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AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SYDNEY

Catalogue No. XVII.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OP THE

TUNICATA

IN THE

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM,

SYDNEY, NT.S.W.

BY

W. A. HEKDMAN, D.Sc., F.E.S.,

F.L.S., F.R.S.E., ETC.; PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL.

WITH FORTY-FIVE PLATES

PRINTED BY ORDHR OF THE TRUSTEES,

E. ETHEEIDGE, JUNE.,

CURATOB.

LIVERPOOL :
T. DOBB & CO., 229, BROWNLOW HILL.

1899.

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No. 395.] REVIEWS OF RECENT LITERATURE. 897

first structure simplified. Later the lens and especially the vitreous
body degenerated more rapidly than the retina. The muscles in
Typhlichthys have disappeared. The scleral cartilages have not
failed to the same extent as the active structures of the eye. The
degeneration is in no case due to arrested development. n Q T

Abbott on the Marine Fishes of Peru. — An excellent piece of
faunal work is "The Marine Fishes of Peru," by James Francis
Abbott, published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia for June, 1899.

The paper is based on the collections made by Rear-Admiral
L. A. Beardslee, U. S. N., at Callao, while in command of the
Philadelphia. This accomplished officer has long taken a deep inter-
est in natural history matters, and this collection presented by him
to Stanford University is a proof of such interest.

Mr. Abbott notes 102 species as recorded thus far from Peru, and
thirty of them are included in the Beardslee collection. Mr. Abbott
describes as new the following species from Callao : Basilichthys
octal* ins, Basilichthys regillus, Basilichthys jordani, Pisciregia beardsleei,
and Scicena gilberti. The new genus Pisciregia is allied to the Califor-
nia genus Atherinopsis, having a similar non-protractile premaxillary,
but the vomer is armed with recurved teeth ; the outer teeth in the
jaws are enlarged, and the first dorsal is very small. The abun-
dance of species of large-sized Atherinidae (Fez del Rey), constituting
the genera Chirostoma, Atherinopsis, Atherinops, Basilichthys, and
Pisciregia, excellent food fishes all, is one of the notable features of
the fish fauna of the eastern Pacific. D S T

Fishes of French Guiana. --Dr. Leon Vaillant has published in
the Bulletin of the Museum at Paris a paper on fishes collected in
French Guiana, mostly from fresh waters.

Two new species are described : Arius physacanthus, from Rio
Mahury; and Rivulus geayi, from Rio Cachipour. The Arius is
allied to emphysetus and should be placed with it in Sciadeichthys
if the modern genera of Bleeker are adopted. D S T

Australian Tunicata. — Students of the Tunicata have known for
some years that Professor W. A. Herdman has been occupied with the
investigation of the collections of this group belonging to the Aus-
tralian Museum at Sydney, New South Wales, and his report has

898 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VOL. XXXIII.

been looked forward to with interest. After a considerable delay,
due to the late financial depression in Australia, the work has now
been published as Catalogue No. XVII of the Museum. That it is
of the highest order of scientific excellence hardly needs to be said,
particularly for those who are familiar with Professor Herdman's dis-
tinguished work in the past on this group of animals.

The author has entitled his report a " Descriptive Catalogue of the
Tunicata in the Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales,"
and he says that it is not to be regarded as a monograph on
Australian Tunicata. He tells us that he was expressly enjoined
by the trustees of the Museum " not to enter into anatomical and
histological details beyond what he considered necessary for the
elucidation of the systematic position and the sufficient description
of the various species." The fact, consequently, that he has devoted
nearly one hundred large octavo pages and forty-two plates to the
description of the sixty-two new species serves as an index to what
this veteran ascidiologist believes to be the briefest treatment con-
sistent with exactness in this group.

In his introduction he gives a brief discussion of classification and
concludes that, despite the various quite radically different systems
that have since been proposed, he sees no sufficient reason for
departing widely from the one adopted by him in his Challenger
report of 1882. And he justly remarks that he feels himself
strengthened in his position by the fact that this system has been
quite generally adopted by recent writers, notably by Seeliger in his
" Tunicata " for Bronn's Klasscn und Ordnungen des Thierreichs.

He does, however, introduce one modification of considerable
importance. He divides the Ascidiae composite into two sections,
one of which contains the "compact-bodied families," Botryllidae and
Polystyelidae, and the other the " remaining families with extended
or divided bodies." For these he proposes to adopt the names
" Holosomata " and " Merosomata," respectively, if Sluiter, who first
used them, but in a somewhat different sense from that in which
Herdman proposes to use them, will agree to Herdman's modifica-
tion. Or if Sluiter refuses to accept this modification, then Herdman
will adopt the terms " Pectosomata " and " Chalarosomata " for the
respective groups.

There can be no doubt, particularly since the Polystyelidae and
Botryllidae have been shown to agree so closely in their method of
budding, that they should be associated more closely in classification
than either family can be with the other families of compound ascid-

No. 395-] REVIEWS OF RECENT LITERATURE. 899

ians. I believe, however, that the point of similarity emphasized by
Professor Herdman's proposal, viz., the compactness of the body, is
considerably less fundamental than some other characters that might
be selected, particularly that of the method of budding. Further-
more, the term " Holosomata " does not apply to these two families
any more than it does to Perophora, which genus the author does
not, of course, associate with the Botryllidae and Polystyelidae.

I would not go so far as Garstang has in relying upon the char-
acter of the budding as a basis for classifying the compound ascid-
ians, but I believe that in the present state of our knowledge the
most natural grouping of them that can be made is into two sections.
One of these would include those in which the buds arise directly
from the body of the parent, and the other those in which the bud-
ding is from a stolon. The first section might well be called the
" Somatoblastica" and the second the " Rhizoblastica." These sec-
tions would correspond to Herdman's, with the exception that it
would remain for the present an open question as to which one
should contain the Didemnidae, the probabilities being, however,
that this family would ultimately find its place among the Somato-
blastica.

Those who object to mongrel words will be likely to find fault with
" Pectosomata " on etymological grounds.

At the close of the report the author has given a list of all the
species of Tunicata thus far known from Australian waters. This
list includes 187 species, distributed as follows among the three
divisions of the group :

Larvacea i species

Thaliacea. 7 species

Ascidiacea 1 79 species

The work is a very important contribution to the general zoological
knowledge of this group. Less can be said in favor of the volume
from the bookmaker's than from the naturalist's point of view, but it
will serve its purpose well, and that is the essential thing.

WM. E. RITTER.

The Coccidae of Mauritius. — M. d'Emmerez de Charmoy has
recently published a very interesting account of the Coccidae of
Mauritius, in a pamphlet issued by the Socie'te Amicale Scientifique
of that island. As it is probable that this work will not fall into
many hands, it may be worth while to give a list of the species,

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900

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoL. XXXIII.

the same time, so far as seems

correcting the nomenclature at
necessary : —

Aspidiotus alces simplex, n. var., p. 20.
A. articulatus simplex, n. var., p. 21.
A. tesseratus, n. sp., p. 23.
A. maskelli, Ckll., p. 24.
A. cyanophylli, Sign., p. 24.
A. latanice, Sign.

= A. cy do nice, p. 25.
A. trilobitiformis, Green, p. 26.
Chrysomphahts aonidum, L.

= A.jftciis, p. 25.
C. cladii, Mask.

= ^. cladii, p. 22.
C. aurantii, Mask.

= A. aurantii, p. 22.
Parlatoria sp. ?

= P. zizyphi, p. 27.
Diaspis euphoria, n. sp., p. 28.
•D. pentagona, Targ.

= £>. amygdali, p. 29.
•£>. calyptroides cacti, Comst., p. 29.
ffowardia biclavis, Comst.

= Ckionaspis biclavis, p. 30.
Chionaspis dilatata, Green, p. TI.

X> « * O

C sp. ?

= C. quercus, p. 30.
C. tegalensis, Zehnt., p. 31.
Mytilapsis hibisci, n. sp., p. 32.
M. greeni, n. sp., p. 33.
M, beckii, Newm.

= M. citricola, p. 34.
M. glo-veri, Pack., p. 35.
Fiorinia fiorinia;, Targ.
= F. camellia, p. 37.
F. cockerel H, n. sp., p. 37.
F. alaodendri, n. sp., p. 36.

Aonidia (?) aattdi, n. sp.

= F. allaitdi, p. 3^.
A. (?) allaudi galliformens, n. var.

= ^. «. galliformens, p. 36.
Vinsonia stellifera, Westw., p. 38.
Ceroplastes vinsoni, Sign., p. 38.
Lecaninm olea, Bern., p. 39.
£• kemispharicum, Targ., p. 4O.
Z. kemispharicum filicum, Boisd., p. 4o
/-• longulum, Dough, p. 4O.
^- nigrum, Nietn., p. 40.
Z- tesellatum, Sign., p. 40.
Z. Z7>/^, Green, p. 4I.
Ptilvinaria cariei, n. sp., p. 41.
Asterolecanium bambusa, Boisd., p. 4-,
^. miliaris, Boisd., p. 42.
A. pustulans, Ckll.?

= ^. qnercicola>, p. 43.
Oudablis sp. ?

= Phenacoccus nivalis, p. 42.
Dactylopius calceolaria minor, Mask.

P- 44-

/>• virgatus, Ckll., p. 44.
D.filamentosiis, Ckll.

= /?. z/aj/fc*,,-, p. 45 (fide Tinsl v
D. sacchari, Ckll., p. 45.
D. citri, Risso, p. 45.
D. longispimts, Targ.
= /?. adonidum, p. 46.
= Z>. pteridis, p. 46.
Orthezia insignis, Dougl., p. 46.
/f^rya seychcllarum, Westw., p. 47.
Chcetococcus bambusce, Mask.

= Sph&rococcus bambusce, p. 48.

- -=

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. WOODS

I

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SYDNEY.

Catalogue No. XVII.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF THE

TUNICATA

IN THE

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM,

SYDNEY, N.S.W.

BY

W. A. HEEDMAN, D.Sc., F.K.S.,

F.L.S., F.B.S.E., ETC.; PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES,

E. ETHEEIDGE, JUNE.,

CURATOR.

LIVERPOOL :
T. DOBB & CO., 229, BROWNLOW HILL.

1899.

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NOTICE.

IN the year 1888 my predecessor, Dr. E. P. Ramsay, acting
on instructions from the Trustees of the Australian Museum,
forwarded the collection of Tunicata descrihed in the present
catalogue to Prof. W. A. Herdman, of Liverpool. In 1893,
however, just as the work was about to he sent to press,
circumstances of an official character, beyond the Trustees'
control, temporarily put a stop to its publication. It now
affords me much pleasure to say that in 1897 it was again
possible to contemplate the publication of the catalogue,
which was therefore at once completed, and is now issued
as one of the Museum Series.

At the time the specimens were forwarded to Prof. Herdman
they formed a complete collection of the Tnnicata of the
New South Wales coast, as then known to us, and very few
additional forms have since come to hand. It is, however,
unquestionable that by systematic collecting — which, unfor-
tunately, the Australian Museum is not at present in a
position to carry out — the list might be very much enlarged.

In addition to the Museum material, Prof. Herdman has
incorporated certain forms known to him, but at present not
represented in the former. A preliminary list was published
by Prof. Herdman in "Annals and Magazine of Natural
History," 7th series, vol. I., p. 443, in June, 1898.

B. ETHEBTDGB, JUNR.,

Curator.
SYDNEY,

1st December, 1898.

>°— •$&

i LIBRARY so

PREFACE.

IN the autumn of 1887 I received a letter from Dr. E. P.
Kamsay, at that time Curator of the Australian Museum,
Sydney, asking me to prepare, for the Trustees of that
Institution, this descriptive Catalogue of the Collection of
Tunicata in their Museum. The specimens sent to me in
several packages arrived in Liverpool during 1888 and 1889 ;
and in the latter year, after I had made a preliminary
examination of all the species and had reported upon the
number that would require to be described and figured,
arrangements were made by the Trustees as to printing the
Catalogue in this country and as to the preparation of the
plates.

During 1890, and the following year or two, considerable
progress was made with the detailed examination of the
collection, the MS. descriptions of a number of the Ascidiaj
Simplices were written out and 12 plates were prepared, put
on the stone, and printed oft'. Then occurred the unfor-
tunate financial crisis in Australia, and I received a letter
from the Secretary to the Trustees telling me to go no
further with the work, and incur no fresh expense connected
with the catalogue till further notice. The work was put
aside, and was only taken up again towards the end of 1897,
after a lapse of several years. I am now authorised to
complete the MS. and plates, and to deposit them in the
hands of the Agent General for New South Wales, in London,
with a view to publication of the catalogue as soon as the
arrangements of the Museum permit. The type specimens
of all the species described have been returned to the
Australian Museum.

yi. PREFACE.

As some of the earlier plates had to be printed off before
their exact position in the series could be determined, I
decided to treat each family separately in the numbering ;
hence the legends on the plates run Clav. I., Asc. I., Bot. I.,
II., III., and so on. A complete list of the plates in their
order is given on p. 122.

Finally, I desire to state that this work is merely a
descriptive catalogue, and, although I have tried to make it
as complete and as useful as possible, I do not expect it to
be regarded as a monograph on Australian Tunicata. I
was expressly requested by the Trustees not to enter into
anatomical and histological details beyond what I considered
necessary for the elucidation of the systematic position and
the sufficient description of the various species, and not to
treat in any detail of species outside of the collection sent
to me from the Museum. I have added, however, at the
end of the catalogue a complete list of the Tunicate Fauna of
Australian seas so far as it is known to me ; and I have
given in the Introduction a brief general account (illustrated
by Plates A, B, and C) of the structure and life-history of a
typical Ascitlian which may be useful to those who study the
catalogue.

W. A. HERDMAN.

LIVERPOOL,

January,

CONTENTS.

SHOWING THK SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION.

PAGE.

NOTICE ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... iii.

PREFACE ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... v.

CONTENTS ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... vii.

INTRODUCTION ix.

TUNICATA 1

ASCIDIACEA

ASCIDIJD SlMPLICES 3

Fam. I. CLAVELINID.E ... ... ... ... ... 3

Genus Podoclavclla ... ... ... ... ... 4

Genus Stereoclavella ... ... ... ... ... 6

Fam. II. AscimiDJi ... ... ... ... ... 9

Sub-fam. CIONIN.E 9

Genus Ciona ... ... ... ... ... ... 9

Sub-fam. ASCIDIIN.E 10

Genus Ascid ia ... ... ... ... ... ... 10

Fam. III. CYNTHIIDJB . . . ... ... ... ... ... 15

Sub-fam. BOLTENIIN.K ... ... ... ... ... 16

Genus Boltcnia ... ... ... ... 16

Sub-fam. CYNTHIIXJE ... 19

Genus Microcosinus ... ... ... ... ... 20

Genus Cynthia 27

Sub-fam. STYELINJS 36

Genus Stycla ...... ;37

G enus Polycarpa ...

Fam. IV. MoLc;i'Liu.i-; ... ... 0.1

Genus Molijula

Genus Ascopera ... ... ... ... 07

39748

Vlll. CONTEXTS.

ASCIDLE COMPOSITE ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 59

A. MEKOSOMATA 60

Fam. I. DISTOMID^-; ... ... ... ... ... ... 60

Genus Colella ... ... ... ... ... ... 61

Fam. II. POLYCLINIDJE 71

Genus Amaroiicinm ... ... ... ... ... 71

Genus Polycl'nuun ... ... ... ... ... 77

Genus Psammaplidiuin ... ... ... ... 85

Fain. III. DIDEMNID^; ... ... ... ... ... 89

Genus Lcptoclinwu, ... ... ... ... ... 90

B. llOLOSOMATA ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 93

Fam. I. POLYSTYELIDJS ... ... ... ... ... 93

Genus Chorizoconntis ... ... ... ... ... 95

Genus Lroodslria ... ... ... ... ... 98

Fam. II. BOTRYLLID.I; ... ... ... ... ... 100

Genus Botrylloidcs ... ... ... ... ... 101

Genus Sarcobotrylloides ... ... ... ... ... 102

The Tunicate Fauna of Australian Seas ... ... ... 107

Index 117

List of Plates 122

Explanation of Plates... ... ... ... ... ... ... 123

Plates (arranged as follows : A, B, C, Clav. I., Clav. II., Asc. I.,

Asc. II., Cyn. I.— Cyn. XX., Mol. I., Dist. I.— Dist, III.,

Pel. I.— Pel. VI., Did. I., Did. II., Pst. I.— Pst. III., Bot.
I.— Bot. III.).

INTRODUCTION.

PREVIOUS to the publication of the Reports upon the scientific
results of the "Challenger" Expedition, comparatively little
was known as to the Tunicata of the Australian seas. Some
few species had been named and partly described by Savigny,
Quoy and Gaimard, Stinipson, J. D. Macdonald, and Heller;
but few of these were sufficiently characterised and figured to
be really " known " to science.

Savigny (1816) described Si<jiU.in« austral is in considerable
detail. Quoy and Gaimard (1834) gave a very insufficient
account of various Tunicata which had been found in
Australian seas by the French exploring expedition in
"IT Astrolabe." Stiinpson (1855) named and very briefly
described half a dozen species of Simple Ascidians from
Port Jackson. Heller (1878) figured and described, with
but little anatomical detail, about twelve species of Australian
Simple Ascidians from some of the museums of Europe.

But our most interesting contributions are due to Dr.
J. D. Macdonald (1859) who, while serving as surgeon on
board one of H.M.'s ships in Australian seas, found and
described the remarkable forms Chondrostackiis sp., Perophom
Hutchisoni, Diplosoma Raijncri, Caesira parasitica, C. ficus, and
C. pellucula, the last three being species of Molfjula. Some
of these older species are, however, so imperfectly charac-
terised that it is difficult to recognise them or define them
in our modern system of classification.

The naturalists of the "Challenger" Expedition collected
about '28 species of Simple Ascidians and 14 species of
Compound in the Australian seas, nearly all of them new to
science.

X. INTRODUCTION.

Since the publication of the Keports of the "Challenger'
Expedition, however, a number of species of Tunicata have
been described from Australian seas by Sluiter, Traustedt,
and others. Dr. C. Ph. Sluiter, while resident in the Dutch
East Indies, published a most important series of papers in
which he described over 30 species of Tunicata from the
seas of the Malay Archipelago. It may be a question
whether such localities as the Island Billiton, where Sluiter
obtained some of his species, can be considered as coming
within Australian seas ; but there can be no question but
that Thursday Island and Torres Straits, where Semori
collected the specimens described by Sluiter in his most
recent papers, must be included. These comprise nearly 30
species of Ascidiacea, both Simple and Compouud. I
believe it will add considerably to the completeness and
usefulness of this catalogue if I add a record of all such
known Australian species in their proper systematic positions
at the end of each family, but distinguished by being enclosed
in square brackets [ ] .

The method of description of a Simple Ascidian which I
adopted in my Keports upon the "Challenger'' collection
were suggested by the anatomical notes given by Albany
Hancock in his last paper,* and have been almost univer-
sally followed by writers since. The method consists in
describing the external appearance under the heads of shape,
colour, size ; then the characters of test and mantle ; then
the structure of the branchial sac, endostyle, dorsal lamina ;
the number, arrangement, and form of the tentacles, and
the condition of the dorsal tubercle ; then anything note-
worthy in regard to the alimentary canal and the reproduc-
tive viscera. I believe if we had these details and the
necessary figures in regard 1o all the named species of
Tunicata there would be no difficulty in assigning to each

* Anatomy and Physiology of the Tunicata. Journ. Linn. Sot'., Zoul., vol. ix., \>. 309.

INTRODUCTION. \i.

its place in our system ; but, unfortunately, the very meagre
descriptions of some of the older species do not give us the
necessary information. No Ascidian, then, can he properly
described without dissection and microscopic examination,
and at the least the branchial sac, and, in some cases, the
tentacles and the dorsal tubercle, should be figured, as well
as the exterior of the animal.

The classification of the Tuuicata which I followed in my
" Challenger " Reports (1882), is one which has been pretty
widely adopted. I gave a Revision of it, with some slight
modifications and expansions, in my " Revised Classification
of the Tunicata," &c., in 1891.* I am well aware of several
other classifications which have appeared since, such as
Lahille's in 1887, Garstang's modification of Lahille in 1895,
and Sluiter's also in 1895, but after giving them all very
full consideration, I am supported in adhering to the " Chal-
lenger ' classification by finding that it is the one which
Seeliger seems to receive with most approval in his great
work on the Tunicata now appearing in Bronn's " Klassen
und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs." I am aware that the
Ascidia3 Composita? do not form a natural group, but can be
broken into several sets which are related to different kinds
of Simple Ascidians. I believe I was myself the first to
point out this polyphyletic nature of the group ; and yet I
consider it a practical convenience to retain the term Com-
pound Ascidians in our classification, especially in a Museum
Catalogue, where it is impossible to represent the complexi-
ties of a phylogenetic arrangement — of lines branching in
the three dimensions of space.

Lahille, in his system of classification, makes use only of
the condition and details of structure of the branchial sac,
an organ that is physiologically of such dominant import-
ance in Tunicata that it becomes liable to the loss or

* Journ. Liun. Sue., Zool., vol. xxiii., p. 558.

Xll. INTRODUCTION.

modification of ancient morphological characters. The result,
in my opinion, is a largely unnatural grouping. For example,
the well-marked group Thaliacea is broken up, and the
Doliolida3 are separated from their natural allies the Salpidas
and are united with the Distomidse.

Sluiter's classification (1895) is much more natural, and
as to fundamental facts there is little difference of opinion
between us. So much so, that I am in hopes that he
may accept a modification which I shall here propose, and
which would bring us entirely into accord. In the primary
division into the three orders LARVACEA, THALIACEA and
ASCIDIACEA we are at one ; it is only in the further division
of the Ascidiacea that we differ, and that difference resolves
itself into the treatment of the Compound Ascidians. Here
again, as to the phylogeny or probable course of evolution of
the group we are agreed. As I pointed out at full length in
my " Challenger '; Keport,* and also expressed graphically
in a phylogenetic-tree diagram, the Compound Ascidians
must be regarded as a Polyphyletic group, and the families
Botryllida3 and Polystyelidse are probably derived from
CynthiidiE, while the other Compound Ascidians are more
nearly related to the Claveliuida3 and Ascidiidae. Still I
maintain that does not warrant us in separating in our
classification the Botryllida3 from the Distomida3 and uniting
them with the Cynthiidte as Sluiterf proposes. Whatever
their history has been in the past, the Botryllidre and the
DistomidaB are equally Compound Ascidians at the present
day. Both form colonies of Ascidiozooids produced by gem-
mation and imbedded in a common test, and consequently
I consider we are justified in uniting them as ASCIDIJE
COMPOSITE.

On account, however, of the differences in origin, ex-
pressed in existing forms by certain differences of structure,

* I'art II. USStJ), p. 3S7, &u. t Junaisuhe Denksehr. viii., p. 1(55.

INTRODUCTION. X1U.

I should propose to divide Ascidire Compositse into two
sections to which Sluiter's names "Merosomata" and
" Holosomata " might well be applied. If Dr. Sluiter will
accept this modification in the sense of his terms I shall be
glad to adopt them. It will leave his term Merosomata
unaltered, except for the exclusion of the family Pyrosomidae;
but will mean that Holosomata is used in a very restricted
sense as indicating only the remaining Compound Ascidians,
i.e., the two families Botryllidre and Poly sty elidse. If, how-
ever, Dr. Sluiter objects to my proposed change in the
restriction of his names, the only course open to me will be to
propose two new terms for the sections of Ascidise Compositse
which I desire to recognise. I should suggest in this case
" Pectosomata " for the compact-bodied families Botrylliclse
and Polystyelidse, and " Chalarosomata " for the remaining
families with extended or divided bodies.

I divide, then, the Tunicata into three main sections or
orders : —

I. LARVACEA, the free-swimming, permanently-tailed,

larva-like, mostly minute Appendicularians.
II. THALIACEA, the free-swimming, highly modified,

tail-less, somewhat barrel-shaped, Salps and

Doliolums and their allies.
III. ASCIDIACEA, the sessile, mostly fixed, Simple and

Compound Ascidians.

The collection I am describing does not contain representa-
tives of the two first orders, nor yet of the exceptionally
free swimming Pt/rosoma from the third section ; so we have
only to do with the ordinary Simple and Compound Ascidians,
which are all built up on one general morphological plan, each
member of the colony of a Compound Ascidian being com-
parable in structure with a single solitary Simple Ascidian. It
will serve, then, as an introduction to the descriptions of the
various forms in this catalogue if I give here a short account

XIV. INTRODUCTION.

of the structure of a typical Simple Ascidian, dealing chiefly
with those points which are of importance in classification
and diagnosis. The figures on Plate A. illustrate the follow-
ing description of an ASCIDIA : —

The ordinary species of Ascidia, such as are found in both
European and Australian seas, in shallow waters round the
coast, are irregularly ovate bodies, several inches in length,
attached by one (the posterior) end to a stone or other
foreign body (PI. A., fig. 1). The opposite (anterior) end has
an opening, Br. (the "branchial aperture" or mouth), sur-
rounded by 8 lobes, and leading (fig. 4) by a funnel-shaped
passage (the "branchial siphon") into a large cavity (the
"branchial sac " or pharynx), which occupies a great part of
the interior of the body (fig. 2). The wall of the branchial
sac is perforated by numerous slits (the "stigmata," formed
by the breaking up or modification of gill slits) by means of
which the water taken in at the mouth passes outwards into
a space (the " peribranchial cavity' or " atrium "), which
nearly surrounds the branchial sac and communicates with the
exterior on the " dorsal ' ' surface by an opening (the " atrial
aperture") surrounded by 6 lobes (figs. 1, 2, and 4). The
positions of the branchial and atrial apertures serve to
distinguish the anterior end and dorsal surface.

These branchial and atrial apertures are the only
openings on the surface of the body (fig. 1), which
is covered all over by a firm and sometimes thick layer,
the "test," which is of the nature of a cuticular secretion
organised by the immigration of numerous cells (fig. 5),
some, at least, of which are mesodermal. The ectoderm, the
outer epithelium or continuous layer of cells of the body,
lines the test and separates it from the muscular and con-
nective-tissue body wall, known as the "mantle." Out-
growths of the mantle covered by ectoderm (fig. 5) may form
branching blood "vessels" in the test (PI. B, fig. 9). These and

INTRODUCTION. XV.

certain cell modifications may produce very various colours,
appearances, and histological conditions of the test in
different Ascidians. Finally, the test is notable amongst
animal tissues for containing " tunicine," or animal cellulose.
The branchial sac (figs. 2, 3, 4) is the dominant organ in the
anatomy of an Ascidiau, and shows almost endless variations
in structure, many of which are made use of in classification
and in the diagnosis of species. The wall of the branchial
sac is penetrated by a large number of channels, through
which blood flows. These form the boundaries of the
stigmata (fig. 3, sg.) through which the water passes from
the branchial to the atrial cavity. The chief vessels or blood
channels are: — the "transverse' (PI. A, fig. 3, /»•.), which
run dorso-ventrally round the sides of the sac, the " inter-
stigrnatic* or fine longitudinal (fig. 3, /.«.), and the stout
internal longitudinal bars (/././>.) which run antero-posteriorly
and with the transverse vessels form prominent meshes
containing each a certain number of stigmata. The diagram
(fig. 2) shows how the atrium surrounds the branchial sac
on all sides, except the ventral, where the wall of the sac
becomes continuous with the mantle.

The branchial sac is very large in most Ascidians, and
extends nearly to the posterior end of the body, while the
rest of the alimentary canal lies (in Ascidia) upon its left
side. The opening of the pharynx (branchial sac) into the
oesophagus is placed far back on the dorsal edge, and is
connected with the front of the sac (mouth) by a prominent
ridge or fold, the dorsal lamina (d.L, figs. 2, 6, 7).

Along the opposite or ventral edge of the sac runs a
conspicuous groove with thickened lips, and containing
glandular cells for the secretion of mucus. This is the
endostyle. Food particles entering the mouth first pass
through a circle of tentacles (simple in Ascidia, branched
in many other Ascidians) attached round the base of the

XVI. INTRODUCTION.

branchial siphon, and are then entangled in the strings
of mucus which are formed in the endostyle and are
driven forward by ciliary action, and then round to right
and left by means of the " peripharyngeal groove" so as to
reach the front of the dorsal lamina, which in its turn guides
the mucus-entangled food downwards to the oesophagus
(PI. A, fig. 4, ce., see also PL B, fig. 10).

The oesophagus is a narrow tube which leads to the
stomach, a large thick- walled organ lying on the left-hand
side of the branchial sac (PL A, fig. 4). From the opposite
end of the stomach arises the intestine, a large curved tube
which ends by opening into the cloacal portion of the atrium,
from which the faecal pellets are carried to the exterior
through the atrial aperture by the water current.

The heart is placed alongside the stomach, and is notable
in all Tunicata for its remarkable property of periodically
reversing the direction of contraction, so that the course of
circulation is at one time in one direction, and about a
minute later is in the opposite direction (PL B, fig. 10).
In a common British species of Ascidia the reversal of the
blood current takes place about every ninety seconds.

The nervous system consists of a single ganglion placed
near the front end of the dorsal edge of the body (fig. 4),
between the branchial and atrial apertures. Underneath
the ganglion is placed the neural, or hypophysial, gland
(fig. 6), the duct of which has a curiously-curled or other-
wise complicated opening into the branchial sac at the
anterior extremity of the dorsal lamina, and which, from its
position and its prominence, is known as the dorsal tubercle
(figs. 6 and 7, ^.O. This tubercle is probably a sense organ.
The only other sense organs are the pigment spots between
the lobes of the branchial and atrial apertures, the tentacles
at the base of the branchial siphon, and possibly some parts
of the dorsal lamina.

INTRODUCTION. Xvil.

The walls of the alimentary canal are glandular, and a
separate digestive gland may exist in the form of a system
of minute tubes ramifying over the intestine, and opening
into the stomach. A renal organ is present occupying one
loop of the intestine, another loop encloses the reproductive
organs (see PL A, fig. 4, and PI. B, fig. 10).

The Ascidian is hermaphrodite through not usually self-
fertilising. The ovary and testis are both of them ramified
tubes, and their cavities represent a part of the original
coelom of the embryo which is not developed into any
continuous body cavity in the adult. The reproductive ducts
are continuous with the walls of their organs, and lead along-
side the intestine to terminate in the atrial cavity close to
the anus. In some Ascidians reproductive organs (gonads)
are present on both right and left hand sides of the body,
and in yet others there are several or even many (in
Polycarpa) complete sets of male and female gonads attached
to the inner surface of the mantle on both sides of the body,
and projecting into the peribranchial cavity. The condition
of the reproductive system affords valuable characters in
classification arid the diagnosis of genera and species.

This brief sketch* of the structure of a typical Ascidian
will probably serve as an explanatory guide to the technical
descriptions of species and diagnoses of genera and other
groups that occur in the body of this catalogue.

In Plate B, I have added a few figures illustrating the
combination of " Ascidiozooids ' to form colonies in the
Compound Ascidians. Thus figure 5 shows two Ascidio-
zooids with a common cloacal aperture ; figures 6 to 8 show

* A somewhat fuller account on the same lines will be found in the Article " Tunicata"
of the Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th Edn. ; and a much more detailed statement is given
in the Introduction to the " Challenger" Report on the Tunicata. After that reference
must be made to the original memoirs of Milne-Edwards, Huxley, Savigny, Lacaze-
Duthiers, Giard, Traustedt, Sluiter, Herdman, Van Beneden and Julia, Roule, and many
others.

XV111. INTRODUCTION.

the three shapes of Ascidiozooid characteristic of (fig. 6) a
Botryllid, (fig. 7) a Distomid, and (fig. 8) a Polyclinid;
while figures 1 to 4 represent whole colonies of (fig. 1) a
Distomid, (fig. 2) a Didemnid, (fig. 3) a Polyclinid, and
(fig. 4) a Botryllid. These figures may help in reading the
descriptions of Compound Ascidians in the latter part of
this Catalogue.

In consideration of the great importance of the matter,
and the use made of it in definitions of the group Tunicata
and its larger divisions (see pp. 1, 2, &c.), I have given, on
Plate C, a series of diagrammatic figures illustrating the
more note-worthy stages in the embryology and early life-
history of a typical Tunicate. Figure 1 shows the ovum
and spermatozoon, figs. 2 to 6 successive embryonic stages,
figs. 7 to 9 the free-swimming tailed "Chordate" larva, and
figs. 10 to 12 the process of degeneration into the sedentary
adult Ascidian, such as those described from. Australia in
the following pages.

THE

TUNICATA

OF

THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

TUNICATA.

The Tunicata (or Urochorda) are hermaphrodite marine
chordate animals which show in their development the
essential vertebrate characters, but in which the notochord
is restricted to the posterior part of the body, and is in most
cases present only during the free -swimming larval stages.
The adult animals are usually sessile and degenerate, and
may be either solitary or colonies, fixed or free. The nervous
system is in the larva of the elongated, tubular, dorsal
vertebrate type, but in most cases degenerates in the adult
to form a small ganglion placed above the pharynx. The
body is completely covered with a thick cuticular test
("tunic") which contains a substance similar to cellulose.
The alimentary canal has a greatly enlarged respiratory
phatynx (the branchial sac) which is perforated by two or
many more or less modified gill slits, opening into a peri-

THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

branchial or atrial cavity, which communicates with the
exterior by a single dorsal (rarely two ventral) exhalent
aperture. The ventral heart is simple and tubular, and
periodically reverses the direction of the blood current.

The leading vertebrate characteristics of the Tunicata are
the notochord, the dorsal nervous system, the ventral heart
and the respiratory pharynx with gill clefts ; but these all
disappear or undergo modification to such an extent during
the metamorphosis, that the degenerate adult would not in
most cases be recognised as belonging to the Chordata were
it not for our knowledge of the life-history.

Order I. ASCIDIACEA, Blv., 1827.

This group includes fixed or free-swimming Simple or
Compound Ascidians, which, in the adult, are never provided
with a tail and have no trace of a notochord. The free-
swimming forms are colonies, and the Simple Ascidians are
never free-swimming.

The test is permanent and well-developed ; as a rule it
increases with the age of the individual.

The musculature of the mantle is in the form of an
irregular network, there being no regular circular banrls.

The branchial sac is large and well-developed. Its walls
are perforated by numerous slits (the stigmata) opening into
a single peribranchial cavity, which communicates with the
exterior by the atrial aperture.

The anus opens into the peribranchial cavity.

Many of the forms reproduce by gemmation, and in most
of them the sexually produced embryo develops into a
tailed larva.

The order Ascidiacea is divided into three sections — the
Ascidias Simplices, the Ascidiaa Compositag, and the Ascidia3

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA.

Luciae — of which the last is not represented in the
collection.

Sub order I. ASCIDI^E SIMPLICES, Savigny, 1816.

This group contains fixed (rarely unattached, but never
free - swimming) Ascidians which are solitary, and very
rarely reproduce by gemmation ; if colonies are formed, the
members of the colony are not buried in a common investing
mass, but each has a distinct test of its own, and gemmation
is not directly from the body of the parent, but from a basal
stolon.

The Ascidiae Simplices include four families — the Clave-
linida?, the Ascidiidae, the Cyntkiidae, and the Molgulidse — all
of which are represented in the collection.

Family I. CLAVELINIMJ, Forbes, 1853.

Body attached by the posterior end, and usually by means of a
peduncle, to a creeping basal stolon or common stolonial mass, from
which young Ascidiozooids are formed by gemmation.

Test gelatinous, rarely cartilaginous, usually thin and transparent.
Apertures circular, very rarely distinctly lobed.

Branchial sac not folded, often without internal longitudinal bars.
The bars, if present, have no papillae. The stigmata are straight.

Dorsal lamina represented by languets.

Tentacles simple, filiform.

Alimentary canal usually extending beyond the branchial sac poste-
riorly to form an abdomen.

Gonads placed in the intestinal loop. In addition to sexual reproduc-
tion, colonies may be formed asexually by gemmation from the stolon.

This family contains about 10 genera, and over 30 species. These
are probably the most primitive of the Ascidians. They link on in the
one direction through Ecteinascidia to Ciona and the Ascidiidae, and so
to the rest of the Simple Ascidians, and in the other direction through
Diazona to the Polyclinidse and other typical Compound Ascidians.

THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Podoclavella,* Herdman, 1890.

Body extremely long and narrow, divided into thorax and abdomen,
and placed on the end of a long slender stalk.

Test on the body thin, on the stalk thick and cartilaginous or horny.

Mantle thin, musculature slight.

Branchial sac with no internal longitudinal bars, and no papilliform
connecting ducts ; transverse vessels all equally wide, and bearing broad
horizontal membranes. Stigmata large.

Visceral mass extending behind the branchial sac to form a distinct
abdomen as large or larger than the thorax, and followed by a well-
marked post-abdominal peduncle.

There are two species in the genus, which may be separated as
follows : —

Colour light bluish green, tentacles in two rows, P. borealis, Sav.
(Arctic).

Colour purplish, tentacles in one row, . . P. meridionalis, Herdm.
(Australia).

Podoclavella meridionalis, Herdman | (1890). PI. Clav. II., figs. 1—4.

External appearance. Body claviform, on a long slender stalk.
Anterior end narrow but truncated, bearing both the branchial and the
atrial apertures. Attached by lower narrower end of stalk. Surface
of upper part of body smooth, of stalk slightly corrugated transversely.
Colour of stalk yellow, of upper part of body grey, with a bluish purple
tinge in centre. Length over all about 7-5 cm. Length of stalk about
4-5 cm. Breadth of upper part of body 7 mm , average breadth of stalk
2 mm.

Test thin but tough and cartilaginous over the wider part of the
body, thicker and more horny on the stalk.

Mantle of a purplish colour, but thin and with little musculature,
probably continued down the stalk as a slender tube. Siphons well-
marked, with sphincter muscles.

Branchial sac large. The transverse vessels are wide, and all of the
same size ; they bear wide horizontal membranes. The stigmata are

* A new genus formed for one of the species in this collection, along with the Clnceliim
borealis of Savigny. First characterized in my paper on Ectcinascidia and the Clavelinidae
read before the Biological Society of Liverpool, in December, 1890 (.see Trans. Biol. Soc.
L'pool, vol. V., p. 144); denned more fully in "Revision," Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool.,
vol. XXIII., p. 603, 1891.

t Briefly diagnosed in "Revision," p. 603; the full description is now given.

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. O

fairly large, and are arranged with regularity. There are no internal
longitudinal bars, and no papilliform processes on the horizontal
membranes.

Dorsal languets are present. They are long and pointed, and are not
united at their bases.

The tentacles are numerous and slender, placed in one row.

The viscera form a large opaque mass, longer than the thorax, and of
nearly cylindrical form, the stomach forming no marked enlargement.
The rectum is very long.

Locality. — Port Jackson.

This form (PL Clav. II., fig. 1) has a superficial resemblance to some
Compound Ascidians of the genus Colella, where the body is placed
on the summit of a long slender horny stalk." The lower end of the
stalk is expanded, and gives off root-like prolongations. The viscera
and mantle are of a dark purplish colour, which shows through the thin
grey test. There is a central cavity continued down the stalk, which
probably contained a tubular prolongation from the body similar to that
which is found in the stolon of Clavelina. It has, however, in these
specimens been retracted and torn, no doubt as a result of the mode
of killing and preservation, so as to lose its connection with the body
proper, but its remains are to be found adhering to the walls of the
tube. The branchial and atrial apertures are on small papillae placed
not far apart. The mantle is full of dark purplish pigment corpuscles,
which make it quite opaque ; the branchial and atrial siphons are
especially dark-coloured. The branchial sac is large and has numerous
stigmata. The horizontal membranes are especially wide (PI. Clav. II.,
fig. 4).

Dr. Sluiter, in describing the Tunicata collected by Prof. Semon at
Amboina and Thursday Island, came upon a form which he suspected
to be this species. So, before describing it, he courteously consulted
me on the matter, and sent me drawings. I had little difficulty in
recognising that his specimen belonged to my species, and now that
Sluiter's full account has been published,! I am still of the same
opinion, notwithstanding a few slight differences in our descriptions and
figures. These, I think, do not exceed the limits of individual variation.

* See Herdman. "Challenger" Report, Ft. II., p. 72. See the species of Colella,
figured further on in this Catalogue (PI. Dist. I.).

*

| Jenaische Denkschr. VIII., p. 165.

6 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Stereoclavella,* Herdman, 1890.

Colony with the stolons united in a basal thickening or mass of test.
Body not pedunculated, apart from the long abdomen, which is distinct
from the thorax. Branchial and atrial apertures circular, not lobed.

Test on the body thin, thicker and cartilaginous posteriorly, where it
forms the stolonial basal mass.

Mantle thin.

Branchial sac with no internal longitudinal bars. Transverse vessels
all equally wide.

Visceral viass forming a distinct abdomen as large as the thorax.

There are four known species in the genus, S. (Clavelina) oblonga,
Herdm., from the Atlantic, and Si (Clavelina) enormis, Herdm., from
the South Atlantic, both obtained during the " Challenger" Expedition,
in addition to the two described below. Garstang's Pycnoclavella
aitiiluceus, from Plymouth, must be a closely related form.

Stereoclavella australis, Herdman (1891), PI. Clav. I., figs. 1 — 11.

External appearance,. The colony tassel-shaped, consisting of a
large number of Ascidiozooids united together in clumps on the summit
of a solid stalk-like mass of test. Free ends of the Ascidiozooids
cylindrical, truncated anteriorly, where both apertures are placed not far
apart. Colony about 9 cm. in length, and 5 to 6 cm. in breadth at the
broadest part, and 3 cm. in thickness at the same place. The average
thickness of the basal solid test is 2 cm., and its length about 5 cm.
Surface smooth, colour grey.

Test thin over the thoracic, free, part of the Ascidiozooid, thicker over
the abdomen, gradually passing into the very thick solid basal mass.
Abundance of small test cells in all parts. Over the abdominal part of
the body small and very slender unbranched spines project from the
surface of the test : each has a test cell at its base. Solid basal part of
test with numerous stolonial blood vessels running in all directions and
giving rise to many buds.

Mantle with about 6 very distinct longitudinally running muscle
bands on each side of body, on the thorax. These spread out and
become more numerous on abdomen. Body of Ascidiozooid nearly 2
cm. long and about 5 mm. wide in the thoracic part Thorax globular,

* Briefly defined for the reception of the two " Challenger" species Clavelina oblonya
and C nun-mis, along with the present species, in Trans. Biol. Soc., L'pool, vol. V., pp.
160—161 ; and also in "Revision," Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. XXIII., p. 603.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 7

with a great ventral projection, and an accumulation of ova and embryos
on the dorsal edge. Abdomen long and narrow, swelling at the posterior
end where the stomach is placed. A slender stolonial appendage is
continued down from the posterior end of the abdomen. The branchial
and atrial siphons are well-developed, but not lobed ; they have strong
sphincters. The mantle, on the whole, is rather strong and opaque,
with well-developed musculature and abundant pigmentation.

Branchial sac with about 14 rows of stigmata. The transverse
vessels are all alike and are moderately wide. They are provided with
horizontal membranes.

Dorsal languets large, triangular, joined to the horizontal membranes,
and not united by any longitudinal band.

Tentacles about 20 in number, and of 3 sizes, the larger ones being
long and slender.

The visceral mass is very long, and is formed chiefly of oesophagus
and intestine. The reproductive organs are placed in the loop. There
is a large conspicuous vas deferens running up the inner side of the
rectum.

Locality. — " Under stones at low tide, Vaucluse, P.J., John Brazier,
F.L.S."

This species in appearance (see PI. Clav. I., fig 1.) is singularly like
a Diazona, but differs entirely from that genus in the structure of the
branchial sac (figs. 9 and 10). The arrangement of the Ascidiozooids is
seen well in fig. 2, in which half of the colony has been cut away ;
fig. 3 is one of the clumps. Figures 4 and 5 show the appearances of the
right and left sides of the body respectively. The spines on the
abdominal portion of the test (fig. 6) are not numerous. Each spine
springs from immediately over a test cell, but there are far more test
cells than spines. Deeper in the test a few " bladder cells " and other
modifications of the test cells are found (fig. 7), while in the basal part of
the colony there are very many ramifying stolons (fig. 11) with abund-
ance of small buds. The longitudinal muscles of the mantle, which are
few and regular on the thorax (see fig. 8, which shows also the
distribution of pigment masses), break up over the abdomen, and
further back come to be arranged chiefly dorsally and ventrally, about,
15 bands on each side of each edge of the body— about 60 longitudinal
bands in all. There are no transversely running muscles. In the
peribranchial cavity were found many large tailed larvae, measuring up
to 1 mm. in length of body.

8 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Stereoclavella sp. (?australis, Herdman), PI. Clav. II., figs. 5—8.

External appearance. The colony consists of several individuals
adhering by their narrow posterior ends to a short thick irregular stolon.
The anterior end of each Ascidiozooid is relatively wide and irregularly
truncated. The body is elongated and distinctly divided into thorax and
abdomen. The apertures are close together at the anterior end. The
colour is grey. The length of an Ascidiozooid is 1-2 cm., breadth 4 mm.

Test thin and transparent, rather thicker on stolon.

Mantle thin and transparent, muscle bundles mainly longitudinal.

Branchial sac delicate, transverse vessels all the same size. Stigmata
large and numerous. Horizontal membranes present.

Dorsal lanyuets long, and closely-placed, triangular in form.

Locality. — Broughton Islands (No. 43).

The specimen shown at PI. Clav. II., fig. 5, may possibly be a
detached piece from a larger colony, like that figured on the previous
plate ; but even then it is questionable whether it can be referred to the
same species, as the musculature of the mantle (fig. 6) and the proportions
of the dorsal languets (fig. 8) are a good deal different. This species,
treating it as a distinct one, seems closely allied to Stereoclavella
(Clarclina) oblouya, Herdman, from which it differs chiefly in the size
and shape of the dorsal languets. In S. oblong a they are short and
conical, and are placed about their own length apart*; while in the
present species they are long and triangular in form (fig. 8), having an
expanded base flattened antero-posteriorly, and tapering to a narrow
point ; the distance between them is only about a fourth of the length
of each languet. The languets are united at their bases by a
longitudinal band (fig. 8, d.l.), which is very different from the condition
shown (PI. Clav. I., fig. 10) in S. aicstmlis, where the stigmata are
uninterrupted round the dorsal edge of the sac.

Several large opaque ova and young embryos were found at the
posterior end of the peribranchial cavity, close to the oesophagus, in one
of the specimens, which shows that the Ascidiozooids were adult —
although possibly they may be only a fragment of a colony.

[The following Clavelinidae have also been found in Australian seas:—
Pcroplwra Hutcldsoni, Macdonald.
Ecteinascidia eitphues, Sluit.
E. psammodes, Sluit.

Eliopalopsis crassa, Herdm., Ki Is., 129 faths.
Ii.fusca, Herdm., Banda, 17 faths.]

' "Challenger" Report, Tart I., PI. XXXV., fig. 8.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 9

Family II. ASCIDIIDJE, Herdman, 1880.

Body attached, usually sessile, rarely pedunculated. Branchial
aperture usually 8-lobed, atrial usually 6-lobed.

Test gelatinous or cartilaginous, rarely chitinaceous or horny.

Branchial sac without folds. Internal longitudinal bars present and
usually papillated. Stigmata straight or curved.

Tentacles simple, filiform.

Alimentary canal either at one side of the branchial sac (usually the
left) or extending beyond it posteriorly.

Gonads placed close to the intestine.

There are four sub-families — the Corellinse, the Hypobythiinae, the
Ascidiinse, and the Cioninae ; only the two latter are represented in this
collection.

Sub-family CIONIKffi, Eoule, 1884, Herdman, 1891.

Body more or less cylindrical, attached by posterior end.

Test thin and gelatinous, may be modified anteriorly to form a lobe
covering the apertures.

Mantle with the musculature mainly longitudinal.

Branchial sac provided with internal longitudinal bars. Stigmata
straight.

Dorsal lamina represented by languets.

Alimentary canal on left side of branchial sac, extending posteriorly
to it.

I use this sub- family in a somewhat different sense from that
originally proposed by Eoule. Keeping Ciona as the typical form, I
remove Rhopalcea to the family Clavelinidae, and I substitute in its place
Rhodosoma, which seems to me to have more affinity with dona than
with Ascidia.

Ciona* (Savigny, 1816), Fleming, 1828.

Ciona intestinalis ('?), Linn., PI. Asc. I., figs. 1 — 4.

About two dozen specimens from "off Cockatoo Island, Port Jackson

(No. 21)," appear to belong to this common European species. They are

very large and soft, and have an overgrown flaccid appearance. The

largest is about 10 cm. in antero-posterior extent, even after preservation

in alcohol. The test is in most cases exceedingly thin, in some quite

membranous : the mantle is also very thin and transparent, and the

* For characters of genus see Herdman, "Revision," p. 598.

10 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

muscle bands, although of the usual number, are remarkably weak.
The alimentary canal is very clearly visible through the mantle (see
fig. 3), and is seen to extend unusually far forwards. The branchial sac
has very large papillae projecting from the internal longitudinal bars ;
these are relatively larger and more conspicuous than in British specimens
of the species. Figure 4 shows the dorsal tubercle. Many of the
specimens adhere together in groups by their posterior ends, and their
tests have grown together, but there is no reason to regard them as
forming colonies. Notwithstanding these few points of difference in
detail, I do not feel justified in separating the Australian specimens as a
new species. I find also in the collection one specimen of a Ciona (figs.
1 and 2) adhering, along with Colella tcniiicaulis, to the back of the
crab Macippe spinosa, Stimp. It is 2 cm. in length and 1 cm. in thick-
ness, and is in a greatly contracted state. There are also 3 small
specimens of Ciona adhering to Chorizoconniis subfuscus, from Port
Jackson. All of these specimens are more or less in bad condition
for detailed examination, but appear to be indistinguishable specifically
from Ciona intestinalis, Linn., although living material might show
differences.

[The following Cioninae have also been recorded from Australian

Ehodosoma, Ehrenberg, 1828.
B. (Pera) Huxleyi, Macdonald.
R. (Peroides) sp., Macdonald.]

Sub-family ASCIDIIN^l, Herdman, 1882.

Body usually attached by left side or posterior end. Branchial
aperture with at least 8-lobes, atrial with at least 6-lobes.

Test gelatinous or cartilaginous.

Mantle with the musculature forming an irregular network, which is
strongest on the right side.

Viscera on the left side of the branchial sac.

Branchial sac provided with internal longitudinal bars. Stigmata
straight.

Dorsal lamina usually a plain membrane, rarely languets (Abyss-
ascidia).

Ascidia, Linn.

Only the typical genus Ascidia is represented in this collection. It
contains two now species.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 11

Ascidia incerta, n. sp., PL Asc. I., figs. 5—8.

External appearance. The body is ovate, with very well-marked,
distinctly lobed siphons, upon which the apertures are placed. It is
attached by the posterior end. The branchial aperture is anterior, and
the atrial is about two-fifths of the way down the dorsal edge. The sur-
face is slightly rough and partly covered with adhering animals. The
colour is yellowish grey. Length 5 cm., breadth 3 cm., thickness 1'5 cm.

Test thin, but tough, translucent; conspicuous vessels.

Mantle fairly muscular round the edges of the right side, less
muscular in the centre of that side, and very thin and membranous over
the viscera. Siphons very distinct; branchial 7-lobed and atrial 6-lobed.

Branchial sac minutely plicated, with transverse vessels all of one
size. Meshes nearly square, containing each about 7 stigmata. The
internal longitudinal bars bear at the angles of the meshes large curved
papillae, which vary a good deal amongst themselves in size and shape.

The dorsal lamina is rather narrow. It is strongly ribbed, but has a
plain edge. The cesophageal aperture is fully two-thirds of the way down.

The tentacles are very numerous, and closely placed. They are long
and slender, and differ somewhat in size amongst themselves, but there
is no regularity in their arrangement.

The dorsal tubercle is simple but very large, occupying the whole of a
very deep peritubercular area. It is elongated antero-posteriorly, with
the horns curling outwards at the anterior end.

Locality. — Port Jackson. One specimen.

This specimen from Port Jackson is in some respects very like
Ascidia pyriformis, found by the "Challenger" Expedition in the same
bay at a depth of 6 fathoms. I have given this species the specific
name incerta, because I still regard it as somewhat uncertain, or open to
doubt, whether or not it is distinct from A. pyriformis. In using the
dichotomising table of the characters of the species of Ascidia given in
rny " Revision, " at p. 591, one is led by the characters of the present
species straight to 'pyriformis at the top of p. 593 ; but on looking into
further details it is found that there are certain definable points of
difference. That being so, I think it wiser to describe A. incerta as a
distinct species ; but I think it quite possible that the examination of a
larger series of specimens than the 2 of pyrifonnis and 1 of incerta now
known, may lead to the union of the two species. The chief differences
are : the larger meshes of the branchial sac in A. incerta containing
7 stigmata (PI. Asc. I., fig. 6) in place of 3 or 4, the plain edge 'to the
dorsal lamina (fig. 7), and the remarkably large dorsal tubercle (fig. cS).

12 THE AUSTBALIAN MUSEUM.

In A. pyriformis also the dorsal tubercle is remarkable,* but in a
different way. If these two forms turn out to be one species, it must
have a very wide range of individual variation in its dorsal tubercle.

Ascidia phallusioides, n. sp., PI. Asc. II.

External appearance. The body is oblong, rather wider posteriorly
and with a rounded anterior end. It is attached by the posterior end
and a small part of the left side. The branchial aperture is near the
anterior end, but is recurved so as to point nearly backwards — it has
about 12 lobes ; the atrial aperture is on the right side of the dorsal edge,
near the anterior end, and points forwards — it has 6 lobes. The surface
is smooth, but marked with deep grooves with rounded edges. There
may be little rounded knobs scattered over the surface. The colour
varies from a warm yellowish grey to a dark smoky brown. The length
is 16 cm., the breadth 8 cm., and the thickness 6 cm.

Test thick and cartilaginous, firm, of the same colour and consistency
throughout, and smooth on both surfaces. Large vessels from the body
enter the test on the left side in front of the middle, and branch through
all parts.

Mantle thin, but muscular on the right side. The longitudinal
muscle bands are mainly external, and the circular or transverse internal.
The anterior part of the left side of the mantle is thinner and less
muscular, while the posterior part over the viscera is very thin, and has
no muscle bands.

Branchial sac large and strong, minutely plicated. The transverse
vessels differ in size, and there are usually 3 smaller between each pair
of larger. The internal longitudinal bars bear very large papillae at the
angles of the meshes, and are connected with the transverse vessels by
wide membranes. The meshes are elongated transversely, and contain
each 6 to 8 stigmata.

Endostyle large, reaching to posterior end of branchial sac.

The dorsal lamina is a narrow but strongly ribbed and toothed
membrane. The large oesophageal aperture is placed about two-thirds
of the way down it.

The tentacles are not large. They are 36 to 40 in number, and are of
two sizes placed alternately.

The dorsal tubercle, is small and simple. It is placed in a large
triangular peritubercular area, continuous with the rather narrow pre-
branchial zone.

* See "Challenger" Report, Part L, p. 220.

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA.

13

The nerve ganglion is placed only 1 cm. behind the dorsal tubercle,
and the whole space between them is occupied by the very large neural
gland, which has many complicated openings into the atrial cavity.

The locality is Port Jackson. — Half a dozen specimens.

This large and very solid species approaches in its characters the genus
Pachychlcena, which was formed (as a sub-genus originally) for the recep-
tion of three "Challenger" species, which differed from Ascidia in their very
massive cartilaginous tests. These three species were, one from Simon's
Bay, Cape of Good Hope, and the other two from Bass' Strait, Australia,
at a depth of 38 to 40 fathoms. The present species, in the condition of
the test, is intermediate between the ordinary Ascidia and these species
of Pachychlcena, consequently I now feel inclined to relinquish the latter
genus.

This large species is undoubtedly new to science. I have examined
the following specimens : — three typical examples (A, B, C) and one
(D) of much darker colour which might be placed as a variety, also 3
additional specimens (E, F, G) which were in the original collection sent
to the London Fisheries Exhibition of 1883. The sizes are as follows: —

JENGTH.

BREADTH .

THICK-
NESS.

REMARKS.

A

14 cm.

7'5 cm.

6 cm.

Several other Ascidians, Cynthiidas
and Molgulidae are attached.

B

16-5 „

8 „

6-5 „

Typical example.

C

10 „

6 „

45 „

This one is darker in colour than
the two preceding, and forms a
transition to the next.

D

13 „

8 „

5 „

Dark-coloured variety.

E

13-5 „

7-5 ,,

7 „

Light-coloured ventrally and darker
dorsally.

F

11-5 „

6 „

5 „

Lighter coloured throughout.

G

8-5 „

5-5 „

4 „

Lighter coloured throughout.

14 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

In size and general shape this species recalls Ascidia men tula of
European seas, but that the body is more compact in this species, and
the atrial aperture is placed further forward. The branchial aperture
is very irregularly lobed in the test, but in the mantle there seem to be
about 12 lobes, an unusually large number for an Ascidia. The surface of
the test may have little scattered knobs, which gives an appearance like
that of Pliallusia mammillata. There is a deep groove with several
branches running down the middle of the right side (PL Asc. II., fig. 1.)
in all the specimens. This may be partly due to contraction on death.

In specimen D (No. 12 of Museum labels), where the colour of the test
is very dark there is a great deal of pigment found, and there are little
black areas O5 to 1 mm. in diameter scattered irregularly over the
surface. Each of these has a non-pigmented brownish lighter spot in
its centre (see figs. 9 and 10.), while similar smaller spots or papillae are
scattered all over the surface both on the black areas and between them.
Each such papilla is the enlarged knob of a blood vessel. The test is in
all cases very vascular (fig. 3.) When the test, which averages about
5 mm. in thickness, is removed the body looks rather small. It is flat on
the right side and convex on the posterior part of the left side, where
the viscera form a projection. The siphons are well marked. The
large branchial is anterior and the atrial is about one-fifth of the length
of the body from the anterior end, and is directed dorsally (fig. 1).

The thick walled branchial sac has a rough appearance internally, due
to the large papillae (fig. 2). It is not reduplicated at the posterior end,
and this forms an important point of difference between the present
species and Ph. mammillata, the type of the genus Phallusia, according to
Eoule's classification. On account, however, of a certain resemblance in
form, and also in the condition of the neural gland described below, to
that species, I have given the specific name i>liallnsioides.

One of the most notable points about this species is the remarkable
condition of the neural or hypophysial gland. This organ is large and
extends from the dorsal tubercle anteriorly to the nerve ganglion
posteriorly (fig. 7). Its aperture on the dorsal tubercle into the branchial
sac is small and simple (fig. 5), but it has a large number of complicated
secondary openings on the surface which is directed towards the atrial
cavity (fig. 8).

In the dark variety (specimen D) the gland is longer and narrower
behind the dorsal lamina than in the other specimens, but is otherwise
the same, and has many secondary openings.

This adds another to the small number of remarkable Ascidians

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 15

which have many small secondary openings from the neural gland, or
its duct, into the peribranchial cavity. This condition has been
described by Julin and by Herdman in Phallusia mammillata, by Eoule
in Ascidia Marioni, and recently by Metcalf* in Ascidia aim, from the
West Indies. The present species differs from these others in having
the neural gland so near to the dorsal tubercle, in having the secondary
openings practically sessile upon the gland (fig. 7), and in having these
openings so curved and twisted as to look like the opening in a dorsal
tubercle (fig. 8). Metcalf points out the indication of relationship
between the four species given by this remarkable anatomical condition,
and I am inclined to think that the best way to recognise this fact
might be to modify the definition of the genus Phallusia, so that marioni,
atra, and phallusioides may be incorporated therein along with Ph.
mammillata.

[The following Ascidiinae have also been found in Australian seas :—
Abyssascidia wyvillii, Herdm , S. of Australia, 2,600 faths.
Ascidia cylindracea, Herdm., Twofold Bay, 120 faths.
A. pyriformis, Herdm., Port Jackson, 6 faths.
Pachychlcena oblonga, Herdm., Bass Str., 40 faths.
P. obesa, Herdm., Bass Str., 40 faths.
A. Sydneiensis, Stimp , Port Jackson, low tide.
A. succida, Stinrp., Port Jackson, low tide.
A. bifissa, Sluit., Amboina.
A. emphercs, Sluit., Amboina
A. geiumata, Sluit., Amboina.
A. kreagra, Sluit., Amboina.
? A. diaphana, Q. & G., Hobart Town.]

Family III. CYNTHIID^, Lac. Duth., 1877.

Body usually attached, rarely free, sometimes pedunculated.

Test membranous, or coriaceous, rarely cartilaginous or covered with
sand. Branchial aperture usually 4-lobed, atrial 4-lobed.

Branchial sac, longitudinally folded ; internal longitudinal bars not
papillated. Stigmata straight, never forming spirals.

Tentacles simple or compound.

Intestine on left side, only slightly, or not at all, attached to the
mantle.

* See for an interesting discussion of the subject, Zoological Bulletin, vol. I., No. 3,
Boston, 1897.

16 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Gonads on the inner surface of the mantle, either on both sides or on
one only.

This very large and important family contains three well-marked
sections or sub-families — the Bolteniinae, the Cynthiinse, and the
Styelinae — all of which are well represented in the collection.

Sub-family BOLTENIINJE, Herdman, 1880.

Body attached and pedunculated ; peduncle usually very long,
branchial and atrial apertures having either 4 or less than 4 lobes.

Test coriaceous, membranous or cartilaginous, not covered with
sand.

Branchial sac with more than four folds on each side.

Tentacles compound.

It is unfortunate that the eminent French Ascidiologists MM. Lacaze-
Duthiers and Yves Delage,* in discussing the characters of the
CynthiidaB in 1889, should have entirely omitted to consider this
important sub-family, so as to give the impression that only the sub-
families Cynthiinae and Styelinge exist. I established the sub-family in
1880, and again gave an account of it and described a number of new
species belonging to it in the " Challenger " Eeport in 1882. The same
authors, at p. 524 of their paper, indicate that the Cynthiae caesirae of
Savigny are, in their opinion, probably Molgulidae, and they cite Eoule's
similar statement (1886) as apparently the only previous investigation of
the matter. But I showed in 1882, four years before Eoule, and seven
years before Lacaze-Duthiers and Delage, that Savigny's Cynthiae
csesirae really belonged to the genus Molijula.

Boltenia, Savigny, 1816.

Only the genus Boltenia in this sub-family is represented. There
are three species.

Boltenia pachydermatina, Herdm., PL Cyn. I.

This is one of the largest known species of Simple Ascidians, and is
apparently very common in southern seas, and especially round the
coasts of Australia and New Zealand. It is a striking object, may grow
to a very large size, and has probably often been brought to Europe by
travellers and collectors. Specimens exist in most museums, but the

•: AK.-II. Zool. Expei-. etgt-n^r., 2mc. ser., t. VII. , p. 519.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 17

species had not been named nor described until the Eeport upon the
the "Challenger" Collection* in 1882. Since then von Draschef has
given some further remarks and another figure of the species, from
specimens obtained by the " Novara " Expedition to the South of
Sydney. Von Drasche describes short knobbed calcareous spicules in
the test. I have since found calcareous spicules in these Australian
forms not only in the test, but also in the mantle and in the larger
vessels of the branchial sac (PI. Cyn. I., fig. 2). Those of the mantle
are elongated fusiform curved spicules, and those in the branchial sac
are rather like the spicules of Culeolus.

The dorsal tubercle is, in the large specimens, even more complicated
in its pattern than I showed in the "Challenger" Keport. I give a
figure here (fig. 3) which shows also the presence of branched spicules.

The specimens in the collection are a group of 14 individuals adhering
to the same basal mass (see PI. Cyn. I., fig. 1), two others of smaller
size attached together, and two or three other specimens of medium
size. The largest specimen attains to about 35 cm. in length, including
the stalk.

Boltenia tuberculata, HerdmanJ, 1891, PI. Cyn. II.

External appearance. Irregularly club-shaped, the body being of
irregularly ovate form placed on a short curved stalk and covered with
tubercles or knobs. There is not much lateral compression. The
apertures are not far apart, both on one surface, both transverse slits
surrounded by many lobes, of which, however, there may be 4 more
prominent. Surface very uneven on account of the numerous knobs.
Colour dirty creamy white, to light brown. Size (average), body 5 cm.
by 3 cm. by 2 cm. ; stalk about 12 cm. in length.

Test very irregular in thickness, from 1 mm. to 10 mm., cartilaginous,
white in section. Large vessels are found about the top of the stalk.

Mantle thick, closely adherent to test. The finer muscle bundles form
a close felted mass, while there are strong longitudinal and circular
muscles extending from the siphons over the greater part of each side.

Branchial sac with 6 or 7 folds on the right side, and 6 on the left.
The folds converge to the mouth of the oesophagus. There is a mesh
work consisting of very stout internal longitudinal bars and more slender

• Report on Tunicata, Part I., p. 89.

t Deuksclir. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. XLVIII., p. 370. 1884.
I Briefly diagnosed in "Revision," p. 571, now fully described and figured.

18 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

transverse vessels, which stands on a plane internal to the inter-stigmatic
vessels, which are much finer. These larger internal vessels contain
spicules.

Dorsal lamina very slight, dying away almost at once behind the
dorsal tubercle.

Tentacles 24 in number, 12 large and 12 small, placed alternately.

Dorsal tubercle forming two close spirals with their apices directed
away from one another.

Locality.— Port Jackson, about a dozen specimens.

This species differs from the other Boltenias externally in its knobbed
appearance (PI. Cyn. II., figs. 1, 6, and 7), and internally in the
structure of the branchial sac, the number of the tentacles, and the
nature of the dorsal tubercle. Many of the specimens are covered with
a smooth closely incrusting layer of sponge. This is one of the largest
of Simple Ascidians. Although the stalk is not so long, the body attains
a larger size than in Boltenia pacliydermatina.

The sizes of the specimens before me are as follows : —

No. Body. Stalk.

1 ... 45x2x1 cm. ... 12-5 cm.

2 ... 4 x 2 x 1 ... 8 „

3 ... 5 x 1-5 x 1 13 ,,

4 ... 6-5x3x2 ,, ... 20 „

5 ... 4'5 x 1 x 2 „ ... 4 ,,

6 ... 9x5x3,, ... 14 ,,

7 ... 6-5x3x3 „ ... 7 „

8 ... 5 x 1-5 x 1-5 ,, ... 9 ,,

9 ... 4 x 1-5 x 1 ... 7-5 „

10 ... 7-5 x 4 x 2-5 „ ... 20 „

11 ... 5-5 x 3 x 2-5 „ ... 25 „

12 ... 12 x 7 x 5 ,, ... cut short—

which shows a considerable variation in the proportions. The amount of
tuberculation also differs in specimens. There may be as many as
40 knobs on the body. The apertures are very remarkable. In one
specimen I can count 13 lobes round the branchial aperture and 12
round the atrial, but others differ; frequently, however, four of the
lobes are much larger than the rest, so as to present a 4-lobed
appearance (see figs. 2 and 3).

The branchial sac is very strong. There are some wide irregular
vessels on the back, then the fine inter-stigmatic network, and then

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 19

the large meshes formed by the transverse vessels and the internal
longitudinal bars (PI. Cyn. II., fig. 5). This last (internal) mesh work,
with its spicules, clearly corresponds to the whole wall of the branchial
sac in the genus Culeolus. We must regard the latter as derived from
Boltenia by the suppression of the stigmatic network.

The alimentary canal is large, and forms a close loop extending along
the whole length of the left side. A gonad is present on each side, on
the left in the loop of the intestine, and on the right, where it is much
larger, it forms an elongated curved body, partly broken up into
two rows of rounded masses.

Several of the specimens of this species are firmly attached to other
kinds of Simple Ascidians (PI. Cyn. II., figs. 6, 7) upon which they have
apparently grown.

Boltenia gibbosa, Heller.
(? = Ascidia spinifera, Quoy and Gaimard).

Two little specimens in the collection from Port Jackson probably
belong to this species. They have variously shaped spicules in the test,
showing gradations from simple bars to stellate forms. There are also
branched spicules in the mantle and the chief vessels of the branchial sac,
which show " contour " marks or lines of growth like those in the genus
Culeolus. There are 6 folds on each side of the branchial sac. There
are 4 longitudinal bars in the interspace between folds, and about the
same number on each fold. Every fourth transverse vessel is wider
than the intermediate ones, which are of one size. The meshes are
oblong, each containing 9 to 10 stigmata, occasionally divided by narrow
membranes, which do not, however, divide the stigmata. There are
tapering languets along the dorsal lamina. Only 10 tentacles are
present. The dorsal tubercle is nearly circular, with one horn coiled
inwards. I think it possible that this species may eventually prove
to be a young form of one of the others.

[The only other species of this sub-family which has been recorded
from Australia is Boltenia australis (Q. and G.) from Port Jackson.
We can scarcely say with certainty now what this species was.]

Sub-family CYNTHIIN-ffi, Herdman, 1880.

Body attached, sessile, or very shortly pedunculated. Branchial and
atrial apertures with 4 lobes each.

Test coriaceous, rarely cartilaginous, rarely covered with sand.

20 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

^ -

Branchial sac with more than 4 folds upon each side (except Forbesella
tessellata, Forbes).

Tentacles compound.

Alimentary canal with no marked stomach, but with a glandular lobed
appendage.

Of the four described genera of this sub-family, the two commoner
ones, Cynthia and Microcosmus, are well represented.

Microcosmus, Heller 1877.

This genus is distinguished (see Heller, and " Eevision," p. 573) from
Cynthia by the narrow intestinal loop and the plain dorsal lamina.
Several species were previously known from Australian seas, and three
new ones have been added by the present collection.

Microcosmus Draschii, Herdman,* (1891), PI. Cyn. Ill and IV.

External appearance. Shape irregularly ovate or reniform, flattened
from side to side, attached by a variable extent of the posterior end.
Apertures both on the anterior end, large, on prominent knobs, distinctly
4-lobed. Surface very irregular, often grown over with other animals,
usually corrugated and crinkled. Colour from pale yellow to dark brown.
Size up to 16 by 12, by 6 cm. thick.

Test leathery or pergamentaceous, rough and irregular on the outside,
smooth, glistening, and white or pearly on the inside. The posterior
part may be greatly thickened, and is then soft and spongy.

Mantle very thick, opaque, muscular, and densely crowded with
calcareous spicules. The large siphons have very strong sphincter
muscles.

Branchial sac large and much folded. There are from 12 to 15 folds
on each side. About a dozen internal longitudinal bars on a fold, and
four in the interspace. Meshes small, nearly square, containing 2 or 3
stigmata only. The larger vessels contain large fusiform echiiiated
calcareous spicules, and smaller ones are present in the finer vessels.

Dorsal lamina represented by a row of small pointed languets.

Tentacles large and branched, of 2 sizes, 12 larger and 12 shorter,
placed alternately.

Dorsal tubercle very large, of circular form, with a very elaborately
curved pattern all over its surface.

Alimentary canal large, forming a narrow loop along the posterior
edge of the left side.

* Brit-fly diagnosed in " Revision," p. 575 ; now fully described and figured.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 21

Locality. — Port Jackson and Port Stephen ; nearly a dozen
specimens.

I have formed this species for the reception of a number of specimens
which vary somewhat amongst themselves, and which seem in most
respects rather closely allied to Microcosmus Julinii, von Drasche ; but
which, on the other hand, I feel somewhat inclined to remove from the
genus Microcosmus, and place in the genus Bhabdocynthia, alongside
R. complanata, Herdm.

The specimens are all of large size. The largest is the one from
Port Jackson, whose measurements are given above, and which is
figured about half natural size in fig. 1 (PI. Cyn. III.). The test in this
specimen is tough, leathery, and of a rich dark-brown colour on the
outside, as if it had been tanned or tarred externally. The posterior
end of the test is provided with a number of tufted, branched processes
or tags for attachment (fig. 1). When this test is cut open, however,
it is found that nearly the posterior half (6'5 cm.) is solid, and so
the space left for the body is much reduced (see fig. 2). Another large
specimen is attached to the posterior end of a large Ascidia, and bears
in its turn four specimens of Polycarpa belonging to two species (PI.
Cyn. IV., fig. 1). It is of a distinctly lighter-brown colour, and has
the siphons or projections bearing the apertures relatively longer and
narrower, but the internal structure is much the same. Then there are
three larger specimens (between 12 cm. and 18 cm. in length) closely
resembling the last, but more or less covered externally with colonies of
a Leptoclinum and many other smaller animals.

There is a specimen from Port Stephen measuring about 7-5 cm. in
length and 6-5 cm. in breadth, so that the form is nearly discoidal ; and
finally, there are half-a-dozen other specimens of varied shape and
colour, extending from 12 cm. down to about 6 cm. in length.

With the exception of the very dark specimen (PI. Cyn. III., fig. 1),
the prevailing colours throughout the species are those bright yellows
and ruddy browns which are already known in several other members
of the genus. In the anterior part of the body the test is thin but
tough, and it is seen in sections (fig. 4) that the projections on the
surface are not mere folds, but are permanent outgrowths. The
remarkable thickened part of the test forming the posterior half of the
body in one specimen (fig. 2) is very soft, and spongy in texture. The
large apertures are square, 4-lobed, or cross-slit in shape, according to
the state of contraction. When the test is removed the siphons are seen
to be very muscular and very long. They may be as much as 3 cm. in.

22 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

length and 1*5 cm. in diameter. Besides the very powerful sphincters
(fig. 3), the rest of the mantle has strong muscle hands running in all
directions, and forming a close but irregular network. The muscles are
imbedded in gelatinous connective tissue, which is so densely packed
with spicules as to have a felt-like appearance. The chief layer of
connective tissue and spicules is on the inner side of the mantle. The
spicules are shown in fig 5, and are seen to be of at least three sizes,
the largest in longitudinal bands, the medium sized in rows running
transversely, and the smallest scattered.

The branchial sac has generally 12 folds on each side, but in one
specimen, from Port Stephen, I count 11, and in one from Port Jackson
there are 15 on each side, while in another there are 12 on one side and
13 on the other. I do not find any with 14, the number given by von
Drasche for M. Julinii.

On PI. Cyn. IV., fig. 2 shows the general appearance of the folds
round the oesophageal aperture, fig. 3 shows the lines of spicules on
the outer side of the branchial sac, and fig. 4 shows part of the sac
from the inside. This is a fairly regular part. In some specimens many
irregularities occur.

The endostyle is very wide and shallow. Spicules are everywhere,
short ones in the test, longer in the mantle, several sizes in the branchial
sac, largest, perhaps, in the folds, long ones also in the tentacles.

The tentacular circle is about 2 cm. in diameter. The tentacles are
in all cases very large (up to 2 cm. in length) and much branched
(PL Cyn. IV., fig. 2), but they vary a little in number in the different
specimens. Twelve larger and twelve smaller is certainly the usual and
characteristic arrangement, but I have seen 10 of each, and in one case
can only find 17, several of the smaller ones being evidently absent.

The dorsal tubercle may be from 7 mm. to 1 cm. in diameter, and is
to the eye a convex circular elevation with a minutely marked spongy
surface. Slight magnification with a lens shows that the usual slit is
curved in meandering lines all over the surface, so as to form a close
pattern (fig. 5). The large alimentary and reproductive viscera are
completely imbedded in the thick mantle so as to be scarcely visible.
There are specially large spicules in the mantle around the stomach
and the ovaries.

I have left to the last the curious character that the dorsal lamina in
place of being a plain smooth-edged membrane, is represented by a
series of very small languets. Strictly speaking, this character ought to
remove the present species from the genus Microcosmus and put it in

CATALOGUE OF TUNICA.TA. 23

Cynthia, or rather, on account of the numerous spicules, in my genus
Rliabdocynthia. But all the other characters agree so closely with
those of species of Microcosmus, and the animal seems so closely related
to M. Julinii, v. Dr., that I am inclined to think that what is at fault is
our present definition of the genus Microcosmus, and that we shall have
to admit within its limits either dorsal lamina or dorsal languets, as we
have had to do in Cynthia. Consequently, I consider that I am placing
the present form nearest to its natural allies in calling it a Microcosmus.
I regard it as closely related to M. Julinii, v. Dr. , which was brought by
the " Novara " Expedition from Sydney. In fact, there are some points,
such as the remarkable dorsal tubercle, in which it entirely agrees with
that species, and at first I thought I had specimens of M. Julinii before
me, but the presence of the languets renders that identification impossible,
as von Drasche's species has a smooth edged dorsal lamina.

There are some points of resemblance between the present species
and Rhabdocynthid complanata, Herdm., which was found by the
" Challenger " Expedition at Port Jackson. The spicules and their
arrangement are remarkably alike. The dorsal tubercle of R. complanata
looks as if it might be a young form of that of the present species.

If Microcosmus draschii is ever moved to the genus Rliabdocynthia, its
place will be beside R. complanata, and M. Julinii will have to accom-
pany it.

Microcosmus australis, n. sp., PI. Cyn. V.

External appearance. Shape erect oblong with the branchial aperture at
the anterior end and the atrial one-third down the dorsal edge. Attached
by the posterior end, scarcely compressed from side to side. Apertures
both prominent, but small. Surface much wrinkled and roughened.
Colour tawny yellow. Size about 3 cm. by 2-5 cm. by 1-5 cm.

Test thin, but tough; white on inner surface; its prolongation into
the branchial siphon bearing minute spines in its outer part, and simple
tentacles in its inner part.

Mantle opaque yellow, muscular, with circular bands outside and
radial inside.

Branchial sac with 8 to 10 folds on each side. Several of those next
the endostyle slight. There are about 6 or 7 internal longitudinal bars
on each fold and about 3 to 5 in the space between. Every 6th or 7th
transverse vessel is much wider than the intervening ones, sometimes
every third one is a little wider. The meshes contain about 6 stigmata
each, occasionally as many as 10 or 12.

Dorsal lamina a plain membrane with a smooth edge.

24 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Tentacles 16, 8 larger and about 8 smaller, placed alternately. The
larger ones much branched.

Dorsal tubercle formed of 2 spiral cones turned away from each other.
Gonculs a large single mass upon each side.
Locality. — Port Jackson, about 20 specimens.

This is a small Microcosmus, but apparently, from the condition of the
gonads, quite mature. It has the usual crumpled condition of the test,
characteristic of the genus. Although the apertures are on considerable
prominences (PI. Cyn. V., figs. 1 — 3), the actual cross-slit openings are
very minute. The figure (fig. 1) is not an exact portrait of any one of
the specimens, but is a combination drawing presenting what seem to me
the average characters. Each specimen seems more or less contracted
or abnormal in some part. In a group like Ascidians, where there may
be so much individual variation externally, due merely to an accident of
the environment, I believe it would generally be more useful, where there
are a number of specimens of a new species, to prepare a combination
figure, giving what the observer considers the permanent characteristic
features, rather than an exact representation of one individual with all its
defects. Figure 3 shows a variation in form, and fig. 2 a cluster of
half-a dozen specimens adhering together.

The sizes of the 4 best specimens are as follows :—

A. 3'5 cm. X 3 cm. x 2 cm.

B. 4 ,, x 25 ,, x 1-5 ,,

C. 3 „ x 2 „ x 2 „

D. 3 ,, x 2-5 ,, x 1-5 ,,

The mantle is about equally muscular all over.

The branchial sac is neat and regular in its vessels. In most cases
it has 10 folds on each side. The internal longitudinal bars are rather
narrow (fig. 5), and between the folds they are not placed at very regular
distances apart. In some places the transverse vessels are arranged as
follows : — very broad, narrow, narrow, narrow, broad, narrow, narrow,
narrow, very broad (see fig. 6) ; in other places they are less regular.

The prolongation of the test which lines the branchial siphon (see
fig. 4 sc.) bears in its outer narrower part a large number of minute spines
or pointed scales, so close set as to produce a shagreen-like surface.
This condition I first of all pointed out in 1882, in the case of Cynthia
arenosa. Later on (1884) Lacaze-Duthiers described it in some other
Cynthiidae, and in 1885 I discussed the matter in a note on the armature
of tho branchial siphon. Next comes a much corrugated zone, which
marks the position of the sphincter muscle (fig. 4, cor.). Further down

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 25

the siphon, where the invaginated test becomes very thin and mem-
branous, it bears scattered simple finger-like tentacles of moderate size
(fig. 4, in.). These, of course, are supplementary to, and are placed
anterior to the usual circle of much larger compound tentacles at the
entrance to the branchial sac.

Microcosmus affinis, Heller, PL Cyn. VI., figs. 6—8.

This species was briefly described by Heller in 1878. In the present
collection there are half-a-dozen specimens which I refer to the species,
and as Heller gave only a figure of the exterior, I think it right to re-
describe and re-figure it. Three of our specimens are united in a clump,
the other three are separate. The exterior agrees well enough with
Heller's description, and fig. 6 shows the characters. Our largest
specimen measures 3 cm. by 2-5 cm. by 1 cm. The invaginated test of the
branchial siphon shows 4 slight semilunar valves near the base of the
tube. The branchial sac has usually a 9th slighter fold next the endostyle
on one or both sides which does not extend to the posterior end of the
sac. There are 8 bars on a fold and 2 in the interspace. The stigmata are
rather short, wide and rounded. There are about 6 in the larger meshes.
Every 7th or 8th transverse vessel is much wider than those between
(see fig. 7).

The tentacles are of two sizes, about 9 of each, the larger ones are
very bushy. The dorsal lamina is a plain membrane. The dorsal tubercle
is broadly cordate, with both horns spirally coiled inwards (fig. 8).

This form not only resembles M. clauclicans, Savigny, as pointed out by
Heller, but also very closely agrees with Heller's other species, Micro-
cosmus distans, which was found at New South Wales. I strongly
suspect they are all one species. It is also allied to the new species,
M. Raiusayi.

Microcosmus Ramsayi,:;: n. sp., PL Cyn. VI., figs. 1—5.

External appearance. Shape irregularly ovate, somewhat compressed,
attached by the posterior end. Apertures moderately far apart, usually
prominent, and anterior, both 4-lobed. Surface folded and wrinkled.
Colour dull yellowish brown. Size 5 cm. in length, 3'5 cm. in breadth,
and 2 cm. in thickness.

Test tough and leathery; rather thin over most of body, thickest
round apertures.

* I have named this characteristic Australian .species after Dr. E. 1'. Ramsay, who
was Curator of the Museum at the time the collection was .scut to inc.

26 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Mantle yellow, opaque, muscular. The muscle bundles are strong,
but loosely arranged. The chief ones run radially from the siphons and
circularly round the body.

Branchial sac with 8 well-marked folds on each side, up to 12 internal
longitudinal bars on a fold, and 3 or 4 in the interspace. Occasional
transverse vessels very much wider than the rest. Meshes rather
small, elongated transversely, containing about 6 stigmata ; horizontal
membranes well-marked.

Dorsal lamina a plain smooth-edged membrane.

Tentacles about 18, 9 large and much branched, and about the same
number of much smaller intermediate ones.

Dorsal tubercle prominent, with both horns coiled inwards, sometimes
so much coiled as to form a pair of conical spirals.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; about 20 specimens.

This species — probably a common one at Port Jackson — has the
characteristic external appearance of a Microcosmus. The actual shape
differs much in the various specimens (see PI. Cyn. VI., figs. 1, 2, 3).
Several of the smaller specimens have the apertures on prominent
siphons, of which the branchial may be very long (fig. 3) ; the colour in
these young specimens is whiter. In older specimens the siphons are
less marked, and the shape is more irregular. The size varies from
5 cm. down to about 2 cm. in length. There are four that measure
about 4 cm. by 3 cm. by 2 cm. Then there are the four shown in fig. 2,
some others more irregularly shaped, and half-a-dozen small ones,
like fig. 3. The invaginated test lining the branchial siphon is armed
with numerous little spines closely placed. Near the base of that siphon
there are four pouch-like folds forming a partial diaphragm (fig. 5) ; and
in the atrial siphon there is a single large crescentic fold springing from
the anterior side, and forming a valve or partial septum.

The loosely arranged muscle bundles of the mantle are in places
closely attached to the inner surface of the test.

In the branchial sac there is a very slight 9th fold on each side, next
to the endostyle, and only extending for part of the length of the sac.
Figure 4 shows one of the very wide transverse vessels. The dorsal tubercle
(fig. 5) is in some specimens a good deal more coiled, so as to form a
pair of prominent cones.

This species of Microcosmus and specimens of Styela personata
apparently occur together, as they were mixed in several packages.
Externally they are very much alike, and it is impossible to tell the
Microcosmus from the Styela until the branchial sac or tentacles have
been examined.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 27

Cynthia, Savigny (1816).

This genus is represented by seven species, six of which are new to
science.

Cynthia praeputialis, Heller, PL Cyn. VII., figs. 1—3.

Of this curious species four specimens, of somewhat different forms,
exist in the collection from Port Jackson. I give reduced outline
figures of three of them, to show the variation in proportions. The
characteristic anterior end is, however, the same in all ; all have the
ring-like pad or fold of test surrounding the two apertures. In one case
(fig. 3) I have cut away part of the test to show the relation of parts in a
section. This figure also shows the solid posterior part of the test. In
another specimen (fig. 1) more than two-thirds of the body is solid test.

The sizes of the specimens are as follows : —

A. length 5 cm., breadth 8 cm. at base, thickness 5 cm.

B. „ 25 ,, ,,

6

,, at top.

10

,, at top,

,, 8 ,,

5

,, at base,

» 5 ,,

[at base.

4-5

> >

!) 3 ,,

7

5

,, (test removed) ,, 7-5 ,, ,,

O. ,, 11 ,, !1

D. ,, 8 ,, ,,5 ,, ,, 3-5 ,,

Shapes like B and C (figs. 1 and 3) agree perfectly with Heller's
excellent figures and description,* but A (fig. 2), with no approach to a
stalk or posterior thickening of the test, is quite an exceptional form ; it
is probably a younger specimen. Our largest specimen is more than
twice the size of the largest previously recorded.

In internal structure our specimens agree with the account given by
von Draschef in 1884. The dorsal tubercle is certainly a double cone,
as shown by von Drasche, and not the horse-shoe-shaped form referred
to by Heller. I am informed that the native name for this species in
Australia is " Cunjeboy," and that the natives use it for bait.

Cynthia molguloides, n. sp., PI. Cyn VII., figs. 4—10.
External appearance. Shape globular, with a large dorsal projection
bearing the atrial aperture. No lateral flattening, probably not attached.
Branchial aperture median, anterior, on a long slender siphon ; atrial

Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien. IM. LXXVII., \<. I'-', 1878.

o

t Denkscliv. Akad. Wi.ss. AVicu. lid. XLVIII., p. 074.

^>WA?

^:r ^®^0<^'<P
..I LIBRARY }-,

28 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

dorsal, on a wide projection. Surface almost wholly covered with a thick
layer of sand and shell fragments. Colour of exposed anterior end
yellow brown. Length 3'3 cm., breadth (dorso-ventral) 4 cm., thickness
3 cm.

Test thin parchment-like and brittle, but covered \vith a very thick
layer (from 5 — 10 mm.) of matted hairs containing mud and sand grains,
and having larger fragments on the exterior. A few slender vessels
ramify in the inner layer of the test.

Mantle yellow and muscular with strong sphincters which are continued
as a circular muscle layer over the greater part of the body. Internally
there are longitudinal muscle bands radiating from the long branchial and
atrial siphons.

Branchial sac with 6 or 7 folds on each side. About 8 internal
longitudinal bars on a fold, and 2 or 3 in the interspace. Usually one
wide (about 6 stigmata) and two narrow (about 3 stigmata) rows of
meshes between two folds. Stigmata short and rounded, irregular in
places.

Dorsal lamina composed of a row of long, pointed languets, closely-
placed.

Tentacles much branched, about 8 larger and eight smaller.

Dorsal tubercle small and simple, an elliptical slit in a deep triangular
peritubercular area.

Alimentary canal forming a wide loop.

Gonads on both sides.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one specimen.

There is only one specimen of this species, but it has such a striking
form and appearance (PI. Cyn. VII., fig. 4) that it cannot be mistaken for
anything else. The long narrow branchial siphon sticks up, free from
sand and shells, and the hole in the dorsal projection (fig. 4) probably
during life allowed the atrial siphon to protrude in a similar manner.
The large shell fragments are all on the surface, and most of them are
attached by their edges, so that the sandy test bristles with them. The
matted mass of hairs and sand can be peeled off, leaving the thin and
brittle true test, which is seen under the microscope to be closely peppered
over with the finer sand grains, and to have a few slender vessels
ramifying in the interior.

When the test is removed (fig. 5), the curious shape of the long slender
atrial siphon is seen stretching outwards from almost the posterior end
of the dorsal edge. The folds of the branchial sac are a little difficult to
determine along the edges, although quite distinct in the middle of the

. CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 29

sides. In the single specimen there seem to be 7 folds on the right
side, and 6 only on the left; this may well be an individual variation, so
it is impossible to say yet whether the normal number is 6 or 7.

Towards the left side of fig. 6 is seen an irregularity in the stigmata of
the branchial sac, such as is present here and there. The dorsal languets
(fig. 7) spring from a narrow membrane, which has a strong muscle
band at its base. The simple little dorsal tubercle is shown in fig. 8;
while figs. 9 and 10 show the alimentary and reproductive viscera of the
left and right sides respectively. The gonads are broken up into ovate
masses, nearly detached from one another, merely adhering by twigs to a
central stem and packed closely together.

Cynthia solanoides, n. sp., PI. Cyn. VIII.

External appearance. An irregularly ellipsoidal mass of solid appear-
ance, and with both apertures on the wide anterior end. Not flattened
laterally. Not attached, or only very slightly, by the narrow posterior
end. Apertures both prominent and 4-lobed. Surface even, but roughish ;
partly encrusted. Colour dirty grey brown. Length 8 cm., breadth
5'5 cm., thickness 5 cm.

Test firm, cartilaginous ; thin anteriorly, thickening up to 7 mm.
posteriorly.

Mantle muscular anteriorly, thin and membranous posteriorly. Both
siphons very large and muscular. Sphincters especially powerful.

Branchial sac with about 8 folds on each side. Internal longitudinal
bars very wide, ribbon-like ; meshes elongated transversely, containing
each about a dozen wide stigmata. Very wide loose horizontal membranes
present on the transverse vessels.

Dorsal lamina a very short smooth ridge.

Tentacles very large and much branched, forming a tangled mass
about 1-5 cm. in length. There are 6 larger and 6 smaller.

Dorsal tubercle large, and spongy in appearance.

Alimentary canal and gonads sunk in the thick fleshy mantle.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one specimen.

This species has a peculiarly solid appearance, and looks not unlike a
dirty stone, and still more like an old, somewhat battered potato, hence
the specific name.

The apertures are most conspicuous (fig. 1), and are both of them
cross-slit.

The test is very stiff and solid for its thickness. There are a number
of thin vessels ramifying freely through all parts (fig. 4).

30 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The front part of the mantle is remarkably muscular, and the siphons
are powerful (fig. 5). The sphincter muscle mass, at the base of the
branchial siphon, is 8 mm. in thickness. The invaginated test lining the
branchial siphon is thick and white. In its deeper part it bears a
number of minute tentacles (fig. 2), while nearer the aperture there are
a number of microscopic spines (fig. 3). I think it possible that the
siphons may be protruded to a considerable extent when the animal is
alive.

The branchial sac is remarkably delicate, and is in very bad condition,
most of the epithelium being lost, so it is impossible to determine
exactly the number of folds. The great horizontal folds on the front of
the numerous transverse vessels, and the long rows of stigmata in the
meshes (fig. 6), give a characteristic appearance.

The 12 much-branched tentacles form an enormous tangled mass
extending 1'5 cm. from the base of the branchial siphon. The larger
ones are very bushy, and have stout bases.

The oesophageal opening is placed far forwards, very close to the
tentacles, and that makes the dorsal lamina short.

The dorsal tubercle is 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, and 2 mm. high. It
is merely an ovate, convex, spongy-looking pad (fig. 7)

Cynthia multiradicata, n. sp , PI. Cyn. IX., figs. 1 — 5.

External appearance. Of short cylindrical form, scarcely compressed,
narrowed at the anterior end to a short stalk, which at once spreads out
into a large number of branching roots, by which a firm attachment is
effected. Branchial and atrial apertures both on the dorsal edge, rather
far apart, sessile but distinct. Surface raised into a few abrupt rounded
knobs, otherwise smooth. Colour a dirty yellow white. Size 5 cm. long,
by 2-5 cm. broad (dorso-ventrally), by 2-3 cm. from side to side.

Test leathery, but rather soft and flexible, moderately thick.

Mantle thick, opaque brown in colour, and moderately muscular, with
strong sphincter muscles.

Branchial sac with 6 folds on each side. Internal longitudinal bars
not wide, but distinct ; about 12 on a fold and about 6 in the interspace.
Meshes mostly rather longer transversely, and containing about 8
stigmata, crossed by a narrow horizontal membrane. There are about 3
narrower transverse vessels between a pair of wider.

Dorsal lamina represented by a row of very short, blunt, closely-
placed languets

Tentacles about 12 larger and 12 smaller placed alternately.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 31

Dorsal tubercle nearly globular, only attached by a short stalk at the
back. The free surface covered by a pair of closely-incurved spirals.

Locality. — Port Stephen ; one specimen, attached to Styela Wliite-
leggii, n. sp.

In external appearance (PI. Cyn. IX., fig. 1) the most noteworthy
points are (1) the tangled mass of roots by which the specimen is
attached to the outside of the large Styela, and (2) the curious position
of the branchial aperture close to the point of attachment. The fact is
that the animal is attached by the ventral edge of its anterior end. The
relative positions of the apertures recall some species of Boltenia. The
test is of much the same colour inside as out. Its continuation into the
branchial siphon is provided with minute fusiform imbricating scales
(fig. 5, a, b, c).

In the branchial sac the folds are rather wider than the interspace
(fig. 2), and have twice as many bars. The transverse vessels are in
some parts of three sizes, arranged with regularity, as shown in the figure.
Figure 4 shows the short dorsal languets, and fig. 3 the globular dorsal
tubercle.

Cynthia cataphracta, n. sp,, PI. Cyn. XI., figs. 1—7.

External appearance. Shape quadrate, compressed laterally, attached
by both posterior end and parts of the dorsal and ventral edges. Apertures
at the two ends of the wide anterior end, sessile, inconspicuous. Surface
even and moderately smooth, minutely granulated all over, with a few
long tag-like processes round the apertures and down the edges. Colour
of a pale creamy yellow. Length 3 cm., breadth 2'5 cm., thickness
l-5 cm.

Test very stiff and hard. The surface finely papillated all over, and
containing many large globular calcareous spicules, and also many
swollen ends of vessels.

Mantle muscular. Sphincters very strong.

Branchial sac with 6 folds on each side. The internal longitudinal
bars are narrow. There are 6 bars on a fold and three visible between.
The transverse vessels are of two sizes, generally 3 narrower between a
pair of wider. The meshes are large and about square, and are
generally crossed by a narrow horizontal bar. There are no horizontal
membranes on the transverse vessels.

Dorsal lamina a series of languets.

Tentacles 6 large and 6 small, branched.

Dorsal tubercle cordate, turned with the opening to one side.

locality.'- Attached to Styela per sonata, n. sp., from Port Jackson.

32 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

This small Cynthia has a very remarkable test. The surface is hard
and gritty to the feel when cut. Thin sections of the surface show that
there are large numbers of calcareous spicules of stellate and spherical
form imbedded in the superficial layer (PI. Cyn. XI, fig. 3). The
spicules appear to commence as minute granules, which become stellate
(fig. 4). Then the number of rays increases greatly, and the tips broaden
and flatten out, and the spicule becomes a sphere or ellipsoid covered
with small flat bosses (fig. 3).

The larger specimen of this Cynthia (fig. 1) is joined on to two
specimens of Styela personata, n. sp. It shows the tag-like processes of
the test, especially around the apertures. There are also two very
much smaller specimens, one 8 mm. across (fig. 2), and the other 5 mm.,
which have long branched root-like processes of test at the posterior end.

There are no atrial tentacles, but there is a slight diaphragm at the
base of the atrial siphon which ends in short rounded lobes or projections
(fig. 7). The lining of the atrial siphon contains a network of blood
vessels, in some of which are fusiform or triradiate spicules, rather like
those found in the genus Culeolus.

Strong radial muscles radiate from the bases of the siphons and inter-
lace with circular muscles to form a strong network.

The 6 larger tentacles (see fig. 6) are very much branched. The
meshes in the branchial sac are of very different sizes, as the internal
longitudinal bars between the folds (fig. 5) are by no means equidistant.

The gonads form a number of angular yellow masses placed both in
the intestinal loop, and also over the right side of the mantle. These
masses are united on each side of the body by delicate ducts.

Cynthia spinifera, n. sp., PL Cyn. X., figs. 1 — 12.

External appearance. Shape nearly globular, attached by a small
flattened area at the posterior end. No lateral compression. Apertures
both on the rounded anterior end, moderately far apart, sessile, and
not conspicuous. Surface covered with remarkably long, branched, and
echinated spines, which are especially well -developed in two tufts on the
anterior end close to the apertures. Colour dull greyish brown. Size
1-5 cm. by 1-3 cm. by 1-3 cm.

Test rather thin but tough, covered on its surface with large and
small spines.

Mantle of a yellow brown colour, muscular ; siphons short.

Branchial sac with 6 folds on each side. Internal longitudinal bars
8 on a fold and 4 in the interspace. Transverse vessels alternately larger

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 33

and smaller. Meshes about square, with 6 — 8 stigmata, and divided by
a horizontal membrane.

Dorsal lamina a smooth edged plain membrane.

Tentacles 12 large and bushy, with 12 very much smaller between.

Dorsal tubercle small and simply cordate in form, with both horns
coiled inwards.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one specimen.

This species is in external appearance singularly like the European
C. echinata, L., and at first I provisionally placed it under that name.
An examination of the interior showed, however, that the branchial sac
is of a perfectly normal character, and has not the stigmata running
transversely to the internal longitudinal bars, as is the case in C. echinata
(first pointed out by Alder in 1863). The dorsal lamina has, however,
a smooth edge as in British specimens of C. echinata, although that
species is sometimes described as having a series of dorsal languets. In
regard to this latter character it is curious to find that, whereas Traustedt
in his first paper on Simple Ascidians of Denmark, in 1880,* described
Cynthia echinata, L., as having a dorsal fold with a smooth edge, in his
later paper on the Kara Sea Ascidiansf (1886), he describes the dorsal
fold as long, and having its edge beset with tongue-shaped processes.

Johan Kiaer, writing more recently (1893),+ about these same northern
forms, does not allude to Transtech's contradictory statements, but he
describes the dorsal fold as smooth edged. I think possibly Traustedt's
Kara Sea specimens, and also those described by Wagner § may belong
to a species distinct from our North-Western European C. echinata, and
characterised by 7 or 8 branchial folds in place of 6, the processes on the
dorsal lamina, and 25 tentacles in place of 12. Our Australian C.
spinifera, then, is distinct from both of these, although to some extent it
combines their characters. The only other described species it comes near
is C. hilgendorfri, Traustedt, from Japan, which, however, has 9 folds on
each side, and long branchial and atrial siphons. Its stigmata are of the
normal type. I have, however, some specimens of a species looking
externally like C. echinata, which I dredged in the summer of 1897 off
Port Townsend in Puget Sound. These have the stigmata transverse, as
in C. echinata, but the branchial folds are from 8 to 9 on each side, the
dorsal lamina has processes on its edge, and the tentacles are about 20 in

* Vid. Medd. Naturli. Foren Kjobenhavn, 1879-80, p. 404.

tDijmplnia-Togtets Zoologisk-15otaniske Udbytte, p. 428.

J Christ. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., 1893, No. 9, p. 63.

§ Die Wirbellosen des Weisseu Meeres.

34

THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

number. In all these characters this species* agrees with Traustedt's
Kara Sea specimens.

The critical characteristics of these five allied species may then be
arranged as follows : —

C. echinata,
L.

C. echinata (?)

C. villosa, St.

C. spinifera,
H.

C. hilgendorfii,
Tr.

(British and
Danish
specimens.)

(Traustedt's
Kara Sea
specimens.)

(Puget
Sound.)

(Port
Jackson.)

(Japan)

Branchial sac

6 folds.

7—8 folds.

8—9 folds

6 folds

9 folds

Stigmata
transverse

transverse

transverse

longitudinal

longitudinal

Dorsal lamina

Smooth

with processes

with processes

smooth

with processes

Tentacles

12

about 25

15 to 20

12 large &
12 small

12

Cynthia crinitistellata, n. sp., PL Cyn. IX., figs. 6 — 7; X., fig. 13 ;

and XI., figs. 8—10.

External appearance. Shape irregular, with knobs, foldings, and
corrugations. Attached by posterior end. Apertures not far apart, on
anterior end, surrounded by dense tufts of branched spines. Surface
uneven, with simple and branched spines, and with a fine down all over.
Colour dirty yellow. Size, length 5 cm., breadth 3 cm., thickness 2 cm.

Test tough and leathery, not thick ; corrugated, and bearing long and
short echinated spines all over surface.

Mantle opaque yellow, moderately muscular.

Branchial sac with 9 or 10 folds on each side. Internal longitudinal
bars distinct, but not wide ; 9 on a fold and 5 in interspace. Occasional
very wide transverse vessels with about half-a-dozen narrower between.

* Which is very probably tlie species Cynthia villosa insufficiently described by
Stimpson, from the same locality, in 1865. There was also an Ascidia villosa, which
may be a Cynthia, described by Fabricius from Greenland.

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 35

Meshes square to oblong in shape, with 4 to 7 stigmata each Meshes
often divided by a narrow horizontal membrane.

Dorsal languets numerous, short, tentacular in shape.

Tentacles very large and bushy. There are 16, 8 larger and 8 smaller,
but all of them considerably branched.

Dorsal tubercle forming a double spiral cone.

Intestine forming a wide open loop. Gonads are large lobed masses
on each side.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; five specimens.

This remarkable species recalls the brief description given by
Stimpson of his Cynthia dumosa, also from Port Jackson. All the
information we possess in regard to that species is as follows :—

"10. Cynthia dumosa. Globular, of a yellowish brown colour;
surface villous and provided with numerous stout sub-conical processes
of the test, which have short irregular branches. Apertures cross-shaped
when contracted ; the branchial more than twice the size of the anal.
Branchial sac with twelve very large folds, which are much broader
than their interspaces. Tentacula also twelve in number, including four
or five small ones ; biserrate, folded longitudinally, and curved so as to
present their pinnae towards the branchial cavity. Diameter 1 inch.
Found in the circumlittoral zone, on muddy bottoms. Hab. Australia, at
Port Jackson. ":

The external characters given in this description agree well enough
with those of the present species, and taken along with the internal
characters given, they are sufficient to show that C. dumosa belongs to the
sub-family Cynthiinae. The branchial sac and tentacles differ from our
present species, as defined above, and so I feel bound on our present
evidence to consider C. crinitistellata as a distinct form new to science.
Its spinose condition (PI. Cyn. X., fig. 13) is very remarkable, and still
more curious is the minute downiness over the surface, which, when
magnified, is seen to be caused by closely-placed and beautifully stellate
papillae (PL Cyn. XI, fig. 10).

The four remaining specimens in the collection are of .the follovviug
sizes :—

A. ... 5 cm. x 3 cm. x 2 cm.

B. ... 2-5 ,, x 2 ,, x 1-5 ,,

C. ... 3 ,, x 2 ,, x 1 „

D. ... 6 „ x 4 „ x 2 „

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadcl., July, 1855.

36 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The test on section and inner surface is like that of a typical Micro-
cosmus. The muscle bundles of the mantle form a rather loose irregular
network. The branchial sac is of a yellow colour with 9 wide folds on
each side, and there may be a 10th very slight fold next to the endostyle.
The transverse vessels are rather irregular in their arrangement (fig. 9) .

The languets form a continuous row bordering one edge of a flat
membranous area, which runs along the dorsal edge of the branchial
sac ; but there are also a few slighter languets (fig. 8) placed here and
there along the other edge of the membranous area, and corresponding
to transverse vessels of the branchial sac.

[The following Cynthiinae have also been recorded from Australia :—
Microcosmns polymorphus, Heller.
M. Helleri, Herdm.
M. propinquns, Herdrn.
M. Julinii, v. Dr.
M. distans, Heller.
Ehabdocynthia complanata, Herdm.

B. tennis (?), Herdm.
E. sp. (?), Sluiter.
Cynthia arenosa, Herdm.

C. formosa, Herdm.

C. cerebriformis, Herdm.

C. irregularis, Herdm.

C. fissa, Herdm.

C. arcuata, Heller.

C. grandis, Heller.

C. hispid a, Herdm.

C. dumosa, Stimps.

C. sabulosa, Stimps.

C. laevissima, Stimps.

and probably the following species placed under Ascid-ia by Quoy and
Gaimard: — A. aurora, A. reticulata, A. erythrostoma, A. ianthinostoma,
A. ccerulsa, A, spinosa.]

Sub-family STYELINJE, Herdman, 1881.

Body attached, sessile, rarely incrusted with sand. Branchial and
a trial apertures either 4-lobed or irregular.

Test usually coriaceous, rarely cartilaginous.
Branchial sac with at most 4 folds upon each side.

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 37

Tentacles simple, unbranched.

Alimentary canal with a well-marked stomach, and no distinct
glandular caecum or " liver."

Gonads in the form of one or a few elongated tubes, or a large number
of small scattered masses (" polycarps ") attached to the inner surface of
the mantle.

Only the two more ordinary genera of this sub-family, Styela and
Polycarpa, are represented in the collection. Both are apparently
common in the Australian seas.

Styela, MacLeay, 1824.
This genus is represented by 6 species, 5 of which are new to science.

Styela pinguis, n. sp., PI. Cyn. XII., figs. 1—10.

External appearance. Shape elongate ovate, compressed laterally,
adhering by posterior third of left side. Apertures both on dorsal edge,
branchial at anterior end, atrial one-third of the way back ; both distinctly
4-lobed, but sessile. Surface smooth, but marked by slight branching
grooves. Colour dirty white. Length 5 cm., greatest breadth 3 cm.,
thickness 2 cm.

Test leathery, but soft on the surface, moderately thick and tough,
smooth and glistening on the inner surface. Matrix clear, but crowded
with very small test cells. Numerous small vessels with globular
terminal knobs ; some of the vessels are convoluted or spiral.

Mantle yellowish brown, rather thin, but fairly muscular. Muscle
bundles very thin, forming a close network.

Branchial sac with 4 distinct but rather distant folds on each side.
About 9 internal longitudinal bars on a fold and 6 in the interspace.
Transverse vessels of two sizes placed alternately. Meshes square,
containing each about 8 stigmata, and divided transversely by a narrow
horizontal membrane, which rarely interrupts the stigmata. Occasional
extra, partial, horizontal membranes are also present. The stigmata
are large, and regularly placed. A good many muscle fibres in the
larger transverse vessels.

Endostyle very long, but not conspicuous.

Dorsal lamina very inconspicuous. A narrow membrane with a
corrugated edge forming slight teeth.

Dorsal tubercle ovate in outline. Both horns turned inwards and
slightly coiled.

Tentacles long and slender, about 16 in number.

3ft THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Alimentary canal large and cbsely folded on itself. Stomach very
arge, with wall finely plicated longitudinally.

Reproductive organs in the form of 6 long tubular ovaries on the right
side of the mantle, and two shorter ones on the left, converging towards
the atrial aperture, and covered, especially about their middle, by
numerous short ovate or cylindrical spermatic vesicles, which often
branch at their free ends.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; two specimens.

The two specimens figured (PI. Cyn. XII., figs. 1 and 2) seem to
belong to the same species, notwithstanding the difference in their shape.
The dimensions given above are those of fig. 1 ; the other specimen has
the posterior end prolonged to form a short stalk, which makes the body
6 cm. in total length. It is 2-5 cm. in breadth, and 1'5 cm. in thickness.
The vascular condition of the soft white test is shown in fig. 3. The
invaginated test lining the branchial siphon bears numerous small, sharp-
pointed spines (fig. 4), all pointing the one way. The stigmata of the
branchial sac are unusually long and regular (fig. 5). The narrow dorsal
lamina is shown in fig. 6, and the curiously stout dorsal tubercle in
fig. 7. The alimentary (fig. 8) and reproductive (figs. 9 and 10) viscera
have been sufficiently described above. A Copepod was found in the
peribranchial cavity of one of the specimens.

This species recalls Polijcarpa sulcata, Herdman, of the "Chal-
lenger" collection, but is quite distinct from that species.

Styela Etheridgii, n. sp., PL Cyn. XIII, figs. 1—8.

External appearance. Shape somewhat ovate, the posterior end
being the narrower, compressed laterally. Branchial aperture anterior,
on ventral edge, on a short siphon, or sessile, indistinctly lobed. Atrial
aperture on dorsal edge, close to anterior end or a little way down,
sessile, but conspicuous, indistinctly 4-lobed. Surface irregular and
rough, partially covered with sand and shells, especially on left side and
posterior end. Colour greyish brown to yellow. Length 9 cm.,
breadth 6'5 cm., thickness 4'5 cm.

Test thin, leathery, inner surface greenish white and glistening;
posterior end irregularly thickened.

Mantle does not adhere to test, moderately thick, musculature strong;
colour light brown ; thickened and gelatinous at posterior end.

Branchial sac, 4 folds on each side, united closely to mantle ;
7 or 8 internal longitudinal bars between two folds, and about the same

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 39

number on each fold. Every 6th transverse vessel very wide. Meshes
transversely elongated. About 6 or 8 stigmata in each mesh. Arrange-
ment of transverse vessels very irregular in places.

Dorsal lamina a plain-edged membrane.

Tentacles, 24 in number, simple ; of different sizes but not arranged
symmetrically ; some very long.

Dorsal tubercle prominent, and circular in outline ; slit varying from
two simple spirals to a much convoluted condition or several distinct
apertures.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; five specimens. Port Stephen ; three
specimens.

This large and irregular Styela (PI. Cyn. XIII., fig. 1) has very much
the appearance of a Microcosmus. The colour, texture, and encrusted
condition of the test all remind one of that genus ; but it is in structure a
true Styela. The form, test, mantle, tentacles, and branchial sac are
fairly constant in all the specimens. The dorsal tubercle, however, is
rather variable, although in all cases it is a large hemispherical promin-
ence. Figs. 3 to 7 show the exact form of the slit in several of the
specimens. A regular part of the branchial sac is shown in fig. 2 ;
some parts are, however, rather irregular, and there are wide vessels
running in several directions on the back. In some places there may be
as many as 10 bars on a fold and the same number in the interspace.
Occasionally a few of the tentacles may be larger than the rest, and
attain to a length of 1 cm. A considerable number of Amphipod Crus-
tacea were present in the branchial sacs of most of the specimens.

At the posterior end of the body the mantle is prolonged into several
short ragged tags, which are received into irregular crypts in the
thickened basal part of the test.

The alimentary canal is rather short and wide (fig. 8). The stomach
is raised on its inner surface into longitudinally running ridges. In the
loop between the stomach and the intestine lies an irregular pad of
gelatinous connective tissue. The anus is wide and has a plain
margin.

There is a single large, rounded reproductive mass (fig. 8, r.<j.; /._//.) on
each side of the body. That on the right side is absent, or very slightly
developed in most of the specimens. There is a short oviduct, and either
one or several (see fig. 8, l.y.) more slender sperm -ducts leading from
each reproductive mass.

I have associated this species with the name of the present Curator of
the Australian Museum, Mr. B. Etheridgc, junr.

40 THE AUSTEALIAN MUSEUM.

Styela plicata, Lesueur.
(= Styela gyrosa, Heller.)

There are 7 specimens from Port Stephen, 2 clumps of 3 indi-
viduals each and a solitary one ; and also a large clump from Port
Jackson, which measures about 16 cm. by 14 cm. by 7 cm., and contains
20 individuals more or less closely united by their bases.

This species seems almost cosmopolitan in its distribution — from
Australia to the Mediterranean.

Styela Whiteleggii, n. sp., PI. Cyn. II., figs. 6—7;
PI. Cyn. XIV., figs. 1—6.

External appearance. Shape elongate rounded, with the apertures
conspicuous, generally on prominent siphons ; body compressed laterally
and attached by the posterior end, which may be prolonged to form
branched rootlets. Surface a little grooved, or furrowed, but fairly even
and not roughened. Colour a dull yellowish grey-brown. Length
10 cm., breadth 6 cm., thickness 3 cm.

Test coriaceous, tough but flexible, not thick, except at the posterior end.

Mantle adhering to test, of a dark brown colour, very muscular and
rather thick.

Branchial sac very large, with 4 folds on each side ; 6 to 10
internal longitudinal bars on the fold and about 12 in each interspace.
Meshes containing about 6 stigmata each, and divided by a narrow
horizontal membrane. The transverse vessels are of several sizes,
arranged with regularity ; an occasional very much wider transverse
vessel is present. Large oblique vessels run on the outer surface of the
branchial sac.

Dorsal lamina a plain membrane, very slightly developed.

Tentacles about 40, all rather large.

Dorsal tubercle a slightly raised area of ovate form and spongy
appearance ; a number of small apertures scattered over it.

Gonals a large branched mass on each side of the body.

Locality. — Port Stephen ; two specimens. Port Jackson ; seven
specimens.

This large species is found in several cases associated with other
Ascidians. One large specimen has four individuals of Bolteuia ti/lcr-
culata attached to it (PI. Cyn. II., fig. 7). Another bears the only
specimen of Cynthia multiradicata (see PI. Cyn. IX.', fig. 1), and other
three are attached to Boltenias (PL Cyn. II., fig. 6). In some cases the

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 41

siphons are much more prominent (PL Cyn. XIV., fig. 2) than in others,
and the curvature of the body, and the direction in which the atrial
siphon projects, are liable to considerable variation (see figs. 1 and 2).

The mantle and branchial sac are in all cases of a very dark brown
colour, and the internal organs are generally in rather bad condition. The
branchial sac is always more or less macerated, and has lost most of its
epithelium. In most of the specimens the branchial sac is strongly
curved, with the convexity ventral. Both internal bars and trans-
verse vessels are of a dark brown colour, so as to form a conspicuous
network (fig. 3).

The dorsal tubercle is inconspicuous (fig. 4), and forms an ovate
convex area, upon which a number of small, simple apertures are
scattered (fig. 5), very much as in the case of Poly car pa sulcata. In
some cases the tubercle is scarcely raised, and forms merely a triangular
punctated area.

The alimentary canal is short and wide, and the anus is crenated
round its margin (fig. 6, a.).

In the largest specimens the tentacles may attain to 45 in number.
They are large and stiff, and are in all cases of a dark brown colour,
like the lining of the siphons and all the other internal organs.

The reproductive glands form a large branched organ on the right
side, and a smaller on the left, ending in each case in several tubes
converging to the base of the atrial siphon (fig. 6, d.).

Several of the specimens are, like the Boltenias with which they are
associated, covered by a thin encrusting soft sponge, like a Halisarca.

Styela personata, n. sp., PL Cyn. XV., figs. 1 — 7.

External appearance. Body short, squat, from globular to quadrate
in form, with wide anterior and posterior ends, and compressed laterally.
Attached by the posterior end. Apertures at the extremities of the
anterior end, distinct but not on long siphons, both 4-lobed. Surface
rather corrugated, and in places minutely wrinkled. Colour from light
yellow to dark brown. Length 4 cm., breadth 4-5 cm., thickness 2 cm.

Test thin but tough, coriaceous, yellowish on inner surface, and
glistening.

Mantle dark yellow, opaque, not strongly muscular ; adhering to test
only at apertures.

Branchial sac with 4 well-marked folds on each side. There are
about 8 to 10 rather wide internal longitudinal bars on the folds and 4
visible in the interspace. The meshes are small, elongated transversely,

42 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

and contain each about 6 to 8 narrow closely placed stigmata. The
transverse vessels are all much of the same size, but are rather irregular
in their course. They have rather wide horizontal membranes.

Dorsal lamina a plain membrane, fairly wide.

Tentacles about 24 larger and the same number of much smaller inter-
mediate ones, also minute buds.

Dorsal tubercle simple, and of broad cordate form, with both horns
turned in.

Locality. — Port -Jackson ; 16 specimens, along with Microcosm/us
Ramsay i.

The specimens of this species are all much alike, and have the
external appearance and colour of a Microcosmus (PI. Cyn. XV., fig. 1).
The test, however, is only wrinkled, not encrusted with foreign bodies.

The dorsal tubercle is wider than high (fig. 6), and the horns are
more or less coiled in, in different specimens. Figure 7 shows an extreme
case.

The gonads consist of one or two large sausage-like glands upon each
side of the body.

Figure 4 shows 2 rows of meshes and part of a fold from the
branchial sac.

In size the specimens vary from 2 by 2 by 1 cm. to 4-5 by 5 by 2 cm.
In nearly all cases the body is as wide or wider than its length, and
about twice its thickness. Figures 2 and 3 show two other variations in
shape.

The tentacles are shown in fig. 5. In addition to the large ones
visible to the eye, there are smaller intermediate, and also quite minute
buds, which do not project over the edge of the strong muscular band.
I have named this species personata, on account of its close resemblance
externally to the totally different Ascidian Microcosmus Ramsayi, with
which it appears to be frequently associated.

Styela stolonifera, n. sp., PI. Cyn. XV., figs. 8—11.

External appearance. Shape irregularly ovate, with the posterior
end the wider, and the body compressed laterally. Both apertures are
anterior, and are on distinct elevations not far distant. The posterior
end bears a large tuft of remarkable root-like processes nearly as long as
the body. The surface is smooth, but slightly grooved and wrinkled.
Colour milk white. Length 4 cm., breadth 3 cm, thickness 2 cm.,
length of processes nearly 4 cm.

Test soft and leathery, whiter inside than on the surface.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 43

Mantle pale yellow, thin, not very muscular.

Branchial sac soft, with 4 well-marked folds on each side. There are
6 internal longitudinal bars on the fold and 3 in the interspace. There
are 3 or 6 narrower transverse vessels between each pair of wider ones.
The stigmata are slender and regular, and about 10 or 12 in each of the
elongated meshes.

Tentacles numerous, long, closely placed ; all much of same length.

Dorsal tubercle simple, cordate in form, but with the 2 horns turned
symmetrically out.

Locality. — Moreton Bay ; one specimen.

The notable feature about this species is the remarkable bunch of root-
like or stolon-like processes from the posterior end (PL Cyn. XV.,
fig. 8). There are about 20 of these, and most of them are simple and
finger-like in shape ; a few, however, divide, and here and there are
placed knob-like thickenings. The surface test of the processes and
knobs is slightly sandy, and bears minute processes or villi. The mantle
at its posterior end is prolonged into several tubes in the test (fig. 9), and
these prolongations split to supply the processes. The knobs contain
enlargements of the mantle, but apparently nothing else.

The mantle has its musculature in the form of a minute network of
interlacing fibres, so as to form a fine felting.

The occasional larger transverse vessels of the branchial sac are very
much wider than those between (fig. 11). The longitudinal bars are
rather stout. Figure 10 shows the symmetrical dorsal tubercle.

The gonads form 4 or 5 elongated masses, converging to the atrial
aperture.

Polycarpa, Heller, 1877.

This is the genus that contains the largest number of species in the
present collection. There are 12, of which 6 are new to science. Some
of the species of Polycarpa come very close to Styela, and it is quite a
question whether these genera will ultimately remain separate.

Polycarpa fungiformis, n. sp., PI. Cyn. XVI., figs. 1 — 10.
External appearance. Body irregularly globular, and placed on the
end of a long stalk, which is rooted by a spreading lower end. Apertures
both on the upper end, distant, minute, inconspicuous. Surface even,
and fairly smooth. Colour quite black. Greatest extent of body, which
is dorso-ventral, 3'5 cm. ; breadth, antero-posteriorly, 2-5 cm. Length of
stalk 5' 5 cm., thickness from about 3 mm. to 8 mm.

44 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Test stiff and leathery, of a dirty white colour inside.

Mantle thick, pigmented with minute brown dots, not very muscular,
prolonged for a short distance down the stalk.

Branchial sac is thick, and of a dark brown colour. The 3 folds next
the endostyle on each side are rounded pad-like projections ; the 4th is
more distant, and does not project. The bars and vessels are thick and
numerous, and the stigmata are very narrow. There are about 3
stigmata in a mesh.

Dorsal lamina a narrow membrane, beset with minute papillae.

Tentacles short and stout, about 24, and of a dark brown colour, with
much smaller intermediate ones.

Dorsal tubercle large, and spongy in appearance.

Gonads numerous elongated polycarps.

Locality. — Moreton Bay; one specimen.

This is, perhaps, the most remarkable of the new Polycarpas, and its
extraordinary form (PI. Cyn. XVI., fig. 1) almost warrants the creation of
a new genus. It is like a black fungus in appearacce. It is stiff in all
parts, and slightly sandy on the stalk (fig. 2). The test is marked with
slight lines or creases running circularly around it (figs. 1 and 2). When
the test is removed (fig. 3) the positions of the branchial and atrial
apertures are seen with their conspicuous sphincters. The posterior
prolongation of the mantle seems to run for a short distance only into
the stalk. The mantle is from 1 mm. to 3 mm. in thickness, and the
curious polycarps project from its inner surface (figs. 4 and 5). The
polycarps are slightly constricted at the base, then sausage-like in form,
and finally taper, so that the upper end has a conical form. They are
pigmented at the tip, and dotted all over (fig. 5).

There are unusually strong connectives between the mantle and the
branchial sac. The branchial sac is remarkably thick and opaque (figs.
6, 8). The 3 ventral folds on each side are rather near the endostyle,
which forms a conspicuous pad, with a very narrow slit between 2
swollen lips.

The dorsal fold on each side is not a projection, but is merely 12
internal longitudinal bars massed together, recalling the condition in
titijclopsis yrossularia. The fine vessels between the stigmata are tra-
versed by bundles of muscle fibres (fig. 7), which divide and anastomose
in the transverse vessels. On the back of the branchial sac all the
larger vessels, both transverse and longitudinal, bear numbers of small
papillae, irregularly placed (fig. 8).

The dorsal lamina (fig. 9) is also papillated irregularly on its surface.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 45

The dorsal tubercle is very remarkable (fig. 10). It shows what
seem to be caeca of the neural gland, and meandering lines under a
thin membrane. If there are any apertures they are very minute and
difficult to find.

Polycarpa stephenensis, n. sp., PI. Cyn. XVII., figs. 1 — 5.

External appearance. Shape oblong, almost quadrangular, attached
by wide posterior end, and flattened laterally. Apertures at dorsal and
ventral edges of anterior end. Surface a little corrugated and somewrhat
encrusted with shells, &c. Colour greyish yellow. Length 10 cm.,
breadth 6 cm., thickness 2 cm.

Test leathery but rather soft ; thickened up to nearly 2 cm. at the
posterior end, thin elsewhere ; vascular and rather cartilaginous in its
thicker parts.

Mantle thick, yellowr, opaque, but not muscular. There are no strong
muscle bands, but numerous thin fibres running in all directions to
form a close felting.

BrancMal sac with 4 well-marked folds on each side. There are 6
internal longitudinal bars on a fold and 4 in the interspace ; the bars are
wide and ribbon-like. The transverse vessels are all rather wide, but
occasional much wrider ones occur. The meshes are much elongated
transversely, and may contain as many as 12 of the small stigmata.

Dorsal lamina a plain narrow membrane, slightly curled round.

Tentacles large, numerous, and closely placed. There are about 45 to
50 of the longest size, and at least the same number of smaller ones
between.

Dorsal tubercle cordate, almost circular in outline, with both horns
turned in.

Gonacls very many small polycarps imbedded in the mantle on both
sides of body.

Locality. — Port Stephen ; one specimen.

This large species grows erect from a slightly spreading base of
attachment (PL Cyn. XVII., fig. 1). Its surface has scattered over it a
number of specimens of a small Serpulid Annelid, and towards the
posterior end a few shell fragments, etc., are attached. The test is soft
for a Polycarpa, and between coriaceous and cartilaginous in texture. A
large vessel enters it from the mantle near the posterior end, and breaks
up into the numerous ramifying vessels.

The mantle and branchial sac are of a yellow colour, and the mantle
is thickened up to nearly 1 cm. at the posterior end. The stigmata are

46 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

unusually small (fig. 2), and leave wide transverse vessels which contain
muscle fibres. The meshes are occasionally sub-divided by a narrow
horizontal membrane, which does not interrupt the stigmata.

The dorsal lamina is very slightly developed in this and some other
species of Polycarpa. It is quite narrow, and occasionally seems to almost
die away. The dorsal tubercle extends up to the bases of the tentacles,
but is simple in form (fig. 3). The intestine leaves a wide open loop
(fig. 4) which is occupied by a pad of gelatinous connective tissue. The
polycarps (figs. 4 and 5) are very numerous, but are not at first
conspicuous, as they are imbedded in the thick and rather tough mantle,
which is divided up by grooves into rudely quadrangular areas on its
inner surface. There may be 10 to 20 polycarps in each such area, and
each polycarp is of globular form like a little rounded sac with either one
or two spout-like ducts (see fig. 5).

*

Polycarpa Sluiteri, n. sp., PI. Cyn. IV., fig. 1, P1- ;
and PL Cyn. XVII., figs. 6-9.

External appearance. Shape ovate, attached along the dorsal edge
and part of both sides. Posterior end rounded, no lateral compression.
Branchial aperture at the anterior end, atrial one-third down the dorsal
edge ; both on short rounded projections. Surface even, but finely
roughened all over by encrusting sand grains. Colour dark greyish
brown. Length 5'5 cm., breadth 3 cm., thickness 2-5 cm.

Test thin, but stiff, brittle ; with sand grains imbedded throughout.

Mantle very thin, adhering closely to test ; scarcely muscular at all.

Branchial sac with 4 rather narrow folds. Each fold has 10 internal
longitudinal bars, and there are 8 in the interspace. The meshes are
square, and contain each 4 to 6 large stigmata regularly crossed by a
narrow horizontal membrane.

Dorsal lamina a narrow plain membrane, rather curled round to form
a canal.

Tentacles 8 large, 8 smaller, and about 16 very minute, arranged
regularly.

Dorsal tubercle simple U-shaped, with both horns turned slightly in.

Gronads numerous small polycarps (separate ovaria and spermaria)
imbedded in the mantle, and having long slender ducts.

Locality. — Port Jackson, on Ascidia phallusioides ; one specimen.

This is a stiff-tested species (PL Cyn. IV., fig. 1, P1') somewhat like
Polycarpa rigid a, but differing from that species in structure. The single
specimen occurs united in one mass with a large specimen of Ascidia

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 47

phallusioides, a specimen of Microcosmus Drasclrii and several small
Ascidians, of globular form and encrusted with sand, which prove to be
specimens of Molyula Forbesi.

The very slightly developed mantle shows no muscle bands, but
merely microscopic fibres running in various directions. This very
slight development of the musculature and resultant absence of power of
contraction, is obviously correlated with the stiff inflexible test to which
the mantle is attached. In the gelatinous connective tissue of the
mantle (PI. Cyn. XVII., fig. 9) we find imbedded the reproductive
elements, little ovate clumps or patches of Ova in various stages of develop-
ment, and triangular spermatic vesicles with long straight ducts, which
unite in small groups just before opening into the peribranchial cavity.

The branchial sac (fig. 6) is well formed, and the stigmata are large
and regular. The simple dorsal tubercle and the tentacles are shown in
figs. 7 and 8, on PI. Cyn. XVII.

Polycarpa rigida, Herdman, PI. Cyn. XVIII., figs. 1 — 4.

This is a species which was obtained in Bass' Strait by the "Chal-
lenger" Expedition. In the present collection there are about a dozen
specimens, 5 from Port Jackson, and the rest from Port Stephen at a
depth of 20 to 30 fathoms. One of the specimens from Port Jackson is
figured (fig. 1.), because of its somewhat curved shape; the others are
more like that figured in the "Challenger" Eeport. Some, however,
have the atrial siphon considerably elongated. The smaller Ascidians
adhering to our specimen are Polycarpa viridis, Herdm.

The dorsal tubercle is somewhat variable ; 2 specimens examined
had the forms shown in figs. 2 and 3. In another case the tubercle wTas
reversed, the opening being directed posteriorly. The dorsal lamina is
shown in fig. 4. The branchial sac may have every 6th or every 12th
transverse vessel wider, the meshes may contain from 6 to 12 stigmata
each, and the internal longitudinal bars may be from 10 to 12 on a fold,
and from 6 to 8 in the interspace/" The tentacles may be 20 larger and
20 smaller, placed alternately. A very characteristic point about this
species is that the test is so thin, and so completely permeated by sand
grains, that it becomes stiff and rigid, but very brittle.

Polycarpa viridis, Herdman, PL Cyn. XVIII., figs. 1 and 5 — 10.

This species was originally found by the " Challenger " Expedition at
Port Jackson, where the specimens in the present collection are also

* Compare " Challenger " Report, p. 17(5.

48 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

from. We have about two dozen, of various shapes, and with various
lengths of stalk. Three, of which one is sessile, adhering to a Poly-
carpa rigida, are shown in fig. 1, another with a longer stalk and more
covered with sand, is given in fig. 5, while fig. 7 shows a specimen
entirely encrusted with sand. Very few of the specimens are so green as
the " Challenger " ones, and a few of the sandy ones (figs. 5 and 7) have
the test more of a dirty yellow than a green colour.

The dorsal tubercle, while always simple, varies a little in outline, and
direction of opening. One is figured (fig. 6) which is not quite like that
of the "Challenger" Report, while others have one horn turned out-
wards. In all other particulars our present specimens agree with the
original description." It may be added, however, that the smaller
tentacles are generally 3 between each pair of larger ones, and of the
3, the central one is longest (fig. 9). The irregular membranous
expansion of the transverse vessels alluded to in the "Challenger"
Report, takes the form in some of these specimens of a number of simple
and compound bud-like processes, growing out from both the transverse
and the fine inter-stigmatic vessels (fig. 8). Another interesting detail
of structure about the branchial sac is the curiously vesiculated structure
of the outer edge of the internal longitudinal bars, shown in fig. 8, under
a high magnification. Finally, at the base of the atrial siphon, is a
membranous diaphragm, which bears a series of minute atrial tentacles
(fig. 10).

It may be said that there are 2 series, or varieties, amongst these
specimens — the sandy ones with yellowish tests, and brown mantles, and
branchial sac, and those that have very little sand, and show more or
less green in both test and mantle ; but there are no constant points of
structural difference that would enable these to be defined as distinct
species.

Polycarpa sacciformis, n. sp., PL Cyn. XIX., figs. 1—4.

External appearance. Body oblong and erect, compressed laterally.
Anterior end narrowest, almost pointed ; posterior end broad and rounded;
dorsal edge rather convex, ventral somewhat concave. Slightly attached
by posterior end, towards dorsal edge. Branchial aperture at end
of short siphon, terminal at ventral edge, directed anteriorly; lobes
indistinctly marked. Atrial aperture at end of short siphon, on dorsal
edge, about one-third of way from anterior to posterior end, projecting,
directed dorsally and anteriorly ; 4-lobed, lobes distinct. Surface rough,

*" Challenger " Report, p. 168.

CATALOGUE OF TUNIC AT A. 49

marked by creases, especially at dorsal edge and posterior end. Covered
with particles of sand and shells. Colour greyish brown. Length 9 cm.,
breadth 4 cm., thickness 1-5 cm.

Test leathery, thin but tough, slightly stiffened by sand grains ; inner
surface smooth and glistening.

Mantle does not adhere to test ; yellow, opaque, but with musculature
feeble. No distinct muscle bands visible.

Branchial sac has 4 folds on each side. Transverse vessels wide
and of 3 sizes. There are 6 to 8 internal longitudinal bars seen on
each fold, and 4 or 5 in the interspaces. The meshes are elongated
transversely ; they contain each 5 or 6 stigmata. Horizontal membranes
are very slight, and the meshes are not divided.

Dorsal lamina is a narrow and plain edged membrane.

Tentacles about 48 in number, of 3 sizes, arranged symmetrically ; 6
longer, 6 medium, and about 36 shorter.

Dorsal tubercle large and somewhat horse-shoe shaped. Left horn
coiled inwards ; right horn not coiled but turned outwards.

Gonads in the form of many small polycarps, imbedded in the thick-
ness of the mantle.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one specimen.

This large and rather sandy species (PL Cyn. XIX., fig. 1) resembles
Polycarpa longisiphonica in external characters, but differs in the non-
adherence of mantle to test, in the arrangement of transverse vessels in
the branchial sac, in the number and arrangement of tentacles, and in
the shape of dorsal tubercle.

Although there is a good deal of sand on the test, it is not so much
imbedded as to render the test brittle, as in Polycarpa Sluiteri.

The mantle is moderately thick, but there are no large muscle
bands. The polycarps are very slightly developed, and are entirely sunk
in the mantle. The stigmata are rather small (fig. 2), so as to leave
rather wide transverse vessels.

The tentacles (fig. 4) are all rather small, and the larger ones are
very few. The minute intermediate ones are always 3 together. The
dorsal tubercle (fig. 3) has a very wide pre-branchial zone separating it
from the tentacles.

Polycarpa longisiphonica, Herdman, PI. Cyn. XIX., figs. 5, 6.

This is one of the species found by the "Challenger" Expedition at
Port Jackson, and I now refer to it a specimen in the present collec-
tion labelled "Port Stephen, 25 to 30 faths., and agreeing in all

50 THE AUSTBALIAN MUSEUM.

essential respects with the description in the "Challenger" Keport.*
The specimen measures 4 by 3 by 3 cm. (PI. Cyn. XIX., fig. 5). The
dorsal tubercle, although described, was not figured in the "Challenger"
Report, so I give a figure of it now (fig. 6).

Polycarpa Jacksoniana, n. sp., PI. Cyn. XIX., figs. 7—9.

External appearance. Form ovate, nearly globular, attached by left
side. Branchial aperture at end of long siphon on anterior dorsal edge,
directed forwards and dorsally. Atrial aperture on dorsal edge, half way
down, directed backwards, on short thick siphon. Openings indistinct,
4-lobed. Surface nearly covered with sand, pieces of shells and sea-
weed, and somewhat wrinkled. Colour brown. Length 4-5 cm.,
width 3-5 cm., thickness 2 cm.

Test leathery, thin but stiff, dark brown on outer surface, whitish and
glistening on inner surface.

Mantle adheres slightly to test ; thick ; musculature rather strong.

Branchial sac, 4 folds on each side. About 7 longitudinal bars on
each fold, and about 6 in the interspaces. Every 7th transverse
vessel wider than intermediate ones; 5 to 7 stigmata in each mesh.
Meshes elongated transversely.

Dorsal lamina a narrow plain membrane with even edge.

Tentacles simple, 24 in number, arranged symmetrically ; 6 longer,
with 3 smaller between each pair, middle one of the 3 rather longer
than its neighbours.

Dorsal tubercle simple, somewhat horse-shoe shaped, one horn coiled
inwards, the other outwards.

Locality, — Port Jackson.

This species (PI. Cyn. XIX., fig. 7) has a test rather like that of a
typical Microcosmus — leathery and wrinkled, with adhering sand,
shells, &c. Figs. 8 and 9 show the branchial sac and dorsal tubercle.
They do not call for any further remarks.

This species is probably closely related to P. longisipJionica.

Polycarpa pilella, Herdman.

This species was described from specimens obtained during the
" Challenger " Expedition, off Bahia, in Brazil. On the surface of some
of the large specimens of Microcosmus Draschii, from Port Stephen,
there are a number of minute sandy balls, which prove to be a species of
Polycarpa. I have not found any gonads in those I have examined, so

* Part I., p. 177,1882.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 51

it is quite possible that these minute specimens, on the average about
3 mm. in diameter, are the young of some other species of Polycarpa, or
even Styela. As, however, they agree in structure in all points I have
been able to determine with the account of P. pilella in the " Chal-
ger " Report, and are precisely like that species in appearance, I think
it best to place them under the above name — at least, until some
Australian zoologist traces them in adult specimens to another species.

Polycarpa tinctor, Quoy and Gaimard, PL Cyn. XX., fig. 9.

There are about 30 specimens of this common Australian species in
the collection. It was first found during the voyage of the " Astrolabe,"
and was figured by Quoy and Gaimard (1834) in the Report on the results
of that expedition. Later on it was obtained at Port Jackson by the
" Challenger " Expedition, and was more fully described and re-figured
in the Report (1882). There is nothing further to add, as the present
specimens agree with those of the " Challenger" collection, except that
in one individual examined the dorsal tubercle has the right horn coiled
outwards and the left inwards (see PI. Cyn. XX., fig. 9).

Polycarpa aurata, Q- & G., var. plana, nov., PI. Cyn. XX.,

figs. 1 — 5.

External appearance. Shape irregularly triangular, the anterior end
being long and pointed, and the posterior broader. The body is com-
pressed laterally, and is attached by the posterior end and part of the
left side. Branchial aperture at the extremity of the long narrow
anterior end ; atrial on a long siphon springing from the dorsal edge less
than half way back ; both apertures are wide. Surface with slight
longitudinal ridges and grooves. Colour pale yellowish brown. Length
8 cm., breadth 4 cm., thickness 2 cm.

Test leathery, flexible, not thick ; full of small vessels, with numerous
little knobs close to the surface.

Mantle thin, very dark in colour, slightly muscular, closely adherent
to test.

Branchial sac with 4 rather wide folds on each side. About 6 internal
longitudinal bars on a fold and 4 to 6 in the interspace. About 6
stigmata in a mesh.

Dorsal lamina a plain membrane.

Tentacles very numerous and closely placed.

52 THE AUSTEALIAN MUSEUM.

Dorsal tubercle very large, triangular in outline, and having the open-
ing of the duct broken up into a large number of small simple apertures.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one specimen.

This species was in the collection along with some specimens of
Polycarpa rigida, from which it differs, not only in internal structure,
but also in the external form and in the consistency of the test. The
body is more flattened from side to side, and is more narrowed anteriorly.
The apertures are remarkable for their wide open condition. The sur-
face is not rough, nor minutely wrinkled, nor sandy ; but is marked by
low rounded ridges with grooves between, which run mainly longitudin-
ally (PI. Cyn. XX., fig. 1). On the left side the body is partly covered
by a thin layer of a smooth encrusting sponge, and at the posterior end
are attached various pieces of cinder. The test on section shows many
little brown dots, which are the dilated knobs on the numerous vessels.
At the base of the wide atrial siphon there is a circular fold which bears
about 40 atrial tentacles. These tentacles are minute, and their terminal
parts are slender, but the bases are swollen so as to be in contact with
their neighbours (fig. 5).

The branchial sac is, like the mantle, of a very dark brown colour ;
both are thin, and are closely pressed against the test. Most of the
transverse vessels are very narrow (fig. 2) ; usually every 6th or 7th is
much wider. The large, soft porous-looking dorsal tubercle is seen in
fig. 3, and its condition is magnified about 50 times in fig. 4. Several
other species are known, in which the hypophysial duct is broken up
into several openings. Herdrnan described Cynthia irregularis with 9
openings in 1882. Sluiter has since described, amongst other species,
Styela (Polycarpa) pneumonodes (=Ascidia aurata, Quoy and Gaimard),
with about 26 openings, and Polycarpa sulcata, Herdrn.,* has also the
aperture of the duct broken up ; but the present form has more than a
hundred openings, and they are quite closely placed (see fig. 4).

This form at once recalls Polycarpa sulcata, Herdm., of the " Chal-
lenger " collection, and I have come to the conclusion, after a careful
comparison, that they are so closely related, as to be at most only 2
varieties of the same species. Sluiter's Styela pneumonodes is clearly
the same as my P. sulcata, and must therefore lapse, and since writing
the "Challenger" Keport, I have become convinced that my species
may be referred to the Ascidia aurata of Quoy and Gaimard, and that
the correct name for all the above forms is, therefore, Polycarpa aurata,
Q. and G.

* "Challenger" Report, Tuuicata, Pt. I., and also von Drasche, Denkschr. K. Akad
Wiss. Bd. XLVIIL, PI, VII., fig. 2.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 53

The present form, however, differs from the species in not having
the regularity of form and marking seen in Quoy and Gaimard's figure.
On account of the absense of the marked sulci, I have named it variety
plana, and have given it the above detailed description.

Polycarpa attollens, n. sp., PI. Cyn. XX., figs. 6 — 8.

External appearance. Shape ovate, with a long anterior projection,
which bears the branchial aperture at its extremity. Atrial aperture on
a long projection, which springs from the dorsal edge half-way down, and
is directed forwards. Body not compressed, attached by well-marked
branched roots at the posterior end. Surface slightly marked with sulci,
otherwise smooth. Colour a dirty smoky white or yellow. Length
5'5 cm., breadth 2-5 cm., thickness 2 cm., roots extending for 4'5 cm.
beyond the posterior end.

Test leathery, flexible, not thick.

Mantle not thick, moderately muscular, closely attached to test.

Branchial sac with well-marked folds. About 8 internal longitudinal
bars on a fold and 4 in the inter-space. Three narrower transverse
vessels occur between rather wider ones ; here and there there are
occasional very much wider transverse vessels. The stigmata are short
and wide, and are usually about 6 in a mesh.

The dorsal lamina is a slight membrane.

The tentacles are large and numerous, about 40, with about the same
number of very much smaller ones projecting from their bases.

The dorsal tubercle is remarkable. It is large, of triangular form,
completely filling the peritubercular area. The slit is on a closely con-
voluted band.

Locality. — Port Jackson.

This species is like Polycarpa pedata, Herdm., in superficial appear-
ance (PI. Cyn. XX., fig. 6) ; but is quite distinct from that species in
structure. The notable external points are the prolonged anterior end
and the large root-like processes for attachment.

Figure 7 shows part of the branchial sac. The large tentacles are closely
crowded, and the smaller intermediate ones are inconspicuous, and
required to be found with the microscope.

The dorsal tubercle (fig. 8) recalls that of Asciclia pyrifonnis, Herdm.
The double sinuous line branches occasionally, and is interrupted once
or twice at most.

54 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

[The following Styelinse have also been recorded from Australian
seas : —

Styela humilis, Heller.

S. captiosa, Sluit.

S. palinorsa, Sluit.

S. phaula, Sluit.

S. solvens, Sluit.

&'. radicosa, Herdm.

S. exiqua, Herdrn.

Poly car pa radicata, Herdm.

P. pedunculata, Heller.

P. data, Heller.

P. Stimpsoni, Heller.

P. obscura, Heller.

P. nebulosa, Heller.

P. Bassi, Herdm.

P. molguloides, Herdm.]

Family IV. MOLGULHXE, Lac.-Duth., 1877.

Body visually free, sometimes fixed, rarely pedunculated.

Test cartilaginous, coriaceous, or membranous, usually covered with
sand, &c., which adheres to long hair-like processes of the test. Bran-
chial aperture 6-lobed, atrial aperture 4-lobed.

Branchial sac usually longitudinally folded (5 to 7 folds on each side) ;
internal longitudinal bars not papillated ; stigmata more or less curved,
usually arranged in spirals.

Tentacles always compound, usually much branched.

Intestine attached to the inner surface of the mantle on the left side.

Renal sac present, upon the right side of the body.

Gonads on the inner surface of the mantle usually developed on
both sides. Larvae usually tailed, in a few specimens anurous.

Only two of the eight genera of the family are represented, viz.,
Molgula and (doubtfully) Ascopera.

Molgula, Forbes, 1853.

There are 4 species in the collection which fall into this genus, and 3
of them seem new to science.

Molgula mollis, n. sp., PL Mol. I., figs. 1—4.

External appearance. Shape between ovate and pyriform, much
compressed laterally, not attached. Anterior end wide, bearing both

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 55

apertures moderately far apart. Apertures slightly projecting, but no
well-marked siphons. Posterior end rather narrow. Surface closely
covered with fine sand. Length (antero-posterior) 2 cm. , breadth (dorso-
ventral) 1-5 cm.

Test is thin, soft and flexible.

Mantle thin, moderately muscular about the siphons.

Branchial sac with 7 folds on each side. Stigmata large and numerous,
coiled in large spiral infundibula.

Tentacles branched, 16, large and small alternately.

Dorsal tubercle small and simple, U-shaped or elliptical ; with an
exceedingly large neural gland which extends forwards to the tubercle.

Gonads ring-like, one on each side of body.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; about a dozen specimens.

This species in external appearance (PI. Mol. I., fig. 1) is exceed-
ingly like M o Igula Forbes i obtained by the "Challenger" Expedition at
Port Jackson in shallow water ; but differs from that species in the
structure of the branchial sac (fig. 3) and notably in the condition of the
dorsal tubercle and neural (or hypophysial) gland (fig. 4). It also has
the test much softer and more flexible than in most Molgulas, a feature
which I have indicated by the specific name mollis. The hypophysial
gland completely covers the ganglion in some specimens and extends
beyond it in every direction. It is composed of a very large number of
ovate or short tubular caeca (fig. 4, s.n.gl.) In another specimen
examined the horns of the tubercle meet anteriorly, so as to make an
elliptical figure. Figure 2 shows the left side of the body after removal
of the test. The intestine is long and narrow. The ring-like gonad is
placed near the loop.

I was in hopes when I saw this small Molgula in the collection that
I might be able to revive and re-describe one of Macdonald's species of
" Casira " ; but I find that this species will not really correspond to any
of them in appearance and structure, nor will it agree with Stimpson's
description of his Molgula inconspicua.

Molgula sydneyensis, n. sp., PI. Mol I., figs. 5—9.

External appearance. Body roughly circular in outline from the
side, but much compressed laterally ; soft and flaccid. Both apertures
on the broad anterior end, rather far apart, conspicuous, but not very
prominent. Surface covered with very fine silvery sand. Length and
breadth each about 2 cm.

Test very thin, with delicate, slightly-branched hairs.

Mantle moderately muscular.

56 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Branchial, sac with 7 strongly-marked folds on each side. The main
vessels, both transverse and longitudinal, very wide. The finer inter-
stigmatic vessels much as usual. Stigmata curved and arranged in
infundibula.

Tentacles, 8 very large and much-branched, alternating with 8 very
much smaller ones.

Dorsal tubercle cordate, with the opening anterior, and both horns
turned equally outward, but not coiled.

The specimen described above is one labelled "from Sydney," with
no date or other particulars which I happened to have in my possession,
and which I thought had better be treated as belonging to this collection
of Australian Tunicata. The most notable external characters are the
very flat condition of the body and the softness and looseness of the test
(PI. Mol. I., fig. 5). No lobes are visible round the apertures externally,
but when the test is removed there are rather long well-marked siphons
(figs. 6 and 7). The mantle and the alimentary and reproductive viscera
are of the ordinary Molgulid character. The most noteworthy point
about the branchial sac is the exceptional width of the vessels (fig. 8).
A large parasitic Copepod was found in the branchial sac.

Molgula Forbesi, Herdm.

Three small specimens attached to the large Ascidia phallusioides
and Microcosmus Draschii, from Port Jackson, seern to belong to this
"Challenger" species. They are shown on PI. Cyn. IV., fig. 1. The
specimen obtained at Port Jackson by the " Challenger " was apparently
free, while the present specimens are attached, but in all other respects
and details of internal structure they agree with the original description
of Molgula Forbesi.*

Molgula recumbens, n. sp., PL Cyn. VI., figs. 9 — 13.

External appearance. Shape ovate, compressed laterally, and attached
by the greater part of the right side. Apertures conspicuous, both on
long, permanent siphons, which are recurved, so that the branchial
points ventrally and the atrial dorsally. Surface even, but entirely
encrusted with fine sand. Colour dark grey brown. Length l-8 cm.,
breadth l-5 c.m., thickness '8 cm.

Test thin, but strong, flexible.

* "Challenger" Report, Tunicata, Part I., p. 78, 1882.

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 57

Mantle moderately muscular. The long siphons are surrounded by
circular fibres, and radiating bundles issue from their bases.

Branchial sac with 7 folds on each side, with about 6 bars on a fold.
The stigmata are straight and regularly arranged at the base of a fold,
but more or less curved elsewhere, and in some places arranged in spiral
infundibula.

The dorsal lamina is a plain membrane.

The tentacles are 12 large and 12 smaller, placed alternately.

The dorsal tubercle is a simple crescent-shaped slit, with the aperture
placed laterally.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one specimen.

This single specimen differs from most species of Molgula in being
attached by the greater part of one side, and in having the long recurved
siphons (PL Cyn. VI., fig. 9). When the body is taken out of the test
(figs. 10 and 11) the siphons are seen to be marked by 6 and 4 echinated
ridges. The siphons are opaque brown, the rest of the mantle trans-
parent. The branchial sac (fig. 12) has no special character, and the
dorsal tubercle (fig. 13) is remarkable for its simple condition. The
gonad on each side shows an ovary in the centre and a mass of spermatic
vesicles around it.

Ascopera, Herdm., 1880.

The following species seems nearer to this genus than to Molgula,
but may come to be regarded as an antiectant form.

Ascopera nana, n. sp., PI. Mol. I., figs. 10—14.

External appearance. Body urn-shaped, with a swollen body, and
sometimes a short median posterior stalk. Apertures both at the wide
anterior end, but placed at its extremities so as to be rather far apart.
Both apertures on prominent papillae turned in opposite directions, the
branchial ventrally and the atrial dorsally. Surface a little wrinkled,
but otherwise smooth, with only a very few shell and sand fragments
adhering towards the posterior end. Length 2-5 cm., breadth 2 cm.

Test leathery and tough, with only a few short hair-like projections.

Mantle stronger and more opaque than is usual. Siphons very thick,
almost globular.

Branchial sac with 7 folds on each side. Longitudinal vessels regular
and of moderate size. Transverse vessels in places very wide, and quite
irregular. Stigmata in some places very small and rounded, quite

58 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

irregularly placed ; in other parts, on and near the folds, straight and
arranged in regular rows ; never regularly curved to form infundibula.

Tentacles 12 to 14 in number, much branched, of different sizes, but
not regularly arranged.

Dorsal tubercle rather simple, U-shaped, with a shorter horn turned
in and a larger one coiled out, placed in a deep peritubercular area.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; three specimens.

I refer this species with a little hesitation to the genus Ascopera,
founded for two very remarkable and very large Ascidians obtained by
the "Challenger" Expedition to the south of Kerguelen Island in the
Antarctic Ocean at a depth of 150 fathoms. In appearance (PL Mol. I. ,
fig. 10) the present animal suggests a dwarf form of the "Challenger"
Ascopera cjigantea ; hence the specific name. Externally it has more of
a Cynthiid than of a Molgulid appearance, and somewhat resembles
Molgula cczpiformis from British Seas. It is exceptional amongst the
Molgulidae in having practically no covering of sand or gravel, and in
being fixed by a peduncle ; but in both these characters it agrees with
the other two species of Ascopera. The irregularity of the branchial sac
also, and the absence of curved stigmata arranged in spirals or infundi-
bula (fig. 12) is noteworthy. Our figure shows one of the more irregular
parts where the stigmata are all small. The figure shows also another
interesting feature, viz., imperfect or budding internal longitudinal bars
(fig. 12, i.l' .). Such are known in Corella and elsewhere in the family
AscidiidaB, but have not been previously described in the Molgulidge.
This goes far, in my opinion, to establish the real identity of nature of
the internal longitudinal bars throughout the Ascidise simplices which is
apparently doubted by Lahille, Garstang, and others. In some places
the branchial sac between the bars has regular rows of straight stigmata
like those of a Cynthiid. When the test is removed (fig. 11), the body
is very globular and the siphons are most curiously shaped and are
directed quite away from one another. Figures 13 and 14 show the
dorsal tubercle and one of the much-branched tentacles. The horns of
the dorsal tubercle are in some cases more coiled. A large parasitic
Copepod was found in the branchial sac.

[The following Molgulidse have also been recorded from Australian

seas : —

CcBsira (? Molgula) parasitica, Macd., King George's Sound,

C. (? M.)ficus, Macd., Shark Bay,

C. (7 M.) pellucicla, Macd., Shark Bay,

Molgula inconspicua, Stirnp.,

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 59

and possibly the following species insufficiently described by Quoy and
Gaimard : — Ascidia reticulata, A. tumulus, and A. sabulosa, from Port
Western.

Sub-order II. ASCIDIA COMPOSITE,

Savigny, 1816.

This group contains fixed Ascidians, which reproduce by
gemmation so as to form colonies in which the Ascidio-
zooids are buried in a common investing mass, and have
no separate tests.

It is now agreed by all authorities that this is, in all
probability, a polyphyletic group, the Compound Ascidians
having been derived from several distinct groups of ancestral
Simple Ascidians. They are thus a semi-artificial assem-
blage consisting of those fixed Ascidians which have
retained or acquired the power of reproducing by gemmation,
so as to form colonies, and in which the Ascidiozooids
have remained so intimately united that their tests form a
common colonial mass.

Some zoologists, such as Lahille, Garstang and Sluiter,
would break up this group at once, and scatter its con-
stituents amongst the families of Simple Ascidians ; but I
am supported by Seeliger, Hitter and others in thinking
that such a course would be premature, that the colonial
form and common test, whether acquired independently or
not, represent a community of structure which ought to be
expressed in our classification, that we may get further
light upon genetic affinities when the method of budding
is known in many more genera, and that, consequently, it is
a practical convenience to retain for the present the group
Ascidiae Composite.

The seven families of Compound Ascidians may, however,
be arranged in two well-marked groups to which Sluiter's

60 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

terms, Holosomata* and Merosomata, may be appropriately
applied. The Holosomata would comprise those forms
with compact bodies — the Botryllidae and the Polystyelidae —
which we believe are derived from ancestral Cynthiidae ;
while the Merosomata are the remaining families, with
more or less spread out bodies, which are more closely
related to the Clavelinidae.

Section A. MEROSOMATA, Sluiter, 1895.

Compound Ascidians in which the alimentary and repro-
ductive viscera lie behind the branchial sac, so as to form
an "Abdomen " distinct from the " Thorax."

Of the five families in this section three — the Distomidae,
the Polyclinidae, and the Dideninidse — are represented in
the collection.

Family I. DISTOMID^l (Giard, 1872), Herdm., 1885.

Colony rounded and massive, rarely incrusting, either sessile or
supported on a long or short peduncle.

Systems irregular, inconspicuous or absent.

Ascidiozooids of moderate length, and having the body divided into
two regions, thorax and abdomen ; they may be provided with long
vascular ectodermal appendages.

Test gelatinous or cartilaginous, often thickened at the base to form a
peduncle, which may be traversed by large canals containing the vascular
appendages of the Ascidiozooids. There are sometimes calcareous
spicules, which, however, are not stellate.

Branchial sac well developed ; no internal longitudinal bars present.

Dorsal lamina represented by a series of languets.

Alimentary canal placed posteriorly to the branchial sac, so as to
form an abdomen.

Gonads and heart in the intestinal loop, or alongside it. Spermatic
vesicles numerous, vas deferens straight.

This is a large family, containing 7 genera, but only one of these,
Colella, is represented in the present collection.

* Sluiter used Holosomata in a much wider sense, to include also the Simple Ascidiaus.

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 61

Colella, Herdm.

The two species Colella pedunculaia and C. Thomsoni, obtained during
the "Challenger" Expedition, were fully described, and the present
genus was first formed for their reception by me in my Thesis on the
Synascidiaa, accepted by the University of Edinburgh for the degree of
Doctor of Science in March, 1880. This account of the genus Colella
was afterwards incorporated in the second part of my "Challenger"
Report, dealing with the Compound Ascidians, and published in 1885.
Briefly put, Colella includes pedunculated Distomidae, provided with an
incubatory pouch or diverticulum of the atrial cavity, in which the
embryos undergo their development. For a more detailed description I
must refer readers to the " Challenger " Report, Part II., p. 72.

Nine species, and a variety, of Colella were obtained during the
"Challenger" Expedition. Four of these and the variety were from
Australian seas, and the present collection adds four newly described
species (one of which is possibly an old, imperfectly described, species
of Quoy and Gaimard), making in all eight species of Colella known from
the neighbourhood of Australia.

The various known species of the genus may be distinguished as
follows :—

Peduncle branched ... ... ... ... 1

Peduncle unbranched ... ... ... 2

Lower end of peduncle branched ... ... 3

Upper end of peduncle branched ... ... C. plicata.

Peduncle short and wide ... ... ... C. cone re ta.

Peduncle long and narrow... ... ... 4

Tentacles all one size ... ... ... C.ramulosa.

Tentacles of two sizes C. tenuicaidis.

Peduncle longer than body ... ... 5

Peduncle not longer than body ... ... 6

Colour red C. pulchra.

Colour blueish C. Thomsoni.

Colour greyish-yellow ... ... ... 7

Tentacles large ... ... ... ... C. pediinculata.

Tentacles small C, Gaimardi.

Colony wide at top ... ... ... ... 8

Colony narrow at top ... ... ... 9

g j Colour grey C. Murrayi.

Colour with a reddish brown tinge ... do., var. rubidum.

62 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Body not longer than broad ... ... C. Quoyi.

Body longer than broad ... ... ... 10

,« r Ascidiozooids not less than 5 mrn. long ... 11

| Ascidiozooids less than 2 mm. long ... C. elongata.

,, J Colour dark blue all over C. cyanea.

{ Colour not blue (grey in spirit) C. claviformis.

There are, of course, many other differences between the species
The characters in the above table merely give an indication of which
species to turn to.

I shall now describe the four new species of the Museum collection.

Colella plicata, Herdm.,* PI. Dis. II., figs. 1—15.
? = Aplidium ccrebriforme, Q. & G.

External appearance. The colony consists of a peduncle, usually
short and wide, and a vertically flattened, expanded and greatly folded
or convoluted body. The peduncle is of a very pale yellowish grey, and
quite smooth. The lower part is columnar, while the upper part is
flattened and fan-like, and appears to be formed by branches from the
lower part which, in most cases, are not completely separated, but are
united by a thin membrane. The expanded body, or upper part of the
colony in which the Ascidiozooids are borne, is a flattened band or
ribbon-like structure, plicated or folded upon itself, and continuous from
branch to branch in those cases where the peduncle sub-divides. The
colour of the body is very pale yellow, almost white, and considerably
lighter than that of the peduncle. The following measui-ements are taken
from a medium-sized colony: — Length of peduncle 3'7 cm., diameter of
peduncle 1*0 cm.; length (vertically) of body proper 1-0 cm., breadth
(horizontal) of body proper 6 cm. (following all the plications 26 cm.),
thickness (laterally) of body O5 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are placed in vertical rows, about 6 in each, in the
body, two rows being always placed close together, and separated from
the neighbouring double rows by ridges of test. The Ascidiozooids in
each pair of adjacent rows are placed alternately so as to pack close
together. The rows are slightly divergent so as to produce a fan- shaped
figure, and in each row the Ascidiozooids at the base are very young,
while those towards the free edge of the body are large and old. The
vascular appendages from the Ascidiozooids can be seen running down-
wards, and converging for some distance through the upper part of the

••• * See Revision, p. 611.

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 63

peduncle. The length of the Ascidiozooids is about 2 mm., and the
breadth O5 mm. The thorax and abdomen are about equal in size,
but separated by a considerable constriction formed of oesophagus and
rectum. There is an incubatory pouch and a vascular ectodermal
appendage.

The test is soft and smooth and glistening, and of a whitish colour
on the upper part of the body. In the peduncle it is tougher and of a
darker colour, but still smooth. The matrix is clear and structureless,
and contains stellate and fusiform test cells. A few white pigmented
cells and bladder cells are scattered through the test of the upper part of
the body ; while in the peduncle there are no bladder cells, but the test
is very much cut up by the numerous longitudinally running canals, in
which the vascular appendages are placed.

The mantle is moderately developed. The muscle bands runs longi-
tudinally.

The branchial sac contains 3 rows (occasionally 4) of stigmata, with
about 10 in each row, on each side ; so there are about 60 stigmata
altogether. They are very large and closely placed.

The endostyle is very distinct, and has an undulating course. It
projects slightly beyond the branchial sac at the posterior end.

The dorsal languets are very short.

The tentacles are 10 in number, 5 large and 5 small, placed alternately.

The dorsal tubercle is a simple circular opening.

The viscera form an ovate mass attached to the branchial sac by a
long narrow peduncle. The stomach is of an elongated pyriform shape.
The intestine is long and narrow. The reproductive organs lie in the
loop of the intestine.

Locality. — Port Jackson.

There are about 27 specimens of this very remarkable species, which
may possibly be the Aplidium cerebriforme of Quoy and Gaimard. In
the largest specimen the peduncle is 7'4 cm. in length and 2-2 cm. in
diameter, while the greatly-expanded upper part of the body is over 43
cm. in horizontal extent following all the folds. It is only 1-1 cm. in
vertical extent and 7 mm. in thickness. The chief point in which the
measurements of specimens differ is the horizontal extent of the body,
which in the smallest specimen is only 5'5 cm. The peduncle shows all
stages between a perfectly simple columnar and a very much sub-
divided tree-like condition. In some of the branched specimens the
intervals between the branches are open, but in most cases they are
filled up by a thin membrane-like layer of test.

64 THE AUSTKALIAN MUSEUM.

The upper part of the body in which the Ascidiozooids are placed is
of extraordinary extent, and is thrown into a remarkable series of close
folds (see PL Dist. II., figs. 1—11). This folded band-like structure is
continuous across from branch to branch of the peduncle, but there is
evidence that this continuity is the result of concrescence, since points of
junction with more or less perfect union can be discovered (see figs. 3, 7,
9, 10, c.). In some of these cases the connecting bridges of tissue are
still very small (fig. 3). In one very remarkable specimen (fig. 7) a con-
tinuous band with two narrow connecting points stretches between
what are apparently two distinct colonies with separate peduncles and
bases. In some cases the peduncle is very short and stumpy, in others
it is long and slender (fig. 8). The different conditions of branching also
give rise to very different appearances of the colony. In some the upper
end of the peduncle is flattened and expanded so as to be fan-like, but is
not sub-divided (fig. 4).

The test of the body proper is transparent and very delicate, and
very little is present between the Ascidiozooids in adjacent rows. Buds
are either produced from, or become early connected with, diverticula of
the vascular appendages, and a gradation can be traced from the vascular
appendages in the top of the peduncle upwards through the very young
Ascidiozooids to the fully-developed forms near the free upper edge of
the colony (see fig. 5). The vascular appendages lie in large canals, so
that the test of the peduncle, as seen in a transverse section, is reduced
to a mere reticulum (fig. 13). The bladder cells and test cells are seen
in fig. 14.

The shape of the Ascidiozooid (fig. 12) is remarkable on account of
the very long narrow pedicle connecting the thorax and abdomen. The
branchial sac is not long but is rather wide, the stigmata are very long,
and the dorsal languets remarkably short (fig. 15). The Ascidiozooids
examined were all in a male condition with spermatic vesicles lying in
the intestinal loop.

Colella tenuicaulis, Herdm.,* PL Dist. I, figs. 1 — 16.

External appearance. The colony consists of an irregularly pyriform
body, or mass (the Ascidiarium) in which the Ascidiozooids are placed,
borne on the upper end of a long slender peduncle. Several colonies are
united in groups by their peduncles being joined at their lower ends by a
slightly branched stolon provided with tufts of adhering rootlets or hairs

* See Revision, p. till.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 65

which are given off chiefly near the bases of the peduncles (PI. Dist. I.,
fig. 2), and are found to be encrusted with sand and shell fragments.
The Ascidiarium is frequently flattened so as to assume an equilateral-
triangular shape as seen from the side (fig. 10). The peduncle is from
twice to six or eight times the length of the Ascidiarium. The stolon is
of much the same thickness and appearance as the peduncles. The
peduncle is of a dull yellow colour, but the Ascidiarium varies consider-
ably. It is sometimes of a dark brown colour, with narrow light-
coloured streaks between the rows of Ascidiozooids, sometimes yellow
or grey or slate colour, and in a few cases it is a dark purple brown.
The following measurements are taken from an average-sized specimen :—

Length of peduncle ... ... ... 9'7 cm.

Diameter of peduncle ... ... 6mm.

Length of Ascidiarium ... ... 4'4 cm.

Breadth 3-3 cm.

Thickness ... ... ... ... 1-8 cm.

There is a great variation in the size. The peduncle may extend up to
22 cm. and the stolon to 10 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are closely placed and are arranged in double
vertical rows, the Ascidiozooids in each pair of rows being placed oppo-
site to one another and alternately with those of the next double row
(PI. Dist. I., fig. 3). Very little test is left between the Ascidiozooids,
and so the test is soft and flexible and not elastic. In the upper part of
the peduncle where it joins the body the young Ascidiozooids may be
seen developing. At the top of the Ascidiarium, where the rows have
diverged somewhat, the old Ascidiozooids are decaying and falling out of
the white transparent test, and there is generally a narrow band at this
edge free from Ascidiozooids. In the young colonies attached to a
stolon (fig. 11) the slender peduncle rises to a considerable height before
a terminal knob forms in which Ascidiozooids develop as young buds.
In fig. 11 the youngest colony has a peduncle 3 cm. in height and
the next 7 cm., and in both of these the Ascidiozooids are still in an
embryonic condition. On an average there are about 20 double rows of
Ascidiozooids in a colony. The colony shown in fig. 1 differs from all
the others in having the body of a dark purple brown colour, which is
found to be due to a dark brown pigment thickly disseminated in the
mantle of the Ascidiozooids. Each Ascidiozooid is about 2 mm. in
length and about 1 mm. in breadth. The thorax and abdomen are about
of the same size. Vascular appendages are continued from the posterior
end of the abdomen downwards into the stalk.

66 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM;

The test is soft and spongy. It contains fusiform, spherical and
stellate small test cells. There are also large bladder cells, but no pig-
ment cells.

The mantle is thin. The muscle bundles run longitudinally. The
branchial aperture is 6-lobed.

The branchial sac is wide, and has large stigmata, which are about
seven times as long as they are wide. The transverse vessels are narrow.
There are 5 rows of stigmata, with 12 in each row.

The dorsal lamina is represented by a series of 4 languets. These are
large, stout, and not tapering, but bluntly rounded.

The tentacles are usually 12 in number, 6 large and 6 small, placed
alternately.

The dorsal tubercle is simple, with an oval aperture.

The alimentary canal crosses so as to resemble a figure of eight. The
stomach is placed far back, and the intestine crosses the oesophagus to
reach the dorsal edge of the thorax.

The spermatic vesicles form a nearly spherical 8-lobed mass, lying
immediately behind the stomach, and therefore not in the intestinal loop.
The vas deferens arises from the centre of the mass and runs along the
intestine to the cloaca.

Locality. — Port Jackson and Port Stephen ; also some on a crab
(Macippe spinosa, Stimpson).

There are nearly thirty specimens, many of them being united in groups
by the branched stolon. This species is closely related to Colella pedun-
cnlata, from which it differs, however, in the fact that here the peduncles
branch at their lower ends to form the stolon which unites several colonies
together in groups, and also in the number and condition of the tentacles,
those of C. pedunculate/, being 16 in number, and all of the same size. In
the present species, however, there is a good deal of variability in the
number and arrangement of the tentacles, partly due, no doubt, to differ-
ence in age and size of the Ascidiozooids. I have found 6 small similar ones,
8 of two sizes, 3 long and 9 very short, 10 of varying sizes, 12 alternately
large and small, and finally 18 or 20 large and small, with 2 or 3 of the
larger ones much longer than the rest.

There are also fifteen colonies from Port Jackson, which probably
belong to the present species. They are all small and evidently im-
mature. One measures as follows : — Length of body 6 mm., breadth 6
mm., thickness 4 mm., length of peduncle 5'5 cm., diameter 2 mm.
They resemble the above-described species in the external appearance,
in the shape and number of their stigmata, the shape of the stomach,

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 67

and the arrangement of the alimentary canal. Five of these small colonies
are attached to the carapace of a crab, Macippe spinosa, Stimpson.

Colella claviformis, Herdm.,* PL Dist. III., figs. 1 — 15.

External appearance. Thu colony consists of a short, stout peduncle
bearing a large irregularly pyriform or ovate body which tapers roughly
to a blunted upper extremity. The wider ends of both body and peduncle
are at the point where they join (PI. Dist. III., fig. 3). The body and
peduncle are of much the same length, and a number of colonies are
united together by a mass of branching and anastomosing rootlets which
spring from the lower ends of the peduncles (fig. 1). The surface is
smooth. The colour is whitish grey, and glistening on the body, and is
of a dull yellowish grey tint on the peduncle. The yellowish brown
Ascidiozooids show through the grey test, and the abdominal parts of
the lowest row can be seen extending into the upper end of the peduncle.
The surface of the body is pitted owing to the contraction of the
Ascidiozooids, and so each aperture appears to be placed at the bottom
of a pit. The peduncle is marked by slight transverse creases and
ridges. The dimensions of an average colony are as follows : — Length
of peduncle 4'4 cm., thickness of peduncle below body l-5 cm., and
at base 7 mm. Length of body 4 cm., breadth of body 3 cm., thickness
of body 1'8 cm.

The Ascidiozooids consist of a small thorax, and an oval abdomen
provided with a long vascular appendage, but differ greatly in shape
at the upper and lower ends of the colony. Those near the top
have short and wide bodies (3 mm. long and 2 mm. broad), and have
each an incubatory pouch containing developing embryos, and no
reproductive organs in the short intestinal loop ; while those at the
base have very long, narrow bodies (5 mm. long and 1 mm. broad) with
long U-shaped intestinal loops, no incubatory pouches and masses of
reproductive organs placed in the intestinal loops. It is evident that
these two sets of Ascidiozooids are at different stages in their life history,
and that as the reproductive elements are set free and become trans-
formed into embryos, developing in the incubatory pouch, the abdomen
shortens considerably in length.

The test is firm on the outer surface, but soft and whitish-grey,
glistening and semi-transparent in the inside of the upper part of the
colony ; while in the peduncle it is tougher and more opaque, and of
a yellower tint. On section the test is very smooth and dense like

* See "Re vision, "p. 611.

68 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

india-rubber. On account of the contraction of the Ascidiozooids there
are large spaces left in the test (see fig. 4) which were occupied by the
thoracic regions when in the expanded state. The structureless matrix
contains spherical and ellipsoidal large cells, and smaller stellate and
and spherical test cells, and also yellow pigment cells (figs. 5 and G).

The mantle has muscle bands running longitudinally, and also a few
regularly placed transverse bands. An incubatory pouch is present on
the dorsal edge.

The branchial sac has 6 or 7 rows of stigmata (fig. 10), which are
closely placed. The stigmata are from five to seven times as long as
broad (figs. 11 and 12). The transverse vessels are narrow.

The dorsal lamina is represented by long, narrow, almost tentacular
languets (fig. 13).

The tentacles are 30 in number, and consist of 5 very long, 10
medium sized, and 15 very short, placed with regularity as follows :—
long, short, medium, short, long. The short tentacles spring from a
level further posteriorly than the line of insertion of the others.

The dorsal tubercle has a simple circular aperture leading into a
long, narrow funnel shaped cavity.

The alimentary canal is long and narrow in the younger Ascidiozooids
at the base of the colony (fig. 7), but becomes much shorter as the
reproductive elements are shed, and the Ascidiozooid is pushed up
nearer to the top (figs. 8 and 9). The lining of the stomach and
intestine are thrown into numerous folds.

The reproductive organs, both male and female, are placed in the
intestinal loops of the young Ascidiozooids. Embryos in various stages
of development are seen in the incubatory pouches of the older
Ascidiozooids (fig. 8).

Locality. — Port Jackson.

There are about 30 colonies of this species, but of these 15 smaller
ones are united into one mass by the branching rootlets given off by the
lower ends of their peduncles. Other 4 larger colonies are similarly
united, as shown in fig. 1. The Ascidiozooids differ considerably in
shape and size in different parts (figs. 7 — 10). Near the top of the
peduncle Ascidiozooids are found with a long-looped alimentary canal,
and reproductive organs in the loop, while at the top of the colony
are found Ascidiozooids having short-looped intestines, and provided
with incubatory pouches. The stolon - like appendages from the
Ascidiozooids are shown in figs. 14 and 15.

This species is evidently very abundant on some parts of the Austra-

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 69

lian coast. Mr. Saville-Kent, in his book, "The Naturalist in Australia,"
reproduces, at p. 216, a photograph of Ascidian-covered rocks at Eoebuck
Bay, Western Australia, which shows many hundreds of specimens of
what, I think, must be the present species, festooning every ledge and
crevice.

Mr. Saville-Kent, in letters, informs me that this Ascidian occurs near
extreme low-tide level. He describes the colour of the living colony as
being a smoky grey, upon which the ends of the Ascidiozooids show as a
bright cobalt blue. Mr. Kent also tells me, in his letters, of another allied
species of a " creamy or light ochre hue," which he dredged from 6
fathoms off the Lacepede Islands further north.

Professor Bitter, of Berkeley, Cal., tells me that he finds on the Califor-
nian coast a species that is either Colclla clavifonnis or a closely-allied
form.

Colella cyanea, n. sp., PI. Pel. IV., figs. 1—6.

External appearance. The colony consists of a long and rather stout
peduncle supporting a very long and gently tapering body, which termin-
ates in a blunted upper end (PI. Pel. IV., fig. 1). The colour all over is
a dark blue, darker, however, in the body than on the peduncle, while
the depressed bodies of the Ascidiozooids are darkest of all, with the two
apertures showing on each as two whitish blue spots In consistency
the head is soft and flaccid, while the peduncle is much firmer. The
wide base of the peduncle spreads out to form short strong rootlets for
attachment (PI. Pel. IV., fig. 1). The larger colony measures : — Length
of body 11*5 cm., breadth 2 cm., thickness 1*5 cm., length of peduncle
9 cm., diameter 1*3 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are arranged without definite order, but are about
equally spaced all over the body. An Ascidiozooid is about 5 mm. long
and 1-5 mm. broad. It consists of thorax and abdomen, which are of
equal size. The vascular appendages from the abdomen are exceedingly
long and stout, and run half-way or more down the peduncle.

The test has many bladder cells, and many dark-coloured pigment
cells (fig. 2). The test cells are very large and numerous, and are
found of spherical, fusiform, stellate, and other shapes.

The mantle has muscle fibres, which run longitudinally, and also
transverse bundles along the level of each transverse vessel. The
branchial aperture is 6-lobed. There are many dark-coloured pigment
cells in the mantle.

The branchial sac has 5 or 6 rows of exceedingly long, narrow stig-

70 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

mata (fig. 4), about fourteen to sixteen times as long as broad. The sac
is produced ventrally into an endostylic prolongation, and the dorsal
edge is only about half as long as the ventral (fig 3). There are altogether
about 20 stigmata on each side of the branchial sac.

The dorsal lamina is represented by a few very long languets, which
are wide at the base and taper rapidly (fig. 5).

The tentacles are 24 in number, and are of three distinct sizes, arranged
alternately (fig. 6). Of the six long ones, 3 are a little longer than the
others, and one of these 3 (placed laterally) is longer than its fellows.
The 6 medium-sized are very much shorter than the 6 long, and vary a
little amongst themselves in size and shape. The 12 short tentacles are
exceedingly short, being mere papillae (fig. 6). The 6 long tentacles
spring from a line a little posterior to the insertion of the others. The
tentacles are pigmented.

The alimentary canal is a simple U-shaped loop, which, from the
great ventral prolongation of the branchial sac, appears to arise half-way
along the dorsal edge of the thorax. The oesophagus is wide, but narrows
before passing into the oval stomach. The intestine is wide and rather
thick-walled. It contained, in the specimen examined, a very large
number of parasitic Gregarinida.

There are no reproductive organs in the intestinal loop.

Locality. — Port Jackson.

Two colonies of this remarkable blue species were found in the collec-
tion, labelled Sigillina aitstralis, Savigny. They differ, however, very
markedly from the description and figures given by Savigny, and even if
Savigny's Sigillina turns out to have been one of the Distomidae, which
is not likely, still it must be regarded as at least specifically distinct from
the present form. Savigny gives the colour of his form as being yellowish
green, while in the present specimen it is a very dark blue. Then, again,
the form of the Ascidiozooids and the branchial sacs differ. I can find
no trace of a post-abdomen in these specimens, and so place the species
in the present family. At first I was inclined to regard the form as a
Polyclinid.

[The following Uistomidte have also been described from Australian
Beas : —

Colella pcchmculata, Q. and G., Port Western.

C. pulchra, Herdm., Torres Str.

C. clongata, Herdm., P. Jackson.

C. Murray!, Herdm., S.E. Australia and Port Jackson.

.CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 71

, Do., var. rubida, Bass Str.

Distoma dcerata, Sluit., Torres Str.

? Chondrostachys sp., Macd., Bass Str.

? Polyclinum cyliiulricmn, Q. and G., Port Western.]

Family II. POLYCLINID^!, Giard, 1872.

Colony usually massive ; sometimes encrusting, sometimes lobed or
even pedunculated.

Systems of various shapes, sometimes very irregular or absent. Com-
mon cloacal apertures usually inconspicuous.

Ascidiozooids always elongated antero-posteriorly, and usually divided
into three distinct regions. Branchial 6- or 8-lobed ; atrial aperture
often with atrial languet.

Test gelatinous or cartilaginous, sometimes rendered stiff by imbedded
sand grains.

Branchial sac usually small, and not highly developed. Stigmata
usually small. There may be papilliform connecting-ducts, but never
internal longitudinal bars.

Dorsal lamina represented by a series of languets.

Tentacles small, and not numerous.

Alimentary canal extending considerably beyond the branchial sac
posteriorly.

Gonads placed behind the intestinal loop in the post-abdomen. Testis
represented by a number of small spermatic sacs, attached to a large vas
deferens.

Gemmation from the post-abdomen, which has the heart at its
extremity.

Of the many genera in this family only three are represented. One
of these Psammaplidium includes the colonies encrusted with sand. I
think it best to refer all the forms with smooth stomachs to Polyclinum,
and the rest to Amaroucium.

Amaroucium, M. Edw., 1841.

The following four species seem to be new, and probably belong to
this genus.

Amaroucium rotundatum, n. sp., PI. Pel. I., tigs. 1—4.

External appearance. The colony consists of a short, stumpy peduncle,
which bears a large, somewhat hemispherical mass, the Ascidiarium,
placed with its convex surface uppermost (PL Pel. I., tig. 1). The
peduncle is very thick and solid. It is of a dark grey colour and is in

72 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

great part covered with sand grains, shell fragments, worm tubes, and
other adhering foreign bodies. The lower end of the peduncle is attached
by a wide surface. The Ascidiarium is firm, light grey in colour, and
fairly transparent. On account of the retraction of the Ascidiozooids, its
sm-face is pitted all over. The dimensions are : — length of Ascidiarium
5 cm., breadth 8'5 cm., thickness 48 cm. Length of peduncle 3-5 cm.,
thickness 4'2 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are irregularly placed. They are very long (PI.
Pel. I., fig. 4), being about 2 cm. antero-posteriorly. The body is divided
into thorax and abdomen, with a long vascular appendage. The thorax
in the contracted state is only half the length of the abdomen, and is of
a clear white colour, with a dark streak along the dorsal edge, caused by
the rectum, and regular longitudinal lines which indicate the muscle
bands. In some cases the thorax is greatly distended with developing
embryos. No tailed larvae were seen.

The, test is firm and cartilaginous. It has no pigment cells. The test
cells are large and stellate or spherical. Bladder cells are also present.

The -mantle is not very delicate, and is moderately muscular. Longi-
tudinal muscle bands run at regular intervals over the thorax, and each
bifurcates as it approaches the branchial aperture. There are about 20
of these longitudinal muscle bands. At the posterior end of the thorax
they converge ventrally and dorsally to form two very powerful muscles,
which run posteriorly over the abdomen.

The branchial sac is rather wide. It has about 12 rows, of about 40
stigmata in each row. The stigmata are moderately long, and are
regular. The transverse vessels are strong, and have horizontal mem-
branes attached to their inner edges (PI. Pel. I., fig. 2).

The dorsal lamina is represented by a series of exceedingly long and
closely-placed languets (PL Pel. I., fig. 3), each being at least 0"5 mm.
long. There are about 20. They taper from a very wide base to a fine
point, and are covered with large cilia.

The tentacles are 24 in number, and are of two sizes, placed alternately.
The larger ones vary in size.

The alimentary canal forms a very long, narrow U-shaped loop. The
very long oesophagus runs back to a posteriorly-placed stomach, from
which the long, thin-walled intestine passes forwards, to end near the
atrial aperture. The stomach wall is folded longitudinally.

The reproductive organs lie in the intestinal loop, and extend a little
beyond it posteriorly.

Locality. — One colony of this species was in the collection from Port
Jackson.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 73

Amaroucium protectans, n. sp., PL Pel. III., figs. 7 — 10.

External appearance. The colony is thick, massive, dome-like, and
not stalked. On its lower surface it is concave where it is slightly
attached to the dorsal surface of the crab Dromia excavata, Haswell
(PL Pel. III., fig. 7). The upper surface is strongly convex, and has the
Ascidiozooids scattered all over it. The colour is a dull yellowish grey,
in some cases being darker towards the lower part of the colony from
the presence of imbedded sand grains. The average dimensions of two
shapes of colony are as follows :—

A. B.

Length (height)... ... -4-5 cm. ... 5'5 cm.

Breadth 1OO cm. ... 7'5 cm.

Thickness 7'5 cm. ... 6'5 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are about 1 cm. to T5 cm. in length and T5 mm. in
breadth. They lie in the test at right angles to the surface. The body
is divided into thorax, abdomen, and a short post-abdomen (PL Pel. III.,
fig. 8) terminating in a vascular appendage, which, in some cases, is long,
branched, and budding.

The test has many bladder cells, but 110 pigment cells. The small
test cells are chiefly spherical, and are not very numerous.

The mantle has strong longitudinally-running muscle fibres over the
post-abdomen, and both longitudinal and transverse fibres are present in
the mantle over the branchial sac, the transverse bundles being very
closely placed. Sometimes the mantle over the branchial sac is marked
with black pigment spots.

The branchial sac has about 10 rows of long, narrow stigmata (PI.
Pel. III., fig. 10). The transverse vessels bear large horizontal mem-
branes. There are usually a series of tailed larvae placed in a single row
along the thorax.

The dorsal lamina is represented by a series of rather long languets,
set about their own length apart, opposite the transverse vessels (PL
Pel. III., fig. 9).

The tentacles are 24 in number and of three sizes, 6 large, 6 medium,
and 12 very much smaller, which arise on a level anterior to the others.

Alimentary canal. The oesophagus is long and has its wall thrown
into transverse folds ; and before entering the stomach it narrows con-
siderably. The stomach is globular or oval, and has its wall longi-
tudinally grooved (PL Pel. III., fig. 8). The intestine is narrow on first
leaving the stomach, and runs for a short distance posteriorly, and then
becomes rapidly wider and thin-walled, and runs anteriorly alongside the

74 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

long oesophagus to the dorsal edge of the branchial sac. It is constricted
at intervals.

Reproductive organs. The masses of spermatic vesicles lie on the
posterior edge of the abdomen and extend over the intestine. The vas
deferens is large and conspicuous.

Locality. — There are half-a-dozen colonies of this species from Port
Jackson.

In Nature for February 6th, 1890, Dr. R. v. Lendenfeld wrote a
letter drawing attention to the fact that in the Australian seas there is a
crab which attaches a large Ascidian to its back for protective purposes.
In the following number of Nature, vol. XLL, p. 344, I had a letter on
the subject, from which I quote the following as to the present species of
Amaroucium :—

" The Compound Ascidian referred to by Dr. R. v. Lendenfeld in
yesterday's Nature (p. 317) is one of the Polyclinidae and probably a new
species. It belongs to the genus Atopoyaatcr, and is closely related to
A. infonnis (' Challenger' Report, Part II., p. 171).

" I have before me now five good specimens of the crab and Ascidian
(the crab in this case is Dmmia excavata, Haswell) dredged in Port
Jackson, and sent to me by the Australian Museum, Sydney ; they
measure as follows : —

SPECIMEN CRAB ASCIDIAN

(greatest diameter) (length breadth height)

cm.
A 4

-D... ... • '>'•) ... ...

C 2-5

D 2-5

E 2-5

" In the largest of them the Ascidian seems to be quite twenty times
the size of the crab.

" I notice in these specimens that the last pair of thoracic legs of the
crab, which are much larger than the preceding pair, are turned up
dorsally, and are so firmly embedded and attached by their sharp claws
in the test of the Ascidian, that it is easier to disarticulate them than to
loosen their hold." ....

At that time I thought I could put the species in my "Challenger"
genus Atopoyaster, but I now consider that it will be safer to regard it as
an Amarouciwn.

cm.

cm.

cm.

10

X

8

X

5

10

X

6

X

5

8

X

6

X

5-5

6

X

6

X

5

5-5

X

4-5

X

3

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 75

Amaroucium distomoides, n. sp., PL Pel. IV., tigs. 7—13.

External appearance. The colony is of oblong massive form, attached
by a small area at one end and rounded at the other. It is of a yellowish
grey colour, and the numerous small yellow Ascidiozooids are con-
spicuous over the greater part of the surface. The colony is soft and
easily deformed. The length is 7'3 cm., the breadth 3'2 cm., and the
thickness T7 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are small as seen on the surface, and are very
numerous. They are arranged in definite systems (PI. Pel. IV., fig. 7),
which are in some places circular or stellate in outline, but in other parts
become larger and more complicated, and then form branched lines and
networks. Cloacal passages are visible in places running through the
test. The Ascidiozooids are of an opaque yellow colour, and show dis-
tinctly against the grey test. The body is divided into thorax, abdomen,
and post-abdomen (fig. 11). The thorax and abdomen are about 2 mm.
in length and the post-abdomen may be about 8 mm., or even longer,
and very slender. The thorax and abdomen run at right angles to the
surface, but the post-abdomen soon turns downwards and runs vertically
through the centre of the colony. The post-abdomen terminates in a
delicate vascular appendage. The branchial aperture has 6 lobes, the
atrial has one large tri-lobed languet. The atrial aperture is dorsal.

The test is soft. It contains many bladder cells (PI. Pel. IV., figs.
8 and 9). There are white pigment cells, and many small stellate and
spherical test cells. The outer layer of the test is firmer, and forms a
membrane.

The mantle has muscle fibres running longitudinally over the
branchial sac, and also 2 or 3 transverse bands. The mantle is very
delicate over the abdomen and strong again on the post-abdomen, where

there are about 10 longitudinal muscle bands. It is crowded with
yellow pigment cells, which, in some Ascidiozooids, are aggregated to

form stellate and branched masses (PI. Pel. IV., fig. 10).

The branchial sac has the ventral edge prolonged backwards, so that

the posterior end of the endostyle projects (fig. 11). There are 3 or 4

rows of long, narrow stigmata, each about ten times as long as wide.

The transverse vessels bear horizontal membranes (fig. 12).

The dorsal lamina is represented by a series of languets set rather

more than their own length apart (fig. 12).

The tentacles are 14 in number, alternately large and small.

The dorsal tubercle is placed close to the base of a tentacle, as there

is no peritubercular area, and the peri-pharyngeal bands come far

anteriorly. The opening leads into a wide infundibulum (fig. 13).

76 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Alimentary canal. The oesophagus curves round ventrally, and
enters the stomach on the side. The stomach is oval and lies
transversely (fig. 11). It has 3 or 4 longitudinal folds on each side.
The intestine is rather narrow, and runs first posteriorly and then widens
suddenly into a thick-walled heart-shaped cavity, which tapers off into
the intestine, which then turns anteriorly and runs up the dorsal
side of the thorax, nearly as far as the atrial languet. The rectum
is wider than the intestine, but very thin-walled, so that the faecal
pellets show through distinctly.

Reproductive organs. None of the Ascidiozooids examined showed
any trace of reproductive organs in the post-abdomen. Vascular append-
ages are present, budding freely, both from the ends and sides of the
post-abdomen (fig. 11).

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one colony.

Amaroucium anomalum, n. sp., PI. Pel. III., figs. 11 — 16.

External appearance. The colony is small, and of nearly globular
form. It is attached to the side of a small sponge (PI. Pel. III., fig. 11).
The colony is of a light grey colour, the Ascidiozooids showing through
of a darker tint. The anterior ends of the Ascidiozooids are all at the
upper end, which is twisted over to one side. The rest of the colony is
smoother and more compact. The length of the colony is l-5 cm., and
the breadth l-2 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are set at right angles to the surface, and are all
nearly parallel in position. The thorax and abdomen measure about
7 mm., and the post-abdomen about 5 mm. (fig. 14).

The test is soft and gelatinous round the anterior ends of the Ascidio-
zooids. On the rest of the colony it is firm and compact. It contains
no bladder cells and no pigment cells, but many rather large test cells.
The test is traversed by vascular appendages arising from the post-
abdomen of the Ascidiozooids, which run almost parallel with one
another towards the lower end of the colony, and give off, usually alter-
nately, short lateral branches, which bear clumps of terminal bulbs
(see fig. 16). There seems to be no anastomosis between the various
branches. The ectoderm covering these vessels is distinctly columnar.

The mantle is very strong and muscular. The thorax has longitudinal
fibres, and also transverse bands running round between the rows of
stigmata. The longitudinal muscle bands are strong over the post-
abdomen.

The branchial sac is rather opaque. There are 9 or 10 rows of

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 77

stigmata, and about 40 in a row on each side. The stigmata are fairly
wide, but are seven times as long as wide (fig. 13). They are rather
wider than the thickness of the inter-stigmatic vessels. The transverse
vessels bear narrow horizontal membranes.

The dorsal lamina is represented by about 10 closely-placed languets
(fig. 12), with large out-spreading bases, and reaching a length of
about 0-3 mm.

The tentacles are all similar. There are about a dozen.

The alimentary canal has a very long and narrow oesophagus, which
enters a heart-shaped stomach at its wider end (fig. 14). The stomach
has 4 longitudinal folds in all. The posterior end of the stomach passes
by a narrow constriction into the intestine, which widens again suddenly.
The intestine runs posteriorly, and then at its most posterior point it,
in some cases, widens again slightly. It then turns anteriorly, and
becomes narrow for some distance, and then finally swells into the wide,
thin-walled rectum, which runs up the dorsal edge of the thorax. The
gland running over the intestine (fig. 15) is unusually large, and can be
clearly seen with a 1 in. objective. Its duct seems wide and flattened,
or ribbon-shaped.

The reproductive organs are not present in all Ascidiozooids. When
present, the post-abdomen is filled with spermatic vesicles up to the
bend of the intestine. The masses have a polygonal shape, and fit
closely side by side so as to form a long sausage-like mass.

Locality. — I have one colony of this species from Sydney harbour.

The branched vascular appendages in the test are in a particularly
interesting condition. They show an intermediate state between the
straight unbranched vascular appendages of the Distomidae (e.g., Colella)
and the branched anastomosing vessels of the Botryllidae ; while, from
the presence of a post-abdomen, the species clearly belongs to the Poly-
clinidae. It may possibly be the form alluded to, but not fully described,
by Macdonald under the name of " Polyclinoides " — a name which has
been proposed several times over by various authors.

Polyclinum, Sav., 1816.

I place the following seven species, which seem to be undescribed, in
this genus, chiefly on account of the stomach walls not showing any
grooves or thickenings.

Polyclinum clava, n. sp., PI. Pel. I., figs. 5—8.

External appearance. The colony consists of an ovate Ascidiarium
borne on a stout peduncle, which tapers downwards to a narrow base of

78 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

attachment (PI. Pel. 1, fig. 5). The widest part is about the middle of
the Ascidiarium. There is no marked line of demarcation at the top
of the peduncle. The colour is light yellowish grey all over, except close
to the point of attachment, where it is a little darker. The dimensions
of the larger colony are : — Length of Ascidiarium 6 cm., breadth 4'7 cm.,
thickness 4-5 cm. Length of peduncle 4 cm., thickness 2-5 cm., tapering
down to 1'3 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are scattered irregularly. They are large, being 1-5
cm. in length and l-5 mm. in breadth. The thorax is only half as long
as the long, narrow abdomen (fig. 6). They are all retracted, so as to lie
deeply in the test, and in some the thorax is much contracted. The long
bodies of the Ascidiozooids penetrate the test in all directions.

The test contains many bladder cells and large test cells. There are
no pigment cells.

The mantle is strong over the thorax. It is provided with longi-
tudinal muscle bands running with regularity down the thorax and
bifurcating at the base of the branchial siphon. The apertures are
6-lobed. An incubatory pouch is present, but no tailed larvae were seen.

The branchial sac has about 10 rows of stigmata, with 15 in each row.
The stigmata are about 8 times as long as wide. Narrow horizontal
membranes are present, running along the transverse vessels (fig. 7).

The dorsal lamina is represented by a long series of closely-placed,
rather small languets (fig. 8).

The tentacles are 14 in number and of 2 sizes, placed alternately. The
larger ones are not all of the same size, and one of them, (placed laterally)
is much larger than the rest.

The dorsal tubercle has a simple circular opening.

The alimentary canal forms a very long and narrow loop, rather wider
posteriorly than where it joins the thorax (fig. 6). The oesophagus and
intestine are both very long and straight. The ovate stomach is placed
posteriorly.

The reproductive organs are placed in the intestinal loop, the spermatic
vesicles being posterior to the ovary. The spermatic vesicles are
arranged in grape-like clusters. They are small and numerous, while the
ova are few and large. In the younger Ascidiozooids the ova are rather
more numerous and the spermatic vesicles fewer and smaller. It is
evident that the Ascidiozooids are protogynous.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; two specimens. The second is only about
half the size of the one measured.

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 79

Polyclinum giganteum, n. sp., PL Pel. II., figs. 1 and 2.

External appearance. The colony consists of a short, thick peduncle,
bearing a pyriform or ovate massive Ascidiarium. The peduncle narrows
to its point of attachment, and is of a darker grey than the upper part of
the colony. It is slightly encrusted with sand on its surface. The colour
of the Ascidiarium is a light yellowish grey. Its consistency is soft and
spongy, and it is readily deformed (fig. 1). The dimensions are as
follows: — Length of Ascidiarium 7cm., breadth 4-5 cm., thickness 3'3
cm. Length of peduncle 3-5 cm., thickness 2 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are not much retracted. They are scattered over
the surface. Each is about 6 mm. in length and 2 mm. in breadth. The
abdomen is twice as long as the thorax. The vascular appendages are
very long, and some have buds.

The test is rather firmer on the outside than inside. The small test
cells are spherical, fusiform, and stellate. There are no pigment cells,
and very few bladder cells.

The mantle is strong and rather contracted on the thorax. It has
longitudinal muscle bands (formed of two fibres each), which run with
regularity over the thorax.

The branchial sac is very opaque and corrugated, being thrown into
folds and obscured by the contracted state of the mantle. The stigmata
are about 8 or 9 times as long as broad.

The dorsal lamina is represented by a large number of short and
very closely-placed languets.

The tentacles are about 20 in number, and are of 2 sizes, placed
alternately.

The dorsal tubercle has a simple circular or oval opening.

The alimentari/ canal forms a narrow loop. The thick - walled
oesophagus passes back to the posteriorly-placed simple stomach, from
which the delicate intestine runs anteriorly and dorsally, to end about
one-third of the way up the thorax.

The reproductive organs lie in the intestinal loop. The spermatic
vesicles axe numerous, and closely placed.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; two colonies.

The larger colony (fig. 2) measures 11 cm. by 9 cm. by 4 cm. The
figure represents it nearly natural size. The other colony (fig. 1) is
smaller, and has the anterior ends of the Ascidiozooids more distinctly
marked.

80 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

f

Polyclinum globosum, n. sp., PI. Pel. II., figs. 3—8.

External appearance. The shape of the colony is like that of many
Fungi, and consists of a short and very stout peduncle, bearing a
massive dome-shaped Ascidiarium. The Ascidiarium has its length,
breadth, and thickness about equal. Its top is convex, and not pointed.
It is of greyish white colour, and is fairly hard and elastic. The
peduncle is covered externally with sand grains (fig. 3). It is of a very
dark grey colour, and is about twice as thick as its length. The
dimensions are as follows: — Length of Ascidiarium 5'3 cm., breadth
5-5 cm., thickness 5'0 cm. Length of peduncle 2-7 cm., thickness
3 to 5 cm.

The Ascidiozooids have retracted about 5 mm. from the surface
(fig. 4). They measure 1-2 cm. in length and 1-5 mm. in breadth.
The abdomen is twice or two and a half times the length of the thorax
(fig. 5). The vascular appendages are filled with blood corpuscles, and
are budding. Numerous tailed larvae and embryos are to be found in
the incubatory pouches. The average length of the tailed larva is 1 mm.,
and the breadth at the broadest end is 0-67 mm. (see fig. 8).

The test contains many bladder cells with fusiform nuclei. There
are rather large test cells, but no pigment cells.

The mantle is exceedingly thick and strong, and is much contracted.
It has longitudinal muscle bands (of two fibres each) running with
regularity over the branchial sac and bifurcating at the branchial
sphincter.

The branchial sac is very much corrugated and obscured by the
contraction of the mantle. The longitudinal vessels are wider than the
stigmata (fig. 7), wrhich are about nine or ten times as long as wide.
There are 8 transverse vessels in the branchial sac.

The dorsal lamina is represented by a series of small, tentacular
languets, placed about their own length apart (fig. 6).

The tentacles are rather short and stiff. There are 8 or 10, all of the
same size.

The alimentary canal is a long, simple loop, like that of the last few
species, having a thick-walled oesophagus, and a thin-walled intestine ;
while there is a simple ovate stomach placed posteriorly. The rectum
only reaches the posterior end of the thorax (fig. 5).

The reproductive organs lie in the intestinal loop. Ova, spermatic
vesicles, and tailed larvas are all present in the same Ascidiozooids.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; three colonies.

CATALOGUE OF TUNIC ATA. 81

This species and the last described are undoubtedly very closely
related ; if, indeed, they are distinct. They differ chiefly in their
tentacles and the dorsal languets, and these may possibly, when more
specimens come to be examined, be found to vary considerably. In
the meantime, I think it best to describe both forms fully, even though
it may afterwards become necessary to unite them under one specific
name.

Polyclinum complanatum, n. sp., PI. Pel. I., figs. 9—12.

External appearance. The colony is very wide and flat, but has
evidently, in the only specimen, been very much distorted by pressure
from above downwards. The peduncle has been pressed up against the
Ascidiarium, and its wide base of attachment is now concave (PI. Pel. I.,
fig. 9). The Ascidiarium is almost rectangular in outline, and is of a
yellowish white colour. The peduncle is rather greyer, and is slightly
encrusted with sand. The dimensions are as follows : — Length of
Ascidiarium 3-5 cm., breadth 10 cm., thickness 8 cm. Length of
peduncle 2 cm., thickness 4 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are from 7 to 15 mm. in length, and are 1'5 mm. in
breadth. They lie principally near the base of the Ascidiarium, but are
not much retracted from the surface, the two apertures being very
distinctly visible. The body consists of thorax, abdomen, and a short
post-abdomen, with vascular appendage (fig. 10). The abdomen is
twice or more the length of the thorax. The vascular appendages are
branched. Incubatory pouches crowded with embryos may be present.

The test contains numerous large spherical, stellate, and fusiform test
cells.

The mantle has longitudinal muscle bands, which run over the thorax
and bifurcate near the branchial siphon, each half then joining with the
neighbouring half under the sphincter muscle.

The branchial sac is very opaque, and is corrugated on account of the
contraction of the mantle over it. The stigmata are very long, about eight
or nine times their width (fig. 11). The inter-stigmatic vessels are narrow.

The dorsal lamina is represented by a series of slender languets,
which may be coiled (fig. 12), and are set rather less than their own
length apart.

The tentacles are about 12 in number, and all of one size.

The alimentary canal consists of a long oesophagus, a simple and wide
stomach, and a thin-walled intestine, which only reaches a little way up
the thorax (fig. 10). It is usually distended with faecal pellets.

82 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The reproductive organs, both ova and spermatic vesicles, lie in the
short, stout post-abdomen behind the intestinal loop.

Locality. — Port Jackson. A single colony attached to the carapace
of a Dromia, 1882.

Polyclinum fuscum, n. sp., PI. Pel. III., figs. 1 — 6.

External appearance. The colony consists of a short, wide peduncle,
supporting a globular, massive Ascidiarium. The single colony is im-
perfect, about one-third, at least, of the head having been cut off. The
whole colony is of a dark brown colour. The peduncle is encrusted with
dark yellowish brown sand and shell fragments, &c. The lower 3 cm. of
the Ascidiarium has no apertures of Ascidiozooids in it, but is smooth
test externally. This region is partly encrusted with foreign bodies. The
dimensions are: — Length of Ascidiarium 10 cm., breadth probably 10 to
12 cm., thickness 6'5 cm. Length of peduncle 3-5 cm., breadth 7 cm.,
thickness 3-5 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are all slightly retracted, but are not more than
5 mm. from the surface. They are closely placed all over the surface,
except in the basal 3 cm. They are very long, varying from l-5 to 2-5
cm., antero-posteriorly ; of this the thorax is 3 or 4 mm. only. An
incubatory pouch is present, containing about 4 tailed larvae (fig. 2).

The test contains bladder cells and many brown pigment cells (fig. 3).
The test cells are few and small. There are also numerous crystals,
which are probably due to post-mortem changes.

The mantle is delicate, and is not pigmented. The muscle bands of
the thorax run longitudinally only.

The branchial sac is long and rather narrow. The stigmata are long
and narrow, being about eight or nine times as long as wide (fig. 4). The
branchial sac is rather corrugated and opaque. There are about 12 rows
of stigmata.

The dorsal lamina is represented by about 12 languets, which are set
three-quarters of the length apart. Each is about 0'2 or 0'3 mm. in
length and rather stout (fig. 5).

The tentacles are 24 in number. There is one very large tentacle and
5 others on a level with it ; while further back, and alternating with
these 6, are 6 others of about the same size as the 5 first ; then still
further back are 12 very small and stiff tentacles, alternating with the
other 12 (see fig. 6).

The alimentary canal forms a long, narrow loop four or five times as
long as the branchial sac. The stomach is simple. The intestine only
reaches a very short way up the thorax.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA.

83

The. reproductive organs are placed in a short post-abdomen behind
the intestinal loop (fig. 2).

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one colony.

Polyclinum prunum, n. sp., PI. Pel. IV., figs. 14 — 16.

External appearance. The colony consists of a globular mass placed
on a short peduncle. The surface is smooth and even, and the Ascidio-
zooids are inconspicuous. The colour is a dull yellowish grey, the
peduncle being slightly darker and encrusted with sand (fig. 14). Length
4'6 cm., breadth 5'2 cm., thickness 3-5 cm. Length of peduncle 1 cm.,
thickness of peduncle 1'2 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are retracted into the test ; each is about 7 mm. in
length, and is divided into thorax, abdomen, and post-abdomen (fig. 15).
Tailed larvae are present in the thorax.

The test is much crowded with test cells, many of which are fusiform.
There are no bladder cells and no vessels, but a few yellow pigment
cells are present. The outer layer forms a firm membrane over the
much softer mass inside.

The mantle is opaque. Longitudinal muscle fibres run over the
thorax, and stronger ones along the post-abdomen. The branchial
aperture has 6 lobes ; the atrial aperture is rather irregularly lobed.

The branchial sac is very opaque, and much corrugated. There are
many rows of small stigmata, which are about twice as long as wide.
The stigmata are wider than the inter-stigmatic vessels (fig. 16).

The dorsal lamina is represented by long slender languets, one
opposite each transverse vessel (fig. 16).

The tentacles are very numerous. There are more than 20, closely
placed, and of different sizes.

The dorsal tubercle has a small triangular opening. The neural gland
is large.

The alimentary canal has a short oesophagus, entering a cordate
stomach placed with the wider end posterior. The stomach wall is not
grooved (fig. 15). The wide intestine runs for some distance posteriorly,
and then turns and ends about two-thirds of the way up the dorsal edge
of the branchial sac.

The reproductive organs consist of many spermatic vesicles, placed in
the post-abdomen, with a conspicuous vas deferens and a few ova
(fig. 15).

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one colony.

84 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

(?) Polyclinum nigrum, n. sp., PI. Pel. I, figs. 13—16.

External appearance. The colony is encrusting and expanded hori-
zontally, of roughly ovate form, and with a convex upper surface. The
irregular lower surface is attached to some small oyster shells, barnacles,
and pieces of stone, which are all more or less grown over by the test.
The colour is a very dark slatey or indigo blue, so dark as to be almost
black in parts. The upper surface is smooth and glossy. The extreme
length of the colony is 10 cm., the greatest breadth about 4'5 cm., the
greatest thickness 3 cm., and the usual thickness about 1-5 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are scattered evenly over the whole upper surface,
but are not arranged in systems. They lie at right angles to the surface.
They are about 5 mm. in length, the thorax being from 2 to 3 mm. long
(fig. 14). The post-abdomen is very short. It gives off a narrow vas-
cular appendage, which runs for some distance through the test.

The test is firm and cartilaginous. Bladder cells are present (fig. 15),
and many dark-coloured pigment cells. The test cells are large and very
numerous, so that the test looks crowded. The muscle bands are strong
and opaque.

The mantle is rather muscular and is pigmented. Both longitudinal
and transverse fibres are present on the thorax, while longitudinal are on
the post-abdomen. The atrial siphon is very long, while the branchial
is short. The branchial aperture is 6-lobed and the atrial 4-lobed (fig. 14).

The branchial sac is exceedingly opaque and contracted. The stigmata
are very long, about nine or ten times as long as they are wide (fig. 16).

The dorsal lamina is represented by about half-a-dozen large, strong
languets. The most anterior languet is shorter than the rest and wider
at the base (fig. 16, a. I.).

The tentacles are 10 in number, alternately larger and smaller.

The alimentary canal forms a very long loop (fig. 14). The narrow
oesophagus leads to a somewhat cordate, thick-walled stomach, the wider
end of which is anterior. The intestine is narrow and thin-walled on
first leaving the stomach, and becomes wider and thick- walled towards
the posterior end of the loop. It then turns anteriorly and becomes
undulating in its course, and then finally straight. It crosses over the
oesophagus to reach the dorsal side of the branchial sac.

TJie reproductive organs lie in the very short post-abdomen, and extend
forwards into the intestinal loop. Only male organs were found.

Locality. — There is one specimen of this species in the collection. It
is labelled " 72, Naucluse, Port Jackson, John Brazier, F.L.S."

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 85

Psammaplidium, Herdman, 1886.

This includes those species where a great part of the bulk of the
test is made up of imbedded and encrusting sand grains. Nine species
were previously known, and this collection has added 5 more.

Psammaplidium solidum, Herdman,* PL Pel. V., figs. 1—5.

Colony rather massive, formed of thick lumps, with few lobes,
scarcely branched (fig. 1). No visible place of attachment. Ends of
Ascidiozooids visible on the surface, closely crowded together. No
common cloacal apertures seen. Closely covered with encrusting and
imbedded sand grains. Surface rather smooth and glistening in parts.
Colour a grey sand tint. Length about 8 cm., breadth 4-5 cm., thickness
1 cm.

Test thickly encrusted with sand grains and other foreign particles,
which penetrate into the centre of the colony. Outer layer rather
tougher than the rest, so as to form a membrane. No bladder cells,
pigment cells or vessels visible in test ; test cells small and not very
numerous (fig. 2).

Ascidiozooids placed at right angles to the surface, small. The
thorax is about 0'7 mm. long, and the post-abdomen is very short (fig. 3).
The branchial aperture is distinctly 6-lobed.

The mantle has the majority of the muscle fibres running longitudi-
nally ; there are a few transverse bundles on the thorax. Atrial languet
either very small or absent.

The branchial sac has both transverse and inter-stigmatic vessels
very narrow (fig. 5), and the stigmata remarkably wide, the width being
nearly half their length.

Tentacles about 12 in number, short and stout (fig. 4).

Endostyle thrown into a series of close lateral undulations (fig 3).

Alimentary canal with a long, narrow- oesophagus, and a stomach
with about 6 longitudinal ridges, intestine thick-walled, rectum thinner,
with oval black pellets of faecal matter.

Gonads in short post-abdomen, just below loop of intestine. Both
spermatic vesicles and well-developed ova were present, and there were
large tailed larvae in the peribranchial cavity.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one colony.

Psammaplidium lobatum, Herdman, f PI. Pel. V., figs 6 — 12.
Colony large, irregularly-lobed, slightly branched, and erect, the

* ".Revision," 1891, p. 620.
t "Revision," 1891, p. 6?0.

86 THE AUSTEALIAN MUSEUM.

branches ending in rounded knobs (fig. 6) ; attached by a small but flat
and slightly expanded base (fig. 7). Ascidiozooids visible on surface, but
no arrangement in systems seen. Surface closely encrusted with sand
grains all over. Colour sandy grey. Length about 13 cm., breadth of
colony about 4 cm., thickness of a branch about -5 cm.

Test not very brittle, but containing much imbedded and encrusting
foreign matter, so as to be perfectly opaque. Outer layer of test rather
firmer than the rest. No bladder cells, no pigment cells, and no vessels
visible. Small test cells numerous (fig. 10).

Ascidiozooids about 3 mm. long. Thorax about 1 mm, abdomen
longer, and post-abdomen very short (fig. 8).

Mantle rather corrugated and opaque, both longitudinal and trans-
verse muscle bundles are present.

Branchial sac with about 8 rows of stigmata. Stigmata narrow,
much narrower than the inter-stigmatic vessels. Transverse vessels
moderately wide, and containing muscle fibres (fig 11).

Endostyle conspicuous and convoluted.

Dorsal lamina represented by a number of closely-set languets. They
are rather large and widen at their bases (fig. 9).

Tentacles 10 or 12, of two sizes, placed alternately.

Alimentary canal with a short oesophagus leading to an oval, opaque,
smooth-walled stomach (fig. 8). Intestine narrow, rectum wider, and
full of black faecal pellets.

Gonads consisting of a mass of spermatic vesicles. No ova wyere
seen ; but the peribranchial cavity contained many tailed larvae, which
rather points to a protogynous condition. The larva has rather a
short tail, three adhering papillae in front, and a single plano-convex
black sense organ placed far back in the body (fig. 12).

Locality. — Port Jackson ; several colonies and fragments.

Psammaplidium fragile, Herdman,* PI. Pel. VI., figs. 10—14.

Colony massive, being an irregularly-lobed, rather brittle mass (fig. 10),
closely encrusted and permeated with sand, except in the centre. Ascidio-
zooids visible on the surface, but not in systems, and no common cloacal
cavities seen. Surface irregular, but rather smooth. Colour sandy grey.
Length 10 cm., breadth 4 cm., thickness from 5 mm. to 10 mm.

Test. A narrow axial band of test in the centre of the colony, and
posterior to the bodies of the Ascidiozooids, contains scarcely any sand,
and is of a dark bluish grey colour (fig. 11). No pigment cells, bladder

* "Revision," 1891, p. 620.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 87

cells, nor vessels are visible. Many small, round test cells are present in
the matrix. The outer layer is, as usual, firmer than the rest.

Ascidiozooids about 3 mm. long, set at right angles to the surface.
Thorax 1 mm. long, abdomen nearly twice as long, post-abdomen very
short (fig. 12).

Mantle very thick, opaque, contracted. Most of the muscle bundles
on the thorax are longitudinal, only a few feebler ones run transversely.
The branchial aperture is distinctly 6-lobed ; the atrial aperture has no
perceptible languet.

Branchial sac rather opaque in its contracted state. Stigmata about
as wide as the inter-stigmatic vessels ; they get much smaller towards
the ventral edge of the sac (fig. 13). Muscle fibres run along the trans-
verse vessels.

Tentacles, 20 ; 5 larger, with 3 smaller ones alternating with each
larger (fig. 14).

Alimentary canal with a narrow ossophagus leading to an oval, thick-
walled, but smooth stomach. The intestine is narrow where it leaves
the stomach, but soon widens. It is narrower again at the posterior
end, where it turns anteriorly ; and then widens to become the rectum,
which passes along the ventral edge of the stomach, and then crosses the
oesophagus to end on the dorsal edge of the thorax (fig. 12).

The gonads lie in the very short post-abdomen, and have both ova and
spermatic vesicles. There are large tailed larvae in the peribranchial
cavity.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one colony and a fragment.

Psammaplidium incrustans, Herdman,* PI. Pel. VI., figs. 1 — 6.

Colony thin and encrusting, with a few irregular lobes arising from its
surface (fig. 1). No Ascidiozooids on the lower attached surface, which
is covered with fragments of foreign bodies. Upper surface sandy, while
a middle layer of test between is free from sand, and of a blue grey
colour (fig. 4). Surface of colony rough with sand ; colour, sandy grey.
Length about 8 cm., breadth about 3'5 cm., thickness about -5 cm.

Test with much imbedded sand on the upper and lower surfaces.
Numerous small test cells are present, but no pigment cells, bladder
cells, nor vessels.

Ascidiozooids about 3 mm. long, placed at right angles to the surface.
Abdomen rather longer than thorax, and post-abdomen much shorter
(fig. 5), in some cases practically absent.

* "Revision," 1891, p. (520.

88 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Mantle very strong and opaque in its contracted state.

Branchial sac opaque and corrugated ; stigmata difficult to see ; they
are small, and of about the same width as the vessels between them.
Strong muscle bundles run along the transverse vessels (fig. 2).

Dorsal lamina represented by languets, which are not numerous, nor
large; they are set about their own length apart (fig. 3).

Tentacles 10 in number, of two sizes.

The dorsal tubercle has a simple circular opening in this and other
species of Psammaplidium.

The alimentary canal is rather shorter than usual. A wide oesophagus
passes into a smooth-walled, ovate stomach, followed by a thin intestine
with no differentiation into regions (fig. 5), and containing oval black
pellets of faecal matter. The rectum crosses the oesophagus to reach the
dorsal edge of the thorax.

Gonads formed of masses of globular spermatic vesicles, with a long,
thick-walled vas deferens running up the dorsal edge of the abdomen (see
fig. 5). No ova are visible. Tailed larvae are present in the peri-
branchial cavity. They have a single crescentic, pigmented sense organ,
and 3 adhering papillae (fig. 6).

Locality. — Port Stephen ; one colony and some fragments.

Psammaplidium pedunculatum, Herdman,*
PI. Pel. VI., figs. 7—9.

Colony in the form of small, sandy, club-shaped masses, consisting
of a stalk, with a flattened expansion at its free end (fig. 7). These
little clubs are often joined in pairs by the bases of their stalks. The
flattened fan-like head consists chiefly of test, with imbedded and
encrusting sand grains. The Ascidiozooids do not reach to the free end
of the colony in the preserved condition, and lie chiefly in the upper
part of the stalk. The colour is sandy grey, the upper end being rather
lighter than the stalk. Length 13 cm., breadth 4 mm., width of
stalk 2 mm.

Test small in amount, and very much occupied with sand. There
are no bladder cells, pigment cells, nor vessels. The fusiform and
spherical test cells are rather large.

Ascidiozooids about 7 mm. long, and placed parallel to the length of
the peduncle. Thorax not so long as abdomen, and post-abdomen very
long, in some cases as long as thorax and abdomen together (fig. 8).

* "Revision," 1891, p. 620.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 89

Mantle strong, and opaque in the contracted state. The muscle
fibres run longitudinally over the thorax.

Branchial sac rather contracted and opaque. Stigmata rather long,
about same width as inter-stigmatic vessels, and about seven times as
long (fig. 9).

Dorsal lamina represented by rather short, thick, dark languets,
which are placed one on each transverse vessel (fig. 9).

Tentacles about 20, of two sizes. There are 6 larger ones alternating
with smaller ones, which are placed about two together ; they are all
rather small.

Alimentary canal with a small, simple stomach, and a thin-walled
undifferentiated intestine (fig. 8).

Gonads, with many masses of spermatic vesicles in the post-abdomen,
and a very large and conspicuous brown-coloured vas deferens.

Locality. — No label, probably Port Jackson ; about 20 small colonies.

[The following Polyclinidae have also been recorded from Australian

seas :—

Sigillina australis, Sav., Port Jackson.

Atopogaster aurantiaca, Herdm., Bass Str.

Polyclinum fungosum, Herdm., Port Jackson.

P. depressum, Herdm., Torres Str.

P. glabrum, Sluiter, Amboina.

P. hospitale, Sluiter, Thursday Is.

Amaroucium albidum, Herdm., Bass Str.

A. Bitteri, Sluiter, Thursday Is.

Psammaplidium spongiforme, Herdm., Port Jackson.

Ps. ovatum, Herdm., Torres Str.

Ps. pyriforme, Herdm., N. Australia.]

Family III. DIDEMNID-ffi, Giard, 1872.

Colony usually flat, thin, and encrusting, rarely thick and massive,
never pedunculated.

Systems complicated and irregular, inconspicuous, or absent. Common
cloacal apertures usually conspicuous.

Ascidiozooids rather small, divided into two regions — thorax and
abdomen. Branchial aperture 6-lobed ; atrial plain, or provided with an
atrial languet.

Test gelatinous or cartilaginous, usually containing stellate calcareous
spicules. Ectodermal processes well-developed and provided with
muscle fibres so as to form retractor muscles.

90 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Branchial sac small and not well-developed. Rows of stigmata few,
usually three or four (rarely six).

Alimentary canal united to thorax by a narrow neck. Stomach
usually smooth-walled.

Gonads placed alongside the intestinal loop. Ovary simple ; ova
large. Male system consisting of a single large testis, around which the
first part of the vas deferens is coiled spirally.

Gemmation from the pyloric region ; thorax and abdomen of the new
Ascidiozooid formed from separate buds. Embryonic blastogenesis rudi-
mentary only.

The Didemnids in the collection seem to require the formation of the
three following new species— all belonging to the large cosmopolitan
genus Leptoclinum.

Leptoclinum, M. Edw., 1841.
For characters, and list of existing species, see " Eevision," p. 630.

Leptoclinum incanum, n. sp., PL Did. II., figs. 1 — 6.

•The colonies are small, rounded or cylindrical masses, attached to
various branches and other parts of sea-weeds and Polyzoa and other
Ascidians (fig. 1). They are very white, opaque, hard, rather smooth,
and encrusting. Branchial apertures of Ascidiozooids visible and slightly
prominent, and stellate. Occasional irregularly-shaped cloacal apertures
are also visible (fig. 3). Length varying, usually from 1 to 2 cm. ;
breadth, on the average, about 5 mm.

Test very densely crowded with an immense number of small, regular,
sharp-pointed stellate calcareous spicules (fig. 2). These spicules are
especially numerous on the surface and around the Ascidiozooids (fig. 6).
No vessels and no bladder cells are visible. The spicules are smaller in
this species than in the two following species of Leptoclinum,, but are
far more numerous, and consequently the colony is harder, and of a
whiter colour.

The Ascidiozooids are numerous, and vertically placed. There is no
regularity in their arrangement. The body is divided into thorax and
abdomen. The atrial aperture has a long languet.

The mantle has strong branchial sphincters, and longitudinal muscle
bundles on the thorax. There are retractor muscles from the anterior
end of the thorax.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 91

The branchial sac has 4 rows of stigmata, with 6 or 7 in a row. The
stigmata are small and rounded, and are about the same width as the
vessels between (fig. 4). The transverse vessels have muscle fibres.

The dorsal lamina is represented by a few long and slender languets.

The tentacles are 10 in number — one larger dorsal and 9 very small
ones.

The dorsal tubercle is a small circular opening immediately behind
the largest tentacle (fig. 6).

The alimentary canal has a thick-walled oesophagus opening into an
oval stomach, with very thick walls and no folds (tig. 5).

Gonads, both ova and the usual spermatic vesicle, with spirally
coiled vas deferens, are present. No larvae were present.

Locality. — Port Jackson. A number of small colonies growing over
other marine animals and sea- weeds.

Leptoclinum fimbriatum, n. sp., PI. Did. I., figs. 1—8.

The colony is flat, encrusting and expanded, so as to be of consider-
able size (fig. 1). It is of a dirty white colour, approaching in places a
lavender grey. The surface is even, but not smooth, as all the numerous
openings of Ascidiozooids form minute roughnesses. Cloacal apertures
are also present, and are ovate slits surrounded with a fringe of fine
processes (fig. 2). Size of a colony about 5 cm. each way.

Test crowded with spicules, which are larger than those of the last
species, but not so numerous and not so densely packed. Consequently
the colony is not of such an opaque white tint. They become fewer
in the deeper parts of the test (fig. 4), but are numerous again in the
lower surface, which is hard and stony. There is a small dense clump
of spicules at each side of the thorax of each Ascidiozooid. The test
has numerous test cells, and a few vessel-like appendages (fig. 3).

The Ascidiozooids are numerous, closely placed, and rather large.
They are distinctly visible on the surface, but there is no definite
arrangement. The body is divided into thorax and abdomen (fig. 6).

The mantle has strong sphincter muscles at the branchial apertures,
delicate longitudinal fibres over the thorax (fig. 7), and strong retractor
muscles running into the test.

The branchial sac has 4 rows of rather large stigmata (tig. 8), and
there may be a 5th row of much shorter ones. The stigmata are rather
wider than the vessels between. There are 7 or 8 stigmata in a row.

The dorsal lamina is represented by a large languet on each trans-
verse vessel (tig. 8).

92 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Tentacles 8, with the 2 lateral ones larger than the other 6.

Dorsal tubercle with a simple oval opening.

Alimentary canal with a thick-walled oesophagus, leading to an oval,
smooth-walled stomach. Pylorus narrow, intestine widens, runs along
ventral edge of stomach, and then crosses oesophagus to become the
thin-walled rectum (fig. 6).

Gonads. Masses of spermatic vesicles, with thick spiral vas deferens
and a few ova.

Locality. — Port Jackson. One large and one small colony, apparently
attached to a piece of wood (? part of a pier).

Leptoclinum patulum, n. sp., PI. Did. II., figs. 7—12.

Colony large, flat, expanded over the test of a large Simple Ascidian ;
of a white colour, marbled over the surface with a network of grey-blue
veins, which follow for the most part the course of the common cloacal
cavities (fig. 7). Length of the colony, 8 cm. ; breadth, 5 cm.

Test containing numerous calcareous spicules, which are larger but
not nearly so numerous as in the case of Leptoclinum incanum. The
test, for a short way round the branchial aperture, is almost free from
spicules (fig. 9). There are many small circular and fusiform test cells
(fig. 11). Occasional stellate cloacal apertures (fig. 8) are present.

Ascidiozooids arranged in lines alongside the branches of the common
cloacal cavities. Body divided into thorax and abdomen.

Mantle with strong branchial sphincters, and longitudinal muscle
bundles over thorax and abdomen.

Branchial sac with 4 rowrs of rather long, narrow stigmata (fig. 10).
Muscles in the transverse vessels.

Dorsal lamina represented by a short, thick languet on each trans-
verse vessel.

Tentacles 10. In some very minute intermediate ones also occur.

Dorsal tubercle with a small, circular opening.

Alimentary canal and gonads as usual, stomach globular (fig. 12). No
larvae were seen.

[The following Didemnidae have also been recorded from Australian
seas :—

Didcmnum aurantiacum. Herdm., Bass Str.
Leptoclinum Jacksoni, Herdm., Port Jackson.
L. psammathodes, Sluiter, Thursday Is.
L. pantherinum, Sluiter, Amboina.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 93

L. pustulosum, Sluiter, Amboina.

L. torresii, Sluiter, Thursday Is.

L. sipkoniatum, Sluiter, Amboina.

L. asteropum, Sluiter, Amboina.

There are no Diplosomidae in the collection, and the only one known
from Australian seas is : —

Family IV. DIPLOSOMID-ffi.

Diplosoma Bayneri, Macd., Sydney.]

Section B. HOLOSOMATA, Sluiter,* 1895 (restricted

Herdm., 1898).

Compound Ascidians, in which the body is sht.rt and
compact, the alimentary and reproductive viscera being
alongside the branchial sac. There are two families.

Family I. POLYSTYELID^l, Herdman, 1886.

Colony massive or encrusting, sessile, rarely pedunculated, or formed
of small masses connected by stolons. No common cloacal cavities
present.

Ascidiozooids large, and usually short-bodied, rarely with a distinct
abdomen. Both apertures 4-lobed, and opening directly to the exterior.

Test firm and cartilaginous. Matrix generally fibrillated, test cells
small and inconspicuous, bladder cells rarely or never present. Vessels
abundant, branched, and provided with distinct terminal bulbs.

Branchial sac large and well-developed. Folds sometimes present.
Internal longitudinal bars strong and fairly numerous.

Dorsal lamina in the form of a plain membrane.

Tentacles numerous, simple.

Alimentary canal usually placed alongside the branchial sac, rarely
extending beyond it posteriorly.

Gonads in the form of polycarps, attached to or imbedded in the
mantle, and projecting into the peribranchial cavity.

Gemmation effected by means of out-growths from the mantle, which
later become connected with the vascular prolongations from the Ascidio-
zooids into the common test.

* I use Skater's term in the restricted sense as defined above. Sluiter would include
also the Simple Ascidians.

THE AUSTBALIAN MUSEUM.

Out of the six genera placed in this family in the Eeport on the
" Challenger" Tunicata, only two are represented in the present collec-
tion ; one being the " Challenger " genus Ghorizocormus, of which there
are three new species, and the other being the genus Goodsiria, to which
one species is now added. The following table shows how the genera
and species of this family may be briefly distinguished, and indicates the
position of the new forms. For a discussion of the history and relations
of the members of the family reference must be made to the "Challenger"
Eeport.*

Polystyelidae.

2

6

"{

9

Ascidiozooids projecting above the sur-
face of the test ...

Ascidiozooids completely imbedded in
the test ...

Ascidiozooids with no abdomen (Poly-
styela) ...

With abdomen as long as thorax (Thy-
lacium) ...

It is doubtful whether the two species
are really distinct

Colony formed of small masses united by
creeping stolons (Ghorizocormus)

Colony continuous, not broken up

Branchial sac having rudimentary folds...

Branchial sac with no rudimentary folds

Atrial tentacles more than 20 in number

Atrial tentacles not more than 20

16 branchial tentacles, 7 rows of stigmata

10 branchial tentacles, 10 rows of stigmata

Colony thick and massive (Goodsiria) ...

Colony thin and encrusting (Synstyela)...

Test encrusted with sandf

Not encrusted with sand ...

Flesh colour, marked with red ...

Light grey, with bluish and pink tints ...

1
2
P. lemirri, Giard.

T. sylvani, Car.
T. normani, Aid.

4

5
C. reticidata, Herdm.

6
C. sydneyensis, Herdm.

7

C. leucophcBus, Herdm.
C. subfuscus, Herdm.

8

9
G. lapidosa, Herdm.

10

S. variegata, Aid.
S. incrustans, Herdm.

* Part II., p. 323 ; and Part III., p. 144.

+ The genus Oculiiuiria of Gray appears to be related here, but the description (Proc.
Zool. Soc. L., 1868, p. 564), is not sufficient to determine the position with certainty
see "Challenger" Report, Part II., p. 323,

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 95

f Colony discoid, branchial sac folded ... G. placenta, Herdm.

10 -! Colony not discoid, branchial sac not

I folded 11

/• Colony elongated or irregular, not pedun-

11 -j culated G. coccinea, Gun.

( Colony round or pyriform, pedunculated G. pedunculata, Herdm.

Chorizocormus sydneyensis, Herdm.,* PI. Pst. I., figs. 1 — 7.

External appearance. The colony consists of a number of small
masses of test, in each of which one or several Ascidiozooids are im-
bedded, and which are united into straggling groups by thin extensions
of the test, which may be called stolons (fig. 1). The whole is attached
to and partly encrusts some slender algae, with which it forms an
irregular network. The stolons are light grey and rather transparent,
but in the more massive parts of the colony the closely-placed Ascidio-
zooids give rise to a dark purplish brown colour.

The test is cartilaginous. It contains many vessels, which branch
freely (fig. 2), and have terminal knobs of rounded and ovate forms
filled with dark blood corpuscles. There are no bladder cells and no
pigment cells. The ordinary test cells are very small.

The Ascidiozooids are about 4 mm. in length, and the same in breadth.
The viscera lie on the left side of the branchial sac (fig. 5), so no separate
abdomen is present.

The mantle has both a transverse and a longitudinal musculature. The
muscle bands are rather irregularly arranged.

The branchial sac has internal longitudinal bars, but no folds. There
are 8 rows of stigmata, and from 4 to 6 stigmata in a mesh (fig. 3). The
stigmata are about six or seven times as long as wide.

The dorsal lamina is a plain, straight membrane.

The tentacles are rather short and thick. They are about 16 to 20 in
number, and are of two sizes. There are from 5 to 7 large ones, with
from 1 to 3 smaller ones between each pair of larger. There is con-
siderable variability both in the number and the size of the smaller
tentacles. At the base of the atrial siphon there are about 25 very small
and slender atrial tentacles.

The dorsal tubercle has a simple circular opening (fig. 4).

The alimentary canal lies 011 the left side of the branchial sac. Its
course is at first posteriorly and ventrally, then anteriorly, then dorsally
and posteriorly, then dorsally and anteriorly. The directions are similar

* "Revision," p. 636.

96 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

to those in the alimentary canal of an Ascidia, but the first bend of the
intestine is at a more acute angle than in the Simple Ascidian, and the
second at a more obtuse angle. The dorsal end of the stomach is thrown
into thick folds, and appears to be glandular. The remainder has smaller
longitudinal folds. The usual system of fine tubules (fig. 6), ending in
ampullae, is found ramifying over the intestine, and opening by a common
duct into the stomach.

The reproductive organs consist of rounded polycarps (fig. 7) imbedded
in the mantle, and projecting slightly into the peribranchial cavity.

There are three colonies of this species from Port Jackson. The
largest is about 15 cm. in length. All the four known species of
Cliorizocormus resemble one another closely in external appearance,
although they differ markedly in internal structure. The present species
(PL Pst. I., fig. 1) is rather like the "Challenger" Ch. reticulata in
form, but is darker in colour. The common test in this species is highly
vascular, and the terminal knobs are very numerous (fig. 2). The
branchial sac has large, distinct meshes (fig. 3), and the stigmata are
regularly arranged.

The Ascidiozooids form dark patches in the light-grey transparent
test, which is dotted all over with the opaque terminal knobs of the
vessels.

Chorizocormus subfuscus, Herdm.,::: PI. Pst. I., figs. 8—11.

External appearance. The colony is formed of a number of elongated
and rounded masses, containing Ascidiozooids, and united by thinner
portions of test, so as to form an irregular network, attached to several
colonies of Polyzoa, of the genera Betepora and Amathia (fig. 8). The
test is of a dull grey colour, while the bodies of the Ascidiozooids give a
purplish brown colour.

The test contains many vessels, with the usual terminal knobs, filled
with dark blood corpuscles (fig. 9). There are no bladder cells ; the test
cells are few and very small.

The Ascidiozooids measure about 3 mm. by 2-5 mm. No separate
abdomen is present.

The mantle is delicate, with greenish brown pigment cells. The
larger muscle fibres run longitudinally ; there are only a very few fine
transverse ones.

The branchial sac has internal longitudinal bars. There are at least

* "Revision," p. 636.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 97

10 rows of stigmata, and from 3 to 5 stigmata in a mesh (fig. 9), but the
series next the endostyle on each side have 6 stigmata.

The dorsal lamina is a plain straight membrane.

The tentacles are of two sizes, 5 long and 5 short (fig. 10, tn.}. There
are about 16 small atrial tentacles.

The dorsal tubercle has a circular aperture.

The alimentary canal resembles that of the last species, and has the
same form of stomach.

The reproductive organs consist of pear-shaped polycarps (fig. 11),
imbedded in the mantle. Some contain ova, and others spermatic
vesicles.

Locality. — Port Jackson. One specimen is about 10 cm. in length,
and one 15 cm. in length and about 7 cm. in breadth.

This species resembles the last in appearance, but differs from it in
the tentacles (PI. Pst. I., fig. 10), which are only 10 in number.

The colony, as a whole, is more opaque and browner in colour than
that of C. Sydney ens is, and the Ascidiozooids are less conspicuous.

Chorizocormus leucophseus, Herdm.,:;: PI. Pst. II., figs. 1 — 6.

External appearance. The colony consists of elongated sub-cylin-
drical masses, united to form an irregular network (fig. 1), the whole
encrusting some brown Algae. Where the Ascidiozooids are few the
the colony is of a greyish yellow tint and transparent (the dark sea-weed
showing through), but where the Ascidiozooids are numerous the colony
is of a dark purplish and slatey hue. The largest colony measures
17 cm. long and 7 cm. broad.

The test is full of large, conspicuous vessels with terminal knobs.
The blood corpuscles they contain, are not so dark-coloured as in the
preceding species. There are no bladder cells, and the test cells are few
and inconspicuous.

The Ascidiozooids measure 2 to 2-5 mm. in length.

The mantle has rather a regular musculature (fig. 2). Muscle bands
run longitudinally over the branchial sac, and are crossed by obliquely
directed fibres.

Tlie branchial sac has 4 internal longitudinal bars on each side, but
no folds. There are 7 rows of stigmata, and generally 4 stigmata in a
mesh (fig. 3). In the series next the endostyle there are 6 to 8 stigmata.
The stigmata are regular and all of the same size.

* "^Revision," p. 636.

98 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The dorsal lamina is a plain membrane.

The tentacles are 16 in number (fig. 4). They are of two orders
placed alternately, but the large ones are not all of the same size.
There are also about 20 atrial tentacles (fig. 5).

The dorsal tubercle has a simple circular opening.

The alimentary canal has a short oesophagus leading to a stomach
like that of the preceding species, with a corrugated glandular cardiac
end and a series of longitudinal folds (about 8 on each side). The
intestine is at first narrow, then slightly dilated, and then narrows to
form the rectum (fig. 6). The alimentary canal lies with its longitudinal
axis antero-posteriorly, and not transversely, as in Cli. sydneyensis. Its
course is first ventral, then anterior, then dorsal, then posterior, and
then dorsal. There is the usual system of glandular tubules branching
over the intestine, and opening into the stomach by a single large duct.

The reproductive organs are in the form of rounded polycarps imbedded
in the mantle.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; one large and six smaller specimens.

This species differs somewhat from the other species of Chorizocormus
in external appearance, as here the stolons are not nearly so well-marked,
and the masses of Ascidiozooids are almost continuous with one another
(PL Pst. II., fig. 1). There seems in the three above-described species
of Chorizocormus to be a rough correspondence between the number of
branchial and of atrial tentacles. Chorizocormus sydneyensis, which has
the most branchial tentacles, has also most atrial tentacles, Cli. siibfuscus
has fewest of both, and Cli. leucopliceus is in an intermediate condition,
as follows : —

Branchial tents. Atrial tents.
Chorizocormus sydneyensis ... ... 20 (about) 25

Cli. leucophceus ... ... ... 16 20

Cli. siibfuscus ... ... ... ... 10 ... 16

There are apparently always more atrial than branchial tentacles.

Goodsiria, Cunningham, 1871.

This genus was only known previously from the South Atlantic and
the Strait of Magellan. The Museum collection has added a new species,
obtained at Port Jackson. It differs from the other members of the
genus in having the test sandy.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA, 99

Goodsiria lapidosa, Herdm.,:;; PL Pst. III., figs. 1—12.

External appearance. The colony is a solid cake-like mass (fig. 2),
in which the Ascidiozooids are closely placed and completely imbedded.
There are distinct upper and lower surfaces, and the Ascidiozooids form
a single layer, being placed side by side with their antero-posterior
axes vertical, and their branchial apertures all on the same surface
(fig. 1). The whole of the colony, both upper and lower surfaces, is
closely encrusted with sand grains and shell fragments. The colour is
a stone grey, slightly darker in places.

The test is firm and cartilaginous, and is stiffened on the surface by
the imbedded sand. The colour in the interior is a light grey. Vessels
are present, but they are few in number and very small. There are no
bladder cells, and the ordinary test cells are small (fig. 3). The Ascidio-
zooids are so large that there is comparatively little test present in the
colony, only from 1 mm. to O5 mm. between each pair (see fig. 1).

The Ascidiozooids are about 1-5 cm. in length and O4 cm. in breadth.
They are not divided into thorax and abdomen. The apertures are
distinctly 4-lobed.

The mantle is very delicate and thin over the branchial sac. Both
longitudinal and transverse muscles are present (fig. 5), but they are
arranged irregularly.

The Branchial sac is large and well developed. There are 4 branchial
folds on each side between the endostyle and the dorsal lamina, but the
first or dorsalmost of these is rudimentary, and consists only of 3 or 4
internal longitudinal bars placed close together without forming a pro-
jection. The rest have generally about 9 bars each, and form well-
marked projections (see figs. 6 and 7). In the interspace between each
pair of folds there are 2 internal longitudinal bars, but between the
dorsal lamina and the rudimentary fold there is only 1 such bar. The
transverse vessels are wide. There are from 3 to 5 (generally 3)
stigmata in a mesh, except in the series next the endostyle where there
are 6 or 7. The stigmata are short and wide and very irregular, being in
different positions and set at different angles. Sometimes 2 small ones,
one above the other, take the place of one ordinary one ; sometimes 1
large one is found instead of 2 or 3 of the usual size. Now and then
one of the stigmata lies alongside a transverse vessel, and occasionally a
transverse vessel splits into two and then unites again, leaving an
elongated space between.

The dorsal lamina is a very narrow, plain membrane.

» "Revision," p. 637.

100 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Tlic tentacles are of 2 sizes (fig. 10) and are very numerous, about 60.
The larger tentacles have a short, thick basal part (about quarter of their
whole length), and the remainder is a flattened transparent expansion
recurved like a sickle. There are about 16 small atrial tentacles.
The dorsal tubercle has a simple oval aperture.

The alimentary canal consists of a short wide oesophagus opening into
an elliptical or ovate stomach (fig. 8) which is about 3 mm. in length
and has about 7 longitudinal grooves on each side. On the anterior
edge of the stomach is a rounded projection into wrhich opens the duct
from the system of branched tubules with dilated ends (fig. 9) which
ramify over the intestine. The course of the alimentary canal is, first
posterior, then ventral, then anterior, then dorsal, and finally anterior.
The intestine is very long, about 7 mm. The intestine and rectum are
the same width and are narrower than the oesophagus.

The reproductive organs are in the form of polycarps attached to the
mantle and projecting into the peribranchial cavity. Each is about
2-5 mm. in length. They are hermaphrodite (fig. 11), and the spermatic
vesicles are far more numerous than ova. All the ducts open into a
common central duct (fig. 12).
Locality. — Port Jackson.

The first specimen I examined of this species is only part of a colony,
not including the point of attachment. The specimen is a nearly square
piece which has evidently been cut off, and measures about 6.5 cm. by
5'5 cm., and 2 cm. in thickness.

There has also been sent to me since an additional specimen found " on
rocks, at low water, in Chouder Bay, colour brick red," which measures
7'5 cm. in length and about the same in greatest breadth. • It is 2'2 cm.
in thickness.

[The following Polystyelid has also been recorded from Australian
seas : —

Synstyela incrustans, Herdm., Thursday Is.]

Family II. BOTRYLLID^, Giard, 1872.

Colony usually thin and encrusting, sometimes in the form of thick
fleshy masses.

Systems circular, elliptical, or forming branched lines. Common
cloacal openings distinct, usually lobed.

Ascidiozooids short, and not divided into regions.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 101

Test usually soft, traversed by numerous vessels, with large terminal
knobs.

Branchial sac large and well-developed, internal longitudinal bars
present. Stigmata numerous.

Dorsal lamina in the form of a plain membrane.

Tentacles simple, not more than 16 in number.

Alimentary canal placed alongside the posterior part of the branchial
sac.

Gonads on both sides of the body.

Gemmation lateral from the bodies of the Ascidiozooids, and also
stolonial, from the ectodermal processes or vessels in the test.

The Botryllids in the collection fall into the two closely allied genera
Botrylloidcs and Sarcobotrylloides.

Botrylloides, M. Edw., 1842.
A new species and a variety are added to this genus.

Botrylloides leptum, n. sp., PL Bot. I., tigs. 5 — 13.

Colony thin, encrusting, spreading to form irregular lobed sheets of a
general light brown colour, with the Ascidiozooids darker. Specimens
about 6 cm. in length.

Systems rather small, circular, elliptical, or short rows ; round the
edges of the colony meandering lines occur (fig. 5). Large areas of test
are free from systems.

Test from 4 to 10 mm. in thickness ; grey, with numerous small,
closely-placed brown dots, which are the knobs on vessels. No bladder
cells, and no pigment masses, but very many rather large branching
vessels (figs 7 and 8). The test cells are small and numerous, and, in
some places, the matrix shows delicate fibrillation.

Ascidiozooids 1 to 1-5 mm. long, with long axis parallel to surface.
Viscera alongside thorax.

Mantle very thin and delicate, with many longitudinally running
muscle fibres.

Branchial sac with 3 internal longitudinal bars on each side. The
stigmata are short and wide (figs. 9 and 10), and are 3 or 4 in a mesh.

Dorsal lamina a plain membrane, rather narrow.

Tentacles 4 large and 4 small, placed alternately (fig. 12).

Dorsal tubercle a circular opening in middle of prebranchial zone.

Alimentary canal on left side of branchial sac, with 10 well-marked

102 THE AUSTKALIAN MUSEUM.

folds on the stomach. The usual intestinal gland opens into stomach
about its middle (fig. 11).

Gonads one on each side. Ovaries only in the young Ascidiozooids
(fig. 6).

Locality. — Port Jackson ; about a dozen colonies.

This species has some systems that are almost as small and as
circular as those of a typical Botryllus, but others again form long lines
(PI. Bot. L, fig. 5).

Botrylloides leptum, variety, PI. Bot. I., figs. 1 — 4.

Two colonies in the same bottle with those last described differ in a
few particulars, but I hesitate to form a new species for them until we
know more as to the range of individual variation. They measure about
7 cm. by 4 cm., and one is shown on PI. Bot. I., fig. 1. The Ascidio-
zooids are more distinctly in lines, which meet to form a network. The
knobs on vessels in the test are bulb-shaped (fig. 2), in place of globular
(figs. 7 and 8), and have the narrower distal end dark with blood cor-
puscles. These are very abundant round the edges of the colony. The
Ascidiozooids are rather darker in colour, and that is due to scattered
pigment masses (fig. 3) in the delicate mantle. The tentacles are in
some cases at least 16 in number, 4 larger with 3 smaller between each
pair, but some of the small ones are very minute. In other particulars
these colonies agree with the other specimens of Botrylloides leptum. A
piece of the branchial sac is shown in fig. 4.

Sarcobotrylloides, von Drasche, 1883.

I have placed the thicker, more fleshy colonies in this genus, but they
really differ very little from species of Botrylloides. There are 4 new
species.

Sarcobotrylloides Jacksonianum, Herd.,- PI. Bot. II., figs. 1 — 8.

Colony formed of quadrangular flattened masses rising from a narrow
base (fig. 1) ; of a dull brownish grey colour, lighter in some places than
in others ; surface smooth ; size about 5 cm., by 4 cm., by 7 mm.

Systems vary from almost circular or short elliptical forms to long-
parallel lines, often branching to form a network. The systems are so
closely placed that very little test is left between them. The Ascidio-
zooids stand out as lighter brown spots on the dark grey test. The

* See "Revision." p. 609.

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. 103

common cloacal apertures can be seen under a low power of the micro-
scope (40 diameters) as elongated apertures, along the edges of which a
membrane, slightly folded, stands out like a frill (fig. 2).

Test has large test cells and a system of irregularly branching and
anastomosing vessels (fig. 3), which give off large elongated knobs (fig. 4),
in some of which ova and young buds are found, as well as blood
corpuscles (fig. 5). Some of these knobs are much swollen in size.

Ascidiozooids placed at right angles to the surface, and form a layer
not more than 2 mm. thick below the surface. The centre of the colony
is formed of dark grey test, with no Ascidiozooids. The viscera are
placed alongside the thorax, and there is a long atrial aperture reaching
to about '5 mm. (fig. 7).

Mantle very delicate. Most of the muscle fibres run transversely.

Branchial sac long and narrow, with three internal longitudinal bars
on each side (fig 6). The number of stigmata in the rows of meshes is
as follows : — Dor. Lam. — 4—3 — 2 — 3 — Endost. The stigmata are short
and regular.

Dorsal lamina a plain, straight, wide membrane (fig. 6).

Tentacles 16 ; 4 large alternating with 4 smaller, and then, nearer the
branchial aperture, there are 8 exceedingly short ones alternating with
the other 8 (fig. 8).

The Stomach has 10 longitudinal folds. The anus is about one-third
of the way up the branchial sac (fig. 7).

There is a Gonad on each side of the body. The terminal knobs of
the vessels of the test also contain ova and developing buds. Whether
the buds are formed there, or have become secondarily connected with
the vessels, as Hitter finds is the case in Goodsiria, is still doubtful.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; two colonies.

The massive lobes rising from a small base of attachment (PI. Bot. II.,
fig. 1) show that this is a Sarcobotrylloides.

»

Sarcobotrylloides anceps, Herdm.,* PL Bot. II., figs. 9—13.

Colony an irregularly pyriform mass attached to several of the
branches of an erect Ctenostomatous Polyzoon (fig. 9). Colour from
dark purple to pink. Very little of the light grey test seen, as almost
the whole surface is covered by dark Ascidiozooids. Surface smooth and
soft. Length 3-5 cm., breadth 2 cm.

Systems numerous and close, forming branching lines.

* See •« Revision," p. 609.

104 THE AUSTBALIAN MUSEUM.

Test, numerous branching vessels (fig. 12), with rather small terminal
knobs, which are few and light-coloured. Small test cells, no pigment.

Ascidiozooids about l-5 to 2 mm. long. The branchial apertures show
as white dots on the surface of the colony.

Mantle very thin. Muscle fibres almost hidden in masses of dark
purple pigment cells (fig. 11).

Branchial sac very long and narrow. There are at least 11 rows of
stigmata, and about 12 stigmata in each row. There are 3 internal
horizontal bars on each side, and from 2 to 4 stigmata in a mesh. The
stigmata are short and regularly placed.

Dorsal lamina a narrow membrane (fig. 10).

Tentacles 16 ; 4 large, 4 about half the length of the last, and 8 very
small ones regularly alternating (fig. 10).

Dorsal tubercle a small circular opening placed just outside the peri-
pharyngeal band.

Alimentary canal. The stomach differs from that of our former
Botryllidae in being quite globular, and in having two caeca, a small
anterior one, which the duct from the intestinal gland enters, and a
longer vermiform posterior caecum, which lies just to the left of the
pylorus (fig. 13, ccc.}. The usual intestinal gland is present. The
stomach has well-marked folds running from intestine to oesophagus.
The rectum widens out so as to have an everted rim at the anus.

No gonads were found, but young buds were very abundant in this
colony.

Locality. — Port Jackson, with Chorizocormus subfuscus.

Sarcobotrylloides purpureum, Herdm.,:;:Pl. Bot. Ill, figs. 6 — 10.

Colony massive, irregularly lobed, from pink to purple in tint. Sur-
face smooth. No terminal bulbs of vessels visible, nor cloacal apertures.
Length 7 cm., breadth 5 cm., thickness 5 mm.

Systems irregular, chiefly in branching lines (figs. 8 and 10).

Test with no bladder nor pigment cells. Vessels numerous, with
many small ovate terminal knobs, seen in sections (fig. 9). Test easily
tears, and Ascidiozooids fall out.

Ascidiozooids about 5 mm. long and 1 mm. broad at most, with long
axis parallel to surface. Branchial apertures show as white dots on the
surface of the colony.

Mantle thin, muscle fibres slight and distant, running longitudinally.
A few purple pigment masses.

* See "Revision," p. 009.

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 105

Branchial sac very long and narrow, at least 14 to 16 rows of
stigmata, with 10 or 12 stigmata in a row. There are 3 internal longi-
tudinal bars on each side, and from 2 to 4 stigmata in a mesh.

Dorsal lamina a narrow membrane.

Tentacles 16 ; 4 larger with 3 smaller between each pair, of which the
middle one may be longer than its neighbours.

Alimentary canal. Stomach rather globular, with a long vermiform
caecum (tig. 6, CCB.}, enlarged a little at the end, and with about 10 longi-
tudinal grooves (fig. 7).

Gonads. 9 or 10 masses of spermatic vesicles, forming a gonad on
each side of the body.

Locality. — Port Jackson ; about a dozen masses (fig. 10). Port
Stephen ; one colony (fig. 8). Many buds are present in the latter
specimen.

Sarcobotrylloides pannosum, Herd.,:;: PL Bot. III., figs. 1 — 5.

Colony formed of long, fleshy lobed masses branching irregularly so
as to give a ragged appearance (fig. 1). Colour a grey slatey brown.
Surface smooth. Size of colony about 15 cm. by 3 cm. by T5 cm.

Systems very irregular, can only be traced at the edges of the colony.

Test light grey, closely crowded with Ascidiozooids. The Ascidiozooid
appears under a lens as a brown mass with the branchial aperture as a
dark dot surrounded by a faint white line. The common cloacal aper-
tures very inconspicuous. Vessels small and not numerous in the test,
but bearing many terminal bulbs. No pigment cells or bladder cells are
present, and the test cells are small.

Ascidiozooids about 2 mm. in length, set at right angles to the surface
(fig. 2).

Mantle thin, transparent.

Branchial, sac long and narrow, with about 14 rows of stigmata, and
10 or 12 in a row. There are 3 internal longitudinal bars on each side.
In some cases the stigmata between the dorsal lamina and the first bar
are very irregular (see fig. 3). The stigmata are rather short and wide
(fig. 4). There are from 2 to 4 in a mesh.

Dorsal lamina a plain narrow membrane (fig. 5).

Tentacles 8, large and small alternately.

Dorsal tubercle. A simple rounded aperture outside the peripharyngeal
band (see fig. 5, d. t.).

* See " Revision," p. ti09.

106 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Alimentary canal. The stomach is a wide oval, nearly globular, and
has 10 longitudinal grooves. It has a small anteriorly placed caecum,
into which the duct from the intestinal gland opens. The long vermi-
form caecum of Sarcobotrylloidcs purpurcum and S. anceps is not present.
There is a narrow, well-marked lip running round the anal aperture.

The Gonads on each side of the thorax contained ova only, in the
Ascidiozooids examined.

Locality. — Port Stephen ; four colonies.

The species comes very near to Sarcobotrylloides purpureum, and
•S'. anceps, but appears to be distinct. It differs in appearance of colony
and slatey colour. The Ascidiozooids are not so large nor conspicuous
(see PI. Bot. Ill, figs. 1, 8 and 10).

[The following Botryllidae have also been recorded from the Australian
seas : —

Botryllus (? Symplegma) raccmosus, Q. and G.
? Distomus violaceus, Q. and G.].

107

THE TUNICATE FAUNA OF
AUSTRALIAN SEAS.

The rich Tunicate Fauna of the Australian seas was first
exploited by Quoy and Gaimard who, in their account of
the animals collected during the voyage of the "Astrolabe,"
named, figured, and briefly diagnosed 18 new species col-
lected at various points on the coast of Australia and New
Zealand. Since then fresh instalments of new species have
been added by Stimpson, Macdonald, Heller, Sluiter, and
Herdman ("Challenger" collection), so that now the known
Tunicate Fauna of Australia is probably larger than that of
any other area of equal size in other parts of the world. The
"Challenger' found 43 species in what may fairly be
regarded as Australian waters. Since then collections have
been made by Haddon, Willey, Semon, and others, in
addition to the important local collection of the Australian
Museum described in the previous pages.

In the following list I have endeavoured to give a com-
plete record of the Tunicate Fauna of the Australian seas
so far as it is known to me. The sixty -three species
described and figured for the first time in the present
catalogue are marked with an asterisk. I have added the
localities, and, in the case of previously described species,
some reference to where a description or figure will be
found. In the case of species described in this work I have
added the page after the word Catalogue, so that the list
may serve also as a classified index to these species.

108 THE AUSTBALIAN MUSEUM.

LIST OF AUSTRALIAN TUNICATA.

ASCIDIACEA.

ASCIDLE SIMPLICES.
Family I. MOLGULID.E.

*Ascopera nana, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Catalogue, p. 57.

*Molgula mollis, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 54.

M. Forbes i, Herdm., Port Jackson, 2—10 faths.— " Chall." Eep. I., p. 78,

PI. V., figs. 8—11.

*M. sydneycmis, Herdm., Sydney Harbour. — Cat., p. 55.
••-M. recumbens, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 56.
M. inconspicua, Stimp., Port Jackson. — P. Acad. N.S., Philad., July,

1855, p. 387.
Caesira (? Molgula) parasitica, Macd., King George's Sound. — Tr. Linn.

S., XXII., p. 367.

C. (? Molgula) ficus, Macd., Shark Bay. — Loc. cit., p. 368.
C. (? Molgula) pelhicida, Macd., Shark Bay. — Loc. cit., p. 369.
Ascidia (? Ctenicella) tumulus, Quoy & Gaimard, Port Western. — Voyage

"Astrolabe," III., p. 607.

A. (? Molijula) sabulosa, Quoy & Gaimard, Port Western. — " Astrolabe,"

III., p. 613.

Family II. CYNTHIID^;.
Sub-family Boltenints.

Boltenia pacliydcrmatina, Herdm., Port Jackson, &c. — "Chall." Eep. I.,

p. 89, PL VII., figs. 6—8.
•••B. tuberculata, Herdm., Port Jackson and Port Stephen. — Cat., p. 17.

B. gibbosa, Heller ('? = Ascidia spinifcm, Q. & G.), Bass Strait. — Sitz.

Akad. Wien., 1878.

B. australis (Q. & G.), Port Jackson, Port Western, &c. — "Astrolabe"
III., p. 616.

Sub-family Cynthince.

Microcosmus affinis, Heller, Australia. — Sitz. Akad. Wien, 1878.
M. polymorphic, Heller, Bass Str., 40 faths.— " Chall." Eep. I., p. 133,
PL XIV., figs. 6—7.

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 109

M. Helleri, Herdra., Torres Straits and Amboina.— " Chall." Rep. I.,

p. 131, PL XIV., figs. 1—4.
M. propinquus, Herdm., Bass Str., 40 faths. — "Chall. ' Eep. I., p. 132,

PL XIV., figs. 5—6.

M. Julinii, v. Dr., Sydney.— Denks. Akad. Wien., XLVIIL, p. 371.
M. distant, Heller, New South Wales.— Sitz. Akad. Wien., 1878.
*M. Draschii, Herdm., Port Jackson and Port Stephen. — Cat., p. 20.
*M. australis, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 23.
*M. Ramsay i, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 25.
Ehabdocynthia\ complanata, Herdm., Port Jackson, 6 faths. — "Chall.'

Eep. L, p. 145, PL XVII., figs. 1—9.

B. tennis (?), Herdm., Amboina. — Jenais. Denk. VIII., p. 184.
E. sp. ('?), Sluit., Thursday Is.— Loc. cit., p. 185.

Cynthia praputialis, Heller, Port Jackson.— Sitz. Akad. Wien, 1878.

C. arenosa, Herdm., Torres Str., 1—8 faths.—" Chall." Rep. I., p. 140,

PL XVI., figs. 6—9.
C.formosa, Herdm., Torres Str., 3—11 faths.— " Chall." Rep. L, p. 139,

PL XVI., figs. 1—5.
C. cerebriformis, Herdm., Port Jackson, 30 faths.— " Chall." Rep. L,

p. 136, PL XV., figs. 5—7.
C. irregular-is, Herdm., Port Jackson, 2—10 faths.— " Chall." Rep. I.,

p. 141, PL XVI., figs. 10—12.
C. fissa, Herdm., Bass Str., 40 faths.—" Chall." Rep. I., p. 137, PL XV.,

figs. 8—11.

C. arcuata, Heller, New South Wales.— Sitz. Akad. Wien., 1878.
C. grandis, Heller, Sydney.— Sitz. Akad. Wien., 1878.
C.hispida, Herdm, Bass Str., 40 faths.— " Chall." Rep. I., p. 146,

PL XVI., figs. 1—4.

*C. molguloides, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 27.
''••C. solanoides, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 29.
••'C. multiradicata, Herdm., Port Stephen. — Cat., p. 30.
*C. cataphracta, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 31.
*G. spinifera, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 32.
-':C. crinitistellata, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 34.
C. dumosa, Stimp., Port Jackson.— P. Acad. N.S., Philad., 1855, p. 207.
C. sabulosa, Stimp., Port Jackson. — Loc. cit., p. 387.
C. Icevissima, Stimp., Port Jackson. — Loc. cit., p. 387.

tl know of three other new species of PJtabdocijnthM from the north of Australia, but
they are not yet described. They are in the collection brought home from Torres Straits
by Professor A. C. Haddon.

110 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

? Ascidia aurora, Q. & G., Port Western. — " Astrolabe," III., p. 605.
? A. reticulata, Q. & G., King George Sd. — "Astrolabe, p. 606.
? A. erythrostoma, Q. & G., New Zealand. — " Astrolabe," p. 609.
? A. ianthinostoma, Q. & G., New Zealand. — "Astrolabe," p. 610.
? A. cceralea, Q. & G., New Zealand. — -"Astrolabe," p. 611.
? A spinosa, Q. & G., King George Sd. — "Astrolabe," p. 615.

Sub-family Styelince.

Styela radicosa, Herdm., Bass Str., 40 faths. — " Chall." Eep. I., p. 163,

PL XXIV., figs. 6, 7; and "Chall." Eep. II., p. 410, PI. XLIX.,

figs. 9, 10.

S. humilis, Heller, New Zealand. — Sitz. Akad. Wien., 1878.
S. captiosa, Shut., Amboina. — Jen. Denk., VIII., p. 181.
S. palinorsa, Sluit., Amboina. — Jen. Denk. VIII., p. 181.
S. exigua, Herdm., Port Jackson. — "Chall." Eep. I., p. 157, PI. XIX.,

figs. 5, 6.
S. bythia, Herdm., South of Australia, 2,600 faths.—" Chall." Eep. I.,

p. 151, PL XVIII., figs. 1, 6—8.
S. squamosa, Herdm., South of Australia, 2,600 faths. — " Chall." Eep. I.,

p. 152, PL XVIII., figs. 1—5.
S. plicata, Les. (= &'. gyrosa, Heller), Port Jackson, &c. — "Chall."

Eep. L, p. 155.

S. phaula., Sluit., Thursday Is.— Jen. Denk., VIII., p. 182.
S. solvens, Sluit., Thursday Is.— Jen. Denk., VIII., p. 182.
*S. ping ids, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 37.

*S. Etheridgii, Herdm., Port Jackson and Port Stephen. — Cat., p. 38.
••'~S. Whitelcggii, Herdm., Port Jackson and Port Stephen. — Cat., p. 40.
••'•S. personata, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 41.
•'•S. stolonifem, Herdm., Moreton Bay. — Cat., p. 42.
Polycarpa tinctor, Q. & G., Port Jackson, &c. — " Chall." Eep. I., p. 170,

PL XXI., figs. 1—6.
P. anrata, Q. & G. (= P. sitlcata, Herdm. = P. pneumonodes, Sluit.),

Port Jackson.— "Chall." Eep. I., p. 179, PL XXIIL, figs. 9—13.
P. radicata, Herdm., Port Jackson and Twofold Bay, 120 faths. —

" Chall." Eep. I., p. 181, PL XXIV., figs. 3—5.
P. viridis, Herdm., Port Jackson and Port Stephen. — "Chall." Eep. I.,

p. 168, PL XXL, figs. 7—14.

P. pedunculata, Heller, Bass Str. — Sitz. Akad. Wien., 1878.
P. data, Heller, ? Austr. or New Zealand.— Sitz. Akad. Wien., 1878.
P. Slhnpsoni, Heller, Sydney.— Sitz. Akad. Wien., 1878,

CATALOGUE OF TUNICATA. Ill

P. obscura, Heller, Bass Str.— Sitz. Akad. Wien., 1878.

P. nebulosa, Heller, ? Austr. or New Zealand. — Sitz. Akad. Wien., 1878.

P.pilella, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 50.

P. rigida, Herdm., Bass Str., 40 faths. — " Chall." Eep. I, p. 175,

PL XXIII., figs. 1, 2.
P. longisiphonica, Herdm., Port Jackson, &c. — "Chall." Eep. I., p. 176,

PL XXIII., figs. 3—6.
P. bassi, Herdm., Bass Str.—" Chall." Eep. II. App., p. 413, PL XLIX.,

figs. 1—3.
P. molguloides, Herdm., Bass Str., 40 faths.—" Chall." Eep. I., p. 172,

PL XXII., figs. 5—7.

*P. fungiformis, Herdm., Moreton Bay. — Cat., p. 43.
••'P. stephenensis, Herdm., Port Stephen. — Cat., p. 45.
•••P. Sliiitcri, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 46.
"P. saccifoniiis, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 48.
••'P. Jacksoniana, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 50.
*P. attollens, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 53.

Family III.

Sub-family Cionince.

dona intestinalis, Linn., off Cockatoo Is., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 9.
Eliodosoma (Per a) huxleyi, Macd. ('? — Peroides, Macd., also), Bellona
reefs. — Jour. Linn. S., VI., p. 78.

Sub-family Ascidiincs.

? Asculia diaphana, Q. & G., Hobart Town.— " Astrolabe," III., p. 612.
A. cylindracea, Herdm., Twofold Bay, 120 faths.— " Chall." Eep. I.,

p. 216, PL XXXIII., figs. 7—9.
A. pyriformis, Herdm., Port Jackson, 6 faths. — "Chall." Eep. I., p. 219,

PL XXXIV., figs. 1—6.

A. succida, Stimp., Port Jackson, low tide. — Acad. Philad., 1855, p. 388.
A. sydneiensis, Stimp., Port Jackson, low tide. — LOG. cit., p. 387.
A. bifissa, Shut., Amboina. — Jen. Denk., VIII., p. 176.
A. empheres, Sluit., Amboina. — Loc. cit,, p. 177.
A gemmata, Sluit., Amboina. — Loc. cit., p. 177.
A. kreagra, Sluit., Amboina. — Loc. cit., p. 178.
-•'A. incerta, Herdm., Port Jackson, 6 — 8 faths. — Cat., p. 11.
'•'A. phallusioides, Herdm., Port Jackson, 6 — 8 faths. — Cat., p. 12.

112 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Pachychlcena oblong a, Herdm., Bass Str., 40 faths. — " Chall." Rep. I.,

p. 221, PL XXIX., figs. 1—9.
P. obcsa, Herdm., Bass Str., 40 faths. — " Chall." Eep. I., p. 223,

PL XXVIII , figs. 1—5.
Abyssascidia ivyvillii, Herdm., South of Australia, 2,600 faths. — " Chall."

Eep. L, p. 194, PL XXVII.

Family IV. CLAVELINIDJE.

Peropliora hutchisoni, Macd., King George's Sound. — Tr. Linn. S.,

XXII., p. 377.

[? Chondrostachys sp., Macd., Bass Str., 10 — 12 faths.]
••'•Podoclavella meridional-is, Herdm., Port Jackson, Amboina, Thursday

Is. — Cat., p. 4.
* Stereoclavella australis, Herdm., Vaucluse, Port Jackson, low tide.—

Cat., p. 6.

*S. sp. ?, Broughton Ids.— Cat., p. 8.
Ecteinascidia euplmes, Sluit. — Jen. Denk., VIII., p. 49.
E. psammodes, Sluit. — Loc. cit., p. 50.
Rhopalopsis crassa, Herdm., Ki Is., 129 faths.—" Chall." Eep. I, p. 240,

PL XXXVI., figs. 12—14.
E. fusca, Herdm., Banda, 17 faths. — " Chall." Eep. L, p. 241, PL

XXXVI., figs. 7—11.

ASCIDIJE COMPOSITE.

I. MEKOSOMATA.t
Family I. DISTOMID.E.

Colella pedunculata, Q. & G., Port Western, &c. — "Astrolabe," III., p. 626.
C. pulclira, Herdm., Torres Str., 6 faths.— " Chall." Eep. II., p. 106,

PL XV., figs. 1—13.
C. elongata, Herdm., Port Jackson, 30 faths.— " Chall." Eep. II., p. 110,

PL XVI., figs. 1—7.
C. Murrayi, Herdm., S.E. Australia, 120 faths., and Port Jackson. -

"Chall." Eep. II., p. 115, PI. XVI., figs. 1—11.
Do., var. rubida, Bass Str., 38 faths.— " Chall." Eep. II., p. 119, PL

XVII., figs. 12—14.
*<7. plicata, Herdm., (?= C. ccrebriformis, Q. & G.), Port Jackson,

South Australia. — Cat., p. 62.

t Modified from Sluiter's classification, and including those families of Compound
Ascidians which are related to the Clavulinidse, and in which the body is divided into
regions, such as the Distomidse and the Polyclmidte.

CATALOGUE OP TUNICATA. 113

•'~C. tenuicaulis, Herdm., Port Jackson and Port Stephen. — Cat., p. 04.

•*C. clariformis, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 67.

••'•C. cyan fid-, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 69.

Distoma deerata, Sluit., Thursday Is., Torres Str. — Jen. Denk., VIII,,

p. 167.
? Chondrostachys sp., Macd., Bass Str., 10 — 12 faths. — Ann. N. H.,

1858, p. 40.
? Polyclinum cylindricum. Q. & G., Port Western. — " Astrolabe," p. 618.

Family II. POLYCLINID^E.

Sigtllina australis, Sav., Port Jackson [Whitelegge]. — Mem. Anim. s.

Vert., p. 179.
Atopogaster aurantiaca, Herdm., Bass Str., 40 faths. — " Chall." Rep. II.,

p. 168, PI. XXIII., figs. 7—13.
Polyclinum fungosum, Herdm., Port Jackson, 6 — 15 faths. — " Chall."

Rep. II., p. 190, PL XIV., figs. 15—23.
P. depressum, Herdm., Torres Str., 3—11 faths.— " Chall " Rep. II.,

p. 193, PI. XXVI., figs. 5—7.

P. glabrum, Sluit., Amboina. — Jen. Denk., VIII., p. 168.
P. hospitale, Sluit., Thursday Is. — Loc. cit., p. 169.
*P. clava, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 77.
'•'••P. giganteum, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 79.
••'•P. globosum, Herdm., Port Jackson.. — Cat., p. 80.
'•'•P. complanatum, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 81.
-•'•P. fitscum, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 82.
•••P.prnnum, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 83.
••'P. nigntm, Herdm., Naucluse, Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 84.
Amarouciumalbidum, Herdm., Bass Str., 40 faths. — "Chall." Rep. II.,

p. 234, PI. XXVI., figs. 11, 12.

A. Bitteri, Sluit., Thursday Is.— Jen. Denk., VIII., p. 170.
*A. rotundatum, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 71.
*A. protectans, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 73.
*A. distomoides, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 75.
*A. anomalum, Herdm., Sydney Harbour (? =•- Poli/clinoiclcs sp., Macd-).-

Cat., p. 76.
Psammaplidium sponyiformc , Herdm., Port Jackson, 7 faths. — " Chall."

Rep. II., p. 239, PL XXXII., figs, 1—5.
P*. ovatum, Herdm., Torres Str., 3—11 faths.—" Chall." Rep, II., p. 246,

PI. XXXI., figs. 13—16.
Ps. zn/ri forme, Herdm., North Australia, 8 faths. — "Chall." Rep. II.,

p. 419.

114 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

:':'-P.s. Hulidum, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 85.
*P.9. lobcttum, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 85.
*P.s. fffii///f, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 8G.
*P.s. incrustans, Herdm., Port Stephen. — Cat., p. 87.
"P.s. pedimculatum, Herdm., ? Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 88.

Family III. DIDEMXIDJK.

Diilcmnnm aurantiacum, Herdm., Bass Str., 38 faths. — " Chall." Rep. II.,

p. 284, PI. XXXIII., figs. 1—8.
Lcptoclinum Jackson i, Herdm., Port Jackson, G — 15 faths.—" Chall."

Rep. II., p. 303, PI. XXXVIII., figs. 19—22.
L. psammathodes, Sluit., Thursday Is. — Jen. Denk., VIII., p. 171.
L. pantherinum, Shut., Amboina. — Loc. cit. , p. 172.
L. pustnlosuni, Shut., Amboina. — Loc. cit., p. 173.
L. tnrrcsii, Sluit., Thursday Is. — Loc. cit., p. 173.
L, sipliontatwn, Shut., Amboina. — Loc. cit., p. 174.
L. asteropnin, Sluit., Amboina. — Loc. cit., p. 175.
*L. incanit'iii; Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 90.
*L. liiiihriatiint, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat,, p. 91.
*L. p« tn /.inn, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 92.

Family IV. DIPLOSOMIDJE.

Diplosoma Rauni'ri, Macd., Sydney Harbour (?) — Tr. Linn. S., XXII.,
p. 373.

II. HOLOSOMATA.i
Family I. POLYSTYKIJD.K.

Si/HStyela iiicrivitftiix, Herdm., Thursday Is. — "Chall." Rep. II., p. 342,

PI. XLYL, figs. 9—14.

*(r<«>dsiria lajiidoxn, Herdm., Port -lackson. — Cat., p. 99.
•••ClioriiOCOi-uiiifi si/iliH'i/riiNix, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. !).").
••'•C. sultfHscux, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 9(5.
••'•(_'. /c.nco)>h-(Eiix, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 97.

Family II. BOTHYLLID.K.

linti'i/llux ('.' Ki/inj>li'.!iiit,'<) r<i('c-iin>HitN, Q. <t G., New Zealand. — " Astro-
bihe," III., }». li-20.

t Modified t'roin Sluiti'r's classification, and including thoso lainilics nl' ( 'oin|p(iniid
As<-idi:ins wliicli ;MV rdati-d tn tin- (,'yiitliiidii-, and in wliich (In- c(niijiMi-l liody is not
divisililc intn rH<ficnis. \\/... tlir I'nlystyi'liilif and the Botryllid;v.

CATALOGUE OF TUNIC AT-A. 115

? Di&tomm riolaccns, Q. &. G., Port Western.— " Astrolabe," p. 022.

••'•Bolrylloides Icptum, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 101.

••'Do. , variety, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 102.

••'•Sarcobotry/loidcs Jackson inn inn-, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 102.

•'•S. anceps, Herdm., Port Jackson. — Cat., p. 103.

*S. purjiurcnm, Herdm., Port Jackson and Port Stephen. — Cat., p. 104

S. pannosnm, Herdm., Port Stephen. — Cat., p. 105.

104.

ASCIDLE SALPIFOEMES.
Family PYKOSOMID.E.

Pyrosoiiid sp. (?), Bondi and Coogee. — Whitelegge, E. Soc. N. S. W.,

1889, p. 134.
P. r/ififtntdtm, Lesueur, S. of Australia. — "Chall." Rep. III.

THALIACEA.

Family DOLIOLIDJE.

Dolioluiii denticiilatnm, Q. it G., off Port Jackson, &o. — "Astrolabe,"

III., p. 599.
D. Ehrenberyi, Krohn, between Sydney and New Zealand. — "Chall."

Eep. III., p. 4G.

Family SALPID.E.
Su/jxi dcmocratica-mucronata, Forsk., off Port Jackson, itc. — "Chall."

Rep. III., p. 79.

,S. ci/fiinlrica, Guv., Amboina. — "Chall." Eep. III., p. 72.
,S'. scutig era-con foederata, Cuv. -Forsk., Amboina. — "Chall." Eep. III.,

p. 84.
S. costata-tilesii, Q. it G.-Cuv., between Sydney and New Zealand. -

" Chall." Eep. III., p. 60.
S. cordiformis-zonaria, Q. it G. -Pallas, between Sydney and New

Zealand.— " Chall." Rep. III., p. 70.

LARVACEA.

Family APPENDICULABIID^.

Aji]>endicii/<ii-i<t, sp. (?), Port Jackson. — "Whitelegge, E. Soc. N. S. W.,
1889, p. 134.

11G THE AUSTRALIAN* MUSEUM.

The above list comprises 183 species" — a greater number than that
(about 176) known from the shores of North-Western Europe, a nearly
corresponding area of coast in the northern hemisphere, and the one
which has been most exhaustively worked up. But even this large
number of species does not complete the Australian Tunicate Fauna, as
I have seen from a preliminary examination of the large collections
brought back from Australian seas by Professor A. C. Haddon and by
Dr. A. Willey, that they each contain some additional undescribed
species. This great abundance of species in these southern seas agrees
with the view I expressed in the "Challenger" Keport, that Ascidians
"attain their greatest numerical development in southern temperate
regions," and bears out especially the remark made long before by Quoy
and Gaimard, " La Nouvelle-Hollande, dans sa partie sud, et la
Nouvelle-Zelande, sont les lieux de predilection des Ascidies en general."

* Thirty-six of these were recorded by Mr. Thomas Whitelegge in his " List of the
Marine and Fresh -'Water Invertebrate Fauna of Port Jackson and Neighbourhood."
read before the Royal Society of New South Wales, July 3rd, 1889.

117

INDEX.

Abyssascidia 10

Ab. u-y villii 15

Alder, Mr 33

Amaroucium 71

A. albidum 89

.1. anotnaiton, 76

A. distomoides 75

A. pro tec tans 73

A. rotund ion 71

A. It Uteri 89

AuiatJiia, Ckorizocorinus sitb-

fiisciis attached to 96

Amphipods in peri-branchial

cavity of Styela Etheridgii 39

Anatomy of Ascidian xiv.

Aplidium eerebriformc 62

Asc-idia 9,10,21,36

.4. aurora 36

A. atra 14

A. aurata 52

A. bijissa 15

A. car idea 36

A. cylindracea 15

A. diaphana 15

A. empheres 15

A. erythrostoma 36

A. (jemniata 15

A. inccrta 11

A. ianthinostoma 36

A. krcagra ..". 15

A. mcntula 14

A, Marioni 14

/I. obcsa 15

A. phallus to idea ...12, 15, 46, 56
.L py r if or mis 15,53

Ascidia re tic ulata 36, 59

A. sabulosa 59

A. spinifcra- 19

A. sydneiensis 15

A. apinosa 36

A. suce id a 15

JL tumulus 59

.4. cillosa 3-4

Ascidiacea 2

Ascidise compositae 2,59

Ascidise simplices 2,3

Ascidiarium 64

Ascidiinae 9,10

Ascidiidae 9

Asco2*cra 54,57

.4. (jiijantca 58

A. uana 57

A trial cavity 2

Atrial tentacles 98

Atopogaster inform'is 74

At. aurautiaea 89

Bolteniinai 16

Boltcnia 16,19,31

B. aitatralis 19

B. tjibbosa 19

B. pachydermatina ... 16, 18

B. tubereulata 17,40

Botryllidaj 60, 100

Botrylloides 101

B. lepttim 101

B. Icptuut, variety 102

Botryll/(a race in os us 106

Branchial sac ... xv.

lib

INDEX.

"Casira" ............

Cce. (? Molgula) parasitica ...
Cce. (? Molgula) ficus ......

Cce. (! Holijidd) pdlucida ...
/ Chondrostachys s}> .......

Chordata ............

Ghorizocormus .........

Ch. le/tcoj>)ueiix ... 94, 97,
Ch. rcticulatu ...... 94,

Ch. isiibfiiscits ... 10,94, 96,
Ch . si/dncycms Is ... 94 , 95,
CioninaB ............... 9,

Ciomi ............ 3,9,

C. infest iitd Us .........

Clitrclina ............

C. obknuja ............

(.'. I'lioi'iiiis ............

ClavelinicUe ............

CulclUt ............... 3,

C. elongate ......... 62,

C. claviformis .........

C. cone re fa ............

C. cyuni'd ............

C. (rdiiiuirdi ............

(.'. Murniyi, var. ruUidtitn, 61,
C. pliedla ......... 61,

C. pedunculata ...... 61,

L'.pitlehnt ......... 61,

C. (Juoyi ............

C'. ramulosa ............

C. tenuicaulis ...... 10,

C. Tliotusoni ............

Colonies ............

Copepods in peribranchial

cavity of Sti/cla pinrjnis.. .
Do. branchial sac of

sydneycnsis
J)o. branchial sac of A

nand
Cui'i'lla
Corcllinoj

55

58
58
58
71
2

94

98

96

98

98

10

10

9

5

6

6

3

61
70
67
61
69
61
70
62
70
70
62
61
64
61
3

38

Cukolns 17,19,32

"Cunjeboy" 27

Cynthige cyesiras 16

Cynthiidce 3,15,24

CynthiintE 16,19,35

Cynthia 20,23,27

C. arenosa 24, 36

C. arciiata 36

C. cerebriformis 36

C. crinitistellata 34

C. cataphracta 31

C. diuuosa 36

C. cchinata 33, 34

G. fortnosa 36

C.Jissa 36

C. i/riuidis 36

C. liispidd 36

C. hilgendorfii 33

C. irregularis 36, 52

C. laevissima 36

C. inolguloides 27

(7. mnltiradicata 30, 40

G. praeputialis 27

C. sabulosd 36

C. spinifera 32, 33

C. solanoidcs 29

C. L'iilosa '. 34

Delage Yves, Prof 16

Diazona 3, 7

Didemnidse 60,89

Didemnum aurantlacuni 92

58

58

9

93

93

70

... 60,61

106

Droniid e.i'i'di'dtd, Ai/idro/i-

citint 2>rntecti(iin on... 73, 74

Diplosomidae
Diplosoma Rayneri

Distoma dccrata ...
Distomidse

Ecteinascidia

3

INDEX.

119

E. cuphucs 8

E. psammodes 8

Ethericlge, Mr. R 39

Explanation of Plates 123

Fabricius 34

Fauna, Tunicate of Austra-
lian Seas 107, 116

Forbcsclla tesaellata 20

Gaimard, Quoy, and 107, 116

Garstang, Mr 59

Goodsiria 94, 98

Or. coccinca 95

Or. lapidosa 94, 98

Or. placenta 95

Or. pedunculata 95

Gregarinida parasitic in O'ol-

cila cijanca 70

liacldon, Prof 107, 109

Hal-isarca , incrusting Bui ten In 41

Heart 2

Heller 107

Ilerdman 15, 107

Holosomata 60,93

Hypobythinae 9

Julin, Prof 15

Kara Sea
Kiter, Dr.

33
33

Lacaze-Duthiers, Prof.

Lahille, Prof

Lendenfeld, Dr. R. v.

Lcptocliuum

L. astcropmi,

L. incanni/i

L. Jdcksoni

L. fimbriatum

16,24

.. 59

... 74

21, 90

.. 93

... 90

... 92

91

Leptoclinum patulum '.'^

L . psammodes 92

L. pantherinum 92

L. pustitiosuvi 93

L. siphoniatum 93

L. torrcsii 93

List of Australian Tunicuta 10S

List of Plates 122

Macdonald, Dr 107

Macippc spinosii, Colclla Icit-

niadilis on 66

Metcalf, Mr 15

Merosomata 60

MMrocosmu* 20, 26, 36, 42

M. affims 25

M. Aiusti-alis 23

M. clait(Ut:(iii!s 25

M. Drusch ii ... 20, 22, 47, 50, 56

M. (Ustans 36

M. Heller i 36

M. Jtil in it
M. propinqmis
M. polymorphic
M. Hamsayi ...

21, 23, 36

36

36

... 25,42
... 3, 16,54

Molynla 16, 54

M. ccepifornila 5S

JI.Forbc.fi 47,55,56

J/. inconspicua 55, 5S

Jl. moll is 54

^[. Kecumbens 56

J/. sydneyensis 55

Notochord

2

Octilinai'ui ... 94

Pachychlcsna

P. obloiii/ii

1 'c1 / 'op ho I'd Hu tcli is out

13

15
8

120

INDEX.

Phallimia

Ph. mammillata' ...
Plates, Explanation of

Plates, List of

Podoclavella

P. borcalis

P. meridionalis

14,15
14, 15
.. 123

.. 122
4
4
4

Polycarpa 21,43,45

P. anrata 52

ditto, var. plana, nov 51

P. attollcns 53

P. bassi 54

P. data 54

P. fiuitj if or in is 43

P. Jacksoniana 50

P. longisiphonica 49,50

P. molijuloidcs 54

P. nebulosa 54

P. obscura 54

P.pildla 50

P. pcdata 53

P. pedunculata 54

P. mdicata 54

P.rlj'ula 47,48

P. stepfoneiisis 45

P. Sluitcri 46, 49

P. sulcata 38,41,52

P. sacciformis 48

P. Stimpsoni 54

P. tinctor 51

P. riridis 47

Polyclinidte 60, 71

PolycUnum 77

P.elava 77

/ P. cylindriciiin 71

l\ complanatum 81

do. onD/oinia ... 82

P. depressum 89

P. fuse urn 82

P. fniKjosnm 89

L\ (jlabnnn 89

PolycUnum giganteum 79

P. globosnm 80

P. hospitalc 89

P. priinum 83

P. nigrum 84

" PolyclinouJcs" 77

Polystyelidas 60, 93

Polystyela 94

P. Icmirri 94

Psammaplidium 71, 15

Ps.fraijilc 86

Ps. incrustans 87

Ps. lobatum 85

Ps. ova t inn 89

Ps.' pedunculatum 88

Ps. pyriforme 89

Ps. solid urn 85

Ps. spongiformc 89

Puget Sound ... 33

Pycnoclavella auriluccns ... 6

Quoy and Gaimard ... 107, 116

Ramsay, Dr. E. P 25

Tietcpoi'a, Chorisoconmts s«^-

f use us attached to 96

lihabdocyntli ia 21, 23, 36

E. complanata 21,23,36

E. tennis 36

Bhodosoma 9, 10

li.(Pcru)Hiu-leyi 10

R. (Peroides) sp 10

Rhopalaa 9

Khopalopsis crassa 8

Bh.fu.sca 8

Bitter, Prof 59,69

Roule, Prof 16

Sarcobotrylloides . . .
S. Jacksonianum ...
S. anccps

... 101, 102

102

103

INDEX.

S. purpnrcum 104

S. pannosuiii 105

Saville-Kent, Mr 69

Savigny 16

Seeliger, Dr 59

Semon, Prof 5, 107

Sigillina australis ... 70,89

Sluiter, Dr 5, 59, 107

Stereoclavella 6

St. australis 6,8

St. (Clavelina) oblonga ... 6,8
St. (Clavelina) cnormis ... 6

St. sp 8

Stimpson 107

Styelinae 36

Styela 26,31,37

S. captiosa 54

S. cxiijua 54

S. Ethcridtjii 38

S. (jyrosa 40

S. humilis 54

S. plicata 40

S. per sonata 26,36,41

S. (Polycarpa) pneumonodes 52

S. palinorsa 54

S. pliaula 54

S. piny nis 37

Styela radicosa 54

S. soiv ens 54

S. stolonifcra 42

S'. Whitclcijijii 31,40

Slyclopsis yrossidaria 44

Symplegma 106

Synstyela 94

•S'. varicgata 94

S. incrustans 94, 100

Structure of Ascidian xiv.

Thylaciioii 94

Th. sylvani 94

Th. norman i 94

Traustedfc, Dr 33

Tunic 1

Tunicata 1

Tunicate Fauna of Australian

Seas.. . 107, 116

Urochorda

Von Drasche, Dr.

Wagner, Prof.
Whitelegge, Mr. T.
Willey, Dr

17,27

... 33
... 116

107

122

LIST OF PLATES,

IX THEIR ORDER.

Plates A, B, C (Diagrammatic).

Plate Clav. I. )

Plate Mol. I.

Plate Clav. II. Clavelinidae.

Plate Dist, I.

Plate Ase. I. |

Plate Dist. II.

Plate Asc. II. jAscidiid*.

Plate Dist. Ill

Plate Cyn. I.

Plate Pel. I.

Plate Cyn. II.

Plate Pel. II.

Plate Cyn. III.

Plate Pel. III.

Plate Cyn. IV.

Plate Pel. IV.

Plate Cyn. V.

Plate Pel. V.

Plato Cyn. VI.

Plate Pel. VI.

Plate Cyn. VII.

Plate Cyn. VIII.

Plate Did. I.

Plate Cyn. IX.

Plate Did. II.

Plate Cyn. X.
Plate Cyn. XI.

Cynthiida?.

Plate Pst. I.

Plate Cyn. XII.

Plate Pst. II.

Plate Cyn. XIII.

Plate Pst. III.

Plate Cyn. XIV.

Plate Bot. I.

Plate Cyn. XV.

Plate Bot. II.

Plate Cyn. XVI.

Plate Bot. III.

Plate Cyn. XVII.

Plate Cyn. XVIII.

Plate Cyn. XIX.

Plate Cyn. XX. /

Molgulidae

Distomidie.

"Polvelinidie.

Didenmidifi.

;- Polystyelidoe.
. Bot ry 11 idie.

123

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

S. 1., S. j, Ac., indicate which of Swift's objectives were used in making

the drawings.

PLATES A, B, and C illustrate the structure and life-history of typical
Simple and Compound Ascidians. (See Introduction, p. xiv. , ct scq.)

PLATE A.

Fig. 1. An Ascidia, from the right-hand side, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Diagrammatic transverse section through the atrial aperture,

along line A — B in fig. 4.

Fig. 3. Part of wall of hranchial sac, magnified.
Fig. 4. Diagrammatic longitudinal section along the line A — B in

fig. 2.

Fig. 5. Diagram to show structure of mantle and test (body-wall).
Fig. 6. Diagram to show the relations of nerve ganglion, neural gland,

duct, and dorsal tubercle.
Fig. 7. Front of dorsal edge of branchial sac, showing tentacles, dorsal

tubercle, languets, Ac., magnified.

PLATE B.

Fig. 1. Colony of Colclla Quoyi (Distomidae).
Fig. 2. Colony of Leptoclinum najlcctnin- (Didcmnida,1).
Fig. 3. Colony of Pharyngodictyon ininibilc (Polyclinidu.1,).
Fig. 4. Colony of Botryllus Scldoxsei / (Botryllidte).

(All nat. size, after Herdman, " Chall." Keport).
Fig. 5. Diagrammatic section of a Compound Ascidian colony, showing

parts of two Ascidiozooids and a common cloacal aperture,

magnified.

Fig. 6. Ascidiozooid from a Botryllid colony.
Fig. 7. Ascidiozooid from a Distomid colony.
Fig. 8. Ascidiozooid from a Polyclinid colony.

(All from right side, magnified).

124 EXPLANATION OV PLATES.

Fig. 9. Section of test of Ascidia, to show "vessels" and "bladder-
cells," magnified.

Fig. 10. Diagram showing Ascidian from left side, in correct morpho-
logical position for comparison with Vertebrates,, to illustrate
the course of the circulation, &c.

PLATE C.

Fig. 1. Ovum and spermatozoon.

Fig. 2. Segmentation stage of embryo.

Fig. 3. Early gastrula stage.

Fig. 4. Later gastrula stage.

Fig. 5. Embryo showing notochord and neural canal.

Fig. 6. Later embryo showing body and tail, &c.

Fig. 7. Transverse section of tail of larva.

Fig. 8. A young tailed larva.

Fig. 9. An older tailed larva.

Fig. 10. Larva attaching itself to a stone.

Fig. 11. Tail, &c., of larva degenerating.

Fig. 12. Metamorphosis of larva into

Fig. 13. Young Ascidian.

PLATE CLAV. I.

Fig. 1. Large colony of Stereoclavella australis, Hurdman, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Colony cut in section to show stolonial tubes and buds, nat.

size.

Fig. 3. Group of Ascidiozooids, nat. size.

Fig. 4. Ascidiozooid removed from test, right side ; enlarged.

Fig. 5. The same, left side ; enlarged.

Fig. 6. Part of surface of test showing spines. S. -J-.

Fig. 7. Section through deeper part of test. S. f.

Fig. 8. Part of mantle. S. 1.

Fig. 9. Small part of branchial sac. S. 1.

Fig. 10. Dorsal edge of branchial sac showing languets. S. 1.

Fig. 11. Section through basal part of test showing vessels and buds.
S. 1.

PLATE CLAV. II.

Fig. 1. Podoclai'dla mcridiondlis, n. sp., nat. size.

Fig. 2. Body removed from test showing thorax and abdomen, nat. size,

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, 125

Fig. 3. Transverse section of the peduncle of same. S. 1.

Fig. 4. Part of the branchial sac from the inside. S. 1.

Fig. 5. Stcreoclavdla sp. (? n. sp.), nat. size.

Fig. 6. Part of the mantle. S. 1.

Fig. 7. Part of the branchial sac, from inside. S. 1.

Fig. 8. Some of the dorsal languets. S. 1.

PLATE Asc. I.

Fig. 1. Ciona sp. (probably C. intestinalis, L.) from back of Mac-ippe

spinosa.

Fig. 2. Body removed from test, nat. size.
Fig. 3. Ciona intestinalis, L. (?), from off' Cockatoo Id. ; body removed

from test, left side, nat size.
Fig. 4. Dorsal tubercle of same. S. 1.
Fig. 5. Ascidia inccrta, n. sp.
Fig. 6. Part of branchial sac from inside. S. 1.
Fig. 7. Part of dorsal lamina. S 1.
Fig. 8. Dorsal tubercle and tentacles. S. 1.

PLATE Asc. II.

Fig. 1. Ascidia phallusioides, n. sp., specimen B., half nat. size, from

the right side.

Fig. 2. Part of wall of branchial sac. S. 1.
Fig. 3. Section of test showing vessels. S. 1.
Fig. 4. Part of the same. S. £.
Fig. 5. Tentacles and dorsal tubercle. S. 1.
Fig. 6. Part of dorsal lamina. S. 1.
Fig. 7. Dissection jof the nerve ganglion and neural gland, showing the

numerous secondary openings, slightly enlarged.
Fig. 8. Part of the surface of the neural gland, showing the openings

into the atrium. S. 1.

Fig. 9. Part of surface of test, slightly enlarged.
Fig. 10. Part of surface of test in deeply pigmented form (No. 12),

under a Coddington lens.

PLATE CYN. I.

Fig. 1. Group of 14 specimens of Boltcnia pachydermatina, Herdm.,
adhering together by the base of their stalks, slightly less than
half nat. size.

120 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Fig. 2. Small piece of branchial sac, to show spicules. S. }.
Fig. 3. Dorsal tubercle of adult B. pachydermatina. S. 1.
Fig. 4. Dorsal tubercle of B. </ibbosa, Heller. S. 1.

PLATE CYN. II.

Fig. 1. Boltenia tubcrcnlata, Herdm., nat. size.

Fig. 2. Branchial and a trial apertures of another specimen, showing

many lobes.
Fig. 3. Branchial aperture of a specimen, showing four chief lobes and

many smaller.
Fig. 4. Specimen removed from test and cut open to show folds of

branchial sac, compound tentacles, dorsal tubercle, &c.,

slightly enlarged.
Fig. 5. Small part of the branchial sac from the inside, to show

spicules. S. ^.

Fig. G. Boltenia tubcrcnlata adhering to Xti/cla llliitclcggii, n. sp.
Fig. 7. Four specimens of Bolic.nia tuberculata, nat. size, along with

two specimens of Styela Whitel&ggii, n. sp., nat. size.

PLATE CYN. III.

Fig. 1. Microcosmus DrascJtii, Herdm., from the left side, about half nat.

size.
Fig. 2. Diagram of longitudinal section through the animal to show the

relation in size between the test and contained body, reduced.
Fig. 3. The body removed from the test, from left side, nat. size.
Fig. 4. Section through the test near the apertures, to show the irregular

outer surface, nat. size.
Fig. 5. Part of the mantle, highly magnified, to show the arrangement

and appearance of the calcareous spicules.

PLATE CYN. IV.

Fig. 1. Specimen of Microcosmus Draschii attached to a large Ascidia
•phallnaiolftcs, and having one specimen of Polycarpa Sl/iitc.ri
(P1-) and three specimens of 3Iolt/ttl<t Forbcsi, Herdm., (P2-)
attached to its surface, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Microcosm UK DinscJiii cut open to show the folds of the branchial
sac, the opening of the oesophagus, the dorsal languets, the
tentacles, and the dorsal tubercle.

Fig. 3. Part of the back of the branchial sac to show the longitudinal
and transverse rows formed bv the spicules,

" 4- •'

EXPLANATION OF PLATER. 127

Fig. 4. Part of the inside of the branchial sac, showing parts of two folds

and an interspace. S. 1.
Fig. 5. The dorsal tubercle, slightly enlarged with a hand lens.

PLATE CYN. V.

Fig. 1. A "combination" figure (see text, p. 24) of Microcosmus

a it Hindis, n. sp.

Fig. 2. Cluster of specimens, nat. size.
Fig. 3. Another specimen, nat. size.
Fig. 4. The invaginated test that lines the branchial siphon. S. 1.

sc. — zone of scales, cor. — zone of corrugations, In.- — zone of

minute simple tentacles.

Fig. ;">. Part of branchial sac from inside. S. 1.
Fig. 6. Plan of the transverse vessels of the branchial sac.

PLATE CYN. VI.

Fig. 1. Microcosmus Pamsayi, n. sp., large specimen from right side,

nat. size.

Fig. 2. Clump of four specimens adhering, nat. size.

Fig. 3. A smaller specimen from left side, nat. size.

Fig. 4. Part of branchial sac from inside. 8. 1.

Fig. 5. Branchial siphon, dorsal tubercle, and tentacles, enlarged with

lens.

Fig. (i. Microcosmus ftjfinis, Heller, nat. size.

Fig. 7. Part of branchial sac. S. 1.

Fig. S. Dorsal tubercle. 8. 1.

Fig. 9. Molt/ulii recumbens, n. sp., from left side, nat. size.

Fig. 10. Same species, with test removed, from right side, nat. size.

Fig. 11. From left side, nat. size.

Fig. 12. Part of branchial sac from inside. S. 1.

Fig. 13. The dorsal tubercle. S. 1.

PLATE CYN. VII.

Figs. 1 — 3, Cynthia pr&putialis, Heller.

Fig. 1. Ci/nt)iia prteputialis, Heller, specimen B, one-third nat. size.
Fig. 2. The same, specimen A, one-third nat. size.
Fig. 3. The same, specimen C, one-half nat. size, with part of test

cut out to show cavity in which body lies and pad-like fold at

anterior end.

128 EXPLANATION OF PLATER.

Figs. 4 — 10, Cynthia molguloides, n. sp.

Fig. 4. Cynthia molguloides, n. sp., from the right side, nat. size.

Fig. 5. The same, test removed, nat. size.

Fig. 6. Part of branchial sac. S. 1.

Fig. 7. The dorsal languets. S. 1.

Fig. 8. The dorsal tubercle, enlarged with lens.

Fig. 9. Alimentary canal and left gonad, a little enlarged.

Fig. 10. The right gonad, a little enlarged.

PLATE CYN. VIII.

Fig. 1. Cynthia solanoides, n. sp., right side, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Some of the small tentacles on the test at the inner end of the

branchial siphon. S. 1.
Fig. 3. Some of the spines on the test near the outer end of the branchial

siphon. S. ^.

Fig. 4. Part of a section of the test showing vessels. S. 1.
Fig. 5. The body with the test removed, nat. size.
Fig. 6. Part of the branchial sac from the inside. S. 1.
Fig. 7. The dorsal tubercle, a little enlarged.

PLATE CYN. IX.

Fig. 1. Cynthia multiradicata, n. sp., from left side, attached to a large

Styela Whiteleggii, n. sp., nat. size.
Fig. 2. Part of branchial sac from inside. S. 1,
Fig. 3. Dorsal tubercle, enlarged with lens.
Fig. 4. Dorsal languets. S. 1.
Fig. 5. The spines in lining of branchial siphon. S. ^.

a, in situ ; b, a spine isolated ; c, in profile.
Fig. 6-. Cynthia crinitisteliata, n. sp., branchial aperture, slightly

enlarged.
Fig. 7. Stellate hairs on the test of Cynthia crinitislellatat, in profile.

S. 1.

PLATE CYN. X.

Fig. 1. Cynthia spinifera, n. sp., from right side, nat. size.

Fig. 2. The same from posterior end, to show base of attachment.

Fig. 3. Body after removal of test, nat. size.

Fig. 4. Part of branchial sac, from inside. S. 1.

Fig. 5. Dorsal tubercle.

Figs. G, 7, and 8. Branched spines from the surface of the test, S. 1.

EXPLANATION OP PLATES. 129

Fig. 9. Spine from test of Cynthia villosa, Stimps., from Puget Sound.

Fig. 10. Spine from test of Cynthia echinata, L., from British seas.

Fig. 11. Tentacle of C. spinifera.

Fig. 12. Same in lateral view.

Fig 13. Cynthia crinitistellata, n. sp., nat. size.

PLATE CYN. XI.

Fig. 1. Cynthia cataphracta, n. sp., between two specimens of Styela

personata, n. sp., nat. size.

Fig. 2. Small specimen of Cynthia cataphracta, nat. size.
Fig. 3. Thin section of surface layer of test, showing globular spicules

in situ. S. 1.

Fig. 4. Isolated spicules, showing development. S. J.
Fig. 5. Small part of branchial sac from inside. S. 1.
Fig. 6. Dorsal tubercle, tentacle, and dorsal languets, enlarged with

lens.

Fig. 7. Partial diaphragm at base of atrial siphon.
Fig. 8. Cynthia crinitistellata, n. sp., dorsal languets. S. 1.
Fig. 9. Part of branchial sac of same species. S. 1.
Fig. 10. Surface view of test of same species, showing the stellate

hairs. S. 1.

PLATE CYN. XII.

Fig. 1. Styela pinguis, n. sp., nat. size.

Fig. 2. Other specimens of same species, nat. size.

Fig. 3. Section of test, showing vessels, &c. S. 1.

Fig. 4. Spines on test in branchial siphon. S. ^.

Fig. 5. Part of branchial sac. S. 1.

Fig. 6. Part of dorsal lamina. S. 1.

Fig. 7. Dorsal tubercle, enlarged with lens.

Fig. 8. The alimentary canal, nat. size.

Fig. 9. The gonads on the right side, nat. size.

Fig. 10. Some of the spermatic vesicles. S. 1.

PLATE CYN. XIII.

Fig. 1. Specimen of Styela Etheridyii, n. sp., from the left side, nat.

size.

Fig. 2. Part of the branchial sac. S. 1
Fig. 3. Dorsal tubercle of one specimen. S. 1.
Fig. 4. Another of the same. S. 1,

130 EXPLANATION OP PLATES.

Fig. 5. Another of the same. S. 1 .

Fig. 6. Another of the same. S. 1.

Fig. 7. Another of the same. S. 1.

Fig. 8. Dissection to show the alimentary and reproductive viscera,
about nat. size, at., atrial aperture; e., endocarp of con-
nective tissue ; i., intestine ; l.g., left gonad ; r.g., right gonad ;
st., stomach.

PLATE CYN. XIV.
Fig. 1. Styela Whitelcggii, n. sp., from right side, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Another specimen, reduced to half nat. size to show shape and

large roots.

Fig. 3. Part of branchial sac from inside. S. 1.
Fig. 4. Dorsal tubercle and tentacles, slightly enlarged with lens
Fig. 5. Part of surface of dorsal tubercle, magnified to show scattered

openings. S. 1.

Fig. 6. Dissection to show rectum and reproductive organs, slightly
enlarged, a, anus ; At, atrial aperture ; e, gelatinous pads of

connective tissue; g, gonad, and d, one of its ducts; r, rectum.

PLATE CYN. XV.

Fig. 1. Sti/ela • pcrsouata, n. sp., nat. size.

Figs. 2 and 3. Outlines of two other specimens, nat. size.

Fig. 4. Part of branchial sac. S. 1.

Fig. 5. Tentacles of same species, showing the three sizes. S. 1.

Fig. 6. Dorsal tubercle. S. 1.

Fig. 7. Dorsal tubercle of another specimen.

Fig. 8. Sti/ela stolonifcra, n. sp., nat. size.

Fig. 9. Dissection of posterior end of test, nat. size.

Fig. 10. Dorsal tubercle.

Fig. 11. Part of branchial sac.

PLATE CYN. XVI.

Fig. 1. Polycarpafungiformis, n. sp., nat. size

Fig. 2. Body of same, from other side, nat. size.

Fig. 3. The same, with test removed, nat. size.

Fig 4. Group of polyearps in situ, slightly enlarged.

Fig. 5. Two polyearps attached to the mantle, enlarged.

Fig. 6. Part of branchial sac from inside. S. 1.

Fig. 7. A few stigmata, to show muscle fibres. S. %.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 131

Fig. 8. Part of branchial sac from outside, to show papillae. S. 1.
Fig. 9. Part of dor-sal lamina. S. 1.
Fig. 10. Dorsal tubercle. S. 1.

PLATE CYN. XVII.

Fig. 1. Polycarpa steplienensis, n. sp., from left side, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Part of branchial sac. S. 1.

Fig. 3. Dorsal tubercle and tentacles, slightly enlarged.

Fig. 4. Alimentary canal and polycarps of left side, nat. size.

Fig. 5. Polycarps of right side of mantle, nat. size.

Fig. 6. Polycarpa Sluiteri, n. sp. (see PI. Cyn. IV., tig. 1, P1-), part of

branchial sac. S. 1.

Fig. 7. The dorsal tubercle.

Fig. 8. Some of the tentacles.

Fig. 9. Polycarps from the mantle. S. £.

PLATE CYN. XVIII.

Fig. 1. Three specimens of Polycarpa viridis, Herdm., attached to a
specimen of P. rigida, Herdm., nat size.

Fig. 2. Dorsal tubercle of Polycarpa ri/jida. S. 1.

Fig. 3. Another specimen of same. S. 1.

Fig. 4. Part of branchial sac and dorsal lamina of P. riyida. S. 1.

Fig. 5. Stalked sandy specimen of P. viridis, nat. size.

Fig. 6. Dorsal tubercle of P. viridis. S. 1.

Fig. 7. Another sand-encrusted /*. viridis, nat. size.

Fig. 8. Small part of branchial sac, highly magnified, to show out-
growths from vessels and vesicular structure of bar. S. -£.

Fig. 9. Tentacles of P. viridis. S. 1.

Fig. 10. Atrial tentacles. S. 1.

PLATE CYN. XIX.

\

Fig. 1. Polijcarpa sacciformis, n. sp., left side, nat size.

Fig. 2. Part of branchial sac. S. 1.

Fig. 3. Dorsal tubercle. S. 1.

Fig. 4. Part of tentacular circlet, enlarged with lens.

Fig. 5. Polycarpa longisiplwuica, Herdm., nat. size.

Fig. 6. Dorsal tubercle. S. 1.

Fig. 7. Polycarpa Jacksoniana, n. sp., right side, nat. size.

Fig. 8. Dorsal tubercle. S. 1.

Fig. 9. Part of branchial sac. S. 1.

132 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE CYN. XX.

Fig. 1. Polycarpa aurata, var. plana, nov., right side, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Part of branchial sac. S. 1.

Fig. 3. Tentacles and dorsal tubercle, slightly enlarged.

Fig. 4. Dorsal tubercle. S. 1.

Fig. 5. Some of atrial tentacles. S. 1.

Fig. 6. Polycarpa attollcns, n. sp., right side, nat. size.

Fig. 7. Part of branchial sac. S. 1.

Fig. 8. Dorsal tubercle. S. 1.

Fig. 9. Dorsal tubercle of Polycarpa tinctor, Quoy and Gaimard. S. 1.

PLATE MOL. I.

Fig. 1. Molcjula mollis, n. sp., about nat. size.

Fig. 2. Body removed from test, from left side, nat. size.

Fig. 3. Part of branchial sac from inside. S. 1.

Fig. 4. Dorsal tubercle and enormous hypophysial gland. S. 1.

Fig. 5. Molgula sydncyejisis, n. sp., nat. size.

Fig. 6. Body removed from test, from left side, nat. size.

Fig. 7. Body removed from test, from right side, nat. size.

Fig. 8. Part of branchial sac from inside. S. 1.

Fig. 9. Dorsal tubercle and tentacles, enlarged.

Fig. 10. Ascopera nana, n. sp., nat. size.

Fig. 11. Body removed from test, from left side, nat. size.

Fig. 12. Part of branchial sac from inside. S. 1.

Fig. 13. Dorsal tubercle. S. 1.

Fig. 14. A large tentacle. S. 1.

PLATE DIST. I.

Fig. 1. Colella tenuicaulis, Herdm., nat. size.

Fig. 2. Group of four individuals of C. temiicaulis, half nat. size.

Fig. 3. A small part of Ascidiarium of one of these, showing the

arrangement of the Ascidiozooids, slightly enlarged.

Fig. 4. Four individuals of C. tenuicaulis, nat. size.

Fig. 5. Part of Ascidiarium of large specimen of C. tenuicaulis.

Fig. 6. Another of same.

Fig. 7. Part of peduncle and stolon of C. tenuicaulis.

Fig. 8. Another stolon of same, nat. size.

Fig. 9. Four individuals, reduced and part of peduncle omitted.

Fig. 10. Small individual of C. tenuicaulis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 133

Fig. 11. Group of five individuals, of which three are very young,

reduced.

Fig. 12. Part of branchial sac. S. ^.

Fig. 13. Dorsal languets.

Fig. 14. Part of section of test, showing an ectodermal process.

Fig. 15. Circle of tentacles and dorsal tubercle.

Fig. 16. Another circle of tentacles, in which 12 are present.

PLATE DIST. II.

Fig. 1. Colony of Colella plicata, Herdm., nat. size.

Fig. 2. Another colony, with much-convoluted Ascidiarium

Fig. 3. Small colony, showing connection or junction at c.

Fig. 4. Fan -shaped colony, showing delicate membrane between the

branches.
Fig. 5. Small part of last, enlarged to show arrangement of Ascidio-

zooids.

Fig. 6. Colony, showing junction at c.
Fig. 7. Two colonies, with distinct bases, joined at c.
Fig. 8. Small colony, with long, slender peduncle.
Fig. 9. Piece of small colony, showing two connections at c.
Fig. 10. Very irregular colony.
Fig. 11. Small massive colony.
Fig. 12. An Ascidiozooid of C. plicata, measuring 2 mm. in length and

0-5 mm. in breadth. S. 1.
Fig. 13. Part of section through peduncle, showing test and ectodermal

vascular appendages, v.
Fig. 14. Part of section of test, showing bladder cells and pigment

cells. S. i
Fig. 15. Part of branchial sac, with dorsal languets.

PLATE DIST. III.

Fig. 1. Group of colonies of Colella claviformis, Herdrn.

Fig. 2. Another colony of unusual shape.

Fig. 3. Another colony, with Ascidiozooids more distinct.

Fig. 4. A colony in median, vertical section.

Fig. 5. Section of the test.

Fig. 6. Section of test of another colony, where yellow pigment cells

are more abundant.

Fig. 7. Outline of long, slender Ascidiozooid, 5 mm. in length.

134 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Fig. 8. Outline of shorter Ascidiozooid, 1 mm. in length, with two
embryos in incubatory pouch.

Fig. 9. Outline of another similar Ascidiozooid, 3 mm. in length and
2 mm. in greatest breadth.

Fig. 10. Outline of another larger Ascidiozooid, with very long pedicle
between thorax and abdomen.

Fig. 11. Piece of branchial sac.

Fig. 12. Piece of branchial sac of Ascidiozooid from another colony.

Fig. 13. One of the dorsal languets.

Fig. 14. Piece of an ectodermal vascular appendage, showing branch-
ing S. 1.

Fig. 15. End of another appendage, showing young branches growing
out into test. S. 1.

PLATE PCL. I.

Fig. 1. Amaroucium rotundatwn, n. sp., colony, reduced in size.

Fig. 2. Part of branchial sac.

Fig. 3. Three of the very long dorsal languets.

Fig. 4. An Ascidiozooid.

Fig. 5. Polyclinum clava, n. sp., colony, nat. size.

Fig. 6. An Ascidiozooid.

Fig. 7. Part of branchial sac.

Fig. 8. Some of the short, stout, close languets.

Fig. 9. Polyclinum deprcssum, colony, nat. size.

Fig. 10. An Ascidiozooid.

Fig. 11. Part of branchial sac.

Fig. 12. Some of the small tentacular languets.

Fig. 13. Polyclinum (?) nigriim, n. sp., colony, nat. size.

Fig. 14. An Ascidiozooid, showing especially the alimentary canal.

Fig. 15. Part of test.

Fig. 16. Part of branchial sac and dorsal languets.

PLATE PCL. II.

Fig. 1. Polyclinum yiy ante um, n. sp., colony, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Larger colony of the same species.

Fig. 3. Polyclinum ylobosum, n. sp., colony, slightly reduced, surface

view.
Fig. 4. Another colony in section, to show Ascidiarium and peduncle

and the position of the ascidiozooids, nat. size.

EXPLANATION OP PLATES. 135

Fig. 5. Ascidiozooid from last colony, enlarged.

Fig. 6. Two of the tentacular dorsal languets.

Fig. 7. Small part of the branchial sac.

Fig. 8. A tailed larva from the colony.

PLATE PCL. III.

Fig. 1. Polyclinum fuscum, n. sp., colony, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Ascidiozooid of same, with larvae in incubatory pouch. S. 1.

Fig. 3. Part of test, showing bladder cells containing crystals, and

brown pigment masses.

Fig. 4. Part of branchial sac.

Fig. 5. Dorsal languets.

Fig. 6. Circlet of tentacles from the branchial sac.

Fig. 7. Amaroucium protectans, n. sp., colony on the back of a Dromia,

nat. size.

Fig. 8. Ascidiozooid from same.

Fig. 9. Series of dorsal languets.

Fig. 10. Part of branchial sac.

Fig. 11. Amaroucium anomalum, n. sp., colony, nat. size.

Fig. 12. Some of the dorsal languets.

Fig. 13. Part of branchial sac.

Fig. 14. Ascidiozooid.

Fig. 15. Part of the branched gland from the intestine.

Fig. 16. Part of the test, showing the system of branched " vessels."

PLATE, PCL. IV.

Fig. 1. Colella cyanea, n. sp., one-half nat. size.

Fig. 2. Part of test.

Fig. 3. Ascidiozooid.

Fig. 4. Part of branchial sac.

Fig. 5. Dorsal languets.

Fig. 6. Circle of tentacles from the branchial siphon.

Fig. 7. Amaroucium distomoides, n. sp., nat. size.

Fig. 8. Section through edge of colony.

Fig. 9. Part of test, showing a vascular stolon.

Fig. 10. Masses of yellow pigment in mantle of post-abdomen.

Fig. 11. Ascidiozooid.

Fig. 12. Part of branchial sac and dorsal languets.

Fig. 13. Dorsal tubercle and tentacles.

136 EXPLANATION OP PLATES

Fig. 14. Polyclinum pnmum, n. sp., nat. size.

Fig. 15. Ascidiozooid.

Fig. 16. Part of branchial sac and dorsal languets.

PLATE PCL. V.

Fig. 1. Psammaplidium solidum, n. sp., nat. size.

Fig. 2. Section of test of same. S. 1.

Fig. 3. An ascidiozooid.

Fig. 4. Three of the branchial tentacles.

Fig. 5. Part of the branchial sac.

Fig. 6. Small colony of Psammaplidium lobatum, n. sp.

Fig. 7. Large colony of Psammaplidium lobatum.

Fig. 8. An Ascidiozooid.

Fig. 9. Three of the dorsal languets.

Fig. 10. Part of the surface layer of test.

Fig. 11. Small part of the branchial sac.

Fig. 12. A tailed larva from the peri-branchial cavity.

PLATE PCL. VI.

Fig. 1. Psammaplidium incrustans, n. sp., nat. size.

Fig. 2. Part of branchial sac.

Fig. 3. Dorsal languets.

Fig. 4. Part of the colony seen in section, nat. size.

Fig. 5. An Ascidiozooid.

Fig. 6. A tailed larva from the peri-branchial cavity.

Fig. 7. Psammaplidium peclunculatum, n. sp., three colonies, nat. size.

Fig. 8. An Ascidiozooid.

Fig. 9. Part of the branchial sac and dorsal languets.

Fig. 10. Psammaplidium fragile, n. sp.

Fig. 11. Part of the colony in section, nat. size.

Fig. 12. An ascidiozooid.

Fig. 13. Part of branchial sac, ventral edge.

Fig. 14. Branchial aperture and circle of tentacles.

PLATE DID. I.

Fig. 1. Leptoclinmn fimbriatum, n. sp., colony, nat. size.

Fig. 2. A common cloacal aperture, enlarged with lens.

Fig. 3. Part of the test, showing spicules and an ectodermal process,

magnified.
Fig. 4. Section through the colony, showing Ascidiozooids and spicules.

S. 1.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 137

Fig. 5. Calcareous spicules from the test, highly magnified.

Fig. 6. An Ascidiozooid, showing the course of the alimentary canal.

Fig. 7. Muscle bundles in the mantle over the thorax.

Fig. 8. Part of the branchial sac, from a section.

PLATE Dm. II.

Fig. 1. Leptoclinum incanum, n. sp. , several colonies, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Calcareous spicules from the test, magnified.

Fig. 3. Part of the surface, showing two common cloacal apertures.

and a number of branchial apertures, enlarged with a lens.
Fig. 4. Part of the branchial sac, magnified.
Fig. 5. The alimentary canal.
Fig. 6. The anterior end of an Ascidiozooid in section showing tentacles,

dorsal tubercle, dorsal languet, &c. , magnified.
Fig. 7. Leptoclinum patulum, n. sp. , colony, nat. size.
Fig. 8. Part of the surface showing the arrangement of the Ascidio-

zooids, enlarged with lens.
Fig. 9. Arrangement of the spicules around the branchial aperture of

an Ascidiozooid.

Fig. 10. Small part of the branchial sac.
Fig. 11. Part of the test in section.
Fig. 12. The alimentary canal.

PLATE PST. I.

Fig. 1. Colony of Chorizocormus sydncyensis, Herdm., nat. size.

Fig. 2. Part of test.

Fig, 3. Part of branchial sac.

Fig. 4. Part of branchial siphon, to show dorsal tubercle.

Fig. 5. Alimentary canal.

Fig. 6. Part of wall of intestine, showing digestive tubules.

Fig. 7. Polycarps containing ova.

Fig. 8. Colony of Chorizocormus snbfuscus, Herdm., nat. size.

Fig. 9. Part of section of same, showing branchial sac, &c.

Fig. 10. Branchial siphon from inside.

Fig. 11. A polycarp containing ova.

PLATE PST. II.

Fig. 1. Colony of Chorizocormus Icucophaeus, Herdm., nat. size.

Fig. 2. Part of mantle.

Fig. 3. Part of branchial sac.

138 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Fig. 4. Branchial siphon from inside.
Fig. 5. Atrial siphon from inside.
Fig. 6. Alimentary canal.

PLATE PST. III.

Fig. 1. Part of a colony of Goodsiria lapidosa, Herdin.

Fig. 2. Another colony of same.

Fig. 3. Part of test, showing vessels, test cells, and imbedded foreign

bodies.

Fig. 4. Part of vessel from test.

Fig. 5. Part of mantle.

Fig. 6. Part of branchial sac.

Fig. 7. Graphic formula of branchial sac.

Fig. 8. Alimentary canal.

Fig. 9. Digestive tubules from wall of intestine.

Fig. 10. Tentacles and dorsal tubercle.

Fig. 11. Part of polycarp, showing ova and sperm sacs together.

Fig. 12. Group of sperm sacs and ducts, separated out.

PLATE EOT. I.

Fig. 1. Colony of Botnjlloidcs Icptum, n. sp., variety, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Part of test of same, showing vessels and pigment cells. S. J.

Fig. 3. Part of mantle, showing muscle fibres and pigment cells. S. \.

Fig. 4. Part of branchial sac of same form. S. 1.

Fig. 5. Colony of Botrylloides leptum, nat. size.

Fig. 6. Part of very young Ascidiozooid occurring in a section and

showing the ova, and the young longitudinal bars of the

branchial sac. S. ^.

Fig. 7. Section of the edge of the test. S. £.
Fig. 8. Section of another part of the test. S. J.
Fig. 9. Ventral edge of branchial sac, showing endostyle.
Fig. 10. Another part of branchial sac, near dorsal lamina.
Fig. 11. Alimentary canal of same species.
Fig. 12. Branchial siphon from the inside, showing the 4 large and

4 small tentacles and the dorsal tubercle, &c. S. •§-.
Fig. 13. Longitudinal section through stomach showing the folds. S. %.

PLATE BOT. II.

Fig. 1. Colony of Sarcobotrylloides jacksonianum, n. sp.
Fig. 2. A common cloacal aperture from same colony. S. ^.
Fig. 3. Section of test.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 139

Fig. 4. Small part of section of test, highly magnified, showing the

ova and young buds in the vessels. S. ^.
Fig. 5. Young buds in vessels of test. S. •£.

Fig. 6. Part of the branchial sac, from endostyle to dorsal lamina. S. 1.
Fig. 7. Ascidiozooid from left side.

Fig. 8. Branchial siphon from inside, to show tentacles.
Fig. 9. Colony of Sarcobotrylloides anceps, n. sp., adhering to colonies

of Polyzoa.

Fig. 10. Part of the branchial sac and interior of branchial siphon. S. 1.
Fig. 11. Part of mantle, to show masses of purple pigment cells.
Fig. 12. Part of section of test.
Fig. 13. Alimentary canal. S. J.

PLATE BOT. III.

Fig. 1. Colony of Sarcobotrylloides pannosum, n. sp., less than nat.

size.

Fig. 2. Ascidiozooids of same, with alimentary canal showing through.
Fig. 3. Part of the branchial sac near the dorsal edge, showing irregular

stigmata.

Fig. 4. More regular part of the branchial sac.
Fig. 5. Branchial siphon, &c. , from the inside.
Fig. 6. Stomach in surface view, showing caecum and folds, in

Sarcobotrylloides purpureum.

Fig. 7. Stomach of the same in oblique section, showing folds.
Fig. 8. Colony of Sarcobotrylloides purpureum, nat. size.
Fig. 9. Part of a section showing the vessels near the surface of the

test. S. 1.
Fig. 10. Colony of Sarcobotrylloides pnrrjitreum, nat. size.

THE END.

n BY T. DOBB & CO., BROWJfLOW HILL, I.IVKHl'OOI,.

Austr. Bins. Tunicata.

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Fig. 13.

Austr, Mus. Tunicata.

Plate, Clav. I.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 11

W.A.H. del.

STEREOCLAVSLLA AUSTBAIJS.

Austr. lYIus. Tunicata.

Plate, Clav. II.

Fig. 1.

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Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

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AT.A.H. del.

PODOCLAVELLA. MERIDIONALIS, Herdm.
STERBOCLAVELLA SP.

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Figs. 1-5.-MICBOCOSMUS RAMSAYI, n. ep.
Figs. 6--8.-MICROCOSMUS AFFINIS, Heller.
Figs. G-13.-MOLGULA BECUMBBNS, n. sp.

Fig. 13.

Austr. Wlus. Tunicata.

Plate, Cyn. VII.

Fig. 1.

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Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

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Fig. 10.

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Figs. 1-3-CYNTHIA PR^PUTIALIS, Heller,
Figs. 4-1O-CYNTHIA MOLGULOIDBS, n. sp.

ikustr. Mus. Tunicata.

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CYNTHIA SOLANOIDBS, n. ep.

Austr. Mus. Tunicata.

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Fig. 7.

W.A.H. del.

Fig. 2.

Figs. 1-5. CYNTHIA MULTIRADICATA, n. sp.
Fig's 6-7. CYNTHIA CRINITISTELLATA. n. B

Austr. Mus. Tunicata.

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CYNTHIA SPINIFERA, n. sp.

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Figs. 8-IO- CYNTHIA CRINITISTELLATA, n. sp.

Austr, Mus. Tunicata.

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Austr, Wins. Tunicata.

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Fig. 5.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 3.

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Figs. 8-11,-STYELA STOLONIFERA, n. sp.

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Fig. 1.

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Figs. 1-5-POLYCARPA STBPHENENSIS, n. 6p.
Figs. 6-9.-POLYCARPA SLUITERI, n. sp.

iustr. Mus. Tunicata.

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Figs. 1-4.— POLYCABPA RIGIDA, Herdm.
Figs. 5-1O.-POLYCABPA VIRIDIS, Herdm.

Austr. Nlus. Tunicata.

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Figs. 1-4-POLYCARPA SACCIFORMIS, n. sp.

Figs. 5, 6.-POLYCARPA LONGISIPHONICA, Herdm.

Figs. V.9.-POLYCARPA JACKSONIANA, n. sp.

Austr. IB us. Tunicata.

Plate, Cyn. XX.

Fig. 6

W.A.H del.

Fig. 8.

Figs. 1-5-POLYCARPA AURATA, var. plana.
Figs. 6-8.— POLYCARPA ATTOLLBNS, n. sp.
Fig. 9.-POLYCARPA TINCTOR ; Q. & G.

lustr. Mus. Tunicata.

Plate, Mol. I.

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MOLGULID^!.

Austr. Mus. Tunicata.

Plate, Dist. I.

W.A.H. del.

Fig. 14.

COLELLA.

Austr. Hlus. Tunicala.

Plate, Oist. II.

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COLELLA PLICATA, n. sp.

Austr. Nlus. Tunicata

Fig. 4.

A.M. del.

COLBLLA CLAVIFOBMIS, n. sp.

Austr. Mus. Tunicata.

Fig. 1.

Plate, Pel. I.

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Fig. 5.

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Fig. 16.

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Figs. 1-4-AMAROUCIUM ROTUNDATUM, n. sp.
Pigs. 5-8-POLYCL.INUM CLAVA, n. sp.
Figs. 9-12 -POLYOLINUM DBPRBSSUM, n. sp*
Figs. 13-16 -(?) POLYCLJNUM NIGRUM, n. sp.

Austr. Mus. Tunicata.

Plate, Pel. II.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 8.

W.A.H. del.

Pigs. 1-2-POLYCLINUM GIGANTEUM, n, sp
Figs. 3-8 -POLYCL.INUM GLOBOSUM, n. sp.

Austr. Mus. Tunicata.

Plate, Pel. III.

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Fig. 8.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 16.

Figs. 1-6-POLYCLINUM FUSCUM, n. sp.

Figs. 7-1O-AMAROUCIUM PROTBCTANS, n. sp,

Figs. 11-16 -AMAROUCIUM ANOMALUM, n. sp.

Austr. Mus. Tunicata.

Plate, Pel. IV.

Fig. 1.

• '

Figs. 1-6— COLELLA CYANEA, n. sp.

Figs. 7-13-AMAROUCIUM DISTOMOIDES, n. sp.

Figs. 14-16 -POLYCLINUM PBUNUM, n. sp.

Austr. Hlus. Tunicata.

Plate, Pel. V.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 1.

nnnr

Fig. 5.

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Fig. 7.

W.A.H. del.

Fig= 11.

Fig. 12.

Figs. 1-5-PSAMMAPL.IDIUM SOLIDUM, n. ep.
Pigs. 6-12-PSAMMAPL.IDIUM LOBATUM, n. sp.

Austr. Mus. Tunicata.

Plate, Pel. VI.

Fig. 8.

W.A.H. del

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Fig. 11.

Fig. 14.

i.j. 10.

Figs. 1-6— PSAMMAPLIDIUM INCBUSTANS, n. sp.
Figs. 7-9-PSAMMAPLIDIUM PEDUNCULATUM, n. sp.
Figs. 1O-14 -PSAMMAPLIDIUM FRAGILE, n. sp.

Austr. Mus. .Tiinioata.

Plate, Did.

>«

Fig. 5.

W.A.H. del.

Fig. 4.

LEPTOCLINUM PIMBBIATUM, n. sp.

Austr. Mus, Tunicata.

Plate, Did. II.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Q

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Fig. 3.

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Pigs. 1-6-LEPTOCLINUM INCANUM, n. sp.
Figs. 7-12-LEPTOCLINUM PATULUM, n. sp.

mstr. Nlus. Tunicata.

Plate, P-st. I.

W.A.H. del.

CHORIZOCORMUS.

\ustr. Blus. Tunicata.

Plate, P-st. II.

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Fig. 3.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 4.

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W.A.H. del.

CHOBIZOCOBMUS.

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Plate, P-st. III.

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