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FHE ROYAL COLLEG cid OF ENGLAM
DESCRIPTIVE AND ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
OF
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
THE MUSEUM
OF
THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND,
VOL. 1;
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE COLLEGE ;
AND SOLD BY
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
MDOCCC,
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
PREFACE
TO THER
FIRST EDITION,
THE Council of the Royal College of Surgeons now present
to the public the fifth and last volume of the descriptive and
illustrated Catalogue of the Physiological series of Compa-
rative Anatomy contained in the Museum: thus completing an
important design, which Mr. Hunter was prevented from accom-
plishing by his sudden death.
The primary objects of the Catalogue have been, to give a
clear and succinct description of each preparation, to determine
the species of animal or plant to which it belongs, to place it
rightly in the proper series, and thus to afford to the visitor of
the Museum every facility for studying and understanding this
important department of the collection.
Before the formation of the present catalogue, the printed
works, from which information could be derived respecting the
physiological collection, consisted of the published writings of
Mr. Hunter, the subjoined Synopsis of the Hunterian collection,
and the Lectures on Comparative Anatomy by Sir Everard
Home. The latter profess to explain the Hunterian collection ;
but they contain descriptions of a small number only of the
preparations, and these descriptions are unaccompanied by any
reference to the particular specimens.
a 2
iv
The ‘Synopsis’ is here reprinted *, because it exhibits the
arrangement of the physiological series which preceded that
adopted in the present catalogue ; and, while it indicates the
nature and extent of the changes which have been introduced,
enables the scientific reader to understand more readily the
reasons that are given for them. The alterations consist, for
the most part, of a return to the arrangement originally em-
ployed by Mr. Hunter, and have been either suggested by the
Hunterian manuscript catalogues, or made with the view of
obtaining greater simplicity and consistency, and a more regular
subordination in the several groups of preparations. The
Hanterian documents, for example, seemed clearly to show that
it was not the intention of the founder to place the preparations
of ‘ Elastic substance as a substitute for muscle +’ in a subseries
distinct and remote from that which illustrated ‘ Elasticity in
aid of muscular action ¢.? No adequate advantage was gained
by retaining the subseries of * Gizzards$’ distinct from that
of ‘Stomachs with a superadded crop ||... The physiological
relation of these cavities to each other, and the modifications of
a single and definite plan of gastric structure, were obviously
better illustrated by retaining in the same series all the grada-
tions of complexity in the stomachs of birds, which form the
most natural and best defined class in the animal kingdom.
As the progress of science is chiefly characterized by the
reduction of supposed anomalies to recognized general prin-
ciples, the physiologist, who may compare the present with the
preceding arrangement of the physiological collection, will not
be surprised at the suppression of many of the groups of prepa-
rations which formerly swelled the series entitled ‘ Peculiarities
in vegetables and animals .’
Osseous substance, for example, is a material of the frame-
work, not of animals in general, but of one only of the primary
groups of the class; the substances, therefore, ‘of which the
* (Omitted. ] + Subseries 17 of the Synopsis.
j Subseries 5. § Subseries 28,
|| Subseries 23. q Series XII.
Vv
skeleton is composed in animals not having bone *,? as the shells
and their opercula t in Mollusks; the calcareous crusts and
horn-like coverings of the Articulate animals ; the corals and
madreporic secretions of Zoophytes, for the defence and support
of their delicate gelatinous organs, cannot be regarded as
‘ Peculiarities,’ but as essential members of the normal system
of organs of support, equivalent to the bones of the vertebrate
animals. The subseries numbered 116, 139, and 140 in the
synopsis, have, therefore, been removed from the series of pecu-
liarities, and made to precede the parts of the skeletons of the
Vertebrata in the first subdivision of the present arrangement.
Changes in the second division of the physiological collection
have been made in conformity with the same principles that
have regulated the alterations from the arrangement of the
synopsis, already noticed ; and chiefly consist in the reduction of
the formerly extensive series of ‘ Foetal peculiarities.” For as
every condition that characterizes the progress of the germ to its
extrication from the foetal coverings, or which disappears during
that progress, or is suppressed after birth, may be termed a
‘foetal peculiarity,’ numerous preparations had been transferred
from the older series illustrative of the pheenomena of foetal de-
velopment in different classes of animals, and had been brought
together in the twentieth series of the arrangement of 1818, in
contravention of the special purpose of such older series. Certain
stages, for example, in the formation of the vitelline sac, exhi-
biting as many modifications of its relation to the embryo, were
shown in one series of preparations{; other stages were exhi-
bited in another series§; and a later condition, under the title
of ‘ Yolk received into the stomach ||,’ formed a third separate
group. All such specimens have been brought together in the
present arrangement and placed in a consecutively ascending
order, subdivided only according to the class of animals, the
evolution of which such preparations successively illustrate.
* Subseries 116, + Subseries 140,
} Series XVIIL., Subseries 195, § Series XX., Subseries 208,
|| Series XX., Subseries 211.
Vil
Thus modified, the series corresponding with that entitled in the
synopsis, ‘Incubation of the ovum in birds,’ now exhibits all
the successive stages described by Mr. Hunter in his admirable
account of the ‘ Progress and peculiarities of the chick *.’
It seemed a sufficient reason for suppressing the twenty-first
series of the ‘Synopsis,’ that the preparations included therein
exhibited stages of development nearly connected with those
which preceding series were expressly established to demonstrate.
The preparations illustrative of generation by artificial fission f
have thus been re-united to those exhibiting the same effects by
spontaneous fission{. The preparations exhibiting the ‘changes
of the tadpole into the frog$’ are now combined with the
analogous and connected specimens constituting the group en-
titled ‘Ova of animals which have gills when hatched, but
afterwards lungs ||.’ By thus combining the later with the
earlier stages of development in the oviparous classes, the con-
secutive phenomena of such development in one series are
brought under the immediate observation of the physiological
student, and he is made familiar with the earlier stages of the
formation of the vitellicle and allantois before he arrives at that
series (the nineteenth in the synopsis) in which further changes
of the allantois are exhibited, and its subserviency to the forma-
ation of the placenta is demonstrated.
The preceding observations explain the plan of arrangement
adopted in the present catalogue of the Hunterian physiological
collection. The following remarks refer to the descriptive part
of the same catalogue, and particularize the sources of the
additional information that may be found in the present, when
compared with the previously existing catalogues.
The printed synopsis, already quoted, is limited to an expla-
nation of the subjects of the several series and subseries of
specimens. The catalogues descriptive of the individual speci-
mens have hitherto existed only in manuscript.
* Introd. to the Fifth Volume, p. viii.
+ Series XXI., Subseries 219. t Series XVII., Subseries 176,
§ Series XXI., Subseries 222. || Series XVIII., Subseries 194,
vil
The original documents explanatory of the physiological de-
partment of the collection are the following :—
First, A manuscript catalogue, in Mr. Hunter’s handwriting,
without date, but probably written soon after his return from
Portugal in the year 1763. It briefly defines the nature of
about two hundred specimens. In this catalogue the natural
and morbid structures are grouped together in classes according
to the organs; there is then a short series of ‘ Monsters,’ fol-
lowed ky specimens of natural history, under the heads of
‘Beasts,’ ‘Lizards, and ‘Snakes.’ The articles included in
the two latter series were collected for the most part in Portugal,
Spain, and Belleisle. This was the germ of the future Hunterian
collection, and the foundation of its several departments, the
pathological having heen afterwards separated from the physio-
logical preparations. It may not be uninteresting to record
the first method of classification, in which the specimens are
arranged according to the organs. It is as follows :—
Class I.—‘ Of the Brain, Medulla, and Nerves?’ then follow,
‘Heart and Vessels ;? ‘ Larynx and Gsophagus ;’ ‘ Stomach,’
‘Intestines,’ ‘Anus,’ ‘ Liver,’ ‘Gall-bladder,’ ‘Spleen, ‘ Kidneys,’
‘Capsula renalis,’ ‘Parts of Generation,’ ‘ Eyelids,’ ‘ Eyes,’
‘Ears,’ ‘ Nose,’ ‘Tongues,’ ‘ Skin,’ ‘ Bones,’ ‘ Epiploon,’ ‘ Oils,’
* Ligaments.’
The series of the ‘ Kidney’ includes, even at this early period,
specimens of the injected tubuli uriniteri in the Monkey (‘S8. 6,’
now No. 1235) ; in the Horse (‘S. 9 and 8. 10,’ now Nos. 1209
and 1210); and in the Ass (‘S. 12,’ now No. 1208). The same
series likewise displays the superficial arborescent veins in the
kidney of the Lion and Leopard, and the reticulate arrangement
of the same veins of the Seal, and it terminates with the con-
glomerate kidney of the Porpoise. The series of the ‘ Nose’
contains the preparation of the fifth pair of nerves in the nose,
figured in the “Animal Giconomy, Pl. XVII. and XVIII.,”
where it is described as having been made in the year 1754 *,
The original number of this specimen in the old catalogue is
‘¢, 4, it is now No. 1550: it has thus been preserved eighty-
* Animal Economy, 1792, p. 261.
dea
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seven years, and may be considered one of the oldest, if not the
oldest Hunterian preparation in the collection. The latest date
which can be attached to any preparation in the present manu-
script catalogue is 1764; the preparation is the duodenum of a
woman who died of a dysentery, and whose case is described in
~ Dissection 78, of Morbid Bodies, winter of 1764.”
The second descriptive document, called the small catalogue,
is a small octavo manuscript without date, in the handwriting
of Mr. William Bell, and of others who assisted Mr. Hunter.
The number of the physiological preparations noticed or de-
seribed in this catalogue is 561,
The most valuable of the original Hunterian documents rela-
ting to the present department of the Collection is the third, or
quarto catalogue. It consists of twenty thin fasciculi, in 4to, in
the handwriting of Mr. William Bell and others, with additions
and corrections written by Mr. Hunter himself.
The following are the Titles of the ‘ Fasciculi, and their order
of succession. Some of the titles are in Mr. Hunter’s hand-
writing :—
“No. 1. Simple animal matter and moving parts.
“No. 2. Growth of bone, horn *, &e.
“No. 3. Composition of the skeleton, application of muscles,
Ke.
“No. 4. Stomachs.
“No. 5. Intestines.
“No. 6, Absorbents.
“No. 7. Hearts, blood-vessels, Ke.
“No. 8. Respiratory organs.
“No. 9. Kidneys.
‘No. 10. Brain and nerves.
“No, 11. The senses,
“No. 12. Cellular membrane, fat.
* No. 13. Coverings of birds.
No. 14. Cuticle, hair, horn, hoofs, &c.
“No. .15 Horn, cuticle, &c.
~ No. 16. Growth of teeth, feathers, hair, horn, &c.
* Antler, or the bony horn of deer, is here meant.
.
1x
‘No. 17. Growth and structure of teeth.
“ No. 18. Teeth (dry preparations).
“No. 19. Peculiarities and regeneration.
“No. 20. Reproduction of animals.”
Most of the fasciculi commence with general observations on
the series of organs to which they respectively relate ; and these
valuable expositions have been introduced, with a few verbal
corrections merely, in their appropriate places in the present
catalogue. The arrangement of the Physiological collection, as
it is thus shown to have existed at the decease of its Founder,
has been strictly adhered to, except in one particular, viz. the
position of the series of the teeth. In the time of Mr. Hunter,
when the teeth were usually enumerated by anatomists among
the bones of the skeleton, probably no other physiologist would
have thought of classifying them with hairs and horns. Some
of their striking relations to the extravascular productions, thus
early appreciated by him, have been subsequently insisted upon
by other philosophical anatomists *, to the exclusion of the facts
and arguments which are still valid for regarding them as appen-
dages to the osseous system. The series of the teeth was, how-
ever, removed from its old position by Sir Everard Home to
that which it occupies in the printed ‘ Synopsis’ of 1818, viz.
between the ‘ Stomachs’ and ‘ Intestines,’ or the 4th and 5th of
the Hunterian series: it was subsequently transferred by the
Senior Conservator, Mr. Clift, to its present position at the
commencement of the digestive system.
The chief value and importance of the original Hunterian
quarto catalogue consist in the information which it supplies
respecting the scheme of arrangement and the general physio-
logical principles intended to be illustrated by the different
series. The descriptions of the individual preparations are com-
paratively few, and these, for the most part, are confined to a
brief definition of the object. Many had merely the name of
the animal or part written on the top of the bottle, and the rest
were without either name or number. It was from these mate-
rials that Dr. Baillie, Sir Everard (then Mr.) Home, and Mr.
* See Heusinger, ‘System der Histologie,’ 4to, 1823, Heft ii. p. 160.
&
Clift commenced, in the year 1793, the formation of the folio
catalogue, which constitutes the fourth of the manuscript ex-
planatory documents of the present department of the Hunterian
Collection, and which served for the use of visitors until the
publication of the present catalogue. In reference to the nota-
tion of the specimens in the folio catalogue, Mr. Clift has sub-
joined the following note, prefixed to the list of the different
numbers :—‘ No running number existed during Mr. Hunter’s
“lifetime, on account of the additions continually making to the
Collection. Immediately after his death, a running number,
“from | to 3745, was painted upon them by the Conservator, in
“order to construct a catalogue from materials left by Mr.
“Hunter. This was done between the years 1793 and 1800 by
“William Clift, under the superintendence of Mr. Home, and
“afterwards written fair into the folio volume above mentioned,
“after the Collection had come into the hands of the College.
“A slight inspection of that volume will show that the pre-
“parations were not in a sufficient state of arrangement for a
“permanent catalogue ; the whole contents of the Gallery were
“therefore re-arranged, and brought into their present relative
“situations in the year 1817, and the whole re-numbered, as in
‘s the first column of this book, under the direction of Sir Everard
“Home. But a further more careful revision is still necessary
“ before a satisfactory catalogue can be made.—1823. WILLIAM
Curr.”
Before placing on the specimens the new series of numbers of
1817, Mr. Clift copied off all the memoranda which had been
written in paint on the tops of the bottles; to these he has
added notes, elucidating the history of many of the preparations ;
and the three manuscript Fasciculi, containing the original
memoranda attached to the specimens, and these additions, con-
stitute the ji/th explanatory document, and one that has proved
of material use in the determination of many of the unnamed
specimens. Of the descriptions to which the new system of
numbers was designed to refer, those relating to the first series
alone were completed, so that the rest of the Collection could
only be studied by the folio catalogue of 1793—1800,. through
4
x1
the medium of the lists of double numbers, written fair in a
separate volume by Mr. Clift.
A sizth document, of much importance in the identification
of the individual specimens, is a manuscript catalogue, by Mr.
Hunter, of a series of drawings, chiefly taken from preparations
in the Museum, and intended to illustrate their description.
About thirty specimens, in some instances of complicated and
minute structures, have been determined by this mode of com-
parison.
The original Hunterian descriptions have been retained, as
far as possible, in the present catalogue ; additions have been
made to them, when they were found not sufficiently clear; and
new descriptions have been given of all the remaining prepa-
rations.
The information most commonly required in addition to the
previous descriptions and notices, has been the name of the
species of plant or animal from which the preparation had been
derived.
Where this information is attempted to be given in the manu-
script catalogues the reference is commonly to the genus or to
some still wider group of animals, as ‘a monkey,’ ‘a whale,’ ‘a
beetle,’ ‘a snail;’ or the indication is still more vague, as ‘an
insect,’ ‘a sea-worm,’ ‘a shell-fish, &e. In a great proportion
of the specimens the description relates only to the organ, or
ends with ‘animal unknown.’ In many cases, where the species
is more definitely indicated in the folio catalogue, rectification of
the name has been found necessary, as will be seen by whoever
may compare the present catalogue with that document. The
mistakes which have hitherto been detected, have arisen from
placing confidence in the statements as to the species of animal
contained in the manuscript documents, before experience of
their occasional fallacy had shown the necessity of testing them
by a dissection of the animal to which a preparation was so
referred, or by a comparison of the preparation with such
descriptions and figures of the anatomy of the same animal as
could be found in print.
It is impossible to reason correctly upon the structure of a
a)
xll
detached organ, unless the condition ot the rest of the organiza-
tion, and the habits and mode of life of the species, be known ;
but to this end the name of the species from which the detached
organ was derived is indispensable : without this fact, the con-
templation of the most elaborately dissected specimen can yield
little satisfactory information, and to determine it became there-
fore the first and most essential step in the formation of a cata-
logue of the physiological specimens. This part of their history
has in most cases been effected by a comparison of the Hunterian
preparations with recent dissections. The series of ‘ Natural
History,’ or entire animals preserved in the Museum, the nume-
rous specimens presented by different travellers, and the per-
mission liberally granted by the council of the Zoological Society,
of taking to the College of Surgeons for comparison the viscera
of the animals dying in their extensive menagerie, have afforded
such means of instituting the requisite examinations, that the
expectation expressed in the Preface to the First Volume of the
present work, “that few of the preparations will ultimately be
“found deficient in that part of their history which is most essen-
“tial to their utility,” has been fully realized.
In some instances the unknown specimens have been deter-
mined by sufficiently characteristic descriptions and figures in
the published works on comparative anatomy. In many cases
sufficient of the ‘animal has been preserved to determine the
species from external zoological characters, and of these the
smaller Invertebrate animals are the chief examples. In most
instances this information has been gained by comparison with
recent dissections.
The species of organized beings dissected by Mr. Hunter are
systematically arranged in the ‘ Zoological Index’ to the five
volumes comprising the present catalogue. This index will show
at a glance the range of Mr. Hunter’s researches in comparative
anatomy ; and the zoological writer will readily find what pro-
portion of the anatomy of the species under his consideration
may be studied in the Museum of the College.
The wishes and the convenience of physiological visitors have
been considered in the formation of another index n which the
xiii
preparations are classed according to the organs ; under each
head reference is made to the number of the preparation in the
collection, and to the page of the catalogue in which it is de-
scribed.
There is, lastly, an alphabetical index of donors, and of other
sources, from which the physiological department of the collec-
tion has received additions. These additional preparations are
marked by the same numbers as the Hunterian specimens which
they respectively follow, and are distinguished by an added
letter.
The Council have great gratification in acknowledging the
unremitting labour which has been for many years bestowed on
this great work by Mr. Owen, one of the Conservators, and now
Hunterian Professor of comparative anatomy and physiology
to the College, to whom its publication has been exclusively
confided.
Royal College of Surgeons, London,
8 July, 1841.
PREFACE
TO THK
SLCOND: EDITION,
THE last edition of the Catalogue of the Physiological Series
was completed in 1840.
Leggs.
CF)
intennooe Gf
C.Stewart del.
1.CYMOPOLIA BARBATA.
Diagramatic sect. 40.
2.HALIMEDA TUNA.
Long. sect. 40.
FOU:
cn 4
4
INTERNODE
a imu
ah Wl a
RADICAL
TUBE
C.Stewart del.
1.AMPHIROA EPHEDRAA.
Long. sect .X 50
2.CRISIA EBURNEA.
X50.
a ee een eS ee ee. pan ee i al
PICA.
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=z
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Stewart del
Cc
.CELLARIA SINUOSA.
. 4.
2.MEMBRANIPORA MEMBRANACEA.
Xx
sect.
Diagramattc
JOINTS. 55
calcareous internodes are united by a bundle of about 20
noncalcitied tubes forming the node. The calcareous matter
is most dense at the external surface of the internode.
From the shores of the Mediterranean and West Indies.
Pl, TX figs 2, Presented by, G. R. M. Murray, Esq.
B. 40. A calcareous Alga, one of the Floridee (Amphiroa
ephedrea), and drawing of its structure. The flexible nodes
consist of noncalcified ceils. In the internodes the cell-
walls are calcified, stiff and brittle. When fresh or moist
the plant readily bends without breaking, but when dry the
slightest touch causes fracture. From the Cape of G. Hope
and Australia. Pl. X. fig. 1.
Presented by G. R. M. Murray, [sq.
ANIMALS.
B. 41. Zoarium of a Bryozoan (Crista eburnea), and drawing of
its structure. The tubular polyp-chambers (zocecia) have
rigid and brittle calcareous walls. The first zocecium of
each branch has a horny ring within the calcareous walls
that are here partly interrupted so as to expose the ring and
allow of flexion. This part constitutes the node. The
radical tubes by which the animal is attached have many
such nodes. PI. X. fig. 2.
B. 42. Zoarium of another Bryozoan (Cellaria sinuosa), and
drawings. The branching is dichotomous. Hach branch
normally commences by 8 special zocecia having their
interior lined by flexible horny matter. The calcareous
walls break at this point, exposing the dark horny material
as a flexible bond of union forming the node. These con-
necting zovcecia are devoid of the polypide present in all the
others, they also differ in other respects. Pl. XI. fig. 1.
B. 43. Cellaria sinuosa. Being preserved in spirit the black
horny material of the nodes is more distinct, as it can be
seen through the calcareous walls of the zocecia.
B 44. Small portion of a Bryozoan (Membranipora membranacea)
incrusting a Seaweed (Laminaria saccharina), with drawing
of structure. The seaweed is constantly bending in the
56
PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES.
water; if the Membranipora were rigid it would be the
subject of frequent fracture; this is prevented by each
calcareous lateral wall of the zocecium having two places
where it is membranous and flexible. The dorsal and
ventral walls are entirely membranous. Pl. XI. fig. 2.
Nitsche, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxi. 1871, p. 418.
B. 45. Second antenna of a Lobster (//omarus vulyaris), with
drawing of its structure. The proximal segments can
alone be moved by muscles. The long and tapering distal
part (flagellum) is composed of calcified rings connected
by flexible noncalcified cuticle. This structure, that greatly
diminishes the risk of fracture, is common to all filamentous
antenne. The filamentous portion of the antenna that is
naturally straight has been coiled to show its flexibility.
Joints that allow of voluntary motion.
INVERTEBRATA.
B. 46. Spines and plates from the test of a Sea-urchin (Hetero-
centrotus mammillatus, fam. Echinometradse), some in section,
with diagrams showing relation of soft parts. The spine
articulates by a ball-and-socket joint, the surface of the
socket being about half that of the mamelon.
B. 47. A similar preparation and diagram of Phyllacanthus im-
perialis, fam. Cidaridee. A pit in the centre of the socket
and mamelon gives attachment to a round ligament. This
is also present in the Diadematidee and Echinoidea Irregu-
laria. The middle spine in the preparation is from P.
baculosa, the dried soft parts are still attached, the round
ligament has been painted blue.
Prouho, Arch. Zool. Exp., t. v. 1887, p, 252.
B. 48. Separated dorsal and ventral valves of a Brachiopod
(Magellania lenticularis), with the hinge-region of another
specimen. ‘Two processes of the ventral valve (one painted
blue) are locked in depressions (one painted red) in the
dorsal valve. The valves can only be completely separated
by fracture. The articulation admits of but slight motion.
JAW. 57
B. 49. Three of the six joints of the great claw (chela) of a
Lobster (Homarus vulgaris). The dorsal surface of the
ischiopodite and meropodite is flattened, a single fulcrum
being formed by the entire length of the dorsal border.
In the joint between the meropodite and carpopodite
there are two fulcra, each about 14 mm. long. The outer
fulcrum is overlapped by a process of the meropodite. The
joint between the carpopodite and propodite has two fulcra:
the dorsal one, as in the previous case, is formed by a
narrow line of noncalcified cuticle, by which a special
calcified process of the carpopodite is attached to the pro-
podite ; on the ventral side the fulcrum is formed by
thick cuticle not attached to any process. The regions of
both fulcra are strengthened by a hollow process of the carpo-
podite that overlaps the propodite. On the dorsal side the
process has a semicircular groove, into which fits a semi-
circular ridge on the propodite. On the ventral side the
ridge is borne by the carpopodite, the groove by the pro-
podite. In each the fulerum corresponds with the centre
of the semicircle. The fulcra have been painted blue.
Presented by Mr. R. Burton.
Langer, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. xviii.
1860, p. 101.
B. 50. The dorsal and ventral portions of the joint between the
carpopodite and propodite of the great claw of a Lobster,
separated to show the special semicircular articular surfaces,
the ridge on the ventral being borne by the carpopodite,
on the dorsal by the propodite. This probably increases
the strength of the articulation.
VERTEBRATA.
JAW.
B. 51. Joint between the right maxillary and mandibular carti-
lages of a Skate (Raja batis). The articular surface of the
maxillary cartilage is irregularly rounded, that of the
mandibular concave. The upper border of the latter shows
a notch through which protrudes a synovial pouch 8 mm
in diameter. The synovial membrane has a few small
fringes, but is apparently healthy. The cavity of the joint
58 PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES.
is filled in all adults by loose lenticular or irregular-shaped
bodies. Some are of minute size, but the great majority
have a uniform diameter of 2mm. They consist of mucin,
fibrin, and branched cells. Those removed from this joint
are shown below; in bulk they measured between 6 and
7 cc.
B. 52. Portion of the skull with the right mandible of a Duck-
billed Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). The temporo-
maxillary joint has been opened from the front, to show the
absence of any interarticular substance between the two
joint surfaces. The condyle of the mandible is convex and
laterally expanded, the corresponding glenoid cavity being
concave from side to side, convex from before backwards.
The movements of the jaws are probably very simple in
character.
For Mammalian Joints.—Parsons, Jour. of Anat. &
Physiol., vol. xxxiv. 1899, p. 41.
B. 53. Right half of the skull of a Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus
[ Dasyurus] ursinus) showing the temporo-maxillary joint.
The glenoid fossa, as in placental Carnivora, is deeply concave
from before backwards, with well-marked pre- and post-
glenoid processes. The condyle of the mandible is strongly
convex and fairly accurately fits the glenoid cavity. There
is no interarticular cartilage.
B. 54. Part of the skull with the left mandible of an Armadillo
(Dasypus sexcinctus). The cavity of the temporo-maxillary
joint has been exposed from the outer side to show the
sinall size and simple flattened character of the articular
surfaces and the entire absence of any interarticular
cartilage.
B. 55. A section through the temporal bone and condyle of the
lower jaw of a Beaver (Castor fiber), giving a posterior
view of the double articular cavity and intermediate sub-
stance; and showing that the capsular ligament between
the interarticular substance and glenoid cavity is longer
than that between the interarticular substance and condyle
JAW. 59
of the lower jaw; both otf which, therefore, in extensive
motions of the jaw backwards and forwards, must move
together upon the temporal bone. O. C. 261.
Hunterian.
B. 56. The lett ramus of the lower jaw, and part of the cranium
of a Porpoise (Phocena phocena). A section has been
made through the joint, to show the fibrous connecting-
substance zn situ. O. C. 2404.
van Beneden, Arch. de Biol., t. iii. 1882, p. 669.
B. 57. A section of the ligamentous substance that unites the
lower jaw to the cranium in the Whale. O. C. 240.
‘The articulation of the lower jaw is not by simple contact
either single or double, joined by a capsular ligament, as in the
quadruped; but by a very thick intermediate substance of the
ligamentous kind, so interwoven that its parts move on each other,
in the interstices of which is an oil. This thick matted substance
may answer the same purpose as the double joint in the quadruped.”
—Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787, vol. lxvii. p. 384.
Hunterian.
B. 58. Half of the fibro-cartilaginous mass that formed the
squamoso-mandibular articulation of a young female
Balenoptera acuto-rostrata, O. C. 2408.
Perrin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 805.
B. 59. The interarticular ligamentous substance trom the joint
of the lower jaw of the Elephant (lephas indicus). The
surface adapted to the temporal bone is concave in the lesser
and convex in the larger diameter; the opposite or lower
surface presents a deep, oval excavation for the reception of
the condyle of the jaw. O. C. 262. Hunterian.
B. 60. A vertical section of the interarticular substance from
the joint of the lower jaw of a younger Elephant, showing
the degree of concavity on each side, so well calculated
for adapting two convex surfaces to each other. A bristle
is placed in an orifice leading out of the lower cavity.
0.C. 263. Hunterian.
60 PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES.
B. 61. The counterpart of the preceding preparation, divided
horizontally, and exhibiting a disposition of the outer
ligamentous fibres in concentric circles, similar to the inter-
vertebral substances of the spine. O.C. 264. Hunterian.
B. 62. Right temporo-maxillary joint of a Horse (Hyuus caballus).
The joint-cavity has been opened from behind to show the
slightly curved character of the articular surfaces and
the thin plate of fibro-cartilage intersposed between them.
The cartilage assists in adapting the articular surfaces to
one another during the complicated rotary and gliding
movements of which the jaw is capable.
Chauveau & Fleming, ‘Anatomy of the Domestic Animals,’
1873, p. 138.
B. 63. A similar preparation of the left temporo-maxillary joint
of a Sheep (Orvis aries). The surfaces of articulation are
more flattened than in the Horse, and eminently adapted
for gliding movements. Two slips from the masseter are
attached to the antero-lateral surface of the capsule; one
near its upper border, the other where it is attached to the
interarticular substance.
B. 64. A vertical and longitudinal section of part of the lower jaw
and temporal bone of a young Lion (Felis leo), exhibiting
the interarticular substance extending through the whole
of the joint, and dividing it into two synovial cavities.
OG. 258. Hunterian.
B. 65. The corresponding section of the same parts, showing the
similar conditions. O. ©. 259. Hunterian.
B. 66. A vertical and transverse section of part of the lower jaw
and temporal bone of a Lion, showing the extent of the
joint in that direction and the form of the interarticular
substance, convex from side to side above, concave below.
O. C. 260. Hunterian.
-B. 67. A vertical section of part of the temporal bone and ramus
of the lower jaw of a Human subject, exhibiting the forms
JAW. 61
of the glenoid and condyloid articular cavities, and of the
intermediate fibrous cartilage. O.C. 265.
‘Just under the beginning of the zygomatic process of each
temporal bone, before the external meatus auditorius, an oblong
cavity may be observed; in direction, length, and breadth, in some
measure corresponding with the condyle of the lower jaw. Before,
and adjoining to, this cavity, there is an oblong eminence placed
in the same direction, convex upon the top in the direction of its
shorter axis, which runs from behind forwards; and a little con-
cave in the direction of its longer axis, which runs from within
outwards. It is a little broader at its outer extremity, as the
outer corresponding end of the condyle describes a larger circle in
its motion than the inner. The surface of the cavity and eminence
is covered with one continued smooth cartilagincus crust, which
is somewhat ligamentous, for by putrefaction it peels off, like a
membrane, with the common periosteum. Both the cavity and
eminence serve for the motion of the condyle of the lower jaw.
The surface of the cavity is directed downward; that of the
eminence downward and backward, in such a manner, that a trans-
verse section of both would represent the italic letter fe Though
the eminence may, on a first view of it, appear to project consider-
ably below the cavity, yet a line drawn from the bottom of the
cavity to the most depending part of the eminence is almost hori-
zontal, and therefore nearly parallel with the line made by the
grinding surfaces of the teeth in the upper jaw; and when we
consider the articulation farther, we shall find that these two lines
are so nearly parallel, that the condyle moves almost directly
forwards in passing from the cavity to the eminence; and the
parallelism of the motion is also preserved by the shape of an
intermediate cartilage.
“In this joint there is a moveable cartilage, which, though
common to both condyle and cavity, ought to be considered rather
as an appendage of the former than of the latter, being more closely
connected with it, so as to accompany it in its motion along the
common surface of both the cavity and eminence. This cartilage
is nearly of the same dimensions with the condyle, which it covers;
is hollowed on its inferior surface to receive the condyle: on its
upper surface it is more unequal, being moulded to the cavity and
eminence of the articulating surface of the temporal bone, though
it is considerably less, and is therefore capable of being moved
with the condyle from one part of that surface to another, Its
62
PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES.
texture is ligamento-cartilaginous. This moveable cartilage is
connected with both the condyle of the jaw and the articulating
surface of the temporal bone, by distinct ligaments, arising from
its edges all round. That by which it is attached to the temporal
bone is the most free and loose; though both ligaments will allow
an easy motion, or sliding of the cartilage on the respective sur-
faces of the condyle and temporal bone. These attachments of
the cartilage are strengthened, and the whole articulation secured,
by an externai ligament which is common to both, and which is
fixed to the temporal bone and to the neck of the condyle. On
the inner surface of the ligament which attaches the cartilage to
the temporal bone, and backwards, in the cavity, is placed what is
commonly called the gland of the joint; at leasi, the ligament is
there much more vascular than at any other part.”—Hunter, On
the Teeth, 4to, 1st edit., 1771, p. 9.
Hunterian.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN,
ACENTROUS,
Gadow & Abbott, Phil. Trans., vol. clxxxvi. 1895, p. 163,
& Gadow, vol. clxxxvii. 1896, p. 1.
B. 68. Three portions of the notochord of a Sea-Lamprey
(Petromyzon marinus), showing a series of cartilaginous
dorsal arches lying in the lateral walls of the mass of con-
nective tissue that surrounds the neural canal.
In the anterior region of the body (middle specimen)
the arches are irregular in shape, but further back, in the
region of the liver (lower specimen), they are more
regular.
The upper specimen is a transverse section through the
anterior region and shows the relation of the arches to the
neural canal.
Schneider, ‘ Beitriige zur vergleichenden Anatomie und
Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbelthiere,’ Berlin,
1879, p. 51.
B. 69. Portion of vertebral column, and head of a Sea-Lamprey
(Petromyzon marinus). The ventral portion of the noto-
chord and cartilaginous craninm has been removed in front
VERTEBRAL COLUMN. 63
to show the pointed extremity of the notochord surrounded
by the cranial cartilage. O. C. 230¢.
B. 70. Anterior portion of a Glutinous Hag (MJy«ne glutinosa),
showing the notochord. O. C. 230. Funterian.
B. 71. Portions of the vertebral column of a Sea-Cat (Chimera
monstrosa). The column, although without any suggestion
of vertebral bodies, is potentially chorda-centrous owing to
the invasion of the chordal sheath by cells from the skeleto-
genous layer. The continuous notochord is surrounded by
a delicate elastica externa and a very thick elastica interna
(chordal sheath). The latter is to a considerable extent
cartilaginous, and is divided into an inner and outer layer
by a series of narrow calcified rings, contiguous with one
another and far more numerous than the basi-dorsalia. The
dorsal arches are composed of basi-dorsalia, inter-dorsalia,
and supra-dorsalia ; towards the middle of the body the
supra-dorsalia disappear, and in the tail-region they are
followed by the inter-dorsalia. The ventralia consist of a
double row of small irregular cartilages. A certain number
of the anterior arcualia are fused together and enlarged to
provide a support for the anterior spine of the dorsal fin.
The skull articulates to the vertebral column by a diarthrodial
joint.
The upper specimen is the anterior portion of the vertebral
column, in it some of the dorsalia are outlined in black.
The next specimen (part in sagittal section) is taken from
the middle of the body; beneath is a transverse section
from the same region. The two lower specimens are from
the tail.
Hasse, ‘ Natiirliches System der Elasmobranchier,’ Jena,
1882, p. 25.
B. 72. Specimens of the calcareous rings from the chordal sheath
of a Sea-Cat (Chimera mediterranea). The rings have the
form of narrow fibrous bands, with a deep concavity running
round their outer side. They are composed of dense
calcified connective tissue, the fibres and cells of which are
packed closely together with their long axes mainly paralle]
64 PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES.
to the circumference of the ring. Two isolated rings are
mounted above, and below are two pieces (one in section)
composed of several contiguous rings.
Hasse, ‘ Natiirliches System der Elasmobranchier, Jena,
1882, p. 33.
B. 73. Transverse sections of the spine of the Southern Chimera
(Callorhynchus australis), in which the notochord is persis-
tent, but has a thicker fibrous sheath, in which there is no
trace of calcification: the vertebrae are indicated by the
small cartilaginous dorsalia and ventralia. O. C. 2364.
Hasse, Nat. Syst. Elasmobranchier, 1882, p. 30.
B. 74. A portion of the notochord of a Sturgeon. A longi-
tudinal section has been made on one side, which exposes
some small cavities in the centre. O.C. 232. Hunterian.
B. 75. A longitudinal section of the notochord and sheath of a
Sturgeon, showing the thickness of the sheath, and exposing
a larger central cavity in the notochord. O. C. 233.
Hunterian.
B. 76. A transverse section of the spine of a Sturgeon (Acipenser
sturio). It shows the persistent continuous notochord: the
inner layer of the fibrous sheath of the notochord has
increased in thickness. In the skeletogenous tissue are de-
veloped distinct, firm, and opaque cartilages—the dorsalia,
which consist of two superimposed pieces on each side, the
basal portion bounding the neural canal, the apical portion a
superior canal, filled by fibrous elastic ligament and adipose
tissue : above this is the single cartilaginous supradorsal.
The ventralia are now distinctly developed, and joined
together by a continuous expanded base, forming an
inverted arch beneath the notochord, for the vascular
trunks. O. C. 234. Funterian.
B. 77. A longitudinal section of the anterior part of the spine of
a Sturgeon, which shows the gradual contraction of the
notochord as it approaches the head, The whole spine
VERTEBRAL COLUMN. 65
being composed of very elastic materials, renders the
existence of joints and vertebral bodies unnecessary.
O. C. 235: Flunterian,
v. Ebner, Sitz. d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. civ. Hft. 3,
1895, p. 149.
CHORDACENTROUS.
B. 78. Portions of the precaudal cartilaginous vertebral column
of a Greenland Shark (Lemargus borealis), part in section.
Each vertebra consists of cartilage only. A disc having a
thickness at its centre of 4 mm., increased to 10 mm. at the
lateral margins, and dorsally enlarging so as to come in
contact with those of neighbouring vertebrae, but ventrally
separated by prolongations of the interventralia, represents
the centrum. It is formed in the sheath of the notochord
(=chorda-central type). Continuous with the dorsal sur-
face of the centrum are a pair of basidorsalia that commence
by a broad base. The intervals between the basidorsalia
are filled by the interdorsalia. Lateral processes, the basi-
ventralia and interventralia, largely repeat the features of
the dorsalia. The pairs of dorsalia and ventralia both fuse
in the mid line. The notochord is largely persistent.
Hasse, Nat. Syst. Elasmobranchier, 1882, p. 55.
B. 79. Portions of the vertebral column of the same fish from the
junction of the caudal and precaudal regions. There is no
trace of calcification. Red glass rods indicate some of the
openings for the roots of the spinal nerves.
B. 80. Portions of the vertebral column of a Fox Shark
(Alopecias vulpes) taken from the precaudal region.
In the lower specimen the anterior vertebrae are in
sagittal section ; the posterior vertebree show the superficial
striations upon the centra due to the edges of a series of
radiating calcified plates, the relative size and position
of the arcual cartilages is also shown.
The upper specimen is a transverse section through the
middle of a centrum, and shows the radiating calcified
plates and the relations of the bases of the arches to the
centrum.
FE
66 PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES.
B. 81. Portion of the vertebral column of a Fox Shark (Alopecias
vulpes) from the caudal region, showing especially the
dorsalia and interdorsalia ; also ventralia and interventralia.
B. 82. Portion of the vertebral column (part in section) of a
Porbeagle Shark (Lamna cornubica) showing a flattened
continuous band of yellow elastic tissue closely adherent to
its cartilaginous spinous processes. The biconcave (amphi-
coelous) vertebral bodies are well developed. Their cartilage
is calcified on their articular surfaces, and around the
sheath of the notochord, from which point four sets of
calcareous plates extend to the circumference, their intervals
being occupied by cartilage. The cartilaginous neural
arches (dorsalia and interdorsalia) show the openings for the
dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves, into the former
green and into the latter red glass rods have been introduced.
On either side of the ventral surface of the column are
cartilaginous plates, the ventralia and interventralia.
Hasse, Nat. Syst. Elasmobranchier, 1882, p. 214.
B. 83. Transverse section of the vertebral column of a young
Basking Shark (Selache maxima) that measured twelve feet
in length. The notochord is continuous, enlarging at
intervals to form the soft intervertebral discs. Concentric
rings of calcification traverse the cartilaginous body.
These rings are interrupted by the cartilaginous con-
tinuations of the neural arches (dorsalia) and transverse
processes (ventralia). The concentric plates are in later
life followed by radiating ones. QO. C. 237 Ba.
Hasse, Nat. Syst. Elasmobranchier, 1882, p. 236.
B. 84. Transverse section of half a vertebra of an older example
of a Basking Shark (S. maaima) showing the radiating
vlates of calcified cartilage that invest the concentric ones.
There are also fine radiating lines of calcification between
the concentric plates.
B. 85. Terminal caudal vertebree of a Piked Dog-fish ( Acanthius
vulgaris) showing besides the vertebree, the horny fila-
ments that support the extreme edge of the fin-membrane.
O..C.. 209 Db: Presented by W. Clift, Esq.
Hasse, Nat. Syst. Elasmobranchier, 1882, p. 93.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN. 67
B. 86. Portion of the precaudal vertebral column including six
vertebree of a Skate (Raja batis). O. C. 237 v.
B. 87. Three portions of the vertebral column of a Ray (Raja
clavata) taken respectively from the anterior, median, and
posterior regions of the body. The column is formed in its
anterior part (upper specimen) of a single rigid mass of carti-
lage, in which the only indication of segmentation is afforded
by the nerve-foramina (31 pairs) on each side. The charac-
ters of this part of the column have probably arisen in
response to the demand for additional strength to support the
enlarged pectoral fins. Somewhat posterior to the shoulder-
girdle, the segmented notochord appears ;.its upper and
lateral surfaces are enveloped by basi- inter- and supra-
dorsalia and basiventralia (the latter are at first continuous
with the basidorsalia). In the middle specimen the transition
from trunk to ‘tail is shown; the basiventralia become
separated from the basidorsalia, migrate to the ventral aspect
of the notochord and there, with the addition of inter-
ventralia, form the hemal arches. The interdorsalia are
gradually suppressed. The lower specimen shows the
degenerate condition of the tail.
Hasse, Nat. Syst. Elasmobr. 1882, p. 168.
ARCHCENTROUS.
B. 88. Portions of the vertebral column of Lepidosteus osseus.
The vertebral bodies are opisthoccelous and developed
entirely from the arches without invasion of the chordal
sheath by skeletogenous cells (archcentra). In the adult
the notochord is altogether suppressed. The three upper
specimens are taken from the precaudal region, the two
lower from the caudal.
Balfour & Parker, Phil. Trans., vol. clxxii. 1882, p. 386.
B. 89. Portions of the trunk region of the vertebral column of
a Cod (Gadus morrhua).
Each vertebral body consists of a deeply biconcave disc
of bone, smovth and hard upon its concave surface, but of
looser texture outside. It is attached to the bodies of
neighbouring vertebra by the edges of its cavities by means
F2
68 PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES.
of fibrous tissue. The biconical space enclosed between
each pair of vertebral bodies is filled with a gelatinous
material that represents the remains of the notochord.
The articulation of the bodies with each other is rendered
more rigid by an overlapping of processes on the bodies
by corresponding projections of the neural arch and
transverse processes of the succeeding vertebra.
An anterior view of a vertebra is shown above ; below,
11 vertebree (the first 5 of which are in sagittal section) are
seen from the left side.
Scheel, Morph. Jahrb., Bd. xx. 1893, p. 1.
B. 90. The caudal extremity of the vertebral column of Lepido-
. siren paradoxa seen from the left side. In this and in the
other Dipnoi the notochord is obliterated towards the end
of the tail and replaced by a number of rectangular blocks
of cartilage, each surmounted by a variable number of
arcualia. They probably do not represent vertebral bodies.
Klaatsch, Morph. Jahrb., Bd. xx. 1893, p. 151.
B. 91. A longitudinal and vertical section of two vertebrae of a
Siren (Siven lacertina). The articular surfaces of the
bodies of the vertebree are hollowed out as in fish, but
the cavities are occupied by ligamentous fibres disposed
in concentric circles: the articular processes are joined
by capsular and synovial membranes. O. C. 246.
Flunterian,
Mivart, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 260.
B. 92. A longitudinal and vertical section of the cervical vertebrae
of a Turtle (Chelone mydas), the bodies of which are
connected by ligamentous substance passing between the
whole of their articular surfaces.
These surfaces, in the first, second, and third vertebra,
are convex at the anterior part, and concave at the posterior;
in the fourth they are convex at both ends; the anterior
surface of the fifth is concave, the posterior plane; both
surfaces are plane in the sixth; but the posterior surface
of the seventh vertebra is convex. O. 0, 248. Hunterian.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN. 69
B. 93. Eight dorsal vertebrae of Monitor Lizard (Vuranus
salvator). A sagittal section has been made of the anterior
vertebrae, it shows the joint cavities between the procclous
vertebral bodies. The articulations of the ribs are seen
on the posterior vertebre.
B. 94. Vertebree of V. salvator in horizontal longitudinal section,
showing the proceelous intervertebral joints.
B. 95. Vertebree with portions of ribs attached of Boa constrictor
(Python sebe). A strong common ligament extends along
the ventral faces of the bodies. The capsular ligament of
the ribs is most strongly developed dorsally and ventrally,
anteriorly the joint-cavity is bounded by a plate of yellow
elastic fibrous tissue.
Rochebrune, Jour. de |’Anat. et Physiol., t. xvii. 1881,
p. 180,
B. 96. A longitudinal and transverse section of the bodies of
the vertebrae of a large Serpent (Python tigris), exhibiting
the forms of their articular surfaces, O. C. 250 c.
B. 97. Left half of a portion of the vertebral column of a Boa
(Python tigris), the ribs being left attached. O. C. 250 B.
B. 98. Two cervical vertebree and one dorsal of a Crocodile
(C. acutus) showing, in end view, the structure of the
intervertebral joint.
Between each pair of centra there is a fibro-cartilaginous
intervertebral disc, that, owing to the proceelous character
of the joint, has the form of an obtuse hollow cone.
Along the outer margin of the disc there is a strong
fibrous band united superficialty to the outer ligament but
free towards the disc, except at a point on either side. This
disc is the homologue of an intercentrum (basi-ventrals).
A blue rod has been inserted in each specimen between
the fibrous band and the disc.
Gegenbaur, Jena. Zeitschr., Bd. iii. 1867, p. 400.
B. 99. Two dorsal vertebre of a Crocodile (C. acutus) from
which the spines and dorsal arches have been removed to
70 PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES.
show the intervertebral fibrous band. A green rod and
black bristles have been inserted in different places between
it and the intervertebral disc.
B. 100. A longitudinal horizontal section of two cervical verte-
bree of an Ostrich (Struthzo camelus), exposing the cavity of
the joint which unites these vertebre ; here, the anterior
surface is convex, the posterior concave. O. C, 251.
Hunterian.
B. 101. A longitudinal vertical section of two anterior dorsal
vertebree of the Ostrich, the bodies of which are articulated
by a capsular ligament, as in the preceding specimen; the
articular surfaces are saddle-shaped, with the two faces in
reversed positions. The canal for the passage of the
medulla spinalis is enlarged near the articulation, to prevent
its being compressed in the motions of that part of the spine.
WiC. 252; Hunterian.
B.102. Vertebra of Yachyglossus [Echidna] aculeata, and left
halves of two others, showing the intervertebral substance,
and its central cavity. O. C. 246 a.
B. 103. A transverse section of the intervertebral substance of the
Bottlenose Whale (//yperoodon rostrata).
It is 153 mm. in diameter; the external 13 mm. appears
of uniform consistency, and exhibits very little of the fibrous
character. The rest of the substance, to within 16 mm. of
the centre, is composed of ligamentous fibres arranged in
concentric circles, and at nearly equal distances; the
remaining central part appears to be wholly occupied by
glairy matter. O. C. 245. Hlunterian.
Hunter, On the Whale, Phil. Trans., vol. Ixxvii. 1781,
tab. xix.
B. 104. A iongitudinal section of two caudal vertebra of a Horse
(Equus caballus). These vertebre form a remarkable con-
trast to those of fishes, as they present to each other convex,
instead of concave, surfaces. O. C. 242. Hunterian,
RIBS. it
B. 105. A single vertebra from the tail of a Horse, exhibiting a
transverse section of the intervertebral substance, the
ligamentous fibres of which are disposed in concentric
circles, which recede from each other as they approach the
centre, and have a glairy fluid in the interspaces. O.C. 243,
Hlunterian.
B. 106. Atlas vertebra of a Seal (Phoca vitulina). A stout wedge-
shaped ligamentous band is attached to the antero-ventral
surface of the vertebral body. It lies dorsal to the anterior
occipito-atlantal ligament with its narrow free border
directed forwards, and fills up the hollow between the two
occipital facets. The odontoid process is embraced between
this ligament and the transverse ligament of the atlas.
RIBS.
B. 107. A dorsal vertebra, and the vertebral extremity of a rib of
an Ostrich, showing that the latter is articulated by
distinct capsular ligaments to two different parts of the
vertebra ; viz., the parapophysis below, and the diapo-
physis above. The orifice for the admission of air into
the rib may be observed in the angle of the neck and
tubercle. QO. C. 253. Hunterian.
B. 108. A portion of the sternum and the sternal extremity of the
rib of an Ostrich, showing that this part is also articulated
by distinct capsules to two points of the sternum. The
sternal and vertebral portions of the rib are also articulated
by a synovial capsule. O. C. 254. Hunterian.
B. 109. Some dorsal vertebrze with portions of ribs attached from
the Duck billed Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). A
transverse ligament unites the heads of the ribs, it lies on
the ventral surface of the intervertebral dise.
B. 110. Bodies of the 3rd to the 11th dorsal vertebrae of a Mole
(Talpa europea) with the heads of the corresponding ribs.
A black bristle has been placed beneath the transverse liga-
ments ; these lie on the dorsal surface of the intervertebral
disc, and each is attached to the heads of a pair of ribs.
Sutton, Jour. Anat. & Phys., vol. xviii. 1884, p. 225.
re PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIES.
B. 111. The 2nd to the 9th dorsal vertebrae of a Fox-Squirrel
(Seiurus ludovicianus), with the articular extremities of the
corresponding ribs. The dorsal arches have been removed
to show a transverse ligament passing between each pair of
ribs, from head to head, on the dorsal surface of the inter-
vertebral disc. The ligaments (behind which a black bristle
has been placed) are only present between the heads of the
third to the ninth pairs of ribs.
B. 112. A dorsal vertebra, and the articular extremities of four
ribs of a Horse (Hquus caballus).
These are attached by capsular ligaments to the angles of
the body of the vertebra ; they have also a strong transverse
ligament which passes from the head of one rib, dorsally to
the intervertebral substance, to the head of the opposite rib;
thus connecting them firmly to each other, and to the
vertebra. O.C. 257. Hunterian.
B. 113. Centrum of a dorsal vertebra of a Tapir (Lapirus terres-
tris) with the heads of the corresponding pair of ribs,
showing a similar transverse ligament.
B. 114. Portions of four dorsal vertebrae of Sheep (Ovis aries)
with extremities of ribs attached, showing the strong trans-
verse ligament that unites the heads of the ribs.
Presented by P. D. Coghill, Esq.
B. 115. One mid-dorsal, and two last dorsal vertebrie, also articu-
lar ends of ribs, showing transverse ligament uniting their
heads. From a Seal (Phoca vitulina), seven days old.
The ligaments proper to each pair of ribs are two in
number, they traverse respectively the dorsal and ventral
surfaces of the intervertebral disc.
Presented by the Zoological Society.
B. 116. The 7th to 11th dorsal vertebre of a Dog (Canis famili-
aris), with the heads of the corresponding ribs attached.
The neural arches have been removed to show four stout
transverse ligaments. They are only present between the
heads of the seventh to the tenth pairs of ribs.
SHOULDER-GIRDLE. 16
B. 117. Tenth to thirteenth dorsal vertebrae of a Chimpanzee
(Anthropopithecus troglodytes), showing ribs attached to all
the transverse processes.
SHOULDER-GIRDLE.
B. 118. Right scapula and clavicle of a Tasmanian Devil
(Sarcophilus [ Dasyurus] ursinus). The clavicle is attached
by ligament to both the coracoid and acromion processes
of the scapula.
B. 119. Anterior part of the sternum with the clavicles of an
Armadillo (Dasypus sexcinctus), showing the sterno-clavicu-
lar articulation. Each clavicle is attached to one of the two
anterior processes of the expanded manubrium sterni by a
ligament in which are embedded two nodules of cartilage.
Owing to the position of the sternal end of the clavicle
directly dorsal to the manubrial process, the ligament under-
goes a ventral twist in passing from one to the other.
Hoffmann, Niederl. Arch. f. Zool., t. v. 1879-82, p. 66.
B. 120. Left scapula and clavicle with the distal ends of the first
two ribs of Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus tridactylus). The
clavicle is rudimentary and represented only by a nodule
of bone imbedded in a ligament that passes between
the sternal extremity of the first rib and the coracoid.
Humphry, Jour. Anat. & Physiol., vol. iv. 1870, p. 26.
SHOULDER.
B. 121. The right anterior extremity of a Bull.Frog (Rana
catesbiana).
The shoulder-joint is laid open, and the capsule turned
back, to show an interarticular ligament passing from a
depression in the head of the humerus to a depression in the
centre of the glenoid cavity, and attached also to the inferior
margin of that cavity. A bristle is passed behind this
ligament: a small synovial bag projects into this joint just
above the insertion of the ligament.
Thisadditional security against dislocation of the shoulder-
joint appears to be necessary in the frog, to obviate the
74 PHYSIOLOGICAL SERIKS.
effects of the shock, or impulse, which the anterior ex-
tremities receive when the animal alights from a leap.
OC 255 kK:
B. 122. Right shoulder-joint of a Duck-billed Platypus (Ornitho-
rhynchus anatinus). The glenoid cavity has the form of a
groove with open ends, deeply concave in a dorso-ventral
direction, but slightly convex transversely. The head of
the humerus is laterally expanded and constitutes a roller-
shaped condyle of slightly crescentic form ; the hollow of the
crescent fits against the lower (coracoid) lip of the glenoid
groove and is connected to it by a stout gleno-humeral
ligament. The form of the articular surfaces and looseness
of the capsule except where it forms the gleno-humeral liga-
ment allow of considerable rotation of the humerus.
Attached to the apex of the internal tuberosity there is a
small loose nodule of bone on which the subscapularis muscle
is inserted. This bone has been compared to the os humero-
scapulare of the bird.
B. 123. Right shoulder-joint of an Opossum (Didelphys marsu-
pialis). The capsule has been opened to expose a stout
gleno-humeral ligament, which arises from the glenoid
border beneath the biceps tendon, passes diagonally across
the joint-cavity free of the capsule, and is attached to the
inner side of the head of the humerus. The gleno-humeral
ligament in this and the following specimens is apparently
the middle gleno-humeral ligament of human anatomy.
B. 124. Left shoulder-joint of a Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus
[Dasyurus] ursinus) showing a similar gleno - humeral
ligament.
B. 125. Left shoulder of a Six-banded Armadillo (Dasypus
sexcinctus). A blue glass rod has been placed beneath the
gleno-humeral ligament that is free in the joint-cavity.
A green glass has been passed beneath a special thickening
of the external wall of the capsule.
B. 126. Right shoulder-joint of Nine-banded Armadillo ( Tatusia
novemeincta).