud-
ed with yellow in longitudinal waves, and the transverse striae
are marked with impressed dots; it is more cylindrical, and
the decussated striz are much finer than in V. fenestrata.

213
t. 372.

TEXTURATA. 50. Shell ovate-acute, and granulat-
ed with transverse grooves and longitudinal
strie ; pillar with four plaits.

Voluta Dactylus, Var. Gmelin, p. 3443.
Mitra texturata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 213.
Lister Conch. t. 819. f. 36. Gualter, t. 28.f.0. Enc.
Meth. t. 37%. f. 2.
luhabits
Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and half as broad, and
mottled with white and chestnut colour; it may be readily
distinguished from either of the preceding species by itshav- .
ing the outer surface granulated all over, and the pillar with
only four plaits.

conus. 51. Shell conical, transversely striated
and punctured towards the base; spire ele-
vated, and the whirls crenated and granulated
at the sutures ; pillar with six plaits.

524 VOLUTA.

Voluta Conus. Chemnitz, x. p. 163. t. 150. f. 1415 and
1416. Gmelin, p. 3349. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 106.
Voluta, No. 148. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 281.

Mitra Conulus. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 213.
Lister Conch. t. 814. f. 23 b. Enc. Meth. t. 382. f. 2.
Tnhabits
Shell an inch and a quarter long, and half as broad, white,
with the form and appearance of a Cone, but has six plaits
on the pillar; it is transversely striated and marked with ex-
cavated dots towards the base. The aperture is not effuse,
and the species would probably stand better-in the fourth
division. . .

MILIARIA. 52. Shell ovate, slightly emarginate,
white with an obsolete yellowish spire; pil-.
lar obliquely striated.

Voluta miliaria. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1189. Gmelin, p.
34435.

Voluta monilis, Var. &. Gmelin, p. 3444.

Voluta, No.101. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 270.

Le Stipon. Adanson Senegal, p. 79. t. 5. f. 4.?

Martini, ii, p. 109. t. 42. f. 428.

Inhabits the Mediterranean, frequent. Linnaeus. Isle of
Goree. Adanson.

This species has not been hitherto ascertained by any subse-
quent author, and Linneus only says that “ it resembles V.
monilis, but is smaller, very smooth, and has a fine yellow
line on the spire.” This description agrees with the shell
figured by Martini, to which Gmelin has referred for a Va-
riety of V. monilis, and which is described to be only two
and a half lines long, and less than half as broad, white, and
sometimes banded with yellow. Some specimens have only
a yellow line at the suture, and both Martini and Schroeter
appear to have considered it perfectly distinct from V. mo-
nilis. Ihave never seen more than five, but Le Stzpon of
Adanson, which answers in other respects, is described to
have eight or ten plaits on the pillar.

MONILIS. 53. Shell oblong, entire, white, with the
spire obsolete, and the pillar obliquely stri-
ated.

Voluta monilis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1189. Born Mus. p.
219. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 208. Gmelin, p. 3443.
Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 114. -

VOLUTA. 525

Martini, ii. t. 42. f. 426.

Inhabits China. Linneus.

Shell scarcely half an inch long, and one third as broad, white,
opake, with the spire remarkably obsolete, and the pillar
striated with five oblique narrow plaits. In China this shell
is used to make beads and necklaces.

EXILIS. 54. Shell ovate, entire, yellowish, with
two brown bands; spire prominent; pillar
obliquely striated.

Voluta exilis. Ginelin, p. 3444.

Voluta, No. 100. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 270.
Le Falier. Adanson Senegal, p. 78. t. 5. f. 2.

Petiver Gaz. t. 102. f. 13. Martini, ii. t. 42. f. 427.

Variety. White with a yellow band.

Voluta, No. 231. Schroeter Eznl. i. p. 303. t. 1. f. 18.

Inhabits the coasts of Senegal. Adanson.

This shell was considered by Martini to be only a Variety of
his fig. 426, which is V. monzlzs, and it differs principally in
colour, in being rather smaller, and having the spire more
distinct and prominent.

PERSICULA. 95. Shell ovate, smooth, with red
spots, and the spire retuse and umbilicated ;
pillar with eight plaits.

Voluta Persicula, Var. «. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1189. Mar-
tint, il. p. 106. t. 42. f. 421. Schroeter Hinl. i. p. 201.
Gmelin, p. 3444. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 114.

Voluta Persicula, Var. g. Born Musewn, p. 220.

Bonanni Ree. 3. f. 246, and Kirch. f. 245. Lister Conch.
t. 803. f. 10. Petwer Gaz. t. 8. f.2. Gualter, t. 28.
f. C, D, and E. Enc. Method. t. 377. f. 3.

Inhabits the African Ocean. Linnaeus. Coasts of Cape Verde,
and among the rocks on the Island of Goree. Adanson.

Shell generally about three-quarters of an inch long, and rather
more than half as broad, white, spotted with red.

CINGULATA. 56. Shell ovate, smooth, transversely
striped, and the spire retuse and umbilicated ;
pillar with six plaits.

Voluta Persicula, Var. g. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1189. Schroe-
ter Einl. i. p. 201. Gmelin, p. 3444. Schreibers Conch.
1. p. 114.

Vong Persicula, Var.«. Born Mus. p. 220.

526 ] VOLUTA.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 238. Lister Conch. t. 803.
f.9. Petiver Gaz. t.S. f. 10. Gualter, t. 25. f. C,
and t. 28. f, B. Knorr, vi. t. 21. f.6. Martini, ii. p.
104. t. 42. f. 419 and 420. Enc. Method. t. 377. f. 4,
a and b.

Inhabits the coasts of Cape Verde, and among the rocks of the
Island of Goree. Adanson.

This shel! in form and size resembles V. Persicula, of which
it has been considered a Variety, but instead of being spotted
is regularly marked with transverse red lines, and the num-
ber of plaits on the spire is, I believe, invariably smaller.

GuTTATA. 57. Shell ovate-oblong, entire, reddish
spotted with white; spire concealed ; pillar
with four plaits.

Voluta guttata. Solunder’s MSS.

Voluta Persicula, Var. y. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 211. Gme-
lin, p. 3444. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 114.

Martini, ii. p. 104. t. 42. f. 417 and 418.

Inhabits Jamaica. Sloane.

Shell scarcely three-quarters of an inch long, and less than half
as broad, pale yellowish red or flesh-colour, marked all over
with small white spots, and sometimes also with two obso-
lete transverse bands; there are generally two or three
darkish spots on the margin, which is thickened all round,
and the base of the aperture being entire affords a leading
mark to distinguish it from V. Persicula, of which it has
been very improperly considered a Variety.

PORCELLANA. 58. Shell oval, white, with trans-
verse rows of dark spots; spire obtuse;

outer lip gibbous and toothed; pillar with
five plaits.

Voluta Porcellana, Chemnitz, x. p. 164. t. 150. f. 1419
and 1420. Gmelin, p. 3449. Schreibers Conch. i.
p: 99.

Eng. Meth. t, 377. tesa

Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Chemnitz.

This shell appears from Chemnitz’s figure to be in forma
good deal like V. Persicula, and of the same size, but the
spots are of a dark purplish brown, and disposed in regular
transverse rows, and it is also proportionably broader espe-
cially towards the base.

..

VOLUTA. 227

PALLIDA. 59. Shell oblong-ovate, entire ; spire ob-
tuse; pillar with four plaits.

Voluta pallida. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1189. Schroeter Einl.
i, p. 211. t. 1. f.10, a and 6. Gmelin, p. 3444. Mon-
tagu Test. p.232. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans.
Vill. p. 132.

Bulla cylindracea. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 31. t. 2. f.7.

Bulla pallida. Donovan British Shells, 1. t. 66.

Le Simieri. Adanson Senegal, p. 79. t. 5. f. 3.

Lister Conch. t. 714. f. 70, left hand figure. Enc. Method.
t. 384. f. 4.

Inhabits the coasts of Senegal, plentiful among the rocks. Ad-
anson. Coast of Wales. Adams.

Shell about half an inch long, and half as broad, smooth, glossy,
white, somewhat cylindrical, and in shape rather resembles
Bulla cylindracea, from which, however, it may be at once
known by its plaited pillar. Meuschen considered a Variety
of V. glabella or V. Faba to be this species, and either of
them answers better than the present shell to the description
in the Systema Nature, though not to the references, for
they do not at all well accord together. See Mus. Gevers.
p. 328, No. 774, and No. 775.

CATENATA. 60. Shell ovate, glabrous, involuted at
the apex ; pillar with four plaits.

Voluta catenata. Montagu Test. p. 236. t. 6. f. 2, and
Supp. p. 104. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii.
p- 133.

Inhabits the coasts of the West of England, Guernsey, and the
West Indies. Montagu.

Shell a quarter of an inch long, and half as broad at the top,
strong, sub-pellucid, extremely glossy, white, with from four
to eight opake belts of white oblong spots, sometimes con-
nected in a chain-like manner by small rufous streaks ; aper-
ture linear, extending the whole length of the shell, and its
outer lip thick but not margined.

LEVIS. 61. Shell ovate, very smooth, with an ob-
tuse spire; pillar with two plaits; outer lip
gibbous, and slightly denticulated.

Voluta levis. Donovan, v.t.165. Maton and Racket, in
Lin. Trans. viii. p. 133.
Cyprea Voluta. Montagu Test. p. 208. t. 6. f. 7.

528 VOLUTA.

Inhabits the coasts of Devonshire, and the West Indies. Mon-
tagu.

Shell half an inch long, and rather more than half as broad,
beautifully polished, of a greenish white tinged with pale
blushes of red, or straw-colour; the aperture is linear with
its outer lip much thickened, and the shell has altogether
much the habit of a Cypreea.

MARGINATA. 62. Shell ovate, entire, smooth,
broadly margmated with tumid sides; spire
nearly hidden; pillar four-plaited.

Voluta margmata. Born Mus. p. 220. t. 9. f. 5 and 6.
Schroeter Eznl.i. p. 300. Chemnitz, x. p. 165. t. ¥50.
f. 1421. Gmelin, p. 3449. Schrecbers Conch. 1. p. 123.

Favanne, t. 29. f. E. Enc. Method. t. 376. f. 9.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch long, and rather more than half as broad,
quite white without any markings, and so broadly marginated
all round, that at first sight it might be supposed to belong
to the same family as Cyprea Annulus.

FABA. 63. Shell sub-ovate, slightly plaited longitu-
dinally; spire prominent; pillar with four
plaits ; outer lip with a thickened crenulated
margin.

Voluta Faba. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1189. Born Mus. p.
9921. Schroeter Einl.i. p. 212. Gmelin, p. 34465.
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 115.

Lister Conch. t. 812. f. 22. Petiver Gaz. t. 10. f. 5, and
t. 102. f. 10. Gualter, t. 28. f.Q. Knorr; iv. t. 17. f.
6. Martini, ii. p. 113. t. 42. f. 432 and 433. Favanne,
t.24.f. H. Enc. Method. t. 377. f. 1.

Variety. With two dark interrupted transverse bands.

Martini, ii. p. 112. t. 42. f.431. Enc. Method. t. 377.
f. 8

Inhabits the coast of Bombay. Petiver. African Ocean.
Linnaeus.

This beautiful species is about three-quarters of an inch long,
and rather more than half as broad, of a whitish or pale
olive or flesh-colour, with regular transverse rows of rather
distant black spots. I have a specimen like Martini’s figure
431, which has the shoulder of the body-whirl plaited, and
has unquestionably a much greater claim to be considered a
Variety of this species than of V, glabella, to which it has
been generally referred.

VOLUTA. 529

CHEMNITZII. 64. Shell ovate, smooth, with the
spire nodulous ; pillar four-plaited; outer
lip with a thickened toothed margin.

Voluta glabella, Var. 4. Gmelin, p. 3445.
Chemnitz, x. p. 165. t. 150. f, 1422.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz.

Shell near an inch and a quarter lone, and more than half as
broad, white, without any coloured markings.

GLABELLA. 65. Shell entire, smooth; body-whirl
rounded; spire conical; pillar four-plaited,
and the outer lip margined.

Voluta glabella. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.1189. Martini, ii. p.
111. t. 42. f. 429. Schroeter Kinl. i. p. 213. Gmelin,
p. 3445.

Marginella glabella. Lamarck Syst. des Animaux, p. 75.

La Porcelaine. Adanson Senegal, p. 56. t. 4. f. 1.

Lister Conch. t. 818. f.29. Knorr, iv. t. 21. f. 2 and 3.
Enc. Method. t. 377. f. 6. a and 6.

Variety. With the whirls reversed.

Chemnitz, ix. part 1. p. 55. t. 104. f. 690 and 891.

Inhabits Barbadoes. Lister. Isle of Goree. Adanson. Coasts
of Guinea. Humphreys.

Shell near two inches long, and half as broad, thick, polished,
reddish or flesh-coloured, with white spots ; aperture oblong,
four times longer than broad, with the outer lip strongly
margined and toothed.

PICTA. 66. Shell ovate, entire, smooth; body-whirl
transversely angular; spire conical; pillar
four-plaited, and the outer lip margined.

Voluta picta. Solander’s MSS.
» Knorr, v. t. 23. f.3. Martini, ii. p. 114. t. 42. f. 434 and
435. Enc. Method. t. 377. f. 2.

Tnhabits the coasts of Brazil. Martini.

Shell an inch long, and half as broad, greyish white, with black
pencilled zic-zac longitudinal irregular strie ; the body-whirl
Is angulated transversely at the shoulder, which occasions a
corresponding projection on the upper part of the outer lip.
This shell and V. castanea have been very improperly con-
founded with V, glabella, by Schroeter, Gmelin, and Schrei-
bers.

VOL. I. 2M

530 VOLUTA.

CASTANEA. 67. Shell ovate, shinmg, slightly stri-
ated longitudinally ; pillar four-plaited, and
the outer lip thickened, and toothed within.

Voluta castanea. Solander’s MSS.
Martini, ii. p. 112. t. 42. f. 430.

Inhabits the coasts of Brazil. Martini.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and half as broad,
thick, strong, shining, obsoletely striated Jongitudinally, of a
chestnut-colour, often more or less mottled with blotches of
white, and sometimes marked irregularly with white spots
at the sutures. The aperture is more contracted towards
the base, and more channelled, and the outer lip is toothed
and more thickened inwards than in either of the preceding
species.

STRIGATA. 68. Shell ovate, smooth, obtuse ; pillar
five-plaited, and the outer lip marginated,
thickened, and toothed within.

Voluta glabella, Var. $. Gmelin, p. 3445. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 115.
Voluta glabella undulata. Chemnitz, x. p. 166. t. 150. f.
1423 and 1424.
Encyclopédie Methodique, t. 377. f. 7.
Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz.
Shell an inch and a quarter long, and half as broad, greyish
white, with blackish longitudinal waved stripes.

PRUNUM. 69. Shell oblong, entire, smooth, with a
small conical spire ; outer lip thickened and
angulated at top ; pillar four-plaited.

Voluta Prunum. Gmelin, p. 3446.

Voluta plumbea. Solander’s MSS.

Voluta, No.97. Schroeter. Einl. i. p. 269.

L’Egouen. Adanson Senegal, p. 59. t. 4. f. 3.

Lister Conch. t. 817. f. 28.? Martini, ii. p. 110. t. 42. f.
422 and 423. Enc. Method. t. 376. f. 8.

Inhabits the Island of Goree, plentiful. Adanson.

Shell from three-quarters of an inch to an inch and a quarter
long, and half as broad, very smooth, of an uniform bluish
. greenish grey colour without any markings, and the inside

rown.

VOLUTA. ook

ELEGANS. 70. Shell ovate, entire, polished, with a
minute elevated spire; pillar six-plaited ;
aperture contracted in the middle.

Voluta elegans. Gmelin, p. 3448.

- Voluta cancellata, Var. | Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 118.
Voluta Sibilla. Solander’s MSS.
Voluta, No. 98. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 269.
Martini, ii. p. 106. t. 42. f. 424 and 425.

Inhabits

Shell scarcely three-quarters of an inch long, and less than half
as broad, much polished, and marked with longitudinal and
transverse bluish lines, of which the latter are often more or
less collected in bands, but neither of these markings extend
to the margin, which is covered with a coat of enamel ex-
tending downwards from the whirls. The pillar can hardly
be said to have more than five plaits.

BULLATA. 71. Shell ovate, entire, smooth, with a
minute flattened spire; pillar four-plaited ;
aperture rather effuse.

Voluta bullata. Born Mus. p. 218. Chemnitz, x. p. 159.
t. 150. f. 1409 and 1410. Gmelin, p. 3452. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 133.
Voluta Ovum. Gmelin, p. 3448. Schretbers Conch. i. p.
112.
Voluta, No. 99. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 269.
Bonanni Kirch. 3. f. 269, and Rec. Supp. f.13. Lister
Conch. t. 808. f. 11. Knorr, iv. t. 23. f. 1, and t. 27. f.
1. Enc. Method. t. 376. f. 5.
Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Bonanni. East Indies. Chemnitz.
Shell two and a half inches long, and half as broad, of a pale
red colour with longitudinal lines, and obsolete transverse
livid bands. It is nearly allied to V. elegans, and Gmelin,
though he has given the two species separately, has after-
wards incorporated them under Born’s name of V. bullata.

RETICULATA. 72. Shell ovate, with decussated
grooves ; outer lip ribbed within ; pillar sub-
umbilicated.

Voluta reticulata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1190. Martini,
lil. p. 430. t. 121. f. 1107 and 1108. Schroeter Einl. i.
p- 214. Gmelin, p. 3446. Schreibers Conch. i. p.116.

2m 2 bs

O02 VOLUTA.

Cancellaria reticulata. Lamarck Syst.des. Anim. p. %6.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 52. Lister Conch. t. 830.
f. 52. Argenville, t.17. f. M. Seba, ii. t. 49. f. 53 and
55. game. Method. t.,575. 4. 3.

Inhabits the coast of Africa. Muller. Jamaica. Sloane.
West Indies. Humphreys.

Shell about two inches long, and half as broad, white, variously
marked with irregular brownish yellow bands; pillar with
two thick compressed plaits, and somewhat perforated ;
aperture ending in a short beak. It is a strong thick shell,
and has much the habit of a Buccinum.

ZIERVOGELII. 73. Shell ovate, rugose, somewhat
plaited longitudinally, and at the base trans-
versely grooved; sutures channelled and
crenated ; pillar four-plaited ; outer lip den-
ticulated.

Voluta Ziervogelii, Gmelin, p. 3457. Schreibers Conch.
1. p. 99.
Voluta Ziervogeliana. Chemmnitz, x. p. 156. t. 149. f. 1406.
Encyclopédie Methodique, t. 375. f. 9.
Inhabits
Shell about an inch long, and three-quarters of an inch broad,
of a chocolate or chestnut-colour, with the body-whirl gib-
bous, and the outer lip thick, projecting, and rounded at
the upper extremity ; pillar and outer lip white, and the lat-
ter denticulated.

MERCATORIA. 74. Shell ovate, striated, with an
obtuse spire; pillar retuse, toothed; outer
lip gibbous and denticulated.

Voluta mercatoria. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1190. Martin,
ll. p. 130. t. 44. f. 452 to 458. Born Mus. p. 222.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 215. Gmelin, p. 3446. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 116.

Columbella mercatoria. Lamarck Syst. des Anim. p. 75.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 36. — Lister Conch. t. 824.
f.43. Petiver Gaz.t.9.f.4. Gualter, t. 43. f. I and
L. Adanson Senegal, t. 9. f. 29. Knorr, iv. t. 12. f. 5,
vi. t. 16. f. 6 and 7, and t. 18. f. 3. Favanne, t. 26. f.
C1. Enc. Method. t. 375. f. 4.

Inhabits the Mediterranean, Linneus. Jamaica. Lister.

Goree. Adanson.

VOLUTA. 2303

Shell half or three-quarters of an inch long, and rather more
than half as broad, with broad transverse somewhat nodu-
lous striz, and the inside of the outer lip becoming thicker
towards its middle. The colour is generally white, and va-
riously spotted, fasciated, or clouded with yellow, black, or
brown. The Variety with black or dark chocolate mark-
ings has the elevated striae less nodulous, and has been ar-
ranged by Schreibers as a distinct species with a reference to
Kuorr, vi. t. 16. f. 7.

RUSTICA. 75. Shell sub-ovate, smooth, with a pro-
minent spire; pillar retuse, toothed ; outer
lip gibbous and denticulated.

Voluta rustica. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1190. Martini,
il. p. 137. t.44. f. 462, and 468 to 471. Born Mus. p.
222. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 216. Gmelin, p. 3447.
Schretbers Conch. i. p. 117.

Laster Conch. t. 824. f. 44, t. 825. f. 45, and t. 827. f. 49,
aande. Petiver Gaz. t. 45. f.13. Gualter, t. 43. f.
C, E, G, and H. Knorr, vi. t. 18. f. 4. Favanne, t.
26. f. C2. Enc. Method. t. 375. f. 2.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linneus. Barbadoes. Petiver.
Goree. Adanson.

This species is very nearly allied to V. mercatoria, but is some-
what larger, and differs in being perfectly smooth. It varies
infinitely in its colour and markings; sometimes the ground
is brown, red, yellow, or of a chocolate-colour with longi-
tudinal interrupted streaks, waved stripes, or spots of white,
and other shells are white with varied markings of the other
colours.

TORVA. 76. Shell oval oblong, smooth, obsoletely
striated at the base; spire elevated, sub-ven-
tricose ; pillar retuse, slightly toothed ; outer
lip gibbous and denticulated.

Voluta torva. Solander’s MSS.
Voluta rustica, Var. y. Gmelin, p. 3447.
Voluta, No. 113. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 274.
Buccinum punctatum. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 281.
Lister Conch. t. 826. f. 48 and 49. Gualter, t. 43. f. D.
Martini, ii. p. 134. t. 44, f. 465 and 466. Enc. Method.

. t. 375. f. 7.

inhabits Barbadoes. Luster.

This species differs from the preceding in being faintly striated

oDd VOLUTA.

transversely at the base, and in having the spire more pro-
minent and the whirls more ventricose; the colour is yel-
lowish, more or less tinged with red, especially on the spire,
and generally spotted with white. The pillar is so indis-
tinctly toothed, that Bruguiere has differed from other au-
thors, and has placed it among the Buccina.

PAUPERCULA. 77. Shell ovate, nearly smooth, but
striated at the base; spire rather prominent ;
pillar four-plaited; outer lip obtuse.

Voluta paupercula. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1190. Mar-
lini, iv. p. 228. t. 149. f. 1986 and 1387. Born Mus.
p. 223. Schroeter Einl.i. p. 217. t. 1. f. 11. Gmelin,
p- 3447. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 117.

Mitra Zebra. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 215.

Lister Conch. t. 819. f. 35. Gualter, t.15. f. L. Knorr,
iv. t. 26. f. 5. Enc. Method. t. 372. f. 8.

Variety, With the outer lip denticulated, and the spire shorter
and more obtuse.

Voluta paupercula. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 217. t. 1. f. 11.
Chemnitz, x. p. 163. t. 150. f. 1417 and 1418.

Mitra retusa. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 217.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus. .

Shell varying from three-quarters of an inch to an inch and a
quarter loug, and rather less than half as broad, thick, solid,
of a reddish black colour, with white broadish stripes ex-
tending throughout the whole Jength. Chemnitz’s shell is
described to be from the East Indies, and the principal dif-
ference which [ can find noticed, is that it has the outer lip
denticulated.

pica. 78. Shell ovate, transversely striated through-
out; spire prominent; pillar five-plaited ;
throat brown.
Voluta Pica. Chemnitz, xi. p. 24. t. 178. f. 1721 and
1722.
Mitra Zebra, Var.? Lamarck Ann. du. Mus. xvii. p. 215.
Enc. Meth. t. 372. f. 7.

Inhabits the coasts of the Island of St. Bartholomew. Chem-
nitz.

Shell about an inch long, and rather less than half as broad,
with alternate white and dark brown stripes like those of
V. paupercula, from which species it may be at once known
by its being striated throughout, and having five plaits on the
pillar.

VOLUTA. Oo.

FERRUGATA. 79. Shell sub-oval, ventricose, trans-
versely ribbed, and the pillar four-plaited.

Voluta ferrugata. Solander’s MSS.
Voluta, No. 129. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 277.
Mitra cucumerina. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 215.
Martim, iv. t. 150. f. 1398 and 1399. Enc. Meth. t. 375.
aa
Inhabits
Shell rather more than an inch long and about two thir’: as
broad, remarkably ventricose in the middle, and contrecting
towards both extremities; the colour is orange or reddish
brown, with a more or less interrupted white band in the
middle.

PATRIARCHALIS. 80. Shell ovate, solid, transversely
striated and angulated, with longitudinal
plaits forming nodules on the margins of the
whirls: base granulated, and the pillar four-
plaited.

Voluta patriarchalis. Gmelin, p. 3460. Schreibers Conch.
1. p. 99.

neiee Corona patriarchalis. Chemnitz, x. p. 166. t. 150.
f. 1425 and 1426.

Mitra patriarchalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p.216.

Enc. Meth. t. 374. f..1.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about eleven lines long and six broad, and the one figured
in the Encyclopédie Methodique, which is only half so large,
is said by Lamarck to be a young shell; the colour is dirty
white tinged with yellowish brown at the base, and marked
round the middle of the whirls with a broad chestnut band ;
the sutures are distinctly crenulated.

MURICULATA. 81. Shell ovate, solid, transversely
grooved, and the grooves granulated ; spire
short, angulated and coronated; pillar with
four plaits.

Voluta patriarchalis, Var. Gmelin, p. 3460.
Voluta Corona patriarchalis, Var. Chemnitz, x. p. 167. t.
150. f. 1427.
Mitra muriculata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 216.
Inhabits the Indian Ocean? Lamarck.
This species is nearly allied to V. patriarchalis, from which

536 VOLUTA.

Lamarck says it differs in being of an orange or reddish co-
lour without any band, in the spire being sbort, and moré
strikingly coronated with distant nodules, and in having gra-
nulated grooves extending over the whole surface of the body-
whirl.

MENDICARIA. 82. Shell ovate, slightly striated,
with a somewhat granulated spire; pillar
smooth ; outer lip gibbous and denticulated.

Voluta mendicaria. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1191. Born.
Mus. p. 224. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 218. Gmelin, p.
3448. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 118.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 50. Lister Conch. t. 826.
f. 47. . Gualter, t. 52. f. E. Knorr, iv. t. 16. f.. 3.
Martina, ii. p. 132. t. 44. f. 460 and 461. Enc. Method.
t:375.4..10};a’and 6.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Petiver. Asia. Linn@us. Coasts
of Mexico, Mut‘ler.

Shell about half an inch long, and a little more than half as
broad, strong, solid, and narrowing from the middle almost
equally towards the base and apex; the colour is black with
two, or sometimes three white transverse bands, which are
generally nearly as broad, and sometimes still broader than
the black interstices ; aperture narrow.

NANA. 83. Shell ovate, ribbed longitudinally, and
at the base transversely grooved ; pillar three-
plaited ; outer lip denticulated.

Voluta rustica, Var. 3. Gmelin, p. 3447.
Voluta, No.110. Schroeter Einl. i, p. 273.
Martini, ii. p. 132. t. 44. f. 459.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Martini.

Shell about eight lines long, and not quite half so broad, strongly
ribbed longitudinally, and the interstices crenulated ; the base
is also transversely grooved forming nodules, and marked
with alternate black and brown bands; the upper part of
the shell is mottled, and sometimes the half,.and sometimes
the whole of a rib is either black or white on one whirl, and.
the rib of the whirl next above it is of the opposite colour.

mMicrozonias. 84. Shell ovate, obtusely ribbed
longitudinally, and at the base transversely
wrinkled ; pillar three-plaited.

VOLUTA. 007

Mitra microzonias. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 218.
Enc. Meth. t. 374. f. 8.

Inhabits the [Indian Ocean. Lamarck.

Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and half as broad,
of a very dark reddish brown colour with a white transverse
band, which is sometimes interrupted so as to form a row of
white spots on each whirl.

CANCELLATA. 85. Shell ovate, nearly entire, with
longitudinal ribs and transverse striz ; pillar
three-plaited, sub-umbilicated, and slightly
produced.

Voluta cancellata. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1191. Born
Mus. p. 224. t. 9. f. 7 and 8. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 219.
Gmelin, p. 3448.

Murex cancellata. Linneus Syst. Nat. edit. 10. p. 751.
Ulysses’s Travels, p. 466.

Lister Conch. t..830. f. 53 and 54. Gualter, t. 48. f. D
and E. Adanson Senegal, t. 8. f. 16. Knorr, iv. t, 5.
f. 5.

Variety. With the spire more produced.

Chemnitz, xi. p. 27. t. 179. f. 1727 and 1728.

Inhabits the coasts of Senegal at Cape Bernhardi. Adanson.
Antilles. Miller. Mediterranean. Humphreys. Shore at
Tarentum. Ulysses.

Shell about an inch long, and more than half as broad, white
or pale brown, with yellowish transverse bands; the whirls
are flattened at the sutures, and the longitudinal ribs much
elevated, sharp, rather oblique, and crossed by fine trans-
verse striz; the aperture is slightly emarginated, and the in-

side ribbed.

Nassa. 86. Shell entire, ovate, transversely striated
and sharply nbbed longitudinally, with the
whirls flattened at the sutures; pillar umbill-
cated and three-plaited.

Voluta Nassa. Gmelin, p. 3464.

Voluta costata. Solander’s MSS. |

Voluta, No. 120. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 276.

Gualter, t. 48. f. Band C. Seba, iii. t. 53. f. 42. Knorr,

iv. t. 26. f. 6. Martini, iv. t. 124. f. 1172 and 1173.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea, and the Mauritius. Martinz.
Shell about three-quarters of an inch long, and rather more
- than half as broad, white or brownish; the striz crossing

338 VOLUTA.

the ribs give the latter somewhat of a spinous appearance,
especially towards the upper end of the whirls; the ribs are
somewhat oblique, and radiated from the umbilicus; the
aperture is entire, but forms rather an acute angle at the

- base, and the inside is ribbed. It bears some resemblance
to Buccinum Arcularia.

NuUCEA. 87. Shell ovate, sub-striated, glabrous ;
spire sub-elevated ; pillar with five plaits.
Voluta nucea. Gronovius Zoophs p. 298. t. 18. f. 11.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 301. Gmelin, p. 3449.
Inhabits
All other authors have copied from Gronovius, who alone has
noticed this species, and the following is his description:
“¢ Shell ovate, rather oblong, thick, somewhat more than an
inch long, and one third as broad, white all over, glabrous,
and obsoletely striated longitudinally ; spire rather promi-
nent, short, obtuse, thick, consisting of five whirls tapering
upwards, and pressed together at the margins; pillar with
five plaits, grooved and slightly reflected ; outer lip rounded,
very entire and thin.”

eR Busiform.

TRINGA. 88. Shell oblong, nearly entire, smooth ;
spire prominent, decorticated ; pillar three-
plaited ; outer lip slightly toothed inwardly.

Voluta Tringa. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1191. Schroeter
Einl. i. p. 220. t.1. f.12. Gmelin, p. 3449.

Mitra Tringa. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 211.

Lister Conch. t. 825. f.45. Gualter, t. 45. f. B. » Enc.
Meth. t. 374. f. 10.

Inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaeus.

Shell hardly three-quarters of an inch long, and but little more
than one third as broad, polished, white, clouded with yel-
low and pale brownish purple; the pillar has three obsolete
plaits, and the outer lip is slightly toothed, and thickened
inwardly towards its middle.

CORNICULA. 89. Shell oblong, slightly emarginated,
smooth and horn-coloured ; spire rather long ;
pillar four-plaited ; outer lip equal and tooth-
less.

VOLUTA. &39

Voluta Cornicula. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1191. Chemnitz,
xl. p. 29. t. 179. f. 1731 and 1732.
Gualter, t. 43. f. N.

inhabits the Mediterranean. Linnaus. Islands of St. Thomas
and St. Croix. Chemnitz.

Shell seven or eight lines long, and but little more than one
third as broad, transversely striated, of an uniform brownish
yellow or horn-colour, and Linnzus says it 1s sometimes
black.

SCHROETERI. 90. Shell oblong-fusiform, seariy en-
tire, smooth, of a horn-colowr clouded with
white and yellowish brown spots; pillar four-
plaited.

Voluta Cornicula. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 221, t. 1. f. 13.
Gmelin, p. 3449.

Mitra Cornicula. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 210.

Schroeter Inn. Bau Conch, p. 49. t. 4. f. 2. Chemnitz, xi.
p. 30. t. 179. f. 1733 and 1734.

Variety B. Shell uniform white.

Mitra lactea. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 210.
Chemnitz, xi. p. 31, t. 179. f. 1735 and 1736. Enc. Meth.
t. Si). fe;

Variety C. Shell uniform reddish or yellowish, and the pillar
three-plaited.

Mitra lutescens. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 210.
Enc. Meth. t. 372. f. 1.?

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Schroeter.

Shell an inch and a quarter long, and one third as broad;
white and variously clouded with yellowish or brownish spots,
or irregularly marked with interrupted longitudinal stripes,
and Chemnitz has figured a variety which is wholly white.

ACUMINATA. 91. Shell elongated, with cancellat-
ed strie#, and the spire much elevated and
acute; aperture produced at the base; pillar
four-plaited.

Voluta acuminata.. Gmelin, p. 3454.

Voluta, No. 131. Schroeter Einl.1. p. 278.

Martini, iv. p. 235. t. 150. f. 1403 and 1404.
Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Chemnitz.
Shell two inches long, and about five lines broad ; of a yellow-

ish brown sometimes tinged with violet colour, and marked

940 VOLUTA.

with cancellated striz. The aperture is represented to be
nearly entire, but becoming narrower, and considerably pro-
duced at the base.

viIrGO. 92. Shell entire, turreted, plaited, and trans-
versely striated ; pillar with three plaits, and
perforated.

Voluta Virgo. ILinneus Syst. Nat. p.1192. Gmelin, p.
53450.

Inhabits Haynam. Humphreys in Callone’s Catalogue.

Linneus has described this shell to be “an inch long, with
about twelve longitudinal grooves, and the base reticulated ;
spire of ten whirls marked with two bands, of which the low-
er is white and the upper yellow, and the sutures marked by
a redline. Beak of the aperture elongated like a Strombus,
and perforated.”

FILARIS. 93. Shell emarginate, sub-turreted, round-
ed, and marked with decussated strie, and
transverse red lines ; pillar three-plaited.

Voluta filaris. Linneus Mantissa, p. 548. Gmelin, p.
3457.
Inhabits
Linneus, who alone has noticed this species, describes it to be
“ fusiform, of the length of a little finger, with decussated
strie, of a pale colour, with twelve red moniliform striz on
the body, and three on the other whirls ; throat white, and
pillar three-plaited.”

FILOSA. 94. Shell fusiform, emarginate, minutely
reticulated, and marked with remote trans-
verse elevated lines; pillar four-plaited and
perforated.

Voluta filosa. Born Mus. p.225. t.9. f. 9 and 10. Gme-
lin, p. 3465.

Voluta scabricula. Martini, iv. p. 229. t. 149. f. 1388,
1389, and 1391. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 222. Gmelin,
p- 3450. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 124.

Voluta, No. 225. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 301.

Voluta nexilis. Martyn’s Univ. Conchology, 1. t. 22.

Voluta leucostica, Var. g. Gmelin, p. 3457.

Mitra filosa. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 209.

VOLUTA, O41

Mitra nexilis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 202.
Gualter, t. 53. f. H. Favanne, t. 31. f. C 7.

Inhabits the East Indies. Martini. Friendly Islands. Hum-
phreys.

Shell an inch and a quarter, or an inch and three-quarters long,
and about one third as broad; white, or slightly tinged with
brown, and marked with remote, smooth, elevated brown
lines, which follow the course of the whirls.

FISSURATA. 95. Shell fusiform, emarginate, very
smooth, of a pale colour irregularly reticu-
lated with white lines; pillar four-plaited.

Mitra fissurata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 209.
Ene Mette 371." '. 1.
TInhabits
Shell about an inch and three-quarters long, and one third as
broad; of a pale straw colour, marked with oblique white
rather irregularly reticulated lines; it has eight whirls, and is
an elegant, delicate, and rare species.

BARBADENSIS. 96. Shell slightly emarginate, of a
pale chestnut-colour, with very fine trans-
verse Striz 5 pillar five or six-plaited.

Voluta Barbadensis. Gmelin, p. 3455. Schreibers Conch.
ip. 121.
Voluta, No. 149. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 281.
Mitra striatula. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 210.
Murex Zebrula. Mus. Geversianum, p. 282. No. 787.?
Lister Conch. t. 819. f.33. Enc. Meth. t. 372. f. 6.
‘Tnhabits the coasts of Barbadoes. Lister.

Shell about sixteen lines long and six broad, and somewhat re-
sembles the Variety C of V. Schroeteri, but may be readily
distinguished by its regular transverse strie, more acuminat~
ed spire, and the more numerous plaits on its pillar, Meu-
schen has referred to Lister’s figure for his M. Zebrula, which
he describes to be yellow with brown stripes.

CLATHRUS. 97. Shell emarginate, fusiform, can-
cellated, and marked witha transverse spot-
ted band ; pillar four-plaited, perforated.

Voluta Clathrus. Gmelin, p. 3457.
Voluta mustelina. Solander’s MSS.

242 VOLUTA.

Voluta, No. 208. Schrocter Evileitung, 1. p. 296.
Knorr, iit. t. 27. f. 3.

Juhabits China. Humphreys.

Shell an inch and a quarter long, and about one third as broad ;
cancellated, whitish, and marked with a transverse band of
yellow spots; the inside is white.

CRENIFERA. 98. Shell fusiform, with transverse,
crenulated striz, and dark brown bands, of
which the upper margin is lobed; pillar four-
plaited.

Voluta, No. 194. Schroeter Einl. in. p. 293.
Mitra crenifera. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 204.
Seba, ii. t. 49. f. 19 and 20. Enc. Meth. t. 370. f.3.

Inhabits the Indian Seas. Lamarck.

Shell about an inch anda quarter long, and one third as broad ;
whitish and prettily marked with reddish or yellowish brown
transverse zones, of which the upper margins are lobed like
the embattlements of a fortification.

SCABRICULA. 99. Shell emarginate, reticulated
with crenated, clevated striz; pillar four-
plaited, perforated; outer lip crenulated.

Voluta scabricula. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1192. Solan-

der’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 33. lot 783, and p. 116.
lot 2560. Chemnitz, xi. p. 28. t. 179. f. 1729 and

1730.

Voluta virgata. Gmelin, p.3457. Schretbers Conch. 1. p.
122.

Voluta Jeucostoma. Gmelin, p. 3457. Schreibers Conch. 1.
p. 133.

Voluta, No. 212, and No. 213. Schroeter inl. i. p. 297.
Voluta exasperata, Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3453.?
Mitra spherulata. Martyn Univ. Conch. i. t. 21.
Mitra scabriuscula. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 2053.
Gualter, t. 53. f. D. Knorr, iv. t. 11. f. 2, and t. 15. f. 8.
Seba, iil. t. 50. f. 47 and 48. Enc. Method. t. 371. f. 5.
Varjety. With the striz granulated.
Mitra granatina. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 203.
Rumphius, t. 29. £.T. Petiver Amb. t. 9. £.18. Ene.
Meth. t. 371. f. 4.
Inhabits the East Indies. Linnaeus. Friendly Islands. Martyn.
Coasts of China, and Pulo Condore. Humphreys.

VOLUTA. 043

Shell most commonly about two inches long, and one third as
broad ; white, with ferruginous transverse bands and spots,
and rough with elevated, reticulated, crenated striae. The
transverse bands are sometimes interrupted by irregular lon-
gitudinal streaks of white, and the inside is brownish yellow.
Martyn’s Mitra spherulata may probably be nothing more
than a very perfect and fine specimen of this species.

EXASPERATA. 100. Shell emarginate, with longi-
tudinal ribs, and decussated granulous strie ;
pillar five-plaited ; outer lip crenulated.

Voluta exasperata. Chemnitz, x. p. 172. t. 151. f. 1440
and 1441. Gmelin, p. 3455.
Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Chemnitz.
Shell about an inch long, and nearly half as broad, pale brown,
with darker brown bands; the whirls are somewhat angulat-
ed transversely near their apices, and the throat is striated.

cosTATA. 101. Shell fusiform, elongated, with
rounded longitudinal ribs, and fine transverse
strie; pillar four-plaited.

Voluta costata. Gmelin, p. 3458. Schreibers Conch. 1.
. 108.

Veluta, No. 230. Schroeter Einl.i. p. 302. t. 1. f. 17.

Mitra subulata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 211.
Inhabits
Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and one fourth as

broad ; of a whitish flesh-colour clouded with pale brownish

yellow, and one of the transverse striz under each suture is

larger than the others.

GRANOSA. 102. Shell emarginate, longitudinally
grooved and transversely striated with elevat-
ed dots; pillar three-plaited.

Voluta granosa. Chemnitz, x. p. 173. t. 151. f. 1442 and
1443. Gmelin, p. 3453.
Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Chemnitz.
Shell an inch and a half long, and one third as broad ; whitish,
or very pale brown, marked with reticulated reddish lines,
and the base and summit are black.

044 VOLUTA.

NODULOSA. 103. Shell fusiform, emarginate, lon-
gitudinally grooved, and cancellated ; pillar
with four plaits.

Voluta nodulosa. Gmelin, p. 3453.
Voluta lutosa. Solander’s MSS.
Voluta, No. 125. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 277.
Mitra granulosa. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 201.
Strombus Turricula. Udysses’s Travels, p. 459.
Gualter, t. 52. f. F. Martini, iv. t. 149. f. 1390.
Variety. Shell oblong.
Mitra crocata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 202.
Voluta, No. 124. Schroeter Einlettung, i. p. 277.
Gualter, t. 52. f. G. Martini, iv. t. 149. f. 1385.
Inhabits the West Indies. Martini. Coast of Naples. Ulysses.
Shell an inch and a quarter long, and one third as broad ; white,
with cancellated red grooves, which form small nodules.
The variety, besides being more oblong, is rather larger and
broader in proportion, and of a more tawny colour. Martyn
Univ. Conch. i. t. 19, which is V.incompta of Solander
(see Portland Catalogue, lot 2116), has been quoted for this
species by Lamarck, butis more nearly allied to, and is pro-
bably only a variety of V. Ruffina.

sPADICEA. 104. Shell fusiform, longitudinally
plaited, and transversely striped, smooth;
pillar with five plaits; outer lip crenulated.

Voluta spadicea. Gmelin, p. 3454.
Voluta deusta. Solander’s MSS.
Voluta, No. 126. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 277.
Martini, iv. p. 231. t..150. f. 1392.
Inhabits
Shell an inch and a quarter long, and the breadth is two-fifths
of the length, with eight whirls, of a pale brownish or yel-
lowish white colour, and chestnut spots; the aperture is
small, and the outer lip thick and crenulated. Knorr, ii. t.
4. f.6, which Gmelin has placed as a variety of V. pertusa,
may probably belong to this species.

pEcussATA. 105. Shell fusiform, longitudinally
plaited and striated transversely: pillar with
four teeth.

VOLUTA. 945

Voluta decussata. Gmelin, p. 3454. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- 119 Ree ,

Voluta, N o. 128. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 277.

Martini, iv. p. 231. t. 150. f. 1395.

Inhabits
Shell about an inch long, and two fifths as broad, yellowish,

and is nearly allied to V. spadicea, but has fewer plaits on
the pillar.

RUFFINA. 106. Shell nearly entire and transverse-
ly wrinkled; pillar with four plaits; outer
lip crenulated.

Voluta Ruffina. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1192. Gmelin,
p. 3450. Solander’s MSS.

Voluta pertusa. Schroeter Einl.i. p.228. Gmelin, p. 3458.
Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 126.

Mitra adusta. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 201.

Lister Conch, t. 822. f.40. Gualter, t. 54.f.G. Seba,
il. t. 50. f. 49. Knorr, ii. t.3. f.5. Martini, iv. p.
209. t. 147. f. 1361. Encyc. Method. t. 369. f. 5.

Inhabits the Eastern Ocean. Lenneus.

Linnezus has referred only to Gualter, t. 54. f. G, and says this
species “‘resembles V. scabriuscula, but is narrower, longer,
and every where spotted with flesh-colour ; beak entire, and
not umbilicated; outer lip recurved, and crenulated with
rounded tubercles.” The shell figured by Martini, which
Gmelin has followed Schroeter in arranging as the Linnean
V. pertusa, is certainly very different from that species, and
was considered by Dr. Solander to be V. Ruffina, with
which it accords infinitely better. It is about three inches
long, and one third as broad; of a pale reddish yellow co-

3?
lour with oblong brown spots.

VARIEGATA. 107. Shell fusiform, emarginate, with
transverse convex ribs, and the grooves cre-
nulated ; whirls convex; pillar five-plaited.

Voluta variegata. Gmelin, p. 3457. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- 133.

Voluta sponsa. Solander’s MSS.

Voluta, No. 215. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 298.

Knorr, v. t. 18. f. 6.
Inhabits
Shell one inch and a half long, and about one third as broad ;
VOL. I. 2N

546 VOLUTA.

yellow with brown bands and spots, and numerous smaller
white spots.

SANGUISUGA. 108. Shell fusiform, emarginate, lon-
gitudinally grooved, and transversely striat-
ed; whirls convex; pillar four-plaited, and
the outer lip smooth.

Voluta sanguisuga. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1192. Born
Mus. p.226. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 224. Gmelin, p. 3450.

. Schreibers Conch. p. 124.

Mitra sanguisuga. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 208.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f.78. Lister Conch. t. 821.
f. 38. Rumphius, t.29.f.V. Petiver Gaz. t. 4. f. 5,
and Amb. t. 13. f.9. Gualter, t. 53. f. F. Seba, i. t.
49. f.11 to 16. Knorr, iv. t. 11. f.4. Martini, iv. t.
148. f.1373 and 1374. Enc. Meth. t. 373. f. 10.

Variety. Shell bluish grey, with transverse red stripes, and the
pillar three-plaited.

Voluta sanguisuga. Martina, iv. p.215. t. 148. f. 1367 and
1368.

Mitra stigmataria. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 208.

Regenfuss, i. t. 1. f. 5.

Inhabits Amboyna. Rumphius. Mediterranean. Linncus.
South Wales. Humphreys.

Shell an inch and a half long, and one third as broad, yellow-
ish brown or bluish, with red bands or transverse rows of red
spots, and the longitudinal grooves are sometimes red; the
base is brown, and Gmelin mentions a variety with alternate
brown and white bands. Argenville, t. 9. f. V, from which
Gmelin has constituted his V. strigosa, is said to have the
spire smooth, and the same figure is referred to by Mar-
tini for this species, of which it appears at most to be only a
variety.

CAFFRA. 109. Shell fusiform, emarginate, with the
body-whirl rugged only at the base, and the
other whirls plaited and striated; pillar four-
plaited.

Voluta Caffra. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1192. Martini, iv.
p- 218. t. 148. f. 1369 and 1370. Born Mus. p. 226.
Schroeter Einl. 1.p.225. Gmelin, p. 3451. Schreibers
Conch. 1. p. 125.

Mitra Caffra. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 208.

VOLUTA. oA7

Gualter, t. 53. f.E. Seba, in. t. 49. f. 21, 22, and 41.
Knorr, iv. t. 19. f. 4 and 5. Enc. Method. t. 373. f. 4.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Linneus. China. Humphreys.
Coasts of Naples. U/ysses.

Shell two inches long, and hardly one third as broad, black,
yellow, or violet, with two or three whitish transverse bands
in each whirl; the spire is longitudinally plaited and striated,
but the body-whirl is smooth except at the base, where it is
transversely grooved.

LEUCOZONIAS. 110. Shell fusiform, emarginate,
smooth, with longitudinal stripes ;-pillar with
the teeth obsolete.

Voluta leucozonias. Gmelin, p. 3453. Schreibers Conch.
1. ps Le.
Voluta, No. 121. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 276.
Martini, iv. p. 220. t. 148. f. 1871 and 1372.
Inhabits
Martini’s figure of this shell resembles /. Caffra both in size
and colour, but the white stripes are longitudinal, and the
teeth on the pillar obsolete.

moRIO. 111. Shell fusiform, slightly emarginate,
round, and smooth ; pillar with three plaits.

Voluta Morio. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1193. Gmelin,
p. 3451.
Buccinum Morio. Solander’s MSS. Callone’s Cat. p. 35.

Inhabits the West Indies. Humphreys.

Linnzus says this species is very like V. Caffra, but is brown,
with one white transverse line at the base of the body-whirl
only ; the shell is thicker, and the spire not striated ; pillar
without any inner lip, and with only three small plaits. Lin-
nzus has referred only to Seba, t. 49. f. 21 and 22, and has
also referred to the same figures for V. Caffra.

VULPECULA. 112. Shell fusiform, emarginate, sub-
angular, unarmed and transversely striated ;
pular four-plaited; throat striated.

Voluta Vulpecula. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1193. Marti-
mi, Vv. p. 213. t. 148. f. 1364 to 1366. Born Mus. p.
227. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 226. Gmelin, p. 3451.

Qn 2

2048 VOLUTA.

Schreibers Conch. i. p. 126.
Mitra Vulpecula, Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 207.
Rumphius, t. 29. f. R. Gualter, t. 54. f. B,C. Knorr,
v. t. 16. f. 3. Seba, ii. t. 49. f. 27 to 30, and 39 and
40. Favanne, t.31. f.15 and 16. Enc. Method.
Bo 1 3-, f- (de

Inhabits Amboyna. Rumphius. Asiatic Ocean. Linneus.
China. Humphreys.

Shell about an inch and three quarters long, and one third as
broad, in colour sometimes of an uniform brownish yellow,
or yellowish white with blackish or dark brown transverse
bands; the aperture is brown at its two extremities ; the pil-
Jar brownish with white plaits, and the outer lip usually irre-
gularly spotted with the same colour. Martyn’s Mitra tes-
sellata (Univ. Conch, t. 19), which Gmelin quotes as a va-
riety of this species, has every appearance of being perfectly
distinct.

COSTELLARIS. 113. Shell turreted, emarginate,
longitudinally ribbed, and striated transverse-
ly; whirls angulated above, and the pillar
four-plaited.

Voluta subdivisa, Var. Chemnitz, x. p. 171. t. 151. f. 1436
and 1437.

Voluta umbrosa. Solander’s MSS.

Mitra costellaris. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 206.

Gualter, t. 54. f. D. Enc. Meth. t. 373. f. 3.

Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches long, and one third as broad, with thin
longitudinal ribs, and the whirls transversely angulated and
flattened towards the sutures; the colour is dark reddish
brown, or sometimes almost black, with two rather narrow
transverse white bands, and the pillar has four plaits, of which
the lower one is obsolete.

SUBDIVISA. 114. Shell turreted, emarginate, elon-
gated, with slender longitudinal ribs and
transverse strie; pillar four-plaited.

Voluta subdivisa. Chemnitz, x. p. 171. t. 151. f. 1434 and
1435. Gmelin, p. 3453. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 119.

Voluta citrina. Gmelin, p. 3456.?

Voluta, No. 176. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 289.

Mitra subdivisa. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 206.

VOLUTA. 549

Valentyn Abhandil. t. 2.f.12.? Enc. Meth. t. 373. f. 1.

Ynhabits the East Indian Ocean. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches long, and one fourth as broad, and dif-
fers from V. costellaris, with which it has been confounded
by Gmelin, in being more produced, and the whirls much
less angulated transversely towards the sutures; the colour is
reddish white, with dark reddish brown transverse bands,
and the base is more recurved than in V. Vulpecula. Gme-
lin’s V. citrina is probably at most only a variety of this spe-
cies, and the figure of Valentyn’s, from which it originates,
has been quoted by Born for V. Vulpecula.

MELONGENA. 115. Shell fusiform, with small lon-
gitudinal ribs and transverse strize which are
strongest under the sutures ; pillar four-plait-
ed.

Mitra melongena. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 206.
Enc. Meth. t. 373. f. 9.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean.? Lamarck.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and one third as broad,
white, with several transverse bands, of which some are dark
reddish brown, and others dull brownish yellow; it is more
ventricose, and has the longitudinal ribs less elevated than in
V. subdivisa, and the whirls are not transversely angulated,
but more convex than in V, costellaris.

POLYGONA. 116. Shell turreted, elongated, with
cancellated strie, and the three first whirls
angular and somewhat knotty; outer lip
grooved ; pillar five-plaited, and sub-umbili-
cated.

Voluta polygona. Gmelin, p. 3454.
Voluta, No. 130. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 278.
Martini, iv. p. 233. t. 150. f. 1401 and 1402.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Martini.

Shell an inch and a half long, and one fourth as broad, white,
shaded with brown and black, marked with longitudinal striz,
and minutely striated transversely; the spire consists of ten
whirls, and the pillar has about five plaits. Martini suspects
this may be the Linnean V. Virgo, but it does not appear
to me to answer sufficiently to the description.

550 VOLUTA.

TENIATA. 117. Shell turreted, elongated, longitu-
dinally plaited, ribbed and angular, and
transversely grooved; pillar four-plaited ;
outer lip striated within.

Voluta plicaria, Var. g. Gmelin, p. 3452.

Voluta plicaria longissima. Chemnitz, x. p. 139 and p. 173.
t. 151. f. 1444 and 1445.

Mitra teniata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 204.

Enc. Meth. t. 373. £.'7.

Inhabits the coasts of Bombay. Chemnitz.

Shell three and a half inches long, and one fourth as broad ;
in colour and markings it resembles V. plicaria, but it is
much longer and narrower in proportion to its length, is
strongly grooved transversely, and the spinous processes in
the longitudinal folds are wanting. Chemmitz considered it
to be a distinct species, and Kemmerer, as well as Gmelin,
has placed it as a variety of V. plicaria.

PLICARIA. 118. Shell emarginate, angular, and.
plaited, with the angular projections towards
the upper part of each whirl somewhat spi-
nous; pillar four-plaited ; outer lip smooth.

Voluta plicaria. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1193. Martini,
iv. p. 211. t. 148. f. 1362 and 1363. Born Mus. p. 227.
Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 227. Gmelin, p. 3452,
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 126.

Mitra plicaria. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 205.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 65. Lister Conch. t. 820.
f. 37.+ ‘Gualter, t: 54. £.;F.,.Argencilley te) 0. f1Q)
Knorr, iii. t. 27. f. 4, and vi. t. 12. f. 5. Seba, iii. t. 49.
f.23 and 24. Favanne, t.31. f. L4and 17. Ene.
Method. t. 373. f. 6. ;

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Linnaeus. China. Humphreys.

Shell about two imches long, and two-fifths as broad, white,
striated and marked transversely with brown, reddish, or ci-
nereous bands; the body-whirl has generally a broad cinere-
ous band bordered with brown, and the spire at the apex is
brown, reddish, or cinereous; the inside is white, and irre-
gularly barred with cinereous and brown; the base of the

shell both in this species and in ’. taniata is slightly recurv-
ed.

VOLUTA. ool

ruGosA. 119. Shell ovate, fusiform, emarginate,
slightly ventricose, longitudinally and an ong-
ly plaited, and transversely striated ; pillar
four-plaited.

Voluta rugosa. Gmelin, p. 3456. Schreibers Conch. i. p.
122.

Voluta corrugata. Solander’s MSS.?

Voluta, No. "186. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 201.

Mitra corrugata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p- 205.

Murex tuberculatus. Mus. Geversianum, p. 330. No. 795.

Rumphius, t. 29. f.S. Petiver Amb. t. 13. f.7. Gualter,
t. 54. f. A and E. Seba, ii. t. 49. f. 31, 32, 35, 36, 38,
43, and 44. Enc. Meth. t. 373. f. 8.

Anhabits the Indian Ocean. Lamarck.

Shell an inch and a half long, and half as broad, white with
yellow, tawny or pitch-coloured bands ; it is nearly allied to
V. plicaria, but is marked throughout with transverse wrin-
kled striz, is broader in proportion to the length, and more
strongly plaited. Lamarck has erroneously quoted Martini,
iv. t. 148. f. 1364, as a variety of this species and also of V.
Vulpecula.

CRUENTATA. 120. Shell turreted, emarginate, an-
gular, with longitudinal knotty ribs, and
transversely striated ; pillar three-plaited.

Voluta cruentata. Chemnitz, x. p. 171. t. 151. f. 1438 and
1439. Gmelin, p. 3453. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 105.
Mitra harpifera. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 217.?

Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Chemnitz.

“Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and near half an inch
broad, blackish, with two white bands, and spotted with
scarlet on the knotty protuberances of the ribs towards the
upper end of the whirls; the inside is striated.

TURRITA. 121. Shell turreted, thick, elongated,
with somewhat knotty longitudinal plaits,
and transversely striped; outer lip striated
within; pillar three-plaited.

Voluta turrita. Gmelin, p. 3456.
Voluta, No. 166. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 286.

Murex Vexillum. Gmelin, p. 3558.?
Murex, No. 273. Schroeter Hinl. i. p. 640.?

oo2 VOLUTA.

Lister Conch. t. 836. f. 62. Knorr, vi.t. 26. f.5.? Marti-
mi, iv. p. 161.t. 141. f. 1317 and 1318.

Tnhabits

Shell two inches long, and less than one third as broad, pale
yellowish brown, with reddish brown transverse stripes, and
the inside white; it is a strong thick shell, with the beak
slightly recurved at the base, and has the habit of a Murex,
to which genus I am doubtful whether it ought not to be re-
moved, as there are only three obsolete plaits, or rather
grooves, at the base of the pillar.

SPIRALIS. 122. Shell elongated, longitudinally
ribbed, and minutely striated transversely,
with a row of acute tubercles on the two low-
er whirls; pillar three-plaited.

Voluta spiralis. Gmelin, p. 3464.

Voluta, No. 174. Schroeter Exnleitung, i. p. 288.

Murex costatus. Meuschen Mus. Gevers, p. 332. No.
806. ?

Rumphius Mus. t. 29. f. X.

Tnhabits the Indian Seas. Gmelin.

This shell appears from Rumphius’s figure to be about three
quarters of an inch long, and one third as broad, and is said
to be cimereous, brown, or white, narrow at the base,
emarginate, and slightly reflected. It is rather a doubtful
species.

AURANTIA. 123. Shell oblong-fusiform, slightly
emarginate, transversely g erooved, with a white
band in the four lower. whirls ; pillar four-
plaited ; outer lip denticulated.

a aurantia. Gmelin, p. 3454. Schreibers Conch. 1.
~ 119.

Voluta, No. 127. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 277.
Mitra limbifera.. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p- 214.?
Martini, iv. p. 231. t. 150. f. 1393 and 1394.

Variety. Smaller, with the lower part of the whirls orange-
coloured, and the upper white.
Mitra aurantiaca. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 214.
Enc. Meth, t. 375. f. 5.

Inhabits ——

Shell an inch and a quarter long, and half an inch broad, of an
orange colour, with a white transverse band on the four low-

VOLUTA. 553

er whirls; the transverse striz are most apparent towards the
base of the whirls, but in the variety they extend uniformly
over the whole surface.

VITULINA. 124. Shell cblong-fusiform, effuse, trans-
versely ribbed with convex ribs, and the up-
per part of the whirls thickened; pillar four-
plaited.

Voluta vitulina. Solander’s MSS.

Voluta, No. 123. Schroeter Einleitung,i. p. 176.
Mitra ferruginea. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 200.
Martini, iv. p. 224. t. 149. f. 1880 and 1381.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Martini.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and rather less than half
as broad, yellowish red, with a transverse white band; the
spire consists of seven whirls, and the pillar is described by
Martini with five, and by Solander in his MSS., with only
four plaits.

SCUTULATA. 125. Shell turreted, striated trans-
versely, and the whirls slightly ventricose ;
pillar four-plaited.

Voluta scutulata. Chemnitz, x. p. 168. t. 151. f. 1428 and
1429. Gmelin, p. 3452. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 99.
Mitra scutulata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 212.

Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Chemnitz.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and nearly half as broad,
of a blackish brown colour, variegated with a few white spots,
and scattered short longitudinal stripes ; the inside is brown.
Schreibers has placed this species in the first division, but in
Chemnitz’s figure it appears to be slightly emargimate, and
also transversely striated in every part except the middle of
the body-whirl.

NIGRA. 126. Shell turreted, emarginate, and striat-
ed transversely at the base; whirls flattish ;
pillar with four plaits.

Voluta nigra. Chemnitz, x. p. 168. t. 151. f. 1430 and
1431. Gmelin, p. 3452. Schrecbers Conch. i. p. 104.
Mitra melaniana. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. p. 212.
Inhabits the shores of Guinea, India, and Greenland. Chem-
nitz.

504 5 VOLUTA.

Shell about the same length, but rather narrower than V, scu-
tulata, from which it differs in having the whirls, and parti-
cularly the body-whirl, less ventricose, and of an uniform
blackish brown colour, striated only at the base. Knorr, il.
t. 3. f. 7, from which Gmelin has constituted his V. leucos-
tica, differs in being spotted with white, and is most proba-
bly a variety of this species.

cASTA. 127. Shell fusiform, emarginate, with the
body-whirl smooth, and the spire reticulated ;
pillar five-plaited, imperforate.

Voluta casta. Solander’s MSS. Chemnitz, x. p. 174.
Vign. 20. f.c and pv. Gmelin, p. 3453. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 112.

Mitra casta. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 202.

Mitra fasciata. Martyn Univ. Conch. 1. t. 20.

Inhabits the Pacific Ocean. Solander, Coasts of Amboyna.

Chemnitz.

Shell two inches and a quarter long, and one fourth as broad ;
white, with a broad brown band round the body-whirl, which
becomes much narrower but is continued in the spire.

Acus. 128. Shell turreted, smooth, and marked
with transverse rows of red spots; spire acu-
minated ; pillar plaited.

Voluta Acus. Gmelin, p. 3451.
Voluta, No. 143. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 280.
Martini, iv. p. 329. t. 157. f. 1495 and 1494.
Inhabits |
Shell three-quarters of an inch long, and one third as broad,
white or pale brown, with transverse rows of red spots, which
are sometimes placed on a yellowish band. Martini has ar-
ranged this species among the Murices, but he says the pil-
lar is distinctly plaited.

MACULOSA. 129. Shell turreted, smooth, white with
brown reticulated and spotted bands.

Voluta maculosa. Gmelin, p. 3453. Schreibers Conch.
Lp iis
Voluta, No. 122. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 276.
Martini, iv. p. 223. t. 149. f. 1377.
{nhabits }
Shell three-quarters of an inch long, and one third as broad,

VOLUTA. 9990

white, with reddish brown and yellowish bands variously
reticulated and spotted. Martini’s description of this, ‘as
also of the ten following species, 1s very imperfect.

BIPLICATA. 130. Shell turreted, smooth, white va-
riegated with yellow spots and black dots;
outer lip acute; pillar two-plaited.

Voluta biplicata. Gmelin, p. 3454. Schreibers Conch. i.
ek Foe
ne No. 132. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 278.
Martini, iv. p. 223. t. 149. f. 1375.
Inhabits
Shell about eight lines long, and half as broad; the colour is
whitish, variegated with yellow spots and black dots.

TURRICULA. 131. Shell turreted, with the whirls
transversely angular ; outer lip thick ; pillar
two-plaited.

Voluta Turricula. Gmelin, p. 3454. Schreibers Conch.i.
. 120.
watts: No.133. Schroeter Einleitung. i. p. 278.
Martini, iv. p. 223. t. 149. f.1376. ©
Inhabits
Shell nine lines long and four broad, yellowish, somewhat stri-
ated, and marked with transverse bands of cancellated black
lines.

LINEATA.. 132. Shell turreted, with longitudinal
black bands interrupted by a white line in
the middle ; pillar with about three plaits.

Voluta lineata. Gmelin, p. 3454. Schreibers Conch. i.
p- 120.

Voluta, No. 134. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 279.
Martini, iv. p. 223. t. 149. f. 1378 and 1379.

Inhabits the Sea-shore at Tarentum. U/ysses.

Shell about six lines long, and half as broad, brownish white,
with blackish longitudinal bands interrupted by a white line
in the middle of the body-whirl,

suLCATA. 133. Shell turreted, grooved longitudi-
nally, brown with a transverse white nodu-
lous band; pillar four-plaited.

206 VOLUTA.

Voluta sulcata. Gmelin, p. 3455. Schreibers Conch. i.
p. 120. a
Voluta, No. 138. Schroeter Hinleitung, i. p. 279.
Martini, iv. p. 234. t. 150. f. 1407.
Inhabits the coasts of Tranquebar. Martini.
Shell about eight lines long, and half as broad.

piscors. 134. Shell turreted, brown at the base,
spotted with white, and the upper part white
with waved yellow stripes.
Voluta discors. Gmelin, p. 3455. Schreibers Conch. 1,
p- 113.
Voluta, No. 135. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 279.
Martini, iv. p. 233. t. 150. f. 1400.
Inhabits the West Indies, and the Mediterranean. Martini.
Shell three-quarters of an inch long, and half as broad.

STRIATA. 135. Shell turreted, finely striated trans-
versely, and glaucous, with reddish spots and
two paler bands,

Voluta striata. Gmelin, p. 3455. Schreibers Conch. 1.
p- 1153.
Voluta, No. 136, and No. 137. Schroeter Einleitung, 1.
p. 279.
Martini, iv. p. 234. t. 150. f. 1405 and 1406.
Tnhabits the coasts of Minorca. Martini.
Shell from seven to ten lines long, and nearly half as broad.

LEVIGATA. 136. Shell turreted, smooth, brown;
border of the aperture paler, and the spire
with a paler band.

Voluta levigata. Gmelin, p. 3455.
Voluta, No.139. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 279.
Martini, iv. t. 150. f. 1408. |

Inhabits the Mediterranean, and West Indies. Martini.

Shell about eight lines long, and rather less than half as broad.

OCELLATA. 137. Shell turreted, of a chestnut-co-
lour with small white eye-like spots.
Voluta ocellata. Gmelin, p. 3455.
Voluta, No. 140. Schroeter Hinl.i. p. 279.
Martini, iv. p. 233, t. 150. f. 1409.

VOLUTA. 207

Inhabits the Mediterranean, and West Indies. Martini.
Shell half an inch long, and nearly half as broad.

NAasuTA. 1388. Shell turreted, red, with rows of
black spots; outer lip prominent; beak
slightly reflected.

Voluta nasuta. Gmelin, p. 3455. Schreibers Conch. i. p.
120.
Voluta, No. 141. Schroeter Hinleitung, 1. p. 280.
Martini, iv. p. 233. t. 150. f. 1410.
Tuhabits the Mediterranean, and West Indies. Martini.
Shell half an inch long, and half as broad.

MARMOREA. 139. Shell turreted, white, marbled
with brown; outer lip inflected.
Voluta marmorea. Gmelin, p. 3455. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 120.

Voluta, No. 142. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 280.
Martini, iv. p. 233. t. 150. f. 1411.

Inhabits the Mediterranean, and West Indies. Martini.

Shell half an inch long, and very nearly half as broad.

ABBATIS. 140. Shell fusiform, elongated, sub-
emarginate, and transversely striated ; outer
lip rather thick ; pillar four-plaited.

Voluta Mitra Abbatis. Chemnitz, xi. p.19. t. 177. f. 1709

and 1710.
Mitra ferruginea, Var. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii, p.
200.

Inliabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell near two inches long, and about half an inch broad, white,
with large irregular ferruginous spots. It differs materially
from V. vitulina, in being both longer and narrower.

SERPENTINA. 141. Shell sub-fusiform, with trans-
verse punctured strie, and longitudinal un-
dulated chestnut stripes; pillar five or six-
plaited.

Mitra serpentina. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 204.
Enc. Meth. t. 370. f. 4.
Inhabits the Indian Ocean? Lamarck.
Shell nearly. an: inch and a half long, and about two fifths as
broad, white, with two orange zones, and numerous undu-

998 VOLUTA.

lated dark reddish brown longitudinal stripes, which are
studded on one side with white spots.

OLIVARIA. 142. Shell ovate-fusiform, nearly smooth,
with obsolete transverse striz, and the pillar
five-plaited.

Mitra olivaria. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 202.
Enc. Meth, t. 371. f. 3.

TInhabits -——

Shell two inches long, and about ten lines broad, whitish, with
two remote transverse brown bands, of which one occupies
the summit, and the other is near the bottom of the whirls.
Lamarck says it somewhat resembles V. Dactylus, but is
larger and has its spire much more produced, and he has
quoted Lister, t. 813. f. 23 a, which is more like V. cre-
nulata.

NUBILA. 143. Shell ovate-fusiform, emarginate,
transversely striated, and slightly wrinkled
longitudinally ; pillar with five plaits ; outer
lip crenulated.

Variety A. With longitudinal interrupted reddish brown
stripes, and the pillar five-plaited.
Voluta nubila. Gmelin, p. 3450. Schreibers Conch. 1.

p. 122. Chemnitz, xi. p. 17. t. 177. f. 1705 and 1706.

Variety B. Clouded with yellow, and irregular reddish brown
spots ; pillar four-plaited.

Mitra versicolor. Martyn Univ. Conch. i. t.23. La-
marck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 200.

Tnhabits the Friendly Islands. Martyn.

Shell two inches and a half long, and near an inch broad, yel- .
lowish and irregularly clouded with different shades of red-
dish brown ; the whirls are slightly convex, and the trans-
verse striz marked with hollow dots.

PERTUSA. 144. Shell oval, emarginate, with hollow
punctured striz ; outer lip denticulated ; pil-
lar five-plaited.

Voluta pertusa. Linnaus Syst. Nat. p. 1193.

Voluta pertusa, Var. Schroeter Einl. i. p.229. Schreibers
Conch. i. p. 127.

Voluta Cardinalis. Gmelin, p. 3458.

Mitra archiepiscopalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p.
199.

VOLUTA. 2599

Lister Conch. t. 838. f. 65. Petiver Gaz. t.151. f. 6.
Seba, iii. t. 50. f. 50 and 51, and t. 51. f. 6 and 7.
Knorr, iv. t. 28. f.3. Favanne, t. 31. f. C5. Enc.
Meth. t' 369. f.1.

Variety. With the margin of the outer lip entire.

Voluta pertusa. Born Mus. p. 228. t. 9. f. 11 and 12.
Martini, iv. p. 203. t. 147. f. 1358 and 1359.

Mitra Cardinalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 199.

Gualter, t. 53, smaller fig. G. Enc. Meth. t. 369. f. 3.

TInhabits the Mauritius. Lister. East Indies. Martine.

Shell rather more than two inches long, and somewhat less
than an inch broad, white, with transverse rows of irregular
brownish or yellow spots. V. pertusa of Gmelin is the Lin-
nean V. Ruffina. The Variety differs in having the trans-
verse rows of spots less regular, and the outer lip is not cre-
nulated at the margin.

DIGITALIS. 145. Shell oblong-fusiform, emarginate,
with transverse crenulated grooves, and the
margin of the whirls toothed ; outer lip den-
ticulated ; pillar about five-plaited.

Voluta digitalis. Chemnitz, x. p. 169. t. 151. f. 1432 and
1433.

Voluta periusa. Favanne Cat. Raisonnée, p. 181. t. 4. f.
869.

Voluta pertusa, Var. y. Gmelin, p. 3458.

Voluta millepora. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 198.

Voluta cribum. Solander’s MSS.

Seba, ili. t. 50. f. 28.

Variety. With only four plaits on the pillar.

Mitra puncticulata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 198.
Seba, ui. t. 50. f. 29 and 30. Favanne, t. 31. f. D3. Enc.
Meth..t.'370, £.\ 5.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell two inches long, and rather more than one third as
broad, but the Variety is about one third smaller ; the co-
oun is yellowish red, spotted irregularly with brown and
white.

EPISCOPALIS. 146. Shell fusiform, emarginate,
smooth, with the margins of the whirls en-
tire ; outer lip toothed ; pillar four-plaited.

Voluta Mitra, Var. episcopalis. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.
1193.

060 VOLUTA.

Voluta episcopalis. Martini, iv. p. 205. t. 147. f. 1360
and 1360a. Born Mus. p. 229. Schroeter Einl. i. p.
230. Gmelin, p. 3459. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 127.
Shaw's Nat. Misc. vii. t. 244, upper figure.

Mitra episcopalis. Lamarck Syst. des Animauz, p. 74,
and Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 197.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 120: Lister, t. 839. f. 66.
Rumphius, t. 29. f. K. Petiver Amb. t. 13. f. 11.
Gualter, t. 53. f.G. Argenville, t. 9. f. C. Seba, i.
t.51.f.8to14. Knorr, i.t. 6.f.2. Regenfuss, 1. t.
3. f.33. Favanne, t. 31. f.C 2. Enc. Method. t. 369.
f. 2 and 4.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Linnzus. Island of Ceram, one
of the Moluccas. Rumphius. China. Humphreys.

Shell from three to five inches long, and hardly one third as
broad, white, with orange or yellow squarish spots, which
are sometimes confluent, and covered whilst in a state of
nature, with a yellowish-brown epidermis. ‘The shells when
young are marked with transverse and somewhat reticulated
strie, but they become perfectly smooth and glabrous with
age, especially on the body-whirl.

PAPALIS. 147. Shell emarginate, transversely stri-
ated, and the margin of the whirls toothed ;
outer lip denticulated ; pillar with four plaits.

Voluta Mitra, Var. papalis. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1194.

Voluta papalis. Martini, iv. p. 195. t. 147. f. 1353 and
1354, Born Mus. p. 229. Schroeter Evnleitung, i. p.
231. Gmelin, p. 3459. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 127.
Shaws Nat. Misc. vu. t. 244, lower figure.

Mitra papalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 197.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f.119. Lister Conch. t. 839.
f.67. Rumphius, t. 29. f.1. Petiver Amb. t. 9. f. 15,
and t. 13. f.12. Gualter, t. 53. f. I. <Argenville, t. 9.
f. E. Seba, iii. t. 51. f. 1 to 5. Knorr, i. t. 6. f. 1.
Regenfuss, i. t. 1. f.1. Da Costa Elements, t. 4. f. 3.
Favanne, t. 31. f. D2. Enc. Method. t. 370. f. 1.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Linnaeus. Isle of Ceram. Rum-
phius. Amboyna. Humphreys.

This species is very nearly allied to V. episcopalis, but the
margins of the whirls are toothed, and the spots generally
of a darker colour. The spots are sometimes so entirely
confluent, that the shell appears to be orange with white
spots.

VOLUTA. 261

THIARA. 148. Shell emarginate, with transverse,
hollow, punctured strive; whirls contracted
below, and strongly toothed at the margins ;
outer lip denticulated, and pillar four-plaited.

Voluta Thiara. Solander’s MSS.

Voluta papalis, Var. ¢. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 232. Gmelin,
p- 3459.

Mitra pontificalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 198.

Murex cinctus. Mus. Geversianum, p. 330. No. 789.

Lister Conch. t. 840. £.68. Valentyn Abh. t. 5. f. 45.
Gualter, t. 53. f. I, smaller figure. Seba, ii. t. 51. f.
37. Knorr, iv. t. 28. f.2. Regenfuss, i. t. 9. f. 22.
Martini, iv. t. 147. f. 1355 and 1350. Enc. Method. t.
370. f. 2.

Inhabits Madagascar. Humphreys.

Shell generally about an inch and three-quarters long, and dif-
fers from V. papalis, not only in being smaller, but in hav-
ing the whirls of the spire narrower at the base, and the
body-whirl somewhat contracted in the middle; the trans-
verse strize also are deeper and more distinctly punctured,
and the teeth on the margin of the whirls are stronger.

CORONATA. 149. Shell ovate-fusiform, transversely
striated and punctured, with the sutures no-
dulous ; pillar five-plaited.

Voluta coronata. Chemnitz, xi. p. 24. t. 178. f. 1719 and
1720.

Mitra coronata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 215.

Enc. Meth. t. 371. f. 6.

inhabits the West Indian Ocean. Chemnitz.

Shell fourteen lines long, and five broad, of a reddish brown
shining colour with white nodules at the sutures, and marked
with a narrow pale band at the upper extremity of each
whirl.

MuSICA. 150. Shell emarginate, with pointed nodules
on the whirls; pillar eight-plaited ; outer lip
smooth and thickish.

Voluta musica. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1194. Martini,
ili, p. 236. t. 96. f. 927 to 929. Born Mus. p. 230.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 232. Gmelin, p. 3460. Schrei-
bers Conch. i. p. 128. Lamarck Syst. p. 74.

VOL. I. 20

562 VOLUTA.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 297, and Kirch. f. 298. Lister Conch.
t. 805. f. 14. Gualter, t. 28. f.Z. Argenville, t. 14.
fF. Seba, im. t. 57. f.7 to 20. Knorr, i. t. 23. f. 1,
and i. t. 15. f.4 and 5. Favanne, t. 23. f. G1, and
G2. Enc. Method. t. 380. f. 1.

Variety B. Oblong, with the nodules on the spire rounded
and less prominent.

Voluta thiarella. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 66.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 298, and Kirch. f.299. Lister Conch.
t: 806. 7.15... Seba, in. t..57. 4.91. Knorr, anjit.12.
f.1. Favanne, t. 23. f.G 3. Chemnitz, x. t. 149. f.
1401 and 1402. nc. Method. t. 380. f. 3.

Variety C. Shell smaller, unarmed, and somewhat ribbed lon-
gitudinally.

Voluta carneolata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 67.

Martini, ii. t. 96. f. 930 and 931. Enc. Meth. t. 379. f. 4.

Inhabits the American Ocean. Linneus. Jamaica, Barba-
does, and Curagoa. Lister. Antilles. Muller.

Shell two or three inches long, and rather more than half as
broad, ovate, or more or less oblong, white, with parallel
black lines, between which are dots and marks in some
measure resembling musical notes.

.

VIRESCENS. 151. Shell emarginate, with pointed
nodules on the whirls; spire produced at the
summit; plaits on the pillar numerous.

Voluta virescens. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue,
p: 26. lot 610.
Voluta polyzonalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p.68.
Murex cantinelosus. Mus. Gevers. p. 326. No. 759.
Seba, iii. t. 57. £.22. Spengler Selt. Conch, t. 2. f.G.
Martini, iii. p. 243. t. 97. f. 932 and 933. Enc. Meth.
t. 379. f..1.
Variety B. Slightly tuberculated on the spire, and marked with
decussated brown lines.
Voluta Guinaica. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 67.
Voluta Musica Guineensis. Chemnitz, xi. p. 23. t. 178.
f. 1717 and 1718.
Variety C. Smaller, transversely wrinkled, and of a reddish
yellow colour, with paler bands.
Voluta fulva. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 68.
Enc. Meth. t. 382. f. 3.
Inhabits the coast of Guinea. Humphreys.
This shell has heen arranged separately from V. musica by

VOLUTA. 963

Martini, Meuschen, Solander, and most other authors, ex-
cept Schroeter and Gmelin. It is of the same size, but the
colour is olive, with decussated paler bands dotted with
brown, and the spire is more produced at the summit.

PLICATA. .152. Shell emarginate, longitudinally
plaited and angular, and transversely groov-
ed; spire nodulous; pillar with twelve plaits,
and the throat orange.

Voluta sulcata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 68.
Voluta musica, Var. 5. Gmelin, p. 5460.
Chemnitz, x. p. 151. t. 149. f. 1403 and 1404.

Tnhabits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

From Chemnitz’s account this shell is of the same size and ha-
bits as V. musica, from which it differs in not having any of
its peculiar markings, and in being transversely grooved and
longitudinally channelled throughout. The colour is brown-
ish white, and the inside orange.

VEXILLUM. 153. Shell emarginate, smooth, white,
with orange bands, and the whirls obtusely
nodulous; aperture effuse ; pillar eight-plait-
ed.

Voluta Vexiilum. Chemnitz, x, p. 152. Vign. 20. f. 4 and B.
Gmelin, p. 3464. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 72.
Voluta Arausiaca. Solander’s MSS. Portland Catalogue,

p- 26. lot 611. Shaw Nat. Miscellany, ii. t. 52.
Voluta, No. 102. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 270.
Murex Arausiacus. ius. Gevers. p. 326. No..765.
Rumphius, t. 37. f. 2. Argenville App. t.2. f.G. Knorr,
v.t.1 f. 1. Spengler Selt. Conch. t. 1. f. FF. Marti-
ni, ill. t. 120. f. 1098. Favanne, t. 33.f.01. Kem-
merer Cab. Rudolst. t.8. f. 1 and 6. Martyn Univ.
Conch. ui. t.82. Enc. Method. t. 381. f. 1.

Inhabits Amboyna. Rumphius. East Indian Ocean. Chem-
nitz.

Shell three inches long, and one and three-quarters broad,
white or yellowish white, with transverse orange bands, which
are generally more or less divided as they approach the outer
lip. ‘The spire is sometimes much produced at the apex.

VESPERTILIO. 154. Shell emargimate, with acute

spines on the whirls; pillar four-plaited;
throat white.
202

564 VOLUTA.

Voluta Vespertilio. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1194. Marti-
ni, iil. p. 245. t. 97 and 98. f. 936 to 939. Born Mus.
p- 230. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 234. Chemmnitz, x. p. 147
and 148. t, 149. f. 1397 to 1400; and xi. p. 14. t. 176.
f. 1699 and 1700. Gmelin, p. 3461. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 129. Shaw Nat. Misc. xiv. t. 558. Lamarck Ann.
du Mus. xvii. p. 63,
Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 294, and Kirch. f. 295. Lister Conch.
t. 807. f. 16, and t. 808. f.17. Rumphius, t. 32. f. H.
Petiver Gaz. t. 70. f. 10, and Amb. t. 15. f.8. Gualter,
t. 28. f. F, G, I, M, and V. Klein Ost. t. 5. f. 89. Se-
ba, m1. t. 67. Knorr, i. t.22. f. 3, and i. t. 6. f. 4. Fa-
vanne, t.23. f. A 1. Enc. Method. t. 378. f. 2.
Variety B. With the spire more produced and obsoletely mu-
ricated.
Voluta Pellis-serpentis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii.
p. 63.
Rumphius, t. 32. f.1. Petiver Amb. t.15.f.12. Enc.
Meth. t. 378. f. 1.
Variety C. With the spire more produced and the summit un-
armed.
Voluta mitis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 64.
Seba, ii. t. 57. f. 4 and 5. Martini, iii. t. 98. f. 940.
Variety D. With the whirls reversed.
Chemnitz, ix. part 1. p. 53. t. 104. f. 888 and 889.
Inhabits Jamaica. Lister. Amboyna. Rumphius. Philippine
Islands. Petiver. East and West Indian Ocean. Linnaeus.
China. Martini. 4
Shell usually three or four inches long, and more than half as
broad, white, yellowish, pale olive or fulvous, with brown
angular streaks, or otherwise marked in a variety of ways,
and Chemnitz has figured a variety with a broad white trans-
verse band round the body-whirl ; the breadth of the shell
also varies considerably, and the spines in some specimens
are thrice as long as in others. ‘The summit of the spire is
younded, with the whirls concave, and the inside is white.
Born has described a shell more than eight inches and a half
long, and five inches broad.

IMPERIALIS. 155. Sheil emarginate; spire with
curved spines, and the summit slightly mam-
millary ; pillar four-plaited ; throat yellow.

Voluta imperialis. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 183,
lot 3913. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 62.

VOLUTA. 0265

Voluta Vespertilio, Var. y. Born Mus. p. 230. Gmelin,
p- 3461. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 129.

Voluta, No. 116. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 274.

Spengler Selt. Conch, t. 2.f. AA. Martini, iii. p. 244. t.
97. f. 934 and 935. Enc. Method. t. 382. f. 1.

Variety. Shell angulated, and the spines less produced.
Voluta luteostoma. Chemnitz, xi. p. 18. t. 177. f. 1708

and 1709.
Murex luteostomus. Mus. Gevers. p. 326. No. 754.

Inhabits the Straits of Malacca, and Philippine Islands. Hum-
phreys.

Martini says this species varies from two and a half to five
inches long, and is rather more than half as broad; it is
white, reddish or ash colour, variously marked with brown,
and is nearly allied to V. Vespertilio, from which however
it may be readily known by its yellow inside. V. luteostoma
of Chemnitz is more distinctly angulated throughout the bo-
dy-whirl, or I should have considered it to be only a young
shell of this species.

PACIFICA. 156. Shell oblong, fusiform, emargi-
nate; spire much produced, and transversely
angulated and nodulous; pillar with five
plaits.

Voluta Pacifica. Portland Catalogue, p. 190, lot 4039.
Chemnitz, xi. p. 21. t. 178. f.1713 and 1714. Shaw
Nat. Misc. xxu. t. 994. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii.
p- 70.

Voluta Arabica. Gmelin, p. 3461.

Voluta insularis. Solander’s MSS.

Buccinum Arabicum. Martyn Unio. Conch. ii, t. 52.

Inhabits the Pacific Ocean on the coasts of Otaheite. Solan-
der. New Zealand. Martyn. Coasts of New Holland.
Humphreys.

Shell near five inches long, and two inches broad ; pale brown-
ish yellow, with irregular longitudinal zic-zac dark brown
lines, and a band of broader streaks round the middle of the
body-whirl.

EBREA. 157, Shell emarginate, with somewhat
acute spines on the whirls; pillar with five
strong and three obsolete plaits.

Voluta ebreea, or hebraxa. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1194.

366 - VOLUTA.

Martini, iii. p. 233. t. 96. f.924 and 926. Born Mus.
p. 231. Schroeter Kinl. 1. p. 235. Gmelin, p. 3461.
Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 129. Shaw Nat. Misc. xiv. t.
550. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 65.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 293, and Kirch. f. 292. Lister Conch.
t. 809. f. 18. Argenville,t. 14.f. D. Seba, i. t. 57.
f.1 to 3, andf.6. Knorr, i. t. 24. f. 1 and 2; and vi.
t. 25. f. 1. Favanne, t. 23. f. B. Enc. Method. t. 380.
f. 2.

Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. Linneus. Coasts of Jamaica.
Martini. China, Ceylon, and Madagascar. Humphreys.
Shell about four inches long, and nearly three broad, white,
variously marked with transverse brown er chestnut bands,
streaks, and spots, and the spines on the spire are more or less
acute. Kemmerer considers V. hebrea to be only a variety
of V. musica, and some of the varieties of these species so
nearly approach each other, that it is rather difficult to draw

the separating line.

TURBINELLUS. 158. Shell turbinated, nearly en-
tire, with conical somewhat erect spies,

of which the upper are largest; pillar four-
plaited.

Voluta Turbinellus. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1195. Mar-
tint, iil. p. 257. t. 99. f. 944. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 236.
Gmelin, p. 3462. Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 130. Chem-
nitz, xi. p. 26. t. 179. f. 1725 and 1726.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 373, and Kirch. f. 367. Lister Conch.
t. S11. f.20. Rumphius, t.24.f.B. Petiver Amb. t.
11.f. 12. Argenville,t.14.f.P. Seba Mus. ii. t. 49.
f. 76 and 77, and t. 60. f. 8. Knorr, i. t. 13, f.2 and 3.
Favanne, t. 24. f. C 2.

{nhabits the Indian Ocean. Linneus. Amboyna. Rumphius.

China. Humphreys.

Shell about two and a half inches long, and near two inches

broad, white, marbled, or sometimes indistinctly banded with
dark brown or black.

CAPITELLUM. 159. Shell ovate, rugged and nodu-
lous; pillar with three plaits.

Voluta Capitellum. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1195. Martini,
ill. p. 262. t. 99. f. 947 and 948. Born Mus. p. 232.
Schroeter Hinl. i. p. 238, Gmelin, p. 3462. Schreibers

VOLUTA. 067

Conch. i. p. 130. Chemnitz, xi. p. 25. t. 179. f. 1723
and ae

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 270, and Kirch. £.272. Gualter, t. 37.
f. A. Argenville, t. 15. f. K. ‘Knorr, vi. t. 35. f. @.
Favanne, t. 24. f. C 3.

Ynhabits the tha Ocean. Linnaeus. Coast of America.
D’Aoila.

Shell two inches and a half long, and about one and a half
broad, thick, heavy, of a dirty white or pale flesh-colour,
and sometimes marked transversely with brown stripes ;_ the
whole shell is angulated longitudinally, and strongly marked
with transverse parallel ribs; base umbilicated, and the out-
er lip crenated.

RHINOCEROS. 160. Shell ovate sub-triangular, rug-
ged, nodulous, and transversely ¢ erooved ; pil-
lar with three plaits ; throat str Here

Voluta Rhinoceros. Chemnitz, x. p. 157. t. 150. f. 1407
and 1408. Gmelin, p. 3458. Schreibers Conch. 1. p.
118.

Inhabits the coasts of New Guinea. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches and a half long, and half as broad,
thick and heavy, whitish with transverse stripes of reddish
brown, and the pillar is of a chocolate-colour ; the base of
the body-whirl as well as the spire is nodulous, and the outer
lip toothed.

MURICATA. 161. Shell ovate, ribbed, with the ribs
alternately smaller, and the base nodulous;
whirls spinous ; pillar five-plaited.

Voluta muricata. Born Mus. p. 233.

Voluta Capitellum, Var. @. Gmelin, p. 3462. Schreibers
Conch. 1. p. 130.

Voluta, No. 117. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 275.

Bonanni Rec. 3. f. 284. Lister Conch. t. 810. f. 19.
Knorr, vi. t. 35. f. 1. Martini, iii. p. 265. t. 99. £.949
and 950.

Inhabits Jamaica. Lister. St. Croix, and Madagascar. Mar-
tint.

Shell near five inches and a quarter long, and three inches
broad, ponderous, dull or yellowish white, with the pillar
and aperture rose-coloured ; the plaits on the pillar, as well
as the ribs on the whirls, are alternately smaller; outer lip
denticulated.

568 VOLUTA.

cERAMICA. 162. Shell ovate, acute with diverging
spines; pillar with about five plaits.

Voluta Ceramica. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1195. Martini,
ii. p. 254. t. 99. f. 943. Born Mus, p. 233. Schroeter
Einl. 1. p. 239. Gmelin, p. 3462. Schreibers Conch.
i. p. 131.

aie Rec. 3. f. 286, and Kirch. f. 287. Lister Conch.
t. 829. f.51. Rumphius, t. 24. f. A, and t. 49. f. L.
Petiver Amb. t.11. f.18. Gualter, t. 55. f. D. -Ar-
genville, t.15.f. E. Knorr, ii. t. 2. f.2. Favanne, t.
24. f. C 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Ceram, one of the Molucca Islands.

Linnaeus. Indian Ocean. D’ Avila. Coromendel. Martini.

Shell three inches and three-quarters long, and two inches and
a quarter broad, with the spire conical, and the base some-
what acuminated ; the colour is blackish brown, irregularly
variegated with white ; the pillar has three strong, and two
intermediate smaller plaits.

pyRuM. 163. Shell oblong, somewhat beaked, stri-
ated and slightly nodulous transversely ;
spire produced ; pillar three-plaited.

Voluta Pyrum. Linneus Syst. Nat. p.1195. Born Mus.
p- 234. Schroeter Einl. 1. p. 240. Gmelin, p. 3403.
Schreibers Conch. i. p. 131.

Voluta ponderosa. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.
25, lot 566.

Murex Sacrificator. Mus. Gevers. p. 324, No. 745.

Bonanni Rec. 3. t. 194. Lister Conch, t. 815. f. 25.
Gualter, t. 46. f.C. Knorr, vi. t. 39. f. 1. Martini,
ni. t. 95. f. 916. Favanne, t. 35. f.1 1. Enc. Method.
t. 390. f. 2, b and c.

Junior. Voluta Pyrum. Solander’s MSS. Chemnitz, xi.

p. 12. t. 176. f. 1697 and 1698.

Turbinellus Pyrum. Lamarck Syst. p. 83.

Lister Conch. t. 816. f. 26 and 27. Rumphius, t. 36. f. 7.
Knorr, vi. t. 27. f.2. Martini, iii. p. 211. t. 95. f. 918
and 919. LEncyc. Meth. t. 390. f. 2, a.

Variety. With the whirls reversed.
Chemnitz, ix. part 1. p. 51. t. 104. f. 886 and 887.
Inhabits Tranquebar and Ceylon. Chemnitz. Madagascar.

Humphreys.

Shell when at maturity about five inches long, and hardly half
as broad, pear-shaped, ponderous, smooth, of an uniform

VOLUTA. 069

dirty white colour, with the base striated, and the upper part
marked with transverse rows of small slightly elevated tu-
bercles ; the spire is considerably produced, and its summit
somewhat cylindrical. Young shells are yellowish, and have
irregular transverse rows of dark spots. Humphreys says
that reversed shells of this species are held sacred in China,
where great prices are given for them, and they are kept in
Pagodas by the priests, who on certain occasions administer
medicines to the sick from them, and also use them to anoint
the Emperor at his coronation. Meuschen, who has placed
nearly all the Volutes with the Murices, considered the full
grown shell to be distinct from MM. Pyrum, and has called it
M. sacrificator. These shells are often curiously ornamented
with carvings, which D’Avila says is done by the Indians,
who use them for drinking cups.

GRAVIS. 164. Shell ovate, somewhat beaked, stri-
ated, and slightly reticulated; spire rather
depressed, and the whirls convex; pillar

three-plaited.
Voluta gravis. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 108.
lot 2274.

Martini, ui. t. 95.f.917. Enc. Method. t. 390. f. 1.

Variety. With the whirls reversed.

Chemnitz, ix. part 1. p. 37. t. 104. f. 884 and 885.

Inhabits the Straits of Malacca. Humphreys.

Shell five inches long, and three inches broad, and resembles
V. Pyrum, but is more globose and broader in proportion
to its length; the spire also is much less produced, and the
striz are fainter and slightly reticulated. The reversed Va-
riety appears to be valued indiscriminately with that of V.
Pyrum, and Chemnitz has given a long account of the im-
portant purposes for which it is used in China.

GLOBOSA. 165. Shell sub-globular, emarginate, so-
lid, longitudinally plaited, and grooved and
striated transversely ; spire nodulous; pillar
three-plaited.

Voluta globosa. Chemnitz, xi. p. 22. t. 178. f. 1715 and
1716.
Tnhabits
Shell an inch and a quarter long, and near an inch broad, thick,
solid, ponderous, and of a dirty white without any coloured

070 VOLUTA.

markings; the aperture is small without any beak, and the
outer lip somewhat crenated and striated within.

LAPPONICA. 166. Shell ovate-oblong, smooth, with
an acuminated spire, and the body-whirl di-
lated ; pillar seven-plaited.

Voluta Lapponica. Linneus Syst. Nat. p. 1195. Martini, —
il. p. 214. t. 89. f. 872 and 873, and t. 95. f. 920 and
921. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 241. Gmelin, p. 3463.
Schreibers Conch. 1. p. 132. Lamarck Ann. du Mus.
XVI. p. 71.

Rumphius, t. 87. f. 3 and 4. Seba, iii. t. 57. f. 25 and 26.
Knorr, vi. t. 11. f. 2. Favanne, t. 33. f. P. Enc. Meth.
t) S81. 4.3.

Inhabits the American Ocean. Linneus. East and West

Indies. Martini.

Shell about two inches and a half long, and rather more than
half as broad, pale reddish yellow, with longitudinal dark
brown undulated lines, or irregularly spotted with brown.

ZEBRA. 167. Shell ovate-fusiform, emarginate,
smooth, with the spire somewhat papillary at
the summit; pillar five-plaited, with the up-
permost plait obsolete.

Voluta Zebra. Leach, Zool. Misc. i. t. 12. f. 1.

Junior. Voluta lineata. Leach, Zool. Misc. 1. t. 12. f.2.

Inhabits the coasts of New Holland. Leach.

Shell about an inch and a half long, and half as broad, white,
sometimes slightly tinged with yellow, and ornamented with
longitudinal dark brown stripes. Dr. Leach’s V. lineata
differs principally in having the stripes of a paler colour, and
in wanting the fifth imperfect tooth on the pillar, and appears
to be only a young shell of the same species.

FLAVICANS. 168. Shell pear-shaped, emarginate,
smooth, and scored at the base; spire pro-
duced at the summit; pillar four-plaited.

Voluta flavicans. Gmelin, p. 3464.

Voluta Scrofa. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.176.
lot 3789.

Voluta volvacea. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 72.

Voluta, No. 118. Schroeter Hinlettung, 1. p. 275.

VOLUTA. o71

Seba, iii. t. 67. f.a,b. Martini, iii. p. 215. t. 95. f. 922
and 923.
Inhabits the East Indies? Martini.
Shell two inches and a quarter long, and one inch and a half
broad, of a whitish or pale yellowish colour, clouded with
darker yellow or brown.

UNDULATA. 169. Shell ovate-fusiform, emarginate,
scored at the base; spire short and conical ;
pillar four-plaited.

Voluta undulata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. v. p. 157. t. 12.
f.1, and xvil. p. 71. Shaw's Nat. Misc. xvi. t. 702.
Voluta fluctuata. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 53,

lot 1259.

Inhabits the Antarctic Seas, and coasts of Australasia. Shaw.
New South Wales, and Van Diemen’s Land. Humphreys.
Shell three inches and a half long, and half as broad, white,
with longitudinal somewhat parallel undulated stripes of pur-

ple brown, and a few irregular spots of the same colour.

RUPESTRIS. 170. Shell fusiform, slightly plaited
longitudinally, and transversely ribbed ; spire
papillary at the summit; pillar with many
plaits.

Voluta rupestris. Gmelin, p. 3464.

Voluta fulminata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 70.

Voluta, No. 119. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 275.

Martini, iii. p. 252. t. 98. f. 941 and 942, Enc. Method.
beste ae Bip

Inhabits the coasts of Japan. Humphreys.

Shell about three inches and three-quarters long, and one third
as broad, of a pale yellow colour, with dark ochraceous zic-
zac longitudinal stripes, from which it has derived its com-
mon name of the Lightning Musick-Shell.

MAGELLANICA. 171. Shell ovate, effuse, smooth,
with the whirls convex and papillary at the
summit; pillar three-plaited.

Voluta Magellanica. Chemnitz, x. p. 139. t. 148. f. 1385
and 1384. Gmelin, p. 3465. Schreabers Conch. 1. p.
123. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 69.

Voluta Ceramica, Var. g. Gmelin, p. 3463.

Voluta spectabilis. Gmelin, p. 3468.

a72 VOLUTA.

Voluta Ancilla. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 137,
lot 3061. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 69.

Voluta, No. 214. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 298.

Knorr, iv. t. 29. f. land 2. D’ Avila, i. t.8. f.S. Fa-
vanne, t. 28. f. E. Kammerer Cab. Rudol. t.7. f. 1.
Enc, Method. t. 385. f. 1 and 3.

Junior, Voluta, No. 217. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 299.
Volata, No. 131. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 133.

Knorr, v. t. 23. f. 2.

Inhabits the Straits of Magellan, and the Falkland Islands.
Humphreys.

Shell three, or sometimes near six inches long, and about half
as broad, yellowish with remote, scattered, angulated, longi-
tudinal stripes of reddish brown. The base is emarginate,
and according to Chemnitz the pillar sometimes has four
plaits. The principal difference between V. Magellanica
and V. spectabilis of Gmelin, is that the former has four,
and the Jatter only three plaits, which is hardly sufficient to
warrant their separation.

voLVA. 172. Shell sub-cylindrical, glabrous, with.

the summit obtuse; aperture effuse ; pillar
four-plaited.

Voluta Volva. Chemnitz, x. p. 143. t. 148. f. 1389 and

1390. Gmelin, p. 3457. Schreibers Conch. i. p, 105.

Voluta volvacea, Var. Lamarck Ann.du Mus. xvii. p. 72.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Chemnitz.

Shell near two inches and a half long, and one inch broad, of a
whitish colour without any marking. It a good deal resem-
bles V. Magellanica, but is smaller, and narrower in pro-
portion to the length. It is more cylindrical, and less ven-
tricose at the shoulder, and has the spire much less produced
than V. flavicans, of which Lamarck considers it to be a
Variety.

JUNONIA. 173. Shell ovate, smooth, transversely
striated at the base ; spire striated longitudi-
nally, and the summit papillary: pillar with
seven plaits.

Voluta Junonia. Chemnitz, xi. p. 16. t.177. f.1703 and
1704. Shaw’s Nat. Misc. xix. t. 815. Lamarck Ann.
du Mus. xvii. p. 70.
Favanne, t.'79. f. A.
Inhabits the Southern Pacific Ocean. Shaw.

VOLUTA. 273

Shell four inches long, and one inch and three-quarters broad,
yellowish, with transverse rows of large squarish red spots ;.
the base is striated transversely, and the summit of the spire
has cancellated striz.

NiIvosa. 174. Shell ovate, smooth, with the whirls
transversely angular, and sub-papillary at the
summit; outer lip sharply angulated above ;
pillar four-plaited.

Voluta nivosa. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. v. p. 158. t. 19. f.
2, and xvii. p. 64. Shaw’s Nat. Misc. xxi. t. 912.

Inhabits the coast of New Holland. Shaw.

Shell three inches and a half long, and half as broad, of a pale
yellowish red colour, sprinkled with snow-white spots, and
marked by two transverse dark brown bands with black
veins. Shaw’s figure represents the whirls turnmg from left
to right, but as the circumstance is not noticed in the de-
scription, it probably arises from an error of the engraver.

SCAPHA. 175. Shell ovate, emarginate, sub-ventri-
cose, with the whirls of the spire concave,
and summit papillary ; pillar four-plaited.

Voluta Scapha. Gmelin, p. 3468. Lamarck Ann. du Mus.
xvi. p. 61.

Voluta nobilis. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 172,
lot 3711.

Voluta, No. 237. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 305.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f.10. Lister Conch. t. 799.
f.6. Gualter, t. 28. f.S. Seba, iti. t. 64. f. 5 and 6.
Martini, i. p. 54. t. 72. f.'774, and t. 73. f. 775 and
776. :

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. Martini. East Indian
Seas, and coasts of China. Humphreys.

Shell about five inches long, and near three 2nd a half broad,
white, or pale brownish yellow, handsomely marked with
dark brown zic-zac stripes ; the upper part of the body-whirl
from the shoulder and the five whirls of the spire are some-
what concave ; aperture large and of a pale flesh colour.

MAGNIFICA. 176. Shell ovate, emarginate, sub-
ventricose, glabrous, with the whirls trans-
versely angulated, and summit papillary ;
aperture effuse ; pillar four-plaited.

O74 VOLUTA.

Voluta magnifica. Chemnitz, xi. p. 8. t. 174, and t. 175.
Shaw’s Nat. Misc. xix. t. 812. Lamarck Ann. du Mus.
xvii. p. 69.

Inhabits the coasts of New Holland, Norfolk Island, New
Zealand, and New Caledonia. Chemnitz.

Shell near eight inches long, and four broad, with alternate
pale and dark broad transverse bands of reddish brown, and
marked over the whole with triangular spots of white; the
inside is pale saffron, and the pillar of an orange colour.

“err Ventricose, and the summit of the spire pa-
pillary.

COLOCYNTHIS. 177. Shell sub-globular, with a
transverse row of nodulous plaits on the
body-whirl ; spire short, elevated ; pillar two-
plaited.

Voluta Colocynthis. Chemnitz, xi. p. 10. t. 176. f. 1695
and 1696.

Voluta Brasiliana. Portland Cat. p. 186. lot 3958. La-
marck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 62.

La Coloquinte. Favanne Cat. Syst. p. 139. t. 3. f. 661.

Inhabits the coasts of Brazil. Humphreys.

Shell six inches long, and near four broad, of a pale yellowish
red colour, longitudinally wrinkled, and armed towards the
upper part of the body-whirl with a transverse row of distant
sub-conical nodules; the pillar and margin of the outer lip
are orange.

#THIoPIcA. 178. Shell emarginate; spire crowned
with vaulted spines ; pillar four-plaited.

Voluta thiopica, Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p.1195. _Mar-
tim, mM. p58. Born Mus. p. 235. Schroeter Evnl. 1.
p- 242. Gmelin, p. 3465. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 135.

Variety, A. With transverse rows of square spots, and the
spines crowded and converging.

Voluta Haustrum. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. yp.
137, lot 3054.

Voluta tessellata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 58.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f.1. Lister Conch. t. 797.
f. 4. Seba, iii. t. 65. f. 10, and t. 66. f.6. Martind, in.
t. 74, f. 781.

VOLUTA. 579

Variety B. With two dark transverse bands, and the spines

crowded and converging.
Voluta ASthiopica, Var. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii.
+ 58.
Knorr, ii. t. 4. f.1. Martini, in. t. 74. f. 782. Enc. Method.
£4988. f. 3:

Variety C. With a pale obsolete band, and the spines
crowded and converging.

Voluta AXthiopica. Solander’s MSS. Lamarck Ann. du
Mus. xvi. p. 58.

Lister Conch. t. 801. f. 7 6. Argenville, t. 17. f. F. Seba,
ili. t. 65. f. 4 and 11, and t. 66. £.9. Martini, ii. t. 73.
f. 777 to 779, and t. 74. f. 783. Favanne, t. 28. f. B 2.
Enc. Method. t. 387. f. 1.

Variety D. Umform pale brown, with the spines incurved.
Seba, iii. t. 64. f. 2. Martini, ui. t. 75. f. 785. Favanne,

t. 28. f. B 1.. Enc. Method. t. 387. f. 2.

Variety E. White marbled with brown, and the spines short
and distant.

Voluta amphora. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 30,
lot 708.

Voluta Diadema. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 57.

Gualter, t. 29. f. H. Seba, iii. t. 65. f. 12, and t. 66. f. 1
to 3,7, and 10. Martini, iii. t. 74. f.'780. Favanne,
t. 28. f.B4. Enc. Method. t. 388. f. 2.

Variety ¥. Brown marbled with white, and the spines pro-
duced.

Voluta Cithara. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 96,
lot 2122.

Voluta armata. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 57.

Seba, iii. t.65. f. 1 and 2. Martini, ii. t. 76. f.. 787 and
788. Favanne, t. 28. f. B3. Enc. Method. t. 388.
f.¥'

Inhabits the Persian Gulf. Bonanni. Cape of Good Hope.
Martini. China, Japan, Amboyna, and the Molucca Is-
lands. Humphreys. :

Shell varying in length from five to ten inches, and a specimen
fifteen’ inches long is mentioned in the Portland Catalogue,
lot 3950; the breadth is sometimes half, and sometimes
nearly equal to three-fourths of the length; the difference in
the spities, as well as in the size and the colour, is also so
striking, that Dr. Solander was induced to divide the shells
which compose V, Athiopica of Gmelin into four species,
and Lamarck has encreased the number to five, but they run
so much into each other that I am unable to find any suffi-

076 VOLUTA.

ciently constant character to distinguish them, In Variety A,
which altogether answers the most compleatly to the Lin-
nean description, the pillar, I believe, is invariably four-
plaited, and I have never found the number in C to exceed
three; but in some of the other Varieties the number is
more uucertain, and probably depends on the age of the
shell,

coronas. 179. Shell ovate, emarginate, with longi-
tudinal striz ending in spines on the upper
margin of the body-whirl; pillar four-plaited.

Voluta Corona. Chemnitz, x. p. 142. t.148. f. 1387 and
1388.

Voluta Aithiopica, Var. y. Gmelin, p. 3466.

Voluta ducalis, Var.? Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 58.

Inhabits the East Indian Seas? Chemnitz.

Shell about fourteen lines long and six broad, with longitudi-
nal striz, which on the suture at the upper margin of the
body-whirl, are formed into a crown of small very acute
spines; it isof a whitish flesh-colour, and marked with trans-
verse rows of small reddish spots; the spire is slightly ele-
vated, and its summit papillary.

CYMBIOLA. 180. Shell ovate, glabrous, with the
whirls nodulous, and the pillar three-plaited.

Voluta Cymbiola. Chemnitz, x. p. 141. t. 148. f. 1385
and 1386. Gmelin, p. 5468.
Voluta ducalis, Var. C. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii.
. 58.

Tnhatits the East Indian Seas. Chemnitz.

Shell about two inches long, and one inch broad, whitish, with
scattered longitudinal red streaks and spots, and appears
from Chemnitz’s figure to be nearly allied to V. Corona.

cyMBIUM. 181. Shell emarginate, ventricose, with
the whirls of the spire channelled, and the
margin acute; pillar about threc-plaited.

Voluta Cymbium. Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1196. Martini,
iii. p. 44. t. 70. f. 762 and 763. Born Mus. p. 236.
Schroeter Einl. i. p. 245. and Inn. Bau Conch. p. 19.
Gmelin, p. 3466. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 60.

Voluta Cymbium, Var. @. Kammerer Cab. Rudolst. p.70.

VOLUTA. o77

Globosa Cymbium. Mus. Geversianum, p. 380, No. 1205.
Lister Conch. t. 796. f. 3. Gualter, t. 29. f. B. Seba,
ii. t. 65. f. 9. Enc. Method. t. 386. f. 3.

Inhabits the coasts of Spain. Bonanni. Senegal. Adanson.
Guinea. Humphreys.

Shell generally about six or eight inches long, and more than
half as broad; the colour is a dirty or yellowish white, or
pale brown, marbled with reddish brown; the spire has a
deep furrow between the whirls, and an acute masgin is
formed by the edge of the body-whirl: the number of plaits
on the pillar cannot be relied on as a specific character, for
Lioneus and Meuschen have described Y. Cymbium with
two, and most other authors with four plaits, and Lamarck
says he has seen some large specimens with six.

PORCINA. 182. Shell somewhat cylindrical, whitish,
with the spire truncated, rather concave, and
its margin keeled; pillar three-plaited.

Voluta porcina. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p. 61.

Voluta Scafa. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 41,
lot 969.

Voluta Cymbium, Var. «. Kammerer Cab. Rudolst. p. 70.

Globosa CEnophorum. Mus. Gevers. p. 380, No. 1203.

Bonanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f. 2. Adanson Senegal, t. 3.
f.2. Seba, iii. t. 65. f. 5 and 6, and t. 66. f.5. Knorr,
ii. t. 80. f.1. Martini, iu. t..70.f. 764 and 765. Enc.
Meth. t. 386. f. 2.

Fariety. Elongated, contracted towards the summit, and
marked with two transverse lines near the middie.

Voluta proboscidalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvii. p.
60.
Laster Conch. t. 800. f.7. Enc. Meth. t. 389. f. 2.

Inhabits the coasts of Spain. Bonanni. Senegal, danson.
Guinea. Humphreys. The Variety inhabits the coasts of the
Philippine Islands. Lamarck.

Shell commonly four or five inches long, and half as broad, but
the Variety is often considerably longer, and narrower in
proportion to the length ; it differs from V’. Cymbium, with
which it has been confounded by Linnzeus, in being less ven-
tricose, of an uniform dirty white colour, and m not having
a deep furrow between the projecting margin of the body-
whirl and. the papillary summit of the spire, which is, gene-
rally concealed.

VOL. I. 2.P

078 VOLUTA.

OLLA. 183. Shell ovate, emarginate, with the
whirls of the spire channelled, and the margin
rounded; pillar about three-plaited.

Voluta Olla’ Linnaeus Syst. Nat. p. 1196. Martini, ii.
p- 48-t. 71. f. 700. Born Mus. p. 237. Schroeter
Ejnt. i. p. 245. t. 1. f..14. Gmelin, p. 3467. Schreibers
Conch. 1. p.137. Lamarck Ann. du. Mus. xvii. p. 60.

Ponanni Rec. and Kirch. 3. f.6. Lister Conch. t. 794.
f.1. Gualter, t. 29. f. A. Argenville App. t. 2. f. H.
Klein Ost. t.5. f.97. Knorr, vi. t. 22. f.%. Ene.
Method. t. 385. f. 2.

Variety. Somewhat elongated, and the papillary summit
produced.

Voluta papillaris. Gmelin, p. 3407.

Voluta, No. 235. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 304.

Knorr, v. t. 28. f. 7.

Inbabits the Philippine Islands. Linneus. West Indies and

Spanish Seas. Martini. Mediterranean. Humphreys.

Shel! three or four inches long, and about half as broad, of an
earthy red colour, sometimes, though rarely, slightly mar-
bled with brown. Linnzus has described the pillar with
four, other authors with three, and Born with two teeth, and

the specimen now before me has only two. Gmelin’s V.

papillaris is rather too indistinct a species to be quoted

with much certainty, for Knorr, v. t. 28. f. 7. is referred to

by Born for VY. Olla, and by Martini is considered to be a

Variety of B. Navicula, whereas Seba, i. t. 64. f. 9, is

also quoted by Gmelin himself, as well as by Chemnitz, for

V. Glans, which it most resembles, ‘The species which

Gmelin has placed after V. Ol/a, under the name of V.

ampla, does not appear to have any claim to be arranged

with the papillary Volutes, and has more the habit of the
shell which I have supposed to be the Linnean Bulla

Cyprea.

NEPTUNI. 184. Shell ovate, emarginate, with the
spire nearly concealed; outer lip rather ele-
vated and angular at the upper corner; pillar
four-plaited.

Voluta Neptuni. Gmelin, p. 3497. Lamarck Ann. du
Mus. xvii. p. 59.

Voluta Auguria. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.64.
lot 1448.

Voluta, No. 233. Schroeter Einleitung, 1. p. 308.

VOLUTA. 579

Lister Conch. t. 802. f. 8. Gualter, t. 27. f. AA. Seba,
ili. t. 64. f. 3, t. 65. f. 3 and 7, and t. 66. f. 4. Adanson
Senegal, t. 3. f. 1. Martini, iii. p. 51. t. 74. f. 767.
Enc. Method. t. 386. f. 1.

Inhabits the Persian Gulf. Martini. Coast of Africa. Hum-
phreys.

Shell near nine inches long, and almost equally broad, becom-
ing rather narrower towards the base, of an uniform pale
yellowish brown colour, and slightly wrinkled longitudinally.

NAVICULA. 185. Shell ovate, emarginate; spire
papillary, and formed of one broad whirl ;
outer lip rounder at the upper corner; pillar
four-plaited.

Voluta Navicula. Gmelin, p. 3467.

Voluta Pepo. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p. 87. lot
1940.

Voluta, No. 234. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 304.

Lister Conch. t. 795. f. 2. Seba, iii. t. 66. f. 11, 12, and
17. ‘Knorr, vet 28.8.2. 0 Martin, mi. poo2.t. 71. f
708 to 771.

Inhabits the coasts of Guinea. Humphreys.

Shell one or two inches long, and almost equally broad, and
becoming rather narrower towards the base; the colour is
yellowish, reddish, or chestnut brown, sometimes uniform,
and sometimes slightly marbled, or irregularly marked with
a few brownish or white spots; the spire externally appears
to consist of only one broad slightly convex whirl. Kzam-
merer, in the Cabinet Rudolstadt, has referred to Martini’s
figures of V. Navicula and V. Neptuni as varieties of his
species, No. 5, and Lamarck also considers them to be
the same.

GLANS. 186. Shell sub-cylindrical, emarginate ;
spire papillary, and formed by one broad
whirl; pillar three-plaited.

Voluta Glans. Gmelin, p. 3468.
Seba, iii, t. 64. f. 9to 11. Chemnitz, x. p. 144. t. 148. f.
1593 and 1394. ;

Inhabits the Western coasts of Africa. Chemnitz.

Shell near two inches and a quarter long, and one inch broad,
of an uniform reddish yellow colour. ‘The spire, as in V.
Navicula, appears externally to consist of only one broad
slightly convex whirl. ;

580 VOLUTA.

PREPUTIUM. 187. Shell sub-ovate, emarginate;
spire papillary, formed of several produced
whirls; pillar four-plaited.

Voluta Praeputium. Chemnitz, x. p. 143. t. 148. f. 13891
and 1392. Gmelin, p. 3468.

Lister Conch. t. 798. f.5. Seba, ii. t. 66. f. 11.?
Trhabits the coasts of Coromandel and Tranquebar. Chemniéz.
Shell rather more than two inches long, and one inch broad,

yellowish, with reddish black spots “often disposed in three
transverse rows; the spire, consisting of several contiguous
whirls, is altogether papillary, and issues abruptly from the
body-whirl. T rather doubt whether itis more than a young
shell or variety of V. Melo.

MELO. 188. Shell ovate, emmarginate; spire papil-
lary, and nearly buried in the body-whirl;
pillar four-plaited.

Voluta Melo. Solander’s MSS. Portland Cat. p.41. lot
969. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xvi. p. 59.
Voluta Ethiopica, Var.y. Born Mus. p. 235.
Voluta Indica. Gmelin, p. 3467.
Voluta, No, 236. Schroeter Einleitung, i. p. 304.
Knorr, v.t.8. f. 1. Martini, ui. p. 53. t. 72. £..772 and
773. Enc. Meth. t. 389. f. 1.
Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Martini. China. Humphreys.
Shell most commonly about five mches long, and three broad,
yellow, with three irregular interrupted rows of large reddish
brown spots ; the spire, consisting of several contiguous whirls,
is papillary, and is nearly covered by the body-whirl.

END OF VOL. I.

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