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/DESCRIPTIVE AND ILLUSTRATED

CATALOGUE

OF THE

~~ FOSSIL ORGANIC REMAINS

OF

MAMMALIA AND AVES

CONTAINED IN
THE MUSEUM
OF

London - THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS
/l
OF ENGLAND. /

LONDON:

PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

1845.

Betis
Ne

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Desiea

ADVERTISEMENT.

IN the present Catalogue of the Fossil Remains of Mammals and Birds
in the Museum of the College, the specimens have been severally
referred to the species to which they belonged, the bones named ac-
cording to the place in the skeleton, and the teéth according to the
position in the dental series which they originally occupied. A brief
exposition of the principal characters of the fossil, and of the dif-
ferences which it presents in comparison with its nearest existing
analogues, has been subjoined where required by the rarity or singu-
larity of the specimen ; and in the case of the remains of species im-
perfectly known or new to science, the descriptions are pursued to the
details requisite to establish the characters and affinities of such spe-
cies, and to serve for the identification of similar fossils which may
hereafter be discovered. In some instances the determination of the
precise affinities of the fossil has required microscopic investigation of
the tissues, as in the teeth of the Glyptodon, Mylodon and Megatherium.

The matrix or geological formation, and the locality from which
each specimen has been obtained, are subjoined to the determination
or description, except in a few instances of the Hunterian specimens,
where such records had not been preserved. A particular account
has been added, from the best authorities, of the more remarkable lo- —
calities, as the ossiferous caves of Gailenreuth, Kuloch, Oreston, &c.

iv

The proportion of the original Hunterian specimens of Mam-
malian and Avian fossils to those subsequently added to the Col-
lection of the College is so small, that the whole are incorporated in
one system of arrangement and marked by consecutive or running
numbers ; the original specimens, 330 in number, being specified as
Hunterian ; the additions by the name of the Donor; or, when ob-
tained by purchase at the sale of a museum, by the name of its
Founder.

With many fossils of extinct species the corresponding part of the
nearest allied existing animal has been placed in juxtaposition, and
such parts bear the same number as the fossils they illustrate, with an
added dot, as No. 2, No. 2°; No. 1579, 1579°.

Ten Plates are subjoined to the present Volume in illustration
of some of the rarest fossil specimens, which have not before been
figured in any Work.

CrOON ska N AS:

Class MamMMALIA.

Order Carnivora.

Nos. of Specimens. Pages.
GenusuWisustecce. | btn bbe cee eo ee oye eee IntOrO Obani: 1 to 16
GO ee Cee ict sen co SOSH Aes oy cay:
PPUEOTUUS Met de MRA A as eee etic 65. Be lg,
Canisters 2 ee Soy ee ee OOS NOD eel 0)
WwehipoghiS « © oo 6 «0 0 6 o o » JOBE SIO 4) 4. 20
Ty CUO mmuE ae i Lead bre ony te eel OD) OOme oy ye ol 29
Relishes Leet hte meni meer y= Open a OA
Order RopeEnrta.
GCOSEOT cee PRIS Soh A ec Uilines nue sat mean cto Des fONIC TES OND, eatery ech
LUROGORUMETOMMR == 6 6 6 5 6 oe a oo mille ey ee)
Chena Samrat 2a oss ieee he, Weert, DIA life ae OO
Order Eprentata.
Megathennim iain). >) ewe een 2S —3445 |.) O75
NGG o 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 5 o 6 Go OHI B 5 5 Bans!
Miylodonaer Mra wena celles. .), 6 MOLI —=—ACO . 63—96

Scelidotheniuingee are le el ene O90 San 97 — OS

Genus

Genus

Megatherioids
Glyptodon

Toxodon .
Elephas .
Mastodon
Dinotherium .
Lophiodon
Coryphodon .
Tapirus .
Raleotherium
Rhinoceros .

Acerotherium

Elasmotherium .

Macrauchenia

Equus

Hippopotamus .
Hexaprotodon .

Anthracotherium

Sus

Cheropotamus .
Hyracotherium .
Anoplotherium .

Dichobune

Camelopardalis

vl

Nos. of Specimens.

506—515
516—559

Order PacHyDERMA.

560—565
566—662
663—790
791—821
822—825
826—827
828
829—846
847—918
919—923
923
924—952
953—1031

. 1032—1067
. 1068—1075
SPlOAG
Odd
. 1080—1081
. 1082—1083
- 1084—1117
. 1118

Order RuMINANTIA.

Cervus, Subgenus Megaceros

Elaphus
Tarandus
Dama .
Capreolus

5 ING
. 1120—1176
. 1177—1236
. 1237
. 1238—1240
. 1241—1244

Pages.

105—107
107—120

121—133
133—160
161—188
188—196
196—199
199—202
202

203—207
207—216
216

217

218—228
229—236
236—241
24 [—242
242

243

244—246
246—248
248—252
253

254—255
255—261
261—267
267—268
268

268—269

Genus Paleomeryx
Microtherium
Sivatherium

Bos, Subgenus Urus .

IBOSma:
Ovibos

Delphinus
Monodon
Hyperoodon .
Zeuglodon
Physeter .
Balena

Diprotodon .
Nototherium
Macropus
Hypsiprymnus .
Phascolomys
Dasyurus
Thylacinus .

Lithornis

Didus
Dinornis
Ornithichnites

Vii

Nos. of Specimens.

. 1245—1246

. 1247—1250

. 1251—1253
. 1254—1409
- 1410—1428
. 1429—1430

Order Creracga.

Class AvEs.

. 1431—1438

. 1439 -

. 1440—1441
. 1442—1444
. 1445

. 1446—1459

Order MarsupPIaLtia.

. 1460—1504
. 1505—1509
. 1510—1535
. 1586—1539
. 1540—1542
. 1548—1547
. 1548—1549

Order Rartores.

PELooO

Order Cursorges.

5 MGs

. 1552—1593

. 1594—1620

Pager.

269—270
270—271
271—282
282—285
285

285—286
286
286—287 —
287
287
287—291

291—313
314—323
324—332
332—333
333—334
334—335
335— 336

337—339

339—342
342—376
376—381

ERRATA.

Page 63, 7th line from bottom, for and by processes read and processes.

225, 10th line from top, for Raberrant uminantia read aberrant Ruminantia.

CATALOGUE.

FOSSIL ORGANIC REMAINS.

Class MAMMALIA.
Order CARNIVORA.
Tele Eee aad:
escalhy Opal.

i The skull, wanting the lower jaw, of the great Cave Bear (Ursus
speleus, BLUMENBACH and CuvIER).
This is the original specimen described and figured by Joun Hunter,
Philosophical Transactions, vol. lxxxiv. (1794), p. 416, pl. xix. fig. 1.*
From the great extent of the sagittal crest, and the sharpness of the

* Where not otherwise expressed, all the specimens of the Cave Bear ( Ursus speleus) form part of
the original collection from the bone-caves of Gailenreuth, presented to John Hunter by the Margrave
of Anspach, and noticed in the above cited paper in the Philosophical Transactions.

The following description, by the Margrave of Anspach, of the caves from which the fossils de-
scribed in the text were taken, precedes the original memoir.

“ A ridge of primeval mountains runs almost through Germany, in a direction nearly from west to
east; the Hartz, the mountains of Thuringia, the Fichtelberg in Franconia, are different parts of it,
‘which in their further extent constitute the Riesenberg, and join the Carpathian mountains. The
highest parts of this ridge are granite, and are flanked by alluvial and stratified mountains consisting
chiefly of limestone, marl, and sandstone; such as least is the tract of hills in which the caves to be

B

2

lambdoidal crest, the large size of the frontal sinuses and protuberances,
and the attrition of the molar teeth, this skull may be concluded to have
belonged to an old male individual.

spoken of are situated; and over these hills the main road leads from Bayreuth to Erlang, or Nuren-
berg. Half-way to this town lies Streitburg, where there is a post, and but three or four English
miles distant from thence are the caves mentioned, near Gailenreuth and Klausstein, two smal
villages, insignificant in themselves, but become famous for the discoveries made in their neighbour-
hood.

“« The tract of hills is there broken off by many small and narrow valleys, confined mostly by steep
and high rocks, here and there overhanging, and threatening, as it were, to fall and crush all beneath ;
and everywhere thereabouts are to be met with objects which suggest the idea of their being evident
vestiges of some general and mighty catastrophe which happened in the primeval times of the globe.

“ The strata of these hills consist chiefly of limestone of various colour and texture, or of marl and
sandstones. The tract of limestone hills abounds with petrifactions of various kinds.

““ The main entrance to the caves at Gailenreuth opens near the summit of a limestone hill towards
the east. An arch, near seven feet high, leads into a kind of ante-chamber, eighty feet in length, and
three hundred feet in circumference, which constitutes the vestibule of four other caves. This ante-
chamber is lofty and airy, but has no light except what enters by its open arch ; its bottom is level,
and covered with black mould, although the common soil of the environs is loam and marl.

“ By several circumstances, it appears that it has been made use of in turbulent times as a place of
refuge.

“ From this vestibule or first cave, a dark and narrow alley opens in the corner at the south end, and
leads into the second cave, which is about sixty feet long, eighteen high, and forty broad. Its sides
and roof are covered, in a wild and rough manner, with stalactites, columns of which are hanging
from the roof, others rising from the bottom, meeting the first in many whimsical shapes.

“ The air of this cave, as well as of all the rest, is always cool, and has, even in the height of sum-
mer, been found below temperate. Caution is therefore necessary to its visitors ; for it is remarkable
that people, having spent any time in this or the other caverns, always on their coming out again ap-
pear pale, which in part may be owing to the coolness of the air, and in part likewise to the particular
exhalations within the caves. A very narrow, winding and troublesome passage opens further into a

“ Third cave or chamber, of a roundish form, and about thirty feet diameter, covered all over with
stalactites. Very near its entrance there is a perpendicular descent of about twenty feet, into a
dark and frightful abyss; a ladder must be brought to descend into it, and caution is necessary in
using it, on account of the rough and slippery stalactites. When you are down, you enter into a
gloomy cave, of about fifteen feet diameter and thirty feet high, making properly but a segment of
the third cave.

“In the passage to this third cave, some teeth and fragments of bones are found; but coming down
to the pit of the cave, you are every way surrounded bya vast heap of animal remains. The bottom
of this cave is paved with a stalactical crust of near a foot in thickness; large and small fragments of
all sorts of bones are scattered everywhere on the surface of the ground, or are easily drawn out of
the mouldering rubbish. The very walls seem filled with various and innumerable teeth and broken

3

2. A similar but less mutilated skull, wanting the lower jaw, of the great
Cave Bear: this is the original specimen described and figured by Joun
Honter, oc. cit., pl. xix., fig. 2.

bones. The stalactical covering of the uneven-sides of the cave does not reach quite down to its bot-
tom, whereby it plainly appears that this vast collection of animal rubbish some time ago filled a higher
space in the cave, before the bulk of it sunk by mouldering.

“This place is in appearance very like a large quarry of sardstones ; and indeed the largest and
finest blocks of osteolithical concretes might be hewn out in any number, if there was but room enough
to come to them, and to carry them out. This bony rock has been dug into in different places, and
everywhere undoubted proofs have been met with, that its bed, or this osteolithical stratum, extends
every way far beneath and through the limestone rock into which and through which these caverns
have been made; so that the queries suggesting themselves about the astonishing numbers of animals
buried here confound all speculation.

“ Along the sides of this third cavern there are some narrower openings, leading into different smaller
chambers, of which it cannot be said how deep they go. In some of them bones of smaller animals
have been found, such as jaw-bones, vertebrae, and tibiz, in large heaps. The bottom of this cave
slopes toward a passage seven feet high, and about as wide, being the entrance to a

“ Fourth cave, twenty feet high and fifteen wide, lined all round with a stalactical crust, and gra-
dually sloping to another steep descent, where the ladder is wanted a second time, and must be used
with caution as before, in order to get into a cave forty feet high and about half as wide. In those deep
and spacious hollows, worked out through the most solid mass of rock, you again perceive with as-
tonishment immense numbers of bony fragments of all kinds and sizes, sticking everywhere in the sides
of the cave, or lying on the bottom. This cave also is surrounded by several smaller ones; in one of
them rises a stalactite of uncommon bigness, being four feet high and eight feet diameter, in the form
of a truncated cone. In another of those side grottos, a very neat stalactical pillar presents itself, five
feet in height, and eight inches in diameter.

“ The bottom of all these grottos is covered with true animal mould, out of which may be dug frag-
ments of bones.

“ Besides the smaller hollows, spoken of before, round this fourth cave, a very narrow opening has
been discovered in one of its corners. It is of very difficult access, as it can be entered only in a
crawling posture. This dismal and dangerous passage leads into a fifth cave, of near thirty feet high,
forty-three long, and of unequal breadth. To the depth of six feet this cave has been dug, and nothing
has been found but fragments of bones and animal mould. ‘The sides are finely decorated with sta-
lactites of different forms and colours; but even this stalactical crust is filled with fragments of bones
sticking in it, up to the very roof.

“ From this remarkable cave another very low and narrow avenue leads into the last discovered, or
the

“* Sixth cave, not very large, and merely covered with a stalactical crust, in which, however, here
and there bones are seen sticking. And here ends this connected series of most remarkable osteoli-
thical caverns, as far as they have been hitherto explored; many more may for what we know exist,
hidden, in the same tract of hills.”

B2

Dir.

4

A skull of the White or Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus, Pawvas).
Hunter thus records his comparisons of the fossil with the recent Bear,
the skull of which he has placed with them.

“The bones sent by His Highness the Margrave of Anspach agree
with those described and delineated by Esper as belonging to the White
Bear; how far they are of the same species among themselves I cannot
say. The heads differ in shape from each other; they are upon the
whole much longer for their breadth than in any carnivorous animal I
know of; they also differ from the present White Bear, which, as far as
I have seen, has a common proportional breadth. It is supposed, indeed,
that the heads of the present White Bear differ from one another; but
the truth of this assertion I have not seen heads enough of that animal
to determine.

*«¢ The heads not only vary in shape but also in size ; for some of them,
when compared with the recent White Bear, would seem to have be-
longed to an animal twice its size, while some of the bones correspond
with those of the White Bear, and others are even smaller.

“There are two ossa humeri rather of a less size than those of the
recent White Bear ; a first vertebra, rather smaller; the teeth also vary
considerably in size, yet they are all those of the same tribe, so that the
variety among themselves is not less than between them and the recent.

‘“In the formation of the head, age makes a considerable difference ;
the skull of a young dog is much more rounded than an old one; the
ridge leading back to the occiput, terminating in the two lateral ones,
hardly exists in a young dog; and among the present bones there is the
back part of such a head, yet is larger than the head of the largest Mastiff ;
how far the young White Bear may vary from the old, similar to the
young dog, I do not know, but it is very probable, doc. ct. p. 419.”

The skulls of the young and old White Bears in the Osteological Col-
lection confirm Hunter's conjecture respecting the difference of form
which is due to age in this species. It will be seen that Hunter adduces
this conjectured change as one which must be taken into consideration
in comparing recent and fossil crania of animals belonging to the same
genus: but he does not assert that the differences which he had detected

5

between the fossil and recent skulls and between the different fossil skulls
of the Cave Bears are of the same nature and degree.

The difference in the proportion of length to breadth which Hunter
points out in the skull of the Cave Bear, as compared with that of the old
White Bear, which he has placed in juxtaposition with the fossils, is one
of the most striking discrepancies between the recent and fossil species ;
but it is not the only one. The Jast molar tooth of the upper jaw in the
White Bear has a smaller antero-posterior diameter and a narrower
posterior termination as compared with the penultimate molar, than in
the Cave Bear. The interspace between the antepenultimate molar and
the canine tooth presents the remains of two sockets, one near the molar,
the other near the canine, which in younger but full-grown White Bears
contain small and simple-fanged premolars. The youngest specimens of
the Cave Bear in the present collection exhibit no trace of either of these
small premolars, or of their sockets. The posterior palatal foramina are
situated opposite the middle of the last molar in all the skulls of the
White Bear, but opposite the interspace between the penultimate and
last molars in the skulls of the Cave Bear. The zygomatic arches are
wider and shorter in the White Bear; the base of the zygomatic process
behind the glenoid cavity is more nearly horizontal in the White Bear.

The Grisly Bear agrees with the Cave Bear in the great proportional
size of the last molar tooth, but the interspace between the antepenulti-
mate grinder and the canine is relatively less than in either the Cave
Bear or White Bear, and it contains two small and simple premolars in
specimens, which from the worn state of the molar teeth have belonged
to older individuals than those to which the skulls of the Cave Bear have

belonged that present no trace of premolars.

3. A skull, wanting the lower jaw, of the Great Cave Bear (Ursus speleus,
foeem.? Ursus arctoideus, Buum. and Cuvter).

The state of the dentition proves this to have belonged to a young in-

dividual ; the enamelled crowns of the canines are relatively smaller than

in the specimens 1 and 2. The form and proportions of the entire skull,

of the last molar, and of the edentulous diastema behind the canines, so

4,

4",

8.

6

closely correspond with those in the skull of the Ursus speleus, as to
lead to the conclusion that the difference in the development of the frontal
sinuses, the large size of which occasions the convexity of that region
of the skull in the old male, is in the present instance attributable rather
to age and sex than to specific distinction.

The posterior part of the cranium of the Cave Bear.

This is the original specimen described and figured by John Hunter,
loc. cit., pl. xx. fig. 1. The development of the sagittal crest has only just
commenced at its junction with the lambdoidal crest: the upper surface
of the skull covered by the parietal bones is smooth and convex: the
sutures are not obliterated, and show that the sagittal crest commences at
a sharp tooth-like process of the supra-occipital bone, passing forward
like a wedge into the posterior interspace of the parietal bones ; all these
circumstances lead to the conclusion that the present specimen formed
part of the skull of a young individual. As compared with the cranium
of a young Grisly Bear (Ursus feroxv), of the same size, the present
fossil differs in the prominence of the side of the skull just below the
squamous suture, and in the smaller breadth of the bony tentorium,
especially at its middle part.

The skull of a nearly full-grown Grisly Bear (Ursus ferox, CLARKE).
The differences observable between this skull and that of the (presumed)
young Cave Bear of the same age, are pointed out in the description of

No. 4.

. A mass of stalactite enveloping a portion of the cranial cavity and the

crown of the canine tooth of the Cave Bear.

. Portion of the skull including the left superior maxillary bone, with the

three posterior molar teeth, of the Cave Bear (Ursus speleus).

. A portion of the left superior maxillary and palatine bones, including the

three posterior molar teeth, of the Ursus speleus. The tuberculate sur-
face of the last grinder is nearly entire, showing the animal to have been
young.

A portion of the left superior maxillary bone with the last molar and

9.

10.

WM

Nile
12

ae

13.

14.

15.

16.

if

socket of the other two molars of the Ursus speleus; the grinding sur-
face of the tooth is quite entire and unworn.

A portion of the right superior maxillary bone of the Cave Bear, con-
taining the three posterior molar teeth; these, from the integrity of their
grinding surface, have belonged to a young but nearly full-grown indi-
vidual.

The intermaxillary and part of the maxillary bones, showing the sockets
of the upper incisors and canines, together with the foramina incisiva, of
the Cave Bear.

The right ramus and a portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the
Cave Bear: it differs from that of the Ursus ferox in the greater breadth
of the posterior molar as compared with its length, and in the greater
convexity of the inferior contour of the ramus of the jaw, and in which
circumstance likewise it differs, though in a somewhat less degree, from
the Black Bear of Europe (Ursus arctos).

The lower jaw of a nearly full-grown Grisly Bear.

The right ramus of the lower jaw of the Ursus speleus, with the canine
and molar teeth.

The left ramus of the lower jaw of the Ursus speleus, with the canine and
molar teeth. The crowns of the teeth show these specimens to have
belonged to a young full-grown individual. Compared with the lower
jaw of the Grisly Bear, they present the same difference in the relative
breadth of the last molar tooth as in the specimen No. 11.

The left ramus of the lower jaw of the Ursus speleus with the first, third
and fourth molar teeth, the tuberculated surfaces of which are unworn.

The posterior part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Ursus speleus ;
it shows the same character of the convex lower margin as the preceding
specimen.

A fragment of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Ursus speleus, with
the second molar tooth zz situ, the tubercles of which are worn down.
It also shows the socket of the first molar, and a portion of the socket
of the third molar, and of that of the great canine.

8

This specimen is included in the original Hunterian Catalogue of
Fossils (No. 7 17), where it is ascribed to the ‘ White Bear,’ and stated
to be from “ Bauman’s Cavern in Germany.”

In the greater relative breadth of the molar tooth, and in the edentu
lous condition of the interspace between the sockets of the canine and
first true molar tooth, the present specimen agrees with the foregoing
ones of the Ursus speleus from the cavern at Gailenreuth, and differs, like
them, from the Ursus maritimus. As it formed part of the collection of
fossils made and catalogued by Hunter prior to the reception of the
more numerous and complete specimens of the Cave Bear presented to
him by the Margrave of Anspach, the distinctions which he subsequently
recognized between the fossil and the recent Bear could scarcely have
been appreciable.

The following is a description of Bauman’s Cave.

“This celebrated and much frequented cave, or suite of caverns, has already been described by
Leibnitz in his ‘ Protegza.’ It derived its name from an unfortunate miner, who, in the year 1670,
ventured alone to explore its recesses in search of ore; and after having wandered three days and
nights in total solitude and darkness, at length found his way out in a state of such complete ex-
haustion, that he died almost immediately. It lies in a bed of transition limestone at the village of

Rubeland, about two miles below the town of Elbingrode, on the north-east border of the Hartz, and
“From the great cave we descend by a passage to a hollow vault:

in the country of Blankenburg.”
the lower half of which contains beneath a thick crust of stalagmite, an accumulation of several feet
of mud or sand mixed with bones, and extremely large pebbles of transition limestone ; the mud and
pebbles have been separated from each other, and drifted to different parts of this vault. The bones
which lie in the mud and sand are not much broken, and about thirty years ago some very entire ones
were extracted from it, and sent to the Museum at Brunswick; but those which occur among the
pebbles are more than usually fractured, and some of them stamped or pounded, as if in a mortar,
into hundreds of small splinters, which adhere by stalagmite to the surface of some of the largest peb-
bles : none of them, however, have lost their angles, or are in any way rounded; but they are simply
broken or crushed when in juxtaposition to the heavy pebbles, which are mere abundant and longer
here than in any other part of this, or indeed of any cavern I have yet visited.”—* This cavern
has, from its position in the inmost recesses, and its difficulty of access, been not much disturbed, and
has several off-shoots, the contents of which are still glazed over with a crust of virgin stalagmite: in
others the stalagmite has been broken through; and artificial vaults, like those at Schartzfeld, have
been dug some feet into the subjacent mass of mud, which is also loaded with teeth, bones, and pebbles,
but not with such large pebbles, or in such unusual quantity as in the vault E. The rock and sides
of the artificial cave I, have bones adhering to them, or rather are in part composed of bones ; but
in none of the natural chambers do we find bones adhering to the side and roof above the surface of
the mud and stalagmite.”’— Buckland, Reliquie Diluviane, p. 117.

Y)

17. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw, with part of the last
molar tooth of the great Cave Bear, (Ursus speleus).

18. The symphysial extremity of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the great
Cave Bear, with the canine tooth and the socket of the first grinder,

showing the characteristic diastema which separates them.

19. A fragment of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a fossil Bear, in-
cluding the sockets of the canine and of the first molar. The interspace

between these teeth is broken, but it is as long as in the Ursus speleus.

20. The left external incisor of the upper jaw of the Ursus speleus.
21. The left internal incisor of the upper jaw of the Ursus speleus.

22. The corresponding tooth of a Bear of equal size.
From one of the limestone caves at Oreston. Discovered by Mr.
Whidbey, in the year 1820.
Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., Civil Engineer.

23. Two canines of the Cave Bear from the cave at Kuhloch, Saxony.
Presented by M. Augustus Vautier de Saltikoff*.

* The following graphic account of the cave of Kiuhloch is from the pen of Dr. Buckland :—

“ Tt now remains only to speak of the cave of Kithloch, which is more remarkable than all the rest,
as being the only one I have ever seen, excepting that of Kirkdale, in which the animal remains have
escaped disturbance by diluvial action ; and the only one also in which I could find the black animal
earth, said by other writers to occur so generally, and for which many of them appear to have mis-
taken the diluvial sediment in which the bones are so universally imbedded. The only thing at all
like it that I could find in any of the other caverns, were fragments of highly decayed bone, which
occurred in the loose part of the diluvial sediment in the caves of Schartzfeld and Gailenreuth; but
in the cave of Kuhloch it is far otherwise. It is literally true that in this single cavern (the size and
proportions of which are nearly equal to those of the interior of a large church) there are hundreds of
cart-loads of black animal dust entirely covering the whole floor, to a depth which must average at
least six feet, and which, if we multiply this depth by the length and breadth of the cavern, will be
found to exceed 5000 cubic feet. The whole of this mass has been again and again dug over in search
of teeth and bones, which it still contains abundantly, though in broken fragments. The state of these
is very different from that of the bones we find in any of the other caverns, being of a black, or more
properly speaking dark umber colour throughout, and many of them crumbling under the finger into
a dark soft powder, resembling mummy powder, and being of the same nature with the black earth in
which they are imbedded. The quantity of animal matter accumulated on this floor is the most sur-
prising, and the only thing of the kind I ever witnessed ; and many hundred, I may say thousand, in-

Cc

10

23'. The canine of a large Polar Bear, to show its inferiority in size as com-
pared with the extinct species.

24. The right superior canine of a fossil Bear, from Kent’s Hole, Torquay.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

25. The fang of a canine of a fossil Bear, from the same cavern,

Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

dividuals must have contributed their remains to make up this appalling mass of the dust of death. It
seems in great part to be derived from comminuted and pulverized bone; for the fleshy parts of ani-
mal bodies produce by their decomposition so small a quantity of permanent earthy residuum, that
we must seek for the origin of this mass principally in decayed bones. The cave is so dry, that the
black earth lies in a state of loose powder, and rises in dust under the feet: it also retains so large a
proportion of its original animal matter, that it is occasionally used by the peasants as an enriching manure
for the adjacent meadows. [I have stated that the total quantity of animal matter that lies within this ca-
vern cannot be computed at less than 5000 cubic feet; now allowing two cubic feet of dust and bones for
each individual animal, we shall have in this single vault the remains of at least 2500 bears, a number
which may have been supplied in the space of 1000 years, by a mortality at the rate of two and a half
per annum.] The exterior of this cavern presents a lofty arch E in a nearly perpendicular cliff,
which forms the left flank of the gorge of the Esbach, opposite the castle of Rabenstein [see plate
18, E]. The depth of the valley below it is less than 30 feet, whilst above it the hill rises rapidly,
and sometimes precipitously, to 150 or 200 feet. This narrow valley or gorge is simply a valley of
denudation, by which the waters of the Esbach, D, fall into those of the Weissent. The breadth of
the entrance-arch is about 30 feet, its height 20 feet. As we advance inwards the cave increases in
height and breadth, and near its inner extremity divides into two large and lofty chambers, both of
which terminate in a close round end, or cul de sac, at the distance of about 100 feet from the en-
trance. It is intersected by no fissures, and has no lateral communications connecting it with any
other caverns, except one small hole close to its mouth, and which opens also to the valley. These
circumstances are important, as they will assist to explain the peculiarly undisturbed state in which
the interior of this cavern has remained, amid the diluvial changes that have affected so many others.
The inclination of the floor, for about 30 feet nearest the mouth [see plate 18, E], is very considerable,
and but little earth is lodged upon it; but further in the interior of the cavern G is entirely covered
with a mass of dark brown or blackish earth, H, through which are disseminated in great abundance,
the bones and teeth of bears and other animals, and a few small angular fragments of limestone, which
have probably fallen from the roof, but I could find no rolled pebbles. The upper portion of this
earth seems to be mixed up with a quantity of calcareous loam, which before it had been disturbed
by digging, probably formed a bed of diluvial sediment over the animal remains; but, as we sink
deeper, the earth gets blacker and more free from loam, and seems wholly composed of decayed animal
matter. There is no appearance of either stalactite or stalagmite having ever existed within this
cavern.’ —Reliquie Diluviane, p. 137.

26.
27.

28.

29%

30.

3l.
32.
33.
34.
35.

36.

il

The crown of a left canine tooth of the Ursus speleus.

The left upper canine of a large species of Bear with the crown nearly
worn away, evidently by use. From one of the limestone caverns at
Oreston, discovered in the year 1820.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., Civil Engineer.

The left lower canine of the same species of Bear, from the same locality.
Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., Civil Engineer.
The penultimate molar of the left side of the lower jaw of the same species

of Bear, from the same locality; it is shorter and broader than the corre-
sponding tooth of the Ursus speleus.

The penultimate molar of the right side of the upper jaw, of the same
species of Bear, from the same locality : the crown is shorter and broader,
and the fangs are smaller than in the Ursus speleus; the tuberculated sur-
face is much worn, indicating the tooth to have belonged to an aged in-
dividual. From the Oreston cavern, discovered in 1820.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., Civil Engineer.

The penultimate molar, left side, upper jaw, of the Ursus speleus.

The last molar, left side, upper jaw, of the Ursus speleus.

The left posterior and superior molar tooth of the Ursus speleus.
A similar specimen with the tuberculated surface, beautifully entire.

The right posterior molar, upper jaw, of the Cave Bear. This specimen
was numbered ‘r. 14’ in the original Hunterian Catalogue of Fossils, in
which it is stated to be from Bauman’s cavern in the Hartz Forest,

Germany.

The second molar tooth, right side, lower jaw, of the Ursus speleus.

. The anterior extremity of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Ursus

priscus (Goldfuss). The canine is in place, but the summit of the crown

is broken off; immediately behind the canine is the socket of the first

small spurious molar; the second molar is in place, in which the third

or posterior inner tubercle and the posterior part of the grinding surface

of the crown are both more elevated than in the corresponding unworn
c2

12

tooth of the Ursus speleus. The jaw of the Ursus priscus is relatively
of less depth below the third and fourth grinders, in comparison with the
size of those teeth, than in a Polar Bear of similar size; which, like the
Ursus priscus, retains the small spurious molar immediately behind the
canine. The third molar is one-half larger than in the Polar Bear,
whilst the interspace between the first and second molars in the Ursus
priscus is little more than half that in the Ursus maritimus. The anterior
margin of the symphysis is more sloping in the U. maritimus than in the
Ursus priscus.

This specimen, which is marked ‘r. 18’ in the original Hunterian Ca-

talogue of Fossils, is stated to be from Germany.

38. A portion of the posterior part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a
Bear, containing the three posterior molar teeth; the last molar is rela-
tively narrower than in the Ursus speleus, and the longitudinal depres-
sion beneath the external alveolar wall is more marked than in the Ursus
speleus. The worn surface of the teeth, the strong muscular impressions
and the high coronoid process, indicate this fragment to have belonged
to an old male specimen. It is more petrified than is usual in the cave
fossils. This specimen is ‘p. 11’ in the Hunterian Catalogue of Fossils,

but the locality from which it was obtained is not given.

39. The left upper canine of a small individual or species of Cave Bear ; pro-

bably of the Ursus priscus.
40. The right inferior canine of a small individual or species of Cave Bear.

41. The canine of a Bear. From the limestone cavern at Oreston, discovered

in 1820*. Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., Civil Engineer.

* This and the preceding fossils of the Bear from Oreston are mentioned in the paper by Joseph
Whidbey, Esq., Civil Engineer, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1821. They were found asso-
ciated with the tooth of a Rhinoceros and some bones of a large Ruminant in a cavern in the lime-
stone quarries, which is described as follows:—“ These bones were lately found in a cavern one foot
high, eighteen feet wide, and twenty feet long, lying on a thin bed of dry clay at the bottom; the ca-
vern was entirely surrounded by compact limestone rock, about eight feet above high-water mark,
fifty-five feet below the surface of the rock, one hundred and seventy-four yards from the original
face of the quarries, and about one hundred and twenty yards, in that direction, from the spot where
the former bones (those of a Rhinoceros) were found in 1816.”

42.

42'.

43.

48°.

13

The atlas of the Cave Bear (Ursus speleus).

The atlas of the White Bear (Ursus maritimus). This differs from the
preceding in the greater relative length and breadth, and squarer form of
the transverse processes; in the greater vertical diameter of the cavities
for the occipital condyles; and in the smaller size of the spinal canal.
The odontoid surface is less distinctly marked off from the posterior ar-
ticular surfaces than in the Cave Bear.

The vertebra dentata of the Cave Bear (Ursus speleus).

. The corresponding bone of the White Bear. The superior vertebral

lamine or neurapophyses in the Cave Bear have a less relative antero-
posterior extent in proportion to their height; the inferior margin of
the transverse process is concave in the Cave Bear, but is convex in the
White Bear; the body of the vertebra projects further behind the base
of the transverse process in the Cave than in the White Bear; the pos-
terior oblique processes are turned more outwards in the Cave Bear ;
the odontoid process is more convex at its under part ; the anterior part
of the spinous process arches further forwards in the Cave Bear. In
all the generic characters the dentate of the recent and extinct species

essentially resemble each other.

. A lumbar vertebra of the Cave Bear.
. A lumbar vertebra of the Cave Bear.

. Aposterior lumbar vertebra of an old Cave Bear, showing exostosis from

the inferior surface of the body.

Some lumbar vertebrz and other bones of the Cave Bear, cemented to-

gether by a mass of stalactite.

. The sacrum of a Cave Bear.

The sacrum of a Grisly Bear.

. The right humerus of the Cave Bear (Ursus speleus).
. The right humerus of the same species of Cave Bear.

. The left humerus of apparently the same individual ; this corresponds with

Bilis

14

the lower figure of the humerus in Plate XX. of Hunter's Memoir, Phil.
Trans., 1794.

The left humerus of a large and old specimen of the Polar Bear (Ursus
maritimus). The upper figure of the humerus in the plate above quoted,
closely corresponds with this specimen, and was probably engraved in
order to illustrate the differences between the recent and fossil species.
As the present bone was placed in the same drawer with the two pre-
ceding humeri of the Cave Bear, which it exceeds in size, it is most pro-
bable that they are the identical specimens alluded to in the following
passage of Hunter's Memoir :—“ There are two ossa humeri rather of
less size than those of the recent White Bear.” Hunter does not allude
in the text to any other differences, but some of these are illustrated by
the figures. These accurately show, for example, that the humerus of the
White Bear is broader at both extremities, and thicker in proportion to
its length than in the Cave Bear: the supinator ridge forms an angle in-
stead of being continued downwards in a gentle convex curve; the
internal condyle is much thicker and stronger where it bounds the
olecranal cavity, and it extends inwards to a greater distance from the
articular surface; the deltoidal ridge reaches lower down in the White
Bear; the antero-posterior diameter of the proximal third part of the
bone of the White Bear exceeds in a marked degree that of the extinct
species.

The decease of Hunter took place before the observations on the fossil
cave-bones, which he had communicated to the Royal Society, were read,
and the individual to whom the task of superintending the printing of
the paper was entrusted, ascribed, in the explanation of the Plates, both
figures of the humeri to the fossil species. Cuvier, who did not perceive
the resemblance of the upper figure to the humerus of the White Bear,
and who therefore did not recognise the mistake, avails himself of that
figure to illustrate his opinions respecting the specific distinction of his
Ursus speleus and Ursus arctoideus.

There is preserved in the Parisian Collection a humerus of one of the
great Cave Bears, the internal condyle of which is perforated, as in the

o

51.

15

feline tribe ; whilst all the other humeri are imperforate and correspond
with the lower figure in Hunter's plate. But the perforated fossil
humerus figured by Cuvier differsfrom that of the White Bear figured by
Hunter in the shorter deltoid ridge, the narrower proximal and distal ex-
tremities, the convex outline of the supinator ridge, and the inferior pro-
duction of the inner condyle ; in short, in all those characters by which
the imperforate fossil humerus has been shown above to differ from that
of the White Bear. Not any of the three fossil humeri in the Hunterian
Collection have the perforation of the internal condyle ; and amongst the
extremely numerous humeri that have since been obtained from the bone-
caves of Germany, not any have heen found to present the perforation
which Cuvier regards as the specific character of this bone in the Ursus
speleus ; it is most probable, therefore, as Professor De Blainville con-
jectures, that the perforation in question is an accidental anomaly.

The left humerus of an immature Grisly Bear; the relative breadth of
the distal extremity arising principally from the great extension of the
internal condyle surpasses that of the White Bear, and, @ fortzorz, differs
from that of the Ursus spelaus ; this difference is the more satisfactory,
as it is founded on the comparison of the bone of a young Grisly Bear
with that of an old Cave Bear; proving that the greater development of
the internal condyle is not a character or consequence of age.

52. The right ulna of the Cave Bear (Ursus speleus).

From the bone-cave of Gailenreuth.
Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

. The right ulna of a Grisly Bear (Ursus feroz).

. The right ulna of a Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus).

The ulna of the Cave Bear, compared with one of the Polar Bear
of the same length, is less straight, being more convex towards the ra-
dius ; it is thicker, particularly at the anterior part of the shaft; the
ridge on the outside of the distal end of the bone is more produced; the
styloid process is more pointed ; and the concavity on the inner side of
the proximal articular surface is deeper.

54.

55.

59.

59.

16

. The proximal half of the left ulna of the great Cave Bear.

From one of the caverns in the limestone quarry at Oreston, near Ply-

mouth. Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq.

A corresponding part of a smaller individual or species of Bear.
From the bone-cave called Kent’s Hole, near Torquay.

Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

The right radius of the great Cave Bear.
From the bone-cave at Muggendorf.

Presented by M. Augustus Vautier de Saltikof.:

. The right pisiform bone of the Ursus speleus.
. The Jeft pisiform bone of another individual.

. The right femur of the great Cave Bear.

From the bone-cave at Muggendorf.

Presented by M. Augustus Vautier de Saltckoff:
The left femur of the Ursus speleus.

The corresponding femur of the White Bear.

The difference between these two bones is analogous to that which has
been pointed out in the humeri of the recent and extinct species ; the
femur of the White Bear being broader in proportion to its length, espe-
cially at its two extremities. Jt is owing to this breadth that the small
trochanter is thrown wholly to the posterior surface of the bone, the
inner margin being continued beyond it ; whilst in the Cave Bear, the
small trochanter, though on the posterior surface of the bone, projects a
little beyond the inner margin. At the distal end of the bone, the tu-
berosity above the internal condyle, corresponding with that in the hu-
merus, is larger and more prominent in the White than in the Cave
Bear; the same difference in the position in the small trochanter is pre-
sented by the Grisly Bear as compared with the Cave Bear, and the ex-
tremities of the bone are relatively broader.

60. The middle metatarsal bone of the right foot of the Cave Bear.

60'.

The corresponding bone of a White Bear.

61.

63.

64.

66.

17

Genus Gulo.

A plaster cast of the posterior moiety of the left ramus of the lower jaw
of the Cave Glutton (Gulo speleus, GoLpruss). It contains the three

posterior molar teeth.

Presented by Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., MP.

2. A plaster cast of the shaft and distal extremity of the right humerus of

the Gulo speleus.
Presented by Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P.

A plaster cast of the right tibia of the Gulo speleus.
Presented by Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P.

A plaster cast of the middle metacarpal bone of the Gulo speleus.
The originals of the preceding casts were discovered in the bone-cave

at Gailenreuth.
Presented by Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P.

Tribe Digitigrada.

Genus Putorius.

. The cranium and right ramus of the lower jaw of a species of Stoat,

very nearly allied to the Ferret (Putorius Furo, Cuv.).
From one of the raised beaches near Plymouth.

Presented by Prof. Owen, F.R.S.

Genus Canis.

Right lower canine of a Wolf (Canis lupus, Lixy.).

The fang of the tooth is absorbent and adheres to the tongue, from the
loss of the animal matter ; the colour of the enamel covering the crown
has been changed to a jet black. This specimen is No. ‘r.50’ in the
original Catalogue of Fossils; but the locality and stratum are not
recorded. Hunterian.

67.

138

The sectorial tooth of the right side, lower jaw, of a Wolf.
The locality is not recorded. Hunterian.

The following fossils of the Wolf are from that division of the limestone

quarries at Oreston, near Plymouth, called the ‘Gallery, and marked ‘EK’

in the plate 6. of the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1823 ; in which

volume this cavern and its fossils are described by Messrs. Whidbey and Clift.

68.

69.

70.

Tals

6

-
79.

74.
io:
76.
77.

78.

72.

The right side of the lower jaw, containing the five anterior molars of a
Wolf (Canes lupus, Lrxn.).

The anterior portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of an old Wolf,

containing two incisors, the canine and four false molars, all much worn.

A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a Wolf, containing five
of the molar teeth, the crowns of which are not worn.

The anterior part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a Wolf, containing
the canine, the four anterior or spurious molars, and part of the first true
molar, which from its peculiar form is called the carnassial or sectorial
tooth.

The posterior part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a Wolf, con-
taining the last molar tooth; the bone is enlarged and ulcerated near
the angle, in which abscess on each side has produced sinuses perforating
the angle. This specimen is figured in plate 8, figg. 2 and 3 of the Me-
moir above cited.

The posterior part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a Wolf, similarly
diseased, and perhaps belonging to the same individual.

One incisor tooth of a Wolf.
Four canine teeth of a Wolf.
Three canine teeth of the upper jaw of a Wolf. |

Three more or less mutilated sectorial or first true molar teeth, of the
left side, upper jaw, of a Wolf.

The second or penultimate true molar of the right side, upper jaw, of a Wolf.

Bo

19

. The last true molar of the right side, upper jaw, of a Wolf.

. Two false molar teeth of the left side, lower jaw, of a Wolf.

. The sectorial tooth, of the left side, lower jaw, of a Wolf.

. The sectorial tooth, of the right side, lower jaw, of a Wolf.

. Three fractured cervical vertebra of a Wolf.

. A fractured dorsal vertebra of a Wolf.

. A fractured lumbar vertebra of a Wolf.

. The left humerus, wanting the proximal extremity, of a Wolf.
. The shaft of the right humerus of a Wolf.

. The proximal end of the right ulna of a Wolf.

. The proximal part of the left ulna of a Wolf.

. The proximal part of the right ulna of a Wolf; it has been gnawed by

some small quadruped.

This specimen is alluded to in the following passage from the ‘ Reli-
quize Diluvianee’ of Dr. Buckland :—<The bones (at Oreston) appeared to
us to have been washed down from above at the same time with the mud
and fragments of limestone, through which they are dispersed, and to have
been lodged wherever there was a ledge or cavity sufficiently capacious to
receive them; they were entirely without order, and not in entire skeletons ;
occasionally fractured, but not rolled; apparently drifted, but to a short
distance from the spot in which the animals died; they seem to agree in
all their circumstances with the osseous breccia of Gibraltar, excepting
the accident of their being less firmly cemented by stalagmitic infiltra-
tions through their earthy matrix, and consequently being more decayed ;
they do not appear, like those of Kirkdale, to bear the marks of having
been gnawed or fractured by the teeth of Hyznas, nor is there any
reason to believe them to have been introduced by the agency of these
animals. The only marks I have seen on them were those pointed out
to me by Mr. Clift, of nibbling by the incisor and canine teeth of an
animal of the size of a weasel, showing distinctly the different effect of
each individual tooth on the ulna of a wolf and the tibia of a horse.” p.73.

The distal portion of the right radius of a Wolf.
DZ

103'.

104.

20

2. The two outer metacarpal bones of the left foot of a Wolf.

. The left femur, wanting the distal end, of a Wolf.

. The distal part of the left tibia of a Wolf.

. Three metatarsal bones of the right foot of a Wolf.

. The proximal phalanx of the fourth toe of the right fore-foot of a Wolf.
. The proximal phalanx of the second toe of the left hind-foot of a Wolf.

All the preceding bones of the Wolf, from the limestone caverns at
Oreston, near Plymouth, Devon, were discovered in 1822 by Mr.
John Whidbey, Civil Engineer, and were presented by Mr. (now
Sir John) Barrow, Secretary to the Admiralty.

. Two canine teeth of a Fox (Canis Vulpis, Lixn.).
. A cervical vertebra of a Fox

. A fractured dorsal vertebra of a Fox.

. The shaft of the humerus of a Fox.

2. A portion of the shaft of the femur of a Fox.

The preceding specimens of the Fox are from the Oreston cavern,
marked Ki in the figure above quoted. They were discovered by
Mr, Whidbey, and presented by Sir J. Barrow, Secretary to the
Admiralty.

Genus Machairodus.

3. The canine tooth of the MWachairodus latidens, OWEN.

From the ossiferous cavern called Kent’s Hole, Torquay, Devon.
Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen, D.C.L.

Two casts of canine teeth of the AZachairodus latidens, from the same
cavern. Presented by the Rev. Dr. Buckland, F.R.S.

The cast of a canine tooth of the Machatrodus cultridens, Kaur (Felis
cultridens, Bravarp, Ursus cultridens, CuviER).
From the drift or diluyium of the Val d’Arno.
Presented by J. B. Pentland, Esq.

21

Genus Hyena.

105. The upper portion of the cranium of the Cave Hyena (Hyena spelea,
Cov.), with the right occipital condyle and right gienoid cavity : the cere-
bral cavity is exposed, on the inner surface of which the convolutions of
the brain are strongly moulded: the bony tentorium is well shown, as also
the great extent of the air sinuses which are continued beneath the
sagittal crest as far as the occiput. The tympanic bulla is broken open,
showing the inverted bony frame for the attachment of the membrane or
ear-drum. From the length and elevation of the parietal crest and of
those on the occipital surface of the skull, the specimen may be con-
cluded to have belonged to an aged individual. It is Jarger, but not in
a very great degree, than the skull of a full-grown Spotted or Cape Hyena
(Hyena crocuta), from which it differs chiefly in the smaller interspace
between the occipital condyle and the occipito-mastoid process, and in
the greater relativé extent of the posterior plate of the glenoid cavity.

This fossil is from the cavern in the limestone quarries of Oreston,
near Plymouth, marked B in the plate 6. of the Memoir by Messrs.
Whidbey and Clift above quoted. The fossil itself is figured in plate 11.

Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.R.S.

106. A portion of the cranium with both occipital condyles and the left glenoid
cavity of a younger Cave Hyena, The nonage of the individual to
which this fossil belonged is shown by the small size of the sagittal and
occipital crests, and the limited extent of the nasal sinuses, which are not
continued backwards beyond the frontal bones.

From the cave B, at Oreston.
Presented by Sir John Barrow, F. RS.

107. The posterior part of the left parietal bone of a young Cave Hyena
(Hyena spelea), from the bone-cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G_S.

108. A portion of the left superior maxillary bone of the Cave Hyena, with
the canine and molar teeth. The only difference which this specimen

presents when compared with the Spotted Hyena (Hyena crocuta), is a

22

proportionately smaller size of the anterior and internal tubercle of the
penultimate molar tooth and its closer approximation to the last molar,
which is implanted by a single fang.

From the bone-cave called Kent's Hole, near Torquay.

Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.
109. A considerable portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Cave
Hyeena, with the canine and molar teeth.

This fossil exceeds in size the corresponding portion of the jaw of
the Spotted Hyzna, which is the largest known existing species: the
posterior ridge of the second molar tooth is likewise broader, but no un-
equivocal specific differences can be distinguished.

This specimen is from the cave B, at Oreston: it is figured at plate
12. fig. 9, of the Memoir by Messrs. Whidbey and Clift above cited.

Presented by Sir John Barrow, F. RS.

110. The anterior part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Cave Hyzna,
having two of the incisors, the canine and three of the molar teeth.
From the cave B, at Oreston.

Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.R.S.

111. A considerable portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Cave

Hyena, with one incisor and the four molar teeth. This specimen, which

is from the bone-cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, so closely corresponds with

the specimen from Oreston, Plymouth, as to leave no doubt of the specific
identity of the ancient Hyznas of these distant parts of England.

Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

112. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a younger specimen of
the Cave Hyzna, containing the sockets of the three incisors, the canine,
and two molars. When compared with a specimen of corresponding age
of the Spotted Hyzena, the fossil presents a larger relative size of the first
molar, particularly of its posterior division, and also of the posterior ridge
of the second molar. The distance between the canine and the first
molar is greater in the recent than in the extinct species.

From the cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

23

113. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw, containing the last two
grinders, of the Cave Hyena.
From the cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

114. A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Cave Hyena, con-
taining two incisors, the canine and three of the molar teeth. In the
greater relative size of the first molar and the shorter interspace se-
parating it from the canine, this specimen offers the same differences
from the Spotted Hyzena as do the preceding fossils.

From the cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

115, A cast of a considerable portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of
the Cave Hyena, from the cavern at Gailenreuth. The specimen has
contained the four molar teeth ; it illustrates the specific identity of the
continental with the British extinct Hyznas, and equally proves that
both differ from the existing species in the characters already described.

Presented by Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P.

116. A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Cave Hyena. It
contains the first and second molar teeth, which had been only recently
acquired; they are larger than the corresponding teeth in specimen No.
111, from the cave at Kirkdale, but are supported by a smaller and
shallower ramus; this specimen has, therefore, most probably belonged
to a young male.

From Kent’s Hole, near Torquay.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

117. A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Cave Hyena, con-
taining the two posterior molar teeth, much worn.
From Kent's Hole, near Torquay.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.
118. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Cave Hyzna, con-
taining the first molar tooth.
From the cave B, at Oreston.

Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.RS.

LN),

24

A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a young Cave Hyena,
containing the sockets of the deciduous molars; the crowns of the per-
manent molars are still concealed.
From the cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a young Cave Hyena ;

it contains the last deciduous molar, and the half-formed crowns of the
penultimate, and last true molars which had not risen from the jaw;
it may be observed that the deciduous molar has a more complicated
crown than its successor, corresponding in form with the last true
molar, and not with the penultimate one which is about to take its
place.
This specimen is from the cave B, at Oreston, and is figured in
Messrs. Whidbey and Clift’s Memair, pl. 10. fig. 7, doc. cit.
Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.R.S.

. Two right incisors of the upper jaw of the Cave Hyzena.

From the cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

. Two left incisors of the upper jaw of the Cave Hyena.

From the cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

. The symphysial end of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Cave

Hyena, with the middle incisor.
From the cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

. The two outer incisors of the upper jaw of the Cave Hyena.

From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.R.S.

5. The two outer incisors of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Cave

Hyeena.
From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.R.S.

NA).

130.

136.

25

. The two outer incisors of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Cave

Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

. Two right upper canines of the Cave Hyzna, much worn.

From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, FBS.

28. The right upper canine tooth of the Cave Hyena.

From Kent's Hole. Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

Two left upper canines of the Cave Hyzna.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

One right canine of the lower jaw of the Cave Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

. One left canine of the lower jaw of the Cave Hyzna.

From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

. Two corresponding teeth of the same species of Hyena.

From Kent’s Hole. Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

3. The right and left canine of the lower jaw of the Cave Hyena.

From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.R.S.

. The left canine of the lower jaw of an old Cave Hyena, with an unusually

long fang, much thickened by the growth of the outer layer of ce-

mentum. From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

. The right penultimate molar of the upper jaw of the Cave Hyena.

From Kent’s Hole. Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.
The crown of the penultimate molar, left side, upper Jaw, of the Cave
Hyena.

From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.R.S.

E

—
ee)
“I

139

}40.

14]

142

144.

26

. The penultimate molar, left side, upper jaw, of the Cave Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

. A considerable portion of the opposite molar of the same species, from
the same locality.

Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

. The first molar tooth of the right ramus of a lower jaw of a Cave
Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw, containing the first molar
tooth of the Cave Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

. The corresponding molar tooth of a larger and older individual of the same

species, and from the same locality.

Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

. The second molar tooth, right side, lower jaw, of a large Cave Hyena ;

the upper half of the crown is worn away, and the fangs are solidined.

From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, FBS.

3. The corresponding tooth of the opposite side of the lower jaw, similarly
worn.

From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, F_RS.

A corresponding tooth of the same species of Hyzna, from the same
locality.

In all these second molars the fangs are impressed with a longi-
tudinal groove on their inner side.

Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.RS.

5. The crown of the second molar tooth, right side, lower jaw, of a young

Cave Hyena; the formation of the fangs has only commenced.
From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, F_R.S.

146.

149.

151.

27

The crowns of two of the second molar teeth, right side, lower jaw, of the
Cave Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

. The crown of the second molar tooth, left side, lower jaw, of a young

Cave Hyzna; only the outer shell has been completed.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

. A fully formed corresponding molar tooth of an older individual of the

Cave Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside. :
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

The third molar tooth, right side, lower jaw, of the Cave Hyzna.
From Kirby Moorside.

Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

. The crown of the third molar tooth, left side, lower jaw, of a young

Cave Hyena ; only the outer shell of the tooth has been completed.
From Kirby Moorside.

A fully formed corresponding molar tooth of an older individual of the
Cave Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.

Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

. The third molar tooth, left side, lower jaw, of the Cave Hyzna; it cor-

responds in character and was contained in the same box with the sec-
torial molar of the Wolf (No. 81.), but the locality is not noticed.

Hunterian.

3. The last molar tooth, right side, lower jaw, of an old Cave Hyena; the

crown is worn and the fangs are consolidated.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

4. The crown of the last molar tooth, left side, lower jaw, of a young Cave

E 2

159.

160.

16].

163.

28

Hyena: it is hollow, and the cutting edge retains the original crena-
tions.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

5. Two corresponding molar teeth, fully formed, from individuals of different

ages of the Cave Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

}. The fifth cervical vertebra of the Cave Hyena.

From one of the caves at Oreston.
Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.R.S.

. The anterior and posterior oblique processes of the left side of a cervical

vertebra of the Cave Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

. The first lumbar vertebra of the Cave Hyena.

From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

A correspending vertebra of a young Cave Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F_ GS.
The distal half of the right humerus of the Cave Hyena.

From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.RS.

The outer metacarpal bone of the right foot of the Cave Hyena; and
a corresponding bone of the left foot of probably the same individual.

From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, F_R_S.

2. The distal half of the right tibia of a Cave Hyena.

From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.R.S.
The left astragalus of a Cave Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

29

164. A portion of a proximal phalanx of the right hind-foot of the Cave

Hyena.
From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.RS.
165. The second phalanx of the inner toe of the left hind-foot of the Cave
Hyena.
From Oreston. Presented by Sir John Barrow, F.RS.

166. The metatarsal and three phalangeal bones of the Cave Hyena.
From Kirby Moorside.

Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

Genus Felis.
167. The left superior canine tooth of the Fels spetea, Cuv.
From the cave called Kent’s Hole, near Torquay, Devon.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

The following plaster-casts of the large extinct Lion or Tiger, called Felis
spelea, were discovered in the bone-cave at Gaylenreuth, and presented to the

Museum by Sir Philip de M. Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P.
168. The left superior canine tooth of the Felis spelea.
169. The two external incisors, upper jaw, of the Felts spelea, Cuv.

170. The posterior molar of the right side of the upper jaw of the Feks
spelea.

171. The anterior part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Fels
spelad.

171’. The right ramus of the lower jaw of the Tiger (Felts Tigris) ; besides the
difference in size, which is greatly in favour of the extinct species of
Felis, the canine tooth is placed more vertically in the jaw in the Tiger.

172. The atlas, wanting the left transverse process, of the Fels spelea.
172'. The atlas of the Tiger.
173. The third cervical vertebra of the Felts spelea.

30

173'. The third cervical vertebra of the Tiger.
The spinous process is more developed, and the under part of the body

is more convex in the extinct than in the recent species.
174. The thirteenth dorsal vertebra of the Felis spelea.

174'. The corresponding vertebra of the Tiger.

The body of the vertebra is deeper in proportion to its length, and is
more convex below than in the Tiger, in which the under surface is
marked with a slight longitudinal ridge as in the cervical vertebre. The
articular cavities for the last pair of ribs are deeper in the Fels spelea,
and indent the contour of the anterior part of the body of the vertebre
on each side.

175. A mutilated lumbar vertebra of the Melis spelea.

175'. A corresponding lumbar vertebra of the Tiger.
The under surface of the vertebra is longitudinally ridged at its ante-

terior part in both the recent and the extinct species.
6. A mutilated lumbar vertebra of the Fels spelea.

176'. A corresponding lumbar vertebra of the Tiger.

177. An anterior caudal vertebra of the Fels spelaa.

7'. A corresponding vertebra of the Tiger.

178. A mutilated anterior caudal vertebra of the Felis spelea.
79. A middle caudal vertebra of the Felis spelea.

179'. A corresponding caudal vertebra of the Tiger.

180. A posterior caudal vertebra of the Fels spelea.

180’. A corresponding vertebra of the Tiger.

181. A posterior caudal vertebra of the Felis spelea.

182. A caudal vertebra of the Felts spelea, from very near the end of the tail.
183. The left humerus, wanting the distal end, of the Felzs spelea.

183'. The left humerus of the Tiger.

The humerus of the extinct species is more flattened along its poste-

Q

ol

rior part, and is relatively broader antero-posteriorly ; the deltoid ridge
being more produced, and giving a more angular outline to the anterior
contour of the bone. The commencement of the characteristic perfora-

tion of the internal condyle may be seen in the fossil.
184. The right scapho-lunar bone of the Felis spelea.

184'. A corresponding bone in the Tiger ; very little difference save that of size
can be detected in the fossil.

185. The metacarpal bone of the second or index digit of: the left anterior ex-
tremity of the Felis spelea.

185'. The corresponding metacarpal of the Tiger.
The superior size of this and the following bones of the paw of the

fossil Fels is worthy of notice.

186. The metacarpal bone of the third or medium digit of the left anterior ex-

tremity of the Felis spelea.
186'. The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

187. The metacarpal bone of the fourth digit of the left anterior extremity of
the Fels spelea, wanting the distal end.

187'. The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

188. The metarcarpal bone of the fifth digit of the left anterior extremity of
the Fels spelea.

188'. A corresponding bone of the Tiger.

189. The proximal phalanx of the fifth digit of the left anterior extremity of
the Felts spelea.

189'. A corresponding bone of the Tiger.

190. A portion of the left os innominatum, with the cotyloid cavity of the

Felis spelea.
191. The right femur of the Fels spelea.

191'. The right femur of the Tiger.
Besides the difference of size, the shaft of the femur is more cylindrical

192".

193.

193°.

oF
vs

and less compressed from before backwards in the extinct than in the

recent species.

2. The right tibia, with the proximal extremity mutilated, of the Felzs

spelea.
The right tibia of the Tiger.

Besides the difference in size the shaft of the tibia is less compressed
from before backwards, along its distal third, in the extinct than in the
recent species.

The left astragalus of the Fels spelea.

The left astragalus of the Tiger.
The lower part of the articular surface for the fibula is more produced
outwards in the extinct Fels; with this exception there is no other dif-

ference except in size.

4. The right astragalus of the Felis spelea.

. The right astragalus of the Tiger.

The right caleaneum of the Felts spelea.

. The right calcaneum of the Tiger.

. The right external cuneiform bone of the Felis spelea.
7'. The right external cuneiform bone of the Tiger.

. The second right metatarsal bone of the Felis spelea.
3'. The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

9. The third right metatarsal bone of the Felis spelea.

. The corresponding bone of a species of Felts, as large as the Tiger.

From the bone-cave at Kirby Moorside.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

. The corresponding bone of the Tiger.
. The fourth right metatarsal bone of the Felis spelea.

. The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

33

202. The proximal phalanx of the fifth or outer toe of the right hind-foot of

202".

the Felis spelea.

The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

203. The middle phalanx of the fifth or outer toe of the right hind-foot of the

203'.

Felis spelaa.

The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

204. The second left metatarsal bone of the Fels spelea.

204".

The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

205. The third left metatarsal bone of the Fels spelea.

. The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

206. The fourth left metatarsal bone of the Felis spelea.

206°.

The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

207. The fifth left metatarsal bone of the Fels spelea.

207’.

The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

208. The proximal phalanx of the fourth toe of the left hind-foot of the Fels

208".

spelea.

The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

209. The distal or ungual phalanx of the fourth toe of the left hind-foot

209'.

of the Felts spelea.
The corresponding bone of the Tiger.

The superior size of the paws of the extinct Lion or Tiger, as com-
pared with those of the largest Bengal Tiger inthe Hunterian Collection,
is illustrated by the recent bones in juxtaposition with the fossils, and
may be appreciated by those who may not have the opportunity of com-
paring them, by the following table of admeasurements :—

Felis spelea. Felis Tigris.

in. lines. in. lines.
Length of the first left metacarpal bone . 6 5 6 4 6 8 §)
Ditto first left metatarsal bone 5 68 A
Ditto second left metatarsal bone ; : 5 9 4 6
Ditto third left metatarsal bone : : : 5 8 © AL
Ditto fourth left metatarsal bone : : i 6 ae SM
Ditto —_— proximal phalanx of second toe, left hind-foot 2 5 1 @)

F

34

210. The skull, wanting the lower jaw of the extinct crested Tiger (Felis

to

me OO

cristata, Falconer and Cautley). This completely petrified skull was dis-
covered by the collectors employed by Walter Ewer, Esq., of the E. I.
Civil Service, at the foot of a sandstone cliff, partly encased in a hard
stone matrix, in the tertiary strata of the Sivalik Hills. The sockets of
the teeth, some of which contain the fangs, prove that the animal had
acquired its full size, and the condition of the sagittal and deltoidal
crests indicate that it had arrived at full maturity, if not old age; yet it
is of a smaller size than the common Tiger, as the following dimen-

sions show :—
Felis cristata. Felis Tigris.

in. lines. in. lines.
. Extreme length from the occipital crest to the alveolar mar-
cin of the intermaxillaries . é 2 i ' a lO) 2110) 14 #1
Extreme breadth across the zygomatic arches ; 5 8 0 9 6
. From the postorbital process to occipital crest. : 6 & @ 7 @
. From ditto to alveolar margin of intermaxillaries 4 10 6 7,

The cranium of the Fels cristata differs from that of the Tiger, as
exemplified by the third and fourth admeasurements, in the relative
shortness of the facial, compared with the cranial part of the skull; in
which respect it likewise differs, though in a minor degree, as has been
pointed out by Messrs. Falconer and Cautley, from the Leopard, the
Cheetah, the Puma and the Jaguar. In the truncated extremity of the
nasal process of the superior maxillary bone, and the greater backward
extension of the nasal bones, the Fels cristata most resembles the Tiger.
In size, however, it most nearly approaches the Jaguar, but differs from
that and the skulls of other existing felines, in the parallelism of the pos-
terior superior contour of the skull with the basal line, and in the greater
height of the occipital region, on which the above parallelism depends.
It is characterized likewise by the saliency of the sagittal crest, from
which the specific name of the fossil is derived; and likewise by the
elevated position and the strongly arched outline of the inferior margin

of the zygomatic arches.

Presented by Walter Ewer, Esq., F.RS.

35

Order RODENTIA.

Genus Castor.

211. The anterior part of the skull, wanting the nasal bones, of a Beaver

Bile

(Castor europeus, Ow., Castor fossilis, Goupr.). The incisors are
broken: three anterior molars remain in place on the right side: the
first is the deciduous molar, and is retained in the socket by three diva-
ricating fangs, in the interspace of which the crown of the permanent
successor is exposed on the left side. The specimen has therefore be-
longed to an immature animal. It was discovered in a moss-pit in
Berkshire. Flunterian.

The cranium of an American Beaver (Castor Canadensis, Kuut), with
the nasal bones removed, for comparison with the fossil. College.

A transverse line has been drawn across the anterior orbital processes
of the frontal bone, in the recent and fossil specimens, to illustrate the
osteological difference pointed out by Cuvier (Ossemens Fossiles, Ato,
1823, p. 57) between the Beaver of Europe and that of America; viz.
that the nasal bones extend beyond that line further in the European
than in the Canadian species: the present fossil agrees with the European
Beaver in this character ; but the species has long been extinct in Great

Britain.

212. The right ramus of the lower jaw of a fossil Beaver (Castor ewropeus).

From a moss-pit in Berkshire. Flunterian.

Genus Trogontherium.

213. The right incisor of the lower jaw of the gigantic fossil Beaver ( Zrogon-

thertum Cuviert, FiscHer). This specimen is No.7. 21. of the Hunterian

Catalogue, and is described as “a long cutter of the scalpris-dentata, or

Glires genus”). The locality is not indicated, but fossils of the same

genus occur in the Norfolk Crag. Hunterian.
F2

36

213'. The corresponding tooth of the Castor Canadensis. College.

Besides the striking difference of size, the fossil is distinguished by the
transverse convexity of the outer enamelled surface of the tooth, which
describes half a circle, and by the concavity of the inner or median
facet, which is flat in the Canada Beaver.

Genus Cienomys.

214. A small fragment of the superior maxillary bone, with portions of the four

sockets, and the first and second molar teeth of the Ctenomys antiquus.
The molars are somewhat larger, the longitudinal groove on their ex-
ternal surface is somewhat deeper, and the last molar is relatively wider

than in the Ctenomys Brasiliensis.

215. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw, with the incisor and first

molar tooth, of the Ctenomys antiquus.

216. The left lower incisor tooth of the Crenomys antiquus.

The preceding foxsils were discovered in a reddish earthy stratum at
Monte Hermoso, Bahia Blanca, Patagonia, and were presented to
the Royal College of Surgeons by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.
They are described and figured in the Zoology of the Voyage of the
Beagle, Fossil Mammalia, p. 109, pl. xxii. figs. 6B—11.

Genus Jncognitum.

. A considerable portion of the skeleton of the right hind-foot of a small

Rodent quadruped. It includes the astragalus, caleaneum, cuboides, ex-
ternal cuneiforme, middle cuneiforme, and the metatarsals and proximal
phalanges corresponding with those of the three middle toes of five-toed
quadrupeds: a rudiment of one inner toe is indicated by an articular
facet on the tibial side of the expanded base of the second metatarsal.
This fossil was discovered at Monte Hermoso, in the same stratum as
the preceding fossils, and was presented to the College by Charles
Darwin, Esq., PRS. It is described and figured in the work
above-cited, p. 110, pl. xxii. fig. 12.

37

Order EDENTATA.

Tribe Phyllophaga.
Family Gravigrada.

Genus Megatherium.

218. The anterior or facial part of the skull of the Megathertum Cuvier, in-
cluding the anterior terminations of the temporal ridges, the anterior
part of the orbits. the sockets of the two anterior teeth and a consider-
able portion of the intermaxillary bones. The convergence of the tem-
poral ridges as they ascend from the post-orbital tuberosities shows that
the extent of origin of the temporal muscles is relatively greater than in
the Mylodon, or other known Megatherioid quadrupeds; these ridges
are, in fact, represented as meeting on the upper surface of the skull in
the Madrid specimen. The larger proportional length of the teeth,
which causes a greater depth of both upper and lower jaws in the Mega-
therium than in its congeners, makes the lower jaw relatively heavier,
and thus necessitates the superior size of the temporal muscles. There
is no trace of a distinct lachrymal bone. The malar process of the su-
perior maxillary bone is short, but deep, and presents a rough and irre-
gularly indented surface, for the articulation of the malar bone, which the
Madrid specimen shows to be large and complicated. The malar process
of the maxillary is perforated by three ant-orbital foramina, bearing about
the same proportional size to the skull, as does the corresponding single
foramen in the Tapir. The fronto-maxillary suture may be traced from
below the post-orbital tuberosity, crossing obliquely the upper end of
the malo-maxillary articulation, and extending forwards to the middle of
the lateral margin of the nasal cavity, of which the frontal bone con-
tributes a portion, for the extent of nearly two inches, and thus separates
the maxillary from the nasal bones. The transverse suture between the
nasal and frontal bones may be traced, though partly obliterated, five

inches anterior to the orbits. The nasal bones, which have been con-

38

fluent with each other, and with the remarkably thick and strong anterior
part of the vomer, are suddenly enlarged at their lateral margins, which
project in the form of rough oblong tuberosities into the nasal cavity.
The vomer expands superiorly into a horizontal plate, which supports the
thinner part of the nasal bones, and bends down at its outer margin, to
form the origin of the superior and anterior turbinated bones. A longi-
tudinal ridge extends along the inner or nasal surface of the superior
maxillary, to give attachment to the inferior turbinated bone; the ante-
rior socket is in the form of a half-cylinder, with its convex side forwards ;
the second socket is an equilateral four-sided cavity ; the interspace be-
tween the anterior sockets is one inch and a half, and the narrow inter-
molar part of the palate contracts as it extends backwards. The inter-
maxillary bones have no ascending portion. They present a subcom-
pressed quadrilateral form; their posterior extremities are wedged into
rough depressions of the maxillaries: they soon meet each other and
circumscribe the small anterior palatal foramina, which have a single in-
ferior outlet, and are firmly connected together by the whole of their
median margins: their anterior extremities, which are represented as
being expanded in the Madrid specimen, are broken off in the present
one.

This specimen was found in the bed of the River Salado, one of the
tributaries of the Rio Plata, situated to the south of the city of Buenos
Ayres. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H., &c. &c.

219. A portion of the middle part of the skull of the Megatherium, with a
vertical section removed from the series of teeth on the right side: these
are five in number, the last being the smallest, and with the convexity of
one of its curves turned backwards in a direction opposite to that of the
first molar. Besides their true number the teeth are shown by this sec-
tion to be implanted by an undivided base, of nearly similar size and
form to the exposed crown, but excavated by a large conical pulp-cavity,
the apex of which extends to within an inch of the grinding surface of
the tooth. On the left side may be seen the malo-maxillary suture, with

part of the malar bone attached; also the fronto-maxillary suture, and

39

the depression at the anterior end of the maxillary bone for the recep-
tion of the intermaxillary. The upper part of this instructive fragment
is broken away and water-worn, exposing the pulp-cavities of the four
anterior teeth of the left side: the contour and relative size of the crowns
of the entire series of teeth on this side are demonstrated by a transverse

section.

220. The longitudinal vertical section of the right molar series, removed from
the preceding specimen: it shows also the great vertical extent and even
surface of the superior maxillary bone behind the orbit.

The portion of skull which has afforded the two preceding prepara-
tions was discovered at Punta Alta, Bahia Blanca, Patagonia,
and was presented to the College by Charles Darwin, Esq.,
ERS.

221. The posterior part of the skull of the Megatherium : the occipital con-
dyles project outwards and backwards from the foramen magnum, and
form the posterior termination of the skull; the occipital region slopes
upwards and forwards from the foramen, and is excavated by two deep
depressions, separated from each other by a strong median crest, and se-
parated by a thicker arched ridge from the upper boundary of the occipital
region, which has here been broken away; external to these cavities
there is a narrower depression, probably for the origin of the digastric
muscle: the anterior condyloid foramen is absolutely smaller than in the
Mylodon, indicating a much smaller relative development of the tongue :
the mastoid part of the temporal is excavated beneath by a moderately
large and smooth elliptical cavity, for the reception of the head of the
styioid or stylo-hyoid bone : the basilar portion of the sphenoid, which
intervenes between these cavities, is dilated by air-cells: the carotid
canal runs on each side between these bulle ossee and the petrous
bone, and curves inwards, indenting the upper part of the body of the
sphenoid, which forms the broad and shallow sella turcica. The posterior
part of the cranial cavity is broader than it is high, and is small in pro-
portion to the size of the animal. The vertical diameter of the cranial
cavity is four inches, eight lines; its transverse diameter, which is

a

40

greatest at the part corresponding with the posterior part of the cerebral
hemispheres, is six inches: from these indications it may be concluded
that the brain of the Megatherium was flatter or more depressed, and
smaller by nearly one-half than that of the Elephant; but that the cere-
bellum was relatively larger and situated more posteriorly with relation
to the cerebral hemispheres.
From Punta Alta, Bahia Blanca, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.RS.

The following specimens of the teeth of the Megatherium will be described
in detail, as no complete account of the dentition of this remarkable extinct
animal has hitherto been published; and such a description may be most
essential to the determination of the species—if there be more than one—of

the genus.

222. The first right molar tooth of the upper jaw. This is the second in
point of size, the last being the least. It is eight inches and a half in
length; the pulp-cavity extends five inches from the base: it presents
two slight curvatures, one having the convexity turned forward, and the
other inward. The transverse section gives an irregular semicircle,
with the convexity turned forward, and the flat side next the second
tooth: the angles at which this joins the curve are rounded; the outer
angle is somewhat produced, and the outer side of the curve is flattened.
The grinding surface presents two transverse ridges, one close to the
anterior surface, the back part of which is nearly vertical; the other near
the posterior margin with a nearly vertical posterior slope, and a longer
and more oblique anterior one. The central axis of the tooth, formed
by the vascular dentine, is irregularly tetragonal: the cement is thick on
the anterior and posterior surfaces, thin on the sides of the tooth.

From the Rio Salado, Buenos Ayres.
Presented by Sir W. Parish, K.H.

223. The second right molar of the upper jaw. This is the largest of the
upper teeth, and is upwards of nine inches in length, of a tetragonal form,
with two slight curvatures, as in the preceding tooth. The posterior

41

and broadest side is nearly flat, the anterior side somewhat convex, the
outer and narrowest side is concave, the inner side is sinuous, having
a median longitudinal eminence between two longitudinal concavities.
The central axis of vascular dentine is more compressed from before
backwards than in the preceding tooth, and its posterior surface is con-
cave: the two transverse ridges of the grinding surface of the tooth are
nearly equal, but the sloping side formed by the dentine is larger than
that formed by the cement.
From the Rio Salado, Buenos Ayres.
Presented by Sir W. Parish, K.H.

224. A portion of the corresponding molar tooth of a larger Megatherium.
From the province of Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

225. The second left molar of the upper jaw.
From the Rio Salado. Presented by Sir W. Parish, K.H.

226. The third left molar of the upper jaw. It nearly resembles in form the
second, but the anterior and outer angle is less rounded off, and the ex-
ternal longitudinal depression rather more marked.

From the Rio Salado. Presented by Sir W. Parish, K.H.

227. Portions of the second and third left molars of the upper jaw, with por-
tions of the sockets.
From Punta Alta, Bahia Blanca, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.RS.

228. This tooth so closely agrees with the first molar of the upper jaw, that
if it be not the corresponding tooth of another species of Megatherium,
it must be referred to the corresponding place in the lower jaw. The
anterior surface is less convex than in the upper molar, and the entire
tooth presents a tetragonal, rather than a semi-cylindrical form ; the an-
terior facet being, however, half the breadth of the posterior one, by
which it differs from all the tetragonal teeth of the upper jaw. Both the
inner and outer sides which converge to the anterior surface are slightly
concave, whilst the inner side, on the first upper molar, is convex. The

G

42

present molar has the same double curvature, and the same transverse
diameter as its presumed opponent, but, owing to the flattening of its
fore-part, it has not the same antero-posterior diameter.

From the province of Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

229. A molar tooth ofa tetragonal form, but with the anterior facet relatively
broader and flatter than in the preceding, but narrower thanin any of the
tetragonal teeth of the. upper jaw. It may be the second molar of the
lower jaw.

From the Rio Salado.
Presented by Sir W. Parish, K.H.

230. The third (?) molar of the lower jaw. This tetragonal tooth differs from
those of the upper jaw, but most resembles the third in its slight and
single curvature. The anterior and posterior sides are convex, the outer
and inner ones are concave.

From the Rio Salado. Presented by Sir W. Parish, K.H.

231. The fourth (2) molar of the lower jaw. It has a slight double curvature,
and is tetragonal, like the preceding tooth, but the outer and inner sides

are somewhat less concave.

From the Rio Salado. Presented by Sir W. Parish, K.H.

232. A portion of the jaw of a Megatherium, containing the last molar tooth.
This is at least two-thirds smaller than the tooth which precedes it, and
thus corresponds with the last or fifth small molar of the upper jaw,
which is displayed zm sztw in Nos. 219 and 220. It differs from that
molar in being straighter, and in the smaller antero-posterior diameter
compared with the transverse diameter. ‘The posterior surface is flatter,
and the angles dividing the four surfaces are more marked. Should this
be the last molar of the lower jaw, it will be the fifth molar, and the ad-
ditional number of the lower molar teeth will thus compensate for the
small size and simple form of the last molar in the Megatherium, as com-
pared with the other known Megatherioid genera.

From the Rio Salado. Presented by Sir W. Parish, K.H.

43

233. A corresponding molar tooth of a Megatherium.
From Punta Alta, Bahia Blanca, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

The following specimens of the osseous remains of the Megatherium are
parts of one and the same skeleton, which was discovered in the bed of the Rio
Salado, with No. 218. Presented by Sir W. Parish, K.H.

The casts of these bones which are preserved in the Musezm, bear the same

numbers as the original specimens, and are distinguished by the letter c.
234. The atlas of the Megatherium.

. The spinous process and left posterior articular process of the axis or

bo
iv)
ou

vertebra dentata of the Megatherium. The spine is much extended from
before backwards, and is moderately high, with a rough expanded poste-
rior margin and a broad obtuse bifurcate posterior extremity, which

slopes backwards so as to have overhung the third vertebra.

236. The anterior end of the body with the odontoid process of the same ver-
tebra; the lower part of the process presents an elliptical and slightly
convex surface, adapted to the articulation upon the body of the atlas.

237. The body, transverse and inferior articular processes, of the third cervical
vertebra.

238. The neural arch and spine of the third cervical vertebra.
239. The body and spine of the fourth cervical vertebra.

240. The fifth cervical. vertebra. The spinous process is small, compressed,
sub-triangular and vertical in position ; three transverse processes are de-
veloped from each side of the body; the inferior one, which is extended
longitudinally beyond both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the
body, is flattened, the secondis short and thick, and is developed from the
side of the vertebral foramen, the third is also a short and thick process

extending from the side of the anterior articular process.

241. The neural arch and spinous process of the first dorsal vertebra: it is the
highest and broadest spine in the whole vertebral region.

G2

44
242. A scorched fragment of the body of a dorsal vertebra *.
243. The neural arch and spine of the fourth dorsal vertebra.

244. The neural arch and spine of the fifth dorsal vertebra.

245. The neural arch and spine of the sixth dorsal vertebra; the third median
articular process is first developed between the two ordinary articular or

oblique processes in this vertebra.
246. The seventh dorsal vertebra.

247. The eighth dorsal vertebra.

248. The ninth dorsal vertebra.

249. The tenth dorsal vertebra.

250. The neural arch and spine of the eleventh dorsal vertebra.
251. The twelfth dorsal vertebra.

252. The thirteenth dorsal vertebra. In this and the preceding vertebre there
may be observed, besides the characteristic median articular surface be-
tween the oblique processes, three distinct articulations for the ribs on
each side of the vertebra: one on the posterior superior angle of the body,
the second on the neural arch, and a third on the extremity of the short

and thick transverse process.
253. The neural arch and spine of a posterior dorsal vertebra.

254. The neural arch and spine of the fifteenth dorsal vertebra; the posterior
articular processes, in this vertebra, are double, and are divided by a wide

and deep notch.

255. The neural arch and spine of the sixteenth dorsal vertebra. The ante-

* The Peons, or labouring Spanish colonists, who first discovered the above-described fossil
bones of the Megatherium, made-use of the bodies of the vertebra, in the absence of stones in the
flat alluvial plains intersected by the Rio Plata and its tributaries, to support their camp-kettles: and
only the neural arches and spinous processes of many of these vertebra could be collected, when, by
the intervention of Sir Woodbine Parish, the remains of this Megatherium were secured for the

Royal College of Surgeons.

45

rior articular processes, in this vertebra, send upwards a ridge from along
nearly the middle surface, towards the anterior part of the transverse
process.

The dorsal vertebree of the Megatherium very closely resemble those
of the Mylodon, subsequently to be described; but the spines of the
anterior ones are relatively longer, in relation to the relatively larger
and heavier head. They are equally remarkable, with those of the My-
lodon, for the capacity of the spinal canal, the expanded arches of which
similarly overlap each other, and are articulated by broad, flat, and nearly
horizontal surfaces: the only difference deserving notice in the dorsal
vertebra of the Megatherium is this, that through a great proportion of
the posterior part of the dorsal region there is a third articular surface
on both the front and back parts of the imbricated neural arches: the
anterior surface is situated on the anterior part of the base of the spine,
between the two normal articular processes; the posterior median surface
is supported on an osseous platform, depending from the posterior and
under part of the root of the spine.

256. The body of the last lumbar vertebra: it is characterized by the flatness

of its posterior surface.

257. The pelvis of the Megatherium.

This is the most striking feature in the skeleton of the present gigantic
extinct Sloth: it consists of five sacral vertebre, anchylosed to each other
and to both the iliac and ischial bones. The latter are united to the ex-
tremities of the transverse processes of the last two sacral vertebrae, which
are unusually thick and strong; the great ischiadic notch is thus con-
verted into a foramen, as in the pelvis of the existing Edentate qua-
drupeds. Among these the Sloths alone resemble the Megatherium in
the expansion of the iliac bones, but this character is more marked in
the Megatherium than in the Elephant, and is associated with a much
greater proportionate size of the pelvis: the extreme breadth of the pelvis
in the large Asiatic Elephant is three feet, eight inches, whilst in the
Megatherium it is upwards of five feet. The spines of the four anterior

sacral vertebre are confluent at their base; their summits, which are re-

46

presented as distinct in the figures of the Madrid Megatherium, are here
broken off; the spine of the fifth sacral vertebra is distinct from its origin.
The pelvis, which Cuvier was led to suspect, from the defective condition
of that part of the Madrid skeleton, to be naturally open anteriorly as in
the small Ant-eater, is here shown to be inclosed by a narrow symphysis
pubis. The acetabula are large, excavated by an oblong depression for
the synovial adipose tissue, and looking downwards and a little outwards.
The size and strength of the ordinary processes of the pelvis, the great
breadth of the rough labrum of the iliac bones, and the numerous and
well-defined inter-muscular crests indicate the unusual size and vigour
of the muscular masses which proceeded from the pelvis in different
directions to act upon the trunk and anterior extremities, and upon the
hind limbs and tail. They lead to the conviction that the resistance which
demanded such forces for its overcoming must have been of a very dif-
ferent nature and degree to any that now opposes itself to the labours of
the existing vegetable feeders in supplying their daily wants ; whence it
may be inferred that the exertion of such forces was associated with
equally peculiar habits in the Megatherioid animals*.

258. The body and left transverse process of the first caudal vertebra.
259. The neural arch and spine of the same vertebra.

260. The hemapophyses of the same vertebra. Their proximal extremities
are expanded, and each supports two oval and nearly flat articular surfaces,
separated by a rough tract, an inch and a half in diameter; they gradually
taper towards their inferior extremities, which terminate obtusely and are
not united together, as in the succeeding caudal vertebra, where they con-
stitute by that union, the hemal arch or chevron-bone.

261. A scorched and mutilated body of the second caudal vertebra.

262. The neural arch, wanting the spine, of probably the same caudal vertebra.

* This argument is pursued to its legitimate consequences in the Memoir on the Mylodon, 4to,
1842, pp. 138-162.

Ls)

47
. The body and left transverse process of the third caudal vertebra.
. The body and both transverse processes of the fourth caudal vertebra.

. The conjoined hemapophyses of the same vertebra. The posterior arti-
cular surface is developed upon the base of the left heemapophysis, but is
represented by a rough tuberosity on that of the right one.

. The body of the fifth caudal vertebra.
. The hemapophyses of the same vertebra.

. The body and neural arch of the sixth caudal vertebra. The two articular
surfaces for the hemapophyses are present at the posterior part of the
under surface of the body of the vertebra: the anterior surfaces are re-
presented by two rough tubercles.

. The hemapophyses of the same vertebra.

. The body and neural arch of the seventh caudal vertebra: the anterior

hemal surfaces are represented by rough tubercles.

. The hemapophyses of the same vertebra.

. The body and neural arch of the eighth caudal vertebra.
. The hemapophyses of the same vertebra.

. The body and neural arch of the ninth caudal vertebra.
. The hemapophyses of the same vertebra.

. The body and neural arch of the tenth caudal vertebra.

. A caudal vertebra from towards the posterior part of the tail ; the neural
spine is almost obsolete; the articular surfaces of the anterior oblique
processes are rough, showing that the synovial capsules have been ex-
changed for ligamentous joints: only the left posterior hemal tubercle
supports a smooth articular surface: the neural arch is still entire and
perforated for the passage of the cauda equina.

. A caudal vertebra from near the end of the tail, apparently the fifteenth ;

279.

280.

283.

bo
je.2)
on

48

it is perforated by the spinal canal, but both the oblique and spinous
processes of the neural arch are obsolete ; four rough tubercles at the
under part of the body indicate the attachment of the hemapophyses.

The hemal arch and spine of a more posterior caudal vertebra; the
posterior articular surfaces are not developed on the base of either he-
mapophysis, but are represented by rough tubercles.

The body and neural arch of apparently the seventeenth caudal vertebra.

. A caudal vertebra from near the termination of the tail, apparently the

eighteenth: the spinal canal is a narrow open fissure; the hemapo-
physial tubercles are very feebly developed at the anterior part of the body
of the vertebre, and are lost posteriorly.

2. The first rib of the right side. The vertebral portion is anchylosed to the

sternal portion, which is ossified : the vertebral end presents a single
oblong articular surface extending from the upper part of the head along
the short neck to the tubercle: the sternal end has a single subtriangular

articular surface for junction with the manubrium sterni.

The corresponding rib of the left side.

. The second rib of the left side. ‘The vertebral portion is anchylosed to

the ossified sternal portion; the surface on the upper part of the head
and tubercle is divided into two by a rough tract above the neck, besides
which there is an articular surface at the extremity of the head which is,
as it were, truncated to form it. The articular extremity of the sternal

piece presents two distinct surfaces, separated by an intermediate rough
groove.

. Part of the vertebral portion with the anchylosed sternal portion of the

second rib of the right side.

3. The third rib of the right side. The vertebral portion is anchylosed to

the ossified sternal portion: the vertebral end presents the terminal flat

surface upon the head, a convex surface above the head, and another

303.

49

upon the tubercle: the sternal end has also the two distinct convex
surfaces, the posterior of which is constricted in the middle, as if prepa-
ratory to its division.

_ The corresponding rib of the left side.

. The vertebral portion of apparently the fourth rib of the left side.
9. The vertebral portion of apparently the fifth rib of the left side.

. The vertebral portion of apparently the sixth rib of the left side.

. The vertebral portion of apparently the seventh rib of the left side.

. The vertebral extremity, including the neck and tubercle of apparently

the seventh rib of the right side.

. The head and neck of apparently the eighth rib of the left side.

. A fragment of apparently the corresponding rib of the right side.
. The vertebral portion of apparently the ninth rib of the right side.
. The vertebral portion of the corresponding rib of the left side.

. The vertebral portion of apparently the tenth rib of the right side.

. The head, the tubercle, and the shaft, in three separate pieces, of the cor-

responding rib of the left side.

. The vertebral portion of the eleventh rib-of the right side.
. The portion of the corresponding vertebral rib of the left side.

. The vertebral portion of the twelfth rib of the right side. In this the

articular surface has disappeared from the tubercle, but the two articular

surfaces of the head and neck remain distinct.

2. The tubercle and shaft of the corresponding rib of the left side, in two

separate pieces.

The shaft of the vertebral portion of apparently the thirteenth rib of the
right side.

313.

315.

50

. The head, neck and shaft of the corresponding rib of the left side, in

which the two articular surfaces, which are distinct in the twelfth rib,

have become confluent.

. The vertebral portion of the fourteenth rib of the right side : it has only

one articular surface at the proximal end.

. The proximal, or vertebral end of the corresponding rib of the left side.
. The vertebral portion of the fifteenth rib of the right side.

. The vertebral extremity of the corresponding rib of the left side.

. A fragment of apparently the sixteenth and last rib.

i dal comagaontlns fragment of the opposite side.

. The ossified sternal portion of an anterior rib of the right side: the sternal

extremity is divided by a deep rough notch, on each side of which is a
convex articular surface: the lower one is constricted in the middle and
divided into two.

. The ossified sternal portion of a more posterior rib of the right side: the

lower articular surface of the sternal end is continuous with the inner
portion of the upper articular surface, the outer portion of which is
distinct.

The ossified cartilage of a rib of the left side, the sternal extremity of
which presents three articular surfaces. Both in this and the preceding
bone there is an articular surface near the costal extremity, which joins

a contiguous sternal rib.

. The manubrium sterni. The triangular articular surface on each side is

for the first rib; the inferior convexity is for the succeeding bone of
the sternum ; and the rough depressions above the costal articulations

are for the attachment of the clavicular ligaments.

One of the bones composing the body of the sternum. It is remarkable
for the number of its articular surfaces, which are not fewer than ten:
one of these is situated on the anterior, another on the posterior part of

51

the bone, for the junction with the antecedent and following bones of
the sternum ; the remaining eight articulations are more concave, and
are situated in pairs, two on the upper and two on the lower surface of
each side; they receive portions of the bifid extremity of the ossified
sternal ribs, which are articulated to the interspace of the sternal bones.
A similarly complex articulation of the ribs with the sternum exists in

the Great Ant-eater (Adyrmecophaga jubata).

316. A sternal bone, apparently the last of the series, since it has only the
surface on the anterior part for the antecedent bone, and none on the
posterior part: the inferior lateral costal articular surfaces are confluent,
or single, on each side, and almost meet upon the posterior surface of
the bone; they appear to have received the ossified cartilages of the last
pair of true ribs, which must have differed from the rest by terminating

in a simple expanded, instead of bifurcate, extremity.

317. The right clavicle. It presents a strong sigmoid curvature ; is expanded
at both extremities, that next the sternum being the largest ; and the
intermediate, sub-cylindrical shaft is traversed below by a broad rough

oblique ridge.

318. The right scapula. In this bone may be noticed the supra-spinal foramen
and the osseous arch connecting the acromion with the coracoid; by
both of which characters Cuvier first detected the affinities of the Mega-
therium to the Sloths (Bradypus).

319. A portion of the left scapula, including the acromion and glenoid cavity.

320. The left radius. The concave proximal articular surface is nearly circular ;
the rough tuberosity for the insertion of the tendon of the biceps is well
developed: the outer margin becomes thinner, and gradually subsides as
it extends downwards: in the figure of the same bone in the skeleton of
the Megatherium at Madrid this ridge stands out like a well-defined pro-
cess. The posterior surface of the present radius presents a moderate
and equable convexity ; there is a rough convex protuberance above the
styloid process; the shaft of the bone gradually expands to near the

H 2

321.

322.

323.

52

distal end. Those features of the radius of the Megatherium are here
noticed by which it chiefly differs from the corresponding bone of the
Mylodon.

The right scapho-trapezial bone.

This bone is marked r in figure 13, pl. 217. of the Gee Fossiles,
ed. 8vo. 1836, and is called by Cuvier the ‘os cuneiforme :’ it is indubi-
tably the analogue of the carpal bone which in the Sloths and Mylodon
consists of the confluent scaphoides and trapezium. The trapezial por-
tion is relatively smaller than in the Mylodon, and the articular surface
for the metacarpal bone of the pollex is still less. The dorsal surface of
the bone is excavated by an angular notch for the reception of the tra-
pezoides: there is a distinct articular surface on the concave distal side
of the bone for the os magnum.

The right os lunare.

The right os cuneiforme. The articular surface for the ulna is of an oval °
shape, convex at the anterior and concave at the posterior part: it is
separated by a moderately wide tract from the radial surface of the os
lunare. The rough dorsal surface of the cuneiforme supports a well-
marked protuberance.

. The right trapezoides. The proximal surface is convex transversely, con-

cave from behind forwards, and joins a corresponding concavo-convex
surface in the scaphoides: the distal surface is principally convex: both
surfaces are joined by a small articular facet on the radial side of the
bone, which is adapted to a corresponding surface in the small metacarpal
bone of the thumb; and by a more extended articular facet on the ulnar
side for junction with the os magnum.

. The right os magnum. This bone is here, as in the carpus of many

quadrupeds, remarkable for its small size.

326. The right os unciforme. It presents the figure of a transversely elongated

hexahedron, the outer side formed by a rough projection separating the
cuneiform surface from that which supports the fifth metacarpal. ‘The

53
three distal surfaces for the three outer metacarpals are nearly in the
same transverse line, which runs parallel with that applied to the os

cuneiforme. The dorsal surface is traversed at its outer half by a trans-

verse ridge, terminating in a projection between two deep grooves.

327. The metacarpal bone of the first digit or thumb of the same right fore-
foot. It has no distal articular surface for a phalanx, and is the only
representative of the rudimental pollex. There are two surfaces at the
proximal end, one of which is adapted to the trapezial portion of the
scapho-trapezial bone, the other is a larger convex surface, placed nearly
at right angles to the preceding, and articulated with the trapezoides and

the base of the second metacarpal bone.
*

328. The metacarpal bone of the third or middle digit of the right fore-
foot. It is a short thick and strong bone, well adapted to sustain the
digit which is armed by the largest claw. The four basal facets of the
proximal articular surface are defined by sharp angles; the middle facet
is smooth and concave; the outer or radial facet is nearly flat, and ex-
tends from the dorsal to the palmar aspect of the base; the ulnar facet
meets the middle one at a well-defined angle; the ulnar side of the base
of this metacarpal presents a moderate convexity, upon which the radial
half of the base of the fourth metacarpal rests. The under or palmar
surface of the shaft of the bone is flattened, and at right angles to the
rugged outer and inner surfaces, the radial side is produced at its distal
half into an oblong protuberance. The median ridge of the distal articu-
lation is slightly concave in the vertical direction : the lateral depressions
of the trochlea are very narrow, especially the ulnar one. A surface for
a sesamoid bone is extended from the trochlea upon the right side of the

under part of the distal joint.

329. The metacarpal bone of the fourth digit of the right fore-foot. ‘This much
exceeds the middle metacarpal in length; its base or proximal end is
obliquely extended, and articulates with the middle metacarpal, the unci-
form bone, and the fifth metacarpal: the two oblique metacarpal surfaces
are nearly parallel, and are separated by well-defined angles from the

330.

331.

338,

b4

middle carpal surface, which is nearly square and slightly concave. The
distal articular surface presents a broad, convex vertical ridge, and a
concavity on the radial side of that ridge ; a single flat surface for a small
sesamoid bone is situated below, but distinct from this part of the articu-

Jation.

The ungual phalanx of probably the second or index digit of the right
fore-foot.

The ungnal phalanx of the third or middle digit of probably the night

fore-foot.

2. A cast in clay of the interior of the horny claw of the same phalanx.

:

3. The ungual phalanx of probably the fourth digit of the right fore-foot.

. This bone is probably the second and terminal phalanx of the fifth digit

of the right fore-foot. It has a rough obtuse termination, without any
articular surface for a third or ungual phalanx, and without any modifica-
tion indicative of the former attachment of a claw.

. The head of the right femur.

. The shaft and distal extremity of the right femur.

. The left femur.

This bone of the hind-extremity is remarkable for its massive propor-
tions, especially its great breadth: a slight emargination at the posterior
circumference of the head of the bone is the sole vestige of the insertion
of a ligamentum teres. The outer margin of the shaft forms a great
angular projection above the outer condyle; the rotular surface is formed
by a continuation of the articular surface of that condyle, which is sepa-
rated by a rough isthmus from the inner condyle.

The left tibia and fibula: they are anchylosed to each other at both ex-
tremities, The distal articulation of the tibia is remarkable for the hemi-
spherical excavation near its inner side for the reception of the protuber-
ance of the astragalus.

55

339. The left astragalus. The chief characteristic of this bone is the convex
protuberance formed by the inner half of the upper articular surface and
the broad, convex outer portion of the same surface. The upper half of
the surface for the os naviculare is concave; the posterior part of the
surface for the calcaneum is separated from the remaining part by a deep
and rough canal : the anterior part is continuous with the convex portion

of the cuboido-navicular surface.

340. The left os calcis. This is very remarkable for its great size and the

unusual prolongation of its posterior part.

341. The left os naviculare. The articular surface for the astragalus is nearly
equally divided into an upper convexity and a lower concavity. The
anterior part of the bone presents but two surfaces, for two cuneiform

bones, which surfaces are continuous to a small part of their extent.

342. The left os cuboides. The articular surface which joins the astragalus is
concave: the surface presented to the fifth metatarsal bone is set at right
angles with that for the fourth metatarsal.

343. The internal and larger cuneiform bone. {ts anterior convex articular
surface shows that the base of the metatarsal bone which it supported
was at least four inches in vertical and three inches in transverse extent,
which agrees with the proportions of that bone in the figure by Bru and
Pander of the Madrid skeleton. This metatarsal bone does not exist in
the present collection of Megatherian remains.

344. The ungual phalanx of the third or middle toe of the left hind-foot. This
toe, called the third from the analogy of the ordinary pentadactyle feet,
is the innermost or first in the Megatherium, and the only one provided
with a claw in the hind-foot.

345. The analogue of the second or middle cuneiform bone in Man, but the
innermost of the two cuneiform bones in the Megatherium. Its proximal
end or base is occupied by the long, narrow, undulating surface adapted
to that on the os naviculare. On the outer or fibular side, near the upper

end of the base of the bone, there is a flat, sub-circular articular surface,

56

which has been applied to a corresponding surface on the metatarsal bone

of the third toe. This distal end of the bone has no articular surface for

the support of a phalanx, but is as rough as the rest of the non-articular

surface of the bone. This bone, therefore, establishes the fact of the

absence of first and second toes in the hind-foot of the Megatherium, as

represented in the figures of the Madrid skeleton by Bru and Pander.
The foregoing fossils of the Megatherium, from 234 to 345 inclusive,

were presented by Str Woodbine Parish, K.H.

346 A portion of the left temporal bone of a Megatherium, including the
base of the zygomatic process and the shallow articular surface for the
lower jaw.

From the cliffs of Bahia Blanca, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.RS.

347. A fragment of a molar of a Megatherium, with part of its socket.
From the cliffs at Bahia Blanca, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F_RS.

Genus Megalonyx.

The following specimens, illustrative of the osteology of the Megalonyx, are
casts of fossil bones discovered in one of the limestone-caverns called “ White-
cave” in Kentucky, or in “ Big-bone-cave” Tennessee ; both which localities
are assigned to these fossils by Dr. Harlan, by whom the originals, now depo-
sited in the Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, have
been described and figured*.

348. A portion of a molar tooth, including the termination of the pulp-cavity.
It is slightly curved, in two directions, and resembles the tooth of the
Megalonyx Jeffersoni, figured in Cuvier’s Ossemens Fossiles, 8vo. ed.
1835, pl 216, figs. 13 and 14, in being compressed, with the transverse

* Medical and Physical Researches, 8vo, 1835, p- 319. pl. xiii.

57

section forming a long ellipse; one side of the ellipse describes a
regular convexity; the opposite side presents a median prominence,
with a depression on each side, corresponding with a median ridge
and two shallow channels which traverse the concave side of the tooth
longitudinally. The long transverse diameter, does not exceed in so
great a degree the short transverse diameter as in the tooth figured by
Cuvier, but the proportion of the length to the breadth and thickness
of the teeth compared cannot be determined, as both specimens are mu-
tilated. With respect to those differences which are determinable, they
are less than are presented by different teeth in the same jaw of the Me-
gatherium, of the Mylodon, and of the Scelidotherium ; and by no means
warrant the specific, much less the generic distinction of the Tenessee
Megalonyx from that discovered in the Cave in Green-briar County,
Virginia, and described by Cuvier.

349. An anterior dorsal vertebra of a young Megalonyx : the epiphysial ends
of the centrum are wanting.

350. The fractured neural arch of a dorsal vertebra. The costal articular sur-

face on the transverse process is a convex protuberance.

351. A lumbar vertebra: there are two oblique or articular processes on each
side of the anterior and on each side of the posterior part of the neural
arch, showing that the vertebre in this region were interlocked, as in
the Megatherium and Mylodon, by a double tenon-and-mortice joint.
All the preceding vertebra exhibit the wide canal for the spinal chord
which characterizes the Megatherioid animals generally.

352. A cast in wax of the scapula of a young Megalonyx. It resembles that
of the Mylodon in the equality of its height and breadth, and in the
almost equal partition of its outer surface by the spine. It has a large
perforation, instead of a notch, near the anterior part of the supra-spinal
fossa: if the termination of the fossa be over-arched in the Megalonyx,
as in other Megatherioid animals, by the conjoined acromion and co-
racoid, this characteristic structure has either disappeared from accidental

I

353.

354,

355.

58

fracture or has not been completed, owing to the nonage of the indi-
vidual. The glenoid cavity is a long and narrow vertical ellipse. ~

The cast of the humerus of a full-grown Megalonyx, from Big-bone-lick.
It presents the general characters of this bone in the Megatherioid
animals ; the rotatory movements of the convex head were not inter-
rupted by any inordinate development of the outer or inner tuberosities,
although these are well marked. The large size of the supra-condyloid
plates, which gave attachment to the pronator and supinator muscles,
indicate, with the modifications of the distal articular surface, that the
fore-foot could be freely rotated. The most marked character by which
the humerus of the Megalonyx differs from that of the Megatherium, is
the perforation of the internal condyloid plate. The articular surface
presented to the ulna is convex, as in the Megatherium ; in the Mylodon

it is concave from side to side.

The shaft of the humerus of the young Megalonyx, from Big-bone-cave,
Tenessee. It has lost its terminal epiphyses; but although the ridges
and condyloid plates are less developed than in the old animal, the cha-
racteristic perforation of the internal condyle remains.

The ulna of the Megalonyx Jefferson, from the cavern in Green-briar
County, Virginia. The original specimen from which the present cast
was taken is described and figured by Cuvier, dnnales du Muséum,

tom. v. (1804) p. 372, pl. xiii. fig. 7.

. The shaft of the ulna of the young Megalonyx, from Big-bone-cave, Te-

nessee. The olecranon and the distal extremity are broken off. The
original is figured in Dr. Harlan’s Medical and Physical Researches,

pl. xii. fig. 15.

. The radius of the young Megalonyx, from Big-bone-cave, Tenessee. The

head is concave and circular, as in the preceding specimen and in the
Megatherium ; the slight differences in the proportions of the shaft of
this bone, as compared with the preceding specimen, belonging to the
Megalonyx Jeffersoni, depend on the difference in the age of the indi-

59

viduals to which they belonged. The distal epiphysis has been detached
from the present specimen.

358. The radius of the Megalonyx Jeffersonii, from the cavern in Green-briar
County, Virginia.
The original specimen from which the present cast was made, is de-
scribed and figured by Cuvier, 4nnales du Muséum, tom. v. (1804) p. 372,
pl. xxiii.

359. The metacarpal bone of the index or second digit of the left fore-foot of
the Megalonyx Jeffersoni. It is relatively longer and narrower than in
the Mylodon: the triangular base is more inequilateral, and its anterior
emargination is deeper, but the flat surface on the radial side of the base
of the bone, for the metacarpal of the pollex, resembles that of the My-
lodon rather than that of the Megatherium ; whence it may be inferred
that the entire pollex of the Megalonyx resembled that of the Mylodon,
instead of being reduced to a rudimental metacarpal bone as in the Me-
gatherium. The original of this cast is described and figured by Cuvier,
loc. cit., p. 367, pl. xxiii. fig. 8.

360. The second phalanx of the second digit of the left fore-foot of the Mega-

lonyx Jeffersonia.

361. The third or ungual phalanx of the second digit of the left fore-foot of
the Megalonyx Jeffersonit.

362. The metacarpal bone of the third or middle digit of the left fore-foot of
the Megalonyx Jeffersonii. The general proportions of this bone are
very similar to those of its analogue in the Mylodon, but in the more
vertical position and greater projection of the distal articular ridge, and
in the flatter under-surface of the bone, it more closely resembles that
of the Megatherium. The articular surface on the radial side of the base
of the present metacarpal is flat instead of being convex as in the Mylo-
don, and adapted to a corresponding flat surface in the second metacarpal
bone. The original of the present cast is described and figured by Cuvier,
loc. cit., p. 367, pl. xxiil. fig. 4.

12

=

363.

364.

365.

367.

60

The proximal phalanx of the middle digit of the left fore-foot of the Me-
galonyx: it differs from that of the Mylodon by its greater relative
vertical diameter, and by the greater depth of the proximal and distal ar-
ticular canals. This bone is described and figured by Cuvier, loc. cit.,
p- 365, pl. xxiii. fig. 3.

The second phalanx of the same digit. Ii is twice as long in proportion
to its breadth as the corresponding bone in the Mylodon, and is more
symmetrical: the distal trochlea is narrower, but with a much deeper
median canal. The median ridge of the proximal articulation is more
developed, and the lower boundary of that articulation is more produced
than in the Mylodon. This bone is described and figured by Cuvier,
loc. cit., p. 364, pl. xxiii. fig. 2.

The ungual phalanx of the same digit. It is much more compressed than
the corresponding phalanx of the Mylodon; the median ridge of the arti-
cular trochlea is sharper: the position of the joint equally favours the
downward inflection of the claw and prevents its retraction. Cuvier, in
his description of this phalanx, proves, by a comparison of it with the
ungual phalanges of the Sloth and Lion, that it could not have belonged
to a gigantic carnivorous species, as was conjectured by Jefferson and
Faujas: loc. cit., p. 362, pl. xxii. fig. 1.

. The metacarpal bone of the fifth digit of the left fore-foot of the Mega- -

lonyx Jeffersonit. The proximal expansion presents two articular sur-
faces ; a terminal one for the os unciforme, anda lateral one on the radial
side for the adjoining surface of the fourth metacarpal. The distal end
presents the same modifications as the fifth metacarpal in the Mylodon :
a.simple vertically-oblong surface supports an arthrodial instead of a
ginglymoid joint for the proximal phalanx, below which there is a surface
for a sesamoid bone ; indicating that the digit which it supported was as
mutilated and short as in the Mylodon and Megatherium.

This small ungual phalanx probably belongs to the first digit or pollex of
the same fore-foot of the Megalonyx as the foregoing bones: it is de-
scribed and figured by Cuvier, /oc. ctt., p. 363, pl. xxiii. fig. 9.

61

368. The distal epiphysis of the right femur of a Megalonyx, from Big-bone-
cave, Tenessee : this differs from the corresponding part of the thigh-bone
in the Megatherium, Mylodon and Scelidotherium in having the rotular
articular surface separate from the outer and inner condyloid surfaces.
The internal condyle is more prominent and convex than the external
one, in which respect the femur of the Megalonyx resembles that of the
Megatherium more than that of the Mylodon.

The original is figured and described by Dr. Harlan, Medical and Phy-

sical Researches, p. 327, pl. xiv. fig. 19.

369. The left tibia, wanting the distal epiphysis, of a Megalonyx, from Big-
bone-cave, Tenessee. The depth of the coneave surface for the internal
condyle agrees with the character above described in the distal articulation
of the femur. The smaller surface for the outer condyle is slightly con-
vex, raised above the level of the inner concavity, and confined to the
posterior part of the outer half of the head of the tibia, which is rough
anteriorly for ligamentous attachment. The original is figured and de-

scribed by Dr. Harlan, /oc. cit., p. 328, pl. xiv. figs. 20 and 21.

370. The distal epiphysis of the right tibia of a Megalonyx. The articular
surface is divided into three facets, but less conspicuously than in the
Megatherium or Mylodon. The anterior facet is concave, and was
adapted to the anterior convex protuberance of the astragalus which
characterizes that bone in the Megatherioid animals: it is narrower ver-
tically, but broader and shallower than in the Megatherium or Mylodon:
the posterior and largest surface is concave on the inner and convex on
the outer half, but slightly so in both: the outer surface slopes upwards
from the middle or posterior surface, holding the place of the outer mal-
leolus as in other Megatherioids, and was adapted to the upper of the two
distal articular surfaces in the fibula. The inner malleolus is slightly
produced, and is characterized by the wide and deep oblique groove at its
posterior part, separating it from the articular surface. The original speci-

men is described and figured by Dr. Harlan, doc. c¢., p. 329, pl. xiv. fig. 23.

371. The right os calcis of the Megalonyx, from Big-bone-cave, Tenessee. It

62

differs from that of the Mylodon and agrees with that of the Megathe-
rium in having the surface for the astragalus separated into two by an
intervening rough tract ; it differs from both in having the cuboidal sur-
face separated from the astragalar surface, but is most remarkable for the
form of the posterior projection, which is much compressed, and expands
into a broad vertical plate of bone, thus resembling the form of the
os calcis in the Sloths more than does that of any other Megatherioid
animal. The outer and anterior angle supporting part of the cuboidal
articulation is broken off. The original specimen is described and figured
by Dr. Harlan as the ‘os ilium’ of the Megalonyx, Joc. cit., p. 336,

pl. xvi.

372. The os calcis of a younger Megalonyx, from Big-bone-cave, Tenessee.
It is more fractured than the preceding specimen, but shows the same
modification of the anterior articular surfaces and of the posterior pro-
jecting part. The original is figured and described by Dr. Harlan, oc. czt.,
p. 329, pl. xiv. figs. 23 and 24.

373. The ungual phalanx or claw-bone of the median digit, of probably the
hind-foot of a Megalonyx. It resembles that of the Megatherium in its
great depth, but is more compressed: the osseous sheath has been
broken away; its inferior base forms a convex protuberance, which 1s
notched on each side, posteriorly, for the transit of the vessel which
nourished the enormous claw.

374. The corresponding claw-bone, probably of the adjoining toe: it presents
the same general characters, but is somewhat smaller, and the base of the
osseous sheath, here likewise broken away, is flattened.

375. The anterior half of a claw-bone, of similar form, but intermediate in
size between the two preceding specimens.
The foregoing casts of the Megalonyx Jeffersonii, from 348 to 375
inclusive, were presented by Dr. Richard Harlan.

376. The horizontal rami and symphysis of the lower jaw of a Megalonyx.
The jaw is deeply and firmly imbedded ina matrix, consisting of quartz

63

pebbles cemented together by calcareous matter, so that only the upper
or alveolar border is visible. The coronoid and condyloid processes are
broken away, and the texture of the remaining part of the jaw is too
friable, and adheres too firmly to the surrounding matrix, to admit of more
of its form being ascertained.

There were four molars on each side of this jaw ; the large oblique
perforation near the fractured simphysis is the anterior extremity of the
wide dental canal. The forms of the alveoli are best preserved in the
right ramus; the first is the smallest and seems to have contained a
tooth, of which the transverse section must have been simply elliptical :
the second tooth is preserved zz sw; it is laterally compressed, but the
transverse section. is ovate, the great end being turned forwards: the
third socket presents a corresponding form, but a larger size: the fourth
socket is too much mutilated to allow of a correct opinion being formed
as to the shape of the tooth which it once contained.

From the Cliffs at Punta Alta, Bahia Blanca, near Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FR S.

Genus Mylodon.

377. The skeleton of the Mylodon robustus, OWEN.

This skeleton was discovered in the year 1841, by M. Pedro de Angelis,
seven leagues north of the city of Buenos Ayres, in the fluviatile deposits
constituting the extensive plain intersected by the great Rio Plata and its
tributaries.

It is remarkable for the great strength which is indicated by its robust
proportions, and by the powerful development of the ridges and by pro-
cesses for the attachment of muscles.

The trunk, which is shorter than that of the Hippopotamus, is ter-
minated behind by a pelvis, equalling in breadth and exceeding in depth
that of the Elephant. This capacious bony basin rests on two massive
but short hind extremities, terminated by feet as long as the femora,
set at right angles to the leg, as in the plantigrade animals, but with the

64

sole slightly turned inwards. A tail equalling the hind limbs in length,
and proportionally as thick and strong, assists in supporting the broad
pelvis.

The sacrum is lengthened by the anchylosis of the lumbar vertebre.

A long and capacious thorax is defended by sixteen pairs of ribs,
most of which equal in breadth those of the Elephant, and all the true
ribs are clamped by massive and completely ossified cartilages to a strong
and complicated sternum.

The scapula, distinguished by their unusual breadth, and by the osseous
arch connecting the acromial and coracoid processes, are attached to the
large manubrium sterni by strong and complete clavicles.

The humeri, short and thick, like the femora, have their muscular
processes, ridges and condyles still more strongly developed ; but the ro-
tatory and lateral movements are not obstructed by any inordinate pro-
duction of the proximal tuberosities.

The fore-arm is longer than its corresponding segment in the hind
limb, has both bones distinct, and equally remarkable for their great
breadth and the angular form, occasioned by the prominence of the in-
termuscular ridges: yet the mechanism for free pronation and supination
is complete.

The fore-foot is pentadactyle, and of great breadth and strength ; but
so unusually massive are the proportions of the radius and ulna, that it
appears relatively small ; and notwithstanding certain fingers are termi-
minated by claw-bones of great size and length, yet, owing to the form of
their proximal phalanges and metacarpal bones, it is short in proportion
to its breadth.

The hind-foot is tetradactyle, with the two inner toes elongated and
armed with unequal but large claws.

Both the fore and hind feet are remarkable for the shortness, breadth
and ungulate character of the two outer digits, which, when the Mylodon
stood or trod upon the ground, must have principally sustained the
superincumbent weight.

A skull smaller than that of the Ox, but long, narrow, and terminated

65

by a truncated muzzle, is supported by a short neck composed of seven
cervical vertebrae. These vertebre are freely articulated together, and are
succeeded by sixteen dorsal or costal vertebra, remarkable for their broad
and high spinous processes, which are nearly equal and have an uniform
inclination backwards. 3

The most extraordinary features which this surface presents are acci-
dental to the individual example under consideration, and arise out of two
extensive fractures of the skull, which the animal had received some time
before its death; one of these fractures is four inches in length, and ex-
tends, in the axis of the skull, across the fronto-maxillary suture near the
right orbit.

The blow has depressed the outer table of the skull, but the fracture is
entirely healed and is indicated by the furrows, along which the bone
sinks below its natural level into the large frontal smmuses. The surface
of the supra-orbital plate, which has participated in the primary injury
and been affected by the inflammation consequent thereon, is roughened,
and, as it were, eaten into by numerous sinall vascular grooves and
fissures.

The second fracture is more extensive, and affects the middle of the
posterior part of the parietal region of the skull, extending a little way
into the occipital region. The outer table of the skull has been smashed
in for an extent of five inches in the long diameter and three inches
transversely: several of the bony fragments have exfoliated and left wide
irregular apertures leading into the large air sinuses, which are con-
tinued from the frontal to the occipital regions.

The margins of the broken bone, both of the outer table and the ex-
posed edges of the vertical sinuous walls, extending between the outer
and inner tables, are rounded off by the absorbent action, and are thick-
ened irregularly by new ossific depositions, which shoot out in the form
of jagged exostoses from the posterior and narrower end of the fractured
surface.

The inner table of the skull has not been injured by the blow which
caused such destruction to the outer plate; and the integrity of the
cranial cavity, and the safety of the contained cerebral organ, may be

K

66

ascribed to the singular extension and development of the air-cells, which
raise the outer considerably above the vitreous table, along the whole
upper plane of the skull.

An explanation of the probable cause of these fractures, and a detailed
account and comparison of all the bones in the present unique skeleton,
are given in the separate work, published by the College, entitled
‘Description of the Skeleton of an extinct Gigantic Sloth (J4ylodon ro-
bustus), &c., 4to, 1842. Purchased.

The following fossils to No. 470 inclusive belong to the species called My-

lodon robustus, and are from the same stratum and locality as the skeleton.

378.

379.

The first molar tooth, right side, upper jaw. It is more curved, and is
separated by a wider interval from the rest than they are from each
other, whereby it offers an obvious resemblance to the so-called canine
of the Two-toed Sloth (Cholepus didactylus, Mlig.), but it is not larger
than the rest of the molar series. The present example is much broken.

Purchased.

The first molar tooth, left side, upper jaw. A transverse section has been
taken from the crown or exposed part, and the surface polished. The
densest constituent shines most ; it consists of hard or unvascular dentine,
surrounds the trihedral axis of the vascular dentine, and is itself sur-
rounded by the thin coat of cement. The progress of carbonization has
followed the course of the calcigerous tubes of the dentine, which are
thus demonstrated to the naked eye. Purchased.

380. The second molar, left side, upper jaw. The grinding surface has been

broken off: the course of the calcigerous tubes of the hard dentine may
be discerned on the fractured surface with the aid of a pocket-lens.

Purchased.

381. A portion of the third molar, left side, upper jaw, including the grinding

surface of the tooth. Purchased.

382. A considerable portion of the fourth molar, left side, upper jaw ;° the

grinding surface is nearly entire. Purchased.
§ § y

383.

394.

389.

390.

67
The fifth and last molar, left side, upper jaw. Purchased.

A portion of the first molar tooth, right side, upper jaw. Purchased.

. The fourth molar tooth, right side, upper jaw: the transverse striz on the

outer surface of the cement are well displayed in this specimen.
Purchased.

. The fifth and last molar tooth, right side, upper jaw. Purchased.

. The third molar, left side, lower jaw. The grinding surface is obliquely

fractured. Purchased.

. The fourth and last molar, left side, lower jaw. This is the largest and

most complicated tooth of the series, resembling two simple molars joined
together lengthwise. Purchased.

A portion of the third molar, right side, lower jaw ; including the grinding
surface. Purchased.

A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the JZylodon robustus,
including the two posterior molar teeth and part of the socket of the
second molar, with a portion of the coronoid and angular processes and
the commencement or entry of the great dental canal.

Purchased.

. The symphysis of the lower jaw of the Mylodon robustus. This part

forms the most remarkable feature of the lower jaw and resembles the
blade of a spade ; it is inclined from below upwards and forwards at an
angle of 130° with the basal line, as a broad, nearly square plate of bone,
diminishing in thickness to its upper margin, which is nearly straight.
The trenchant anterior edge is a little roughened for the attachment
doubtless of a callous gum; it offers no trace of incisive sockets; it
forms a right angle with the lateral margins of the symphysis, which are
slightly concave ; each angle is rounded off. The inner surface of the
symphysis is smooth and concave at its anterior half, convex vertically
at its lower half; but here, also, smooth, and without any ridge or
process indicating attachments of genio-hyoid or genio-glossal muscles.

kK 2

393.

394.

395.

396.

68

Its size, form and position strongly indicate that it supported and facili-
tated the movements of a large and probably long and prehensile mus-
cular tongue. ; i

The outer surface of the symphysis is rough and irregular, slightly
concave, and with an oblique eminence on each side of the middle line.
These eminences indicate the place of origin of the retractors of the
lower lip. Purchased.

. A portion of the malar bone of a M/ylodon robustus, showing the de-

scending process, which characterizes the existing Sloths and the extinct
species of the Megatherioid family. Purchased.

The body and left cornu majus of the os hyoides of the MZylodon robustus.

The part of the body of the os hyoides included between the articular
tubercles for the anterior cornua is short, subcylindrical, and of less ver-
tical diameter than the anchylosed posterior cornua. A rather thick and
rough convex ridge projects downwards from the anterior extremities of
these processes, doubtless for the attachment of strong thyro-hyoidei
muscles ; two slight tuberosities on the front of the body, below the
articular tubercles, indicate the insertions of the sterno-hyoidei muscles.

Purchased.
The hyoid articular extremity of the right stylo-hyal bone of the AZylodon
robustus. Purchased.
The left stylo-hyal bone of the AZylodon robustus. Purchased.

A fragment of the body of a dorsal vertebra of the Mylodon robustus.
Purchased.

. A fragment of the body of, apparently, the last dorsal vertebra of the AZy-
* lodon robustus: it exhibits the deep excavations upon the under surface

which are noticed in the description of the skeleton. Purchased.

. The edie of the three anchylosed lumbar vertebra of the Mylodon ro-

bustus. The flat surface which the first lumbar presents to the last dorsal
vertebra corresponds with the form of the same articulation in the en-
tire skeleton: the portion of the first sacral vertebra, which is anchylosed

399.

400.

401.

403.

A404.

69

to the third lumbar, has been broken away from the rest of the sacrum.
The extent of the ossified intervertebral substance which connects the
lumbar vertebree with each other and with the sacrum is clearly defined
on the floor of the spinal canal. The body of each lumbar vertebra is
perforated in the centre by a vertical vascular canal; that of the middle
lumbar is the largest and most regular in its form; it bifurcates near
its lower extremity. The gradual expansion of the capacious spinal
canal as it approaches the sacrum is deserving of notice in this speci-
men; as also the sudden dilatation in the canal or foramen for the last
lumbar nerve, corresponding with the large ganglion of the posterior root
of that nerve. Purchased.

The proximal end of one of the posterior vertebral ribs, showing a single

articular surface upon the head. Purchased.

A fragment of a vertebral rib of the AZylodon robustus. Purchased.

An ossified sternal rib of the Mylodon robustus, wanting the end which
articulates with the vertebral rib, but having two distinct articular sur-
faces at the sternal end, and showing also a portion of the flat articular
surface for the adjoining sternal rib. Purchased.

2. The sternal extremity of a sternal rib of the MWylodon robustus, showing

two distinct articular surfaces; the upper one is again subdivided into

two, for the complicated joint with the sternum. Purchased.

The sternal end of a sternal rib of the Adylodon robustus, showing two

articular surfaces for the sternum. Purchased.

The sternal extremity of a sternal rib of the AZylodon robustus, showing
uy WV) , §

two articular surfaces for the sternum. Purchased.
. A similar specimen. Purchased.
. A similar specimen. Purchased.
. A portion of a sternal rib of the Mylodon robustus. Purchased.

. One of the sternal ribs of the Myledon robustus, showing the flat sub-

70

circular articular surface by which it was connected with the contiguous
sternal rib. Purchased.

409. A fragment of a sternal rib of the Mylodon robustus, showing a part of
the surface for articulation with an adjoining sternal rib. Purchased.

410. A portion of another sternal rib, probably the last but one on the left side,
of the Mylodon robustus, showing the sternal articulation, which is
divided into three surfaces. Purchased.

411. The sternal bone with which the preceding rib was articulated: it is pro-
bably the penultimate one of the series, having the distal surface for the
succeeding sternal bone continuous with the two surfaces for the corre-
sponding sternal ribs. The distinction of the anterior and posterior parts
of the sternal bone is maintained at the upper end, which exhibits one
surface for the contiguous sternal bone, and four surfaces for the sternal

ribs. Purchased.

412. The proximal end of the left humerus of the Mylodon robustus, showing
the articular surface and the two tuberosities.

The tuberosities, though not elevated so as to interfere with the rota-
tion of the head of the bone, as in the large ungulate quadrupeds, are
broad and well-defined. The rough deltoidal tract covers a great portion
of the fore-part of the shaft of the bone, from which it is separated by a
more or less prominent marginal ridge. The pectoral ridge is well-
marked. The musculo-spiral impression presents an unusual width and
depth. Purchased.

413. The shaft and distal end of the right humerus of a Mylodon robustus ; the
external supra-condyloid plate is broken off. The trochlear articulation
for the bones of the fore-arm indicates, by the regular convexity which
it presents to the radius, the free rotation of that bone.

In its general characters the humerus of the Mylodon resembles that
of the Megalonyx and Megatherium ; but it differs in its greater strength,
the shaft being relatively much thicker with a stronger deltoidal plat-
form, and the proximal tuberosities larger and higher, particularly the ex-

ternal one. The humerus of the Mylodon differs in a more marked

71

respect from that of the Megalonyx, in the absence of the perforation of
the internal condyle, which in the Mylodon is simply notched at its upper
part by the brachial nerve and vessels as in the Megatherium; but the
notch is less strongly marked in the more gigantic species.

The form of the articular surface for the ulna offers another well-
marked distinction between the Mylodon and Megalonyx. In the latter
species, and likewise, to judge from the figures of Bru and Pander, in the
Megatherium, this part of the distal articular surface of the humerus is
convex in every direction: in the Mylodon it is only convex, and that in
a very slight degree, from before backwards, and is concave from side to
side. Purchased.

414. A longitudinal section of the left humerus of the Myludon robustus: it

shows the course of the canal for the medullary artery, which enters the
bone a little way above the inner condyloid plate, and passes slightly
upwards in a straight line to an oblong cell four lines in diameter,
which is the sole rudiment of the medullary cavity in this bone. The
compact wall of the humerus is thickest near its middle part where the
medullary canal exists ; it diminishes to a depth of one or two lines at
the extremities of the bone, the included substance presenting a nearly

uniform and close cancellous texture. Purchased.

415. The opposite section of the same bone. Purchased.

416. A portion of the proximal half of the right ulna of the Mylodon robustus,

showing the smaller sigmoid cavity for the head of the radius.
Purchased.

. The proximal half of the left ulna of the Mylodon robustus, showing the

slightly concave surface adapted to the inner condyle of the humerus. —
The olecranon is bent obliquely inwards; the broad and rough back
part of the olecranon gradually contracts into the posterior flattened
border of the ulna. The great sigmoid or rather reniform articular sur-
face extends almost transversely across the base of the olecranon, and
plays upon the inner and back part of the outer condyle of the humerus,
being divided by a median convexity into two compartments; the inner

72

portion is produced forwards upon the anterior angle of the ulna, and
is very slightly concave; the outer division is more deeply excavated.
The articular surface is continued for a few lines upon the large rough

depression for the head of the radius. Purchased.

418. The proximal part of the right radius of the Mylodon robustus.
Purchased.

419. The distal extremity of the same radius.

The radius of the Mylodon is thicker in proportion to its length,
stronger and much more deeply impressed by the muscles of the fore-
arm, more especially by the extensors of the hand, than in the Megathe-
rium or Megalonyx: it differs in the shape of the proximal articular
cavity, which is more oblong: the marginal surface which rotates upon
the ulna is narrower and more convex. The rough tuberosity for the
insertion of the biceps is further from the proximal joint and more ad-
vantageously situated for the action of the muscles in the Mylodon.
The rough external margin of the radius, which in the Megatherium
partially subsides and becomes thinner as it extends downwards, and
which would appear to stand out as a distinct process in the Madrid spe-
cimen, gradually increases in the Mylodon until it expands into the
tuberosity above the styloid process. Purchased.

420. A fragment of the distal extremity of the left radius of probably the
same individual: it includes the styloid process which is adapted to the
concavity of the articular surface of the scapho-trapezial bone.

The anterior part of the distal end of the radius is more concave in
the Mylodon than in the Megatherium, and the distal articular extremity
has its posterior boundary shorter transversely, and more produced
downwards. Purchased.

421. A longitudinal section of the left radius of the Mylodon robustus, showing
the absence of a medullary cavity: the cancellous texture which occupies
the centre of the bone is of somewhat coarser character than in the

humerus. Purchased.

73
422. The opposite section of the same bone. Purchased.

The following bones, from No. 423 to No. 440 inclusive, belong to the same
right fore-foot of the Mylodon robustus, are from the same stratum and locality
as the skeleton, and were purchased by the College.

423. The scapho-trapezial bone.

The os scaphoides, besides its usual relations to the radius, lunare and
trapezoides, sends down a process which represents the os trapezium, and
supports the metacarpal bone of the thumb. This process, or con-
fluent bone, gives to the scaphoid an unciform figure. It is short or de-
pressed in the direction of the axis of the limb, broad from side to side,
convex towards the back of the corpus, and made concave on the opposite
side by the production of the two angles, and especially of that formed
by the anchylosed trapezium. The articulation of the radius covers all
the proximal surface save the trapezial angle. The articular surface is
continued at right angles to its radial portion upon part of the ulnar
side of the scaphoid for the junction with the os lunare. The distal
surface of the scapho-trapezial bone is excavated by two concave arti-
cular surfaces for the os magnum and trapezoides: these surfaces are
separated by a rough concavity from the small and nearly flat one, at
the outer side of the trapezial process, for the metacarpal bone of the
thumb.

424. The os cuneiforme.

The os cuneiforme, or triquetrum, is the largest of the carpal bones and
approaches to the cubical figure: the rough quadrilateral dorsal surface
is nearly flat, with an oblong protuberance near the radial margin, and
a concavity above the edge of the Jower articular surface. The upper or
proximal end presents an almost square, flat articular surface for the
truncated distal end of the ulna, which surface bends over upon the outer
and posterior surface of the bone, to form the slightly convex semi-oval
articulation for the os pisiforme. The articular surface of the opposite
side for the lunare is divided by a rough tract from the ulnar surface,
but is continuous with the broad and slightly sinuous one, by which the

L

74

cuneiforme articulates with the unciform bone: on the outer or ulnar
side of this surface, a small articular facet is marked off, by which the os
cuneiforme assists in supporting the huge metacarpal bone of the little
finger. Thus the proximal row of carpal bones is brought into contact
with the metacarpal series at both its extremities, and circumscribes,
with this series, the space including the three distinct bones of the second

carpal row.

425. The trapezoides.

The proximal articular surface connecting the trapezoides with the
scaphoid proper is semicircular and slightly convex ; that which joins
with the os magnum is a small circular, subconcave surface. The distal
articular surface supporting the second or index metacarpal is convex next
the dorsal part of the carpus, and concave towards the palmar side, in
the vertical direction, with opposite curvatures in the transverse di-

rection.

426. The os magnum.

This carpal bone is wedged in between the scaphoides, lunare, trape-
zoides, unciforme and middle metacarpal bone, and its rugged dorsal
surface is bounded by sides corresponding with each of these bones ; of
these the one connected with the scaphoid is the shortest, that joined to
the metacarpal bone is the longest: towards the dorsal part of the carpus
this surface is divided into two parts by a rough depression; on the
opposite or palmar side a small portion of the articular surface is bent
outwards at a right angle, so as to support part of the second metacarpal
bone. The chief part of the proximal surface of the os magnum is

convex, and is received into the concavity of the os lunare.

427. The os unciforme.
The unciform bone has a flat dorsal surface bounded by five sides, and
supporting an oblong protuberance extending from the radial margin to
the middle of the dorsal surface. Part of the radial side of the dorsal

surface bounds a slight vacuity between the os cuneiforme and os

75

magnum. The two proximal sides are nearly straight; one is formed by
the dorsal margin of the articulation between the unciforme and the
lunare, the other by the more extensive ene between the unciforme and
cunciforme. The three distal surfaces are articulated with part of the
base of the third, fourth and fifth metacarpal bones. The palmar side of
the unciforme presents, as its most striking character, a wedge-shaped
process, convex on both sides, which is impacted in the interspace be-
tween the lunar and cuneiform bones: immediately below this process
the surface is excavated and then swells out into a rough tuberosity near
the margins of the articular surfaces, by which the unciforme is united
with the third metacarpal. This surface is divided from that for the os
magnum by a narrow rough channel. The six articular surfaces covering
the rest of the circumference of the bone are uninterruptedly continuous ;
so that the rough dorsal and palmar surfaces of the bone are connected
by a similar non-articular tract along the radial, instead of the ulnar
margin.
428. The metacarpal bone of the pollex or innermost digit.

This bone presents a very singular and anomalous figure in conse-
quence of a thick and short process which is sent off from the ulnar side
of its base, which gives it the appearance of being bent at a right angle.
By this form it acquires two distinct proximal articulations or points of
support ; one at its base, or in the nominal position, by which it joins
that process of the scaphoides which represents the trapezium ; the
other on the before-mentioned process, with its plane at right angles to
the basal articulation, and abutting upon the proximal end of the ad-
joining metacarpal. An oblong subangular eminence extends along the
dorsal surface of the first metacarpal; a convex rough protuberance
projects from the palmar aspect of its base, and is divided from a smaller
protuberance beyond it by a deep transverse groove. The two articular
surfaces at ihe proximal end of the bone are quite flat: the distal arti-
cular surface is a simple elliptical smooth convexity, occupying little
more than the ulnar half of the distal end of the bone: two small
smooth angular surfaces at the lower end of the articulation indicate the
sesamoid bones at the palmar aspect of this joint of the thumb.

L2

429.

430.
A431.
432.
433.
434.
435.
436.
437.
438.
439.
440.

441.

76
The metacarpal bone of the second or index digit.
The metacarpal bone of the third digit.
The metacarpal bone of the fourth digit.
The metacarpal bone of the fifth digit.
The first or proximal phalanx of the pollex.
The distal or ungual phalanx of the same.
The proximal phalanx of the second digit.

The middle phalanx of the same digit.

The distal or ungual phalanx of the same digit.
The proximal phalanx of the middle digit.

The middle phalanx of the same digit.

The ungual phalanx of the same digit.

The proximal half of the right femur of the Mylodon robustus : in this
bone may be noticed the depression tn the posterior part of the head for
the attachment of the ligamentum rotundum: the fractured end demon-
strates the absence of a medullary cavity.

The head, supporting the smooth surface presented to the acetabulum,
is hemispherical: the articular hemisphere is directed obliquely upwards
and inwards, encroached upon at the middle of its posterior margin by
the oblong and moderately deep depression for the ligament; the rest of
its circumference is slightly sinuous and anteriorly overhangs the shaft.
The upper part of the neck of the femur expands as it passes obliquely
from behind forwards to the great trochanter, which scarcely rises above
the horizontal line of the neck, and is on a lower level than the head.
This trochanter is flattened at its summit and outer side, these surfaces
meeting at a right angle: it is produced both forwards and backwards,

but chiefly in the latter direction, where it descends like a strong round

77

column or buttress along the outside of a large and deep cavity before it
subsides into the level of the shaft. Viewed from the outer side, the
broad external rugged surface of the great trochanter hides the rest of
the proximal third of the femur from view, so much does it surpass that
and every other part of the bone in antero-posterior diameter. It gra-
dually contracts to form the strong external ridge which descends, inter-
rupted by only a slight emargination to be continued into that which
surmounts the external condyle.

The anterior production of the great trochanter Is narrower and more
rugged than the posterior one ; it is also flattened and separated by a
ridge from the outer convex surface of the process, with which it is placed
nearly at right angles: the external border of the shaft of the femur
seems to be more immediately continued from the lower angle of the
anterior surface of the trochanter, and 1s slightly bent forwards, bounding
the concavity which extends along the outer third of the anterior surface
of the shaft of the femur. The small trochanter is a vertically oval de-
pressed tuberosity, situated directly upon the inner border of the femur
two inches below the head, from which it 1s separated by a smooth and
shallow concavity. The posterior intertrochanterian space is smooth
and convex, except where it sinks into the cavity which partly under-
mines the posterior columnar prominence of the great trochanter.

Purchased.

442. The right tibia of the Mylodon robustus: the proximal articulation for
the fibula and the surface for the outer condyle of the femur are broken
off: the articular depression for the inner condyle is elliptical and occu-
pies the whole of the corresponding division of the head of the tibia: a
small portion of its anterior part is convex and rises to a slight eminence
near the middle excavation, the rest of the surface is slightly concave.

The shaft of the tibia swells out anteriorly into irregular rough con-
vexities, forms a smoother border about the inner articular surface, and
falls in on every side to the lower third of the shaft, at the beginning of
which the bone presents its smallest circumference. The anterior sur-

face below the proximal rough swelling is flattened, and meets the

78

posterior surface at a concave edge externally; the inner concave bor-
der of the shaft is thick and rounded. Ashort rough ridge is continued
from the middle of the anterior proximal tuberosity obliquely down-
wards and inwards. Fine reticular risings mark the smoother parts of
the anterior surface. A broad but shallow groove runs from the lower
part of the outer concave edge downwards upon the anterior surface
of the expanded distal end of the bone. The outer malleolus pro-
jects as a somewhat square-shaped protuberance. The opposite side of
the distal end, or the inner malleolus, forms a less prominent convex
tuberosity. The posterior surface of the tibia is smooth at the con-
cavity beneath the overhanging fibular articulation, and along the outer
half of the posterior surface as far as the rugged rising which overhangs
the distal articular surface. The inner half of the back part of the tibia
presents a rough elevated tract, which extends across its upper part a little
below the convex boundary of the condyloid articular surface : a thick
rough ridge extends downwards to the middle of the internal concave
border of the shaft: a narrow ridge descends along the middle of the upper
half of the posterior surface and then divides, the inner branch extending
obliquely to the angle terminating the concavity of the inner margin of the
shaft. Below this ridge a wide and deep canal extends obliquely from
above downwards and inwards, its lower edge being about an inch above
the distal articular margin: this deep posterior excavation forms a well-
marked character of the internal malleclus, and indicates prodigious
strength in the flexors of the toes and adductors of the foot.

The distal articular surface of the tibia presents the most singular mo-
difications: it is divided into three compartments, which are well-defined,
although the synovial surface is uninterrupted. The external compart-
ment is semi-elliptical, flat, nearly horizontal, inclining from without
inwards and downwards ; it forms the lower surface of the outer distal
protuberance of the bone, and rests upon a corresponding surface at the
lower part of that excavation of the fibula which receives the said protu-
berance. The second compartment of the distal articulation of the tibia
is slightly concave, of a crescentic figure, with the bones directed inwards

and forwards: its plane is more nearly horizontal than the fibular facet.

79

The third compartment is formed as it were by an excavation of the an-
terior and inner side of the distal articular surface, causing the concavity
of the preceding crescentic surface, and the wide and deep semicircular
notch which characterizes the fore-part of the distal end of the tibia.
The third and the crescentic compartments of the distal articulation are
exclusively articulated with the astragalus, the singular form of which
they sufhiciently indicate. ‘The inner margin of the anterior excavation

is pierced by a row of deep vertical canals. Purchased.

The following bones, from 443 to 452 inclusive, belong to the same left
hind-foot of the My/odon robustus, are from the same stratum and locality as the

skeleton, and were purchased by the College.

443. The astragalus.

This characteristic bone, when in its natural relations with the rest of
the tarsus, has its fibular or outer side uppermost, and the articular surface
of the tibia looks inwards ; when articulated, therefore, to the leg, placed
vertically above it, the foot rests upon the ground by its outer edge, not
by its sole, and the peculiarities of the metatarsal structure relate to this
inversion of the foot. The articular surface which the astragalus pre-
sents to the bones of the leg is divided into three parts, the general
planes of which are at right angles to each other; the surface, which in
the naturally inverted position of the foot is horizontal, presents a uni-
form figure: it is slightly convex anteriorly, concave in a less degree
posteriorly : at the antero-lateral part of its outer convex border the ar-
ticulation adapted to the malleolar process of the fibula is continued
upon the external surface: that which answers to the inner malleolus
presents the form of a full convex semi-elliptical tuber, which ascends to
fill the corresponding concavity or excavation on the inner side of the
distal articulation of the tibia; below the extremity of this surface the
astragalus swells out into an oblong tubercle, and below this there is a
wide channel sinking into a deep depression at the fore and at the back
part of the base of the above process ; the canal and the two depressions

separating this part of the astragalus from the calcaneo-navicular articu-

80

lation. In these depressions open many large vascular canals. A third
rough and perforated depression separates the fibular articular surface
from the cuboidal one: a more shallow depression marks the outer side
of the astragalus behind the fibular surface. The inferior and anterior
part of the astragalus is occupied by one extensive elongated articular
surface adapted to the calcaneum, cuboides and naviculare. The navi-
cular surface is flat on its upper half, convex on its lower half; the
latter part being continued uninterruptedly into the convex cuboidal
surface; the calcaneal surface, which is continued backwards from the
cuboidal one, is elongated, being continued to the posterior apex of the
bone; it is rather narrow, and is constricted near its anterior part at its

posterior extremity.

444. The os calcis.
This bone, which equals in size the os calcis of the Elephant, is chiefly

remarkable for the great breadth and length of its ragged posterior por-
tion, for its broad, concave, triangular bases, perforated by many large
vascular foramina, and for the large and deep tendinous groove, some-
times converted into a canal at the outer side of the bone: this canal
or groove is nearly an inch in diameter. Above it, at the anterior part of
the outside of the bone, there is a wider and shallower canal with a less
smooth surface, bounded above by a small tuberosity and in front by a
depression and a second tuberosity ; the broad and deep outer surface of
the calcaneum behind the foregoing canals is of a rhomboidal figure and
is slightly concave, separated from the inferior surface by a broad, rugged,
elevated border, and from the superior articular surface by a well-defined
margin. The posterior surface of the calcaneum is high but narrow,
rising from the tuberous extremity of the heel obliquely upwards with a
gentle concave curve to the superior surface, from which it is separated
by a small rugged tubercle: this tubercle, and a corresponding one on
the extremity of the astragalus above, indicate the points of attachment
of a strong posterior ligament. The inner surface of the calczneum is
separated from the posterior surface by a broad and rugged oblique

midge: it gradually deepens to a wide concavity bounded by three large

81

tuberosities, one above, which supports the inner extremity of the astra-
galar articulation; another below, forming the internal and anterior
angle of the inferior subconcave surface ; the third in front, constituting
the anterior prolongation of that surface. There is but one articular
surface in the os calcis of the Mylodon, which occupies the whole of
the narrow superior facet, and bends down over part of the anterior sur-
face: the upper division of the articular surface supports the astragalus ;
it is slightly concave transversely, convex from behind forwards at its
middle part : its breadth is not quite equal to the surface of the astra-
galus which plays upon it, and it is evident that a certain freedom of
lateral motion was allowed between these two bones. The anterior
deflected division of this long and narrow articular surface is equal to

one-fourth of its entire extent; it is slightly concave, and adapted to
the os cuboides.

445. The os cuboides

The os cuboides has the form rather of a thick and short wedge, the
base of which is formed by the rough flat subquadrate surface, which
appears at the upper and outer part of the tarsus; the outer and anterior
margin of this surface is developed into a rough eminence. On the
| outer side of the cuboides, there is a slightly convex surface for the
| calcaneum, the whole of the back part is excavated to receive the
astragalar tuberosity; a narrow vertical strip of articular surface on
the inner surface joins the naviculare, and these three facets are con-
| tinuous with each other. At the fore and upper part of the inner
side of the cuboides, there is a small surface which touches the base of
the third metacarpus, this is separated from the navicular strip by a
| rough depression bounding the interspace between the cuboid and ad-
| joining cuneiform bone; the anterior surface of the cuboides supports a
| very large articulation divided by a vertical narrow groove into two parts,
for the two outer metatarsal bones. The under part of the cuboides is
| excavated by a rough depression, bounded anteriorly by a rugged protu-
berance. Although the cuboides articulates with six distinct bones, it
| has only two distinct smooth articular tracts, that for the middle meta-

tarsal being continuous with the large outer metatarsal surface.

M

82

The os cuboides receives the superincumbent weight from the astra-
galus and naviculare, and transmits it to the os calcis, and to the three

outer metatarsal bones.

446. The os naviculare.

The naviculare is an irregular, thick, oval plate of bone, concave
towards the astragalus, convex next the metatarsus. Its thickest part is
towards the upper and outer end, where the articular surface for the
astragalus is slightly convex ; the rest of that surface which extends to
the tibial and lower border of the naviculare is concave; the upper and
posterior border of the bone presents accordingly a sigmoid curve. The
thickest part of the margin of the bone, which is above the convex articu-
lation with the astragalus, is rough and flattened: the angle between
this and the outer margin is formed by a thick tuberosity, only a small
part of the anterior convex surface is modified for articular union, and
this part presents two distinct surfaces for two cuneiform bones : of
these articulations the outer is more than double the extent of the inner
one, and one forms an oval of one inch and a half by one inch in dia-
meter ; it is gently convex and situated towards the lower half of the
fibular part of the anterior surface: the outer surface is about ten lines
by seven lines in extent, situated, with its long axis transversely, close
to the inner margin of the line, nearer the lower than the upper mar-
gin, and separated by an uneven, non-articular tract of nearly half an

inch in extent from the external cuneiform surface.

447. The external os cuneiforme.

A vacant interspace in the skeleton divides the cuboid from the ex-
ternal cuneiform bone, which has the usual triangular form, with the base
shorter than the sides : it presents only two articular surfaces, a posterior
one, slightly concave, for the naviculare, and an anterior one, in a less
degree convex, for the oblique base of the middle metatarsal ; the outer
angle of the base of the anterior surface is more produced than that of
the posterior surface. The external cuneiform diminishes in antero-
posterior thickness from the base towards the apex, which is rounded off.
The three margins of the bone are flat or slightly convex, rough and

83

perforated by vessels: there is no trace of an articular surface for the
cuboides on the outer margin, or for a middle cuneiform bone on the
inner one. The single articular surface for a cuneiform bone to the
inner side of the preceding is separated by a non-articular surface of two
lines in breadth, indicating that there was only one cuneiform bone and

one toe on the inner side of the outer cuneiform bone and third toe.

448. The proximal phalanx of the innermost toe, which corresponds to the
second toe in the pentadactyle foot of ordinary mammals.

The second phalanx, though small, is larger in proportion to its breadth
than in the great adjoining toe: it is slightly compressed, with the
proximal surface moderately and uniformly concave, of a vertically oval
form, turned slightly inwards, and with the larger end terminating below
in two tubercles: beyond these the phalanx suddenly diminishes in
vertical thickness: the sides of the shaft are convex, the under part
slightly concave: the distal articulation is a pulley of three surfaces ;
the middle one concave, the two lateral strongly convex : the vertical
extent of this trochlea is less than half that of the proximal articulation.

449, The middle phalanx of the adjoining toe, which corresponds with the
third or middle toe in the pentadactyle foot.

The proportions of this phalanx differ much from those of the
preceding bone; its antero-posterior diameter exceeds by one-eighth
part the vertical diameter, and by ene-third part the transverse diameter.
The depth of the phalanx rapidly contracts from the proximal end; the
sides are flattened, and slightly concave in the middle: they terminate
anteriorly in the convex borders of the distal trochlea, which describe
two-thirds of a circle; the medium depression of the pulley follows the
same curve, and terminates both above and below in a wide and deep
cavity. The proximal articulation consists of two vertical concavities
separated by a median ridge, the upper extremity of which is more
produced than the lower one; but both combine to restrict the move-
ments of the middle upon the proximal phalanx in the vertical direction,
in which alone any motion is permitted by the form of the articular
pulley.

M 2

84

450. The large ungual phalanx of the same toe.

The position of the trochlear cavity, which extends obliquely from
above downwards and forwards over the base of the ungual phalanx, and
the backward production of the upper end of the median trochlear ridge,
causes this phalanx, in extreme extension, to have its long axis parallel
with that of the middle phalanx: in extreme flexion the point of the
claw is bent down at right angles to the middle phalanx. The lateral
concavities receiving the trochlear convexities of the adjoining phalanx,
and the median ridge fitting the median canal of the same, are so deep
as to prevent any lateral motion, and give great strength to the joint.
The upper production of the basal articulation of the ungual phalanx
is flattened vertically, and rough ; serving probably for the implantation
of the extensor tendon. The osseous sheath of the claw is continued
forwards from the upper margin of this surface; from the sides of the
articular cavity, and of the flat rough oval surface at the proximal half of
the base of the claw. The sheath, which varies from half a line to one
line and a half in thickness, appears to have extended forwards over at
least the basal third of the bony process supporting the claw: but it is
broken away more or less in both the feet. The claw process, which
forms the chief part of the ungual phalanx, is conical, slightly deflected,
and inclined inwards ; convex above and at the sides, which are divided
from the under surface by a sharp edge: the under surface, owing to the
oblique line from which the sides of the ungual sheath arise, is less than
half the length of the upper surface : It is convex transversely along its
middle part, concave on each side; these lateral channels bounded ex-
ternally by the ridges above mentioned, and deepening as they approach
the base of the phalanx. The vessels and nerves which supplied the
secreting organ of the enormous claw were lodged in the above channels:
of the two large oval perforations in the lower rough tract, the external
one leads directly.to the beginning of the corresponding channel, the in-
ternal one conducts to the cancellous structure of the phalanx. For the
extent of one inch and a half from the apex of the claw, the upper sur-
face is impressed with a shallow longitudinal channel.

85
451. The metatarsal bone of the fourth toe, the third in the Mylodon.
452. The second phalanx, which is the terminal one, of the same toe.

453. The metatarsal bone of the outermost, corresponding to the fifth toe.

The two outer metatarsal bones are the only ones of which the size
and strength are proportionate to that of the principal bones of the
tarsus, the calcaneum and astragalus. That which supports the fourth
toe, counting as if the normal number had existed on the inner side of
the foot, presents a short trihedral body, expanding into the two ex-
tremities. The proximal end is obliquely truncated on the tibial side,
with the lower angle produced downwards. A smooth articular surface,
slightly concave vertically, and slightly convex transversely, occupies this
oblique base, and is divided by a moderate constriction into an anterior
smaller ovate surface, adapted to the outer basal process of the middle
metacarpal, and into a posterior, vertically elongated larger surface, ap-
plied to the tibial anterior facet of the os cuboides. A very slightly
concave semi-elliptical articular surface extends obliquely upwards upon
the outer side of the proximal end of the bone, and is adapted to a cor-
responding convex surface on the adjoining side of the fifth metatarsal.
A shallow canal with many vascular perforations surrounds the margin
of this surface ; there is a rough tuberosity both above and below the
surface. The outer or fibular side of the body of the present metatarsal
is rugged and rather flattened: the remaining surfaces are smooth and
convex. The distal end of the bone expands in the vertical direction,
and supports a narrow, vertically elliptic, convex articular surface, sur-
mounted by a large and rough tuberosity, and terminating below in con-
cavities, placed somewhat obliquely, for two large sesamoid bones, sepa-
rated by a short convex ridge. A narrow ridge traverses vertically the
inner side of the distal end of the fourth metatarsal; and a smooth tu-
berosity rises from the middle of the outer side of the same extremity.

The metatarsal bone of the outer or fifth toe is of extraordinary size
and strength; its length equals that of the adjoining toe; in the cir-
cumference of its base it surpasses the same bone by more than one-

half. It presents the form of a rugged and irregular three-sided cone,

86

with an oblique base and an obtuse apex. The distal articular surface is
of a triangular form, with the angles rounded off, and is divided into two
parts ; the larger portion being placed on the tibial half of the base of
the bone, and applied to the outer facet of the anterior cuboidal articu-
lation ; the remaining portion encroaching upon the tibial side of the
bone, and abutting upon the outer articular surface of the adjoining me-
tatarsal. A slight concavity divides the basal articular surface from the
large rough protuberance, by which the bone is prolonged backwards and
outwards towards the os calcis. The strong tendon which traverses the
outer groove of the calcaneum, was doubtless inserted and expanded over
this protuberance, and the rough margin continued from it along the outer
side of the metatarsal bone. The upper surface of the bone is concave,
with small elevations and vascular foramina: near the distal end the
elevations assume the size of, or blend into, a rough protuberance ; the
short inner side of the bone is convex; the under side concave, divided
by a rough ridge from the inner side: the signs of the great pressure to
which the outer rugged surface of this bone has been subject are too
obvious to be mistaken; and the position of the articulation of the foot
with the leg shows this to have been the surface which mainly trans-
ferred the superincumbent weight of the massive hinder parts of the
Mylodon to the ground. The proximal articulations of the fifth meta-
tarsal are so placed as to make it the key-stone or centre upon which
almost the whole weight of the foot is concentrated. Thus the pressure
sustained by the astragalus is transmitted in part by the naviculare, ex-
ternal cuneiform, and outer production of the base of the middle meta-
tarsus upon the side of the fourth metatarsus which rests by the opposite
side, in the usual inverted position of the foot upon the fifth metatarsal.
Another part of the weight of the astragalus is transmitted by the cuboides,
partly through the medium of the fourth upon the fifth metatarsal, partly
directly to that bone. A third portion of the weight sustained by the astra-
galus is transmitted to the last metatarsal through the calcaneum and os
cuboides. Sufficient need, therefore, for the surpassing strength and
size of the fifth metatarsal, since it had to share with the calcaneum, but in
a greater degree, in the support of the massive hinder parts of the

87

robust Mylodon. ‘The osteology of this part of the skeleton of the
Mylodon is replete with interest to the physiologist and student of
animal mechanics: the tarsal portion of the foot is a perfect specimen of
massive organic masonry. The analogical correspondence which may
be traced between the hind and fore-foot is very close; since it is evident
that the two curtailed outer toes, whose extremities seem, as it were, to
have suffered amputation, were sunk in a hoof-like modification of the

integument of that part of the foot.

'454. The left astragalus of the Mylodon robustus.
4535. A portion of the right external cuneiform bone of the Mylodon robustus.

456. A flattened ossicle, without any articular surface, with the margins
rounded, and the two sides with a striated or fibrous character: this may
either have been a dermal bone, imbedded in the substance of the co-
rium, or it may have been developed in a tendon like the palmar and
plantar sesamoid ossicles in the Armadillos: it does not resemble either
of those ossicles in shape. This and the three following specimens
were exhumed with the bones of the skeleton of the AZylodon robustus,
to which they most probably belong.

457. A similar ossicle, apparently the analogue of the opposite side, and

forming with the preceding bone a symmetrical pair.

458. A similar, but smaller ossicle, and of a different shape from either of the
preceding.

459. A similar, but larger ossicle.

460. The left squamo-temporal bone of a foetal or newly-born Mylodon robustus.
The air-cells have not begun to be developed in the diploé of this bone.

461. The left os petrosum of the same foetal or immature animal.

462. A portion of the left parietal bone of the same foetal or immature
animal. The broad sutural surface, which unites with the squamo-tem-
poral, exhibits a more complicated junction of the two bones than is

88

usual in quadrupeds. The temporal overlaps the parietal posteriorly,
but is overlapped for an equal extent by the parietal at the anterior part
of the squamous suture.

463. A portion of the supra-occipital plate or bone of the same foetal or im-
mature animal.

464. The right ex-occipital bone of the same foetal or immature animal.

465. The left ex-occipital bone of the same foetal or immature animal.

The foregoing portions of an apparently foetal cranium were exhumed
with the bones of the articulated skeleton of the Mylodon robustus, and,
since the form of the pelvis appears to indicate that it belonged to the
female sex, it is probable, from the analogy of the Sloth which produces
one large foetus at a birth, that it may have been pregnant at the time of
its death. Purchased.

466. A fragment of the scapula of a young Mylodon robustus, including the
glenoid articulation.

467. A larger portion of the opposite scapula, including the spinous process.
From the Pampas of Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

468. The proximal extremity of the left ulna of a young Mylodon robustus.
From the Pampas of Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

469. Portions of the ex-occipital bones, including the condyles, and the large
anterior condyloid foramina of a young Mylodon robustus.
From the Pampas of Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

470. The left half of the cranium of a Megatherioid animal, probably the
Mylodon Darwinit.

471. The tympanic bone of the same cranium.
These specimens were originally described under the name of the
Glossotherium*, but their close correspondence with the entire cranium of
the Mylodon robustus, subsequently discovered, renders it most probable

* Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, Fossil Mammalia, 4to, 1839, p. 57.

89

that they appertain to a species of the same genus. The portion of the

cranium includes the parietes of the left side of the cerebral cavity, the
corresponding nervous and vascular foramina, the left occipital condyle,
a portion of the left zygomatic process, and fortunately also the left
articular surface for the lower jaw. The condyles of the occiput are wide
apart, sub-elliptic, very similar in position, form and relative size to those
in Orycteropus. The foramen occipitale is transversely oval; its plane
slopes from above downwards and forwards at an angle of 40° with that
of the occipital region of the skull. The occipital plane is bisected by
a mesial vertical ridge: there is a less developed transverse curved inter-
muscular crest, which runs parallel with and about half an inch below
the marginal ridge ; the surface of the occipital plane on the interspaces
of these ridges is irregularly fitted with the impressions of the insertion
of powerful muscles. The upper surface of the cranium is smooth and
regularly convex.

The extent of the origin of the temporal muscles is defined by a slightly

raised broad commencement of a ridge. The zygomatic process of the

temporal commences posteriorly about an inch and a half from the
occipital plane: its origin or base is extended forwards in a horizontal
line fully four inches, where it terminates as usual in a thin concave edge.
The free portion of the zygoma, continued forwards from the outer part
of this edge, is a slender sub-compressed process, half an inch in the
longest or vertical diameter, and less than three lines in the transverse ;
the extremity of this process is broken off: the opposite extremity of
the molar portion of the zygoma is entire and obtusely rounded. The
articular surface beneath the zygoma for the lower jaw is flat and even,
with the outer and inner margin slightly bent down, but having no de-
finable anterior or posterior limits; its breadth is two inches.

The loose bony frame of the membrana tympani describes rather more
than a semicircle, having the horns directed upwards: it has a groove,
one line in breadth, along its concave margin for the attachment of the
membrane, and sends down a rugged process, half an inch long, from its
lower margin. ‘The tympanic bone in the existing Sloths long maintains
a similar detached condition as a bony hoop. In the Dasypodes and

N

90

Myrmecophage the tympanic bone soon becomes anchylosed with the
other parts of the temporal: it is only in Orycteropus, among the
existing insectivorous Bruta or Edentata, that it manifests throughout
life the foetal condition of a distinct bony hoop, deficient at the upper
part. The os tympanicum of Orycteropus, however, differs from that of
the fossil in forming part of the circumference of an ellipse, whose long
axis is vertical; and in sending outwards from its anterior part a convex
eminence, which terminates in a point directed downwards and _ for-
wards.

The internal surface of the present cranial fragment affords a very sa-
tisfactory idea of the size and shape of the brain of the extinct species to
which it belonged. It is evident that, as in other Bruta, the cerebellum
must have been almost entirely exposed behind the cerebrum; and that
the latter was of small relative size, not exceeding that of the Ass; and
chiefly remarkable, as in the Orycterope, Ant-eater and Armadillo, for the
great development of the olfactory ganglia. The antero-posterior extent
of the cribriform plate, as exposed in this fragment, is three inches, and
the complication of the ethmoid olfactory lamella, which radiate from it
into the nasal cavity is equal to that which exists in the smaller Edentata.
The nasal cavity is complicated by the great number and capacious size
of the air-cells which are in communication with it: these extend over
all the upper, lateral and back parts of the cranial cavity, as far even as
the upper boundary of the foramen magnum; they also occupy the
anterior two-thirds of the basis cranii. The external configuration of
the skull would therefore afford a very inadequate or rather deceptive
notion of the capacity of the cerebral cavity, were not the existence and
magnitude of these sinuses known. The interspace of the outer and inner
tables of the cranium are separated above the origins of the olfactory
ganglia for the extent of three inches: above the middle of the cerebrum
they are an inch and a half apart; at the sides of the cranium the inter-
posed air-cells are from one to two inches across ; at the back part of
the cranium about one inch. The sinuses have generally a rounded form.
In this remarkable structure the present fossil corresponds with the skull
of the Mylodon robustus.

91

The foramen rotundum and the foramen ovale are situated close to-
gether, within a common transversely oblong depression. The carotid
canal opens into the outer side of the commencement of this wide
channel, which conducts the great fifth pair of nerves to the outlets of its
two chief divisions. The petrous bone projects into the cranial cavity
in the form of an angular process with three facets: the foramen audi-
torium internum and the aqueductus vestibuli, are situated on the
posterior facet. Immediately behind the os petrosum is the foramen
lacerum jugulare, situated at the point of convergence of the vertical
groove of the lateral sinus with a groove of similar size continued for-
wards from above the anterior condyloid canal. The plane of tke in-
ternal opening of this canal is directed obliquely inwards and backwards,
and the lateral wall of the foramen magnum behind the foramen condy-
loideum slopes outwards to the edge of the condyle. Immediately
internal to the foramen condyloideum is a small vascular foramen con-
ducting a branch of the basilar artery into the condyloid canal, for the
nourishment doubtless of the great lingual nerve.

There is a remarkable cavity situated immediately behind the tympanic
bone of nearly a regular hemispherical form, an inch in diameter. The
superficies of this cavity appears not to have been covered with articular
cartilage, for it is irregularly pitted with many deep depressions, and
probably afforded a ligamentous attachment to the styloid element of a
large os hyoides. With this indication of the size of the skeleton of the
tongue, is combined a more certain proof of the extent of its soft and
especially its muscular parts, in the magnitude of the foramen, for the
passage of the lingual or motor nerve. This foramen (the anterior con-
dyloid) in the present specimen is the largest of those which perforate
the walls of the cranium, with the exception of the foramen magnum -
it is fully twice the size of that which gives passage to the second divi-
sion of the fifth nerve; its area is oval, and eight lines in the long
diameter, so that it readily admits the passage of a man’s little finger.

Some idea of the size of the lingual nerve and of the organ it was
destined to put in motion, may be formed, when it is stated that the
foramen giving passage to the corresponding nerve in the Giraffe—the

N 2

92

largest of the Ruminants, and having the longest and most muscular
tongue in that order—is scarcely more than one-fourth the size.

Immediately internal to the glenoid cavity is the large orifice of the
canal transmitting the third division of the fifth pair of nerves, the prin-
cipal branch of which endows the tongue with sensibility: this foramen
is rather less than that for the muscular nerve of the tongue*.

Discovered in a tertiary stratum forming the bed of a river in Banda
Oriental, South America, and

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.
472. The lower jaw of the Mylodon Darwinit.

The symphysis of this jaw, as in that of the My/. robustus, is completely
anchylosed, about four inches in length, and extended forwards to the
extremity of the jaw at a very slight angle with the inferior border of the
ramus; it is of great breadth, smooth and gently concave internally, and
equally suggests the idea of its adaptation for the support and gliding
movements forwards and backwards of the free extremity of a long and
well-developed tongue. The exterior surface of the symphysis is cha-
racterised by the presence of two oval mammilloid processes, situated
on each side of the middle line, and about half-way between the anterior
and posterior margins of the symphysis. Nearly four inches behind the
anterior extremity of the above process is the large anterior opening of
the dental canal: it is five lines in diameter, situated about one-third of
the depth of the ramus of the jaw from the upper margin. The magni-
tude of this foramen, which gives passage to the nerve and artery of the
lower lip, indicates that this part was of large size; and the two sym-
physial processes, which probably were subservient to the attachment of
large retractor muscles, denote the free and extensive motions of such a
lip as we have presumed to have existed from the size of the foramina
destined for the transmission of its nerves and nutrient organs.

The angle of the jaw is produced backwards, and ends in an obtuse
point slightly bent upwards: a foramen, one-third less than the anterior
one, leads from near the commencement of the dental canal, to the outer

* For the relation of so large a tongue to the probable habits of the Mylodon, see the Memoir on.
the Myl. rabustus, p. 154.

93

surface of the jaw, a little below and behind the last molar tooth: this
foramen presents the same size and relative position on both sides of the
jaw.

The base of the coronoid process begins external and posterior to the
last grinder: the whole of the ascending ramus of the jaw beneath the
coronoid process is excavated on its inner side by a wide and deep con-
cavity, bounded below by a well-marked ridge, which extends obliquely
backwards from the posterior part of the alveolus of the last grinder to
the inferior margin of the ascending ramus, which is bent inwards before
it reaches the angle of the jaw.

The large foramen or entry to the dental canal is situated in the in-
ternal concavity of the ascending ramus of the jaw, two inches behind the
last molar, three inches from the lower margin of the ramus, and nearly
five inches from the elevated angle of the jaw: it measures nine lines in
the vertical diameter, and its magnitude indicates the large size of the
vessels which were destined to supply the materials for the constant re-
newal of the dental substances, which from their texture must be sup-
posed to have been rapidly abraded. About an inch behind the dental
foramen a deep muscular groove, about two lines in breadth, is continued
downwards to the ridge which circumscribes the internal concavity of
this part of the jaw, and perforates the ridge, which thus arches over the
canal: this structure is present in both rami of the jaw.

The mylo-hyoid ridge is distinctly marked about an inch and a half
below the alveolar margin. Other muscular ridges and irregular emi-
nences are present on the outer side of the base of the ascending ramus
and near the angle of the jaw.

In the Myledon Darwini the rami of the lower jaw are relatively
longer than in the Mylodon robustus, especially anterior to the molar
series, where they become more contracted vertically, and converge to a
narrower and longer symphysis. The posterior angular process is rela-
tively shorter and more bent upwards. The molar teeth project further
from their sockets in the specimen compared than they do in the MZy-
lodon robustus. The anterior outlet of the dental canal is single, and it
is more in advance of the first alveolus. The symphysis is not only

94

longer, but is inclined forwards at a more open angle with the horizontal

ramus: the two tuberosities on the outside of the symphysis for the

attachment of the retractors of the lower lip, are much more strongly

developed in the Mylodon Darwinii than in the Mylodon robustus.
From the cliffs at Bahia Blanca, near Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

473. A section of a portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Mylodon
Darwini, showing the forms of the transverse sections of the teeth and
the depth of their implantation in the alveoli. The outer part of the
hard dentine is black, as if carbonized or charred; the rest of the tooth
retains its light colour. The first molar in the present jaw is the
smallest and simplest of the series : its transverse section is ellipsoid or
subovate, narrowest in front, and somewhat more convex on the outer
than on the inner side. The second tooth presents in transverse section
amore irregular and wider oval figure than the first; the line of the
outer side is convex, but that of the inner side is slightly concave in con-
sequence of the tooth being traversed longitudinally by a broad and
shallow channel or impression.

From the cliffs at Bahia Blanca, near Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, E'sq., F. BS.

474. A transverse section of the third molar tooth, left side, lower jaw.

The transverse section of this tooth has a trapezoidal or rhomboidal
form: the angles are rounded off: the posterior one is most produced :
the anterior and posterior surfaces are flattened, the latter slightly con-
cave in the middle: the external and internal sides are concave in the
middle, especially the inner side, where the concavity approaches to the
form of an entering notch.

From the cliffs at Bahia Blanca, near Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FBS.

475. A transverse section of the fourth and last molar tooth, left side, lower jaw.
The last molar, which is generally the most characteristic in the

fossil Bruta, presents in an exaggerated degree the peculiarities of

the preceding tooth: the longitudinal channels on both the outer and

476.

477.

478.

479.

480.

481.

95

inner surfaces encroach so far upon the substance of the tooth, that the
central coarse or vascular dentine is, as it were, squeezed out of the in-
terspace, and the elevated ridge of the dense ivory describes an hour-glass
figure upon the triturating surface, the connecting isthmus being but
half the breadth of the rest of the tract: the external cement preserves
nearly an equal thickness throughout. Of the two lobes into which
this tooth is divided by the transverse constriction the anterior is the
largest; their proportions and oblique position are pretty accurately
given in the figure.
From the cliffs at Bahia Blanca, near Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.RS.

The third molar tooth, left side, lower jaw, of the Mylodon Harlani.
Purchased.

A portion of the atlas of a Mylodon, probably Myl. Darwinii: the
transverse processes are wanting; the canal for the second pair of spinal
nerves is converted into a foramen by a bridge of bone connecting the
posterior margin of the neural arch with the posterior oblique process.
From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.
The body and one of the cornua majora of the os hyoides of a Mega-
therioid animal equal to the Mylodon in size; probably the Mylodon
Darwinii.
From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

The cerato-hyal bone of, probably, the Mylodon Darwinit.
From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.
The smaller or hyoid moiety of the stylo-hyal bone of, probably, the
same animal,

From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

The manubrium sterni of a Mylodon, probably My/. Darwini.
The two anterior lateral margins are thinner and slightly concave ;

482.

483.

484.

485.

96

the clavicular ligaments were doubtless attached to these and to the
contiguous concavities. The two posterior lateral margins present a nar-
row elongated slightly sinuous articular surface for the first sternal rib,
and, below this, a concavity forming the contracted posterior part of the
manubrium. The posterior boundary of the manubrium supports five
articular surfaces; two on each side for the bifid, thickened, articular
ends of the second sternal ribs ; and the intermediate part by which it 1s
joined to the second bone, or the first of the series constituting the body
of the sternum.
From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

The sternal ends of the first pair of ribs, which were connected with the
preceding manubrium sterni.

The first rib increases in breadth as it approaches the sternum; rough
prominences on its outer surface indicate where the ossified cartilage
originally began; this, which in its present ossified and anchylosed state
forms the sternal end of the rib, was of a quadrate figure, broader than
long. It was articulated by a synovial surface of a narrow oval form to
the manubrium sterni. Purchased.

The shaft and distal extremity of the humerus of a Mylodon, partly im-
bedded in a mass of coarse limestone: the form of the distal articular
surface corresponds with that in the Mylodon robustus. The specimen
is from the same stratum and locality as the lower jaw of the Mylodon
Darwinti, viz. Bahia Blanca, near Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F. RS.
The head of the left femur, in the state of an epiphysis of the Myludon

Darwinii.
From the cliffs at Bahia Blanca.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.
The internal condyle of apparently the same femur of the Mylodon
Darwiniz.
From the cliffs at Bahia Blanca.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

97

Genus Scelidotherium.

The following specimens belong to the same skeleton of the Scelidothertum
leptocephalum. They were discovered in the cliffs at Bahia Blanca, and were

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

486. The skull and right stylo-hyal bone.

The brain being regulated in its development by laws analogous to
those which govern the early perfection of the organ of hearing, appears,
from the obvious immaturity of the present specimen, to have been rela-
tively larger in the Scelidothere than in the Mylodon: it was certainly
relatively longer: the fractured cranium gives six inches of the an-
tero-posterior diameter of the brain, but the analogy of the Mylodon
would lead to the inference that it extended further into the part which
is broken away. The greatest transverse diameter of the cranial cavity
is four inches eight lines: these dimensions, however, are sufficient to
show that the brain was of very small relative size in the Scelidothere ;
and, both in this respect and in the relative position of its principal masses,
the brain of the extinct Megatherioid closely accords with the general
character of this organ in the existing species of the same Order.

We perceive by the obtuse ridge continued obliquely upwards from
above the upper edge of the petrous bone, that the cerebellum has been
situated wholly behind the cerebrum: we learn also from the same struc-
ture of the enduring parts that these perishable masses were not divided,
as in the Manis, bya bony septum, but by a membranous tentorium, as in
the Mylodon and Sloths : in the Orycterope there is a strong sharp bony
ridge extending into each side of the tentorium. ‘The vertical diameter
of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata equals that of the cerebrum,
and is two inches three lines; its antero-posterior extent about one inch
and a half. The sculpturing of the internal surface of the cranial cavity
bespeaks the high vascularity of the soft parts which it contained, and
there are evident indications that the upper and lateral surfaces of the

Oo

98

brain had been disposed in a few simple parallel longitudinal con-
volutions.

The lower jaw resembles, in the general form of the posterior moiety
which is here preserved, that of the Sloth and Mylodon more than that
of any other edentate species. Its deep posterior angle is produced
backwards, and a broad coronoid process rises and nearly fills the
zygomatic space ; the condyle is flat, as the glenoid surface has already
indicated ; its transverse diameter is an inch and eight lines: its antero-
posterior diameter seven lines: it is principally extended inwards beyond
the vertical line of the ascending ramus. -The lower contour of the jaw
describes an undulating line, which, commencing from the posterior
angle, is at first gently convex, then slightly concave, then again convex
below the alveoli of the teeth, where it is rounded and expanded as in
the Orycterope.

The fractured condition of the right ramus of this part fortunately ex-
posed the roots of the four grinding teeth, which constitute the dental
series on each side of the lower jaw. The length of the jaw occupied by
these four alveoli is three inches ten lines, which exceeds a little that of
the opposed five grinders above ; the ramus of the jaw gradually dimi-
nishes in all its dimensions anterior to the molar teeth; the dental canal
passes in a gentle curve below and on the inner side of the alveoli,
whence it gradually inclines to the outer wall of the jaw.

The whole ascending ramus of the jaw consists of a very thin plate of
bone: it is slightly concave on the inner side, and the inferior margin of
the produced angle inclines inwards as in the Mylodon and Sloth: it is
impressed on the outer side with two shallow depressions, and two
parallel ridges, both following the gentle curvature of the part. There
is a foramen on the outer side of the ramus at the anterior part of the
base of the coronoid process corresponding with that in the lower jaw of
the Mylodon, but the longitudinal channel which runs along the outer
side of the alveolar process is wanting, and the expansion at the base of
those processes is more sudden and relatively greater: the general cor-
respondence, however, between these lower jaws is such as would lead

487.

99

to the idea that they belonged to animals of the same genus, were it
not that the teeth present modifications of form in the Scelidothere,
as distinct from those of the Mylodon as are any of the minor dental
differences on which genera or subgenera of existing Mammalia are
founded in the present state of zoological classification.

An upper molar tooth of the Scelidotherium leptocephalum.

488. A section removed from the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Scedido-

therium leptocephalum, showing the forms of the four molar teeth in
transverse section.

The first molar is not divided by a disproportionate interspace from
the rest: its transverse section gives a narrow inequilateral triangle,
with rounded angles, and the base turned inwards and obliquely for-
wards. The second molar also, instead of an elliptical transverse sec-
tion, presents a triangular one with the angles rounded off, and two of
the sides slightly indented; it resembles the antepenultimate molar in
the Mylodon robustus. The third and fourth molars of the Scelidothere
are more compressed than in the Mylodon; the bony axis of their
transverse section is from before backwards, instead of transversely.
The fifth molar has a trihedral form, with the broadest side turned
outwards and slightly indented.

In the lower jaw of the Scelidothere the differences in the form of the
teeth from those in the Megatherium, Megalonyx and Mylodon, are
equally manifest, especially in the prismatic form of the first molar: the
last molar resembles that of the Mylodon Darwinii; the grinding sur-
face of this tooth being divided into two lobes by two oblique channels
which traverse longitudinally, one the outer, the other the inner side of
the tooth: but these are shallower than in the Mylodon Darwimi, and
the lobes are more equal and more flattened. The two middle teeth differ
more markedly from the corresponding ones in any of the species of
Mylodon: the transverse section of both these teeth presents, in the
Scelidothere, a compressed oval form, with the large end turned obliquely
forwards towards the outer side of the jaw, and slightly indented, whilst

02

489.

100

the inner and narrower end of the section is convex. The first lower
molar in the Scelidothere corresponds in form with the first upper molar,
and is consequently easily distinguishable from the corresponding tooth

in the genus Mylodon.

The cervical vertebre.

The cervical vertebre present the ordinary mammalian number, seven,
and are free or so articulated as to permit of reciprocal movement upon
each other. Their transverse processes are perforated as usual for the
vertebral arteries. These processes in the atlas are remarkable for
their great breadth, length and thickness; and indicate that the mus-
cular force which must have worked the head upon the spine was
very powerful. The axis is provided with a robust “ processus dentatus,”
having a base equal in breadth to the body of the axis itself, and a
smooth articular convexity on the side of the apex on which the ring of
the atlas rotated. The line of union between the axis and its characteristic
process, which here resembles the body of an abortive vertebra, is very
distinct. The transverse processes of the vertebra dentata are compara-
tively feeble, but this condition is amply compensated for by the great
development of the spinous process. This process is bent backwards
at nearly a right angle, overlaps with its reflected extremity the spine
of the third cervical vertebra, and rests by its base, on the under part
of which are the posterior articular surfaces, upon the broad and strong
anterior oblique processes of the third vertebra. The third, fourth,
fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae have moderately developed and pointed
spinous processes; their transverse processes are broad, and extend
obliquely backwards and slightly overlap each other. On the under
part of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra there is the
fractured base of what I conjecture to have been an expanded aliform
plate, analogous to that observable in the corresponding vertebra of the
Orycterope. The seventh cervical vertebra has part of the articular de-
pression for the head of the first rib upon each side of its body: the
transverse process is feebly developed, but the spine is double the height
and size of those of the preceding vertebre.

101

490. Seven of the dorsal vertebre.

49].

493.

494.

496.

The spinous process of the first dorsal vertebra rises to twice the
height of the preceding spine of the seventh cervical, and preserves an
equal antero-posterior diameter from its base to its summit, which is
thick and slightly bent backwards: four or five succeeding dorsal ver-
tebree give evidence of having been surmounted by spines of equal
height and strength.

The fragments of the dorsal vertebra and ribs of the Scelidotherium
closely conform, excepting in the greater relative height of the anterior
dorsal spines, with the Megatherioid type.

The three lumbar vertebra, which are not anchylosed to each other, or
to the sacrum, as in the AZylodon robustus.

. The sacrum. This complete bone manifests in its great expansion poste-

riorly, where it joins the ischium, in the capacious medullary cavity and
wide nervous foramina, a like conformity with the Megatherium which
is presented by the pelvis of the Mylodon, and a corresponding harmony
with the disproportionate bulk of the hind-legs.

Portions of several of the vertebral ribs.

The right scapula.

5. The humeral half of the left scapula.

The scapula of the Scelidothere in its double spine, in the osseous
arch formed by the confluence of the acromion with the coracoid process,
and in the substitution of a distinct foramen for the suprascapular notch,
agrees with that of the Megatherium: but the span of the acromial arch
is relatively wider, and the surface for the articulation of the clavicle is
better marked. The limits of the acromial and coronoid portions of the
arch are still definable in the present skeleton, indicating, with the unan-
chylosed condition of most of the epiphyses, the nonage of the individual.

The proximal portion of the left humerus cemented to the foregoing
scapula by the calcareous matrix.

102

497. The left humerus. This bone presents a large convex oval head, on each
side of which is a tuberosity for the implantation of the supra- and sub-
scapular muscles: these tuberosities do not rise above the articular con-
vexity so as to restrict the movements of the shoulder-joint, as in the
Solipedia and Ruminantia, but exhibit a structure and disposition con-
formable to those which characterize the proximal extremity of the
humerus in the Mylodon, and those Mammalia which enjoy rotatory and
lateral movements of the fore-limb. The tuberosities are, however, re-
latively more developed and give greater breadth to the proximal end of
the humerus in the Scelidothere than in the Megathere.

The distal end of the humerus although mutilated clearly indicates that
it had the same characteristic breadth of the external and internal
condyles as in the Megatherium. The left condyle was perforated for the
direct passage of the artery or median nerve, or of both, to the fore-arm.
The groove for the musculo-spiral nerve on the outer side of the
humerus is overarched at its upper part by a strong obtuse process ;
which is comparatively less developed in the Megatherium. The trochlea
or inferior articular surface of the humerus supports, as in the Megathe-
rium, two well-marked convexities with an intervening concavity ; this
indication of the rotatory power of the fore-leg is confirmed by the form
of the head of the radius.

498. The left ulna.

499. The left radius. These bones of the Scelzdothertum leptocephalum are
cemented together by the calcareous matrix of the stratum in which
almost the entire skeleton of the same individual was found.

The relative length of the fore and hind extremities cannot be precisely
determined from the present imperfect skeleton of the Scelidothere; but
there is good evidence for believing that the fore extremity was the
shortest.

The humerus is shorter than the femur by one-ninth part of the latter
bone; and the radius, which wants only the distal epiphysis, must have
been shorter than the humerus. In the Scelidotherium the general pro-
portions of the radius much more nearly approach those of the Mylodon,

103

but the proximal articular cavity is subcircular, as in the Megatherium
and Megalonyx.

The distal half of the outer margin of the radius is convex; the bici-
pital tuberosity is nearer the proximal end and nearer the inner margin
of the bone; the posterior surface of the radius more resembles that in
the Megalonyx, Like the perforated humerus, the present bone in the
Scelidothere also exhibits modifications which connect the Mylodon with
the Megalonyx.

500. The right femur, wanting the distal extremity; its fractured end demon-

501,

strates the absence of the medullary cavity.

The left femur. This is a very remarkable bone, both on account of its
great proportional size as compared with the body, and its extreme
breadth as compared with its length or thickness ; but in all these circum-
stances the affinity of the Scelidothere with the Megathere is prominently
brought into view. The breadth of the femur, though considerable, is
less marked in the Mylodon; and there are no other known quadrupeds
with which the Scelidothere can be compared in this respect. In pro-
ceeding, however, to compare together the thigh-bones of the Scelido-
there and Megathere, several differences present themselves which are
worthy of notice: of these the first is the presence in the Scelidothere of
a depression for a ligamentum teres on the back part of the head of the
femur, near its junction with the neck of the bone.

The head itself forms a pretty regular hemisphere: the great tro-
chanter does not rise so high as in the Megathere, but relatively it equals
it in its breadth. The small trochanter is proportionally more deve-
loped; the external contour of the shaft of the femur is straighter in the
Scelidothere than in the Megathere, and the shaft itself is less bowed
forwards at that part. The articular condyles occupy a relatively smaller
space upon the distal extremity of the femur in the Scelidothere, and
they differ more strikingly from those of the Megathere in being con-
tinued one into the other: the rotator surface, for example, is formed
by both condyles, while in the Megatherium it is a continuation exclu-
sively of the external articular surface on the outer condyle.

104

502. The proximal extremity of the left tibia and the left patella, cemented
together by the calcareous matrix.

Of the long bones of the leg only this end of the tibia is preserved ;
but it is valuable as showing another well-marked difference between the
Scelidothere and Megathere; for whereas in the latter the fibula is an-
chylosed with the tibia, this bone in the Scelidothere presents a smooth,
flat, oval, articular surface below the outer part of the head; from the
size and appearance of which I infer that the fibula would not have be-
come confluent with the tibia even in the mature and full-grown animal,
but would have remained separate as in the Mylodon.

The patella is a thick, strong, oval bone, with the smaller end down-
wards, rough and convex externally, smooth on the internal surface,
which is concave in the vertical and convex in the transverse directions.

503. The right astragalus, cemented by the calcareous matrix to the head of
the femur.

504. The left astragalus.

‘The upper articular surface of this characteristic bone presents two
convex pulleys with an intermediate concavity: the outer or fibular tro-
chlea, though higher than the inner one, is much less elevated than in
the Megathere, and contracts to a ridge anteriorly. The anterior part of
the astragalus of the Mylodon which forms the articular surface for the
os naviculare, presents one convex and two concave facets, the outer one
receiving part of the os cuboides. In the Megathere the corresponding
part of the astragalus presents one convex and one concave surface, the
latter corresponding with the upper and inner concave surface in the
Scelidothere. In the Mylodon the part corresponding to the latter con-
cavity is flat. On the under surface of the astragalus the articulation
for the os calcis is divided from that for the naviculare by a deep rough
groove, as in the Megatherium, but the two surfaces are continuous in
the Mylodon robustus.

505. The ungual phalanx of the longest or middle digit of the hind-foot.
The articular pulley of this bone slopes towards the under surface and

wo
=)
NI

510.

105

is overtopped by an obtuse protuberance, impeding any upward retraction
of the claw, and well-illustrating the argument by which Cuvier esta-
blished the true affinities of the allied genus Megalonyx. The present
phalanx is, however, less compressed and less incurved than in that
genus. The osseous sheath for the claw is developed only at the under
part of the bone, where it presents the form of a thick flat plate, with
the margin obliquely bevelled off, and with a vertical ridge of bone
attached lengthwise to the middle of its under surface. This process
doubtless served for the insertion of a very powerful flexor tendon.

Megatherioid Fossils.

. The body of a vertebra, probably the last cervical, of a Megatherioid

animal; it exhibits the great width of the spinal canal which characterizes
this extinct family of Edentate quadrupeds, and presents two tuberosities,
one on each side of the posterior part of the lower surface.

From South America. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

. A dorsal vertebra of a large Megatherioid quadruped, which well displays

the characteristic capacity of the spinal canal, and the third posterior
articular process situated in the interspace of the two normal processes.
From the tertiary deposits of Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

. The body of a dorsal vertebra of the same species of Megatherioid

animal.
From the same stratum and locality. Purchased.

. The inferior bony arch of a caudal vertebra of a Mylodon or Megalonyz ;

it is formed by the distal confluence of the two hemapophysial elements,
each of which upon its proximal end or base supports two distinct arti-

cular surfaces.
From the tertiary deposits at Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

The body and anchylosed posterior crura of the hyoid bone of probably a

Megatherioid animal, as large as the Mylodon; it differs from the corre-

sponding parts of the hyoidean apparatus in the Mylodon robustus, in
P

106

having the cornua shorter, straighter, more prismatic, and the sides
flaiter and meeting at sharper edges, especially at the upper part: the
articular surfaces for the thyroid cornua are at the posterior instead of the
under surface of the expanded end of the cornua. The articular surfaces
for the anterior cornua are upon the anterior part of the angles of the
body, not raised upon tuberosities: the ceratohyals were perhaps articu-
lated by the intervention of a short bony piece, which, anchylosed to the
body in the Mylodon, may give rise to the characteristic tubercles of the
bone in that genus. The body of the hyoid, in the present specimen,
presents two convex ridges below the articular surfaces, and is flattened
and slightly expanded at the under part.

From the tertiary deposits at Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

511. The left stylo-hyal bone of a large Megatherioid quadruped.
From the tertiary deposits of Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

512. The sternal extremities of the two clavicles of a Mylodon or of a Mega-
lonyx.

From the tertiary deposits of Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

513. The distal half of the right femur of a Megatherioid animal of the size of
the Mylodon or Megalonyx ; it resembles the same bone of the Mylodon
in its great breadth and antero-posterior compression, but differs in
being excavated by a medullary cavity, and in having the rotular articular
surface distinct from those of the two condyles: in the latter structure

it resembles the Megalonyx, but differs from the Megalonyx Jefferson
in the general form of the articular surface.

From the tertiary deposits of Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

514. The right astragalus of a Megatherioid quadruped, somewhat larger than
the Mylodon robustus: it resembles the astragalus of the Mylodon in
the flattening of the upper half of the navicular surface, but differs in
having the calcaneal surface divided into two parts by a deep rough
groove, in which character it resembles the Megatherium.

From the tertiary deposits of Buenos Ayres. Purchased.

107

515. The tibia, in longitudinal section, of the Mylodon Darwinii: it is longer
in proportion to its breadth than in the Mylodon Harlani, the articular
cavity for the inner condyle of the femur has a wider oval figure; the
outer margin of the shaft of the bone is thicker and more rounded than
in either the Myl. Harlanit or Myl. robustus. The section shows the
absence of a medullary cavity, as in the tibia of the recent Sloths: a
close but rather coarse cancellous texture extends uninterruptedly from
the line of the proximal to that of the distal epiphysis: the compact
outer wall is two-thirds of an inch thick at the anterior part of the middle
of the shaft, and about half that thickness at the posterior part; it
rapidly decreases in thickness from the middle towards the extremities of

the bone.

Tribe Loricata.

Genus Glyptodon.

Those specimens of the present genus, which were presented to the College
by Sir Woodbine Parish, are from a low marshy place, about five feet below
the surface, in the bank of a rivulet, near the Rio Matanza, in the Partido of
Canuelas, about twenty miles to the south of the city of Buenos Ayres.

516. A molar tooth, with the basal portion broken away, of the gigantic club-
footed Armadillo (Glyptodon clavipes, Owen).

The whole length of the portion of tooth, which gives the generic
character of this extinct member of the loricate or Armadillo tribe, is
two inches and a quarter, and there is no indication of a diminution in
any of its diameters, from the grinding surface to the opposite fractured
end: in this respect the present tooth agrees with the form of the
sockets in the fragment of the jaw next to be described, which sockets
terminate abruptly without any contraction, and indicate by their depth
that the length of the present tooth, when entire, was about four
inches ; the antero-posterior diameter of the tooth is one inch; the
transverse diameter varies from six to seven lines. ‘The three sockets
in the fragment of the jaw give the same general proportions, though

P2

108

they vary a little as to size, showing that the teeth of the Glyptodon are
much more compressed than those of the Megatherium; but the teeth
differ more materially in their intimate structure, which corresponds with
that of the teeth of the existing Armadillos. The main constituent of the
tooth, or the dentine, consists of fine calcigerous tubuli, radiating with a
pretty straight course from the medullary cavity ; the dentine is surrounded
by a very thin layer of cementum ; and the pulp-cavity, at the upper part
of the tooth, is consolidated by the ossified remains of the pulp, which is
harder than the surrounding dentine, and forms a projecting ridge
on the grinding surface. The teeth of the Glyptodon, however, differ
in a marked degree from those of all the known species of Armadillo,
in being traversed, through the whole length of both their outer and
inner sides, by two broad and deep angular grooves, each extending
from the opposite sides about one-third across the transverse diameter
of the tooth, so as to divide the grinding surface into three portions,
joined together by the contracted isthmus interposed between the oppo-
site grooves. Of these portions the posterior one is broader than the
other two. The sockets present longitudinal angular ridges, corre-
sponding to these channels or flutings*, and prove that they were con-
tinued through the whole length of the tooth; this is slightly curved,
and the concavity is turned inwards in the teeth of the lower jaw, as in

the Toxodon. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

517. A fragment of the anterior part of the left ramus of the lower jaw, in-
cluding portions of the sockets of the four anterior teeth; the first is
small and simple, and is situated close to the anterior termination of the

* The generic name of the present extinct South American quadruped relates to the fluted seulp-
turing of the tooth, yAv@w, sculpo, ddovs, dens.

Since this name was proposed in Sir Woodbine Parish’s account of Buenos Ayres, and in the Pro-
ceedings of the Geological Society for March 1839, the discovery of bones and armour of the Glyp-
todon, under the name of Hoplophorus, by M. Lund, in the caverns of the valley of the Rio des
Velhas, Brazil, has been announced in a letter from that gentleman to M. Audouin, published in the
Comptes Rendus, Avril 15th, 1839. Prof. D’Alton of Halle subsequently brought the subject of the
Glyptodon before the Meeting of the German Physicians and Naturalists at Erlangen, September
1839, and has proposed for it the name of Pachypus.

109

dental canal: the second socket shows, by the two prominent vertical
ridges on its anterior and posterior walls, that the tooth which it con-
tained had the fluted form characteristic of the genus: the third socket,
which is the most complete, differs from the preceding in a slight in-
crease of size, and it shows that the tooth was implanted by an undivided
base of considerable length, and of the same size and form as the ex-
posed part or crown. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

518. The distal portion of the left humerus of the Glyptodon clavipes, in which
both the outer and inner supra-condyloid plates are broken off; but
they seem to have been relatively less developed than in the Mylodon
robustus. The anterior and posterior depressions above the distal arti-
cular surface are deeper; there is no trace of a perforation above the
internal condyle: the radial division of the trochlea is less convex than
in the recent Armadillo. The twist of the humerus is strongly marked ;
the base of the strong deltoid trochanter is discernible at the fractured
extremity of the bone; but on the opposite side there is a rugged
raised surface for a muscular insertion, of which the analogue is not
visible in the Armadillos. There is a medullary cavity in the shaft.

Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

519. The left radius of the G/yptodon clavipes: the proximal articular surface
has the form of a transverse oval, which is concave from before back-
wards and convex from side to side: in this respect it agrees with the
Armadillos and differs from the corresponding bone in the Megatherioid
animals. ‘The muscular ridges and depressions are well-marked, but less
strongly than in the Mylodun. The bone assumes somewhat of a
trihedral figure towards its distal end; the anterior ridge is produced
below the distal articulation in the form of an obtuse, sub-compressed
process ; the posterior ridge terminates in a broad rugged process ; the
radial, which in the prone position of the bone becomes the inner side
of the distal extremity, is much produced; the distal articular concavity
is formed by an oblique excavation leading downwards from the posterior

towards the anterior margin of the distal end; the articular surface

520.

or

110

is divided by an oblique groove into two parts, and in some species of
Armadillo this groove is represented by an entering notch.

Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

The metacarpal bone of the second digit of the left fore-foot of the Glyp-
todon clavipes. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

. The distal phalanx of the second digit of the left fore-foot of the same

animal. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

. The distal phalanx of the third digit of the left fore-foot of the same

animal.

In both these phalanges the proximal extremity offers a double shallow
articular pulley; it is placed obliquely, so that the end of the bone
must have been inclined somewhat downwards. The upper and outer
margin is produced; the bone is thicker on the inner than the outer
side, towards which it is slightly bent; the upper surface is evenly con-
vex, but pitted with numerous vascular impressions, which are strongest
at the margin ; the under surface of the phalanx presents at its posterior
half a rough convex protuberance.

Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

3. The shaft and distal epiphysis of the femur of the Glyptodon clavipes.

It is flattened from before backwards, but in a less degree than in the
Mylodon, being more constricted laterally in the middle of the bone;
above this part on the outer side there is a large projection which
appears to have formed the third trochanter as in the Armadillos. The
rotular articular surface is distinct from the internal condyle, the outer

condyle is broken away. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, KH.

. The anchylosed distal extremities of the tibia and fibula of the left hind-

foot of the Glyptodon clavipes.

The Mylodon, Megalonyx and Scelidotherium differ from the Glyp-
todon and the existing Armadillos in having the two bones of the leg
distinct from each other ; but the Megatherium resembles the Glyptodon
in their anchylosis. Sufficient of the tibia remains to show that it had

111

the compressed form and excavated inner surface characteristic of that of
the Armadillos ; that a similar wide space separated it from the middle
part of the fibula; and that the anterior margin of the bone was con-
tinued obliquely as a strong ridge to the inner angle of the distal surface.
The distal articular surface presents two concavities separated by a con-
vexity, the outer hollow being the largest and deepest; the external
malleolus forms a strong process, as in the Armadillos; at the back part
of the tibia we find also two well-marked tendinous grooves separated by
a projecting ridge. The corresponding part of the skeleton of the Me-
gatherium deviates widely in the proportions of the tibia and fibula, and
in the conformation of the distal articular surface from that of the

Glyptodon. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

The follewing fossil bones of the Glyptodon clavipes belong to the left hind-
foot, which was articulated with the preceding specimen, and formed part of the

skeleton of the same individual.

525. The astragalus. This bone agrees with the astragalus of the Armadillos
in the form of the upper articular surface, not having the internal protu-
berance, which, in the Megatherioids, projects into the characteristic ex-
cavation at the corresponding part of the tibial articulation.

Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

526. The calcaneum. This, though a strong bone, has the posterior prolonga-
tion Jess remarkable for its length and strength than in the Megatherioid
quadrupeds: the articulation between it and the astragalus is divided into
two parts by a narrow rough groove: the cuboidal facet is distinct from
the astragalar ones. In these respects the Glyptodon agrees with the

existing Armadillos. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

527. The os naviculare. The posterior surface of this bone presents an uni-
form concavity, by which it differs from that of the Megatherioids, and
resembles that of the recent Armadillos: the anterior surface presents
three distinct articulations for three cuneiform bones, whilst in the Me-
gatherioids there are but two such articulations.

Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

112

528. The os cuboides. There are two surfaces for two metatarsal bones on the
anterior part of this bone, which, therefore, with the os naviculare, shows
that the hind-foot of the Glyptodon had five toes. The os cuboides of
Glyptodon deviates still more than the scaphoid bone from its analogue
in the Armadillos in its remarkable antero-posterior compression : it
presents an irregular oblong figure, thicker at its inner than its outer
margin; the posterior surface presents a small convex articular surface
for that of the os calcis, like which, the curve of the lower part is slightly
angular; this surface is situated near the upper and outer margin of the
bone; on the inner margin there is a long, narrow, sub-elliptic facet for
the scaphoid, The inferior surface of the cuboid is divided by a deep
and wide groove for the tendon of the peroneus muscle; above which is
the triangular surface for the metatarsals of the two outer toes, which is
bounded above by a rather sharp edge. The posterior part of the lower
surface of the cuboid, like the adjoining part of the calcaneum, has been
smoothed down by the play of the strong flexor tendons of the toes.

Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

529. The external cuneiform bone. This differs from the external cuneiform
of the existing Armadillos in its remarkably compressed form ; it is, in
fact, a simple triangular plate of bone, with the posterior surface smooth
and very slightly concave for the articulation with the scaphoid; and the
anterior surface very slightly convex for the articulation with the meta-
tarsal of the third toe: the outer contour of the bone is convex, the
inner one concave: the anterior articular surface encroaches a little on
this side to join a portion of the metatarsal of the second toe: on the
under and outer side of the bone there 1s a very small facet, which touches
the os cuboides. The external cuneiform bone of the Megatherium differs
from that of the Glyptodon in heing thicker as well as broader at its
upper part; but, upon the whole, the external cuneiform bone of the
Glyptodon resembles that of the Megatherium more than it does that of
the Armadillos. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

530. The metatarsal bone of the second toe. This is wedge-shaped, broadest
at its lower and inner sides, and narrowest at its upper and outer sides ;

53).

113

posteriorly it presents a flat surface for articulating with the middle cu-
neiform, which articulation is two inches in vertical extent and an inch
and a quarter across the upper part, and proves the middle cuneiform
hone to have been much smaller than the external one ahove de-
scribed ; this articular surface of the second metatarsal is continuous at
its upper and outer angle with a small triangular facet, which articulates
with the external cuneiform bone; a third oblong articular surface is
continued from the preceding upon the greater part of a depression
on the outer surface of the bone, and this articular surface is applied
against a corresponding one on the upper and back part of the middle
metatarsal. The articular surface on the anterior part of the bone for
the first phalanx of the second toe 1s slightly convex, longer in the ver-
tical than the transverse directions. At the under part of the bone are
two trochlear surfaces for two sesamoid bones.

Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.
The metatarsal bone of the third toe. The middle metatarsal bone is the
largest of the three which are here preserved; it diminishes in breadth,
but greatly increases in antero-posterior thickness from the upper to the
lower surface: the posterior articular surface is very slightly concave,
and is nearly exclusively applied to the external cuneiform bone above
described: a small portion is deflected forwards from its upper and inner
side to be applied to the oblique facet in the depression on the outer side
of the second metatarsal: there is a similar depression and articular
facet on the upper and outer side of the present metatarsal, in which a
corresponding process of the fourth metatarsal is wedged. By this
structure the three metatarsals are interlocked together, and any force or
concussion from the toes would thus be transferred, not only directly
backwards to the tarsal bones, but obliquely from one metatarsal to
another, whereby peculiar strength and security is given to the bony
compages of the foot. The anterior surface of the middle metatarsal is
slightly convex, two inches long by one and three quarters wide, which
indicates the great bulk of the first phalanx of the middle toe: the under
part of the present metatarsal bone presents two broad concave grooves
for large sesamoid bones. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

a

114

532. The metatarsal bone of the fourth toe. This metatarsal is, smaller than
the second; its outer rough surface is convex, its inner one nearly
straight, but with a small concave facet bounded by a raised ridge, and
adapted to the convex articular surface in the depression on the opposed
surface of the third metatarsal: the oblong posterior articular surface
adapted to the os cuboides is slightly concave, with the transverse
diameter equal to half the vertical one: the anterior surface for the
fourth toe is triangular and nearly flat; there are two sesamoid grooves
on the under part of this metatarsal bone. There are no remains of the
small external or fifth toe, but its existence is indicated by a very small
flat articular facet on the outer side of the fourth metatarsal bone, and
by the extent of surface on the cuboid, which this metatarsal leaves un-

covered. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

533. The proximal phalanx of the second toe: it is a vertically oblong, com-
pressed plate of bone, thicker above than below in the antero-posterior
direction ; a protuberance rises from the middle and posterior part of
the upper surface ; the lower margin presents a deep and narrow notch.
The posterior surface is slightly concave, the anterior one flat, with a
rough spot in the centre. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

534. The middle phalanx of the second toe. This is still more compressed
than the first; its greatest length or antero-posterior extent, which is at
the upper part, measures only six lines, whilst its vertical diameter is
twenty lines, and its transverse diameter seventeen lines; its lower
margin is notched like the preceding phalanx, and at the middle of the
posterior articular surface there is a central depression. Krom the very
slight extent of motion allowed by the flattened articulations of the toes,
one cannot be surprised that the synovial bag should have become in part
obliterated, as these rough places in the centre of the articulating surfaces
indicate to have happened.

Presented by Six TVoudbine Parish, KH.

535. The distal or ungual phalanx of the second toe: this presents a very re-
markable form; it is suddenly expanded in breadth and depth imme-

diately beyond the articular facet adapted to the preceding phalanx, and

538.

339.

540.

115

this facet appears thus to occupy only the middle of the posterior surface,
and to be surrounded by a broad rough margin. This surface is not
placed at right angles to the long axis of the phalanx, but slopes from
above downwards and forwards at a very acute angle with the upper sur-
face, so that the apex of the phalanx points almost directly downwards ;
the inferior boundary of the posterior surface forms a rough ridge, sepa-
rated by a smooth narrow concavity from the anterior border of the
phalanx : the superior sloping’ surface is slightly convex, and deeply
pitted and sculptured with vascular grooves and impressions.

Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

3. The middle phalanx of the third toe. This phalanx is more square-

shaped and broader than that of the second; it has the same general
compressed form, with nearly flat articular surfaces, but being narrower
above, it resembles an inverted wedge: it is also notched, but less deeply,
below, and has an articular facet for a sesamoid bone on each side of the

notch. Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

. The ungual phalanx of the third toe. This is broader but shorter than

the preceding, and is of a more symmetrical figure: the lower margin of
its posterior surface forms a broader ridge, and the articular surface is a

little more convex ; but the resemblance is otherwise very close.

Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

The middle phalanx of the fourth toe.
Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

The ungual phalanx of the fourth toe. This bone has the same general
form as the preceding, but is smaller; like the last phalanx of the second
toe, it is unsymmetrical, but from a different modification : in the second
toe the inner margin is rounded off towards the outer one, in the fourth

toe the outer margin is rounded off towards the inner one.

Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

The ungual phalanx of the fifth toe.
Presented by Str Woodbine Parish, K.H.

In the Glyptodon the hind foot appears to have been expressly modi-
a2

116

fied to form the base of a column destined to support an enormous
superincumbent weight, such as must have resulted from the thick ossi-
fied integument of this bulky loricate quadruped ; whilst in regard to
the Megatherium one would infer that the bulky body had not been
covered by an expanded bony coat of mail, from the very circumstance
that the toes were developed to sustain and wield long and compressed
claws, such as form the compensating weapons of defence of the hair-clad
Sloths and Anteaters. The ungual phalanges of the mailed Armadillos,
in their shorter, broader, and flatter form, make a much nearer approach
to those of the Glyptodon. But when the bones of the hinder extre-
mity above described are arranged in their natural relative positions, they
present to our observation the framework of a foot of such a construction
and form as is without a parallel in the animal kingdom: the nearest ap-
proach to its broad, thick, short and massive proportions is made by the
skeleton of the fossorial extremity of the Mole; but it is the fore-foot
only of this animal that can be compared, in the compressed bulky figure
of the metacarpals and proximal and middle phalanges, with the singular
hinder extremity of the Glyptodon clavipes. The hind-foot of the Mole
resembles, in the lengthened metatarsal and phalangeal bones, that of the

existing Armadillos, and the generality of unguiculate quadrupeds.

541. The almost entire carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes.

It is composed of thick, pentagonal ossicles united together at their
margins by sutures: smooth on the inner surface where the sutures are
most conspicuous, rough and sculptured on the external surface according
to a definite pattern characteristic of the species, the whole forming a
symmetrical, oval, convex, bony case or shell which covered and defended
the upper and lateral parts of the entire trunk of the animal.

The following are the dimensions of this carapace :—
feet. inches.

Length, following the curve of the back . . 5 7
Ditto in a straight line, or the chord of the are . Sete, ae rae! 8
Breadth, following the curve of the middle of the back . . . . 7 4
Ditto in a straight line, or the chord of the arc SNF ats os 3 24
Ditto of the anterior outlet or arched margin, at the base of the arch’ 1 5
Ditto of the posterior outlet, atdo. . . . .. . : 1 8

117

The component ossicles support on their outer surface a central, large,
subpentagonal or subcircular flattened eminence, surrounded generally
by five or six smaller discs ; both being rough, but especially the peri-
pheral ones. In the ossicles near the margins of the carapace the
middle eminence increases, whilst the peripheral tubercles diminish or dis-
appear. At the anterior margin the middle eminence extends outwards
and forwards as a transversely oblong obtuse projection; at the lower
margins near the posterior part of the carapace it extends outwards in
the form of an angular process: the ossicles at the posterior margin are
the largest, and have a pentagonal shield-shaped figure ; the two smaller
sides being wedged into the interspace of the two ossicles of the penulti-
mate row.

None of the ossicles are modified, as in the smaller Armadillos, to
form transverse bands connected together by moveable joints, and
allowing the carapace to be closed over the retracted head and legs:
such a defensive modification of the bony armour was not required for
the gigantic Glyptodon.

There are forty-four transverse series of ossicles in the present cara~
pace which extend from above, downwards and obliquely backwards :
the longest series at the middle and broadest part of the carapace con-
tain each seventy ossicles; the number gradually decreasing, as the
carapace contracts in width towards the two extremities, the anterior
margin being composed of sixteen ossicles, the posterior one of twenty-
five ossicles: the total number of these dermal bones may be estimated
at above two thousand in the carapace of the trunk of the Glyptodon
clavipes. To these, in the consideration of the dermo-skeleton of the
extinct species, must be added the casque defending the head and the
verticillate armour of the short and thick tail, both of which are deficient
in the present specimen.

From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.

Purchased.
542. An anterior marginal ossicle of the carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes.

From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

5438,

544.

546.

wo
=
“Yr

549.

118

An inferior marginal ossicle of the carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes.
From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

An inferior marginal ossicle of the carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes.
From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

. An inferior marginal ossicle of the carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes.

From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

An anterior marginal ossicle, with two ossicles of the second, and two of
the third transverse rows in natural union; the latter well show the cha-
racteristic expansion of the middle surface.
From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

. A marginal and four contiguous ossicles of the carapace of the Glyptodon

clavipes.
From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

. A small portion of the carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes, including

seven of the component ossicles ; the sutures are very well displayed on
the internal surface, and two or three smaller ossicula may be here seen,
wedged like ‘ ossa wormiana’ into the interspaces of the sutures.
From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.
Various detached ossicles of the carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes.

From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

. Various detached ossicles of the carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes.

From the tertiary deposits of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

. A portion of the carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes: it is from near the

anterior part and includes five of the modified marginal ossicles. The

554.

or
or
or

119

individual to which it belonged appears to have been aged, as the sutures
of the ossicles are nearly. obliterated by anchylosis.
From the tertiary deposits near the Rio Matanza, about twenty miles
to the south of the city of Buenos Ayres.
Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

. Several pieces of the carapace of apparently the same individual of the

Glyptodon clavipes, and from the same locality.
Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

3. A model in plaster of the foregoing pieces of the carapace of the Glypio-

don clavipes, in natural juxtaposition. They form together a portion
measuring three feet six inches across, but with only one of the margins
entire ; this includes seven of the modified ossicles which show the trans-

ition from the obtuse to the pointed form of the projecting portions.

A portion of a carapace including four or five dermal ossicles of a smaller
species of Glyptodon ( Glypt. ornatus, OWEN).

The outer surface of the ossicles is relatively smoother and the central
disc smaller as compared with the peripheral discs, which are seven in
number in each ossicle, and give its exterior surface the figure of a rosette.

From the tertiary deposits near the Rio Matanza, about twenty miles

to the south of the city of Buenos Ayres.
Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

. Another portion of the carapace of. apparently the same smaller species

of Glyptodon, showing the projecting angular ossicles of the margin.
From the tertiary deposits near the Rio Matanza, about twenty miles
to the south of the city of Buenos Ayres.
Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

5. A portion of the carapace of a gigantic Armadillo, as large az the Glyp-

todon clavipes, but differing in the sculpturing of the external surface of
the component ossicles, in which the peripheral raised portions are of
equal size with the central one, making the whole exterior appear to be
impressed by channels, in form of a net-work: the species indicated by

this fragment may be termed Glyptodon reticulatus.

or

Or

an
NI

120

From the tertiary deposits near the Rio Matanza, about twenty miles
to the south of the city of Buenos Ayres.
Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

. A larger portion of the carapace of the Glyptodon reticulatus, in which

the sutures of the component ossicles are obliterated.
From the tertiary deposits near the Rio Matanza, about twenty miles
to the south of the city of Buenos Ayres.

Presented by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.H.

. A fragment of the carapace of a gigantic extinct Armadillo, nearly

equalling in thickness the preceding specimen, but having the outer
surface of the ossicles divided into much more numerous elevations,
separated by narrower channels which unite to form a closer net-work :
each eminence or tubercle, of which there are between forty and fifty
on each ossicle, has a punctate surface ; the species indicated by the cara-
pace of the present pattern may be named Glyptodon tuberculatus.
From the tertiary deposits in the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased,

. A fragment of the carapace of the Glyptodon tuberculatus, in which the

component ossicles are square-shaped, and, although the sutures are
close on the smocth internal surface, yet the tuberculated external sur-
faces of the ossicles are divided by deep channels. The size and shape
of the tubercles are so similar to those in the foregoing specimen as to
lead to the suspicion that the different form of the ossicles may have de-
pended on a modification of a particular part of the carapace. The
analogy, however, of the Glyptodon clavipes, in which species the speci-
men No. 541 affords the opportunity of studying the extent of modifi-
cation to which the constituent ossicles are subject in the entire carapace,
militates strongly against the supposition that the various sculpturing
exhibited in Nos. 554, 556 and 558, could have characterised particular
parts of the carapace of the same species.
From the tertiary deposits in the Pampas of Buenos Ayres.
Purchased.

ae

Order PACHYDERMA.

Family Zoxodonitide.

Genus Toxodon.

560. The skull, without the lower jaw, of the Zoxodon platensis, Owen.

This fine and unique specimen was discovered in a whitish argillaceous
earth, on the banks of the Sarandis, about 120 miles to the north-west
of Monte Video, South America.

Though mutilated and literally broken in pieces when transmitted to
the Museum, the cranium was susceptible of the degree of restoration in
which it is now exhibited, and demonstrates all those characters from
which a general physiological idea may be formed of the nature and
habits of the animal, and consequently of its zoological affinities. The
remarkable nature of these affinities and the rarity of the specimen ap-
pear to call for the following detailed description of it.

The dimensions of the cranium of the Zoxodon platensis amply attest
that the animal to which it belonged was of a magnitude attained by few
terrestrial quadrupeds, and only to be compared, in this respect, with the
larger ordinary Pachyderms, or the extinct Megatherium. The length
of the skull is two feet four inches; the extreme breadth one foot four
inches.

The general form of the skull, without the lower jaw, is semi-ovate,
depressed, elongate, of considerable breadth including the span of the
zygomatic arches ; but becoming rather suddenly contracted anterior to
them, the facial part being considerably produced, and gradually con-
tracting to near the muzzle, which again slightly expands.

Among the first peculiarities which strike the observer, is the aspect
of the plane of the occipital foramen, and of the occipital or posterior
region of the cranium, both of which incline from below upwards and
forwards at an angle of 75° with the basal line of the skull. This slope
of the back part of the skull is one of the striking characteristics of the

R

122

Deinotherium, it is common to all the Cetacea, and is met with in a
slighter degree in the great Ant-eater and some others of the Edentate
order. The corresponding position of the foramen magnum presents
nearly the opposite extreme to man in the occipital scale, proposed by
Daubenton as a test of the intelligence of animals; and the indication of
the limited capacity of the Toxodon thus afforded, is confirmed by the
very small proportion which the cerebral cavity bears to the zygo-
matic and maxillary arches and to the size of the spinal chord which
is indicated by the foramen magnum. A great proportion of the outer
table of the skull is broken away, exposing a coarse and thick diploé;
but the form of the remaining parts, which are modified in relation to
the attachment of the muscles of the jaws, indicates that these were
powerfully developed. The general form of the skull, while it presents
certain points of resemblance with that of the aquatic Pachydermata, and
even of the Carnivora, has much that is peculiar to itself; but, upon
the whole, approaches the nearest to that of the Ftedentia; and the
dentition of the Zorodon, as exhibited in the upper jaw, corresponds
with that which characterizes the Rodent order, but with certain devia-
tions, indicative of a transition to the Pachydermata; a transition of
the most interesting character, inasmuch as there is an evident approach
to the Pachydermatous order, in the hoof-like claws, thinly covered
hide, and heavy proportions of the Capybara; and some less obvious
affinities were long ago detected by Cuvier between the minutest genera
of Rodents and the gigantic Proboscidian Pachyderms.

The teeth of the Zoxodon consist of molars and incisors, separated by
a long diastema, or toothless space. In the upper jaw the molars are

fourteen in number, there being seven on each side; the incisors four,
one very large, and one small, in each intermaxillary bone.

The general form and nature of the teeth are indicated by the sockets,
and the structure of the grinders is exhibited in a broken molar, the last
in the series on the left side of the present skull; and by another perfect
molar, the last but one on the right side of the upper jaw, which, though
not belonging to the same individual as the skull here described, un-
doubtedly appertains to the same species.

123

This tooth was found by itself, imbedded in the banks of the Rio

Tercero, or Carcacana, near the Parana, at the distance of a hundred and

eighty miles from the locality where the head was discovered. Frag-_

ments of a molar tooth of a Zowxodon, apparently the seventh of the left
side, upper jaw, were also found at Bajada de St. Fé, in the province of
Entre Rios, distant forty miles from the mouth of the Rio Tercero.

All the molar teeth are long and curved, and without fangs, as in the
herbivorous species of the Rodent order: in those, however, with curved
grinders, as the perea, or Guinea-pig, the concavity of the upper
grinders is directed outward, the fangs of the teeth of the opposite sides
diverging as they ascend in the sockets ; but in the Zowodon the con-
vexity of the grinders is outward, and the fangs converge and almost
meet at the middle line of the palate, forming a series of arches, capable
of resisting great pressure. It is this structure which suggested to me
the generic term proposed for this extinct Mammal*.

Of the incisors, the two small ones are situated in the middle of the
front of the intermaxsillaries, and the two large ones in close contiguity
with the small incisors, which they greatly exceed in size. The sockets
of the two large incisors extend backwards, in an arched form, preserving
a uniform diameter, as far as the commencement of the alveoli of the
molar teeth ; the curve which they describe is the segment of a circle ;
the position, form, and extent of the sockets are such as are only found
in those of the corresponding teeth of the Rodentia among existing
Mammalia.

The matrix, or formative pulp of the large incisors, was lodged, as in
the Rodentia, in close contiguity with the sockets of the anterior molars ;
and we are enabled to infer, from the form of the socket, notwithstand-
ing the absence of the teeth themselves, that the pulp was persistent, and
that the growth of these incisors, like those of the Rodentia, continued
throughout life.

This condition, joined with the curvature of the socket, necessarily
implies a constant wearing away of the crown of the tooth, by attrition
against opposing incisors of a corresponding structure inthe lower jaw: and

* Toko, arcus; ddovs, dens.

R 2

124

as a corollary, we infer that the teeth in question had a partial coating of
enamel, to produce a cutting edge, and were, in fact, true dentes scalprari.
The number of incisors in the upper jaw of Zoxodon,—four, instead of
two— is not without its parallel in the Rodent order, the genus Lepus
being characterized by a similar number of incisors, and of a similar
relative size, but with a different relative position, the small incisors
in the Hare and Rabbit being so placed immediately behind the large
pair,as to receive the appulse of the single pair of incisors in the lower
jaw.

As the sockets of the small mesial incisors of Zoxrodon gradually di-
minish in size as they penetrate the intermaxillary bones, we may infer
that the pulp was gradually absorbed in the progress of their develop-
ment; and that, like ordinary incisors, their growth was of limited dura-
tion, and their lodgement in the jaw effected by a single conical fang.

The orbit of the Toxodon forms the anterior boundary of the zygo-
matic area; it is about as distinctly defined as in the Tapir or Dugong,
having its osseous rim less complete than in the Hippopotamus, yet more
developed than in the Capybara, Coypus, and many other Rodents, in
which the orbit is scarcely distinguishable in the cranium from the small
space occupied by the origin of the temporal muscle. The lower boun-
dary of the orbit in the Toxodon is formed by an excavation in the
upper and anterior part of the zygoma; the upper boundary by a strong
and rugged overarching process of the frontal bone, the posterior angle
of which descends a little way, but leaves a space of three inches and a
half between it and the opposite angle of the malar bone below, the cir-
cumference of the orbit being completed probably by ligament in the

recent subject. The cavity thus circumscribed is remarkable for the

preponderance of the vertical over the transverse or longitudinal diameter,
and indicates great extent of motion of the eyeball in the vertical direc-
tion, such as may be supposed to be well adapted to the exigencies of an
amphibious quadruped. The orbit of the Capybara, or Water Hog,
makes a near approach to the form just described. In the elevation of
the supra-orbital boundary, and its outward projection, in the Toxodon,

we perceive an approximation to the form of the orbit in the Hippopo-

125

tamus, but the size of the orbit is relatively larger in the Toxodon, which
in this respect manifests its affinity to the Rodentia.

In that part of the bony structure of the auditory apparatus which is
visible on the exterior of the cranium, the skull of the Toxodon presents
a character in which it recedes from the Rodentia. In these quadrupeds
the tympanic portion of the temporal bone is remarkably developed,
forming a large bulla ossea between the glenoid cavity and the occiput ;
and it always remains disunited from the other elements of the temporal
bone. In the Toxodon the tympanic bone consists of a rough, com-
pressed, vertical, osseous plate, wedged in transversely between the occi-
put and the posterior part of the glenoid cavity. The internal extremity
of this plate points inwards and forwards, representing the styloid pro-
cess ; behind this is seen the petrous boue, which forms a small angular
protuberance at the basis crani, and is less developed than in the Hippo-
potamus. Anterior to the petrous bone are the orifices of the Eusta-
chian tube and carotid canal, external to it is the great furainen lacerum
for the jugular vein and nervus vagus, and behind it is the anterior con-
dvloid foramen. The foramen auditorium externum is only half an inch
in diameter, and gives passage to a long and somewhat tortuous meatus,
which passes inwards and slightly forwards and downwards ; its direction
heing precisely the same as in the Hippopotamus; it was accompanied
probably by as small an external auricle.

But the indication of the aquatic habits of the Toxodon, which are
presented by the osseous parts relating to the senses of sight and hearing,
is of minor import compared with those afforded by the bony boundary
of the nostrils. This boundary circumscribes a large ovate aperture, the
aspect of whose plane is upwards, and a little forwards, as in the Herbi-
vorous Cetaceans and especially the Manatee (Zrchecus Manatus, Cuv.).
In one part of the bony structure of the nasal cavity the Toxodon devi-
ates, however, in a marked degree from the cetaceous organisation, viz.
in the presence of frontal air-sinuses, which are exposed by the fracture
of the upper part of the skull. The posterior orifice of the nasal cavity
is relatively larger and wider than in the Herbivorous Cetaceans, and

differs both in form and aspect, in consequence of the greater extent of

126

the bony palate. The Toxodon further differs from the Manatee and
Dugong in the firm nature of the connexion of the bones of the head;
and it differs from the Hippopotamus in the strong attachment of the
intermaxillary bones to the maxillaries.

The anterior part of the zygoma is formed externally by the malar
bone, which in its position is intermediate to the Rodent and Pachyder-
matous structures. It is not suspended in the middle of the zygomatic
arch, as in the former order, neither does it extend into the region of
the face so far anterior to the orbit as in the Tapir or Hippopotamus.
The exterior line of the malo-maxillary suture defines the orbit anteriorly ;
but from this line the maxillary bone extends backwards, along the inner
side of the malar portion of the zygoma, until it almost reaches the tem-
poro-malar suture ; thus abutting by an oblique surface against nearly
the whole internal facet of the malar bone, and materially contributing
to the general strength of the zygomatic arch. The malar bone is of
considerable vertical extent, and presents a rugged and thickened inferior
margin for the attachment of the masseter. The upper margin of the
malar bone is smoothly rounded, and presents a regular semicircular
excavation, forming the lower boundary of the orbit. The relative mag-
nitude of the zygomata to the entire cranium far exceeds in the Toxodon
that which exists in the Hippopotamus or any other known Pachyderm.
This arises from the great vertical development of the malar bone behind
the orbit, and the vertical expansion of the temporal portion of the arch.
The oblique position of the zygoma, descending as it advances forwards,
is deserving of attention, as the Toxodon, in deviating from the Pachy-
derms in these respects, makes an evident approach to the herbivorous
Cetaceans, as the Dugong and Manatee: in the latter Cetacean we observe
a similar development of the lower part of the zygomatic process of the
malar bone. It is here, also, that we may perceive an indication of a
resemblance between the Megatherium and Toxodon.

There is no discernible trace of the lachrymal bone having extended,
as in the Hippopotamus, beyond the anterior boundary of the orbit: the
lachrymal foramen is situated rather deeply in the orbit, and the bone
itself appears to have been of very small size.

127

The surface of the supra-orbital process of the frontal bone is deserving
of attention: as it presents a peculiar ruggedness which is not found in
any other part of the skull, the irregularity seems, as it were, to have
been produced by the impression of numerous small tortuous and ana-
stomosing vessels. In the skull of a Sumatran two-horned Rhincceros
in the Museum of the College (No. 816), the circumference of that part
of the surface of the skull which supported the posterior horn, and which
includes precisely the same part of the os frontis, presents the same
character, the surface being broken by numerous vascular impressions.
On the supposition that this character of the supra-orbitary arch in the
Toxodon might indicate the superincumbency of a bony case, I examined
the skulls of two Armadillos, Dasypus Peha and Das. sex-cinctus,
and found that in the Dasypus sex-cinctus, the supra-orbital ridges,
which are slightly elevated to support the cephalic plate, presented, in a
minor degree, a corresponding rugosity. It may be conjectured, there-
fore, either that the Toxodon was defended by an ossified integument
like the Armadillo, or that it was armed with an epidermic production
analogous to the horn of the Rhinoceros; ur that the rugous surface
in question had as little relation with the parts that covered it, as the
sculptured surface of the malar bones in the Cavy.

The cavity of the nose is extensive, and the remains of the ossa spon-
giosa superiora testify that the Toxodon enjoyed the sense of smell to a
degree equal at least to that of the Hippopotamus.

The superior maxillary bones are united posteriorly to the malar, they
ascend and join the frontal and nasal bones, their outer surface is
almost vertical, is smooth, and slightly undulating, is perforated at its
posterior part by the ant-orbital foramen, and joined anteriorly to the
intermaxillaries by a suture running in the sigmoid direction from the
middle of the nasal cavity to within four inches of the anterior boundary
of the upper jaw. We have in the position and extent of this suture,
and the absence of tusks and their large prominent sockets, a most im-
portant difference between the Toxodon and Hippopotamus. ‘The chief
peculiarity in the maxillary bones obtains in the arched form of the alveolar

rocesses, corresponding with the shape and position of the grinders
2 p 8 i ] §

128

above described, and which are peculiar among known Mammalia to the
present genus. The palatal surface of the maxillary bones is obliquely
perforated by two large foramina, from which two deep longitudinal
grooves extend forwards and are gradually lost ; we find the posterior pala-
tine foramina represented by similar grooves and foramina in the Capybara.

The intermaxillary bones, though large, are relatively of less extent
than in the Rodents generally. The nasal processes do not reach the
frontal bone, but are limited to the anterior half of the nasal boundary ;
approaching in this respect to the Herbivorous Cetacea. In the outward
expansion of their anterior extremities, the intermaxillaries resemble
those of the Hippopotamus, in which however this character is more
strongly marked. The intermaxillaries in the Hippopotamus are also
much less firmly united to the maxillary bones than in the Toxodon,
and are consequently commonly lost in the fossilcrania. On the palatal
surface of the intermaxillary bones there are two grooves which diverge
forwards from the line of the suture ; and anteriorly to these grooves
there are the two large anterior palatine foramina. The maxillo-inter-
maxillary sutures on the palate converge as they extend backwards to a
point; there appears to have been a fissure left between this suture and
the mesial suture of the intermaxillaries ; in which structure the Toxodon
resembles the Hippopotamus.

The sum of the different affinities, or indications of affinity, which are
deducible from the cranium of this most curious and interesting fossil
mammal, establishes the conclusion that the Toxodon is referrible to the
order Pachydermata. But the structure, form and kind of teeth in the
upper jaw, show that the gigantic Toxodon was intimately related to the
Rodent order. From the characters of this order, as afforded by the
existing species, the Toxodon, however, differs in the relative position
of the supernumerary incisors, and in the number and direction of the
curvature of the molars.

The Toxodon again differs from the true Rodents, and resembles the
Wombat and the Pachyderms in the transverse direction of the articular
cavity of the lower jaw.

It deviates from the Rodentia and approximates to the Pachydermata

129

in the relative position of the glenoid cavities and zygomatic arches, and
in many minor details already alluded to.

In the aspect of the plane of the occipital foramen and occipital
region of the skull, in the form and position of the occipital condyles,
in the aspect of the plane of the anterior bony aperture of the nostrils,
and in the thickness and texture of the osseous parietes of the skull, the
Toxodon deviates both from the Rodentia and existing Pachydermata,
and manifests an affinity to the Dinotherium and Cetaceous order, espe-
cially the Herbivorous section.

At present we possess no evidence to determine whether the extremi-
ties of the Toxodon were organized on the ungulate or unguiculate type,
nor can we be positive, from the characters which the skull affords, that
the genus may not be referrible to the Mutica of Linnzus, although the
development of the nasal cavity, and the presence of large frontal sinuses
render it extremely improbable that the habits of this species were so
strictly aquatic, as the total absence of hinder extremities would occasion.

Where the dentition of a mammiferous animal is strictly carnivorous,
this structure is obviously incompatible with a foot incased in a hoof;
but where the teeth are adapted for triturating vegetable substances the
case 1s different. If animals so characterized are of small size, and seek
their food in trees, or if they burrow for roots or for shelter, the vege-
table type of dentition must co-exist with unguiculate extremities, as in
the Edentata and Rodentia generally; but the largest genus (Mydro-
cherus) of the Rodent order, whose affinity to the Pachydermata is
manifested in its heavy shapeless trunk, thinly scattered bristly hair, and
many other particulars, has each of its toes inclosed in a miniature hoof.

The affinity above alluded to is too obvious to have escaped popular
notice, and the Capybara from its aquatic habits has obtained the name
of Water-hog. It is highly interesting to find that the continent to
which this existing aberrant form of Rodent is peculiar, should be found
to contain the remains of an extinct genus, characterized by a dentition
which closely resembles the Rodent type, but manifesting it on a gigantic
scale, and tending to complete the chain of affinities which links the
Pachydermatous with the Rodent and Cetaceous orders.

Discovered and presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.
s

130

561. The sixth molar tooth, left side, upper jaw of the Zovodon platensis.

It is curved, with the convexity turned outwards when lodged in the
socket, contrary to the position of the superior curved molars in the
Guinea-pig and Wombat. The outer surface of the tooth is traversed by
two slight convex longitudinal risings : the inner side presents, anteriorly,
a slightly concave surface, and posteriorly two prominent longitudinal
convex ridges separated by a deep channel, which is flat at the bottom :
a fold of enamel is continued from the anterior angle of this channel
obliquely forwards half-way across the body of the tooth. The outer
coat of enamel is interrupted at the anterior and posterior margins
of the grinder.

From the tertiary deposits in the banks of the Rio Tercero near the
Parana, South America.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FBS.

. A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Toxodon platensis.

. A smaller portion of the left ramus of the same lower jaw of the Zovodon

platensis.
These were discovered at Bahia Blanca, in latitude 39°, on the east
coast of South America.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

The molar teeth in this mutilated lower jaw, like those in the upper
jaw of the Toxodon, had persistent pulps, as is proved by the conical
cavity at their base: they consequently required a deep socket and a cor-
responding extent of jaw to form the sockets and protect the pulps. In
order to economize space and to increase the power of resistance in the
tooth, and perhaps also to diminish the effects of direct pressure on the
highly vascular and sensible matrix, the molars and their sockets are
curved, but in a less degree than those of the upper jaw of the Toxodon.
They correspond, however, with the superior molars of the Toxodon in
the antero-posterior diameter, in being small and simple at the anterior
part of the jaw, and by increasing in magnitude and complexity as they
are situated more posteriorly. They are, however, narrower from side to

131

side, the Toxodon agreeing in this respect with most other large herbi-
vorous Mammalia, the fixed surface for attrition in the upper Jaw being
from obvious principles more extensive than the opposed moveable sur-
face in the lower jaw.

The first grinder in the lower jaw is of small size and simple structure,
being surrounded with a coating of enamel of uniform thickness and
without any fold penetrating the substance of the tooth. It is more
curved than any of the other molars, and appears to have differed from
the external incisor only in its entire coating of enamel and direction of
growth: it is interesting, indeed, to find so gradual a transition, in struc-
ture, from molar to incisive teeth as this jaw presents ; for the robust
incisors may here be regarded as representing molars simplified by the
partial deficiency of enamel, and with a change in their direction.

The second molar presents an increase in antero-posterior diameter,
and in length, and the enamel of the middle of the outer side makes a
fold which penetrates a little way into the tooth ; the line of enamel on
the inner side is slightly concave and unbroken.

The third molar presents an increase of dimensions in the same direc-
tions as the second; the enamel on the outer side of the tooth presents
a similar fold, but it is directed a little more backwards.

In the fourth molar, besides a further increase of size and a corre-
sponding but deeper fold of enamel on the external side of the tooth,
the grinding surface is rendered more complicated by two folds of enamel
entering the substance of the tooth from the inner side: these folds di-
vide the antero-posterior extent of the tooth into three nearly equal
parts; they are both directed obliquely forwards, half-way across the sub-
stance of the dentine.

The fifth molar presents the same structure as the fourth, which it ex-
ceeds only slightly in size.

The sixth molar presents a proportionately greater increase of size
in the antero-posterior diameter, which measures two inches; but the
lateral diameter is but slightly augmented ; its structure resembles that
of the fifth.

The outer coat of enamel is interrupted for a brief space at the ante-

5s 2

a

——_

132

rior and at the posterior margin of each of the above teeth, as in the
upper molar, No. 561.

564. The symphysis of the lower jaw, with the sockets and roots of the incisive
teeth, of the Zoxodon platensis.
Discovered with the foregoing fragments of the lower jaw, at Bahia
Blanca, in latitude 39°, on the east coast of South America.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F. RS.

From the remains of the symphysis it will be seen that the jaw was
remarkably compressed or narrow from side to side ; while the rami were
of considerable depth, in order to give lodgement to the matrices and
bases of grinders enjoying uninterrupted growth. The pulps of the six
incisors in the lower jaw are arranged in a pretty regular semicircle,
whose convexity is downwards ; the teeth themselves are directed forwards
and curved upwards like the inferior incisors of the Hodentia. The
form and degree of the curvature are shown in the almost perfect
incisor (No. 565), which was found in the same stratum, but belonging
to another individual. These incisors are nearly eaual in size: they are
all hollow at their base, and the indurated mineral substance impacted in
their basal cavities well exhibits the form of the vascular pulps which
originally occupied them. Sufficient of the tooth itself remains in four
of the sockets to show that the broken incisors, like the nearly perfect
one, had only a partial investment of enamel: but though in this respect,
as well as in the curvature and perpetual growth, they resemble the
‘dentes scalprarii’ of the Rodentia, they differ in having a prismatic
figure, like the inferior incisors of the Sumatran Rhinoceros or the tusks
of the Boar. Two of the sides, viz. those forming the anterior convex
and mesial surfaces of the incisor, have a coating of enamel about half a
line in thickness which terminates at the angles between these and the
posterior or concave surface.

From the relative position of the bases or roots of these incisors, we
may infer that they diverged from each other as they advanced forwards
in order to bring their broadest cutting surface into line. That they were

opposed to teeth of acorresponding structure in the upper jaw, is proved

133

by the oblique chisel-like cutting surface of the more perfect incisor :
and it is not without interest to find that the presence of ‘ dentes scal-
prarii’ at the anterior part of the mouth has not been necessarily limited
to Mammalia of small size.

565. A left lower incisive tooth of the Toxodon platensis.
From the cliffs at Bahia Blanca.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

Family Proboscidia.

Genus Elephas.

The following series of the molar teeth of the fossil Elephant or Mammoth is
subdivided so as to illustrate first, their form,—second, their structwre,—third,

their growth,—and fourth, their varieties.

Form.

566. An upper molar tooth of the right side, of a full-grown and probably aged
Mammoth (£lephas primigenius, Blum.).

It presents an equilateral triangular figure, the narrow base being
formed by the grinding or exposed surface of the tooth; and it consists,
as in the existing Elephants, of a crown and fangs, the crown deeply
cleft by transverse parallel fissures into a series of broad and thin plates,
which, being developed from their summits towards the common uniting
base, continue separate, or joined together only by the adhesion of their
outer covering of cement, until the base of the crown and the fangs
begin to be formed. As each lamellar division of the crown is covered
by a layer of enamel and then by a layer of cement, they represent, while
ununited, distinct teeth, and are then termed ‘denticules.’ Each plate is
also subdivided by vertical fissures extending from the apical margin to
unequal depths, and as calcification commences at the apices of these sub-

divisions, so each plate or denticule consists at the beginning of a series

5)

6

7

134

of distinct slender cylindrical columns, and might be regarded as an
aggregate of separate cylindrical denticules with the same reason as the
entire molar tooth has been described to consist of an aggregate of
lamelliform denticules. The cylindrical denticules are, however, ulti-
mately blended together by a common dentinal base, constituting the
lamelliform denticle : and these denticles in like manner next coalesce
to‘form the common dentinal base of the molar tooth, from which the
true roots of the tooth are developed. Thus the apparent independency
of the cylindrical and lamelliform denticles depends upon an incomplete
state of the development of a complex but essentially single and indi-
vidual tooth.

The development of this complex tooth has proceeded in the extinct,
as it does in the existing Elephant, not only from the summit to the
base, but from the fore to the back part: in the present example, the
anterior part of the tooth shows the lamelliform divisions of the crown
worn down to the common base, which is supported by well-developed
fangs ; at the back part of the tooth the columnar or cylindrical portions
of the constituent plates are not yet united by the calcification of the
continuous lamelliform base, and the plates so formed may be observed
in every successive stage of growth as they advance towards the part
where their own uniting base and the fangs begin to be formed.

The present fossil grinder is fourteen inches in length, the antero-pos-
terior extent of the grinding surface is seven inches, the transverse dia-
meter three inches anda half. The crown is divided into twenty-two
lamelle, ten of which have come into use ; the middle mammillary process
of the posterior and least abraded lamellae is twice the breadth of the
marginal processes ; but, as the lamella advance in position, the marginal
mammillz acquire the breadth of the median one, and the whole become
blended together in the more abraded plates.

The enamel boundary of the transverse plates is plicated like a frill in
this tooth.

From British drift or pleistocene beds. Hunterian.

. The lower molar tooth of the right side of the same Mammoth.

567’.

135

It presents a more elongated and curved form, and the grinding sur-
face is slightly concave and adapted to the convexity of that of the upper
tooth. The same gradational state of the development of the tooth
from the posterior separate cylindrical or digital processes of the plates
to their union at the base of the plate, and the blending of the plates
themselves at the base of the crown, the development of fangs from, and
the wearing down of the plates to, this base, are as instructively shown in
this as in the upper grinder. The crown of this lower molar is divided
into twenty-seven plates, twelve of which have come into use: in the pos-
terior of these the middle mammillary process is abraded: the fourth in
advance exhibits five mammillary processes, the three middle ones being
nearer to each otherthan to the two lateral ones, the next in advance has the
three middle processes worn down to a single cavity. As the lamella ad-
vance they increase in breadth, by the widening of the lateral mammillary
processes which are worn down to their broader part : in the three anterior
plates the lamellz are blended together into one depression. The enamel
capsules of the ivory plates are strongly plicated like a frill.

The length of this molar tooth, following the curve on its outer side,
is one foot seven inches: the posterior and last-formed plates are folded
upwards and laterally upon the rest, their sides being parallel to the
grinding surface of the tooth.

From British drift or pleistocene beds. Hlunterian.

An upper molar of an Indian Elephant (Llephas indicus, Cuv.), for com-
parison with No. 562. It differs from the fossil in being relatively
narrower or of less diameter transversely. The lamelle are less deeply
cleft, and the digital or mammillary processes of their summits are shorter.
The length of the tooth is twelve inches; that of the grinding surface is
five inches ; its breadth two inches nine lines. The crown is divided into

twenty-two plates, of which nine have come into use. Hunterian.

. A lower molar of an Indian Elephant, for comparison with No. 567. It

is shorter in proportion to its depth, is divided into relatively fewer
plates, and these are Jess deeply and less numerously subdivided into
digital processes. The length of the tooth is twelve inches, and it is

568°.

569.

136

divided into eighteen plates ; eleven of these have come into use; the
length of the grinding surface being six inches nine lines, its breadth two
inches nine lines. Hunterian.

Structure.

. A polished vertical longitudinal section of the superior molar of the

Mammoth.

It shows the great depth and number of the descending transverse
folds of enamel], and the continuous base of dentine from which the thin
lamellar processes arise that are invested by the enamel. The different
degrees of density of the three constituent substances, dentine, enamel
and cement, are manifested by the different degrees of polish which they
have taken.

From British drift or pleistocene beds. Mus. Parkinson.

A vertical longitudinal section of a corresponding upper molar of an
Indian Elephant for comparison with No. 568. The crown of this tooth
presents the same complicated interblending of the layers of dentine,
enamel and cement; but the lamellar divisions of the crown, which give
rise to that structure, are thicker, shorter and fewer in number. The
Mammoth’s tooth in an antero-posterior extent of five inches includes
twelve plates; the Elephants tooth has only ten plates in the same
extent. The greater thickness of the softer constituents of the plates,
viz. the dentine and cement, in the Elephant’s tooth, indicates that the
Mammoth, which had a greater proportion of the enamel in its grinders,
subsisted on a coarser description of vegetable food than do the existing

Elephants of the tropics.

The upper half of a horizontal section of a large inferior grinder of the
Mammoth, wanting a few of the anterior plates. The cut surface of the
tooth, which is eleven inches in antero-posterior diameter, includes fifteen
plates, the posterior ones being the thickest.

From the drift or pleistocene of Brentford.
Presented by Sir Jos. Banks, Bart., PRS.

572.

573.

571.

137

. The lower half of the same molar tooth. At this part of the section the

lamellae are expanded in the middle, which gives them a rhomboidal
form in the transverse section. .
From the drift or pleistocene of Brentford.
Presented by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., PRS.

A molar tooth of the right side of the lower jaw of the Mammoth, dis-
playing the outer crust composed of the third constituent of the tooth or
the cement, which is partially decomposed and detached from the dental
plates.

The abraded surface of the crown measures seven inches and a half in
length, and three inches and a half in greatest breadth, and shows the
margins of nineteen of the vertical plates.

From the pleistocene sand near Bridport, Dorsetshire.

Presented by H. B. Way, Esq.

The corresponding molar of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the same
Mammoth, in which the partially decomposed state of the tooth demon-
strates the constituent substances, and especially the cement, in the same
favourable manner.
From the pleistocene sand near Bridport, Dorsetshire.
Presented by H. B. Way, Esq.
Portions of two of the lamellar divisions of the crown of the molar
of a Mammoth, with the intervening layers of the enamel and cement.
The fractured surface of the dentine shows the course of the dentinal
tubes to the naked eye, and the centres from which they radiate to the
surface of each of the terminal mammille are continued down to the base
of the plate.
From the fresh-water pleistocene beds of Grays, Essex.
Presented by Prof. Owen.

574. A single plate of the molar of a Mammoth from which a great part of the

cement has been removed, showing the vertically grooved and ridged
surface of the enamel; each ridge is impressed by a fine groove.
Locality unrecorded.
Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart, F.R.S.
T

138

575. Three large and some smaller fragments of a large molar of the Mam-

moth ; showing in many parts the direction of the tubular fibres of the
dentine.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

576. The lower molar of the Mammoth, wanting some of the anterior plates.
The main part of the crown, which is six inches and a half in length,
exhibits the summits of twelve plates; the primitive form of these
plates is well shown in the posterior part of the tooth. Their summits are
each divided into three mammillary processes, the marginal ones bending
obliquely inwards and forwards towards the middle one, which is itself
subdivided into two or three smaller protuberances. The successive abra-
sion of the summits of these primary and secondary divisions of the plates
gives rise to the variety of form in the exposed summits of the plates of.
the posterior half of the grinding surface of the tooth. The external
cement has been decomposed and lost. The lower surface of the tooth
is excavated by a broad pulp-channel, not yet inclosed by the formation
of fangs.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

577. The posterior portion of an upper molar of the Mammoth, in which the
three constituents of the tooth are well displayed by their difference of
colour: the dentine being of a dark brown, the enamel bluish black,
and the cement of almost its natural yellowish white colour.

From the pleistocene beds or till at Walton, in Essex.

Presented by Sir William Bhzard, F.R.S.

578. A considerable portion of the incompletely formed crown of a molar of a
large Mammoth, partly resolved by decomposition of the cement, or
third substance, into its constituent plates.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

579. A portion of a molar of a Mammoth similarly decomposed, but with a
greater degree of carbonization of the animal matter of the tooth. The
disposition of the calcigerous tubes of the dentine is beautifully shown
in some parts of this specimen.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

139

580. An upper molar of the Mammoth, from which some of the anterior

583.

plates have been detached by decomposition ; these exhibit the three

vertical lines from which the dentinal tubes radiate.
From the pleistocene beds forming the brick-earth of Grays, in Essex.
Mus. Parkinson.

. A fragment of one of the upper molars of the Mammoth.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

. A portion of the anterior part of the molar of a Mammoth, with the base

of the fangs. A great part of both the dentine and cement of the crown
has been decomposed and removed, leaving the longitudinally plicated
lamine of the enamel.

Locality unrecorded. Flunterian.

Growth and Succession.

A fragment of the left superior maxillary bone of a young Mammoth,
including a small anterior molar, the second in the order of development,
and part of the socket of the third molar. The grinding surface of the
molar exhibits seven transverse plates, the first two being worn down to
their common connecting base, and the last having the summits of
four mammillary divisions abraded.
From the drift or pleistocene beds at Ilford, in Essex.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

584. An upper molar of a young Mammoth ; the crown is divided into eight

585.

plates, five of which have come into use; the length of the crown is
three inches, its breadth one inch and a half ; the three posterior plates
have become detached.

By analogy with the Indian Elephant, this molar, like the preceding,
must be the second in order of succession.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

An upper molar of a young Mammoth, which had come into use a short

period before death. In the abraded portion of the crown, which mea-

sures one inch and a half in length, the summits of six transverse ridges
m2

585".

588.

140

are displayed; the entire tooth includes twelve plates. This molar 1s
the third in order of succession.
From the drift or pleistocene beds at Hinton, Somesetshire.

Hunterian.

A corresponding upper molar of a young Asiatic Elephant: itis of equal
breadth, but greater length, and includes eleven lamellar divisions of the
crown, five of which have come into use. Hunterian.

A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Mammoth with
one molar complete and part of another, which had not come into use.
The grinding surface of the anterior molar, which is five inches in length,
includes the summits of fourteen plates: the posterior of these presents
the abraded tips of seven mammillary processes; the next plate in
advance is worn down to three divisions, the middle being much broader
than the two lateral ones; the three plates in advance of this have the
three divisions of more equal breadth; they are blended together into
one transverse depression in the anterior lamella. The base of the tooth
is divided into five fangs, most of which are bifid. This molar is the
fourth in the order of succession. The remains of the socket show the
antero-posterior extent of the fifth molar, of which only seven of the
anterior divisions of the crown are preserved, connected together by the
cement.

From the pleistocene formations near the Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

The posterior worn-down extremity of the fifth upper molar of the Mam-
moth ; the transverse plates are almost continuous along their middle
rhomboidal dilatations.

From the drift or pleistocene beds of Cambridge. Purchased.

The entire sixth upper molar of apparently the same Mammoth. The
grinding surface of the crown, which is eight inches three lines in length,
exposes the summits of fifteen transverse plates, the two anterior ones
being worn down to their common uniting base.

From the drift or pleistocene beds of Cambridge. Purchased.

141

589. The inferior molar of the right side of the lower jaw of a Mammoth. It

exhibits the most complete state in which the actions of mastication
permit so large a grinder to be seen; the anterior division of the crown
not being quite worn down to the fang, and the last or hindmost plate
being just on the point of coming into use. The whole length of the
tooth is thirteen inches: the total number of lamellar divisions of the
crown seventeen, of which the summits of fourteen are abraded in a
grinding surface of nine inches extent. The greatest breadth of this sur-
face is two inches and a half. The first three fangs supporting the com-
mon dentinal base of the anterior lamellz are well developed.

This tooth would have been succeeded by one of the size of No. 567,
which it resembles in the proportion of breadth to length, in the thick-
ness and relative number of coronal lamellz, and in the festooning of the
enamel. It approaches much nearer the character of the molars of the
Indian Elephant than it does those of the thin-plated variety of the
grinders of the Mammoth, as Nos. 614 and 617. From these it differs
not only in the less numerous and thicker plates, but likewise in the
thicker coat of external cement which hides the lateral interspaces of
the coronal plates ; and in having the fangs developed from the whole
base of the tooth, even from the posterior plate, the summit of the middle
mammillary process of which has just begun to be abraded. The inner
border of the grinding surface of No. 571 is convex, while in the present
molar it is concave ; this difference depends, however, upon the amount
of attrition, for it is obvious that the inner border of the present specimen
would become convex if it were worn down one inch lower than it is.
From the lower molar of the Indian Elephant the present tooth of the
Mammoth differs in the more equable length of the coronal plates, which,
in the Elephant, by their more progressive elongation, give a triangular
figure to the side view of the crown: it differs also in the greater length
of the grinding surface, which includes two more plates, although these
are not thinner, and are of less breadth, contrary to the usual character
assigned to the Mammoth.

From British drift or pleistocene beds. Mus. Parkinson.

590. An upper molar of a Mammoth, much worn by mastication. The

591.

592.

593.

593".

142

grinding surface, which is six inches in length, presents fourteen plates,
but the anterior ones have been worn away and the common supporting
base of the dentine is there exposed: the posterior and largest fang is
considerably elongated : the external cement is partially decomposed and
separated from the lamelliform divisions of the crown.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

A lower molar of a Mammoth, much worn by mastication. The anterior
plates and the fang supporting them are both gone ; four or five of the
succeeding plates are worn down to their common uniting base of dentine,
and the undulating course of the enamel is there shown ; the eight re-
maining distinct lamellar processes are much bent transversely, with the
concavity directed backwards : the whole of the crown here remaining is
supported by a long, compressed triangular fang.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The lower molar of a Mammoth, much worn by mastication. The
common dentinal base of four or five of the transverse plates of the an-
terior part of the grinding surface is exposed. The hinder plates are
bent transversely with their concavity directed backwards. The large
posterior conical fang offers the degree of development which accompanies
the abraded state of the crown; it is longitudinally grooved at the sides,
the grooves corresponding with the intervals of the plates above; it is
also traversed by parallel transverse grooves and ridges.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.
A lower molar of a Mammoth, much worn by mastication. ‘The whole
of the enamel has been abraded from the anterior part of the grinding sur-
face, which presents a smooth concavity of ivory, unfit for the attrition of
coarse vegetable substances ; at the back part of the tooth some irregular
transverse ridges formed by the inferior extremities of the descending
folds of the enamel still remain. The base of the tooth is prolonged
into a compressed obtuse conical fang.

From the upper tertiary formations of Ohio, North America.

Purchased.

A corresponding molar of an Indian Elephant in a similar state of attri-

tion. Purchased.

594.

595.

597.

598.

599.

143

The posterior extremity of a shed molar of a Mammoth with the crown
worn down to the common dentinal base and the fang removed by
absorption.
From the fresh-water pleistocene beds of Grays, Essex.
Presented by Wickham Flower, Esq., F.G.S.
One of the slender elongated anterior fangs of a much-worn molar of a
Mammoth.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

Varieties.

An upper molar of a Mammoth. The grinding surface, which is five
inches and a half in length, exhibits the summits of nine transverse
plates ; but of these only the two anterior ones have the apical mammille
worn down into a continuous transverse depression. In the four suc-
ceeding plates three nearly equal mammille are abraded; in the antepe-
nultimate plate the abraded apices of four mammillary processes are seen,
two of which belong to the middle process ; in the penultimate plate five
mammille are shown. The contrast between this andthe molar tooth in
No. 620, which in an antero-posterior extent of five inches of the
working surface of the crown displays thirteen plates, is very remarkable.

From British drift or pleistocene beds. Mus. Parkinson.
A portion of an upper molar of a Mammoth, including three lamellar divi-
sions of the crown in an antero-posterior extent of two inches, its breadth
being three inches. The abraded surface of the plates presents a slight
but gradual expansion from the ends to the middle; and the enamel is
much thinner than in the foregoing specimen.

From British drift or pleistocene beds. Mus. Parkinson.
A portion of an upper molar of a Mammoth, having similar characters
to those of the preceding specimen. The external cement is of great
thickness.

From drift or pleistocene beds in Staffordshire. Mus. Parkinson.
The lower molar of a Mammoth which had recently cut the gum. The
grinding surface, which is four inches in length, presents eight plates ;
the two anterior ones show the worn summits of two mammillary divi-

144

sions; the third plate is single, but only reaches two-thirds across the
surface, there being probably a mammillary process underneath the thick
coat of cement which covers the surface exterior to it ; the three posterior
plates present three mammillary processes, the middle one of much
greater. transverse extent than the marginal mammille ; in the posterior
plate only the three divisions of the middle mammillary process are ex-
posed. In this molar the plicated enamel is as thin, and the cement as
thick, as in the preceding specimens, which appear, with the present, to
have belonged to the same Mammoth or variety of Mammoth..

From drift or pleistocene beds in Staffordshire. Mus. Parkinson.

Mr. Parkinson, from whose collection this tooth was acquired, by
purchase, has figured its grinding surface in his ‘Organic Remains,’ vol.
iii. pl. xx. fig. 6; and he believed the specimen to differ from every
other Mammoth’s molar that had come to his knowledge, “in the great
thickness of the plates, the smoothness of the sides of the line of enamel,
and the appearance of the digitated part of the plates even in the anterior
part of the tooth.” The festooned disposition of the enamel, though
slighter than usual, is clearly manifested in the anterior lamelle. The
specimen is the posterior part of a large grinder; the superior thickness
of the plates arises from the circumstance of the posterior plates being
shorter than the anterior ones; these thick plates are more deeply cleft
on their digitated summits, are longer and advance further forward upon
the grinding surface of the molar before they are worn down to their
common base. This molar has the characters of the thick-plated variety
exaggerated, with a deeper division of the plates into the mammilloid or
digital processes. It manifests the more constant and characteristic modi-
fications of the grinding teeth of the Elephas primigenius, in its great
relative breadth, and, notwithstanding their thickness, in the number of

the plates (nine) which have been exposed by attrition.

600. The upper molar of a Mammoth : the grinding surface, which is six inches

and a half in length, includes twenty lamelle ; four mammillary processes
are abraded in the posterior plate; the two lateral ones are blended
together on one side in each of the two plates next in advance. In the
number and thinness of the plates this tooth resembles that of the

6 25g

601.

602.

603.

604.

605.

145

American species of Mammoth ; it was found fifteen feet deep in a stone
quarry near Welsbourn, Warwickshire, and is the tooth noticed in the

work on ‘Organic Remains,’ vol. i. p. 345. Mus. Parkinson.

A lower grinder of a Mammoth. In six inches extent of the abraded
crown there are ten transverse plates; all these are dilated at the middle
part of their exposed margins so as nearly to touch one another, and the
remaining interspaces are narrower and contain less cement than the
molars of the Indian Elephant; the entire molar consists of seventeen
transverse plates.

From the pleistocene brick-earth of Grays, in Essex. Hunterian.

An upper molar of a Mammoth, with the crown cleft into fourteen plates
in an antero-posterior extent of eleven inches. ‘This grinder has been
slightly abraded by mastication at the anterior angle only, all the rest of
the tooth is invested by the thick outer coat of cement: it was dug out
of the brick-earth in the village of Grays in Essex, upwards of thirty
feet below the surface, and weighed eleven pounds: a few bones of the
Mammoth were found scattered about at a little distance from the tooth.
It agrees in character with the preceding Hunterian specimen ; and in
the smaller number and greater thickness of its coronal plates as com-
pared with the molars of the American Mammoth it corresponds with
that of Siberia, which makes a near approach to the existing Asiatic
Elephant in the modification of its molar teeth. Purchased.

A portion of the back part of a large molar of a Mammoth, including

five of the lamellar divisions of the crown in an antero-posterior extent

of one inch ten lines, the breadth of the plates being three inches.
Locality unrecorded. Mus. Parkinson.

The posterior part of a large molar of a Mammoth, including six of the

lamellar divisions of the crown in an antero-posterior extent of two

inches six lines, the breadth of the piates being two inches five lines.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

An upper molar of a Mammoth. It is seven inches in antero-posterior
diameter, and includes sixteen plates, of which nine have come into use,

U

146

and from the posterior ones, the tips of the three mammillary processes
have been abraded: the surfaces are gradually blended together by attri-
tion towards the fore-part of the tooth, until the margin of the plate
presents a continuous transverse depression.

Locality unrecorded. Mus. Parkinson.

606. A lower molar of a Mammoth. The grinding surface, which is six inches

60

Cod

le

in length, includes ten transverse plates ; the two posterior ones exhibit
the abraded summits of five inammillary processes ; the three middle of
which are blended into one in the next two plates in advance, and this is
blended with the marginal lamellz in the remaining plates; the enamel
is beautifully plicated in this specimen as in Nos. 566, 567 and 569. The
thick outer cement is longitudinally fissured at the projecting margin of
each transverse plate, and its surface is minutely wrinkled.

Locality unrecorded. Mus, Parkinson.

The anterior part of an upper molar of a Mammoth. The abraded sur-
face of the crown, which measures three inches and a half in length,
displays eight transverse plates; the fourth presenting the summits of
the three principal divisions worn down to the same breadth; in the fifth
plate the middle division is broader than the two marginal ones; in the
seventh and eighth plate two of the mammillary eminences have their

summits abraded.
From the drift of Halston Field near Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire.
Hunterian.

608. A lower molar of a Mammoth: it is nine inches long, and contains

thirteen plates: the grinding surface, which is seven inches in length,
exhibits the summits of eleven plates, the enamel is strongly plicated.

Locality unrecorded. Mus. Parkinson.

609. The lower molar of a Mammoth: it is eight inches long, and contains

twelve plates: the grinding surface of the crown measures seven inches,
and exhibits the summits of eleven transverse plates. These differ from
the plates in the corresponding molar of the Asiatic Elephant, in being
more gradually dilated towards the centre, from which the large middle
mammilloid process is continued in the unworn grinders ; it also differs in

i
f

147
the larger proportion of cement which fills the interspaces of the plates,
and the enamel is much less strongly plicated; in this latter character it

varies remarkably from the preceding specimen.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

610. A right upper molar of a Mammoth, wanting a few lamelle from either

extremity. The grinding surface, which is six inches in length, presents
the summits of thirteen transverse plates; the primitive form of these
component lamelle is well displayed at the posterior part of the grinder ;
their free margins are divided into three processes, the middle one much
longer and broader than the lateral ones, the apex of the middle process
is itself subdivided into smaller mammille; in some of the plates one
of the lateral processes inclines forwards towards the interspace dividing
it from the next plate, by which an alternating disposition of the folds of
enamel is presented, when their apices are worn down and before the
abrasion has extended to the common uniting base.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

611. A left upper molar of probably the same Mammoth. The grinding sur-

face, which is six inches and a half in length, includes fourteen plates.
These are thin and broad, very slightly dilated near the middle, as in the
preceding specimen.

Locality unrecorded. Flunterian.

612. A left upper molar of a Mammoth: it is nine inches long, and includes

twenty-five plates, fifteen of which had come into use. The lateral
divisions of the summits of the transverse plates have been unequally
inclined forwards as in the preceding specimens, occasioning in the
posterior part of the tooth, where they have not been worn down to
their common uniting lamellar base, alternating lateral folds of enamel.

From the bed of the Thames. Mus. Parkinson.

613. The remnant of a nearly worn-out molar of a Mammoth, the crown of

which has been abraded by mastication to the common uniting dentinal
base of the anterior lamella, and in which only the lateral half of the
U2

2

148

bases of the plates remain at the posterior part of the crown. The
remains of the crown are supported by a long, broad, compressed, slightly
curved fang, which is solid to near its apex.

In the Mammoth’s grinder the clefts that separate the plates are deeper
at the sides than at the middle of the notch, hence the ridges of enamel
in a much-worn molar are confined to the outer and inner side of the
grinding surface, which is traversed along the middle by a continuous
tract of dentine. The outer layer of enamel which covers the dentine
below the origin of the plates or transverse lamellar processes is reflected
back from the supporting median base of the dentine upon the opposite
side of the laterai cleft, bends round the outer margin of the remaining
base of the plate, and is continued into the next fissure, and so on.
When the ridge of this sinuous coat of enamel is exposed by friction as
in the present specimen, it describes a continuous undulating line.

Mr. Parkinson, who has figured the grinding surface of both this* and
the preceding specimen-}, observes with regard to the latter, No. 612,
“The surface of this specimen varies considerably from the recent as well
as from the common fossil teeth, in the form and arrangement of its
plates. ‘This tooth, which I purchased at the sale of Rackstraw’s
Museum, was described in the Catalogue as having been taken up with
ballast from the bottom of the Thames.

“ Of the variation which takes place in the form and arrangement of
the plates in this tooth, it is very difficult to give a description. In the
recent teeth, and in the common fossil teeth, the plates are continued
straight across the tooth, the enamel being disposed in a long elliptical
line, in which the osseous part of the ivory is included. Hence by the
abstraction of the surrounding crusta petrosa, as we have already seen
frequently is the case with the fossil teeth, the tooth falls to pieces, and
each flat plate is found separated. But in the specimen which has been
just examined, an irregularity may be observed in the third anterior row
of the plates, where the two digitated processes of a plate passing over
little more than half the width of the tooth, are interposed between the
second and fourth plate, and thrust a portion of the latter plate rather

* Organic Remains, vol. iii. pl. xx. fig. vii. + Ib. pl. xx. fig. v.

149

aside. It is an extension of this peculiarity of form, which in part
characterizes the present tooth, since very few of the plates of which it
is formed pass directly across: leaving it difficult to say how the osseous
part is disposed.

“ But the most characteristic peculiarity of this tooth is the continuity
of many of its plates, and the remarkable dedalian line in which the
enamel is disposed. ‘This occurs most particularly in a space in the
anterior part of the surface. Here one deeply undulating line of enamel
forms the parietes of one wide and deeply indented compages of osseous
plates. It is very evident that this tooth could not, upon the decompo-
sition of the crusta petrosa taking place, divide, in this part, into detached
flat plates, as in the teeth of the recent and of the common species of
fossil Elephants. ‘This structure is also observable in the fossil tooth
from Wellsbourn (No. 616), which has been already noticed.

“This extraordinary structure also exists in the curious and interesting
specimen, plate xx. fig. 7 (No. 613). This tooth, with the locality of which
I am unacquainted, having purchased it at the sale of Mr. Foster’s Collec-
tion, is one which must have been on the point of being excluded from
its alveolus, the plates on its fore part being entirely worn away, and of
those of the posterior some very shallow portions only remaining.
These however are sufficient to show that the plates in this tooth were
formed and arranged in a similar mode with those of the preceding
tooth.” ....‘*This specimen is particularly interesting from the circum-
stance of its showing that this particular modification of the arrangement
of the enamel takes place in the part of the tooth nearest to the root, as
the other specimens, that from Wellsbourn, and that whose surface is re-
presented, plate xx. fig. 5, show that it exists in the crown of the tooth.
From this peculiarity of structure being found to exist in three different
specimens, I conceive that it cannot be regarded as an accidental dif-
ference : and from the considerable difference which exists between this
arrangement of the enamel and that which occurs in the teeth of the
living species, and of the common fossil species, I trust it will be admitted
as being likely to be one of the characteristics of a species which has not

yet been remarked.”

hh

150

Hereupon it may first be observed, with regard to the specimens
Nos. 612 and 613, that the continuous undulating line of enamel exists
only at that part of the crown which is worn down to the common
dentinal base, and that this is first exposed along the middle tract of the
grinding surface in consequence of the greater depth of the transverse
fissures at the margins than at the middle of the coronal plates. Se-
condly, it follows from the structure of the molars Nos. 562 and 563,
that the coronal plates would not necessarily become detached after de-
composition of the cement in the completely-formed grinders of either
the ordinary Mammoth or existing Elephants : the idea of the separation
of the coronal plates, as a necessary consequence of decomposition of
the cement, could be entertained only on the view of the grinder being
composed of a number of denticules attached together by the cement
alone. Such separation, however, takes place only in incompletely deve-
loped molar teeth, the lamelliform divisions of the crown being held
together independently of the cement as soon as the calcification of the
dentinal pulp has completed their uniting base.

Without this knowledge of the mode of development of these complex
teeth, of the essential nature of the coronal plates, and their liability to
varying inflections, the appearances upon the grinding surface, which are
actually due to such variations and to different degrees of attrition, might
be viewed as characters of distinct species of Mammoth.

614. The lower molar of a Mammoth: the grinding surface of the crown is
seven inches in extent, and displays the summits of eighteen transverse
plates ; the first and second of which have been worn away to their com-
mon dentinal base: the penultimate plate displays four detached mam-
millary processes, and the two next plates in advance show four dilatations
with alternate constrictions. This is a good example of the thin-plated
variety of the Mammoth’s grinder.

Locality unrecorded. Mus. Parkinson.

615. The right upper molar of a Mammoth, twelve inches in length, and with
the crown divided into twenty-six transverse plates: the summits of
seventeen of these are exposed upon the grinding surface of the crown,

~———

616.

618.

619.

151

which is seven inches and a half in length. Two small fangs are
developed from the anterior extremity of the tooth: the common pulp

cavity of the ten posterior plates is widely open.
From the tertiary deposits on the banks of the Ohio, North America.
Hunterian.

The upper molar of a Mammoth. ‘The grinding surface, which is nine
inches in length, exhibits seventeen lamelle, the dentinal plates having
on one side been abraded to their common connecting base: the re-
flexion of the enamel is shown round the bottom of the entering fissure,
and it presents accordingly the undulating or Deedalian disposition
noticed in Nos. 612 and 613.

From the drift or pleistocene at We!isbourn. Mus. Parkinson.

. A lower molar of a Mammoth. The grinding surface, which is four

inches and a half in length, presents eleven plates; the interspaces
containing the cement being broader than the plates of dentine and
enamel, which are very slightly dilated in the middle. The coronal
plates are worn down to near their common base, and a long fang has

been developed from this part of the tooth.
From the tertiary deposits of the banks of the Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

A lower molar of a Mammoth. The crown is more abraded than in the
preceding specimen, and the grinding surface in a longitudinal extent of
four inches displays the summits of eight transverse plates.
From the tertiary deposits of the Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

The upper molar, wanting one or two of the anterior plates, of a Mam-
moth from Siberia. The abraded summit of this tooth is six inches long,
and presents eleven transverse plates ; they are thicker than in the Ame-
rican Mammoth, and are relatively fewer in number ; but, in proportion
to their breadth, they are thinner than in the Asiatic Elephant, and are
closer together ; there is consequently a less proportion of cement in

the grinding surface of the crown, and a greater proportion of dentine and

expe

152

enamel; but the enamel in the Siberian Mammoth, though more plicated
than in the American one, !s less so than in the Asiatic Elephant : in an
antero-posterior extent of six inches of the grinding surface of the
Asiatic Elephant’s grinder, selected for comparison with the present
specimen, there are ten transverse plates, the greatest breadth of that
surface being two inches nine lines, whilst in the present Mammoth’s
tooth it is three inches and a half.

From the drift or pleistocene beds of Siberia. Flunterian.

The principal variety to which the molars of the extinct Elephant or
Mammoth were subject, is demonstrated by the foregoing series to be in
the number of the transverse clefts of the crown, and consequently in
the number and thickness of the component plates. The various degrees
of this variety have been differently interpreted by different Paleon-
tologists. Parkinson, Fischer, Goldfuss, Nesti and Von Meyer have
deduced therefrom some of the characters for the eight distinct species
of Mammoth which they suppose to have formerly roamed over the
temperate latitudes of Europe and Asia: the differences in the structure
of the Mammoth’s molars observed by Cuvier were regarded by him as
individual varieties.

We find, in regard to the number and thickness of the coronal plates,
that the variations are more numerous, as the average number of the
plates characterizing the molar teeth of acknowledged distinct species of
Elephant is greater.

Thus, in the African Elephant, in which the lozenge-shaped plates are
always much fewer and thicker than are the flattened ones in the Indian
species, the variation, which can be detected in any number of their
grinders, is very slight. In the Asiatic Elephant, which, besides the dif-
ference in the shape of the plates, has always thinner and more numerous
plates than the African one, a greater amount of variation in both these
characters obtains ; but it is always necessary to bear in mind the caution
which Cuvier recommended to Camper, that a large molar of an old
Elephant is not to be compared with a small molar of a young one in

reference to their variety, or otherwise there will appear to be a much

153

greater discrepancy in the thickness of the plates than really exists ia the
species ; and the like caution is still more requisite in the comparison of
the molars of the Mammoth (Elephas primigenius), which having nor-
mally more numerous and thinner plates than in the existing Asiatic
Elephant, presents a much greater range of variety. That such variety
is characteristic, and depends upon the complete structure, of a parti-
cular part of the enduring remains of the Mammoth, may be inferred
from the absence of any corresponding difference in the bones of the
Mammoth that have hitherto been found, all of which indicate but one
species. And this conclusion harmonizes with the laws of the geogra-
phical distribution of the existing species of Elephant. Throughout the
whole continent of Africa but one species of Elephant kas been recog-
nised. A second species of Elephant ranges over the southern parts of
Asia and a large adjacent island ; and the results of extensive and minute
observations of this species, whilst they make known some well-marked
varieties, as the Mooknah, the Dauntelah, &c., founded on modification
of the teeth, establish the unity of species to which those varieties belong.

Jaws and teeth in situ.

A portion of the upper jaw of the Mammoth, including the hony palate
and a molar tooth on each side: the summits of all the transverse plates
are exposed by abrasion, and the surface of the crown, which is five
inches in length, exposes thirteen of them; the grinding surface is very
nearly flat. The remains of the socket of the smaller anterior molar,
which has been shed, are visible on each side. From the anterior margin
of this socket to that of the tusk measures three inches three lines ;
the anterior interspace of the two molars is two inches three lines; the
breadth of the palate at their posterior extremities is four inches ; the
palate is relatively wider and more concave than in the Mastodon ele-
vhantoides. On comparing these molars with the corresponding ones of
nearly the same size in the Asiatic Elephant, the first difference obser-
vable is the fewer number and larger size of the transverse plates in the
recent Elephant, the grinding surface, in a length of six inches, present-
ing the summits of ten plates; they are narrower in proportion to the
x

154

length or antero-posterior diameter of the molar, are thicker in propor-
tion to the intervening spaces, and the quantity of cement is therefore
smaller, the enamel is also more strongly plicated.
From the tertiary formations of Ohio, North America.
Purchased.
A portion of the upper jaw of a Mammoth, with the molar of the right
side 2m sttu, and part of the sockets of the tusks: the antero-posterior
extent of the grinding surface of the molar is nine inches, and the com-
mon dentinal base of the transverse plates is exposed by attrition to an
extent of nearly two inches at the anterior part of the grinder; in an ex-
tent of seven inches of the succeeding part of the grinding surface, the
summits of thirteen plates are exposed. If this specimen be compared
with the Mastodon elephantoides, the palate will be seen to be much
more deeply excavated, and the diastema between the molar and tusk of
much greater depth in the Mammoth.
From the tertiary deposits of the Ohio, North America.
Purchased.
The symphysis and part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a Mam-
moth, with one of the molars iz s¢tu. The summits of all the transverse
ridges are exposed by attrition, and of these the crown, in a length of
five inches, exhibits thirteen. The margin of the jaw anterior to this
tooth descends, as in the Elephant, obliquely downwards to a pointed and
narrow symphysis ; the anterior outlet of the dental canal is two inches
below the beginning of this declivity. This tooth, as compared with the
corresponding one in the Asiatic Elephant, is broader in proportion to
its antero-posterior extent, especially at the two extremities; in the
Elephant’s tooth compared with it, the abraded surface of the crown,
which is five inches in extent, shows the summits of eleven transverse
plates, and manifests the same differences in the less breadth of the tooth,
the narrower interspaces of the plates, and the more plicated disposition
of the enamel, which have been noticed in the description of the upper
molar, No. 567.
From the tertiary formations of the Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

623.

624.

625.

626.

155

A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a Mammoth ; contain-
ing the socket of a large grinder and the remains of a smaller one ; the
large socket is divided into a small anterior compartment for the corre-
sponding anterior fang, and into a large cavity containing the principal
base of the molar.

Locality unrecorded. Mus. Parkinson.

Part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the same Mammoth, showing
a socket of similar size and shape.
Locality unrecorded. Mus. Parkinson.

The symphysis of the lower jaw of the Mammoth. The relative breadth
of the suprasymphysial channel is less in this specimen of the American
Mammoth than in the English specimens with which it has been com-
pared.
From the tertiary deposits of the Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

Tusks.

The right tusk of a (male?) Mammoth. It measures ten feet two inches
in length, and twenty-one inches in circumference at its base, and is
characterized by the degree and direction of its double curvature.
From the tertiary formations of the Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

627. The right tusk of a (female?) Mammoth: it presents the same double

curvature as the preceding specimen, which resembles that of the tusks
of the great Mammoth in the Museum at St. Petersburg from the icy
cliff at the mouth of the Lena in Siberia; but the present tusk mea-
sures only five feet in length, and eleven inches in circumference at the
thickest part, and two feet four inches across the chord of its curve.
From the drift or diluvium of Cambridge. Purchased.

. A plaster cast of a mass of the conical layers of the ivory of a decom-

posing tusk of a (male?) Mammoth, measuring twenty-two inches round
the base, and twenty inches from the base to the point of the detached

a DY

156

cone. The original of this specimen is in the Museum at Moscow,
and has been figured and described under the name of “ Dens Crocodili
seu Ichthyosauri Maximi.”

Presented by R. I. Murchison, Esq., P.G.S., &c.

629. A small model of the tusk of a (male?) Mammoth, which measured nine
feet, ten inches along the convexity of the double curvature, and twenty-
nine inches at its largest circumference near the base.

The original was disinterred from a brick-field near Kingsland.

Presented by Wiliam Chift, Esq., F_RS.

630. A section of the base of the tusk of the Mammoth, in a state of decom-
position.

From British drift or pleistocene beds. Hunterian.

631. A portion of the tusk of a Mammoth.
Locality unrecorded. Mus. Brookes.

632. A portion of the base cf the tusk of a large Mammoth, much decom-
posed.
From British drift or pleistocene beds. Hunterian.

633. Portions of the outer basal lamella of the tusk of a Mammoth.
From the drift or pleistocene beds of Flintshire. Hunterian.

633'. The outer basal lamella of the tusk of apparently a recent Elephant : the
outer coat or cement is entire ; the dentine is in a state of decomposition.
The specimen was placed by Hunter by the side of the preceding speci-
men apparently to illustrate its nature. Hunterian.

634. A fragment of a tusk of the Mammoth.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

635. A tusk of a young Mammoth broken into four pieces, with a cast of its
pulp-cavity in the clay matrix.
The structure of the ivory, as visible to the naked eye, is well demon-
strated in this specimen.

From British drift or pleistocene beds. Hunterian.

636.

637.

638.

639.

639°.

640.

641.

643.

644.

157

The right tusk of a young, or female, Mammoth.
com the tertiary beds of the Ohio. Purchased.

The extremity of the right tusk of a Mammoth.
From the tertiary beds of the Ohio. Purchased.

The half of a transverse section of the tusk of a Mammoth.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

Bones of the Trunk and Extremities.

The atlas of a Mammoth (Llephas primigenius).
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The atlas of an Elephant (£/ephas indicus). This vertebra, in both the
recent and extinct Elephants, presents the character of the obtuse rough
or flattened under surface of the body, by which it is distinguished from
the atlas of the Mastodon.

Locality unrecorded. Flunterian.

The body of an anterior dorsal vertebra of a young Mammoth.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

A dorsal vertebra, with the spinous process broken off, of a Mammoth.
Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.

2. A posterior dorsal vertebra of a Mammoth.

From the pleistocene brick-earth at Ilford, Essex; the bone was
discovered twenty-two feet below the surface.

Presented by John Gibson, Esq.

A fragment of the spine of the scapula of the Mammoth.
From the pleistocene freshwater deposits at Walton in Essex.

Presented by Dr. Wollaston, FR S.

A fragment of the head of the humerus of a Mammoth.
From the pleistocene beds at Bridport in Dorsetshire.
Presented by the Earl of Essex to Sir Joseph Banks, and, by the
hands of Sir Everard Home, to the Museum of the College.

158

645. Part of the shaft of the humerus of a Mammoth.
From the pleistocene beds at Bridport.
Presented by H. B. Way, Esq. to Sir Joseph Banks, and by
Sir Joseph to the College.

The circumstances attending the discovery of this and other fossils
of the Mainmoth by Mr. Way are thus described in a letter from that
gentleman to Sir Joseph Banks :—“ My house being near a high cliff
of yellow earth or clay with stones intermixed, and which cliff is perpen-
dicular on the side next the sea, large portions of which frequently
slip down; one having occurred very lately in the part of the cliff
nearest me, as I had lately enclosed a pretty large plot of deep sand
in front of my house next the sea, and which I was desirous of getting
into some kind of cultivation, I availed myself of the opportunity of
carting away a considerable quantity of the yellow sand or clay from
the slip above mentioned, in doing which my men dug out and brought
me three bones, very different from any I have seen, and in an
apparently, to me, very unusual state. The cliff from which they must
have fallen is at that place I judge about forty feet high, and, as the soil
that was on the surface before it fell remains still on the top of what has
fallen down, and these bones were found about half-way up in the heap,
I should suppose the bones must have come from a part of the cliff
about half-way from the surface to the shore.”

Dated Bridport Harbour, Sept. 16, 1809.
646. A fragment of the compact wall of the shaft of the humerus of a
Mammoth.
From the drift of Germany. Hunterian,

647. The inner condyle and part of the shaft of the right humerus of a
Mammoth.

From the pleistocene beds forming the cliffs near Mannington, Suffolk.

“From Dr. Woodward's collection.” Hlunterian.

648. The left os cuneiforme of a Mammoth: it 1s noted in the manuscript
Catalogue as being “ half petrified.”
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian,

649.

650.

651.

652.

653.

656.

159

A plaster cast of the right os cuneiforme of a Mammoth. It measures three
inches nine lines in the vertical diameter of its anterior surface: the
corresponding part in the os cuneiforme of a large Asiatic Elephant
measuring one inch nine lines.

From the brick-earth at Grays, Essex.
Presented by W. Ball, Esq., F.GS.

A plaster cast of the right os magnum of the same Mammoth.
Presented by W. Ball, Esq., F.G.S.

A plaster cast of the right os cuneiforme of the same Mammoth.
Presented by W. Ball, Esq., F.G.S.

A plaster cast of the second metacarpal bone of the right fore-foot of the

same Mammoth, wanting the distal extremity.

Presented by W. Ball, Esq., F.G.S.

A plaster cast of the third or middle metacarpal bone of the same fore-

foot of the Mammoth.
Presented by W. Ball, Esq., F.G.S.

. A plaster cast of a fragment of a rib of the same Mammoth.

Presented by W. Ball, Esq., F.G.S.

5. The second metacarpal bone of the left fore-foot of a Mammoth. It is

heavily impregnated with iron.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The fourth metacarpal bone of the left fore-foot of the Mammoth.
From the pleistocene or latest tertiary deposits of the Ohio, North
America. Purchased.

. The head of the femur, in the state of an epiphysis, of a young, but nearly

full-grown Mammoth. It measures seven inches across the detached
surface.
From the freshwater deposits of the cliffs at Walton, in Essex.
Presented by Sir Wm. Blizard, F.RS.

160

658. Three fragments of the femur of a Mammoth.
From the pleistocene beds of the cliffs at Bridport.
Presented by H, B. Way, Esq. to Sir Joseph Banks, and, by the
hands of Sir Everard Home, to the College.

The following note from Sir Joseph Banks to Sir Everard Home
relates to these specimens, and to Nos. 571 and 572.

os My dear Sir, “ Soho Square, March 28th, 1810.

“« With this you will receive another fragment of an Elephant’s bone
from Bridport, with the yellow sand in which it was imbedded adhe-
ring to it. How singular, that the skeleton of the animal should have
been torn to pieces before it was lodged; even the teeth wrenched out
of the jaws, and yet many bones and parts of bones remain near the
same spot !

“Yours always,

“ JosepH Banks.”

659. The proximal ‘half of the right tibia of a proboscidian animal, with the
articular surfaces mutilated: it resembles the tibia of the Indian Elephant
more than that of the Mastodon, and probably belongs to the Mammoth
(Elephas primigenius). The bone is petrified, and a reddish calcareous
earth adheres to its posterior surface.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

660. The right tibia, wanting the proximal end, of a Mammoth.
From the drift in the neighbourhood of Moscow. Purchased.

661. Fragments of bones of a Mammoth; they are noted in the manuscript
Catalogue as being “calcined, or in the bony state,” that is, absorbent
from the loss of the animal matter.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian,

662. Portions of decomposed vegetable matter, found between layers of brick-
earth which contained bones of the Mammoth.

From Ilford, Essex. Presented by Wilham Thompson, Esq.

161

Genus Mastodon.

Mastodon elephantordes.

663. A mutilated and petrified cranium of the Mastodon elephantoides, Clift.
The posterior fractured surface displays the large cancelli which are there
developed, as in the Elephant.

From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by Walter Ewer, Esq., F.B.S.

664. A portion of the upper jaw of the Mastodon elephantoides, Clift. It
includes four molars and the intervening bony palate: the grinding sur-
face of the anterior molar on each side measures seven inches and a half,
and exhibits seven transverse ridges and a posterior talon; this has not
yet been abraded ; the mammillary summits of the last ridge have just
begun to be worn ; the dentine is exposed in all the anterior ridges, and
to a greater depth as they advance forwards, the common base of the two
anterior ridges being there exposed. The posterior grinder, three of the
ridges of which have emerged from the socket, is situated almost at right
angles with the antecedent tooth, the summits of the ridges being directed
backwards ; it must describe the same degree of revolution in attaining
the position requisite for the office of mastication, as the molars do in
the Elephant: the anterior interspace of the right and left molars is one
inch and a half across, the bony palate gradually widens, as it extends
backwards, to about four inches ; its posterior margin is excavated by a
rectangular notch rounded off at the apex. The palate presents a deep
transverse excavation, two inches in antero-posterior extent, between the
grinder and the socket of the tusk ; a portion of this socket, with a frag-
ment of the base of the tusk, is preserved on the left side. This part of
the tusk descends almost vertically at right angles with the plane of the
anterior molar, and with a very slight bend, which is convex towards that
molar. On the right side of this instructive fragment the anterior smaller

Y

162

fang, and the posterior large-grooved conical fang of the grinder in use,
are exposed.
From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Purchased.
665. The right ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon elephantoides, with
the symphysial extremity and the coronoid and condyloid processes
broken off; in the first molar the grinding surface is five inches in
antero-posterior extent, and presents five transverse ridges, the abraded
depressions of which are slightly wider at the middle than at the outer
and inner extremities ; the thick enameled ridges with which they are sur-
rounded are plicated ; of the second molar tooth eight of the transverse
ridges have emerged from the socket, but only the first four have begun
to be abraded, and in not any of them are the numerous mammillary
eminences entirely worn away. Compared with the lower jaw of the
African Elephant, the antero-posterior extent of the ascending ramus in
the Elephantoid Mastodon is much greater than that of the molar series
anterior to it; the depression on the outer surface of the ascending
ramus 1s greater, and the convex prominence of the bone below it is
broader and more horizontal ; the ridge which extends from the anterior
part of the molar series downwards to the symphysis is broader and more
obtuse in the Mastodon; the lower convex surface of the ramus is like-
wise considerably broader, but the general resemblance with the lower
jaw of the Elephant is much greater in this species of Mastodon than in
the Mastodon giganteus. From the Mastodon giganteus the Mastodon
elephantoides differs in the rounding off of the angle of the jaw, in the
diminished length of the horizontal ramus, in the greater depth of that
part anterior to the first molar, and in the much smaller concavity on the
inner side of the ramus; the circumference of the ramus anterior to the
coronoid process is twenty-two inches in the Mastodon elephantoides
and nineteen inches in the Mastodon giganteus ; the length of the jaw
in the Mastodon elephantoides being twenty-seven inches, and that of
the Mastodon giganteus compared with it being twenty-four inches.
From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district of India.
Purchased.

163

666. A plaster cast of a considerable portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw
of the Mastodon elephantoides, with the socket of a worn-out molar, and
the entire crown of the succeeding molar displayed. Of this tooth only the
two anterior divisions of the crown have come into use, and of these the
tips of four of the mammillary terminations of the second plate are alone
abraded ; the summits of the succeeding transverse conical eminences
are terminated by five or six small and nearly equal conical obtuse mam-
mille. The length of the tooth is twelve inches, the number of transverse
mammillated eminences is ten inches.

See the Geological Transactions, Second Series, vol. 2. Part III.
Presented by the Geological Society of London.

667, Part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon elephantordes,
containing two molar teeth: the grinding surface of the first is six inches
in length, and presents eight transverse ridges ; of the second molar the
mammillated summits of five ridges have emerged from the sockets, but
none of these have been abraded by mastication; the direction of the
fibres of the thick enamel en the posterior fractured surface of this tooth
is well shown,

From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district of India.
Purchased.

668. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon elephan-
toides, containing a considerable proportion of a molar tooth: the grind-
ing surface shows seven transverse ridges, the mammillary summits of
which are worn away in the first two, and more or less abraded in the
two following. The pulp-cavity and fang are exposed at the anterior
end, and the direction of the fibres of the thick enamel is well displayed
at the posterior fractured surface of the tooth.

From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, F.G.S.

669. A considerable part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a young Mas-
todon elephantoides, with two molar teeth: the crown of the first is
divided into seven transverse ridges, the first and second of which are
worn down to the common base of dentine, and from the others, with

y2

164

the exception of the last, the mammillary summits have been abraded.
Of the succeeding molar five of the ridges of the crown have emerged
from their socket.
From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by Thomas Bacon, Esq.

670. A part of the left ramus of the same jaw, with the corresponding teeth ;
a part is broken off from the posterior tooth, showing the depth of the
transverse fissures of the grinding surface.

From the same formation and locality.

Presented by Thomas Bacon, Esq.

671. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon elephan-
toides, with a molar tooth zm sztu. It is sawn through vertically in the
axis of the jaw, and shows the depth and thickness of the folds of enamel

~ that line the interspaces of the ridges at the posterior part of the tooth ;
these have been obliterated by attrition at the anterior part of the tooth,
where the common base of dentine is exposed. A long and thick fang
is developed from the posterior part of the tooth.
From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, F.G.S.

672. A portion of the crown of a molar tooth of the Mastodon elephantoides,
on one of the fractured surfaces of which the course of the dentinal
tubes is indicated.

From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.

Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, F.G.S.

673. One of the transverse ridges of a large upper molar of the Mastodon ele-
phantoides, broken across vertically, and beautifully displaying the course
of the enamel-fibres on the fractured surfaces.

From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalavan district, at Nahn.

Presented by H. Clark, Esq, Surgeon H.E.L.C.

674. A portion of the lower jaw with the corresponding part of a molar tooth

165

of the Mastodon elephantordes, including four transverse plates in different
stages of abrasion, the mammillary summits being nearly entire in the
posterior one. On one side of the fractured tooth the plications of the
descending folds of enamel are shown, the other side displays the
general course of the dentinal tubes.
From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by the Rev, E. Everest, F.GS.

675. A fragment of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon
elephantoides. The posterior fractured surface exposes the pulp-cavity
of the molar tooth, which is become filled with rhomboidal crystals of
spar or carbonate of lime.

From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by the Rev. E.. Everest, F.GS.

676. A plaster cast of a portion of an upper molar of the Mastodon elephan-
toides: the grinding surface, which is six inches in length, exhibits five
ridges ; the three posterior of which are terminated by six small obtuse
mammille in the same transverse line.

From the tertiary deposits of the left bank of the Irawadi, Ava.
Presented by the Geological Society of London.

677. A plaster cast of an upper molar of a younger individual of the Mastodon
elephantoides ; the crown of which supports six transverse ridges, and a
posterior talon or tuberculate ridge.

¥rom the tertiary deposits of the left bank of the Irawadi, Ava.
Presented by the Geological Society of London.

678. A segment of the tusk of the Mastodon elephantordes.
From the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, F. GS.

679. The body of a lumbar vertebra of the Mastodon elephantordes.
From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.

Presented by the Rev. E£, Everest, F.GS.

680

631

682

683.

685.

166

The proximal end of the left femur of the Mastodon elephantoides ; the
great trochanter is broken off.
From the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, F.G.S.

The distal end of the right femur of the Mastodon elephantoides.
From the tertiary deposits of the Sub- Himalayan district, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, F.GS.

The distal end of the left femur of the AZastodon elephantoides.
From the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, F.G.S.

The right astragalus of the Mastodon elephantoides.
From the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, F.G.S.

. The os trapezoides of the right fore-foot of a young Proboscidian, pro-

bably the Mastodon elephantoides.
From the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by Thomas Bacon, Esq.

The second metacarpal bone of the left fere-foot of a young Proboscidian,
probably the Mastodon elephantoides: both extremities of the bone are
in the condition of epiphyses. This specimen and No. 684 were discovered
in continuity with the lower jaw of the young Mastodon elephantacdes,
Nos, 668 and 669, Presented by Thomas Bacon, Esq.

Mastodon latidens.

686. A plaster cast of a portion of the right ramus of the upper jaw of the

Mastodon latidens, Clift. The grinding surface, which is nine inches
and a half in length, presents nine ridges, of which the first two have
been blended together by attrition, the third presents a single transverse
cavity, the fourth is divided into two mammille ; in the fifth the subdi-
visions of the two principal mammille have begun to be abraded, the re-

Os
(e)
Ni

688.

689.

690.

167
maining eminences present three, four, or five mammillz ; those of the
hindermost division being arranged in an oval form.

From the tertiary deposits of the left bank of the Irawadi, Ava.
Presented by the Geological Society of London.

. A plaster cast of part of the upper molar tooth of the right side of the

Mastodon latidens.
From the tertiary deposits of the left bank of the Irawadi, Ava.
Presented by the Geological Soctety of London.

A plaster cast of part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon
latedens. The grinding surface, which is nine inches in length, presents
six transverse eminences ; the first two have been blended together by
attrition, the third is worn to a continuous transverse depression, the
fourth and fifth are each divided into two equal mammillary eminences,
the sixth terminates by four obtuse mammille, three in the same trans-
verse line and the fourth behind.
From the tertiary strata on the left bank of the Irawadi, Ava.
Presented by the Geological Society of London.

A fragment of a larger molar tooth of the Aastodon latidens, presenting
two unworn ridges, one divided into four, the other into three obtuse
mammille.
From the tertiary strata near the left bank of the Irawadi, Ava.
Presented by the Geological Society of London.

Mastodon angustidens.

A fragment including the middle part of the left ramus of the lower jaw
of the Mastodon angustidens, Cuv. (Mast. Sivalensis, Cautley). It
exhibits the crown of an entire grinder, apparently the penultimate one,
and a small portion of the succeeding grinder: the penultimate grinder
supports five transverse ridges, the first four being divided into two
principal mammillz directed obliquely and alternately, with their internal
angles wedged into the opposite interspaces; the first transverse ridge
has been preceded by a narrow talon; the posterior and smallest ridge is

691.

693.

694.

168

divided into two small and transversely situated mammille. The depth of
the jaw anterior to this molar is not materially increased to form the
symphysis, and the upper margin extends forwards in front of the molar
in the same horizontal line with the plane of the socket, instead of sinking
down to join the symphysis, in which respect the present species of
Mastodon resembles the Mast. giganteus, and differs from the Mast.
elephantoides and from the Elephant,
From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Purchased.

A plaster cast of a portion of the crown of the left lower molar of the
Mastodon angustidens, Cuv. It corresponds precisely in size, form and
alternate disposition of the mammillary processes, with the preceding
specimen, and presents the smallest posterior ridge and the three pairs in
advance ; the anterior pair and part of the inner side of the tooth having
been broken off.

From the older pliocene tertiary fluvio-marine Crag of Norfolk.

Presented by Robert Fitch, Esq., F.G.S.

2. A plaster cast of the crown of a left lower molar of the AZastodon

angustidens, Cuv. The posterior talon is relatively smaller than in No.
691, but the larger pairs of mammullary processes present the same
alternate arrangement as in the preceding specimens.

From the miocene tertiary formations of Baltimore.

Presented by Dr. Richard Harlan.

A plaster cast of a portion of the right upper jaw of a very young
Mastodon angustidens, Cuv. (Mast. longirostris, Kaup), showing the two
deciduous molars which are shed and replaced vertically ; and the second
permanent molar, or that which succeeds the first of the series that
comes into place vertically: both these are subsequently shed by hori-
zontal displacement, like the molars of the Elephant.

From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim in Rhine Hessia.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

A plaster cast of the palatal and alveolar portions of the maxillary bone

169

of the Mastodon angustidens (Mast. longirostris, Kaup), with the ante-
penultimate molar of the right side, and the penultimate molar of both
sides of the jaw. All the mastoid tubercles of the crown are worn away
to the common base of the dentine in the antepenultimate molar ; and
the summits of most of the tubercles in the penultimate molars have
suffered abrasion. ‘The crown of both these teeth supports four pairs of
tubercles, and an anterior and posterior tuberculate talon.
From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim in Rhine Hessia,
Presented by Dr. Kaup.
695. A plaster cast of a considerable proportion of the superior maxillary bone
of the Mastodon angustidens (Mast. longirostris, Kaup). It exhibits the
whole of the palate, and the molar series as it is reduced by age. This
series consists in the present example of two teeth on each side, viz. the
penultimate molar and last molar. The penultimate, which is the fourth
of the permanent series, supports four pairs of mastoid tubercles all of
which have had their enamelled summits removed by mastication, and the
two anterior pairs are worn down to their common dentinal base. The
last molar has five pairs of tubercles, and a large posterior talon which is
subdivided into three or four small tubercles. The summits of the
anterior tubercles only have been worn by mastication. This tooth is
supported by two principal roots, the anterior of which is the smallest,
and supports the two anterior pairs of cusps; the posterior root, which
sustains the rest of the crown, becomes subdivided in the progress of
age.
From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim in Rhine Hessia.
Presented by Dr. Kaup.
696. A plaster cast of the crown of an incompletely formed molar of the
Mastodon angustidens, Cuvier (Mast. longirostris, Kaup). It presents
four transverse eminences, each divided into two principal and nearly equal
mammille; the fourth or smaller eminence has a posterior talon, and
there is a smaller obtuse eminence in each of the three intervals of the
large ridges.
From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim in Rhine Hessia.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

170

697. Acast of a molar tooth, the third (second of the permanent series) of the
lower jaw of the Mastodon angustidens, Cuv. Its crown supports three
pairs of mastoid tubercles, an anterior basal ridge and a posterior bitu-
berculate talon; a small tubercle is developed at the middle of each of
the valleys between the larger pairs of tubercles. The original of this
cast was transmitted from Saxony by Professor Hugo of Géttingen to
Bernard de Jussieu. Cuvier has figured it in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’
1821, tom. i. pl. 11. fig. 11, and has noticed it at p. 267, as being appa-
rently too small to be referred to any of the species of Mastodon which
he had described. He points cut its resemblance to the molars of the
Mastodon giganteus, which is figured in ‘ Pl. III. fig. 4, Grande Masto-
donte’: these are, however, the fourth and the fifth molar, or the third
and fourth of the permanent series, and the tooth of the Mastodon gi-
ganteus, which corresponds in size with the present specimen, is the
last of the three molars 2m situ in the jaw of the younger animal with
tusks, No. 705, the first and second of these molars forming the deci-
duous series and being replaced vertically by a single molar, which is the
first of the permanent series. Presented by Baron Cuvier.

698. A cast of the fourth molar tooth (the third of the permanent series) of
the lower jaw of the Mastodon angustidens, Cuv. The original was dis-
covered in the tertiary strata of Simorre. Reaumur has figured a frag-
ment of a fossil molar of the same Mastodon in illustration of his
memoir on the Turquoise mines at Simorre in the ‘ Mémoires de l Acad.
des Sciences, 1715. Daubenton notices the fossil Mastodont molars
from the same locality as “dents pétrifiés ayant des rapports avec celles
de !Hippopotame.” Cuvier, who first determined the true nature and
relations of these fossil teeth of the Mastodon, commences his description
of them with the original of the present cast, /oc. cit., p. 255. pl. 1. fig. 4.
The crown supported three pairs of mastoid tubercles (not six pairs, as
Cuvier describes, evidently by an error of press): those of the first pair
have been worn down by mastication to their common dentinal base, which
presents the form of a quadrilobate disc: a line of enamel still divides
the contiguous bases of the second pair of tubercles: a little of the
enamel has been worn from the summits of the posterior pair; these are

699.

703.

704.

705.

706.

171

succeeded by a bituberculate talon. The crown is supported by two
fangs, the posterior one being the largest and supporting the two poste-
rior pairs of tubercles and the talon. Presented by Baron Cuvier.

The crown of the antepenultimate grinder of the upper jaw of a Mastodon
angustidens.
From the miocene tertiary formations of the South of France.
Purchased.

. Aportion of the molar tooth of the Mastodon angustidens: it has been

much worn, and the uniting base of the two anterior ridges is exposed
by their abrasion.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

. A fragment of a molar tooth of the Mastodon angustidens.

Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.

. A fragment of a molar tooth of the Mastodon angustidens.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The posterior part of a molar tooth of the Mastodon angustidens.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The cast of a portion uf the tusk of the lower jaw of the Mastodon an-
gustidens (Mastodon longirostris, Kaup).
From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim.

Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

Mastodon Andium.

A fragment of an upper molar tooth of the Mastodon Andium, Hum-
boldt. The molars of these species are characterized by the strong and
irregular plications of the extremely thick enamel.

From the recent tertiary deposits of South America.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F. RS.

A portion of a molar tooth of the Mastodon Andium, Humboldt: it

supports two transverse ridges, each divided into two principal mam-

mille, which are again subdivided into smaller mammille: these when
Z2

172

worn down, as in the foregoing specimen, occasion the complex disposi-
tion of the thick enamel which is displayed in that specimen.
From the recent tertiary formations at Tarija, Upper Peru.
Purchased.
707. A fragment of the right ramus of the upper jaw with the base of a molar
tooth of the Mastodon Andium, Humboldt.
From the recent tertiary formations at Tarija, Upper Peru.
Purchased.
708. The proximal half of the right femur of the Mastodon Andium, Hum-
boldt. It differs from that of the Mastodon giganteus in the greater
relative development of the trochanter major, which rises higher and
projects further outwards: this occasions a more concave outline of the
external border of the upper half of the femur in the Mastodon Andium :
the anterior surface of the bone likewise slopes more towards that border,
and the posterior surface of the upper part of the femur is flatter in the
Mastodon Andium than in the Mast. giganteus.
From the recent tertiary deposits at Tarija, Upper Peru.
Purchased.
709. The distal end of the left femur of the Mastodon Andium (?). It differs
from the corresponding part of the Mast. giganteus in the more angular
depression for the patella, in the greater length of the rotular surface im
proportion to its breadth, and in the well-marked ridge by which that
surface overhangs, or is divided from, the inter-condyloid depression ;
this depression, also, is relatively wider than in the Mast. gganteus.
From the tertiary deposits in the province of Buenos Ayres.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.
710. The distal half of the right tibia, broken lengthwise, of the Wastodon
Andium, Humboldt.
From the recent tertiary deposits at Tarija, Upper Peru.
Purchased.

Mastodon giganteus.
Growth and Succession of the Teeth.

711. A portion of the upper jaw of a young Mastodon giganteus, Cuv., with

173

the third and fourth molars of the left side zm s¢¢z: the crowns of each
of these teeth are divided into three transverse ridges: the bony palate
is flatter than in the Mastodon elephantoides or the Mammoth.

From the tertiary beds of the Ohio. Hunterian.

712. A cast of the lower jaw, wanting the ascending rami, of a young Mastodon

giganteus : it demonstrates the sockets of the two incisive tusks which
characterize the immature state of the gigantic individuals of the present
extinct genus: one of the tusks is retained zm széu. The three anterior
molars and part of the socket of the fourth molar are exhibited on the left
side; on the right side the second, third, and fourth molars are preserved
tn situ, together with the remains of the socket of the first molar, which
has been shed. Some of the changes in the dentition of the Mastodon,
as the teeth are successively developed from before backwards, are well
illustrated in this specimen, and the analogy of the process to the more
remarkable changes in the dentition of the existing Proboscidian Pachy-
derms may be clearly traced. The first molar, for example, is very
small and simple, as compared with the succeeding teeth ; its crown
supports only two transverse eminences with a small internal and poste-
rior talon; viewed detached it might be mistaken for a tooth of the
Tapir: the second molar has nearly double the size, but differs in the
form of the crown, chiefly through the greater proportional development
of the posterior talon: the third molar, besides being quadruple the di-
mensions of the first, supports three transverse eminences, and a narrow
ridge at both the anterior and posterior parts of the base: each of the
transverse ridges is slightly divided by a median cleft into two mammillary
eminences: the summits of both those of the anterior ridge and of the
outer one inthe middle ridge have been abraded. The fourth molar
presents an increase of size, but not quite to the same degree, as com-
pared with the third molar: its crown has the same shape and structure
as in the third molar; only the first transverse eminence has emerged
from the bony socket, which is situated on the inner side of the base of
the coronoid process, a part of which is preserved on the right ramus.
The original of this specimen is preserved in Peel's Museum, New

York, and was first described by Dr. Godman as a type of a new genus

174

of Proboscidians to which he gave the name of Yetracaulodon, in the
third volume of the New Series of the ‘Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society’: it has likewise been described and figured by
Dr. Isaac Hays in the fourth volume of the same work, plate 26, fig. 1
and 2.
From the tertiary deposits about twelve miles from Newburg, in
Orange County, New York.
Presented by the Geological Society of London.

713. The symphysis of the lower jaw of a young Mastodon giganteus, showing

the remains of the alveoli of the two deciduous incisors.
From the tertiary deposits of the Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

714. A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon giganteus,

or

containing the penultimate and antepenultimate molars of the socket of
the last large molar. The crown of the antepenultimate molar supports
three transverse ridges, and has an anterior and posterior narrow trans-
verse minutely tuberculate talon; each of the ridges is divided into two
mammilloid processes, the innermost of which are the longest ; the
crown is supported by two fangs, the anterior one broad but compressed
from behind forwards, and with the extremity bifid and bent backwards ;
the posterior and thicker fang is deeply grooved on each side. The penul-
timate molar has almost the same general form and structure as the pre-
ceding, but is of larger size; there is a small tubercle at the outer end
of the bottom of the cavity between each of the transverse ridges: the
concavity of the ascending ramus of the jaw displays the upper and lower
divisions of the great dental canal, besides the intervening socket of the
last molar.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon giganteus,
including the symphysis and the penultimate and last molar teeth 2 sztu:
in the last molar the large posterior talon is developed into a fifth ridge,
divided into two mammillary processes and having a small quadritubercu-
late talon behind it: part of the three principal fangs are exposed, the

175

extremity of the large posterior one is curved forwards, in one of its divi-

sions, from which the cement has been detached : the equidistant parallel
transverse ridges are remarkably well defined.

From the tertiary deposits of Missouri. Purchased.

716. The right ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon giganteus, showing

the socket of the antepenultimate molar and the penultimate and last

molars 7” széu: the former presents three principal transverse ridges,

each divided into two mammillary processes, and an anterior and pos-
terior talon; the last molar presents five transverse ridges with an
anterior talon and posterior tubercle; three of the ridges have emerged
from the socket : the dental canal commences by a depression on the
inner side of the neck of the condyie, and becomes wider and deeper as
it descends obliquely forwards to its bifurcation in the substance of the
jaw, six inches behind the posterior alveolus: its principal anterior outlet
is on the outside of the jaw about two inches below the anterior alveolus ;
a smaller continuation of the canal may be observed in the fractured
surface of the symphysis, indicating the position of the socket of the
lower incisor, which is lost in the female Mastodon, as she advances to
maturity.

The lower jaw of the Mastodon giganteus differs from that of the AZasz.
elephantoides and of the Elephant in the smaller antero-posterior extent
of the ascending ramus and the greater height of the condyle, in the
more marked angle between the horizontal and ascending ramus, in the
straighter contour and much greater depth of the posterior margin lead-
ing from the condyle to the angle, in the more compressed form, the
greater length and the less convex sides of the horizontal ramus, in its
less degree of breadth inferiorly, in the greater vertical extent of the sym-

physis, and in the angle formed between it and the upper margin of the

jaw anterior to the molar teeth, which margin does not descend to join
the symphysis.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

717. A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon giganteus,
showing the sockets of the penultimate and last molar tooth.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

176

718. The left ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon giganteus, with
part of the symphysis, the socket of the penultimate molar, and the
last molar iz situ. The crown of this tooth supports four transverse
ridges, and a posterior talon divided into four small tubercles in the same
transverse line.

The great dental canal presents three distinct outlets, one below the
socket of the penultimate grinder, the second of equal size near the
symphysis, and a third smaller one below and in advance of the preceding :
there is no trace of the socket of an incisor. This specimen exhibits a
variety of the last molar in its diminished size, as well as in the smaller
number of eminences on the grinding surface.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

719. The left ramus of the lower jaw of Mastodon giganteus, with the last
molar ¢ situ and the socket of the penultimate one. The crown of the
last molar supports five tuberculate ridges and a small posterior tuberculate
talon: this molar resembles in structure the last of No. 715; but is of
smaller size, indicating a variety in this respect, in the Mastodon giganteus :
there are two anterior outlets of the great dental canal, one beneath the
socket of the penultimate molar, the other of smaller size near the sym-
physis, which exhibits no trace of the alveolus of the incisive tusk.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

720. A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon giganteus,
including the socket of the penultimate molar and the last molar zm sétu :
the crown of this tooth supports four normal bimammillary transverse
ridges ; a large posterior bituberculate talon, which might be regarded as
a fifth ridge; and a smaller talon behind this: there is a small tubercle at
the outer angle of the interspace of each of the transverse ridges, and
the third tubercle of the large posterior talon represents one of the same
series in the interspace between that talon and the fourth normal ridge
of the crown. The summits of the outer mammillary processes are
worn down lower than those of the inner ones: portions of three of the
fangs of this molar are exposed. The absence of an alveolus for the in-

cisor at the symphysial end of this ramus, indicates it to have belonged to a

177

female Mastodon. The direction of the ridge circumscribing the insertion
of the temporal muscle, shows this to have extended deeper upon the outer
part of the ascending ramus than in the younger specimen, No. 715.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.
721. A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Mastodon giganteus :
with the last molar tooth much worn: it has supported five transverse
ridges, the last of which alone retains its mammillary divisions: behind
these there is a small tuberculate talon. The common dentinal base of
the first and second ridges is exposed by attrition and worn into a
smooth and polished cavity. One of the outlets of the dental canal is
situated, as usual, below the alveolar border, in advance of the last molar :
the large size of the remainder of the canal, which is continued to the
fractured end of the symphysis, and its proximity to the inner margin of
that part, indicates very strongly the existence of the incisive tusk on
this side of the jaw, and that this fragment belonged, therefore, to a male
Mastodon.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Hunterian.

722. The last upper molar of the Mastodon giganteus : its crown, which re-
sembles that of the preceding specimen, is supported by two large anterior
diverging fangs and a posterior mass divided by deep longitudinal de-

gms § I } I g
pressions into six lobes or divisions.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Hunterian.

723. The last upper molar of the Mastodon giganteus. The crown supports
four transverse ridges and a posterior talon: each of the ridges 1s divided
into two nearly equal mammille, and there is a small tubercle at the
vuter part of each of the three interspaces : the base of the tooth is sub-
divided into seven fangs.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

724. The last upper molar of the Mastodon giganteus; its crown supports five
transverse ridges, an anterior basal prominence and a posterior talon : it
is supported by a mass, more or less completely subdivided into seven
fangs.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Huntervan.
2A

NY

SY

178

The last upper molar of the MJastodon giganteus, in which the three an-
terior bimammillary ridges of the crown have been abraded by mastication,
and the whole of the inner surface of the tooth worn away and polished
by some accidental circumstance connected with the stratum in which
the tooth was imbedded.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

3. The last molar of the right side of the lower jaw of the Mastodon gigan- k

teus : the crown supports four transverse ridges with an anterior narrow
talon and a posterior broader and trituberculate talon: the crown is sup-
ported by three fangs; the anterior one is of great breadth, compressed
from before backwards, and slightly curved backwards ; the second is the
smallest ; the third is a large conical mass partially subdivided by the
vertical grooves into buttress-like processes, corresponding with the
three posterior ridges on the inner side of the crown. <A portion of the
anterior fang has been removed and the surface polished to show the
compact dentine.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio, Purchased.

. A similar but larger lower molar of the MJastodon giganteus: the crown

supports five transverse ridges and a small posterior trituberculate talon:
the ridges decrease in breadth and height as they approach the back part
of the molar: they are each divided, as usual, into two mammilloid pro-
cesses, from which the name of the genus is derived ; the bottom of the
interspaces of the ridges is occupied by a dense substance of the same
dark chocolate colour as the cement which invests the fangs: the anterior
fang and a great part of the anterior ridge of the crown which it supports,
have been broken off.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

The last molar of the right side of the lower jaw of the Mastodon gigan-
teus. It has been longitudinally and vertically bisected. The crown sup-
ports four transverse ridges and a large posterior talon consisting of one
large udder-shaped process and four smaller mammille. The cut surface
of the tooth shows the thickness of the enamel and the direction of its

—

/

3].

179

fibres: the polished dentine shows principally the lines which represent
the margins of the hypothetical lamellae which seem to be superimposed
and to follow the contour of the grinding surface. The outer surface of
the fangs has been water-worn or abraded by some movements of the
stratum in which the fossil tooth was deposited.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

729. The last molar of the left side of the lower jaw of the Mastodon giganteus.

The crown supports four transverse ridges and a posterior talon divided
into five small transversely disposed mammille : the crown is supported
by an anterior broad compressed fang, two smaller fangs on the same
transverse line, and a thick conical fang supporting the posterior half of
the tooth; the end of one of the smaller fangs is broken off, andthe
fractured surface exhibits the engine-turned pattern produced by the
decussation of opposite curved lines, a character which is so conspicucus
in the ivory of the tusks of the proboscidian Pachyderms. The layer of
cement which invests the fangs is of great thickness at the angles of their
bifurcation.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

30. The last lower molar of the left side of the Mastodon giganteus : its

crown supports four transverse ridges and a posterior talon, which from
its size and division into two transverse mammilloid processes, resembles
a fifth transverse ridge, behind it there is a more minute talon divided
into three small tubercles ; a part of the thick coronal cement remains
at the bottom of the outer side of the interspace between the third and
fourth ridges. <A longitudinal vertical section has been removed from
the first transverse ridge and its supporting fang, and the enamel has
been removed from the remaining part of this ridge, as also from the inner
tubercle of the third ridge. A part of the cement has been detached
from the dentine of the first, second and posterior fangs, showing the
parallel transverse indentations on the surface of the dentine.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.
The posterior half of the last molar of the right side of the lower jaw of
the Mastodon giganteus: it includes the hinder transverse ridges, a large

2a2

NI
we
nw

739.

od
eM)
a

736.

180

trituberculate talon and a cluster of very small mammille behind it.
The coronal cement fills up the bottom of the cavity between the last
transverse plate and the talon; the parallel transverse ridges and indenta-
tions of the base of the tooth are very strongly marked on the massive
posterior fang, especially at the parts where the cemental coat has been
removed; the summit of most of the transverse eminences is impressed
with a fine groove; the apex of this fang is divided into three points,
the largest of which is curved.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

2. A portion of an inferior molar of the Mastodon gigantcus ; including the

two posterior transverse ridges, and a narrow talon: each of the ridges

is divided into two mammille, each of which is again subdivided into

two smaller ones. The ridges are united by a lower oblique ridge.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Mus. Parkinson.

Stages of Growth of the Molar Teeth.

A molar of a young Mastodon giganteus, the fourth of the left side,
upper jaw, advanced in its formation to near the completion of the
crown; the base, in which the indentations indicative of the three fangs
have just begun to appear, is a thin shell of dentine bounding a large and
widely open pulp-cavity.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

34. The corresponding molar of the right side of apparently the same jaw ;

with one extremity vertically split off.
From the tertiary deposits of the Ohio. Purchased.

. The extremity of the preceding tooth, showing the thickness of the

enamel and the direction of the enamel fibres and dentinal tubes.
Purchased.

.

The crown of an incompletely formed molar of the Mastodon giganteus :
the base is excavated by a large and single cavity, which contained the

737.

7Al.

181

pulp; it is bounded by the sharp edge of the shell of dentine that existed
at this period of formation, before the development of the fangs.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

The crown of the last molar tooth of the Mastodon giganteus, extracted
from its alveolus before the commencement of the development of the
fangs: it supports four bipartite transverse ridges and a posterior talon
supporting three large and three small tubercles. A portion of the first
ridge is broken away, but the summit of the remainder is entire, and
shows that it had not come into use.

From the tertiary formations of Missouri.

Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq., F.R.S.

. A molar of the Mastodon giganteus further advanced in its development,

the divisions of the fangs beginning to be formed: the base of the tooth
is still excavated by a single deep cavity for the lodgment of the pulp.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

. The antepenultimate molar, left side, lower jaw of the Mastodon giganteus,

the crown of which is divided into three transverse ridges, and an anterior
and posterior narrow transverse talon; the enamel is abraded from the
summits of the mammilloid divisions of the anterior ridge ; the enamel
has been detached from a great part of the inner side of the crown
showing the direction of its fibres : the strong backward curvature of the
extremity of the anterior fang gives it an unciform figure.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Hlunterian.

. A much-worn molar of the Mastodon giganteus, consisting almost en-

tirely of fangs, nearly the whole of the enamelled crown being worn
away and excavated into a single cavity with a uniform polished surface

of dentine.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

A similar but still more abraded molar of the Mastodon giganteus, in
which some of the osseous deposition, ‘ osseo-dentine ’, of the central
cavity of the fangs, forms part of the smooth and polished grinding

Ra aiaSNSNSSSSSENNSNnnaiioememnemen ns

——— - =

A

182

surface of the crown: some parts of the margin of the dentine pre-
sent the curvilinear decussating lines which characterize the ivory of the
tusk.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

Tusks.

742. The basal conical lamelle of the tusk of a proboscidian Pachyderm, pro-
bably the Mastodon giganteus : the largest circumference of this fragment
is sixteen inches, and its contour is slightly elliptical.

From the tertiary formations of Kentucky, North America.

Purchased.
743. The basal part of the tusk of a young or female MJastodon giganteus.
From the tertiary formations of Kentucky. Purchased,

744. The central conical lamellae of the middle part of the same tusk: the
fractured surface at the base of the cone demonstrates very strongly the
decussating engine-turned character of true ivory.

From the tertiary formations of Kentucky. Purchased.

745. The tusk of a young or female Mastodon giganteus: it 1s three feet six
inches in length and one foot in basal circumference.
The tusks of the Mastodon differ from those of the Mammoth in
the smalier amount of their curvature, which is also much more nearly
on the same plane: the direction of the tusks is forwards, upwards and a
little outwards.

From the tertiary deposits of Missouri. Purchased.

746. Aportion of the tusk of the Mastodon giganteus : the extremity has been
unequally worn and polished ; the thin exterior coat of cement remains
at the opposite side of the extremity: the decussating curvilinear im-
pressions are very strongly marked at the broken ends of the fragment.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.
747. A portion of the tusk of a proboscidian Pachyderm, probably the
Mastodon giganteus: one-half has been worn away lengthwise, leaving

an imperfectly polished surface; the outer coating of the tusk has been

75

Ie

183

similarly abraded from the opposite side; all the edges have been
rounded off.
From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

. A fragment of the tusk of a proboscidian Pachyderm, probably the Mas-

todon giganteus, one side of which has been similarly abraded and
polished.
From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

. A portion of the base of the tusk of a proboscidian Pachyderm, pro-

bably the Mastodon giganteus, one-half of which has been worn away
lengthwise, and the pulp-cavity laid open; the successive conical layers
into which the ivory is resolved by decomposition are well shown in this
fragment. ;

The marks of abrasion in this and the two preceding specimens are
most probably due to inorganic forces operating after death.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

Bones of the Trunk and Extremities.

. The atlas of a Mastodon giganteus ; it differs from that of the Elephant

and Mammoth principally by the obtuse conical production of the
under part of the body of the vertebra.
From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

The atlas of the Mastodon giganteus: both transverse processes are
broken off: the inferior protuberance is more obtuse than in the fore-
going specimen, but retains sufficient of the distinctive character of the
bone as compared with that in the genus Elephas.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

2. The vertebra dentata of the Mastodon giganteus.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

. A fourth cervical vertebra of the Mastodon giganteus.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

754.

184

A dorsal vertebra of the Mastodon giganteus, with the spinous process
broken off.

Locality unrecorded. Hluntervan.

. The neural arch, and spine, with the summit broken off, of an anterior

dorsal vertebra of the Mastodon giganteus: the spine measures in its
present mutilated state twenty-one inches in length. A

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

. The base of the spine of an anterior dorsal vertebra of the Mastodon

giganteus.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

. A considerable proportion of the os sacrum of the AZastodon giganteus.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

. A portion of the anterior extremity of the os sacrum of the Mastodon

giganteus.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

. A portion of one of the anterior ribs of a large proboscidian Pachyderm,

probably the Mastodon giganteus.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

. A fragment of an anterior rib of, probably, the AZastodon giganteus.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

. A portion of one of the anterior ribs of, probably, the Mastodon

giganteus.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

2. The vertebral extremity of the rib of, probably, the Mastodon gigunteus :

the head of the bone presents two articular surfaces, and there is a third
surface upon the tubercle.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

. A portion of a rib of a large proboscidian Pachyderm, probably the Aas-

todon giganteus.
From the tertiary deposits of the Ohio. Purchased.

770.

a |
N

185

. A portion of a rib of, probably, the Mastodon giganteus.

From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

. The proximal portion of one of the left posterior vertebral ribs of, pro-

bably, the Mastodon giganteus.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

. A portion of a right posterior rib of, probably, the Mastodon giganteus.

From the tertiary deposits, Ohio. Purchased.

. The manubrium sterni of the Mastodon giganteus.

From the tertiary formations of the Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

. A portion of the head of the left humerus of the Mastodon giganteus.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

. The shaft and distal extremity of the left humerus of the Mastodon

giganteus: it is thicker in proportion to its length than in the Elephant
or Mammoth, the deltoidean ridge is continued lower down, and the
fossa above the fore-part of the articular surface is deeper.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

The distal end of the left humerus of a Mastodon giganteus.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

. The right ulna of the Mastodon giganteus. It presents the same short

and massive proportions as the humerus, and shows that the Mastodon
stood lower in proportion to its size than the Elephant or Mammoth.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio. Purchased.

2. The left os cuneiforme of the Mastodon giganteus.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

. The metacarpal bone of the second toe of the right fore-foot of the

Mastodon giganteus.
From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

2B

186

774. The metacarpal bone of the third or middle toe of the right fore-foot of

7

777.

7

79.

78.

79.

the Mastodon giganteus.
From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

The metacarpal bone of the fifth or outermost toe of the left fore-foot
of the Mustodon giganteus; it has formed part of the skeleton of a
much larger individual than the foregoing specimens, but, like them, is
chiefly remarkable for its great thickness in proportion to its length, as
compared with the Elephant: the proportions. of the fore-foot being
broader and more massive in the Mastodon.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

. A considerable proportion of the right os innominatum of a large Pro-

boscidian Pachyderm, probably the Mastodon giganteus. The acetabulum
differs from that of the Elephant in the comparative narrowness of the
notch leading to the Haversian depression, which is indicated by an
almost obsolete groove ; the branch of the pubis is also relatively thicker.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio. Purchased.

A considerable proportion of the right os innominatum of a smaller or
younger Proboscidian Pachyderm ; in which the entry to the Haversian
depression is as wide as, and the depression itself somewhat deeper and
wider than, in the Elephant; the pubis is relatively stronger.
From the tertiary deposits of the Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

The left os innominatum of apparently the same individual Proboscidian,
showing the same characters of the acetabulum.
From the tertiary deposits of the Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

The left femur of the A/astodon giganteus. It is three feet in length,
and one foot two inches in circumference at the middle. It differs from
the femur of the Elephant and Mammoth in being shorter in proportion
to its breadth and thickness, and it is therefore a relatively stronger bone ;
it is likewise flatter on its posterior surface and the distal condyles are
more approximated.

780.

781.

782.

187

From the femur of the Mastodon Andium of South America, the
present specimen differs in the minor development of the trochanter
major, which neither rises so high nor extends so far out ; the outline of
the external border of the upper half of the femur is accordingly less
concave in the Mastodon giganteus: the anterior surface of the upper
part of the bone is flatter and does not slope so gradually to the outer
margin. The upper border of the neck of the femur is more concave in
the Mastodon giganteus. The rotular surface is more regularly concave
from side to side, and is less distinctly defined at its lower part.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio, North America.

Purchased.

The head of the femur, in the state of an epiphysis, of the Mastodon
giganteus. This shows, as in the Elephant and Mastodon, the absence
of the depression indicative of the ligamentum rotundum.
From the tertiary formations of Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

The head of the femur, anchylosed to the shaft, of the Mastodon
giganteus.
From the tertiary formations of Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

The condyles of the right femur, anchylosed to the shaft, of the Mastodon
giganteus.
From the tertiary deposits of Ohio, North America. Purchased.

. The distal extremity with the articular condyles of the left femur, in the

state of an epiphysis, of the Mastodon giganteus. From the size of this
specimen as compared with the entire femur, No. 778, it would seem to
have belonged to the skeleton of a young male.
From the tertiary formations of Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

. The right patella of the Mastodon giganteus.

From the tertiary formations of Kentucky, North America.

Purchased,
2B2

785.

786.

788.

789.

790.

188

A portion of the thick compact wall of the shaft of the femur of a large
Proboscidian Pachyderm, probably the Mastodon giganteus.
From the tertiary deposits of Kentucky, North America.

Purchased.
The right tibia of the Mastodon giganteus.

From the tertiary deposits of Kentucky, North America.
Purchased.

. The left tibia of the Mastodon giganteus, apparently from the same indi-

vidual as the preceding.
From the tertiary deposits of Kentucky, North America.
Purchased.
The right tibia of the A/astodon giganteus: from the large size of this
bone, as compared with the preceding specimens, the individual to which
it belonged was probably a male.

From the tertiary formations of Ohio, North America.

Purchased.
The left astragalus of the Mastodon giganteus.
From the tertiary’ formations of Ohio, North America.
Purchased.
The right os calcis of the Mastodon giganteus.
From the tertiary formations of Ohio, North America.
Purchased.

Genus Dinotheriwn.

Most of the following illustrations of the present extraordinary genus of
Pachydermal quadrupeds consist of plaster casts of the original fossils in the
Museum of Hesse Darmstadt, described and figured by their discoverer, Dr. Kaup.

79\. The palatal and alveolar portions of the upper jaw of a young Dinothe-

rium giganteum, Kaup, which had perished during the period of the
change in the dentition. The first deciduous molar has been shed on
each side: the second and third deciduous molars are in place; behind
these is the third permanent molar, or the first of the series of true

189

molars ; the crowns of the two false molars, or the first and second of the
permanent series, were found in closed alveoli in the substance of the jaw,
above the deciduous molars which they would have displaced and suc-
ceeded in the vertical direction. The crown of the second true molar,
the fourth or penultimate of the permanent series, was in like manner
in progress of completion in a closed alveolus behind the first true
molar, which it succeeds horizontally.

The second tooth 27 situ, which is the third or last of the series of
deciduous molars, has a crown which is as complex as the true molar be-
hind it, supporting three transverse eminences with an anterior and
posterior basal ridge ; it is succeeded, as will be seen in a subsequent
specimen, by a permanent tooth, having, as is usually the case with the
premolar teeth, a more simple crown than the tooth displaced.

From the miocene tertiary deposits at Epplesheim, Rhine Hessia.

The original specimen is described and figured in Dr. Kaup’s ‘ Dé-
scription d’Ossemens Fossiles de Mammiféres du Muséum de Darm-
stadt, 17° Cah., pl. 1 Presented by Dr. Kaup.

792. The crown of the first permanent premolar of the left side, which was re-
moved from the closed alveolus in the preceding specimen : it supports
two eminences, the outer one slightly and the inner one deeply cleft into
two mammillary processes: a basal ridge surrounds all but the outer part
of the circumference of the crown. The summits of the eminences are
entire and tuberculated.

From the miocene tertiary deposits at Epplesheim.
Presented by Dr. Kaup.

793. The crown of the second permanent premolar of the left side, which was
removed from the closed alveolus in the specimen No. 783. Both emi-
nences are more deeply notched than in the first premolar, especially
the inner one, which is cleft to the base: the anterior of the mam-
milloid divisions is also joined by a continuous ridge to the anterior one
of the outer eminence. The transverse diameter of this molar exceeds
the antero-posterior, and it thus differs considerably both in the configu-

190

ration of the crown and in its general proportion, from the deciduous
molar which it displaces.
From the miocene tertiary deposits at Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

794. The anterior part of the palatal and alveolar processes of the upper jaw
of a mature Dinotherrum giganteum, with the sockets of the two pre-
molar teeth on each side, and three of the right and the first of the left
side zz sttu. These teeth agree in size and shape with the two preceding
specimens, but the tuberculate margins of the coronal eminences have
been worn away by mastication.

From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim.
The original is figured and described in Dr. Kaup’s ‘ Déscription
d’Ossemens Fossiles du Muséum de Darmstadt,’ 1" Cah. pl. 1. a. fig. 2.
Presented by Dr. Kaup.

795. A portion of the alveolar process of the upper jaw of a female Dinothe-
rium giganteum, with three true molars em sztu. The first of these
corresponds with its analogue in No. 790, but the tuberculate summits
of the three transverse eminences have been worn off.

From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

796. The left ramus of the lower jaw of the Dinotherium giganteum, with the
four anterior permanent molar teeth. The third, counting backwards,
has the crown divided into three transverse ridges, and corresponds with
the first permanent molar in the upper jaw. The symphysial extremity
of the jaw is subcompressed and bent downwards at almost a right angle
with the horizontal ramus, and supports two long and strong tusks di-
rected downwards and curved slightly backwards.

From the miocene tertiary deposits at Epplesheim.
The original is figured in Dr. Kaup’s ‘ Ossemens Fossiles du Muséum
de Darmstadt, Add. tab. 11. fig. 1 and 1 a. Presented by Dr. Kaup.

797. The left ramus and entire symphysis of the lower jaw of the Dinotherium
giganteum ; with the five anterior molar teeth zz sz¢z, and both tusks in

191

the deflected symphysial extremity. The first and second grinding teeth
are premolars ; the three remaining teeth are true molars, the first having
the crown complicated by three transverse eminences, the second and
third having two transverse eminences.

From the miocene tertiary deposits of Epplesheim.

The original is figured in Dr. Kaup’s ‘ Ossemens Fossiles du Muséum

de Darmstadt,’ Add. tab. i. figg. 1, 3 and 4. Presented by Dr. Kaup.

798. The left ramus of the lower jaw and the entire symphysis of the Deno-
therium giganteum ; with the two posterior permanent molar teeth, the
second and third of the true series. The left deflected tusk is entire ;
the right tusk has been broken. The dentition shows the animal to
which the present magnificent relic had belonged to have been aged, yet

the tusks seem larger in proportion to those in Nos. 795 and 796, than

would depend upon a difference of age alone, and leads to the suspicion
that the present specimen may have belonged to a male, and those with
the smaller tusks to female Dinotheres. The present jaw was discovered
broken across in front of the first molar, but the two parts were near
each other, in the miocene tertiary deposits at Epplesheim. They were
originally restored by Dr. Kaup, according to the ordinary analogies, so
that the symphysis and the tusks were curved upwards towards the upper
jaw, according to the figure given in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles du Muséum
de Darmstadt, tab. iv. The subsequent discovery of the original of No.
795 showed that the symphysis and the incisive tusks were bent in the
opposite direction, as they are restored in the present specimen, and as
they are figured in the work above cited, Add. tab. 1. fig. 5.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

799. The first deciduous molar of the upper jaw of the Dinotherium gi-
ganteum.
From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

800. The third deciduous molar, right side, upper jaw, of the Denotherium gi-
ganteum, Kaup.

301.

802.

803.

804.

805.

506.

807.

192

In the original Hunterian Catalogue this specimen is described as
“part of a grinder, without the root, consisting of three risings or pro-
minences, of a Hippopotamus.” The last grinder in the lower jaw of
that animal was doubtless the nearest analogue to the present fossil
which Hunter possessed for the purposes of comparison.

Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.

The first superior premolar, or the most anterior of the series of perma-
nent molars, of the Dinotherium giganteum.
From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

The second molar of the female Dznotherium giganteum.
From the tertiary formations at Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

The second premolar of a young male Dinotherium giganteum.
From the tertiary formations at Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

The second superior premolar of the Dinotherium giganteum ; the crown
of which has been much worn by mastication.

From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim. The original of
this tooth is described and figured in Dr. Kaup’s ‘ Déscription d’Osse-
mens Fossiles du Muséum de Darmstadt,’ 1° Cah., pl. 2. fig. 4.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

The crown of the third permanent molar of the first of the series of true
molars of the upper jaw of the Dinothercum giganteum; apparently a
large male individual.

From the miocene tertiary formations of Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup,

The second true molar or penultimate permanent molar of the upper jaw
of a large male Dinotherium giganteum.
From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup,

The crown of a similar molar tooth of the gigantic Dinothere, which has

‘2

808.

809.

810.

811.

193

been crushed by some geological force in the stratum in which it was
imbedded. The original of this tooth is in the possession of the Earl of
Enniskillen.
From the miocene tertiary formations of Epplesheim.
Presented by the Earl of Ennishillen.

The third deciduous molar, right side, lower jaw, of the Dinotherium
giganteum.
From the miocene tertiary formations of Epplesheim.
Presented by Dr. Kaup.

The last deciduous molar tooth, left side, lower jaw, of the Dinotherium
giganteum.

The original was discovered in the miocene tertiary formations at
Chevilly in the plain of Beauce, near Orleans, and is described and
figured by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles, 1822, tom. ii. pt. 1. p. 171.
pl. 4. fig. 5. Presented by Baron Cuvier.

The crown of the third permanent molar of the lower jaw, or the first of
the series of true molars, of a young Dinotherium giganteum. The base
is widely open and the formation of the fangs not commenced.

From the miocene tertiary deposits of Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

The corresponding tooth of a mature Denotherium giganteum ; the fangs
have been completed and the summits of the three transverse ridges,
characteristic of the first true molar, are worn down.

From the miocene tertiary deposits of Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

. The crown of the penultimate molar, left side, lower jaw, of the Deno-

therium giganteum. It closely resembles the preceding, but is rather
further advanced in its development.

The original was discovered, six feet deep, in a stratum of miocene
tertiary sand at Arbeichan, near Auch, in the Department of Gers. It
is described by Cuvier in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles, 1822, tom. ii. pl. 1.
p. 166, who says, “{!l est presque carré, et n’a que deux collines et un

2c

194

talon.” The cast was presented to the Museum of the College as repre-
senting “ the superior grinder of the first species of Gigantic Tapir:”
and of all existing animals the Tapir is undoubtedly that whose molar
teeth most nearly resemble those of the present gigantic extinct Pachy-
derm. Cuvier, however, restricts his conclusions within the bounds of
the evidence which he then possessed, He writes, “ Tout concourt donc
jusqu’a présent a rapprocher notre animal des Tapirs ; et tant que nous
n’aurons pas la preuve que ces dents incisives et canines ne correspon-
doient pas a celles de ce genre, nous serons autorisés a l’y rapporter. Nous
lui conservons donc le nom spécifique de Taper gigantesque, que nous lui
avions donné depuis long-temps*.” The discovery, by Dr. Kaup, of the
entire jaw in which the molars of the supposed gigantic Tapir were as-
sociated with the large deflected incisive tusks, and the subsequent dis-
covery of the entire cranium, demonstrated the association of a tapiroid
molar dentition with proboscidian modifications, establishing at least a ge-
neric distinction ; and the term Dznotherium, proposed by Dr. Kaup for the
Tapirus giganteus of Cuvier, has been universally accepted. Dr. Kaup has
shown} that the present molar and No. 813, are both the penultimate true
molars of the left ramus of the lower jaw. Presented by Baron Cuvier.

$13. The crown of the penultimate inferior molar of a young Dinothertum gi-
ganteum. This tooth was in process of formation when the animal
perished, and the development of the fangs had not commenced. The
original of the cast is described and figured by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens
Fossiles, tom. 11. pt. 1. p. 166. pl. iv. fig. 3.
Locality unknown (“ dorigine inconnue’).
Presented by Baron Cuvier.

814. The penultimate inferior molar of a female Dinothertum giganteum.
From the miccene tertiary deposits at Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.
815. A section of the last molar, right side, lower jaw, of the Dénothertum

* Loe. cit., p. 174.
t Déscription des Ossemens Fossiles du Muséum de Darmstadt, 1" Ca’., p. 9.

)
|
|
195 |

giganteum, showing the great thickness of the enamel, and the course of
the tubuli of the dentine. |
From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim, Hesse Darm-

stadt. Presented by Dr. Kaup.

816. The crown of the last molar tooth of the left side of the lower jaw of the
Dinotherium giganteum.
From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim, Hesse Darm-

stadt. Presented by Dr. Kaup.

817. The last molar of the left side of the lower jaw of the Dinothertum gigan-
teum. The tuberculate summits of the transverse ridges of the crown
have been worn away by mastication, and the two long and thick fangs
have been completed. Ht

From the miocene tertiary formations at Epplesheim. The original is
described and figured in Dr. Kaup’s ‘ Ossemens Fossiles du Muséum de | i
Darmstadt,’ 1"° Cah., p. 9. pl. 3. fig. 6. Presented by Dr. Kaup.

818. The second premolar, right side, upper jaw, of the Dinotherium Cuvieri,
Kaup. The grinding surface of the crown is modified more completely
into the form of two transverse ridges than in the corresponding tooth

of the Dinothertum giganteum, and the transverse and antero-posterior
diameters of the crown are equal.

From the miocene tertiary deposits at Epplesheim.

The original of this cast is mentioned by Dr. Kaup in his ‘ Déscription
d’Ossemens Fossiles du Muséum de Darmstadt, 1" Cah., p. 15, and
a corresponding molar tooth from the miocene tertiary beds at Carlat-le-
Compte, is described and figured by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’
tom. i. pl. 1. p. 170, pl. 8. fig. 4, and referred to a species allied to the
Tapir. Presented by Dr. Kaup.

819. Acast of both rami, mutilated, of the lower jaw of the Dinotherium Cuvieri,
Kaup. The right ramus contains the four posterior molar teeth ; the left
contains the three posterior molars and the socket of the fourth in advance :

2c2

196

the sockets show that the two fangs were grooved longitudinally down
the sides turned towards each other.

Presented by the Professors of the Museum of Natural History, Paris.

820. The posterior portion of the last molar tooth of the Dinothertum Cuvieri,
Kaup.

From the miocene tertiary strata at Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.
821. The penultimate molar, right side, lower jaw, of the Dinothertum Cuviert,
Kaup.

The original was discovered in the miocene tertiary deposits at Che-
villy, in the plain of Beauce, near Orleans, and is described and figured
by Cuvier, as a molar of his second species of Gigantic Tapir, in the
‘Ossemens Fossiles, 1822, tom. ii. pt. 1. p. 170. pl. iv. fig. 1.

Presented by Baron Cuvier.

Genus Lophiodon*.

822. The anterior portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw, with the canine
and four anterior molars of the Lophiodon tapiroides, Cuv. (‘‘ Grand
Lophiodon de Buchsweiler”). The fourth molar has been displaced and
thrown inwards. The first of the three molars in place has two cusps, the
three following have each two transverse ridges, with this difference, that
in the second and the third the anterior ridge is raised and the posterior
one very low: in the fourth the two ridges are equal. The symphysis of
the jaw terminates opposite the interspace of the second and third molar.

The original was discovered in a quarry of freshwater calcareous
(eocene ?) tertiary formation near Buchsweiler in the Department of the
Lower Rhine, and is described and figured by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens
Fossiles, 1822, tom. ii. pt. 1. p. 200. pl. 7. fig. 1.

Presented by Baron Cuvier.

823. A portion of the upper jaw with the penultimate and last grinders of the
right side of the Lophiodon tapiroides,Cuv. These teeth very closely
resemble the corresponding ones in the Tapir; but they exceed in size

* Négioy a ridge, dcovs a tooth.

D
no
ib

825.

197

those of the Indian species by more than one-fourth, and those of the
American Tapir by nearly one-half.

The original was discovered in a quarry of freshwater calcareous
(eocene ?) tertiary formation near Buchsweiler in the Department of the
Lower Rhine, and is described and figured by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens
Fossiles, 1822, tom. il. pt. 1. p. 206. pl. 7. fig. 3.

Presented by Baron Cuvier.

. The crown of an incompletely developed superior molar tooth of the

Lophiodon tapiroides, Cuv. The original is figured in the ‘Ossemens
Fossiles,’ 1822, tom. il. pt. 1. pl. 1, and is described in the posthumous
edition of the same work, 8vo, 1835, as “ Germe de dent d’origine incon-
nue, qui parait appartenir 4 la grande espece de Lophiodon de Buch-
sweiler,” Presented by Baron Cuvier.

A cast of the middle part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a Lophiodon
with the last three or true molars, and part of the premolar next in ad-
vance. The crowns of all these teeth appear to have been worn down by
mastication almost to their base, but they have precisely the proportions,
and the last molar retains the anterior of the two transverse ridges,
which characterize the teeth of the genus Lophzodon, Cuv. The last
molar tooth likewise possesses the large posterior lobe or talon which
distinguishes this tooth in the Lophiodon from that of the Tapir. The
teeth a little exceed in size those of the Lophizodon Isselanus (Grand Lo-
phiodon d’Issel), Cuvier, ‘Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 1822, tom. ii. pt. 1.
p. 184. pl. 3. fig. 3, the antero-posterior diameter of the last molar in that
species being one inch eight lines and in the present fossil one inch ten
lines. But the depth of the jaw below the middle of the last molar in
the present fossil is three inches ; whilst that in the Lophiodon Isselanus,
in the figure cited, is scarcely two inches, and Cuvier expressly states
(p. 186) that it surpasses in depth the corresponding part of the jaw
of the Lophiodon medius (pl. 3. fig. 1.), which has molar teeth of the
same size as in the Loph. Isselanus. I propose, therefore, to name the
American extinct species of Pachyderm indicated by the present fossil,

198

Lophiodon bathygnathus, or the Deep-jawed Lophiodon, from the charac-
teristic proportions of the jaw just cited.

This fossil has been described and figured by Dr. Harlan in Silliman’s
American Journal of Science, vol. xlili. 1842, pl. 3. fig. 1, under the
name of Sus Americana, conceiving that from “its general appearance
and number of the teeth this fragment bore a close analogy with the
same part in the Sus babirussa, Buff.,” acknowledging, however, that “ the
Babyroussa” was a much smaller animal. Besides the difference of size,
the last molar in the fossil has the anterior transverse ridge proportionally
larger and the posterior lobe proportionally smaller than in the Baby-
roussa, resembling the Lopheodon in the points in which it thus differs from
the Sus cited. The form of the fossil jaw differs at the part supporting
the last molar from that in the Babyroussa, where the socket of the last
molar overhangs the inner surface of the ramus, whilst in the fossil the
inner surface of the ramus beneath the last molar describes a gentle con-
vexity from the tooth to the lower margin of the ramus. The outer part of
the ramus of the jaw of the Babyroussa begins to expand below the fourth
and fifth molars, counting forwards from the last, to form the socket of the
large tusk ; but the fossil jaw does not offer the least indication of an en-
largement for that purpose, and the fractured anterior end, as displayed in
the cast, is very different in shape from the corresponding part of the jaw
in the Babyroussa, and shows merely the dental canal and no socket for
the tusk which would be here situated in the Babyroussa or Wild Boar.

The nearest approximation which the fossil in question allows to be
made to any known existing or extinct animal is to the great tapiroid
Pachyderms. Ulterior discoveries, may, indeed, show that the Lophiodont
dentition was combined with other characters in the American fossil,
necessitating a generic distinction, and it 1s well to remember that the
dentition of the Aacrauchenia of South America, a three-toed Pachy-
derm with an astragalus almost identical with that of the Lophzodon, and
of a size which agrees with the jaw of the fossil Sws Americana of
Harlan, has yet to be discovered.

The original of the cast here described was brought to light during
the excavation of the Brunswick canal, Georgia, North America; it is

199

completely petrified and impregnated with iron, and was associated with
remains of Mastodon, Mammoth and Megatherium.

Presented by Dr. Harlan.

Subgenus Coryphadon*.

826. The cast of the fragment of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a tapiroid
Pachyderm nearly allied to the genus Lophiodon, Cuv., with the last
molar and part of the penultimate molar ém sztw. These teeth indicate
an animal as large as the Lophiodon Isselanus (Grand Lophiodon d'Issel),
Cuv., and as the Lophiodon medius, Cuv.; but the jaw, though less deep
than in the Lophiodon bathygnathus, is deeper in proportion than in the
Lophiodon Isselanus, and, a fortiori, than in the Loph. medius, which 1s
surpassed in this respect by the Lophiodon Isselanus. But the more im-
portant differences, which determine at least the subgeneric distinction of
the extinct Pachyderm indicated by the present fossil, are manifested by
the last molar tooth, which is fortunately entire. It has a smaller
antero-posterior diameter of the crown in proportion to its transverse
diameter, which chiefly depends on the much smaller size of the third or

posterior ridge or talon. From the outer extremity of each of the two
transverse eminences a ridge is continued obliquely forwards, inwards and
downwards: the anterior one extends to the inner and anterior angle of
the base of the crown, the posterior terminates at the middle of the inter-
space between the two ridges. The anterior principal transverse eminence,
although it has a trenchant summit, as in the known Lophiodons, yet the
edge is more concave, the outer and inner extremities rising each into a
conical point. The posterior transverse eminence is much lower than the
anterior one and is trituberculate ; the trenchant margin, connecting the
outer and inner points, does not extend across the crown parallel with the
anterior ridge, as in the Lophzodon, but forms an angle posteriorly where
it developes a third point, which is the highest: from this point the pos-
terior ridge or talon extends downwards and outwards upon the back part
of the crown. Thus the crown of the last molar in the present genus has

* xopupn a point, doors a tooth.

200

the two transverse eminences ofa Lophiodon so modified, that it supports
two pairs of points and one single point, like the last lower molar tooth
of the fossil jaw from Lot-et-Garonne, described by Cuvier in the ‘ Osse-
mens Fossiles,’ 1822, tom. 11. p. 404, and like that from the Puy on
Velary, described in the posthumous 8vo edition of the same work,
vol. v. p. 480, both of which are referred by Cuvier to the genus Anthra-
cothertum. The last molar in the present fossil differs, however, from
the teeth above cited, in the height of the connecting ridge of the anterior
pair of points, and in the development of the fifth or posterior point from
the connecting ridge of the posterior pair of points, which ridge is not
parallel with the anterior ridge, as in the Lophiodons, but is bent back-
wards, the fifth point forming the angle of the bend. The typical 4n-
thracotherium, of which part of the lower jaw, from the lignite beds of
Liguria, is figured by Cuvier in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’ 1822, tom. 11.
pl. 80, fig. 2, differs in the deep cleft dividing the anterior pair of tu-
bercles, and in the great development of the bifid posterior or third
lobe of the tooth. In the posterior part of the penultimate tooth of
the present specimen, it is easy to perceive that the tubercle correspond-
ing with the inner one of the posterior pair in the last molar is obsolete,
and represented by a minute eminence near the base of the crown ; whilst
the tubercle answering to the fifth in the last molar is more elevated,
and is nearer the inner side, and the ridge from the outer tubercle termi-
nates there. It is also obvious from the breadth of the fractured part of
the anterior fang of the penultimate molar that its antero-posterior dia-
meter must have more nearly equalled that of the last molar than in the
true Lophiodons. The posterior surface of the anterior ridge of the last
molar tooth has been abraded by mastication; and the extent of the
fractured jaw behind it proves that there existed no other alveolus pos-
teriorly, but that the perfect tooth zm sz is the true ultimate molar.
The unworn surface of the enamel is minutely but distinctly wrinkled.
The characters of the teeth, especially the last molar, of the present
fossil indicate that the modifications of the Lophiodont dentition, on
which the subgenus Coryphodon is founded, lead towards the Anthra-
cothertum, or at least to those smaller species from Garonne and Velary

201

which Cuvier refers to that genus. From the closer resemblance which
the Coryphodon ecocenus presents to the true Lophiodons, it more probably
belonged to the same family of tapiroid Pachyderms, in which it un-
questionably indicates a very distinct and remarkable additional species.
The original of the present cast was dredged up from the bottom of the
sea, between St. Osyth and Harwich on the Essex coast, and is now in
the collection of John Brown, Esq. of Stanway Green, near Colchester.
From the pyritic matter which has been deposited in the pulp-cavity of
the penultimate molar there can be little doubt but that the fossil had
been imbedded in the Eocene London Clay of the Harwich coast.
Presented by John Brown, Esq., F.G.S.

827. A canine tooth, apparently from the right side, lower jaw, with the
summit of the crown broken off accidentally, but showing the effect of the
action of the upper canine in an excavated surface at the posterior part
of the crown. The general proportions of this tooth, its degree of cur-
vature, and the relative length of the crown and the fang, accord pretty
closely with those of the canines of different species of Lophiodon
figured by Cuvier in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’ 1822, tom. ii. pt. 1. pl. 10.
fig. 3 and 12, pl. 9. fig. 11. Like the canine of the Lophiedon tapiroides
in pl. 9. the growth of the present tooth was completed and the fang
terminated by an obtuse solid extremity: but it differs in the fang being
less expanded ; it is at no part so thick as the base of the enamelled
crown: in this respect it resembles more the canine of the Lophzodon
medius, pl. 10. fig. 12, but the crown of the present tooth is proportion-
ally more expanded at the base. The proportions of the crown more
nearly resemble those in the Lophiodon Isselanus, pl. 10. fig. 3, but the
fang is ventricose in that species, as in the Lophiodon tapiroides. Cuvier
does not give a figure of the transverse section of the crown of the
canine in any of his specimens: that of the present tooth is very cha-
racteristic, and resembles the transverse section of the crown of the
teeth of the great Plosaurus; the outer surface being flattened, and
the rest of the crown so convex as to describe a semicircle: a ridge of
enamel along each border of the flattened side separates it from the

2D

202

convex side of the crown. The flattened surface is gently undulating,
convex in the middle and concave at each side near the ridges in the trans-
verse direction: the crown is defended by two layers of enamel: the outer
and thicker layer has a minutely wrinkled surface and terminates near
the base of the crown by a finely plicated border; extending lower upon
the posterior and outer than upon the anterior and inner sides of
the crown. The thin and smooth layer of the enamel extends to and
defines the base of the crown; the outer layer being coextensive with
the inner one only at the two boundary ridges, and the inner layer
being extended further upon the tooth at its anterior and inner sides.
The length of this tooth must have been three inches when entire ;
the circumference of the base of the crown is two inches, nine lines.
The original was discovered in the London clay, near Camberwell,
during the excavations or borings for a well. This tooth, from its ob-
vious relations to the Lophzodon and its apparent specific distinction
from any in the known species, may probably belong to the same species
as that which, from the characters of the preceding specimen, I have
named Coryphodon eocenus, and which is from the same geological for-
mation, and agrees with it in size and in the wrinkled surface of the

enamel. Presented by Mr. Alport.

Genus Tapirus.

828. The plaster-cast of a considerable proportion of the right ramus of the
lower jaw of the Zapirus priscus, Kaup. The six molar teeth, with the
exception of the crown of the third, are preserved éz sz¢u.

The original, which is in the Grand Ducal Museum at Darmstadt,
was discovered in the miocene tertiary beds of sand at Epplesheim, and
is described by Dr. Kaup in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles du Muséum de
Darmstadt,’ 4to, 2de Cah., p.1—3. A more complete specimen is figured
in pl. 6. fig. 1. of the same work. Presented by Dr. Kaup.

203

Genus Paleotherium*.

829. A considerable proportion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the
Palectherium magnum, Cuvier, imbedded in a block of gypsum, with the
outer surface exposed to view. Four of the molar teeth are present, the
first in place is the second in the natural series ; the next is the last molar,
and has been artificially cemented in its present situation ; the two others
are in their proper sockets and are the fifth and sixth of the series. The
first small molar and the canine are imbedded in one corner of the block ;
and a portion of another molar is visible anterior to the coronoid process.
The crown of each of the molars is defended by a basal ridge: that of
the Jast molar is three-lobed, the rest, with the exception of the first small
one, are bilobed. The broad produced and rounded angle of the jaw is
well shown in the present specimen, which most resembles the one figured
by Cuvier in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles, 1822, tom. iii. pl. 48. fig. 1.

Locality unrecorded, but most probably from Montmartre.
Hunterian.

The following illustrations of the genus Palwotherium are plaster-casts of
specimens from the gypsum of Montmartre, described and figured by Cuvier
in the third volume of the ‘Ossemens Fossiles, 4to edition, 1822.

830. A great proportion of the cranium of the Paleotherium crassum, Cuvier.
The temporal fosse which meet above and are separated by a sharp hori-
zontal ridge, occupy one-half of the total length of the skull: the upper
surface of the skull anterior to the sagittal ridge is smooth and convex
transversely. The occipital crest is square above ; as in the Hog, it pro-
jects a little further back than the occipital condyles. The nasal bones
are prolonged and terminate in a point anteriorly as in the Horse, and
are not curtailed and elevated as in the Tapir: their base is very broad
where they join the frontal bones. The intermaxillary bones are in ad-
vance of the nasals: the notch which divides the nasal from the maxillary
bones extends back as far as the fourth molar. The orbit is small and

* raha» ancient, Onpiov beast.

2D 2

204

placed low down: it communicates with the temporal fossa, and has its
posterior boundary indicated by the post-orbital process above and a
process from the malar bone below: the zygomatic arches are so much
expanded posteriorly that the breadth of the skull at that part equals nearly
half its length. The auditory or tympanic aperture is small and situated
as in the Tapir, indicating that the ears were attached low down in the
living Paleothere. The incisors are not preserved in the present specimen;
but other examples proved them to have been six in number in the upper
jaw, three in each intermaxillary bone, as in the Tapir. The canine is
slightly curved with a conical crown, trenchant posteriorly; a short
diastema divides it from the first molar tooth: the seven teeth of this
series, consisting of four premolars and three true molars, are present
here ; they gradually augment in size as they are situated further back.
The first has a simple compressed crown, the rest have a square-shaped
crown, with three longitudinal or vertical ridges and two concavities on
the outside, and a single furrow on the inside. Cuvier concludes from the
structure of this fossil, that, notwithstanding the minor elevation of the
craninm and the greater length of the nasal bones, the skull of the Pa-
leotherium bears most resemblance to that of the Tapir.

The original of the present beautiful cast was obtained from the gyp-
sum of Montmartre, and was disencumbered of its stony matrix by the
patience and skill of M. Laurillard. Cuvier justly regarded it as the
most precious of the fossils from the Paris basin which enrich the Royal
Museum. It is described at p. 33, and figured in plates 53 and 54 of
the above-cited edition of the ‘Ossemens Fossiles.’

Presented by Baron Cuvier.

831. The left ramus, with the symphysis and part of the right ramus, of the
lower jaw of the same individual Palgothertum crassum as the foregoing
cranium. Both canines and the entire series of molars of the left side
are present in this specimen: the crown of the first molar is simple and
trenchant: the enamel is disposed on the grinding surface of the five
following teeth in two crescents, one before the other, with their con-
vexity turned outwards, and which by trituration become double crescentic

205

ridges of enamel; the seventh molar has three lobes and crescents upon
the crown.

The original of this specimen is figured in plate 53 of the edition of
the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles’ above cited.

| Presented by Baron Cuvier.

$32. The left radius of the Palcotherium crassum,Cuv. The head of the bone

corresponds nearly with that of the 'Tapir, but is narrower from before

backwards ; and the salient angle of its posterior margin, by which it in-

terlocks with the ulna, is less acute and less prominent. The body of the

bone is more slender than in the American Tapir; the configuration of

the distal end is nearly the same as in the Tapir, but the intertendinal
prominences and ridges are less developed.

Presented by Baron Cuvier.

833. The radius and bones of the right fore-foot of the Paleotherium crassum,
Cuvier.
Presented by the Professors- Administrators of the Museum of Natural
Ehstory of Paris.

The following casts are of the bones of the left fore-foot of the same indivi-

dual Palzothere.

834. The astragalus of the Paleotherium crassum: it presents a deep trochlear
surface for the tibia ; a large rhomboidal articulation anteriorly for the os
naviculare, which is continuous with anarrow facet externally for the cuboid
bone, as in the Rhinoceros and Tapir:, the cuboidean facet in the Horse is
much narrower, that in the Hog and Ruminants is much broader. There
are two distinct articulations for the calcaneum besides the one continued
from the scaphoidal surface: the outer and posterior articulation is con-
cave and deeper than in the Tapir; the inner and anterior one is narrower
and more convex than in the Tapir. Presented by Baron Cuvier.

834'. The astragalus of the American Tapir. Purchased.

835. The left calcaneum of the Palzotherium crassum. It presents two distinct
surfaces for the astragalus, besides a small portion continued from the

On

: - = = = a

—

Se

SSiee

838.

859".

840.

841.

206

facet for the cuboid bone. The posterior articular surface is continued
a little way upon the upper part of the bone. The internal one is more
oblong than in the Tapir, but, in almost every other respect, this bone
closely resembles the astragalus of the Tapir, whilst it differs in a marked
degree from that of other existing Pachyderms.

Presented by Baron Cuvier,

. The left caleaneum of the American Tapir. Purchased,

. The left os scaphoides of the Palgotherium crassum.

Presented by Baron Cuvier.

. The left os scaphoides of the American Tapir. Purchased.

. The left os cuboides of the Palcothertum crassum. It has a single ante-

rior articular surface for the metatarsal of the toe corresponding to the
fourth in the pentadactyle foot: the fifth toe, like the first or innermost,

is wanting in the Paleotherium. Presented by Baron Cuvier.

The left os cuboides of the American Tapir. Purchased.

The external cuneiform bone of the Palgotherium crassum: this bone
supports, as usual, the middle metatarsal.
Presented by Baron Cuvier.

. The external cuneiform bone of the American Tapir. Purchased.

. The middle cuneiform bone of the Palgothertum crassum: this bone

supports the innermost, which corresponds with the second metatarsal

bone in the pentadactyle foot. Presented by Baron Cuvier.

The middle cuneiform bone of the American Tapir. Purchased.

The internal cuneiform bone of the Paleotherium crassum: this is small
but elongated, supports no metatarsal bone, but is the sole representative

of the hallux or innermost toe. Presented by Baron Cuvier.

The three metatarsal bones of the Palgotherium crassum: m2. the inner,
m8. the middle, and m 4. the outer bone. Presented by Baron Cuvier.

841".

842.

842".

843.

843°.

344.

344".

845.

846.

847.

207

The three metatarsals of the American Tapir, similarly numbered ac-

cording to the toes to which they are analogous in the pentadactyle foot.
Purchased.

The three phalanges of the inner toe of the Paleotherium crassum, cor-

responding to the second in the pentadactyle foot. The last or ungual

phalanx is broader, flatter and more rugyed than in the Tapir.
Presented by Baron Cuvier.

The three phalanges of the American Tapir. Purchased.

The three phalanges of the middle toe of the Paleothertum crassum.
Presented by Baron Cuvier.

The corresponding phalanges of the American Tapir. Purchased.

The three phalanges of the outer toe of the Paleotherium crassum.
Presented by Baron Cuvier.

The corresponding phalanges of the American Tapir. Purchased.

The astragalus of the Paleotherium magnum : it closely resembles, save in
size, that of the Palgotherium crassum. Presented by Baron Cuvier.

The calcaneum of the Paleothertum magnum.
Presented by Baron Cuvier.

Genus Rhinoceros.

A cast of the craniuin of the Ahinoceros tichorhinus, Cuv. The original
was discovered in the drift formation in Siberia, and is figured in Cuvier’s
‘Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 1822, pl. 12. The skull of the extinct two-
horned tichorhine Rhinoceros surpasses in length not only absolutely but
proportionally to its breadth, that of any known existing species; the
nasal bones are more especially produced, and the rugous surface for the
anterior horn which they support is an oblong ellipse, traversed by a
median longitudinal ridge, whilst in the African two-horned Rhinoceros

208

it is a semicircle, and is impressed by a median longitudinal furrow: the
posterior rugous disc is also elongated, and is confluent with the anterior
one in the present example, indicating that the horns were very large and
more compressed than in the existing species. The occipital surface in-
clines backwards and the ridge overhangs the condyles. The inter-
maxillary bones are longer than in the existing species; but the most
important anatomical character of the present extinct Rhinoceros is the
extension of the bony septum of the nose to the anterior extremity of
the nasal bones, which, instead: of standing out freely, bend down, and
become confluent with the vomer and the intermaxillary bones. The
specific name ¢2chorhinus has reference to this peculiarity, which adds so
much solidity and strength to the support of the anterior horn.
Presented by Dr. Buckland.
848. A cast o* the right horizontal ramus of the lower jaw of the Rhinoceros
leptorhinus, Cuv., with the two posterior molar teeth, much abraded by
mastication im sztu, and the sockets of the five anterior molars. These
extend to the anterior extremity of the fragment, the outer contour of
which inclines inwards so as to clearly indicate its close proximity to the
anterior end of the symphysis: the posterior margin of this conjunction
is opposite the interspace between the second and third molar. The
evidence of the shortness of the symphysis and the forward position of
the anterior molars concur in proving the present fossil to belong to the
extinct Rhinoceros, “a narines non cloisonnées,” or the hin. leptorhinus
of Cuvier, which appears to be the most common species in the newer
tertiary deposits of Italy.
The original of the present cast was discovered in the till or freshwater
deposits at Walton in Essex.
Presented by John Brown, Esq., F.G.S.

849. A fragment of the right ramus of the jaw of the Rhinoceros leptorhinus,
Cuv., with the three posterior or true molars zz situ: they are much less
worn than in the preceding specimen, and well exhibit the characteristic
double oblique crescents of enamel upon the grinding surface.

The original was discovered in the till at Walton in Essex.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., F.G.S.

850.

S91.

852.

~ 853.

854.

805.

856.

209

A cast of the symphysis and part of the left ramus of the same lower jaw
of the leptorhine Rhinoceros. This fragment demonstrates the short-
ness of the symphysis characteristic of the species, by which it approxi-
mates the two-horned Rhinoceros of the Cape, and differs from the
tichorhine Rhinoceros of Siberia. The fourth molar tooth is entire and
im setu. Presented by John Brown, Esq., F.G.S.

A cast of the symphysis of the lower jaw of a younger specimen of Rhz-
noceros leptorhinus, including three of the anterior molars of the left side.

From the freshwater deposits at Clacton in Essex.
Presented by John Brown, Esq., F.G.S.

A cast of a fragment of the left superior maxillary bone of the Rhinoceros
leptorhinus, including the penultimate molar tooth.
From the freshwater deposits at Clacton in Essex.
Presented by John Brown, Esq., F.G.S.

A fossil fragment of an upper jaw with a molar tooth of probably the same
species of Rhinoceros, from the same stratum and locality. The teeth in
both specimens closely correspond with those of the existing one-horned
Rhinoceros of India.

Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, M.A.

A fossil fragment of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a Rhinoceros, with
portions of two molar teeth.
From the tertiary formations of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, M.A.

The crown of the fourth molar, right side, upper jaw, of the Rhznoceros
tichorhinus : the summits of the enamelled ridges of the crown had just
begun to be abraded.
From the cave at Kent’s Hole, Torquay, Devon.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

The crown of the antepenultimate or fifth molar, right side, upper jaw,
of the Ahinoceros tichorhinus, which had not cut the gum or been pro-
vided with fangs.

From Kent's Hole, Torquay, Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

QE

857.

858.

859.

860

861.

862’.
863.

864.

210

The fifth molar, left side, upper jaw, of the Rhznoceros tichorhinus, with
the crown moderately worn.

From Kent’s Hole, Torquay. Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

The fifth molar, right side, upper jaw, of the L?hznoceros tichorhinus.
From the drift, five miles west of Worcester.
Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart., F.RS.
The penultimate or sixth molar, right side, upper jaw, of the Rhinoceros
tichorhinus: the crown of the tooth had but recently come into use at
the period when the animal perished.
From the drift, five miles west of Worcester.

Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart., FERS.

The crown of the fifth molar, right side, upper jaw, of the Rhinoceros
tichorhinus.

From the drift of Gloucestershire. Presented by Mr. Fisher.
The sixth molar, right side, upper jaw, of the same Rhinoceros: being
posterior to the preceding, the crown is less worn.

From the drift of Gloucestershire. Presented by Mr. Fisher.

. The penultimate or sixth molar, right side, upper jaw, of the Rhinoceros

tichorhinus.
From the unstratified drift of Brunn, near Engersdorf, in Lower Austria.

Hunterian.

The corresponding molar of a recent Rhinoceros. Hlunterian.
A fragment of an upper molar of a Rhinoceros.

Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.

The crown of the third deciduous molar, left side, lower jaw, with frag-
ments of a large molar, of the Rhznoceros leptorhinus ?
From the unstratified drift of Zessa, near Schlachen, Bohemia.
Hlunterian.

. The penultimate or sixth molar, right side, lower jaw, of the Hhznoceros

tichorhinus.
From the cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

866.

867.

868.

870.

871.

872.

873

211

The penultimate molar, right side, lower jaw, of the Rhinoceros tichorhinus.
From the cave at Kent’s Hole, Torquay.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

The penultimate molar, right side, lower jaw, of the Rhinoceros tichorhinus.
Locality unrecorded. Flunterian.

A cast of the proximal end of the right humerus of the Ahznoceros
Schletermacheri, Kaup.

The original is described in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles du Muséum de
Darmstadt, 3™° Cah., p. 42, and an entire humerus of the same species
is figured in tab. xii. fig. 4.

From the miocene tertiary formation at Epplesheim.

Presented by Sir Philip de M. Grey Egerton, Bart., MP.

. Part of the head of the left humerus of a Rhinoceros : it is almost com-
pletely petrified.

From Lissa, near Lackenwerth, in Bohemia. HAunterian.

The distal half of the left humerus of the Rhinoceros tichorhinus: a great
part of the articular condyles has been broken off, and apparently gnawed.

From the Hyzna Cave at Kirkdale.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., .GS.

Part of the shaft and distal end of the left humerus of the Rhinoceros
tichorhinus ; from which a great part of the articular condyles has been
similarly fractured and gnawed away.
From the Hyzna Cave at Kirkdale.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

A fragment of the proximal extremity, with part of the articular surface,
of the left ulna of the Rhinoceros tichorhinus.
From Kent’s Hole, Torquay. Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

. A gnawed fragment of the radius of apparently the same Rhinoceros ;
from which all the cancellous structure has been removed; its condition
being very like that of a marrow-bone which has been sucked dry by a bear.

From the cave of Kent’s Hole, Torquay.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.
252

874.

875.

876.

212

A gnawed fragment of the femur of a Ahinoceros.
From the cave of Kent's Hole, Torquay.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

A fragment of along bone of a Rhinoceros ; showing the marks of having
been gnawed.
From the cave of Kent’s Hole, Torquay.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

The distal extremity of the left os femoris of the Rhinoceros tichorhinus.
From the drift in the neighbourhood of Moscow. Purchased.

The following specimens of fossil remains of the /Aznoceros constituted part

of the skeleton of one individual, which was discovered by the donor, Joseph

Whidbey, Esq., Civil Engineer, in a cavernous fissure of the limestone quarries

at Oreston, near Plymouth.

877.

878.

879.

880.

881.

883.

The crown of the right antepenultimate molar of the upper jaw of a
Rhinoceros (L2hinoceros tichorhinus, Cuv.).

The crown of the left antepenultimate molar of the upper jaw of the
same Rhinoceros. One side is broken away, displaying the thickness
of the enamel and the coronal cement.

A considerable portion of the second molar of the left side of the upper
jaw of the same Rhinoceros.

The crown of the penultimate molar of the right side of the lower jaw of
the same Rhinoceros.

The crown of the third molar of the left side of the lower jaw of the
same Rhinoceros.

. Half of the crown and one of the fangs of an anterior molar of the left

side of the lower jaw of the same Rhinoceros.

The upper and posterior part of the neural arch of the atlas, showing the
two posterior articular processes and the perforation for the nerves, of
the same Rhinoceros.

884.

885.

886.
887.
8838.

889.

890.
891.
892.
893.
894.
895.
896.

897.

898.

213

A portion of the fifth dorsal vertebra, including the articular surfaces for
the head and tubercle of the rib on the left side, and showing the rough
surface on the anterior and posterior sides of the body, from which the
articular epiphyses have been detached, of the same Rhinoceros.

The body of a dorsal vertebra of the same Rhinoceros, showing the ter-
minal rough surfaces, with the detached articular epiphyses, and part of
the articular surface for the head of the left rib.

The body of a dorsal vertebra of the same Rhinoceros.
The body of a dorsal vertebra of the same Rhinoceros.
The body of an anterior caudal vertebra of the same Rhinoceros.

A body and part of the neural arch of a middle caudal vertebra of the
same Rhinoceros: the detachment of the articular epiphysial extremities
of all these vertebre correspond with the condition of the teeth, and
prove the immaturity of the individual to which they belonged.

A small fragment of one of the anterior ribs of the same Rhinoceros.

A small fragment of one of the anterior ribs of the same Rhinoceros.

A fragment of one of the middle ribs of the same Rhinoceros.

A fragment of one of the posterior ribs of the same Rhinoceros.

The symphysial extremity of the right os pubis of the same Rhinoceros.
Another fragment of the same os pubis.

The glenoid cavity of the right scapula of the same Rhinoceros.

The coracoid process and part of the glenoid cavity of the left scapula of

the same Rhinoceros.

The proximal extremity, with the head of the left humerus, of the same
Rhinoceros: the epiphysis supporting the articular surface has been de-
tached, illustrating the same immature condition of the skeleton as the
associated vertebre : the fractured surface shows the extremely delicate
cancellous structure of the bone in the Rhinoceros.

899.

900.

901.

902.

903.

904.

905.

908.

909-

910.

911.

214

The distal extremity of the left humerus of the same Rhinoceros: the
epiphysis is here anchylosed to the shaft of the bone.

The olecranon and part of the great sigmoid cavity of the right ulna of
the same Rhinoceros: the epiphysis of the olecranon has been detached.

The distal epiphysis, with the articular extremity of the right ulna, of the

same Rhinoceros.

The proximal half of the left radius: the proximal epiphysis is here an-
chylosed to the shaft.

The distal half, wanting the epiphysis, of the right radius of the same
Rhinoceros.

The right os unciforme, with the unciform process broken off, of the

same Rhinoceros.

The middle metacarpal bone of the right fore-foot of the same Rhinoceros :
both epiphyses are anchylosed to the shaft, which is one-fourth longer in
proportion to its breadth, than in the Phinoceros indicus.

. The distal end of the right inner metatarsal bone of the same Rhinoceros.

. The fractured distal end of the right middle metatarsal of the same Rhi-

noceros.

The proximal phalanx of the middle toe of the right fore-foot of the
same Rhinoceros.

The proximal part of the right femur, with the head and great trochanter
in the state of detached epiphyses; the depression for the ligamentum
teres is shallower than in the femur of a young /thinoceros indicus, in a
corresponding state.

A portion of the distal epiphysis of the right femur, including the
external condyle, of the same Rhinoceros.

A portion of the distal epiphysis, including the rotular surface of the left
os femoris of the same Rhinoceros.

912.

MIB.

914.

@ilB.

916.

ic)
a |

215

A portion of the distal epiphysis, including the external condyle of the
left femur, of the same Rhinoceros.
A portion of the distal epiphysis, including the internal condyle of the left

femur, of the same Rhinoceros.
The left patella of the same Rhinoceros.

A fragment of the proximal extremity of the left tibia of the same

Rhinoceros.

Part of the head of the right humerus of the Rhznuceros tichorhinus : it
has belonged to an older individual than the foregoing specimens, the
proximal epiphysis being anchylosed.

From one of the Oreston limestone caverns.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq.

. Portions of the argillaceous sand which filled the cavern in which the fore-

going fossils were discovered.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq.

Mr. Whidbey describes the cavern containing the foregoing fossils as
a kind of fissure in the solid limestone rock ; measuring fifteen feet wide,
forty-five feet long, taking the direction into the cliff, and twelve feet
deep.

This cavern was filled with solid clay or clayey sand, in which the
bones were imbedded; they were situated about three feet above the
bottom of the cavern.

When Mr. Whidbey began to work this quarry the rock was seventy-
four feet perpendicular above high-water; the bones were found seventy
feet below the surface of the rock, and about four feet above high-water
mark. He quarried sixty feet horizontally into the cliff before he came
to the cavern.

Before Mr. Whidbey began to quarry here, one hundred feet had been
quarried into the cliff, so that one hundred and sixty feet was the distance
between the cavern and the original edge of the cliff; in all other
directions the quarries consist of compact limestone to a great extent.

216

The workmen came to this cavern by blasting through the solid rock,
and at the depth in the rock at which it was met with, the surrounding
limestone was everywhere equally strong, and required the same labour
to quarry it: Mr. Whidbey at that time saw no indication of the cavern
having had any external communication through the rock in which it
was inclosed. See Philosophical Transactions for 1817, 1821 and 1823.
Dr. Buckland’s opinion of the mode in which the mammalian bones were
introduced into the Oreston caverns is cited at p. 19, in connection with
the remains of the Wolf, and more especially the specimen No. 92, and
to this opinion Mr. Whidbey subsequently saw reason to assent.
918. A cast of the crown of the third premolar, left side, upper jaw, of a young
Rhinoceros tichorhinus.
The fangs had not begun to be formed when the animal perished.
From the bone-cave at Kihloch.
Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen, D.C.L.

Genus Acerotherium.

919. The second premolar tooth of the right side, lower jaw, of the extinct
Hornless Rhinoceros (cerothertum inciswum, Kaup, Rhinoceros inci-
sivus, Cuvier).

From the miocene tertiary deposits at Epplesheim.
Presented by Dr. Kaup.

920. The fourth premolar, right side, upper jaw, of the cerotherium incisivum.

From the miocene tertiary deposits at Epplesheim.
Presented by Dr. Kaup.

921. The antepenultimate molar, right side, lower jaw, of the Acerotherium in-
costvum.

From the miocene tertiary deposits at Epplesheim.

Presented by Dr. Kaup.

922. Fragments of a molar tooth of the Adcerothertum incisivum, Kaup.

Presented by Dr. Kaun.

217

Genus Elasmotherium*.

923. A cast of the left ramus of the lower jaw, including the symphysis, of
the Elasmotherium Fischeri, Cuvier. The entire length of the jaw is
twenty-six inches, the molar series is ten inches and a half in extent and
terminates at the middle of the jaw. The condyle is transverse, but the
articular surface is of comparatively small size; there appears to be a
second articular surface at the back part of the inner angle of the condyle ;
a thick, depressed, and nearly transverse process has been broken away
from the back of the condyle. The inner extremity of the process forms a
protuberance below the inner facet of the condyle. The angle of the
jaw is rounded off and forms, with the thick convex inferior border of the
horizontal ramus, a continuous curve, like that of the lower jaw in the
Elephant, which it likewise resembles in its short and shallow eden-
tulous symphysis ; but it differs from the Elephant in the extension of a
coarse rugged ridge along both the outer and the inner margins of the base
of the ascending ramus, the outer ridge ending abruptly on a line with
the termination of the molar series.

The Elasmotherium resembles the Rhinoceros in the structure of the
condyle, especially in the division of the articular surface into an outer
convex horizontal facet and an inner posterior vertical and slightly con-
cave surface ; the correspondence is further manifested in the tubercle
below this surface and in the obtuse ridge running along the back of the
condyle which is indicated by the fractured surface.

The Elasmotherium differs from the Rhinoceros in having the angle
of the jaw Jess produced ; and the dental canal commences nine inches
in advance of the condyle. ‘The molar teeth of the Elasmotherium are
five in number in each ramus of the jaw, the anterior one being
very small; the penultimate one the largest, measuring three inches
in the antero-posterior diameter, and two inches in the transverse dia-
meter of the crown. The enamel is remarkable for its beautiful undu-

* @\aoya a plate, Onpiov beast: in allusion to the plicated plates of enamel in the substance of the
molar teeth.

2F

218

lating folds; but its general disposition most resembles that in the
inferior molars of the Rhinoceros. The teeth of the Elasmotherium differ
from those of the Rhinoceros, and resemble those of the Horse in the
great depth to which they are implanted in the jaw, before being divided
into roots: the socket of the penultimate grinder extends, in fact, to
the lower margin of the jaw without any indication of partitions for
the lodgement of fangs: there is no trace of incisive teeth in the portion
of symphysis which is preserved, and which extends a little more than
three inches in advance of the first small molar.

The original of this specimen is preserved in the Museum of Moscow,
and is unique ; it was discovered in the frozen drift or diluvium of Siberia.

Presented by R. I. Murchison, Esq., P.G.S.

Genus Macrauchenia *.

924. The third or fourth cervical vertebra of the Macrauchenia patachonica,

Owen. The anterior articular end of the body has been broken off, and
the anterior orifices of the canals for the vertebral artery may be seen
close to the inner surface of the neural arch, on the fractured end of the
vertebra.
From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

925. The fourth or fifth cervical vertebra of the Macrauchenia patachonica; want-

925".

ing the posterior articular processes : both the entry and the outlet of the
characteristic intra-spinal canal for the vertebral artery may be observed
on the inside of the neural arch, in the angle between it and the body of
the vertebra on the right side.
From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FBS.
The fourth cervical vertebra of a Llama (duchenta Glama); to show
its correspondence in general form and structure with the cervical
vertebra of the Macrauchenia, and especially in the position of the canals
for the vertebral arteries, which canals perforate the neural arch and

* waxpos long, avyny neck.

D.

219

open into the canal for the spinal chord; this structure is peculiar to
the Camel tribe amongst existing Mammalia.

Presented by Professor Owen, F.R.S.

The third cervical vertebra of a Llama vertically and longitudinally bi-
sected, to show more closely the position and extent of the canals for the
vertebral arteries. Presented by Professor Owen, FBS.

Both of the cervical vertebra of the Macrauchenia are of the same
size; each measures seven inches anda half in extreme length, three
inches and a half in breadth, and four inches in depth.

In the Giraffe and the Camel-tribe the spinous processes are thin
laminz of considerable extent in the axis of the vertebra, but rising to a
very short distance above the level of the vertebral arch: the spinous
processes have the same form in the corresponding vertebre of the
Macrauchenia, but present a still greater longitudinal extent : they com-
mence at the interspace of the anterior oblique processes and extend to
opposite the base of the posterior oblique processes ; the upper margin
describing a gentle curve. The transverse processes also present the
form of slightly produced, but longitudinally extended, lamine : their
disposition is essentially the same as in the Camelide, but more nearly
corresponds with the modifications presented by the duchenie, or South
American species. The inferior transverse processes—the only ones
that are developed in fishes, but which are present in the cervical vertebrae
in Mammals—are continued in the Macrauchenia, from the sides
of the under surface of the anterior part of the body of the vertebra;
their extremities being broken off, it cannot be determined from the
present specimens how far they extended from the body of the vertebra,
but they gradually subside as they pass backwards: the superior transverse
processes are continued outwards from the sides of the posterior part of
the body of the vertebra, and gradually subside as they advance along
three-fourths of the body of the vertebra: they are not continued into the
anterior and inferior transverse processes, as in the Llama and Vicugna, but
are separated therefrom by a narrow and shallow groove. The articular or
oblique processes closely resemble those of the Llama in form and in the

2F2

220

direction of the articular surfaces : those of the anterior processes look-
ing inwards and a little upwards ; those of the posterior outwards and a
little downwards.

In the Macrauchenia a small longitudinal process is given off immedi-
ately below the base of the anterior oblique process ; this structure is
not observable in any of the cervical vertebre of the Giraffe or Camel
tribe. In the form of the articulating surfaces of the bodies of the ver-
tebree the Macrauchenia deviates from the Giraffe and Camel but re-
sembles the Llama and Vicugna. In the Giraffe and Camel the anterior
articulating surface is convex and almost hemispheric. The posterior
surface is proportionally concave, so that the cervical vertebre are
articulated by ball and socket joints; yet not as in most reptiles
with intervening synovial cavities, but by the concentric ligamen-
tous intervertebral substance characteristic of the mammiferous class.
In the Llama and Vicugna the degree of convexity and concavity in
the articular surface of the bodies of the cervical vertebre is much less
than in the Camels; and consequently they carry their necks straighter
and more erect. In the Macrauchenia the anterior articulating surface
presents a still slighter convexity than in the Llama, and the posterior
surface presents a correspondingly shallower concavity. ‘The form of
the extremities of the body of the vertebra, especially of the posterior,
is subhexagonal, the breadth being to the depth as eight to five.

The sides and under part of the vertebrz are slightly concave ; on the
inferior surface there are two ridges continued forwards from the poste-
rior margin of the vertebra, each situated about an inch distant from the
middle line ; they converge as they pass forwards and are gradually lost
in the level of the vertebra; their greatest elevation does not exceed
half an inch. In the Aucheniz there is a longitudinal protuberance in
the mesial line, instead of the two ridges. The two long cervical
vertebrae of the Macrauchenia are also characterised by the maintenance
of an almost uniform diameter of the body, both in its vertical and
transverse extent: the cervical vertebre of the Vicugna come nearest to
them in this respect: those of the Camel deviate further in the large ex-
cavation at the under part of the body.

92

6.

a i

Hi

221

The long vertebral or spinal canal is slightly expanded in the
present fossils at the two extremities ; this expansion, which is generally
in the ratio of the extent of motion of the vertebrz on each other, is
more marked in the Camel, where the form and mode of articulation of
the bodies of the vertebra are designed to admit of a free and extensive
inflection of the cervical vertebrae ; such as is exemplified in the sigmoid
flexure of the neck in the living animal. In the Auchenie, on the con-
trary, the neck is less gracefully carried erect and in an almost straight
line, and the form of the vertebra and the nature of their joints corre-
spond to this condition. From the length of the bodies of the cervical
vertebrae of the Macrauchenia, and the almost flattened form of their
anterior and posterior articular surfaces, it may be inferred that the long
neck of this singular extinct quadruped was carried in the same stiff and
upright position as in the Llama and Vicugna.

The following individual differences are observable in the two cervical
vertebrae of the Macrauchenia :—in the posterior one, No. 925, the supe-
rior arch is wider and with thicker parietes, the body is more concave
below, and the inferior transverse processes have a more lengthened
origin.

The fractured body of the first lumbar vertebra of the Macrauchenta pa-
tachonica: the floor of the spinal canal is traversed by a strong median
longitudinal eminence.

From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.B.S.
A fractured body of the second lumbar vertebra of the Macrauchenia
patachonica: the longitudinal eminence on the floor of the spinal canal
is less developed in this specimen.

From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FBS.
A fractured body of the third lumbar vertebra of the J/acrauchenia
patachonica; it is much compressed and reduced to a ridge along the
middle of its under surface.

From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

929.

930.

932.

935.

934.

222

A fractured fourth lumbar vertebra of the Macrauchenia patachonica: an
abnormal growth of bone from its posterior margin, tending to produce
anchylosis with the adjoining vertebre, indicates the animal to have been
aged.
From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FBS.

A fractured fifth lumbar vertebra of the Macrauchenia patachonica: the
transverse diameter of the spinal canal at its anterior outlet is one inch
seven lines ; the vertical diameter being one inch three lines : the median
ridge and lateral depressions still characterize the floor of the canal.
From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FR S.

. A fractured sixth lumbar vertebra of the Macrauchenia patachonica.

From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, E'sq., F_R.S.

Fragments of the neural arches of some of the preceding lumbar
vertebre.

The anterior articular or oblique processes of some of the preceding
lumbar vertebre.

Three fragments including the body and portions of the two transverse
processes of the last or seventh lumbar vertebra of the MJacrauchenia
patachonica ; the posterior surface of each transverse process is charac-
terised by a large and deep transversely oval articular surface, exceeding
in size the intermediate articular process in the body of the vertebra ;
this three-fold articulation of the true with the false vertebrae, does not
exist in the species of the Camel tribe, but is peculiar among existing
Mammalia to the Horse, Hippopotamus, Tapir and Rhinoceros.

The articulations of the body and transverse processes of the last lumbar
vertebra of the Macrauchenia differ, however, from the corresponding arti-
cular surfaces of the Horse, inasmuch as the middle surface is convex,
while the two lateral ones are concave, and these are moreover relatively
larger than in the Horse or Hippopotamus; by this structure the trunk

223

was more firmly locked to that segment of the vertebral column which
receives and transmits to the rest of the body the motive impetus given
by the hinder extremities, which are in all quadrupeds the chief powers
in progression on dry land; while at the same time the shock must have
been diminished by the great extent of interposed elastic cartilages ; and
a certain yielding or sliding motion would be allowed between the lumbar
vertebre and sacrum,
From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

935. Fragments of the pelvis including the two convex articular surfaces on the
transverse processes of the anterior sacral vertebra, adapted to the con-
cavities on those of the posterior lumbar vertebra; and a small portion
of the acetabulum.

From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FR S.

936. Fragments of the left scapula of the Macrauchenta patachonica.
From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

The acromion commences about half an inch behind the glenoid cavity,
and rises at once to the height of three inches above the plane of the sca-
pula, in which structure we may trace the same tendency to the Ruminant
type as is manifested in the scapula of the Hippopotamus and Anoplothe-
rium; forin most other Pachyderms the spine increases gradually in height
from both its extremities to the middle part. The anterior margin of
the spine beneath the short acromion is perforated by an elliptical fissure
measuring ten lines by three lines. The extent of the spine which 1s
preserved measures eight inches and a half: it is a thin and nearly
straight plate of bone, expanding into a thick and rugged upper margin,
which slightly overarches the inferior fossa.

In its general form and proportions the spine of the scapula in the
Macrauchenia presents the nearest resemblance to that of the Hippopo-
tamus ; but its origin is closer to the articular surface of the scapula
than in this or any other Pachydermal or Ruminant animal.

224

937. The proximal extremities of the anchylosed radius and ulna of the Ma-
crauchenia patachonica.
From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.RS.

The portion of the antibrachium of the Macrauchenia which is pre-
served, presents a condition of the radius and ulna intermediate to those
which respectively characterise the same bones in the Pachyderms and
Camels. In the former the radius and ulna are separated bones, united
in the prone position by ligament, but so closely and firmly that the move-
ment of supination cannot be performed: in the ordinary Ruminants they
are partially joined by bony confluence, which rarely extends to the
proximal extremities : in the Camel and Llama the anchylosis of the radius
and ulna is so complete that no trace of their original separation can be
perceived, and the olecranon appears but as a mere process of the radius.

In the Macrauchenia the anchylosis of the radius and ulna is also com-
plete, but the boundary line of the two originally distinct bones is very
manifest, and the proportion which each contributes to the great articu-
lating surface for the distal end of the humerus is readily distinguishable.
About a sixth part of this surface is due to the head of the radius, which
enters into the composition of the anterior and outer part of the articu-
lation, and its extent is defined by a depressed line, describing a pretty
regular curve, with the concavity directed forwards and a little outwards.

The following bones belong to the same right fore-foot ; they were discovered
in the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia, and
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FR.S.

938. The inner metacarpal bone, corresponding to the second in pentadactyle
quadrupeds, of the Macrauchenia patachonica.

939. The middle metacarpal bone of the Macrauchenia patachonica.

940. The outer metacarpal bone, corresponding to the fourth in pentadactyle
quadrupeds, of the Macrauchenia patachonica.

941. The proximal phalanx of the inner toe of the Macrauchenta patachonica.

942
943

944

945

946.

225

. The middle phalanx of the same toe.
. The distal or ungual phalanx of the same toe.

. The proximal phalanx of the middle toe of the Macrauchenia pata-

chonica.

. The proximal phalanx of the outer toe of the Macrauchenia pata-

chonica.

The middle phalanx of the same toe.

The instructive portion of the right fore-foot to which the last-
described bones belong, presents the most important difference between the
extinct Macrauchenia and the Raberrant uminantia, to which it is allied in
the peculiar structure of the cervical vertebra, and shows its essential affini-
ties to be to the tridactyle Pachyderms, as the Tapir, the Rhinoceros, and
more particularly to the extinct tapiroid Pachyderms of the Eocene
tertiary formations of Europe, called Lophiodon and Palotherium.
These bones demonstrate that the Macrauchenia had three toes on the
fore-feet and not more; and that the fully developed metacarpal bones
are distinct, and correspond in number with the toes, and are not anchy-
losed into a single cannon-bone as in the Ruminants. The distal
articulating facet of each of the metacarpal bones extends so far upon
both the anterior and posterior surfaces as to describe more than a semi-
circle ; in the two lateral metacarpals it is traversed throughout by a
longitudinal convex ridge dividing it into two equal lateral parts ; the
ridge is most produced on the posterior half of the joint; in the middle
metacarpal this ridge subsides before it reaches the anterior part of the
articular surface.

The structure of the above-described joint proves that the motion of
the toe upon the metacarpus was much freer and more extensive than in
the Rhinoceros, which is the only existing ungulate mammal which pre-
sents the tridactyle structure in the fore-foot. In this species the
metacarpo-phalangeal articulations exhibit only a slight trace of the
longitudinal ridge and grooves which are confined to the posterior part
of the joint ; these are more developed in the Camelide ; but the Hog and
Horse in this respect approach nearer to the Macrauchenia, though the

2G

226

structure of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints in the Hog falls far short of
the compactness and strength, combined with freedom of flexion and ex-
tension, which distinguish those of the Macrauchenia: the Paleothertum
medium, Cuv., most resembles the Macrauchenia in the structure of the
trochlear metacarpo-phalangeal joints; but both in this species and the
Paleotherium crassum, the articular surface at the distal end of the meta-
carpal bone is relatively narrower than in the Macrauchenia: moreover,
all the species of the extinct Paleothere differ from the Macrauchenia in
the greater size and strength of the middle as compared with the lateral
metacarpal bones. The last phalanx does not resemble the neatly de-
fined ungulate phalanges of the Ruminantia and Solipeda, but has the
irregular form characteristic of those of the Pachyderma; it is wedge-
shaped, broader than it is long, with a rugged surface, except where it
plays upon the distal end of the second phalanx, where it is slightly
concave in one direction and convex in the other. <A portion of this
phalanx extends backwards behind the articular surface as in the corre-

sponding bone of the Paleothere and Rhinoceros.

947. The right femur of the MJacrauchenia patachonica.
From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F. BS.

This fine bone is full two feet in length, and consequently longer than
the femur of any known Camel or Rhinoceros ; as compared with its
transverse diameter itis much longer than the femur of the Jatter animal :
in the proportion of its breadth to its length and the expansion of its ex-
tremities as compared with the diameter of the shaft, it more resembles
that of the Camel. The femur of the Giraffe differs from that of the
Macrauchenia in the excessive expansion of its distal extremity. But
the most striking evidence which the present femur affords of the
affinity of the Macrauchenia to the anisodactyle modification of the
Pachydermal type, is the presence of a third trochanter. Of the Pachy-
derms which have this characteristic structure, the extinct Paleothere
offers the nearest resemblance to the Macrauchenia in the general form
and structure of the femur.

227

But the femur of Macrauchenia, in the flatness of the back part of
its neck, and the elongated form of the post-trochanterian depression,
resembles that of the Camel rather than that of the Paleothere ; and the
same resemblance is shown in the cylindrical figure, straightness and
length of the shaft. The depth of the trochanterian depression, and the
incurvation of the strong ridge continued downwards from the great
trochanter, are individual peculiarities in the Macrauchenia.

In the general form and relative size of the condyles of the distal extre-
mity of the femur, the Macrauchene is intermediate between the Camel and
-Palxothere, but more resembles the latter. In the articular surface for
the patella it deviates somewhat from the Palothere, having this part
longer in proportion to its breadth, more regularly and deeply concave

from side to side, and with its lateral boundaries more sharply defined.

948. The proximal extremities of the anchylosed tibia and fibula of the
right leg of the Macrauchenia patachonica.
From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

949. The distal anchylosed extremities of the same tibia and fibula.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FBS.

In the structure of the bones of the leg of the Macrauchenia we find
the same transitional character between the Pachydermal and Ruminant
types which is afforded by the definable limits of the anchylosed bones of
the fore-arm. In the Pachyderms the fibula is an entire and distinct
bone: in the Ruminants, with the exception of the small Musk Deer,
and in an inferior degree the Elk, the fibula appears only as a short con-
tinuous process sent down from the under part of the external condyle of
the tibia, its distal end being represented by a detached ossicle : in the
Camel tribe the proximal process is in a still more rudimental state. In
the Macrauchenia the fibulais entire, but is confluent with the tibia through
nearly its whole extent ; the proximal part of the fibula is well defined :
its head is anchylosed to the outer condyle of the tibia, but the shaft is
continued free for the extent of nearly two inches, and then again becomes
confluent with the tibia, forming apparently the outer ridge of that bone.

262

228

About five inches from the distal end of the tibia this outer ridge be-
comes flattened by being, as it were, pressed against the tibia, and the
anterior and posterior edges are raised above the level of the tibia:
beyond this part the limits of the fibula begin again to be defined by
deep vascular grooves. The outer side of the distal end of the fibula
is excavated by a broad tendinous groove. The fibula and tibia are
distinct bones in both the Paleotheres and Anoplotheres, as in the ex-
isting Pachyderms.

950. The right astragalus of the Macrauchenia patachonica. It is with the
Pachyderms having three toes to the hind-foot that the Macrauchenia
agrees in the most important characters of the present instructive bone ;
its anterior or scaphoidal surface, for example, is simple and not divided
into two equal or subequal facets by a vertical ridge, as in the isodactyle
Pachyderms : and it is with the astragalus of the Tapir and Palaothere
that it presents the closest correspondence in the general form and minor
details of structure.

If the upper or tibial articular surface be compared with that in the
Paleotherium magnum, it will be seen that the general direction of that
surface is more parallel with the axis of the bone in Macrauchenia. In
the Paleotherium it is turned a little towards the outer or fibular side,
and in the Tapir the general direction of the same surface is placed still
more obliquely. The anterior border of this articulating surface is broken
by a semicircular notch in the Paleothere: in the Tapir it describes a
gentle concave curve, and the Macrauchenia resembles the Tapir in this
respect. The chief difference between the astragalus of the Tapir and
the Palaecthere, when viewed from above, obtains in the relative length
of the bone anterior to the tibial articulating surface: the Macrauchenia
presents in this respect an intermediate structure, but differs from both
in the greater extent of the tibial side of this part of the astragalus.

From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

951. A metatarsal bone of the MWacrauchenia patachonica.

From the tertiary deposits of Port St. Julian, Patagonia.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FR.S:

229

952. A small fragment, with part of the last molar tooth, of a nondescript

954.

957.

958.

Pachyderm. The crown of the tooth is invested with enamel, and is tra-
versed longitudinally down the middle of one side by a deep angular
groove, and on the opposite side, but nearer one end of the tooth, by a
concave canal gradually widening as the tooth descends. ‘The enamel
lining this depression is extremely thin: it forms a projecting ridge
along the end of the crown near this depression, and a similar ridge at
the opposite end of the tooth: the surface of the enamel is minutely
wrinkled.
From the tertiary deposits at Bahia Blanca, near Patagonia.
Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S.

Genus Equus.

3. The skull of a species of Equus as large as that of a Horse of fourteen

hands and a half high.
From Dunschaughlin Bog, Ireland.
Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen, D.C.L.

A posterior inferior molar of a small species of Equus.

From the Crag at Walker’s Cliff, Norfolk.
Hunterian.

. An inferior molar of a species of Equus.

From the drift deposits at Iffley. Hunterian.

5'. The inferior molar of a recent Horse, placed by Mr. Hunter by the side

of the preceding fossil to illustrate its nature. Hunterian.

. An inferior molar of a species of Equus, the crown of which has almost

entirely been abraded and the fangs are elongated.
From the drift deposits at Iffley. Huntervan.

The proximal phalanx of the right fore-foot of a species of Equus.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

A middle molar, right side, upper jaw, of a small-sized Horse or species
of Equus.
From the cave called Kent’s Hole, Torquay, Devon.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

230

959. The last molar, left side, upper jaw, of a small-sized species of Equus.
From Kent’s Hole, Torquay. Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

960. A middle molar, left side, lower jaw, of a small-sized species of Equus.
From Kent’s Hole, Torquay. Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

The following fossil remains, from 961 to 1116 inclusive, of a Horse, or of an
animal of the genus Hguus, most of which indicate species about fourteen hands
high, were discovered by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., Civil Engineer, in the cavernous
fissures at Oreston, near Plymouth, and were presented, through Sir John Bar-
row, Secretary to the Admiralty, to the Royal College of Surgeons. They form
part of the specimens referred to by Dr. Buckland in the ‘ Reliquiz Diluviane,’
pp. 72, 73 and 75, “ Horse, about twelve, of different ages and sizes, as if from
more than one species :” in which work will be found a full description of the
caverns in the Oreston limestone. Cuvier was unable to fix upon any cha-
racters in the fossil remains of the genus Eguas which he examined, proving
them to be specifically distinct from the existing Horse: he merely remarks that
the bones are not so large as those of our large Horses, but more approaching
the size of those of the Zebra. Unequivocally distinct species have since been
determined by fossil remains discovered in tertiary strata in Germany and India.

961. The third or outer incisor, left side, upper jaw, of a species of Equus:
the inverted cone of enamel, or ‘ mark, which penetrates the crown of
the tooth had not been worn away when the animal perished. The outer
angle of the tooth is more produced than in the corresponding recent
tooth of the Horse compared with the fossil.

962. The }eft upper canine of a species of Equus.

963. The first molar, right side, upper jaw, of a species of Eguus: the central
enamel islands are rather more plicated than in the recent Horse, but the

anterior angle of the crown is as much produced.

964. The second molar, right side, upper jaw, of a species of Equus. It is re-
markably distinguished from the corresponding tooth in the recent Horse
by the more complicated and elegant plications of the central islands of
the enamel, as also by the greater proportional antero-posterior diameter
of the crown.

965.

966.

968.

969.

970.

973.

97 4.

231

The fourth molar, right side, upper jaw, of a species of Equus: this tooth,
in its proportions and in the plications of its enamel, resembles the cor-
responding tooth of the recent Horse.

The last molar, right side, upper jaw, of a species of Equus: it has been
nearly worn down to the root, whereby part of the central inflected folds
of enamel are obliterated, and the common dentinal base is exposed.

. The first molar, left side, upper jaw, of a species of Equus. The enamel

surrounding the central islands of cement, and especially the anterior
one, has more complicated foldings than in the recent Horse, and the

anterior angle of the crown is less produced.

The second or third molar, left side, upper jaw, ef a species of Equus.
The central isles of enamel are rather more plicated, but the whole crown
has its antero-posterior extent longer in proportion to its transverse
diameter than in the recent Horse’s tooth compared.

The fifth molar, left side, upper jaw, of a species of Equus: this tooth
agrees both in form and disposition of the enamel with the corresponding

tooth in the recent Horse.

The last molar, left side, upper jaw, of a species of Equus. It differs
from the corresponding tooth of the recent Horse in a deeper inflection
of the posterior longitudinal fold of enamel, which gives a bilobed ter-
mination to the grinding surface of the tooth at that part: the posterior
internal angle of the second enamel island is also detached and forms a

separate cylinder in the fossil.

. The first or mid-incisor of the right side, lower jaw, of a species of Equus.

. The first or mid-incisor of the left side, lower jaw, of a species of Equus.

These teeth are apparently from the same individual; the central in-
flected cone of enamel or ‘ mark’ has been worn to the bottom in both.

The first or mid-incisor of the left side, lower jaw, of a species of Equus :
the crown has been worn down to the fang and the mark obliterated,
showing it to have belonged to an ‘aged’ individual.

The third or outer incisor, right side, upper jaw, of a species of Equus.

232

975. The left lower canine of a species of Equus.

976. The first molar, right side, lower jaw, of a species of Equus : it presents -
a proportionally shorter antero-posterior diameter than in the’ recent
Horse. ‘

977. The second molar, left side, lower jaw, of a species of Equus : the enamel
is rather more plicated and the antero-posterior extent of the crown rela-
tively greater than in the recent Horse. The internal median inflection
of enamel is double in the present specimen.

978. The third molar, left side, lower jaw, of a species of Eguus: it manifests
the same differential characters, compared with the recent Horse, as does
the preceding specimen.

979. The last molar, left side, lower jaw, of a species of Equus: the posterior
angle of the crown is less produced than in the recent Horse.

The following specimens of teeth are from the lower jaw of an aged Horse ;

the crown in each having been worn down to the fangs, which are elongated.
980. The fourth molar of the right side.
981. The fifth molar of the right side.
982. The sixth and last molar of the right side.
983. The fourth molar of the left side.
984. The fifth molar of the left side.

985. A middle lower molar with the central folds of enamel quite obliterated
and worn down to a common dentinal base, which has become smooth
by friction.

986. The fractured atlas of a species of Equus.

987. The vertebra dentata, with most of its processes broken off, of a species

of Equus.
988. The second dorsal vertebra of a species of Equus.
989. A portion of the os sacrum of a species of Equus.

990. The vertebral extremity of one of the anterior ribs of the right side of

a species of Equus.

991.

Be
993.

994.

995.
996.
997.
998.

999.
1000.

1001.

1002.
10038.
1004.
1005.
1006.

1007.

1008.
1009.
1010.
1011.
1012.

233

The sternal end of a rib of a species of Equus.
The sternal end of a rib of a species of Equus.

“A portion of the left scapula of a species of Equus, including the coracoid

process and the glenoid cavity.

A similar but smaller portion of the left scapula of the same species of
Equus.

The proximal extremity of the right ulna of a species of Equus.

The proximal extremity of the left ulna of a species of Equus.

The right metacarpal bone of a species of Equus.

The right os pisiforme of a species of Equus.

The left os pisiforme of apparently the same individual.

A fragment of the right os innominatum including the acetabulum of a
species of Equus.

The head of the right femur, in the condition of a detached epiphysis, of
a species of Kguus.

The right patella of a species of Hquus.

The right tibia of a moderate-sized Horse or species of Equus.
The right astragalus of a species of Equus.

The left astragalus of apparently the same individual.

The left os calcis of a species of Equus.

The sesamoid bone which plays behind the distal joint of the foot, called
the navicular or nut-bone, of a species of Equus.

The right os cuboides of a species of Equus.

The left os cuboides apparently of the same individual.

The right metatarsal bone of a species of Equus.

The left metatarsal bone of a species of Equus.

The left metatarsal bone, wanting the distal extremity, of a species

of Equus.
2H

1013.
1014.
1015.
1016.
1017.
1018.

1019.

1020.

1021.

1022.

1023.

234

The proximal phalanx or great pastern bone of a species of Equus.
The middle phalanx or small pastern bone of a species of Equus.
The ungual phalanx or coffin-bone of a species of Equus.

The proximal phalanx of a species of Equus.

The middle phalanx of a species of Equus.

The left os calcis of a moderate-sized Horse or species of Equus: it is
coated with stalactite.
From the Hyzna-cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

The second incisor, left side, lower jaw, of a species of Equus. It shows
the ‘ mark’ and thus indicates a young individual.
From the drift gravel, above the chalk, at Hessle, near Hull.
Presented by Wilham Spence, Esq., F.RS.

The last molar, left side, upper jaw, of a species of Equus. The posterior
longitudinal fold of the enamel is rather deeper than in the corresponding
tooth of the recent Horse compared; in other respects the teeth closely
agree.
From the drift gravel, above the chalk, at Hessle, near Hull.
Presented by Wilkiam Spence, Esq., F.R.S.

The right tibia of a small species of Hgwus.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The distal phalanx or coffin-bone of a species of Equus.
From a gravel-pit in Lincolnshire.

Presented by Dr. Richardson, F.R.S.

Equus Asinus.

A middle molar, left side, upper jaw, of a species of Equus, of the size of
a large Ass.
From the drift above the London clay, at Deptford.
Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart., F.R.S,

1024.

1025.

1027.

1028.

1029.

1030,

235

The crown of a middle molar, right side, upper jaw, of a species of
Equus, about the size of the Ass.
From the pleistocene freshwater deposits at Grays, Essex.
Presented by Wm. Ball, Esq., F. G.S.
The last molar, left side, upper jaw, of a species of Equus, of the size of
the Ass.
From the drift at Kessingland, Suffolk.
Presented by Wm. Ball, Esq., F.G.S.

. The third molar, left side, lower jaw, of a species of Equus, of the size of

the Ass.
From a pleistocene freshwater deposit in Essex.

Presented by Wm. Ball, Esq., F.G.S.

The right astragalus of a small species of Equus, probably an Ass.
From the ancient landslip of Bonchurch, Isle of Wight.
Presented by Dr. Richardson, F.R.S.

Equus Sivalensis.

The symphysial end of the lower jaw with two of the incisors and the
sockets of the remaining incisors and of the canines of the extinct
Sewalik Horse (Equus Sivalensis, Falconer).
From the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by Thomas Bacon, Esq.

A portion of the upper jaw of the extinct Sewalik Horse (Equus Stva-
lensis), with the three deciduous molar teeth on each side, and the inter-
vening palate: the fourth molar, the first of the series of true molars,
had just begun to cut the gum.
From the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan district, India.
Presented by Thomas Bacon, Esq.

A middle molar, left side, upper jaw, of a species of Horse (Equus curvi-
dens, Owen). It has a greater relative antero-posterior diameter than in
the recent Horse, but differs more especially in the greater degree of in-
curvation of the entire tooth.

2H 2

eminent eh et aa a SES Sm a a en more —— -

1031.

1032.

1033.

1034.

1035.

1036.

1037.

236

The specimen is completely fossilized, and was discovered, with the re-
mains of the Mylodon, Megatherium, and other extinct animals, in the
tertiary seposite at Punta Alta, Bahia Blanca, South America, by the

Donor, Charles Darwin, Esq., FBS.

A middle molar, left side, upper jaw, of the same species of Horse (Zquus

curvidens).

This tooth was discovered in the red argillaceous earth of the Pampas
at Bajada de Santa Fé, in the province of Entre Rios, South America.
It agrees so closely in colour and condition with the remains of the
Mastodon and Toxodon from the same locality, as to leave no room for
doubt respecting the contemporaneous existence of the individual Horse

to which it belonged. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., F_R.S.

Genus Hippopotamus.

The tip of the left external inferior incisive tusk of a fossil Hippopo-
tamus. It was found associated with the molars of a large Ox or
Aurochs.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The extremity of the right upper canine of the Hippopotamus mgor,
Cuvier ; it is imbedded in a mass of breccia.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The external wall of the right inferior canine or tusk of a young indivi-
dual of the Hzppopotamus major, Cuvier.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The internal wall of apparently the same tusk.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

A much-worn crown of an upper molar of the Aippopotamus major, Cuv.
Locality unrecorded. Flunterian.

The anterior part of a lower molar of the Hippopotamus major, Cuvier.
Locality unrecorded. Flunterian.

237

1038. The crown of the last molar, left side, lower jaw, of the Hippopotamus

1038'.

1039.

major: it has a longer antero-posterior diameter, as compared with the
transverse diameter, than in the existing Hippopotamus amphibwus.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The last molar, left side, lower jaw, of the recent Hippopotamus for

comparison with the fossil. Hunterian.

The crown of the last molar, right side, lower jaw, of the Hippopotamus
major, Cuvier.
From the freshwater deposits overlying the fluvio-marine crag at

Cromer, Norfolk. Presented by Miss Hannah Gurney.

1040. The cast of a penultimate lower molar of the Hippopotamus mgor, Cuv.

1040".
1041.

From the freshwater deposits near Happisburgh, Norfolk.
Presented by Robert Fitch, Esq., F.G.S.

A penultimate lower molar of the recent Hippopotamus, for comparison.

The right large median incisive tusk of the Heppopotamus major, Cuv.
It has lost much of its original animal matter and is considerably decom-
posed. This tusk when entire must have measured eighteen inches in
length. It is the original specimen, described in Parkinson’s ‘ Organic
Remains, vol. ii. p. 375, as having been obtained from the Till at
Walton in Essex. Mus. Parkinson.

1042. A portion of the apical extremity of the left lower canine tusk of the

Hippopotamus major, Cuvier.

From the pleistocene Till at Walton, Essex.
Mus. Parkinson.

It is thus described by Mr. Parkinson :—“ The point of an inferior
canine tooth or tusk, measuring full nine inches in circumference, and
having seven inches in length of triturating surface. From the great
size of this tooth, it is very likely to have belonged to the same animal
to which the preceding tooth (No. 1041) belonged. Besides the longi-
tudinal striz and grooves observable in the enamel of its sides and
inferior part, it is characterized by strong transverse rugous markings,

238

which are placed at nearly regular distances of about two inches ; and
are observed to exist in the same manner on the fragment (No. 1043)
which joins to it.”— Organic Remains, vol. iii. p. 375.

1043. The inner wall, with its enamel, of the same left inferior canine of the
Hippopotamus major, Cuvier.
From the Till at Walton, Essex. Mus. Parkinson.

1044, A fragment of the left lower canine of the Hippopotamus major, Cuvier.
It is from a young individual, and had scarcely come into use; the
pulp-cavity extends to near the apex of the conical and unworn crown.

Mr. Parkinson describes this specimen as follows :—“ A fragment
of a tusk or lower canine tooth which is only about half the size of the
preceding specimen. It has the markings of its enamel of a different
character from that of the larger tooth, and particularly is devoid
of those transverse rugous markings, which are so strongly formed
in that specimen. From the roundness of this specimen in its cir-
cumference, and from the difference of its character, I am led to
suspect that it may have belonged to the small Hippopotamus, which, as
will be presently observed, was discovered by Cuvier, and which is only
as yet known in a fossil state."—Organic Remains, vol. il. p. 376.
The characters cited by the author are explicable on the immaturity of
the specimen.

From the Till at Walton, Essex. Mus. Parkinson.

1045. The third premolar, right side, upper jaw, of the Hippopotamus major, Cuv.
The specimen was dug up in a field called Burfield in the parish of
Leigh, five miles west of Worcester.

Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart., F.R.S.

1046. The anterior part of the first true molar, left side, lower jaw, of the
Hippopotamus major, Cuvier.

From the Hyzna-cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.
The specimens of the Hippopotamus minor, Nos. 1047 to 1059 inclusive, are
those referred to in the following Memorandum transmitted with them by the

Donor, J. Morrison, Esq.

239

“From the village of Sferra Cavallo, at the western extremity of
the valley of Palermo, the road leads round a cape into another
smaller plain, but in many respects similar to that of Palermo,
bounded by the Mediterranean towards the N.W.and on the land side
by a semicircular range of high calcareous mountains.

“At the bottom of this valley, and ona rock rising to a considerable
elevation, stand the ancient town and castle of Carini. Looking
down from the castle in the direction of the sea, there is seen near the
foot of the range of mountains, on the western side, a line strongly
marked, indicating the limit at some former period of the sea; judg-
ing by the eye, this line is on the same level with that of the caves of
Santo Ciro and Belenic in the adjoining valley of Palermo.

“Tn several places along this supposed watermark are found large
quantities of bones; yet a fact so interesting, although known for
many months, appears to have excited no attention either on the part
of the curious or of the learned.

«“ At one point there is a large cave filled to the depth of ten or
twelve feet with a dark soil mixed with bones much broken, and
which in the course of this year have almost all been picked out
and sold with modern bones for exportation to France. It would be
impossible now to ascertain how these lay, and what state they were
in previous to being disturbed ; they appear to have been much less
petrified than those of which mention is made hereafter, although
from their similarity it may be safely assumed that they are of the
same date.

« At another point, but exposed to the weather and covered merely
by a little earth and fragments of rock fallen from the overhanging
mountain, were found the remains that accompany the present; these
and some hundredweight more were all taken up from a space not
more than six or eight feet square, and chiefly from under one frag-
ment of rock, and it is more than probable that under the superinten-
dence of one at all versed in these matters, the whole skeleton of the
animal to which the head and larger bones belong might have been
obtained.”

1047

1048.

1049.

1050.

1051.

1052.

10538.

1054.

1055.

1056.

1057.

1058.

1059.

1060.

240

. A considerable proportion of the skull of a Hippopotamus medius, Cuv.
Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.
A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw, with the beginning of the
characteristic descending angle, and the last molar and part of the
penultimate molar tooth, of the same Hippopotamus. F
Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.
Two superior molar teeth of the same Hippopotamus, one of them much

worn, cemented to a mass of breccia.

Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.

The crown of the antepenultimate molar, left side, lower jaw, of the same
Hippopotamus. Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.
Crown of the penultimate molar, left side, lower jaw, of the same
Hippopotamus. Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.

The crown of the penultimate molar, right side, lower jaw, of the same
Hippopotamus. Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.
The fourth cervical vertebra of the same Hippopotamus.

Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.
The fourth metacarpal bone of the right fore-foot of the same Hippopo-
tamus. Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.
The fifth metacarpal bone of the right fore-foot of the same Hippopo-
tamus. Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.
The left acetabulum of the same Hippopotamus.

Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.
The distal end of the left femur of the same Hippopotamus,

Presented by J. Morrison, Esq,
The right astragalus of the same Hippopotamus.

Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.
The left os calcis of the same Hippopotamus.

Presented by J. Morrison, Esq.
The crown of a molar of the smaller extinct species of Hippopotamus
(Hippopotamus medius, Cuvier).

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

241

The following specimens of the Hippopotamus medius, No. 1061 to 1067 in-
clusive, are from the tertiary deposits of Candia, Greece, and were presented by

Captain Graves, R.N , of H.M.S. Beacon.

1061.

1062.

1063.

1064.

1065.

1066.

1067.

1068.

1069.

The crown of the fourth molar, or the last premolar, left side, upper jaw,

of the Hippopotamus medius.

The crown of the fourth molar, right side, upper jaw, of the same

Hippopotainus.

The crown of the fifth or antepenultimate molar, or first true molar, of
the right side, upper jaw, of the same Hippopotamus.

The crown of the fifth molar, left side, upper jaw, of the same Hippo-

potamus.

The crown of the last molar, left side, lower jaw, of the Aippopotamus
medius. It has been moderately worn by mastication before the individual

perished.

The crown of the last molar, left side, lower jaw, of the Azppopotamus
medius : it has been rather more worn.

The crown of the last molar, right side, lower jaw, of the Hippopotamus

medius : its summits are entire.

Genus Hexaprotodon.

The posterior part of the skull of the Hexaprotodon Sivalensis, Falconer
and Cautley ; with the three posterior molar teeth on each side.

- From the tertiary formations of the Sewalik Hills: in the Sub-Hima-
layan district, India. Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, M.A.

The expanded symphysial end of the lower jaw of the Hexaprotodon
Stvalensis, showing the six incisive teeth (dentes primores) characteristic
of the genus, and the two canines: the crowns of all these teeth have
been broken off very near their sockets.

21

1070

1072

1073

1074

1075

1076

242

. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw, including the three posterior
molar teeth, of the Hexaprotodon Swvalensis.

Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, M.A.

. Aportion of the right upper maxillary bone, with the last premolar and the

first true molar tooth, of the Hevaprotodon Sivalensis.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, M.A.

. The crown of an upper molar of the Hexaprotodon Sivalensis.
From the tertiary formations of the Sewalik Hills. Purchased.

a

. The crown of an upper molar of the Hexaprotodon Sivalensis.
From the tertiary formations of the Sewalik Hills. Purchased.

. A portion of the crown, with the abraded extremity of the left upper in-
cisor, of the Hexaprotodon Sivalensis.
From the tertiary formations of the Sewalik Hills. Purchased.

. The protruded and abraded extremities of the upper and lower canine
tusks of the right side of the Hexaprotodon Sivalensis.
From the tertiary formations of the Sewalik Hills.
Presented by Thomas Bacon, Esq.

Genus Anthracotherium.

. A cast of a fragment of the right ramus of the lower jaw, with the penul-
timate and last molar teeth, of the Anthracothertum magnum, Cuvier.
The jaw is remarkable for its great thickness as compared with its
depth, but there is an indication of a descending process leading from
the back part of the fragment towards the angle, which calls to mind
the peculiar form of the lower jaw in the Hippopotamus. The penulti-
mate molar supports four pointed eminences, a little worn by mastica-
tion; the last molar has an additional bifid tubercle or lobe posteriorly,
as in the Hippopotamus.

The original of this cast was discovered in the lignite beds near

243

Cadibona, a village at the foot of the great Apennine Chain, and is
described and figured in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’ ed. 1822, tom. iii.
p- 398, pl. Ixxx. fig. 2. Presented by Baron Cuvier.

Genus Sus.

1077. Two of the inferior incisors of a Wild Boar (Sus scrofa, Linn.).
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

1078. The right and left lower canines of the same Wild Boar.

These specimens and the quantity of hazel nuts preserved with them,
were transmitted to Mr. Hunter by Mr. Jones, with the following memo-
randum :—

“ Dear Sir,

“The under jaw of a Wild Boar or some other animal and the
nuts, which I have taken the liberty to inclose in the box, were a few
davs since found about ten feet under ground by a labourer as he was
digging peat or turf.

“Several single tusks have been found, and they were all worn in
the manner you will observe these to be at the extremities ; and the
quantity of nuts were very considerable : they seemed to lay in a layer
of white sand between the strata of peat. Frem whence could they
come? Is it possible they could remain there ever since the Deluge ?

(Signed) “W. JoNEs.”

« Abingdon, Berks,
May 23rd, 1787.”

“The layer of sand and nuts extended upwards of eighteen feet horizontally.”

1079. The left inferior tusk of a Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). It was exhumed
eight or ten feet from the surface, out of the peat-meadows, half a mile
west of Newbury in Berkshire.

Presented by Mr. Alexander, Surgeon, Newbury.

A good account of this locality, under the name of the ‘ Peat-pit near
Newbury,’ is contained in a Letter dated February 24th, 1757, from
212

244

Dr. John Collet to the Bishop of Ossory, F.R.S., which is printed in the
Philosophical ‘Transactions for the year 1757, p. 109. In the list of
organic remains are included “ A great many horns, heads, and bones of
several kinds of Deer, the horns of the Antelope, the heads and tusks of
Boars, the heads of Beavers, &c.”

It is most probable that the specimens Nos. 211 and 212, the latter of
which is recorded to have been found in a moss-pit in Berkshire, are

from the celebrated peat deposit atNewbury.

Genus Cheropotamus.

1080 A cast of the mutilated basis cranii and upper jaw of the Cheropotamus

Cuviert, Owen. It demonstrates the two glenoid articular surfaces, which
are flat as in the Peccari; the two zygomatic arches, which also
resemble those of the Peccari in their great width and rectilinear direc-
tion: the specimen likewise exhibits the posterior part of the palate,
the pterygoid processes, the three posterior or true molars on each side,
three of the four premolar teeth, the second being absent on the right
side and the third on the left side. A part of the orbit is preserved on
one side, demonstrating the position of the eye.

The two anterior premolars are separated by a vacant space and have
simple compressed crowns, the fourth and fifth have each two tubercles
anda basal ridge. The crowns of the true molars are square-shaped
and support four principal tubercles in two transverse pairs, with a
smaller one at the interspace of each pair, the whole being surrounded
by a strong basal ridge.

From these characters Cuvier established a new genus of Pachyderms
more nearly allied to the Hog-family than to the Anoplotherium. The
Cheropotamus apparently bore a close affinity to the Anthracotheriam,
by which it was connected with the Hippopotamus.

The original of this cast was discovered in the Eocene gypsum quarries
at Montmartre, and is described in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 1822,
tom, ili. p. 262. pl. Ixviii.

Presented by the Professors of the Garden of Plants, Paris.

245

1081. A cast of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Cheropotamus Cuvieri.

From the Eocene freshwater deposits at Binstead, Isle of Wight. —
Presented by the Rev. C. Darwin Fox, M.A.

The condyloid process in the Cheropotamus is raised higher above the
angle of the jaw than in the true Carnivora, and it is less convex than in
the Hog, agreeing with the shape of the articular surface in the upper
jaw demonstrated by the Parisian specimen of the present rare extinct
Pachyderm. In the size of the coronoid process the Peccari exceeds the
true Hogs; and in that respect, as well as in the form and position of its
canine teeth, makes a nearer approach to the carnivorous type: but in
the Cheropotamus the coronoid process is still more developed in cor-
respondence with the greater bulk of the temporal muscle, the size of
which is indicated by the span of the zygomatic arches; and the angle
of the jaw is produced backwards. In the wavy outline of the inferior
border of the lower jaw, the Peccari alone amongst the Hog tribe re-
sembles the Cheropotamus. The two detached molars of the lower jaw
described by Cuvier, /oc. cit. p. 261, and which he compares with the
third and fourth molars of the Babyroussa, are shown by the present
specimen to be the fourth and fifth, or penultimate and antepenultimate
molars, counting backwards, of the Cheropotamus, and correspond with
the penultimate and antepenultimate grinders of the Peccari. The last
molar of the lower jaw in both the Peccari and Babyroussa differs from
the preceding in having two accessory, smaller and more closely approxi-
mated tubercles at the posterior part of the tooth, with a third small
tubercle in the middle of the interspace between these and the next pair
of tubercles.

In the present specimen the last molar of the lower jaw of the Che-
ropotamus presents the same additional posterior tubercles as in the
Peccari, and thus corroborates the conclusions of Cuvier as to the affi-
nities of the present extinct genus to the existing members of the Hog-
tribe. The other teeth correspond in every respect with the description
and figures in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles*; but the fossil here described
yields another fact essential in characterizing the genus, and which the

fragments in Cuvier’s possession were too imperfect to afford, viz. the

246

exact number of molar teeth in the lower jaw, which is twelve : of these
the three posterior teeth on each side are tuberculate or true molars ;
and the three anterior ones are compressed and conical, or false molars ;
the latter have each two roots and are relatively larger than in the Hog-
tribe. The tooth anterior to the grinders, and which from its shape
Cuvier regarded as a canine, is situated closer to the symphysis of the
jaw than in any of the existing Side: but the Peccari in this respect
also comes nearest to the Cheropotamus. The grinders, as in the Peccari,
are narrower in the lower than in the upper jaw. On the outer surface
of the jaw, near its anterior extremity, the vascular foramina are as

numerous as in the jaws of the Hog-trike.

Genus Hyracotherium.

1082. The skull, without the lower jaw, of the Hyracothertum leporinum, Owen.

This unique specimen was discovered in the Eocene or London Clay

at Herne Bay. Presented by Witham Richardson, E'sq., F.GS.

The molars are seven in number on each side, and resemble more
nearly those of the Cheropotamus than the molars of any other known
genus of existing or extinct Mammalia. They consist of four spurious
weolars or premolars, and three true molars. The first and second
premolars, counting from before backwards, have simple subcompressed
crowns, surmounted by a single median conical cusp with a small
anterior and posterivr tubercle at the outer side, and a ridge along the
inner side of its base: they are separated from each other by an inter-
space nearly equal to the antero-posterior diameter of the first molar,
which measures two lines anda half. The second and the remaining molars
are in close juxtaposition. The third and fourth false molars present a
sudden increase of size and of complexity of the grinding surface, with
a corresponding change of form. The plane or transverse section of the
crown is subtriangular with the base outwards and nearly straight, the
apex inwards and a little forwards, rounded off, to which the anterior

and posterior sides converge in curved lines; the grinding surface sup-

247

ports three principal tubercles or cusps, two on the outer and one on
the inner side; there are two smaller elevations, with a depression on
the summit of each situated in the middle of the crown, and the whole
is surrounded with a ridge, which is developed into a small cusp at the
anterior and external angle of the tooth. These teeth form the principal
difference between the dentition of the present genus and that of the
Cheropotamus, in which the corresponding false molars are relatively
smaller and of a simpler construction, having only a single external
pyramidal cusp with an internal transverse ridge or talon at its base.
The true molars, three in number on each side, closely correspond in
structure with those of the Cheropotamus. They present four principal
conical tubercles situated at near the four angles of the quadrilateral
grinding surface.

Each transverse pair of tubercles is connected at the anterior part
of their base by a ridge, which is raised midway into a smaller conical
tubercle with an excavated apex. The crown of the tooth is surrounded
by a well-marked ridge, which is developed, as in the third and fourth
false molars, into a sharp-pointed cusp at the anterior and external angle
of the tooth. The hindmost molar is more contracted posteriorly, and
its quadrilateral figure Jess regular than the two preceding molars.

The sockets of the canines or tusks indicate that these teeth were
relatively as large as in the Peccari; and that they were directed down-
wards as in that species, and as most probably also in the Cheropotamus.
The temporal muscles were as well developed as in the Peccari, the
depressed surface for their attachment extending on each side of the
cranium as far as the sagittal suture.

The frontal bones are divided by a continuation of the sagittal suture.
The nasal suture runs transversely across the cranium parallel with the
anterior boundary of the orbits.

The lachrymal bone reaches a very little way upon the face. The
external angle of the base of the nasal bone, which is of considerable
breadth, joins the lachrymal, and separates the superior maxillary from
the frontal bone. The anterior margin of the molar bone encroaches a

little way upon the face at the anterior boundary of the orbit.

248

The under surface of the palatal process of the maxillary bones 1s
rugose, as in the Peccari; the portion of the skull, including the inter-
maxillary bones and the incisive teeth, is unluckily broken off and lost.
That the eye was full and large, is indicated by the size of the optic
foramen and the capacity of the orbit, the vertical diameter of which
equals one inch.

The upper part of the cranium anterior to the sagittal suture is
slightly convex from side to side; its longitudinal contour is nearly
straight. The face gradually becomes narrower anteriorly ; it is slightly
concave at the sides,

The general form of the skull was probably intermediate in character
between that of the Hog and the Hyrax. The large size of the eye must
have given to the physiognomy of the living animal a resemblance to
that of the Hare and other timid Rodentia.

1083. A dorsal vertebra of a small mammiferous quadruped, agreeing in size
with the Hyracotherium leporinum, and from the same stratum and
locality. Presented by Wilkam Richardson, Esq., F.G.S.

Genus Anoplotherium.

1084. A portion of the alveolar series of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the
Anoplotherium commune, Cuvier, with five of the molar teeth iz situ: the
inner surface of their crowns are exposed to view.

The specimen is imbedded in a block of gypsum, and is most probably
from the quarries at Montmartre. Hunterian.

1085. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw, with the penultimate and
part of the antepenultimate and last molars zm sttu. It is imbedded in a
block of gypsum.

From the Eocene quarries at Montmartre.

1086. A cast of the skull, in profile relief, of the Adnoplothertum commune, with
the series of teeth complete in both the upper and lower jaws.

249

The temporal fossz are long and meet above at a sagittal ridge: the
orbit is bounded by a descending post-orbital process. The teeth in-
clude three incisors, one canine, and seven molars on each side of both
jaws: the canines are smaller than the first premolar, and do not project
beyond the level of the other teeth; but these form one unbroken series,
as in the Human Subject ; no Mammalian animal, existing or extinct,
resembles Man in this character, except the Anoplotherium: the name*
implies the harmless nature of the beast, which was unprovided with
horns, tusks, claws, or any other instrument of offence.

Presented by Prof. de Blainville.

The following casts of the bones of the Anoplotberium, from No. 1087 to
No. 1163 inclusive, belong to the same right fore-foot, and were presented to
the College by Baron Cuvier.

1087. The right scaphoid bone of the Anoplotherium commune.
1088. The right semilunar bone of the Anoplotherium commune.
1089. The right cuneiform bone of the noplotherium commune.
1090. The right pisiform bone of the Anoplotherium commune.
1091. The right trapezium of the Anoplothertum commune.
1092. The right trapezoides of the Anoplothertum commune.

1093. The right os magnum of the Anoplotherium commune.

1094. The right unciform bone of the Anoplotherium commune.

1095. A rudimental metacarpal bone of the right inner toe of the right fore-

foot of the Anoplotherium commune; it corresponds with the second

digit of the pentadactyle foot.

1096. The metacarpal bone of the innermost of the two fully developed toes of
the right fore-foot of the noplotherium commune ; it corresponds with

the third metacarpal bone of the pentadactyle foot.

* a priv. érhoy weapon, Onpior beast.

D4) ike

250

1097. The outer metacarpal bone of the two fully developed toes of the right

1098.

1099.

1100.

110].

1102.

1103.

fore-foot of the Anoplothertum commune ; it corresponds with the fourth
metacarpal of the pentadactyle foot; there is a small articular surface
which, with an adjacent one on the os unciforme, afforded attachment to
the rudiment of the fifth metacarpal.

The proximal phalanx of the inner toe of the same fore-foot of the
Anoplotherium commune.

The middle phalanx of the inner toe of the same fore-foot of the
Anoplotherium commune.

The distal or ungual phalanx of the inner toe of the same fore-foot of
the Anoplotherium commune.

The proximal phalanx of the onter toe of the same fore-foot of the
Anoplotherium commune.

The middle phalanx of the outer toe of the same fore-foot of the
Anoplotherium commune.

The distal or ungual phalanx of the outer toe of the same fore-foot of
the Anoplotherium commune.

The originals of the foregoing casts of the bones of the fore-foot were
discovered in the Eocene deposits of gypsum at Montmartre.

The first of these bones which Cuvier obtained were the semilunare,
the unciforme and the os magnuin; and the result of his comparisons
was that they were intermediate in their forms between the Hog and
some other Pachyderms on the one hand and the Ruminants on the
other. Subsequent discoveries confirmed the earlier inductions, and
demonstrated that there had been entombed in the gypsum quarries a
Pachyderm with fore-feet having but two completely developed toes, the
medius and the annulare, of which the metacarpal bones continued
distinct throughout life; the other toes being represented by very
simple rudiments: this peculiarly constructed fore-foot was finally

demonstrated to belong to the same animal as the skull with small

25]

canines and an unbroken series of teeth (No. 1086), and to which Cuvier
gave the name of Anoplothertum commune. See the detailed descrip-
tions of these bones in the above-cited edition of the ‘ Ossemens Fos-

siles, tom. iil.

1104. The head and a considerable portion of the shaft of the thigh-bone of
the Anoplotherium commune, Cuv.; it shows the well-developed and cha-
racteristically situated small trochanter. The specimen is partly imbed-
ded in a block of Montmartre gypsum, from which it was relieved by the

Donor, William Clift, Esq., FR.S.

The following casts of the bones of the Anoplotherium, from No. 1105 to 1117
inclusive, belong to the same left fore foot, and were presented to the College

by Baron Cuvier.

1105. The astragalus of the Anoplotherium commune. The anterior surface is
divided by a vertical ridge into two articular surfaces, more unequal
than in the Hippopotamus and the Ruminantia, and less unequal than
in the Hog; it most resembles that of the Camel. Besides the broad
inferior articulation with the calcaneum, it interlocks with that bone by
a peculiar bent process continued from the posterior, inferior and outer

angle, which Cuvier states he had not found in any other animal.

1106. The calcaneum of the Anoplotherium commune: it presents superiorly a
convex articulation for the support of the fibula, anteriorly a surface
twice as long as broad for the os cuboides, and internally two vertical
articular surfaces, besides the broad horizontal one, for the astragalus.
These characters, Cuvier observes, are met with only in the calcanea of
the even-toed Pachyderms, as the Hippopotamus, the Hog-tribe, and

the Ruminantia.

1107. The os cuboides of the Anoplotherium commune: it presents anteriorly a
singular articular surface for a metatarsal bone, and is distinct from the
scaphoid, as in the Pachyderms and Camel-tribe. In the true Ruminantia
these bones are anchylosed together.

2K 2

bo

32

1108. The os scaphoides of the Anoplotherium commune: it articulates by two
surfaces with the os cuboides, and presents anteriorly but one articular
surface for a cuneiform bone: on the inner side of the bone just behind
that surface there is a small facet indicating the existence of a second

rudimental cuneiform bone.

1109. The os cuneiforme of the Anoplotherium commune, corresponding with

the internal of the three which are found in the pentadactyle foot.

1110. The innermost of the two distinct metatarsal bones of the Adnoplotherium
commune: it corresponds with the third or middle metatarsal of the
pentadactyle foot.

1111. The outermost of the two metatarsals of the Anoplotherium commune: it
corresponds with the fourth metatarsal of the pentadactyle foot.

1112. The proximal phalanx of the innermost toe of the Adnoplotherium
commune.

1113. The middle phalanx of the same toe.

1114. The distal phalanx of the same toe.

1115. The proximal phalanx of the outermost toe of the Anoplotherium commune.
1116. The middle phalanx of the same toe.

1117. The distal phalanx of the same toe.

_ The originals of the foregoing casts of the bones of the hind-foot
were discovered in the Eocene deposits of gypsum at Montmartre, and
are described by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 1822, tom. ii1.,
who justly observes that the structure presented by this hind-foot is
absolutely unknown amongst existing animals. ‘The Ruminants alone
have a didactyle hind-foot ; but these, even the Camels, which resemble
the Anoplotherium in the separation of the cuboid and scaphoid, have
the metatarsal bones confluent, and forming a single bone called the

“ cannon-bone.”

Subgenus Dichobune.

1118. The cast of a portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Decho-
bune cervinum, Owen. ‘his specimen, besides being larger than the cor-
responding part of the Dich. leporinum of Cuvier, differs in the form ot
the ascending ramus of the lower jaw, whereby it approaches nearer to
the true Anoplotherium.

From the Eocene freshwater deposits at Binstead, Isle of Wight.
Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq., F.G.S.

The original of this cast is figured, as belonging apparently to a spe-
cies of Moschus, in the ‘Geological Transactions,’ vol. iii., 2nd Series,
1830, p. 151, where the strata from which the fossil was derived are
described as follows :—

“The quarries at Binstead are, as is well known, situated in the
lower freshwater formation, and consist of alternating beds of compact
siliceous jimestone, sand, and whitish shelly marl, composed almost
entirely of comminuted freshwater shells. The marls are more or less
indurated, and form several distinct beds separated by thin seams of
clay, the lower of which contain the principal part of the fossil remains
observed, although indications of the same may be seen in all the beds.
These remains consist of numerous fragments of bones, scales and teeth.
Most of the fragments of bone have been rounded, and they are generally
so much injured as to make it difficult to class them. One specimen,
however, appears to be the head of a humerus, another a bone of a foot,
both probably belonging to the Pachydermata above mentioned, as they
were found in connexion with the teeth. The greater number of the
bones may be identified with those of the freshwater Turtle, consisting
principally of remains of the carapax; and two genera at least, the
Emys and Trionyx, have been observed, corresponding with those
described by Cuvier as found in the Paris basin. Of the teeth, one is a
molar of Paleotherium magnum, another agrees with the first molar of
Paleotherium minimum, and the third is apparently part of a molar of
Anoplotherium commune.”

254

Order RUMINANTIA.

Genus Camelopardalis.

1119. A cast of the lower jaw of the fossil Giraffe of Issoudun (Camelopardahs

Biturigum, Duvernoy).

The original was discovered in a yellowish argillaceous stratum in the
digging of a well in the town of Issoudun, and has been described and
figured by Prof. Duvernoy in the ‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’
3rd Series, tom. i. Having compared this cast, at the request of Prof.
Duvernoy, with the specimens of Giraffe in the Hunterian Museum, it
was found that the fossil jaw from Issoudun differed from that in the
existing Giraffe, of both the Cape and Nubia, in the greater degree and
regularity of the convexity of the lower margin of the ramus below the
molar teeth, which was due principally to the smaller height of the
ramus below the last molar as compared with its height below the second
and third molars. The last molar is relatively smaller in the Issoudun
fossil than in the Giraffe ; the posterior lobe is also relatively smaller and
more simple. ‘The penultimate and the antepenultimate teeth are more
equal in size in the Issoudun fossil. In proportion to the extent of the
molar series, the fossil has a relatively shorter jaw and a shorter symphysis.
The symphysial expansion for the incisive teeth commences in the fossil
immediately anterior to the outlet of the dental canal, but it commences
an inch in advance of the outlet in the existing Giraffe. The length of
the ramus between the first molar and the posterior commencement of the
symphysis is greater in the fossil than in the existing Giraffe. The outer
surface of this part of the ramus, between the molar and the symphysis,
is more convex in the fossil. The concavity continued from behind the
last molar upon the anterior ascending border of the coronoid process is
absolutely wider and deeper in the fossil. The height of the ascending
ramus from the angle to the condyloid process, as compared with the
length of the molar series, is less in the fossil.

In all the foregoing points, except the relative length of the symphysis,

255

the fossil resembles the Elk as much as it differs from the Giraffe : in the
length of the symphysis it is intermediate between the Elk and the Giraffe.
The fossil of Issoudun resembles the Giraffe and differs from the Elk in
the characteristic superior breadth, or transverse diameter, of the second
and third molars, and in the rugous surface of the enamel ; in the con-
cavity of the inner surface of the ramus between the first molar and the
symphysis, and in the thicker posterior margin of the ascending ramus.
From these and some minor characters the Issoudun fossil evidently
approximates most nearly to the genus Camelopardalis, but offers striking
differences from the existing species of Giraffe, and tends in these devia-
ions towards the genus ces. Presented by Prof. Duvernoy.

Genus Cervus.

Subgenus Megaceros.

1120. The skeleton of a gigantic Deer, commonly, but erroneously, called the

‘Trish Elk’ (Wegaceros Hibernicus, Owen; Cervus Megaceros, Hart ;
Cerf a bois gigantesques, Cuvier). This skeleton maintains a close cor-
respondence with the Fallow Deer in the bones of the trunk, the number
of ribs, and also in the forms and proportions of the bones of the
extremities, but these are rather stronger relatively to their length. The
cervical vertebre are proportionally much larger, in relation to the great
weight which they were destined to support when the antlers were fully
developed. The subgeneric character and chief peculiarity of the present
extinct species are manifested by the extraordinary development and the
form of the antlers. The span of the antlers, measured in a straight
line between the extreme tips, is eight feet ; the length of a single antler
following the curve is seven feet three inches.

The rounded beam of the antler expands, sooner than in the true Dama
or Fallow Deer, into a broad palm, which sends off all the processes or
snags, save one, from its anterior border, in which respect Megaceros
differs from Dama and resembles 4/ces ; it differs from the Elk in having"

one posterior branch or ‘spiller, and more especially in having both

256

brow-antler and bezantler. The Reindeer (Hangifer) makes the nearest
approach to the AM/egaceros in the large development of the antlers, but

the extinct species far surpasses all known Cervide in the enormous pro-

= portions of the antlers as compared with the skull. In the occasional

bifurcation of the expanded end of the brow-antler it again approximates
the characters of the Reindeer (Rangifer), but does not push its affinity
to this genus so far as to have antlers developed in both sexes, as Cuvier
suspected. Col. Hamilton Smith, the founder of the subgeneric divi-
sions of the Linnean Cervus, has referred the gigantic Deer of Ireland
to the section Dama, or the Fallow Deer*; but the peculiar propor-
tions and modifications of the antlers of the extinct species in question
afford as good grounds for a special subgenus for its reception, as those
on which the subgenus Dama itself has been proposed.

The forms and proportions of the cranium, and especially of the bones,
and especially those ofthe nose and of the upper and lower jaws, closely
agree with the type of the Fallow and Reindeer.

From a freshwater Pleistocene deposit of shell marl beneath a bog
near the town of Limerick. Purchased.

. The skull and antlers of the gigantic Deer (Megaceros Hibernicus). The

antlers measure across in a straight line, between the extreme tips, eight
feet four inches; each antler, from the burr to the extreme tip following
the curve of the middle, measures five feet nine inches. The breadth of
the expanded extremity of the broadest brow-antler is four inches four
lines. The number of snags or branches of the beam is seven, one being
continued from the hind margin about one-third of the way from the
base. The breadth of the occiput is seven inches.

From the Pleistocene freshwater marl beneath a bog in the county of

Limerick. Purchased.

1122. The skull and mutilated antlers of the gigantic Deer (A/egaceros Hiber-

micus). The brow-antlers in this specimen present a rhomboidal form,

slightly concave above, and measures six inches and a half across their

* Griffith’s Translation of Cuvier, vol. iv. p. 87, vol. v. p. 306.

1123.

1124.

1125.

1126.

1127.

257

broadest part; the circumference of the beam above their origin is ten
inches, as in the preceding specimen.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The skull and mutilated antlers of the Gigantic Deer (Megaceros Hiber-
nicus). The right brow-antler is bifurcate, the breadth between the tips
of the forks being six inches ; the circumference at the beam above its
origin is nine inches.

Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.

A vertical longitudinal section of the skull of the Gigantic Deer (Mega-
ceros Hebernicus), with the beam of the right antler.

From the Pleistocene freshwater marl, beneath a bog in the county
Down, Jreland. Purchased.

A longitudinal section of the beam of an antler, with the part of the cal-
varium from which it grew, of the Gigantic Deer (Zegaceros Hibernicus),
showing the compact cellular tissue of the pedestal or stem of the antler
between the skull and the burr, and the looser cancellous tissue and
cavity in the centre of the beam.

From the Pleistocene freshwater marl, beneath a bog in the county
Down, Ireland.

The specimen from which the section was made was

Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

The base of a shed antler of the Gigantic Deer (Megaceros Hibernicus),
showing the convex surface which has been detached by the absorbent
process from the skull.

From the Pleistocene marl, beneath a bog in the county of Longford,
Ireland. Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

The skull of a female of the Gigantic Deer (Megaceros Hibernicus). It
shows that this sex, as in most other species of Cervus, had no antlers :
a longitudinal angular prominence risgs from the posterior half of the
frontal suture, like that in the Giraffe ; there is an irregular subquadran-
gular vacuity separating the contiguous extremities of the frontal, nasal,

2} Thy

J128.

1129.

1130.

1131.

1132.

1133.
1134.
1135.

1136.

258

lachrymal and superior maxillary bones; the roof of each orbit is per-
forated by a circular foramen half an inch in diameter; the ‘occipital
bone, and especially the condyles, are of less relative extent than in the
male. This rare specimen was taken from the Pleistocene freshwater
marl, beneath a bog in the county of Longford, Ireland. Purchased.

The lower jaw of the Gigantic Deer (Wegaceros Hibernicus), wanting the
incisor teeth.
From the Pleistocene freshwater marl, beneath a bog in the county of

Longford, Ireland. Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

The left ramus of the lower jaw of the Gigantic Deer (Adegaceros Hiber-
nicus), showing the effects of inflammation and ulceration on the outer
and under surfaces of the bone.

From the Pleistocene freshwater marl, beneath a bog in the county of

Longford, Ireland. Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

The right ramus of the lower jaw of the Gigantic Deer (Megaceros Hiber-
nicus) ; with the outer wall of the sockets of the molar teeth removed to
expose their fangs. Hlunterian.

The left ramus of the lower jaw of the Gigantic Deer (Megaceros Hiber-
nicus) ; with the course of the dental canal exposed. Flunterian.

The atlas of the male Megaceros Hibernicus : both transverse processes
have been broken off.

From the Pleistocene marl, beneath a bog in the county of Longford,
Ireland. Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

The body of the dentata of the same Aegaceros Hibernicus.
Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.
An entire atlas of the male Megaceros Hibernicus.

Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.

The vertebra dentata of the Megaceros Hibernicus.
Locality unrecorded. Flunterian.

The third cervical vertebra of the male Megaceros Hibernicus.
Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.

1137.

1138.

1139.

1140.

1141.

1142.

1143.

1144.
1145.

1146.

1147.

1148.
1149.

1150.

259
The fourth cervical vertebra of the male Megaceros Eibernicus.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The fifth cervical vertebra of the male Wegaceros Hibernicus.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The sixth cervical vertebra of the male Megaceros Hibernicus.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.
The seventh cervical vertebra of the male Megaceros Hibernicus.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.
The first dorsal vertebra of the male Megaceros Hibernicus.

Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.
The second dorsal vertebra of the male Megaceros Hibernicus.

Locality unrecorded. Flunterian.
The third dorsal vertebra of the male Megaceros Hibernicus.

Locality unrecorded. Flunterian.

These dorsal vertebrae are remarkable in the male for the great height
of the spinous process, and the cervical vertebre in the same sex are
equally remarkable for their size and strength, both of which relate to
the support of the enormous weight of the head when the antlers are

fully developed.
A middle dorsal vertebra of the Megaceros Hibernicus. Hunterian.

A middle dorsal vertebra of the A/egaceros Hibernicus, in longitudinal
section. Hlunterian.

A posterior dorsal vertebra of the Megaceros Hibernicus.
Locality unrecorded. _ Hunterian.

A lumbar vertebra of the Megaceros Hibernicus.

Locality unrecorded. Flunterian.

A lumbar vertebra of the Megaceros Hibernicus. Hunterian.
A lumbar vertebra of the Megaceros Hibernicus, in longitudinal section.
Hunterian.

The last lumbar vertebra of the Megaceros Hibernicus. Hunterian

212

1151.

1152.

1153.

1154.

1155.

1156.

1157.

1158.

1159.

1160.

1161.

1162.

1163.

1164.

260

A sacrum of the Megaceros Hibernicus.
Locality unrecorded. Flunterian.

A right scapula of the Megaceros Hibernicus.
Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.

A left scapula of the Megaceros Hibernicus. Hunterian.
A longitudinal section of the scapula of the Megaceros Hibernicus.
Hunterian.
A left humerus of the Megaceros Hibernicus.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

A left humerus of the Megaceros Hibernicus, longitudinally bisected.

Hunterian.

A radius, with the anchylosed rudiment of the ulna, of a Megaceros Hi-
bernicus.

Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.

The radius of the Megaceros Hibernicus, longitudinally bisected.
Hunterian.

The olecranon, which is the chief part of the ulna developed, of the Me-
gaceros Hibernicus. Hunterian.

The left cuneiform bone of the Megaceros Hibernicus, one surface of
which seems to have been in a state of ulceration.
From the gravel beneath a bog in Ireland.

Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

The metacarpus or fore cannon-bone of the Megaceros Hibernicus.
Flunterian.
The metacarpal bone of the Megaceros Hibernicus, longitudinally bisected.

HHunterian.

The femur of the Megaceros Hibernicus. Hunterian.

The femur of the Megaceros Hibernicus, longitudinally bisected.

Hunterian,

1165

1166

1167

1168
1169

1170

1171

1172

1173

1174
1175

1176

1177

1178

261
. The tibia of the Megaceros Hibernicus. Hunterian.

. The tibia of the Megaceros Hibernicus, longitudinally bisected.
Hunterian,

. The distal extremity of the left tibia of the Wegaceros Hibernicus: a
~ transverse section has been removed from part of the wall of the bone to
show its extremely dense and compact texture ; the distal articular sur-

face is beautifully entire. Hunterian.
. The astragalus of the Megaceros Hibernicus. Hunterian.
. The calcaneum of the Megaceros Hibernicus. Hunterian.
. The calcaneum of the Megaceros Hibernicus, longitudinally bisected.
Hunterian.
. The anchylosed cuboid and scaphoid bones of the Megaceros Hibernicus.
Hunterian.
. The metatarsus or hind cannon-bone of the Megaceros Hibernicus.
Hunterian.
. The metatarsus of the Megaceros Hibernicus, longitudinally bisected.
Hunterian.
. A proximal phalanx of the Aegaceros Hibernicus. Hlunterian.
. A middle phalanx of the Megaceros Hibernicus. Hunterian.
. A distal or ungual phalanx of the Megaceros Hibernicus. Hunterian.
Subgenus E/aphus (Round-antlered Deer).
. A fragment of the skull, with the base of the antler, of a Deer, nearly
allied to, if not identical with, the Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus, Linn.).
From the brick earth of the drift or diluvium of Essex. Hunterian.
. Three fragments of an antler of a large Deer, nearly allied to, if not

1179.

262

identical with, the Cervus Elaphus. They appear to have been obtained
from the subjacent gravel of some bog, and are encrusted with fragments
of stone and brick cemented together by black mud.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The base of the antler of the Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus). It has been
shed, and the separated surface shows the usual convexity below the
burr.

From the ancient landslip of Bonchurch.
Presented by Dr. Richardson.

1180. One of the snags or branches of an antler of apparently the Red Deer.

From Loughborough, Leicestershire. Hunterian.

1181. A portion of the scapula of the same Deer, most probably the Cervus

1182.

Elaphus.

Both these specimens were obtained at Loughborough, Leicestershire,
in the year 1786; their condition is indicated by a memorandum
attached to them in the original Hunterian Catalogue, where they are
called “two bones calcined;” they have lost most of their animal
matter and adhere to the tongue. Hunterian.

The base of the antler, with the brow-antler, of a Deer, allied to, if not
identical with, the Cervus Elaphus: it is in the same condition as the
fossils from Loughborough, Nos. 1180 and 1181.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

1183. A fragment of the antler of the Cervus Elaphus(?): it is in the same

1184.

1185.

condition as the foregoing fossils.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

A fragment of the antler of the Cervus Elaphus (?): it is in the same
condition as the preceding fossils.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The shaft of the right femur of a large species of Deer, allied to, if not
identical with, the Cervus Elaphus. A fossil like the present, wanting

1186.

263

the characteristic articular extremities, may be recognised as Mammalian
by its medullary cavity and by the texture of the walls, and as belonging
to the section of the true Ruminants by the position of the orifice of the
medullary artery on the fore part of the proximal end of the shaft and by
the direction of the canal obliquely downwards and inwards.

Locality unrecorded. Huntervan.

The right metatarsal bone of a Red Deer, Cervus Elaphus.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

1187. The left metatarsal bone of apparently the same Deer.

1188.

1189.

1190.

1191.

1192.

1193.

1194.

In both bones the borders of the posterior tendinal groove are un-
usually developed. Hunterian.

The following fossil remains, No. 1188 to No. 1203 inclusive, ap-
parently identical with the Red Deer, were discovered by Joseph
Whidbey, Esq., in one of the cavernous fissures of the limestone quarries
at Oreston, and are noticed by Mr. Clift in his memoir on the bones
there discovered, in the Philosophical Transactions, 1823, p. 86.

A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw, with the last two molars, of

the Cervus Elaphus. Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.R.S.

The proximal end of the rib of a Deer.
Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.R.S.

The proximal end of a smaller or posterior rib of a Deer.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F. RS.

The distal half of the right humerus of a Deer.
Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., PRS.

The proximal extremity or olecranon of the left ulna of a Deer.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., FE. RS.

The proximal half of the right radius, with part of the anchylosed shaft, of
the ulna of a Deer. Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.RS.

The left metacarpal bone, wanting the distal extremity, of a Deer.
Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.R.S.

1195

1196.

1197.

1198.

1199:

1202.

1203.

Th
allied
at Ki

264
. A proximal phalanx of the left fore-foot of a Deer.
Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.RS.

A proximal phalanx of a right fore-foot of a Deer.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.R.S.
The right iliac bone of a Deer.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.RS.
The proximal end of the right tibia of a Deer.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.RS.

The proximal half of the right tibia of a Deer.
Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.RS.

. The distal half of the right tibia of a Deer.
Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., FBS.

. The left patella of a Deer.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.RS.
The left os calcis of a Deer.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.R.S.
A right os calcis of a Deer.

Presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.R.S.

e following fossils, from No. 1204 to 1214 inclusive, of a Deer, nearly
to, if not identical with, the Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus), are from the cave
rkdale.

1204. An anterior molar tooth and a portion of the rib of a Deer, imbedded in

the mud or clay beneath the stalagmite on the floor of the cave at Kirk-

dale. Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

1205. The base of the antler, with a considerable proportion of the brow-

antler, of a large Deer, nearly allied to, if not identical with, the Cervus
Elaphus.

From the cave at Kirkdale.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

AS:

263

1206. The distal end of the left radius of a Deer, of the size of the Cervus
Elaphus. Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

1207. The anterior part of the sacrum of a Deer, of the size of the Cervus
Elaphus. Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

1208. Fragments of an iliac bone of a Deer, of the size of the Cervus Elaphus.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.
1209. The head of the femur of a Deer.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

1210. The proximal end and part of the shaft of the right tibia of a Deer.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

1211. The distal end of the right tibia of a Deer.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

1212. The distal end of the left tibia of a Deer.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

1213. The proximal end of the right metatarsus, coated with stalactite, of a
Deer. Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

1214. The distal end of the right metatarsus of apparently the same Deer.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

The following bones, from No. 1215 to 1226 inclusive, of the Red Deer
(Cervus Elaphus) were found associated with the remains of the Gigantic Deer
(Megaceros Hibernicus), in the Pleistocene freshwater deposit beneath a bog in

Ireland.

1215. The fourth cervical vertebra of the Red Deer, fractured after death.
Flunterian.

1216. The first dorsal vertebra of the Red Deer. Hunterian.

1217. The third dorsal vertebra of the Red Deer. Hunterian.

1218. The fourth dorsal vertebra of the Red Deer. Hunterian.

1219. The fifth dorsal vertebra of the Red Deer. Hunterian.

2M

1232.

1233.

266

. The first rib of the left side of the Red Deer. Hlunterian.
. A lumbar vertebra of the Red Deer. Hlunterian.
. A left astragalus of the Red Deer. Hunterian.
. A left calcaneum of the Red Deer. Flunterian.

. The anchylosed cuboid and scaphoid bones of the left tarsus of the Red

Deer. Hunterian.

5. A proximal phalanx of the Red Deer. Hunterian.

. A middle phalanx of the Red Deer. Hunterian.
. A left metatarsal bone of the Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus).

From beneath a turf-bog in the county of Tipperary.

Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

. An astragalus of the Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus).

From beneath four feet of fen or peat moss, in Cambridgeshire.

Presented by W. O. Aikin, Esq.

. A metatarsal bone of the Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus).

From beneath four feet of fen or peat moss, in Cambridgeshire.

Presented by W. O. Atkin, Esq.

. One of the snags or branches of the antler of a Deer (Cervus).

From Canstadt in Wirtemberg. Hunterian.

. An inferior molar of a species of Deer (Cervus).

From Bauman’s Cavern, in the Hartz Forest, Germany.

Hlunterian.

A portion of the calvarium, with the pedestal or base of the antler, of a
large species of Deer, nearly allied to, if not identical with, the Cervus
Elaphus.

From a cave near Palermo, Sicily.

Presented by J. Robertson, Esq.

A portion of the calvarium, with the pedestal or base of the antler, of
the same species of Deer.

From the same locality. Presented by J. Robertson, Esq.

1234.

267

Portions of the antler of the same species of Deer.
From the same locality. Presented by J. Robertson, Esq.

The foregoing specimens from Sicily were accompanied by the
following memorandum :—

“The large Stag-horns marked with red tape were taken from the
cave or grotto; the rest from the other spot, which it may be well to
mention was only a few paces in front (but on a lower level by twelve or
fifteen feet) of a natural cave or grotto.” The ‘ rest’ alluded to are the
fossil remains of the Hippopotamus, Nos. 1047 to 1059.

1235. The back part of the cranium of a large species of Cervus.

From the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan range, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, M_A.

1236. The pedestal and base of the antler of a large species of Cervus, of the

37.

round-antlered or Elaphine family.
From the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan range, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, M.A.

Subgenus Zarandus (Rein Deer).

The base of the antler, with a long subcompressed brow-antler broken at
the extremity, of the Zarandus priscus, ‘Renne d’ Etampes, Cuv.

This is the original specimen figured in Parkinson’s ‘Organic Remains,
vol. i. pl. xx. fig. 3 (half nat. size), and thus noticed at p 319 :—‘‘ M:
Guettard discovered, between the blocks of sandstone, and in the sur-
rounding sand in the neighbourhood of Etampes, with other bones of
different sizes, the bones of an antmal which appears to have been of a
size between that of the Stag and of the Roebuck ; the horns are distin-
guishable by their being very small, thin andrather flat ; and by their giving
off, at a little distance from their base, one or two antlers on their fore
part. From a variation in this last circumstance, depending very proba-
bly on a difference in the age of the animal, these horns may be divided
into two sorts. In the one about two inches above the coronet, an iso-

2M 2

268

lated antler is given off forwards ; and then the beam itself, which is but
little longer than the antler, turns backwards, to be again divided, or at
least to give off a second antler on its posterior part. A specimen of
this sort, from Etampes, which I purchased from the collection of Mr.
Strange, and which bears the description of ‘4 fossil horn of an animal
unknown to Dr. Hunter; is represented in pl. xx. fig. 3, the dotted
lines in continuation showing the manner in which the second antler
was given off.” Mus. Parkinson.

Subgenus Dama (Fallow Deer).

The two following specimens, though included in the Hunterian series of
fossils, are not of the nature of fossilized organic remains.

1238. The right and left metacarpal bones of the Fallow Deer (Cervus Dama).

“Dug up in a nobleman’s park.” Hunterian.

1239. The right and left metatarsal bones of the Fallow Deer (Cervus Dama).
‘“‘ Dug up in a nobleman’s park.” Hunterian.

1240. The base of the antler, with the brow-antler, of a small species of Cervus.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

Subgenus Capreclus (Roe).

1241. The antlers and adherent portions of the skull of a Roebuck (Cervus
Capreolus, Linn.).
From the peat-field at Newbury, Berkshire.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.
1242. The antlers of a young Roebuck.
From the peat-field at Newbury, Berkshire.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

It is most probable that antlers of the Roe are referred to under the
name of “ Antelope” in the summary of the organic remains discovered
in the peat-bog at Newbury by Dr. Collet in his description of that forma-
tion in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for the year 1757, p. 109.

269

1243. The left metacarpal bone of the Roebuck (Cervus Capreolus, Linn.).
Locality unrecorded, but the colour and general condition of the bone
indicates it to have been derived from a bog. Alunterian.

1244. Portions of an antler of a Roebuck.
From a cave in Glamorganshire.
Presented by Charles Stokes, Esq., F. RS.

Genus Palgomeryx*.

1245. The antepenultimate grinder of the right side of the lower jaw of the
Paleomeryx medius, Herm. v. Meyer.

The remains of this extinct Ruminant, which was smaller than the
Gazelle, have been discovered in the freshwater tertiary formations of
Weisenau. Presented by M. Hermann von Meyer.

1246. The right astragalus of the Paleomeryx medius.
From the freshwater tertiary deposits of Weisenau.

Presented by M. Hermann von Meyer.

Genus Microtherium+.

1247. The penultimate molar of the right side of the upper jaw of the
Microtherium Renggeri, Herm. v. Meyer.
From the freshwater tertiary deposits of Weisenau.

Presented by M. Hermann von Meyer.

1248. The penultimate molar of the left side of the lower jaw of the Microthe-
rium Renggeri, Herm. v. Meyer.
From the freshwater tertiary deposits of Weisenau.

Presented by M. Hermann von Meyer.

* wadawds ancient, unpikw I ruminate. + puxpos small, Onpioy beast.

270

1249. The last molar of the left side of the lower jaw of the Microtherium
Renggeri.
From the freshwater tertiary deposits of Weisenau.
Presented by M. Hermann von Meyer.

1250. The left astragalus of the A/icrotherium Renggeri.
From the freshwater tertiary deposits of Weisenau.
Presented by M. Hermann von Meyer.

The remains of the above singular extinct European Cervine animal,
which did not exceed the Javan Pigmy Musk-deer in size, offer a re-
markable contrast to those of the extinct gigantic Antelope of India,
which next follow.

Genus Sivatherium.

1251. The last molar tooth, right side, lower jaw, of the Stvathertum gigan-
teum, Falconer and Cautley. Presented by the Rev. R. Everest, M_A.

1252. A mutilated cervical vertebra of the Stvatherium giganteum, wanting the
articular processes of the right side and the spine, but with the anterior
convex and posterior concave articular extremities of the body beautifully
entire.

From the tertiary deposits of the Sewalik or Sub-Himalayan Hills.
Presented by Walter Ewer, Esq., F. B.S.

1253. The right astragalus of the Szvathertwm giganteum. The outer division of
the tibial trochlea is broader than in the astragalus of the Deer, but the
bone closely conforms to the Ruminant type.

From the tertiary deposits of the Sewalik Hills.
Presented by Walter Ewer, Esq., F.R.S.

The gigantic extinct Ruminant, to which its discoverers, Dr. Falconer
and Captain Cautley, have assigned the name Stvatherium, had four horns,
two anterior, short, conical and straight, rising from the interorbital
space, and two very large, broad, compressed, continued from the posterior

1254.

1256.

271

angles of the skull and sending off a short branch. The bony cores are
hollow and were persistent, the neck short and strong, as demonstrated
by the vertebra, No. 1252, and the animal is evidently to be referred to
the Antelope family ; in which alone a Ruminant with four horns is still
exemplified in the existing Indian species, called Antilope quadricornis.

Family Bovide.

Subgenus Urus, Aurochs.

The calvarium and bony cores of the horns of the great extinct Aurochs,
Urus priscus, Owen. ‘This fine specimen was dug out of a stratum of
dark-coleured clay, below layers of brick-earth and gravel, thirty feet
from the surface, at Woolwich ; it presents the broad convex forehead,
the advanced position of the horns, which rise three inches anterior to
the upper occipital ridge, and the obtuse-angled junction of the occipital
with the coronal or frontal surface of the skull, all which characters di-
stinguish that part of the skeleton of the Aurochs. The bony cores of
the horns extend outwards, with a slight curvature upwards: from the
mid-line between their bases to the extremity of one core, in a straight

line, measures two feet five inches. Hunterian.

. Fragments of the cranium and the bony cores of both horns of the extinct

Aurochs (Urus priscus), with the same essential characters as the pre-
ceding in regard to the position of the horn-cores ; they are relatively
thicker, shorter and more curved in this specimen. From the mid-line
between their bases to the extremity of one core, in a straight line, mea-
sures two feet two inches.
From the brick-earth (Pleistocene) at Ilford, Essex.
Presented by William Thompson, Esq.

Fragments of a cranium, with great part of both horn-cores, of the extinct
Aurochs (Urus priscus). It resembes, but is rather smaller than the pre-
ceding.
From the brick-earth at Ilford, Essex.
Presented by Wm. Thompson, Esq.

272
1257. The extremity of the core of the horn of an Aurochs (Urus priscus).
“From Stonesfield, Oxfordshire.” No doubt from the superficial
gravel or drift. Hlunterian.
1258. A fragment of the cranium, with the bony core of the left horn, of a young
or female Urus priscus.

From the drift or freshwater pleistocene constituting the brick-earth :
locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The following specimens, from No. 1259 to 1327 inclusive, principally if not
altogether belonging to a species of Urus, are from the cavernous fissures at
Oreston, Plymouth, and were presented by Joseph Whidbey, Esq., F.R.S., Civil

Engineer.

1259. A portion of the calvarium, with the base of the core of the left horn, of
a young Aurochs (Urus priscus). The advanced position of the horn,
which gives the subgeneric character, is fortunately well demonstrated in

this specimen.
1260. The left horn-core of a younger individual of the Urus priscus.

1261. A fragment of the right ramus of the lower jaw, with three anterior molar
teeth, of the Urus priscus.

1262. Anterior part of right ramus of the lower jaw, with the first and second
molar teeth, of the Urus priscus.

1263. A portion of the posterior part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the
Urus priscus.

1264. A fractured vertebra dentata of the Urus priscus.
1265. A fractured vertebra dentata of the Urus priscus.
1266. The third cervical vertebra of the Urus priscus.

1267. The sixth cervical vertebra of a young Urus priscus.

1268. The fourth dorsal vertebra of a young Urus priscus : the epiphysial arti-
cular surfaces have been detached from the body. .

1269. An eighth dorsal vertebra of the Urus priscus.

273

. The last dorsal vertebra of a young Urus priscus.

. The last dorsal vertebra of a young Urus priscus.

The third lumbar vertebra of the Urus priscus.

. A portion of the sacrum, including one of the anterior articulating pro-

cesses, of the Urus priscus.

. Anterior part of the sacrum of the Urus priscus.

. The spine of the sacrum of the Urus priscus.

. A caudal vertebra of the Urus priscus.

. The last bone of the sternum of the Urus priscus.

. The second bone of the sternum of the Urus priscus.
. The right humerus of the Urus priscus.

. The right radius, with the anchylosed distal half of the ulna, of the Urus

priscus.

. The right olecranon of the Urus priscus.

. The left olecranon of the Urus priscus.

. The right scaphoid of a young Aurochs (Urus priscus).

. The left os lunare of a young Aurochs (Urus priscus).

. The left os cuneiforme of a young Aurochs (Urus priscus).

. The left trapezoides of a young Aurochs (Urus priscus).

. The right trapezoides of a smaller Aurochs (Urus priscus).

. The right metacarpal bone of a young Aurochs (Urus priscus).
. The right metacarpal bone of a still younger Aurochs.

. The shaft of the left metacarpal bone of a young Aurochs, wanting the

distal epiphysis.

. The left metacarpal bone of a younger Aurochs.

. The distal end of a metacarpal bone of a very young or calf Aurochs.

ZN

1297.

1298.

1299.

1300.
1301.
1302.

1303.
1304.
1305.

1306.

1307.

1308.

1309.

274

. The proximal phalanx of the inner toe of the right fore-foot of a young

Aurochs.

. The middle phalanx of the inner toe of the right fore-foot of a young

Aurochs.

. The distal phalanx of the inner toe of the right fore-foot of a young

Aurochs.

The proximal phalanx of the outer toe of the right fore-foot of a young
Aurochs.

The middle phalanx of the outer toe of the right fore-foot of a young
Aurochs,

The distal phalanx of the outer toe of the right fore-foot of a young
Aurochs.

A large portion of the right os innominatum, including the acetabulum,
of the Urus priscus.

A fragment of the right os innominatum of the Urus priscus.
A small portion of the left os innominatum of the Urus priscus.

The head of the right femur, in the condition of a detached epiphysis, of
a young Aurochs (Urus priscus).

The right femur, wanting the proximal end, of a young Aurochs.
The right femur, wanting the distal extremity, of a young Aurochs.

The head of the left femur, in the condition of a detached epiphysis, of a
young Aurochs.

The left patella of a young Aurochs.

The right tibia of a young Aurochs: the proximal epiphysis has been
detached from the shaft; the distal epiphysis has become anchylosed,
but the line of union may still be traced.

The left tibia of an Aurochs, of the same size as the preceding, but with
both epiphyses anchylosed to the shaft.

The right astragalus of an Aurochs.

1310.
1311.
1312.
1313.
1314.
1315.

275

The left astragalus of an Aurochs.

The right os calcis of an Aurochs.

The left os calcis of an Aurochs.

The left scapho-cuboid bone of a young Aurochs.
The left internal cuneiform bone of a young Aurochs.

The proximal two-thirds of the right metatarsal bone of an Aurochs (Urus
priscus) : it presents an unusual prominence of the inner border of the
anterior groove for the extensor tendon which traversed the middle of
that surface of the metatarsus, bending the groove obliquely outward.

1316. The left metatarsal bone of an Aurochs (Urus priscus) ; showing the

same character of the enlarged and produced inner border of the anterior
tendinal groove. This character might be regarded, if present in a
single example, as the effect of partial ossific inflammation, but I have
observed it in the metatarsal bone of an Aurochs from the freshwater
pleistocene deposits at Clacton, Essex, and in another larger metatarsal
from the drift gravel at Kensington.

The following seven bones form part of the left hind-foot of the same indi-

vidual Aurochs.

1317. The metatarsal or cannon-bone.

1318. The proximal phalanx of the inner toe.

1319. The proximal phalanx of the outer toe.

1320. The middle phalanx of the inner toe.

1321. The middle phalanx of the outer toe.

1322. The ungual phalanx of the inner toe.

1323. The ungual phalanx of the outer toe.

1324. The proximal phalanx of the outer toe of the hind-foot of a young Au-

rochs (Urus priscus).

1325. A mass of breccia, with a fragment of the shaft of the tibia of a small or

young Aurochs.
2Nn2

1326.

1327.

276

A mass of breccia, including fragments of long bones and one of the
proximal phalanges of a young Aurochs.

The proximal half of the right metacarpal bone of an Aurochs (Urus
priscus). It shows the effects of long-continued ossific inflammation and
ulceration on its anterior surface. The original is described and figured
by Mr. Clift in his “ Memoir on the Fossil Bones from the Oreston
Caverns” in the Philosophical Transactions for 1823, p. 84, pl. 8. fig. 1.

The following bones, Nos. 1328 to 1344 inclusive, of a Bovine animal, from

which the subgeneric characters cannot be determined, are from the cave at
Kirkdale, Yorkshire, and were presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

1328.

The left metacarpal bone of a species of Bos or Urus.

. The inner half of the right metacarpal bone of the same species of Bos

or Urus.

. The proximal end of the right metacarpal bone of the same species of

Bos or Urus.

. A portion of the distal articular surface of a metacarpal bone of a species

of Bos or Urus.

. The right astragalus of a species of Bos or Urus.
. The right astragalus of the same species of Bos or Urus.

. A portion of the right os calcis of a species of Bos or Urus; fractured

and apparently gnawed at the back part.

. A fragment of the right os calcis of the same species of Bos or Urus.
. The left caleaneum of the same species of Bos or Urus.

. The left scapho-cuboid bone of a large Bos or Urus.

. The left scapho-cuboid bone of a larger individual Ox or Aurochs.

. A proximal phalanx of a species of Bos or Urus.

. A fractured proximal phalanx of the same species of Bos or Urus.

. The right astragalus, fractured, and with adherent stalactite, of a species of

Bos or Urus.

1342

1343

1344

1345

1346

1347

1348.

1349

1350

277

. Amass of stalactite, including fragments of bone and the last lower
molar tooth of an Ox or Aurochs.

. Portions of ribs of an Ox or Aurochs, cemented together and coated with
stalactite.

. The first phalanx of the fore-foot of an Ox or Aurochs, coated with
stalactite and cemented to other portions of bone.

. The crown of a lower molar of a large Bovine animal (Bos or Urus): the
unworn summits of the crescentic lobes prove it to have belonged to an
immature individual.

From the cave of Kent’s Hole, Torquay, Devon.
Presented by Gerard Smith, Esq.

. A fragment of a lower jaw of alarge Bovine animal, with two molar teeth.
Found associated with remains of the Mammoth in pleistocene depo-
sits or drift, Warwickshire. Hunterian.

. A fragment of a lower jaw, with two molar teeth, the last and penultimate,
of a large Bovine animal.

Found associated with remains of the Mammoth in pleistocene depo-

sits or drift, Warwickshire. FTunterian.

A second molar, right side, lower jaw, of a Bovine animal
Found associated with remains of the Mammoth in pleistocene fresh-

water deposits or drift, Warwickshire. Hunterian.
. The penultimate molar, left side, lower jaw, of a species of Bos or Urus.
Hlunterian.

. The last molar, left side, lower jaw, of the same Ox or Aurochs.
Hunterian.

Both these specimens are from red brick earth ; they were found asso-
ciated with No. 1032, the tip of the incisive tusk of a Hippopotamus.

The following remains, No. 1351 to 1393 inclusive, of an Aurochs, belonging

to the same individual animal, were discovered in pleistocene freshwater deposits

at Bricklehampton Bank, near Cropthorn, Gloucestershire, and were presented

to th

e College by Hugh Strickland, Esq., ¥.G.S.

1351.
1352.

1353.

1354.

1355.
1356.
1357.
1358.

1359.
1360.
1361.
1362.
1363.
1364.
1365.
1366.
1367.
1368.

1369.

1370.

1371.
1372.

278
The bone-core of the left horn of the Urus priscus.
The par-occipital processes of the skull of the Urus priscus.

The condyloid and coronoid processes of the left ramus of the lower jaw
of the Urus priscus.

The anterior edentulous portion of the right ramus of the sane lower
jaw.

The first molar tooth of the right side of the same lower jaw.
The second molar of the right side of the same lower jaw.
The first molar of the left side of the same lower jaw.

A portion of the left ramus of the same lower jaw, containing the third

and fourth molar teeth.

The fifth or antepenultimate molar of the same lower jaw.

A portion of the same lower jaw, containing the last molar teeth.
The last molar tooth of the right side of the same lower jaw.
The third cervical vertebra of the Urus priscus.

The fourth cervical vertebra of the Urus priscus.

The fifth cervical vertebra of the Urus priscus.

The sixth cervical vertebra of the Urus priscus.

The seventh cervical vertebra of the Urus priscus.

The spine of an anterior dorsal vertebra of the Urus priscus.

The body and neural arch of an anterior dorsal vertebra of the Urus
priscus, showing abnormal osseous growths from the circumference of

the articular extremities.
The body of a middle dorsal vertebra of the Urus priscus.

The anterior lumbar vertebra, wanting the spinous and transverse pro-

cesses, of the Urus priscus.

The fourth lumbar vertebra of the Urus priscus.

The fifth lumbar vertebra of the Urus priscus.

279

}
1373. The sixth lumbar vertebra, wanting the spinous and transverse processes, i
i

of the Urus priscus.

1374. The last lumbar vertebra, similarly mutilated, of the Urus priscus. i

1375. The vertebral halves of three ribs of the Urus priscus. |

1376. A mutilated proximal extremity of the right humerus of the Urus priscus.

1377. The mutilated olecranon of the right ulna of the Urus priscus. |
1378. The right scaphoid or navicular bone of the Urus priscus.
1379. The right metacarpal bone of the Urus priscus.

1380. The proximal phalanx of the outer toe of the right fore-foot of the Urus

priscus. |
1381. The middle phalanx of the same toe of the Urus priscus.
1382. The distal phalanx of the same toe of the Urus priscus. i

1383. The mutilated distal phalanx of the inner toe of the same fore-foot of the
Urus priscus.

1384. The right os innominatum of the Urus priscus.

1385. The right tibia, wanting the proximal end, of the Urus prescus.

1386. The right astragalus of the Urus priscus.

1387. The right caleaneum of the Urus priscus.
1388. The right scapho-cuboid bone of the Urus priscus. i;

1389. The right metatarsal bone of the Urus priscus.

1390. The proximal phalanx of the inner toe of the right hind-foot of the Urus i
priscus.

1391. The middle phalanx of the inner toe of the right hind-foot of the Urus

priscus.

1392. The distal half of the left tibia of the Urus priscus. Hi
1393. The left astragalus of the Urus priscus.

The geological formation from which Mr. Strickland obtained the
foregoing specimens is noticed by Mr. Murchison in his great work, |
|

280

‘The Silurian System, p. 555 :—“ Mr. H.E. Strickland is the discoverer
of these ancient fluviatile deposits, which extend from Warwickshire into
the valley of the Severn, near Tewkesbury. He has found the remains
of twenty-four species of fluviatile shells, three of which are considered
to be extinct, and the bones of several species of extinct quadrupeds in
the gravel of the valley of Avon, an eastern tributary of the Severn (see
Geol. Proc. vol. ii. p. 111). Let us now see whether this phenomenon
be reconcilable with the view here given, of the comparatively recent
period at which the valley of the Severn is supposed to have lain under
the sea. The accumulations at and near Cropthorn constitute terrace-
like hillocks, from one to four miles distant from the present bed of the
Avon, above which their summits rise to a height of forty to fifty feet.
Mr. Strickland has traced these accumulations, which he first termed
“ fluviatile diluvium,” at intervals from Lawford in Warwickshire to
Defford in Worcestershire, and he has proved that they follow more or
less the course of the present Avon from north-east to south-west.
I refer to his interesting paper, shortly | hope to be published at length,
for the details presented at different localities, it being sufficient for the
present purpose to state the general results. I examined in company
with him two of the sections to which he refers. The clearest of these
is at Bricklehampton Bank, near Cropthorn on the Avon, where about
twenty feet of this detrital matter is arranged in the following manner,
resting upon the lias clay.

“« Upper portion, stiff reddish clay with a few pebbles; the central also
argillaceous but more marly, of green and purple colours, with some
yellow sand, and occasional irregular lamine of marl; dowest, sand and
gravel, confusedly mixed up with lumps of marl, pebbles of quartz
(some five to six inches in diameter), broken chalk flints, much detritus
of the lias, and very rarely a fragment of oolite.

“Many of the delicate shells mentioned in Mr. Strickland’s list, were
found from the top to the bottom of this varied and almost coarse drift ;
being just as abundant in the underlying gravel as in the overlying marl
and clay. The bones of the quadrupeds occurred also through the mass,
though they were most abundant in the lower part. The discovery of

1395.

1396.

281

these fragile shells, perfectly preserved in beds of such coarse and
irregularly formed detritus, is of importance, as it proves that much of
the gravel to which the term ‘ dé/weiwm’ has been applied, may have
been deposited by rivers.

“Tt is thus evident that these fluviatile materials were drifted by a
river which flowed through dry land on the E.N_E. into the channel or
estuary so often mentioned, and it is therefore probable that they were
sometimes transported beyond the mouth of the ancient Avon, and de-
posited in shoals or banks beneath the waters of the channel.

“The bones of extinct quadrupeds, already noticed as occurring on the
western or opposite side of the valley of the Severn, at Powick and
Bromwick Hill near Worcester, and at Fleet Bank near Sandlin, were
probably at once washed into the ancient estuary from the adjoining
hills by sudden and local floods, as they are not imbedded in debris
similar to that of the Avon. The physical features of the country marked
by the narrow ridge of the Malverns impending over the valley, account
indeed for the non-existence of former rivers, and consequently of flu-

viatile shells in this direction.”

. The body of the vertebra dentata of a large Aurochs (Urus) or Ox (Bos).

From a pleistocene deposit in Essex.

Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.G.S.

An anterior dorsal vertebra of a large Aurochs (Urus) or Ox (Bos): the

vertical extent of this vertebra is twenty-two inches, the spinous process,

which is not quite entire, measuring nineteen inches of that extent.
From a pleistocene deposit in Essex.

Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

The right radius of apparently the same large Aurochs or Ox.
From the same formation and locality.

Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

. The right metacarpal bone cf apparently the same large Aurochs or Ox.

From the same stratum and locality.
Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GLS.

20

1398.

282

The proximal half of the left tibia of apparently the same great Ox or

Aurochs.
From the same stratum and locality.

Presented by John Gibson, Esq., F.GS.

The following specimens of a species of large Bovine animal, No. 1399

to No. 1403 inclusive, appear to have belonged to one individual ; they were

discovered in the freshwater pleistocene deposits at Bricklehampton Bank, near

Cropthorn, and were presented by Hugh KE. Strickland, Esq.

1399.

1400.

1401.

1402,

1403.

1404.

1405.

1406.

1407.

1408.

1409.

1410.

The axis.

The third cervical vertebra.

An anterior dorsal vertebra ; the spine is broken.
The anterior part of the os sacrum.

The proximal half of the left metacarpal bone.

A dorsal vertebra of an Ox or Aurochs.
- From the drift or freshwater deposits. Ffunterian.

The left scapula of apparently the same Ox or Aurochs.
From the drift or diluvium at Rawden. Hunterian.

The metacarpal bone of the left fore-foot of a young Ox or Aurochs.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.
The proximal phalanx of the fore-foot of an Ox or Aurochs.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

The left astragalus of an Ox or Aurochs.
From the drift or pleistocene deposits in Lincolnshire. Hunterian.

The left astragalus of an Ox or Aurochs.
Locality unrecorded. Mus. Parkinson.

Subgenus Bos (Ox).

A portion of the bony core of the right horn of the extinct Bos pri-

migenius, Bojanus.
From the pleistocene deposits at Ilford, Essex. Hunterian.

283

1411. A portion of the bony core of the left horn of the same Bos priscus. |
The circumference of the core of each horn, when entire, measured at
the base twenty-two inches.

These fossils were “ dug out of the Till or maiden earth twenty-two i
feet below the surface at Ilford in Essex, in the year 1786, by Mr. John
Gilbert.” Hlunterian.

The cores of the horns in the present large extinct species of true
Ox bend at first slightly backward and upward, then downward and
forward, and finally inward and upward, describing a graceful double |
curvature ; they are tuberculate at the base, impressed by longitudinal i
grooves, and irregularly perforated : specimens have been found in British
strata in which the length of each horn-core along the outer curve was
three feet three inches.

1412. A fragment of the core of the left horn of the Bos primigenius.
Locality unrecorded. FTunterian.

1413. A fragment of the skull, with the base of the core of the left horn, of a
young or female Bos primigenius. |

It was discovered in drift or diluvium, associated with No. 1035, the

canine of a Hippopotamus. Hlunterian.

1414. A portion of the skull, with the right horn-core, of a young or female
Bos primigenius.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

1415. The right metacarpal bone of the Bos primigenius.
Locality unrecorded. Hunterian, i

1416. The left metacarpal bone of the same Bos primigenius.
Locality unrecorded. Hluntervan.

1417. Fragments of the shaft of the tibia of a large Bos or Urus.
Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.

1418. The last left molar of a Bos or Urus.
“Tt was found six feet below the surface of the ground, near
Gloucester.” Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart., F.RAS.
202

284

1419. The skull, mutilated anteriorly, and without the lower jaw, of the Bos
longifrons, Owen.

This species belongs to the subgenus Bos, by the form of the forehead
and the origin of the horns from the extremities of the upper occipital
ridge, but is distinguished from the Bos primigenius by its much smaller
size, its much shorter horns in proportion to its size, and by its longer
and narrower forehead. The horns have a simple curvature forward, and
a little downward.

From the freshwater deposits of shell-marl beneath a bog at Longford,
Ireland. Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

1420. The calvarium and horn-cores of the Bos longifrons.
‘From a bog in Ireland.” Hlunterian.

1421. A plaster-cast of part of the calvarium and horn-cores of the Bos longi-
Jrons.

The original is from the shell-marl beneath a bog in Westmeath, Ire-
land, and has been described by Robert Ball, Esq., Secretary to the Zoo-
logical Society of Dublin, in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
for January 1839, as indicating ‘‘a variety or race differing very remark-
ably from any previously described in works with which the author was
acquainted.” Presented by Robert Ball, Esq.

1422. The left horn-core of the Bos longzfrons.
From beneath a peat moss or fen near the town of Hull.

Presented by Arthur Atkin, Esq., F.GS.

1423. The right humerus of the Bos longifrons.
From beneath a bog at Longford, Ireland.

Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

1424. The left iliac bone of the Bos longifrons.
From beneath a bog at Longford, Ireland.

Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

1425. The left metatarsal bone of the Bos longifrons.
From beneath a bog at Longford, Ireland.

Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen.

285

1426. The last molar tooth, left side, lower jaw, of a large Bovine animal.
From. the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan range, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, M.A.

1427. The distal end of the left metacarpal bone of a large Bovine animal.
From the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan range, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, M.A.

1428. The right astragalus of a large Bovine animal.
From the tertiary deposits of the Sub-Himalayan range, India.
Presented by the Rev. E. Everest, M.A.

Subgenus Ovibos (Musk-Ox).

1429, The posterior part of the cranium of the fossil Musk-Ox (Ouzbos Pallasii)
From the drift of Siberia. Mus. Brookes.

1430. A cast of the posterior part of the cranium of the Ovrbos Pallasiz.
From the drift of Siberia.
Presented by Roderick Impey Murchison, Esq., P.GS.

Order CETACEA.

Genus Delphinus.

1431. A middle dorsal vertebra of a large species of Dedphinus : the articular
epiphysial plates are detached from the centrum; the neural arch is
broken away.

From the tertiary strata of Alabama, North America. Purchased.

1432. A lumbar or anterior caudal vertebra of a large species of Delphinus.

From the tertiary strata of Alabama, North America. Purchased

1433. The body of an anterior caudal vertebra of a large Delphinus. The epi-
physial articular plates are anchylosed to the centrum and the whole
vertebra is petrified.

Locality unrecorded, probably from the Crag. Hunterian.

1434.

1435.

1459.

1440.

286

The body of an anterior caudal vertebra of a large Delphinus. The epi-
physial articular plates are anchylosed and the whole is petrified: it has
been waterworn and apparently perforated by sea-shells.

Locality unrecorded. Huntervan.

The body of an anterior caudal vertebra of a Delphinus, wanting the
terminal epiphysial plates and partially petrified.
Locality unrecorded. Hlunterian.

5, A caudal vertebra of a smaller species of Delphinus, with the terminal

epiphyses confluent with the body.
Locality unrecorded. Huntervan.

. A more posterior caudal vertebra of the same species of Delphinus.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

. A posterior caudal vertebra of a Delphinus. The epiphysial articular

plates have been detached from the body.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

Genus Monodon.

A portion of the tusk of a male Narwhal (JZonodon monoceros, Linn.) :
the exterior surface shows the characteristic spiral indentations; on the
inside is the smooth surface of the extended pulp-cavity.

From Baumann’s cave. Hunterian.

Genus Hyperoodon.

A vertical longitudinal section of an anterior caudal vertebra of apparently
a great Bottle-nose Whale (Zyperoodon). It displays a very uniform
coarse cancellous structure throughout: the longitudinal diameter of the
vertebra 1s nine inches, the vertical diameter six inches.

The bone seems to have lost some of its original animal matter and to
have been partially impregnated with iron, but is not petrified.

Locality unknown. Hlunterian.

1441.

1442.

1448.

1444.

1445.

1445°.

287

The opposite half of the same vertebra, transversely bisected.

Hunterian.
Genus Zeuglodon.

Sections of a rib of the Zeuglodon cetoides, Owen. It presents a compact
osseous structure with excentric layers of growth.
From the tertiary deposits of the State of Alabama, North America.
Presented by Dr. Richard Harlan.

An anterior caudal vertebra of the Zeuwglodon cetordes. It measures eight
inches and a half in longitudinal diameter and seven inches in transverse
diameter: the base of the neural arch, which is five inches in extent, is
situated nearer the anterior than the posterior part of the vertebra.
From the tertiary deposits of the State of Alabama, North America.
Purchased.
A posterior caudal vertebra of the Zeuglodon cetoides.
From the tertiary deposits of Alabama, North America.
Purchased.

Genus Physeter.

The tooth of a Cachalot (Physeter macrocephalus): it has lost most of
the original animal matter and is partly decomposed into successive
layers.

From the newer pliocene strata in South America.

Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq., FBS.

The tooth of a recent Cachalot, for comparison. Purchased.

Genus Balena.

1446. ‘The caudal vertebra of a Whale (Balena mysticetus?) with the trans-

verse processes broken away: it measures nine inches in longitudinal
diameter, and twelve inches in transverse diameter: the articular epiphy-
sial plates are anchylosed to the body.

From the gravel in the old bed of the Thames; found thirty feet
below the surface in excavations near the Temple Church.

Purchased.

ene

|
t
|
|

288

1447. The mutilated body of a petrified vertebra of a coarse osseous texture,
apparently Cetacean.

Locality unrecorded. Hunterian.

1448. A cast of the tympanic portion of the petro-tympanic bone of a Whale
(Balena affinis, Owen). 'The specimen measures five inches in length,
and resembles the tympanic bone of the Balena antarctica in the slight
elevation of the posterior part of the involuted convexity, and its gra-
dual diminution to the Eustachian end of the cavity: it resembles the
tympanic bone of both the Balena antarctica and the Bal. mysticetus
in the gradual continuation of the concave outer wall from the in-
voluted convexity: this convexity is indented also, as in both the
recent species of Balene, by vertical fissures, narrower than the marked
indentation which distinguishes that part in the Bal. mysticetus: the
upper surface of the fossil tympanic bone maintains a more equable
breadth from the posterior to the anterior end, the outer angle of which
is salient in the fossil, but is rounded off in the recent specimens: the
under and outer surfaces of the fossil tympanic bone meet at an acute
angle. Having found the above characters sufficiently marked in three
specimens of fossil tympanic bones, I have regarded them as indicative
of a species distinct from the known existing Balene, but most nearly
allied to the Bal. antarctica*.

From the red crag at Felixstow, Suffolk.
Presented by the Rev. Prof. Henslow, F. B.S.

1449. A portion of the right tympanic bone of the Balena affinis, from which
almost the whole of the free over-arching plate has been broken away.
From the red crag at Felixstow, Suffolk.

Presented by the Rev. Prof. Henslow, F.R.S.

1450. The tympanic bone of the Balena mysticetus, with part of the over-
arching plate sawed off, showing the density of its structure, and affording
a means of comparison with the fossils. The difference in the breadth
of the anterior end of the bone, between the recent and fossil specimens,
is well marked.

* Proceedings of the Geological Society, December, 1843.

289

1451. A cast of a mutilated right tympanic bone of the Balena definita, Owen.

This species is more unequivocally characterized than the preceding, by
the distinct definition of the involuted convexity, and by the extent of the
slightly concave surface extending from the convexity to the commence-
ment of the overarching wall; the anterior extremity of the involuted
convexity is equally well-defined, and a wide concavity divides it from the
anterior extremity of the Eustachian outlet. The involuted convexity
is but slightly elevated even at its broadest part. The under and outer
surfaces of the bone meet at a right angle.

From the red crag at Felixstow, Suffolk.

Presented by the Rev. Prof. Henslow, F.R.S.

1452. A mutilated right tympanic bone of the Balena definita : it equally well ma-

nifests the characters of the well-defined convexity, and the wide interspace
between that part and the origin of the overarching plate, most of which is
broken away: in this example also the under and outer surfaces of the
bone meet at right angles to form a ridge along the exterior of the bone.

From the red crag at Felixstow, Suffolk.
Presented by the Rev. Prof. Henslow, F.R.S.

1453. A mutilated right tympanic bone of the Balena gibbosa, Owen. This

differs from the tympanum of the Balena affinis in the shorter and more
prominent involuted convexity, the anterior end of which is divided from
the anterior end of the cavity by a concave border of nearly equal longitu-
dinal extent ; the internal border of the involuted convexity is also better
defined than in the Balena affinis, but is situated as closely as in that
species to the overarching wall, which is divided from it only by a deep
and narrow rugged fissure, and not by a broad and gently concave tract
as in the Balena definita. Both the outer and under surfaces of this
specimen are more rounded than in the two preceding species ; but, being
more mutilated and waterworn, the characters derivable from the external
parts of the bone are of less value. The characters above specified, which
are furnished by the involuted convexity, are decisive as to the specific
distinction of the present fossil.
From the red crag at Felixstow, Suffolk.
Presented by the Rev. Prof. Henslow, F.R.S.

2pP

Le err rh eee

)

290

1454, A cast of a mutilated left tympanic bone of the Balena emarginata,

Owen. This fossil differs from the last specimen in the less degree of
convexity of the involuted part, but more particularly in its outer border
being notched or indented, as in the Balena mysticetus, by a vertical
angular impression, deeper and wider than the smaller vertical fissures
(see No. 1450). The comparative shortness of the involuted convexity
distinguishes this species from the Balena affnis, the vertical notch and
the minor convexity of the involution distinguish it from the Balena
gibbosa, and the immediate rising of the overarching wall, beyond the
inner boundary of the involution, from the Balena definita.
From the red crag at Felixstow, Suffolk.
Presented by the Rev. Prof. Henslow, F.RS.

All the more perfect ‘cetotolites, as the foregoing fossils have been
termed, which have shown the form of the tympanic cavity bounded
by the overarching thin plate, and at the same time the proportion
and direction of the anterior or Eustachian outlet, and above all the
larger or posterior end of the bone, have demonstrated their difference
from the tympanic bone in the Grampus, Hyperoodon and other larger
Delphinide, inasmuch as these Cetaceans have the posterior end of the
tympanic bone bilohed, and not entire or simple as in the fossils, and
they likewise have the anterior outlet of the tympanic cavity partially
inclosed by the extension of the outer plate around that end. With
regard to the Cachalot (Physeter), I have had no opportunity of com-
paring the Felixstow fossils with the tympanic bone in that genus,
except by means of the figures of it, given by Camper* in his usual
spirited but sketchy style: Cuvier, who founds his notice of the
tympanic bones of the Cachalot on the same figures, states that they
most resemble those of the Delphinide, but are less elongated and less
bilobed posteriorly. The figures show still more clearly that the tym-
panic cavity is continued freely forward out of the anterior end of the
bone, and terminates by a relatively wider outlet than in the Delphinide.

* Anatomie des Cetacés, plate xxiii.

[

1455

1456
1457

1458
1459

1460

291

Camper* states that the size of the tympanum is relatively smaller in
the Cachalots than in the Whalebone Whales.

In the Balenoptere the tympanic bones, according to Cuvier, are very
small in proportion to the head, and are equally convex at their inferior
surface.

As none of the fossils in question have been found, 2m sz¢z, with any
part of the cranium, their relative size to the animal cannot be judged
of; but in the specimens that have been least injured and waterworn, the
inferior surface shows the flattened or gently concavo-convex undula-

tion which characterizes the tympanic bone in the true Whales (Ba/ene).

. A fragment of bone, smooth on one side, and on the opposite showing a
coarse cetaceous bony texture, and petrified like the fossils from the red
crag.

From Harwich Cliff, Essex. Hunterian.

. A similar fragment, from the same locality. Hunterian.

. A fragment of bone, smooth on both sides, but with a marginal fracture
displaying a coarse cetaceous bony texture: it is completely mineralized,
and in the condition of the fossils of the red crag. ;

From Harwich Cliff, Essex. Hunterian.

. Two similar fragments of bone, from the same locality. Hunterian.

. A fragment of bone of a coarse cetaceous texture, petrified and in the
condition of the fossils from the red crag.
From Harwich Cliff, Essex. Hunterian.

Order MARSUPIALIA.

Genus Diprotodon.

. The anterior extremity of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Dipro-
todon australis, Owen, exhibiting the rough articular surface of the broad
and deep symphysis, the base of the large incisive tusk, the second and

* Loe. cit. p. 108.
2P2

292

third molars, and the socket of the first. The third molar is the most en-
tire ; its grinding surface is produced into two high subcompressed trans-
verse ridges, placed one before the other; there is also a ridge along
both the anterior and the posterior parts of the base of the crown. The
exposed commencement of the fangs is invested with a thick coating of
cement; a portion of this substance also remains in the interspace
between the posterior eminence and its basal ridge; the enamel is thick
and presents a rugose or finely reticulate and punctate exterior, the
perforations being seen at the fractured margins to lead to smooth pits,
extending a little way into the enamel. The antero-posterior diameter of
this tooth is two inches, the transverse diameter is one inch three lines;
the extent of the three sockets of the molars is four inches five lines;
they progressively diminish in size from the third to the first. The
second molar is much narrower than the third, but its crown seems also
to have supported two principal transverse eminences, and an anterior
and posterior basal ridge: its antero-posterior extent is one inch and a
half; its transverse diameter at the posterior division, where it is thickest,
is nine lines: the coronal ridges are broken off. The first molar is lost;
but its socket shows that it was implanted, like the other molars, by two
fangs. The anterior part of the symphysis and crown of the large in-
cisor are broken off; from the first molar to the fractured end mea-
sures six inches three lines ; this part of the margin of the jaw manifests
no trace of tooth or socket. The incisor tooth extends forwards and
slightly upwards ; it is subcompressed, measuring one inch and a half in
the vertical diameter and nearly one inch in transverse diameter ; it has
a partial coating of enamel, which extends over the inferior and the lower
half of the exterior surface of the tusk ; the enamel has the same rugose
punctate outer surface as that of the molar teeth. The large size of the
dental canal exposed by the posterior fracture of the ramus indicates the
ample supply of vessels and nerves which minister to the growth and
nutrition of the incisive tusk ; the great depth of the symphysis of the
jaw gives the required strength for the operations of the tusk, and space
for its support and for the lodgement of its large persistent matrix. The
vertical diameter of the symphysis anterior to the molar series is four

a

293

inches. The symphysial surface, contrasted with the molar teeth, seems
enormous ; its antero-posterior extent to the fractured end of the jaw is
six inches, its vertical diameter three inches ; its direction is obliquely
from below upwards and forwards, its upper or posterior margin nearly
straight, its lower or anterior one convex ; it stands out a very little way
from the vertical plane of the inner surface of the ramus. The thickest
part of the symphysis of the jaw does not exceed three inches ; this is at
its lower part, which is convex in every direction. The surface of the
bone seems to have been naturally roughened by minute vascular grooves
and ridges ; it has been crushed and cracked. The ridge, which doubtless
formed the anterior part of the base of the coronoid process, begins to stand
out below the socket of the third grinder; the smooth abraded surface at
the back of the posterior talon of that tooth indicates the pressure against
a contiguous tooth in the portion of jaw which has been broken away.

This symphysial portion of jaw differs in a striking degree from the
corresponding part in the known existing or extinct Pachyderms, which
have, like the Australian extinct Mammal, a single incisor tusk in each
ramus of the lower jaw. In the young Mastodon the tusk is situated in
a less deep, more suddenly contracted and more produced symphysis ; the
symphysis of the jaw in the Sumatran and incisive Rhinoceros is much
less deep and is broader in proportion; the peculiar deflection of the
symphysis in the Dinotherium makes it differ still more strikingly from
the Diprotodon, in which the incisive tusks of the lower jaw extended
obliquely upwards. The sudden slope of the toothless margin of the jaw
anterior to the molares distinguishes the existing Proboscidians, which
have a smaller anchylosed symphysis and no lower tusks.

In the proportion of the symphysial articulation to the molar teeth, I
know of no quadruped that so nearly resembles the present large Austra-
lian fossil as the Wombat; but in this Marsupial that part of the ramus
of the jaw is broader in proportion to its depth: in these dimensions,
viz. the proportions of breadth to depth of the jaw supporting the anterior
molares, the Kangaroo more resembles the Diprotodon; and the molars
of the Kangaroo in their double roots and double-ridged crowns are those
amongst the Marsupials which most nearly resemble the molars in the

a ee ee

294

present gigantic fossil. But the still closer resemblance which the
molars of the Tapir bear to those of the Diprotodon calls for further
and more decisive evidence before the supposition of its marsupial nature
can be entertained with probability.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, westward of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Six Thomas L. Mitchell, C_B.

1461. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of apparently the same in-

dividual Diprotodon australis ; it includes the two fangs of the last molar
teeth and the angle of the jaw. This part more decidedly manifests the
marsupial character by its inward inflection, and by the broad flattened
surface which the under part of the jaw there presents : this surface forms
a right angle with the outer surface of the ramus, the lines of union being
rounded off; the outer surface, which is entire to the base of the coronoid
process, is slightly concave. The Elephants, Mastodons and tapiroid
Pachyderms present the opposite or convex form of the outward surface
of the jaw; the Dinotherium comes nearest, amongst the Pachyderms, to
the character of the angle and base of the ascending ramus of the jaw
manifested in the present fossil, which, however, in the greater degree of
inflection and flattening of the angle, more closely resembles the mar-
supial type. The alveolar ridge is continued backwards, for the extent of
two inches, in the form of a flattened platform of bone, forming an angle
at its inner and posterior extremity. The thin base of the coronoid
process extends along the outer border of this platform, and the entry of
the dental canal is situated near the posterior end of the base of the coro-
noid. The condyloid process and the back part of the jaw are broken
away ; a great part of the thick ridge formed by the inwardly inflected
angle of the jaw has also suffered fracture, but about one inch of the
middle part of this characteristic structure is entire. The preserved fangs
of the last molar show it to have been as large as would comport with
the proportions of the molars in the preceding specimen.
From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits of the Condamine River,
westward of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir Thomas L. Mitchell, C.B.

>

1462.

295

The body of a dorsal vertebra of a large quadruped, probably the Dzpro-
todon australis. It measures two inches three lines in antero-posterior
diameter, three inches in vertical diameter, and four inches nine lines in
transverse diameter. Both articular extremities are flat; the epiphy-
sial plates are anchylosed ; but where they are broken away the radiating
rough lines, characteristic of the epiphysial surface, indicate that the
union was tardy and had been recently effected before the animal perished.
This vertebra differs by its compressed form and the flattening of the
articular ends from the dorsal vertebrae of the ordinary placental Pachy-

derms, but resembles in these characters the dorsal vertebrae of the Pro-

‘boscidians ; in these, however, the breadth of the vertebral body is not

so great as in the fossil. From the cetacean vertebra the present fossil
is distinguished by the large concave articular surface at the upper and
anterior part of the side of the body for the reception of part of the
head of a rib: this costal surface, which is not quite entire, appears to
have been about an inch and a half in diameter. The neurapophyses are
anchylosed to the centrum, but the internal margins of their expanded
bases are definable, and have been separated by a tract, rather less than
an inch in breadth, of the upper surface of the centrum ; at the middle of
this surface there is a deep transversely oblong depression: a similar
depression is present in the dorsal vertebra of the Megatherioid animal,
No. 507, and in the anchylosed lumbar vertebra of the Mylodon, No.
398 ; but the bodies of the dorsal vertebre in all the great extinct Bruta
are longer and narrower in proportion to their breadth than in the present
fossil. The upper and posterior margin is here indented on each side
by the dorsal nerve, which in the Echidna perforates the base of the
neurapophyses ; otherwise the body of the dorsal vertebra in that Impla-
cental corresponds in its proportions and in the depression on the upper
part of the body with the present fossil. In the Kangaroo the upper
surface of the body of the dorsal and lumbar vertebra is perforated by
two vascular canals, which pass down vertically and open below by a
single or double outlet. In the Wombat the middle of the upper surface
of the bodies of the dorsal and lumbar vertebre exhibits a single large

and deep depression, which, in the dorsal vertebra, has no inferior out-

296

let, and in this character they closely resemble the present fossil. The
dorsal vertebree of the Wombat are, however, longer in proportion to
their breadth. Thus the present mutilated vertebra alone would support
the conclusion that there had formerly existed in Australia a mammi-
ferous quadruped, superior to the Rhinoceros in bulk, and distinct from
any known species of corresponding size ; and it is interesting to find
one well-marked character in it, viz. the median excavation on the upper
part of the body, repeated by one of the largest of the existing Marsu-
pialia.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.
1463. A fragment of a vertebra, including the anterior and posterior articular
processes, of the left side, the left half of the neural arch, and part of the
anterior articular end of the body. The upper part of the spinal canal 1s
nearly flat, but divided by two parallel longitudinal ridges into three
nearly equal grooves ; the transverse diameter of the canal at its anterior
outlet is one inch one line; the vertical diameter appears not to have
exceeded half an inch; the transverse diameter of the vertebra across the
anterior articular processes is four inches and a half, and across the poste-
rior processes is four inches; the length of the neural arch at the base
of the spine is two inches nine lines. The proportion of the spinal canal
to the vertebra indicates this to be from near the root or the base of the
tail; but the remains of the anterior articular end of the body show that
the vertebrae were here joined by ball and socket joints. A transverse
process, which extended outwards from below the anterior articular pro-
cess, has been broken off. The spinous process is much compressed and
almost obsolete anteriorly ; its base is three lines thick posteriorly.

This very remarkable fragment has the same colour and mineralized
condition as the jaws of the Dzprotodon australis, and is from the same
stratum and locality, viz. the Condamine River.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1464.

1465.

1466.

1467.

1468.

1469.

297

A fragment of a vertebra, with the left anterior and posterior articular or
oblique process, and part of a thick transverse process. The propor-
tions, colour and mineralized condition of this fossil agree with those of
the portions of jaw, Nos. 1460 and 1461, of the Déprotodon australis.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

A fragment of a rib, which is nearly six inches in circumference.
From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

A fragment of a rather smaller rib, from near its vertebral end.
From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir 7. L. Mitchell, C.B.

A fragment of a rib of rather smaller size, from near the vertebral extre-
nity.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia,

Presented by Lneut.-Col. Sir T. L.. Mitchell, C.B.

A fragment of a rib, four inches and a half in circumference.
From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

A fragment of a rib of a flatter form, and probably from a more posterior
position.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C_B.

. A fragment of the vertebral end of a rib, including its tubercle, below

which it measures three inches and a half in circumference.
2a

298

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the hed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir 7. I. Mitchell, C_B.
All the preceding portions of ribs present the same colour and minera-
lized condition as the portions of jaw of the Dzprotodon australs, Nos.
1469 and 1461.

1471. A fragment of the left scapula, with four inches of the anterior part of
the base of the spine, of a large mammalian animal. The thickness of the
neck of the scapula is two inches nine lines, that of the base of the spine
is one inch. The indication of the sudden rising of this thick spine from
the plane of the scapula distinguishes it from that bone in the Rhino-
ceros, and its thickness is greater than in the largest Hippopotamus ; it 1s
also relatively greater in comparison with the neck of the scapula than
in the Elephant. The fossil presents the same mineralized, crushed and
fractured condition, and the same colour and texture of bone as the por-
tions of the jaw of the Diprotodon australis, Nos. 1460 and 1461.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
unine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C_B.

1472. A portion of the glenoid cavity and neck of a scapula of a large mam-
malian animal. The breadth of the articular surface for the humerus is
between three and four inches ; the length appears to have been about six
inches. The fragment is massive, and in the same mineralized, crushed
and cracked condition as the portions of the jaw of the Diprotodon
australis, Nos. 1460 and 1461.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1473. A fragment of apparently the same scapula, from the same stratum and

locality. Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C_B.

1474. Two fragments, one apparently of the tuberosity of a humerus, of a large
mammalian animal.

1475.

1476.

299

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.
Part of the distal half of the shaft of the left humerus of a large mam-
malian animal, showing the musculo-spiral impression between the origin
of the deltoid process and the outer condyle. The breadth of the bone
at this part seems to have been between four and five inches, its thick-
ness is one inch eight lines; it indicates a compressed form of the bone
as in the Wombat, and agrees in this feature, as in size, with the femur,
No. 1489. In colour and mineral condition it corresponds with the por-
tions of the jaw of the Diprotodon australis, Nos. 1460 and 1461.
From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.
The proximal end of the left ulna of a quadruped corresponding in size
with the Dzprotodon australis. The olecranon is trihedral, smooth and
concave on each side, rough and flattened posteriorly ; the circumference
of its base is eight inches; its summit is broken off, and the articular
surface of the sigmoid cavity, which projects from the shaft of the bone,
is unfortunately too much mutilated and fractured to convey an idea of
its original form, or give evidence of the presence or amount of rotation
between this bone and the radius. The breadth of the base of the ole-
cranon is three inches, its thickness at its posterior expanded and flattened
part is two inches three lines. This fossil indicates a massive and power-
ful fore-arin, and, by the size of the fractured end of the shaft of the bone,
that the ulna extended to the carpal joint, and had an equal if not
superior development to the radius. The canal for the medullary artery
enters on the inner side below the sigmoid cavity, and is directed inwards
and a little upwards. The fossil presents the same colour and mine-
ralized, broken and cracked condition as the portions of the jaw of the
Diprotodon australis, Nos. 1460 and 1461.
From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

2aQ2 :

i

1477.

1478.

1479.

1481.

300

A portion of a condyle of a humerus or femur, of the proportions appa-
rently of those of a Mastodon ; it presents the same colour and heavy
mineralized and cracked condition as the fossils Nos. 1460 and 1461.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

A portion of one of the condyles of a femur, presenting nearly the pro-
portions of that of a Mastodon, and in the same heavy mineralized and
broken condition as the fossils Nos. 1460 and 1461.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

A fragment of the compact walls of the shaft, apparently from the inner
border of a flattened femur: the length of the fragment is seven inches
and a half, and the thickness of the compact wall from one-half to two-
thirds of an inch. It corresponds in colour and mineralized condition with
the portions of the jaw of the Dzprotodon australis, Nos. 1460 and 1461.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

. A fragment of apparently the head of a tibia of a quadruped, agreeing in

size with the Diprotodon australis: the portion of articular surface here
preserved is gently concave at one part and convex at another, with a
deeper depression near the margin; the greatest breadth of this surface
is five inches.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

A portion of the inner part of the proximal end of a right tibia of a
large mammalian animal: the part of the concave articular surface which
is preserved has a diameter of three inches and a half, but the traces of
the union of the epiphysis to the shaft are very plain; the lower end of

301

the fragment, which is six inches long, presents no appearance of a
medullary cavity. This fossil has the same general colour and heavy
mineralized condition as the portions of the jaw of the Diprotodon austra-
lis, Nos. 1460 and 1461.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-

mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1482. A fragment of the shaft of a long bone of the same size and texture as

the preceding, and perhaps forming part of the anterior wall of the same
tibia.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T, L. Mitchell, C.B.

1483. A fragment of the shaft of one of the long bones of the extremities,

apparently the tibia, of a large quadruped: the exterior shows a portion
of two almost flattened surfaces meeting at an open angle, from which a
short rough ridge-like process is developed; at the upper part of this
ridge the orifice of the medullary artery is situated, the canal of which
expands as it slightly descends to gain the medullary cavity ; no part of
that cavity is distinctly visible in the fossil; the compact part of the wall
is half an inch thick, and a moderately close cancellous texture is con-
tinued inwards from it; at the upper part of the fragment the compact
wall is about a quarter of an inch thick; the breadth of the fragment,
which seems to include about one-fifth part of the circumference of the
bone, is two inches and a half. The ridge, near which the medullary
artery penetrates the tibia in the larger Pachyderms and Ruminants, is
situated at the confluence of two surfaces of the tibia, which meet a much
less open angle than in the present fossil: in the Giraffe the correspond-
ing angle is rounded off. In the Elephant and Mastodon the medullary
artery perforates the bone at the middle of the flattened posterior surface
of the tibia. In the Kangaroo the ridge near which the arterial orifice
is situated is much more acute and more produced than in the fossil. In
the Wombat the corresponding orifice is situated at the ridge where the

302

two flattened facets of the shaft of the tibia meet at the same open angle,
as in the present fragment, which accords in size, colour and mineralized
condition with the portions of the jaw of the Dzprotodon australis, Nos.
1460 and 1461.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

1484. The distal end, apparently of a fibula, of a large mammalian quadruped :
it presents a subtrihedral form, and is seven inches in circumference ; the
centre of the shaft is occupied by a close cancellous texture ; the arti-
cular extremity is much abraded, but a trace of the line of union of the
epiphysis to the shaft may be discerned. This fragment presents the
same ponderous mineralized condition as the preceding specimen.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1485. A fragment of apparently the proximal end of a long bone of. a large
quadruped. It is trihedral, slightly twisted, and acquires a form which
yields an oval transverse section as it descends. A portion of a nearly
flat articular surface projects obliquely forwards, and from above down-
wards and inwards: the upper part of this surface is defined by a groove,
which sinks into a slight depression ; above this the bone rises in the
form of a broad flattened process, which has been broken off about two
inches below the articular surface ; there is the orifice of a canal for the
medullary artery, which, on the supposition that this is a proximal end of
the bone, is directed slightly upwards ; the broken end of the bone below
this part shows no medullary cavity, but a close cancellous texture, bounded
by a compact wall from one to two lines in thickness: the circumference
of this extremity of the fragment is seven inches. It presents the same
heavy mineralized condition as the foregoing specimens.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

303

1486. The right os calcis of a large mammalian quadruped, It measures six

inches in length and five inches and a half in breadth ; presents two large
articular surfaces at right angles to each other upon its upper and
anterior part; has a short calcaneal or posterior process, which is broad,
depressed and bent upwards, and a short thick obtuse process directed
downwards from the internal and under part of the bone. The inner
and upper articular surface is semicircular, nearly flat, very slightly con-
cave, with a small part continued down or sinking from the middle of its
outer margin at a rather opén angle, towards the outer or cuboidal facet.
This is a larger and more deeply concave surface than the preceding,
with a well-defined margin placed on the outer side, not anterior to the
astragalar surface. The astragalar surface is separated from the calcaneal
and inferior tuberosity by a wide and moderately deep tendinal groove,
analogous to that along which the tendon of the flexor longus pollicis
glidesin Man. The base of the calcaneal process, which is united to the
posterior part of the cuboidal concavity, is perforated by a short canal,
half an inch wide, continued downwards and forwards, and leading to
a wider tendinal groove, which impresses the inferior surface of the part
of the bone supporting the cuboidal facet. The plane of the posterior
part of the calcaneal projection is at right angles with the inferior rough
surface of the bone.

The characters of the present fossil calcaneum, as above briefly defined,
are unique. The size of the bone leads us first to compare it with the
calcaneum of the Elephant or Mastodon, but here we find two broad and
flat astragalar surfaces on the upper part of the bone, and a small and
very slightly concave surface anteriorly ; there is likewise no perforation
for a peroneal tendon. The same absence of such a perforation, and the

different proportion and relative position of the cuboidal facet, distinguish
at a glance the calcaneum in all the ordinary Pachyderms from the pre-
sent fossil. The caleaneum of the Mylodon robustus is perforated at its
outer part for the tendon of the ‘ peroneus longus,’ as it is in the present
fossil; it likewise has a stout tuberosity projecting from its under sur-
face, but the calcaneal process is much larger and is continued more
directly backwards. The cuboidal facet in the Mylodon is much smaller

304

and shallower than in the present fossil, and is not only placed anterior
to the astragalar surface, but is continuous with it. Not to dwell on
the differences which the comparative anatomist must have immediately
perceived from the description of the present most remarkable bone
in the corresponding one of the Ruminantia, the Quadrumana, the Car-
nivora and Fodentia, I proceed at once to state that it is only in the
equipedal Marsupialia, and more especially in the Koala and Wombat,
that we find the articular surfaces of the calcaneum two in number and
of the same general form, proportions and relative position as in the
fossil under consideration: the nearly flat internal and superior astragalar
surface is, however, proportionally narrower in the Wombat; its outer
depressed angle is shallower ; the calcaneal projection is directed down-
wards and inwards ; the strong peroneal tendon indents the outer side
of the calcaneum with a groove but does not perforate the bone. The
calcaneum of the Kangaroo has a totally different form from the fossil; in
the leaping Marsupialia the heel is subcompressed and much elongated ;
the astragalar surface is divided into two small distinct parts; the cu-
boidal facet is anterior, and convex vertically, &c. In conclusion, it may
be stated that the large fossil caleaneum here described combines the
essential characters of that of the Wombat, with some features of that
of the Mylodon and Mastodon, and others which are peculiar to itself :
the single broad astragalar surface, with its external depressed portion,
coincides with the characters of the large fossil astragalus No. 1509,
though the different form of the astragalar surface appears to show the
present calcaneum to belong to a distinct species of marsupial Pachy-
derm.

That a large quadruped, whose nature andaffinities that term expresses,
formerly inhabited Australia, the characters of the present os calcis would
alone have rendered highly probable: and since the same conclusions are
deducible from the portions of jaw Nos. 1460 and 1461, which corre-
spond in size, mineralized condition, locality and stratum with the pre-
sent calcaneum, it is highly probable that they all belong to the Dzpro-
todon australis, a species whose affinities to the Wombat. were perceived
by the characters of the single tusk and fragment of jaw transmitted by

305

Lieut.-Col., then Major Mitchell, from the caves of Wellington Valley,
Australia, to the Geological Society, and which is described in his ‘ Expe- |
dition into the Interior of Eastern Australia, 8vo, 1838, vol. 11. p. 362. |

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda- |

mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B. i

Of the River Condamine, which is in lat. 28°S., long. 150° E., if
Sir Thomas Mitchell states, “ This stream, as I understand, is remark-
able from forming large basins at some places and losing its course in
swamps at others, and at other parts again cutting its course in a deep
channel, through deep beds of alluvium, in which these bones are thus
brought to light.”

The three following specimens were transmitted together, and are referred to |
in the following extract from a letter from Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, dated
‘Sydney, N.S. Wales, 6th April, 1842,” addressed to Prof. Owen, Royal College

of Surgeons.

“] write now chiefly to apprise you of my having sent by the same i
vessel, which will take the mail and this letter (namely the ‘ Everetta’), |
a box containing some fragments of fossil bones addressed to you.
These are not satisfactory specimens such as I hope soon to send
you; but, being the first from the locality, I am anxious you should
first hear of them. I can tell you but little of the manner in which
they occur; but such bones are found on Darling Downs, those ex-
tensive plains which you will see marked to the S.W. of Moreton Bay,
on most maps of this country. They are at the sources of the Dar-
ling River, and at a great height above the level of the sea, upwards of
4000 feet. I am informed that these huge bones (of which I send you
but fragments) are found in some abundance.

“ What will interest you most is a tooth, which I have put up
amongst these fragments, being from the same locality ; it is packed

in the same kind of paper, so I hope care will be taken to find it. I

|

}

|

/

thought it safest among the fragments, as such a small article at the }
2R |

306

top might fall out at the Custom House. I am promised part of a rib
and other bones by the gentleman who gave the tooth, and I have
some hopes of obtaining a jaw-bone.”

1487. A portion of the crown of the penultimate molar, right side, lower jaw, of
the Diprotodon australis: it includes a great part of the posterior trans-
verse eminence, which is more than half-worn down, with the posterior
talon and a small part of the anterior eminence: the wrinkles of the
enamel are fewer, and the perforations more distinct than in the specimen
No. 1460, but the size and proportions so closely accord with those of
No. 1495, as to leave little doubt of their specific identity. The smooth
indentation at the back of the posterior talon plainly indicates the effects
of pressure, from long exercise of mastication, against a posterior
tooth.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the Darling Downs,
S.W. of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1488. A fragment of the spine of a scapula of a large quadruped ; it is between
one inch and half an inch in thickness, and two inches in height: the
cancellous texture resembles in character that of the femur No. 1489,
which was transmitted with this fragment.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the Darling Downs,
S.W. of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

1489. The shaft of a femur of a large mammiferous quadruped, wanting part of
the parietes of the medullary cavity from the fore-part of the distal half
of the bone. It is principally remarkable for the extent to which it is
naturally flattened from before backwards; its transverse being to its
antero-posterior diameter as two to one; the greatest length of the
specimen is one foot ten inches; its greatest breadth near the upper
end is nine inches. Among the known larger quadrupeds the femur
presents a similar antero-posterior compression in the Elephant, Mas-
todon, and Rhinoceros, but the latter animal is distinguished by a second

307

external trochanter, situated below the- great trochanter, which is not
present in the Australian fossil. In the Megatherium and its congeners
the flattening of the femur and its transverse breadth greatly surpass
the proportions exhibited by the fossil under consideration, or those of
the femora of the proboscidian Pachyderms.

The femur of the Mastodon is that which the Australian fossil most

resembles, in being flatter on the posterior than on the anterior surface:

Compared with the femur of the Mastodon giganteus, the fossil presents
the following differences: it is broader in proportion to its length; as,
for example,

Australian femur. Mastodon.

in. lines. in. lines.
From the lower part of the post-trochanterian depression
to the prominence above the outer condyle . . . . I18 O 24 0
Breadth of middle of shaft of femur . . ..... .» 5 0 Hh ©
Circumference of do. @® oo 000600 0 18 & 14 6

The surface of the bone below the post-trochanterian depression is
more convex in the Australian fossil, and the prominence above the back
part of the outer condyle is more developed ; the small trochanter is
narrower and longer, and is defined by a groove along its anterior part.
The femur in the Mastodon giganteus thins off almost to an edge at the
outside of the distal half of the shaft: in the Australian fossil the cor-
responding part is broad and convex. The anterior part of the great
trochanter rises higher above the level of that part of the femur in the
Australian fossil than in the Mastodon. The orifice of the medullary
artery is conspicuous in the Australian fossil at the back part a little
above the middle of the shaft, and towards the inner side; the canal
slopes upwards: I cannot detect the corresponding orifice in the Mas-
todon’s femur compared. The Australian fossil exhibits a large medul-
lary cavity along the middle of the shaft, with dense parietes an inch
thick. i

This specimen appears to be too large in proportion to the molar HI
tooth of the Diprotodon, No. 1487, to have belonged to that animal;
and as the molar tooth of a Mastodon, closely resembling the Mastodon |
angustidens, has been discovered in Australia by Count Strelingsky, the

2R2 /

ape 1s re

308

present femur may have belonged to a young individual of the Australian
Mastodon.
From the Darling Downs, $.W. of Moreton Bay.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

The following specimens of the Dzprotodon australis, from No. 1490 to No.
1503 inclusive, were discovered by Patrick Mayne, Esq. during the operations of
sinking a well near Mount Macedon, in the district of Melbourne, near Port

Philipp, Australia.

1490. The under part of the base of the left incisive tusk of the Dzprotodon
australis ; showing the line where the rugose-punctate, as if worm-eaten,
enamel ceases at the angle between the under and inner surfaces of the
tusk, and the coat of cement covering the unenameled dentine: the
smooth pulp-cavity gradually widening to the base of the tusk is exposed
to the extent of three inches. This portion of a great incisor is identi-
cal in form and structure with the specimen from the bone-cave of Wel-
lington Valley, figured and described in Sir T. L. Mitchell’s ‘ Expeditions
into Australia, vol. ii. p. 362, pl. 31. fig. | and 2, and with that from the
Condamine River, No. 1460. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

1491. A fragment of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Déprotodon
australis, with the anterior fang and posterior half of the crown and
fang of apparently the second molar ; the summit of the posterior ridge has
just begun to be worn, and a transverse crescentic line of dentine, with the
concavity turned forwards, is exposed. The broken anterior fang displays
the longitudinal indentation or channel with which its posterior surface is
impressed: the posterior fang is similarly impressed longitudinally upon
its anterior surface. The reticulo-punctate character of the enamel is
well expressed. The sockets of the two fangs of the small anterior
molar are traceable in this fragment.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary strata in the district of Melbourne,

Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

1492. The crown and beginning of the fangs of the antepenultimate molar,
right side, lower jaw, of the same Dzprotodon australis: the form of the

309

two transverse eminences, the summits of which had just begun to be
abraded by mastication before the animal perished, is better displayed than
in No. 1449 : they are more compressed than in the Tapir and Dinothere,
and their lamelliform summits rise higher beyond their basal connections
than in the Kangaroo: the median connecting ridge which extends
between the two transverse eminences longitudinally or in the axis of the
jaw, in the molars of the Kangaroo, is very feebly indicated in the Di-
protodon: the anteriorly concave curve of the summits of the transverse
ridges is more regular and equable and greater than in the tapiroid Pachy-
derms, the Dinothere, or the Kangaroo. The two fangs, the contiguous
surfaces of which present the deep and wide longitudinal groove, as in the
tapiroid Pachyderms and the Kangaroo, are connected together at their
base by a ridge coated thickly with cement and extending longitudinally
between the beginnings of the opposite grooves.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the district of Mel-
bourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

1498. The second molar tooth, left side, lower jaw, of the Dzprotodon australis,
from an older individual than the preceding. The anterior fang is
broken off, the posterior one is preserved to the extent of one inch and
a half; the crown of the tooth is entire, except where the summits of
the two transverse ridges have been abraded by mastication: it demon-
strates, what is obscurely indicated in No. 1460, that besides the two prin-
cipal eminences there is a small anterior basal ridge and a thick obtuse
posterior ridge ascending a little obliquely from the outer to the inner
side of the tooth: from the anterior and posterior extremities of each basal
ridge, a lower ridge extends upwards to the summit of the principal emi-
nence ; these eminences are also connected together by a short ridge at
the outer and at the inner part of their basal interspace, and each of the
principal eminences swells out near the middle of their interspace; indi-
cating, as it were, the median longitudinal ridge which connects the two
chief transverse eminences in the crown of the molar of the Kangaroo.
The enamel presents the same rugose-reticulate and punctate surface as
in the molars Nos. 1469 and 1487, that character being more conspi-

310

cuous in the fore and back part of the coronal eminences than upon their
outer and inner side. The outer border of the transverse eminences is
more convex than the inner one. The course of the calcigerous tubes is
unusually clear upon the broken surface of the fang.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the district of Mel-
bourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

1494. The third or antepenultimate molar, left side, lower jaw, wanting the
anterior fang, of the same individual Dzprotodon australs. Like the
preceding tooth it shows that it belonged to an older, and likewise toa
rather larger individual than No. 1492: the crown has been more worn,
and shows better the depth of the interspace between the two principal
ridges, the slight production of the middle of the posterior surface of
the anterior ridge, and the depression on the opposite surface of the pos-
terior ridge. The antero-posterior extent of the base of the crown of
this tooth is one inch nine lines; the breadth of the crown is one inch
three lines ; the height of the crown is one inch two lines ; the length of
the posterior fang was two inches when entire.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the district of Mel-
bourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

1495. The crown of the penultimate molar, left side, lower jaw, of apparently
the same individual Diprotodon australis. ‘The anterior transverse ridge
had just begun to be worn: the summit of the posterior ridge is entire.
This is not divided into small mammilloid tubercles as in the Dinotherium,
but is irregularly and minutely wrinkled as in the Tapir. In the depth of
the cleft between the two transverse ridges, the teeth of the Diprotodon
resemble those of the Tapir more than those of the Kangaroo ; but the
eminences are higher and more compressed than in either of the existing
genera cited. In the largest existing species of Kangaroo, as the MJa-
cropus major and Macr. laniger, the lower molars have no posterior talon
or basal ridge ; but this is present in the still larger extinct species called
Macropus Atlas, in which, however, it is much smaller than the anterior
talon. In the Tapir the anterior talon is also larger than the posterior
one, but in the Diprotodon the proportions of the two basal ridges are

1496.

1497.

1498.

1499.

311

reversed. The reticulo-punctate markings are present at the anterior
surfaces of the enamel of the transverse ridges of the molars in the Tapir,
whilst in the Kangaroo and Dinothere the enamel is smooth and
polished : the molars of the Diprotodon are characteristically distinguished
by the rugose-punctate markings in both the anterior and posterior sur-
faces of the transverse ridges.

The breadth of the crown of the present tooth is one inch and a half,
and the height of the entire posterior division is the same.

From the alluvial or pleistocene tertiary deposits in the district of
Melbourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

The anterior part of the anterior transverse eminence of the last molar,
left side, lower jaw, of the same Déprotodon australis: it measures one
inch nine lines across the base, and diminishes in breadth more gradually
towards the summit than in the preceding tooth. The summit of this
eminence had just begun to be worn by mastication: the pulp-cavity is
continued into the basal third of the crown.

From the alluvial or pleistocene tertiary deposits in the district of
Melbourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

The two fangs of a posterior molar of the Diprotodon australis.
From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the district of Mel-
bourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

Fragments of a caudal vertebra, equalling in proportions the fragment of
jaw and the teeth Nos. 1490 to 1496 ; and in the same condition as to
colour and loss of animal matter.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the district of Mel-
bourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

A fragment of a rib: it is one inch and a half broad and from six to
nine lines thick ; equalling in size the anterior rib of a large Rhinoceros,
and presents the same colour and absorbent condition as the fragment
of jaw of the Dzprotodon australis, No. 1460, with which it agrees in its
proportions.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the district of Mel-
bourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

312

1500. A fragment of the scapula, with part of the base of the spinous process,
of a large mammalian quadruped, corresponding in size, in general ap-
pearance and absorbent condition with the teeth and portion of jaw,
Nos. 1490 to 1497, of the Dzprotodon australis.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the district of Mel-
bourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

1501. An epiphysial proximal articular extremity apparently of a humerus of a
young but large mammalian quadruped, agreeing in proportions, colour
and absorbent condition with the teeth and fragment of jaw, Nos. 1490
to 1497, of the Deprotodon australis.
From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the district of Mel-
bourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

1502. A considerable proportion of the shaft of a long bone, apparently a
radius, of a smaller quadruped: it is eight inches in length and three
inches in circumference: it presents the same colour and absorbent
desiccated condition as the fossils Nos. 1490 to 1497, with which it
was found associated and was transmitted to the Museum.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the district of Mel-
bourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

1503. A portion of the shaft of the right femur of most probably the Dzprotodon
australis : it measures eight inches and a half in length and the same
in circumference at the middle part: it closely corresponds in form
with the larger femur No. 1489, being compressed from before backwards,
flattened posteriorly, slightly convex anteriorly, with the rudiment of a
ridge (but the bone is evidently from a young animal) on the outer
border of the posterior surface, and showing the orifice of the medullary
artery near the opposite border, at the beginning of the proximal expan-
sion of the bone: the medullary canal is directed slightly upwards. Most
of the cancellous texture of the bone has perished, and the rest is in the
same absorbent condition and of the same colour as the specimens, Nos.
1490 to 1497, of the Deprotodon australis, with which it was found asso-
ciated and was transmitted to the Museum.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the district of Mel-
bourne, Australia. Presented by Dr. Hobson.

313

1504. The proximal half of the shaft of the right femur of a quadruped as large
as that to which teeth of the Depretodon australis, Nos. 1490 to 1497
inclusive, and the femur No. 1503, belonged.

This fragment measures eleven inches in length, and three inches in
breadth at the distal fractured end, where the circumference is seven
inches and nine lines, the femur there not having begun to enlarge for
the formation of the distal condyles. The long and narrow trochanter
minor is developed from the posterior angle of the inner border of the
upper expanded part of the fragment, and resembles in form that of the
gigantic femur No. 1489, though it is more posterior in position: the
base of the trochanter major begins to swell outwards and forwards from

the antericr angle of the opposite border and encroaches upon the ante-

rior part of the shaft: it is relatively lower and swells out more abruptly
than in the femur No. 1489; there is no trace of a third trochanter.
The post-trochanterian depression resembles that in No. 1489. The
shaft of the present fossil is more flattened anteriorly than in No. 1503:
this antero-posterior compression gives it the same resemblance to the
femur of the Mastodon and Elephant as has been pointed out in the
description of No. 1489. The large extinct phyllophagous Edentata
manifest this character in an exaggerated degree: the Rhinoceros is the
only genus amongst the ordinary Pachyderms in which the femur is flat-
tened as in the great extinct Australian quadrupeds, but the third tro-
chanter effectually distinguishes that bone in the Rhinoceros. It is evi-
dent, from the differences above detailed between the present femur and
No. 1503, that they belong to distinct though perhaps to nearly allied
species. The form of the transverse section of the shaft is more regu-
larly elliptical, and the anterior surface more flattened, in the present
fragment than in No. 1503, which, from its closer resemblance with No.
1489, might well have belonged to a young individual of the same species.

The present fossil was detached by Count Strzelecki from the bone-
breccia of one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia : the peculiar
red ferruginous matter of the breccia still adheres to parts of the exterior
and fills the interior cavity of the bone.

Presented by Count Strzelecki.

LS)
wm

314

Genus Nototherium*.

1505. The right ramus, with the symphysis of the lower jaw, of the Mototherium
inerme, Owen, a quadruped apparently manifesting another pachydermal
modification of the marsupial type.

The dentition in the present jaw consists of molar teeth exclusively,
four in number, which increase in size as they approach the posterior
part of the series : a small portion of the anterior end of the symphysis
is broken away, but there is no trace there of the socket of any tooth, and
it is too contracted to have supported any tusk or defensive incisor. The
length of the jaw is eleven inches : the molar series, which commences one
inch in advance of the posterior border of the symphysis, is six inches in
extent ; each tooth is implanted by two strong and long conical fangs,
the hindermost being the largest, and both being longitudinally grooved
upon the side turned to each other. The first tooth is wanting, and the
crowns of the rest are broken away: the base of the third remains, which
gives an indication of a middle transverse valley, which most probably
separated two transverse eminences. This jaw resembles that of the
proboscidian Pachyderms in the shortness of the horizontal ramus; and
of the Elephant more particularly in the rounding off of the angle, and
in the convex curvature of the lower border of the jaw from the condyle
to the symphysis, and also in the smaller vertical diameter of the sym-
physis, and the more pointed form of that part. It resembles the jaw of
the Elephant in the form, extent and position of the base of the coronoid
process; but it differs from the Elephant in the concavity on the inner
side of the posterior half of the ramus of the jaw, which is formed by
an inward inflection of the angle: this concavity extends forwards beneath
the sockets of the last two molar teeth. It differs from the Elephant in the
greater flatness of the outer part of the angle of the jaw, in which respect
it more resembles the Mastodon. In the extent of the angle of the jaw
it is intermediate between the Mastodon and Elephant. It differs from

* yoros the south, Onpior beast.

Ni

315

both in the inward bending of that angle, which is remarkable for the
great longitudinal extent along which the inflection takes place : most of
the inflected angle has been broken away, but enough remains to de-
monstrate a most instructive and interesting correspondence between the
present fossil and the characteristically modified lower jaw in the marsu-
pial animals. In pursuing the comparison of the Australian pachydermal
fossil with the Mastodon and Elephant, we may next observe that the
alveolar process on the inner side of the base of the coronoid, behind
the last molar, is as well developed as in the Mastodon; a similar angular
production of this part exists in the Wombat and Kangaroo. The
vertical extent of the outer concavity of the coronoid process is greater
in the Australian fossil than in the jaw of the Mastodon and is less clearly
defined below, in which respect the Notothere resembles more: the Ele-
phant. The dental canal commences by a foramen penetrating the ridge
which leads from the condyle to the post-molar process, and apparently just
below the condyle, as in the Elephant, but it is relatively much smaller:
it does not communicate with any canal leading to the outer surface
of the ascending ramus, as in the Wombat and Kangaroo; but this
external opening is not present in all Marsupialia.

The anterior outlet of the dental canal is smaller than in the Mastodon
and more anterior in position, and so far resembles the Elephant. The
number, and apparently the form of the teeth, approximate the Austra-
lian Pachyderm more closely to the Mastodon than to the Elephant ;
but the equal size of the last and penultimate teeth, which had the
same number of divisions of the crown, are points in which the Noto-
therium still more nearly resembled the Diprotodon, the Tapir and
Kangaroo.

In the general shape of the jaw, however, the Nototherium differs
widely from all existing Marsupials and all known ordinary Pachyderms,
and in the chief of these differences it resembles the lower jaw of the
Proboscidians. It resembles these, however, in common with the Wom-
bat, in the forward slope and curvature of the posterior margin of the
ascending ramus extending from the condyle to the angle, in the inward

} production of the post-molar process, in the position of the base of the

2s2

316

coronoid process exterior to the hinder molar, in the thickness of the
horizontal ramus as compared with its length and the convexity of its
outer surface ; and it also resembles the Proboscidians, in common with
the Kangaroo, in the small number of the grinding teeth.

From the lower jaw of the Kangaroo and Wombat that of the Noto-
therium differs in the absence of the deep excavation on the outer side of
the ascending ramus, which, in those Marsupials, leads to a perforation in
the base of that part of the jaw, and it also differs in the inferior depth of
the inner concavity and the inferior extent of the inward production of
the angle of the jaw; besides the more important difference in the
absence of the large incisor tooth. From the jaw of the Diprotodon,
No. 1460, the present fossil differs in the much smaller vertical extent
of the symphysis, and in the convexity of the jaw at its outer and an-
terior part, and more particularly in the absence of the incisive tusk
and its socket; but it must have closely resembled the Diprotodon in
the general form and proportions of the molar teeth.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Condamine
River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lneut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1506. The posterior half of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Nototherium
Mitchelh, wanting the condyloid and the upper part of the coronoid
processes, and containing the last two molar teeth, the crowns of which
are much fractured, but demonstrating that they were divided into two
principal transverse ridges. The antero-posterior extent of both teeth
together is three inches three lines, the last molar being two lines longer in
this dimension than the perultimate one : its transverse breadth is one inch
two lines. The dentine of the crown is encased in a sheath of enamel of
nearly one line in thickness, with a smooth and polished surface, impressed
at the outer part and near the base of the tooth, where the enamel is
principally preserved, with fine parallel and nearly borizontal transverse
lines

Part of the abraded surface of both transverse ridges is preserved in
the penultimate grinder, showing that hey had been more than half

317

worn away by mastication at the period when the animal perished. The
smooth and polished exterior of the enamel covering the anterior part of
the posterior eminence presents a striking contrast to the reticulo-punc-
tate character of the enamel at the corresponding part of the molar in
the Diprotodon, which in the general form and proportion of this part
of the jaw so closely agrees with the present fossil. The Diéprotodon
australis exceeded, however, the Mototherium inerme in size, so far as
can be judged by the lower jaw and teeth.

The penultimate and last molar teeth in the present specimen do not
exceed in any comparable dimensioa those in No. 1505, which from the
length of the fangs were as completely developed, and belonged there-
fore to a mature animal ; but the depth of the jaw below the middle of
the penultimate molar in the present fossil is three inches three lines,
and in No. 1505 it is only two inches nine lines: the thickest part of
the jaw beneath the same molar in No. 1506 is two inches three lines,
but in No. 1505 it is one inch eleven lines. In No. 1505, the external
wall of the alveolar process immediately swells out to form this thick
part of the ramus, but in the present jaw it maintains its thinness for an
inch below the margin of the socket ; and the outer part of the jaw is
slightly concave here, before it begins to swell into and form the bold
convexity which is continued to the thick inferior border of the jaw.
This difference in the shape, as well as the size of the jaw, bespeaks at
least a specific distinction from No. 1505. But a more marked distinc-
tive character in the present fossil is afforded by the relative position of
the last molar tooth, which is in advance of the origin or base of the
coronoid process, instead of being internal to and hidden by that part
when the jaw is viewed from its outer side. The outer surface of the
anterior part of the base of the coronoid appears by a fracture there to
have projected outwards further in the present specimen than in No. 1505.

The important marsupial character afforded by the inward bending of
the angle of the jaw is well manifested by the present specimen, in which
the angle is entire : it is thick, obtuse and inflected, slightly produced in
comparison with the Wombat or Kangaroo, but it bounds a well-marked

318

concavity which extends forwards to the parallel of the interspace between
the last and penultimate molars; the regularity of the convex line ex-
tending from the posterior part of the ascending ramus to the lower
border of the jaw is interrupted by a slightly produced obtuse prominence
at the middle of the inflected angle. The post-molar part of the alveolar
process forms a broad platform on the inner side of the base of the coro-
noid, and is defined by a well-marked angle at its inner and posterior
part, in which it resembles both the lower jaw of the proboscidian Pa-
chyderms and that of the Wombat. The entry of the dental canal is
situated as in the Dzprotodon australis and the Notothertum inerme.
The coronoid process has the same extensive antero-posterior origin,
and the same thinness as in No. 1505, but it is rather more concave
externally.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

1507. A segment of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Nototheriwm inerme,
including the sockets of the penultimate and last molars, with the pos-
terior fang of the one and the anterior fang of the other. ‘The empty
portions of the sockets show the longitudinal ridge of bone which fits
into the groove on that surface of the fang which is towards the centre
of the socket. The origin of the coronoid process opposite the anterior
part of the last molar is a repetition of the character by which the entire
jaw No. 1505 differs from the specimen No. 1506, and the length of the
posterior part of the socket of the last molar establishes the full maturity
of the present as of the entire jaw No. 1505. The concavity along the
lower part of the inner surface of the ramus, formed by the bending in of
its lower margin continued from the angle of the jaw, is well indicated in
the present fragment, which likewise shows the course of the dental
canal along the outer part of the bottom of the alveoli.

This fragment of jaw demonstrates a coarser cancellous structure than

in the Rhinoceros, or even than in the Elephant.

319

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-

mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1508. A fragment of the anterior part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a
mammalian quadruped as large as the preceding, and with molar teeth
of the same size, apparently a /Votothertum. It shows the sockets of the
three anterior molar teeth, with the base of the fourth and the hinder
fang of the third implanted in the jaw. The lower fractured surface ex-
poses the dental canal extending obliquely from without inwards below |
the sockets of the anterior molars, and then bifurcating; the outer
and larger division terminating at the mental foramen, and an inner and
smaller one extending forwards nearer the symphysis, but without any
trace of the socket of a large incisor. The first molar tooth is situated
anterior to the commencement of the symphysial union, as in No. 1505,
but there is no indication of the base of the coronoid process ex-
terior to the fourth molar as in that specimen. The gradual expan-
sion of the jaw below that tooth is more like that in the Mototherium
Mitchell, to which species the present fragment may with most proba-
bility be referred.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1509. The astragalus of a large marsupial quadruped, probably the ototherium
inerme. The peculiarities of this astragalus will be obvious to the compara-
tive anatomist from the following description. It is a broad, subdepressed
and subtriangular bone, the angles being rounded off, especially the an-

terior one; the upper or tibial surface is quadrate, concave from side to |

side, in a less degree convex from before backward: a ridge extend- |
ing in this direction divides the tibial from the fibular surface, which |
slopes outwards at a very open angle, and maintains a nearly horizontal
aspect, presenting an oblong trochlea for the support of the fibula, |
shallower, and one-third smaller than that for the tibia. The tibial arti- |
cular surface is not continued upon the inner side of the astragalus, but

320

its anterior and internal angle, which becomes convex in every direction,
is directly continued into the anterior scaphoidal convexity, which sweeps
round a deep and rough depression, dividing the outer and anterior part
of the tibial trochlea from the corresponding half of the scaphoidal con- !
vexity ; this has the greatest vertical extent at its inner part, where it is
separated by a narrow rough transverse channel from the part which
rested upon the os calcis. The calcaneal surface is single and covers
almost the whole of the under part of the astragalus: the greatest pro-
portion of it is flat and reniform ; an angular tuberosity or process being
continued from the concave margin, where the pelvis of the kidney, to
pursue the comparison, would be situated. This process must be received
into a corresponding depression at the outer part of the articular surface
upon the calcaneum. On the inner margin of the flat calcaneal surface
opposite the tuberosity, a small triangular flattened surface is continued
upwards upon the inner and posterior side of the astragalus, and nearly
touches the inner and posterior angle of the tibial trochlea.

The length of this fossil astragalus is four inches eight lines ; its
breadth is three inches five lines; its depth (at the base of the sca-
phoidal convexity) is two inches andahalf. We look in vain amongst the
Pachyderms with astragali of corresponding dimensions for the uniform
and prominent convexity of the anterior articulation, for its continuation
with the tibial trochlea, and for the single and uninterrupted calcaneal
tract on the lower surface of the bone. The Proboscidians, which ap-
proach nearest the present fossil in the depressed form of the astragalus
and the flattening of the calcaneal articulation, have that articulation
divided into two surfaces by a deep and rough groove: the scaphoidal
surface is likewise similarly divided from the tibial trochlea; and no
Pachyderm has the upper articular surface of the astragalus traversed
by an antero-posterior or longitudinal ridge, dividing it from an almost
horizontal facet for the support of the end of the fibula.

The peculiar form of the astragalus in the Ruminants, and especially
the trochlear character of the anterior or scapho-cuboidal surface, place it
beyond the pale of comparison. In all;the placental Carnivora the sca-
phoidal convexity is pretty uniform, and occupies the anterior extremity

321

of the astragalus, as in Man and Quadrumana, but it is more produced
and supported on a longer neck, which is also more oblique than in the
Quadrumana, where the astragalus already begins to recede, in this cha-
racter, from the Human type. In the Seals the upper surface of the
astragalus somewhat resembles the present fossil in the meeting of the
tibial and fibular facets at an obtuse angle formed by a longitudinal rising,
but the fbular surface is rather the wider of the two, and the tibial one
is divided by a broad rough tract from the scaphoidal prominence ; and
in addition to this anterior production of the bone there is also another
process from its posterior part, which, as Cuvier remarks, gives the astra-
galus of the Seal the aspect of a calcaneum. By some of the remarkable
peculiarities which the astragalus presents in the Order Bruta, it ap-
proaches the Australian fossil under consideration ; as in the Mylodon,
for example, where the surface for the calcaneum is single and undivided.
But in this great extinct leaf-eating quadruped the calcaneal facet is con-
tinued into the navicular facet, which, on the other hand, is separated by
a rough tract from the tibial articulation, as in all the Edentata, recent
and fossil. The latter character likewise distinguishes the astragalus of
the Rodentia from the fossil astragalus under consideration.

In the Ornithorhynchus the astragalus has a deep depression on
its inner side for the reception of the incurved malleolus of the tibia,
and in both the Ornithorhynchus and Echidna the tibial surface is more
convex than in the present fossil.

Amongst the existing Marsupialia, the astragalus in the largest her-
bivorous species, as the Kangaroos, offers very great differences from the
present Australian fossil: the broad and shallow trochlea for the tibia is
continued upon the inner side of the bone into a cavity which receives
the internal malleolus ; whilst the fibular facet is long and narrow, and
situated almost vertically upon the outer side of the bone. The sca-
phoidal surface is unusually small, and convex only in the vertical direc-
tion ; and is divided by a vertical ridge into two surfaces, the outer one
being applied to the os calcis. The inferior and proper calcaneal articu-
lation is divided into two small distinct surfaces, the outer one concave,
the inner one concavo-convex.

2T

322

Amongst the gradatorial and pedimanous Marsupials, and herein more
especially the Wombat, we at length find a form of astragalus which
repeats most closely the characters of the extraordinary fossil under con-
sideration: in the astragalus of the Wombat the fibular facet, of a sub-
triangular form, almost as broad as it is long, slightly slopes at a very
open angle from the ridge which divides it from the tibial surface: this
surface, gently concave from side to side, and more gently convex from
behind forwards, repeats the more striking character of being directly
continued by its inner and anterior angle with the large and transversely
extended convexity for the os scaphoides. The calcaneal surface below
is single and continued uninterruptedly from the back to the fore-part of
the outer half of the under surface; and its outermost part is produced
into an angle, which is received into a depression at the outer side of the
upper articular surface of the calcaneum. Thus all the essential cha-
racters of the fossil are repeated in the astragalus of the Wombat. The
differences are of minor import, but are sufficiently recognizable ; thus,
in the Wombat, the single calcaneal surface is directly continued into the
cuboido-scaphoidal convexity, instead of being separated from it by a
narrow rough tract, as in the fossil; the calcaneal surface is also narrower
than in the fossil, and the outer angle is less produced : the division of the
tibial trochlea for the inner malleolus is better defined in the Wombat,
and the depression round which the continuous smooth surface between
the tibial and scaphoid surfaces winds is less deep in the Wombat; the
scaphoidal convexity is also less developed in the vertical direction in the
Wombat.

We thus find that the great fossil astragalus from Australia, viewed in
reference to the general characters of that bone in the mammalian class,
offers great and remarkable peculiarities ; and we further find that these
are exclusively, but most closely repeated in certain Australian genera of
Marsupialia, and especially in the bulkiest of the existing vegetable
feeders, which are not saltatorial. The inference can hardly be resisted,
that the rest of the essential peculiarities of the marsupial organization
were likewise present in that still more bulky quadruped of which the
fossil under consideration once formed part.

323

In the Kangaroo and the smaller leaping Marsupials the fibula is dispro-
portionately slender and immoveably attached or anchylosed to the tibia,
reminding one of the Ruminant type of organization ; it sustains little if
any of the superincumbent weight, and has no resting-place upon the
astragalus, the outer malleolus being simply applied to the vertical outer
surface of that Lone. The broad and nearly horizontal surface in the pre-
sent fossil clearly bespeaks the existence in the same animal of a fibula
which must have almost equalled the tibia in size at its distal end, and
have taken as large a share in the formation of the ankle-joint as it does
in the Wombat: we may in like manner infer that the tibia and fibula
were similarly connected together, and, coupling this with the ball and
socket joint between the scaphoid and astragalus, we may conclude that
the foot of the great extinct Marsupial possessed that degree of rotatory
movement which, as enjoyed by the Wombat, is so closely analogous to
the pronation and supination of the hand. We finally derive from the
well-marked marsupial modifications of the present fossil astragalus, a
corroboration of the inferences as to the former existence in Australia of
a marsupial vegetable-feeder as large as the Rhinoceros, which have been
deduced from the inflected angle and other characters of the jaw of the
Diprotodon and the Nototherium,and from the fossil calcaneum, No. 1485,
which has been referred to the Diprotodon. The present bone closely
agrees in all its marsupial modifications with that calcaneum, but the
single flat surface which articulated with the calcaneum is longer in pro-
portion to its breadth than in No. 1485. From this circumstance and the
close agreement in colour and general condition which the present astra-
galus has with the jaw of the Nototherium, No. 1505, it more probably
belongs to that genus; but for demonstration further discoveries will be
required of parts of the skeleton so associated as to justify the inference
that they had belonged to one individual.

The present bone is from the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the
bed of the Condamine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

275 2

324

Genus Macropus.

1510. A considerable proportion of the right superior maxillary bone of the

1510'.

extinct Titan Kangaroo (Macropus Titan, Owen), with five molar teeth
in situ; the crowns of the first and second are broken away, those of the
third and fourth are worn upon the summits of the two principal trans-
verse ridges, and those of the fifth molar are entire. The posterior molars
differ from those of the two largest existing species of Kangaroo, viz.
the M/acropus major and Macr. laniger, in the more distinct development
of the posterior basal ridge, and in the more complex form of the median
longitudinal ridge connecting the two principal transverse eminences ;
they present the same differences with a less proportional breadth of the
tooth as compared with the equally gigantic extinct species called MWa-
cropus Atlas.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C. B.

A corresponding portion of the right superior maxillary bone of the
great Red Kangaroo (Macropus /aniger), with the four posterior or true
molar teeth zm sifu; their roots are exposed from the outside. The
animal to which this jaw belonged was killed by Mr. Gould between the
rivers Murray and Adelaide, Australia; it measured eight feet two inches
from the nose to the extremity of the tail, and was the largest Kangaroo
which he saw in Australia, or of which any record has reached Europe.

Presented by John Gould, Esq.. F.B.S.

1511. A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Macropus Titan,

with the three posterior molar teeth ; these differ from the correspond-
ing molars of the Macropus major and Macropus laniger, as well as
from those of the extinct Macropus Atlas, in the greater antero-pos-
terior extent of the anterior basal ridge or talon, and from the latter
species also in the greater antero-posterior extent of the base of the

two principal transverse eminences and in the absence of the posterior

W511.

1512.

1513.

325

talon, in which latter character it resembles the large existing Kan-
garoos.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lneut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C_B.

A portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a large male Red Kan-
garoo (Macropus laniger), with the four posterior molar teeth iz sétu :
it belonged to the same individual as No. 1510'.

Presented by John Gould, Esq., F. BS.

A fragment of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the AZacropus Titan,
with the posterior part of the last molar tooth, which shows the charac-
teristic absence of the posterior talon in this great extinct species as
compared with the Macropus Atlas: the depth of the jaw at the poste-
rior part of this tooth is one inch two lines; the corresponding part of a
very large male Macropus laniger is eleven lines: the wide excavation
at the base of the coronoid process, which is continued into the dental
canal, is well displayed in this fossil.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

A considerable proportion of the left ramus of the upper jaw of an im-
mature Atlas Kangaroo (Macropus Atlas, Owen), containing the two
deciduous molars and three of the permanent molars; the last is muti-
jated. ‘The crown of the large premolar, characteristic of the present
species, is exposed from the inner side in its closed alveolus. From the
size of the teeth this specimen appears to have belonged to a young
female.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

. A small portion of the right superior maxillary bone of the Macropus

Atlas, with the last, the penultimate, and part of the antepenultimate

326

molars iz situ. The specific distinctions are well displayed in the com-
parison of the present penultimate and last molars with those in No.
1510; as for example, first, the greater breadth of the tooth in the present
species, especially of its anterior division, as compared with its antero-
posterior extent; secondly, the much smaller and lower posterior talon ;
and thirdly, the shorter and more simple connecting ridge between the
two principal transverse eminences.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

1515. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Macropus Atlas,
with the penultimate molar, and part of the antepenultimate molar i situ :
the small posterior basal ridge distinguishes, better than the superior size
of the animal, the present extinct Kangaroo from the largest of the ex-
isting species.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1516. A similar portion of the left ramus of another individual of the Macropus
Atlas, with the penultimate molar, mutilated, the antepenultimate molar,
and the next tooth in advance; the depth of the jaw below the penulti-
mate molar is one inch two lines ; the corresponding part in a large male
Macropus laniger measures not quite one inch.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1517. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw, three inches and a half in
length, and containing the sockets and fangs of five molar teeth, probably
the entire series in use at one and the same time; the four molar teeth,
which constitute the series in one side of the lower jaw of a large male
Macropus laniger, occupy an extent of one inch nine lines: I have not
seen any lower jaw of this species of Kangaroo, or of the more common
Macropus major, with more than four molars in use at the same time,

327

although seven molars are successively developed in this genus on each
side of both jaws: we seem, therefore, to have another distinctive cha-
racter of the great extinct Kangaroos in the extent of their molar series,
though this was probably a transient one; the number of molars de-
creasing with age. The depth of the jaw in the present fragment below
the penultimate molar is one inch and a half: the arterial canal destined

for the base of the socket of the large procumbent incisor, may be seen
below the great dental canal on the anterior fractured end of the fossil,
but the socket itself has not reached so far back.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1518. The right ramus of the lower jaw of a small species of Kangaroo, having
the premolar and four true molar teeth in place and use. It presents a

longitudinal indentation on the outside of the alveolar processes of the

first two molars: the section of the jaw anterior to the molar series
shows the socket of the great procumbent incisor to have extended
further back than in the fossil. Purchased.

1519. A portion of the right superior maxillary bone of the Macropus Atlas,
containing six molar teeth: the small anterior deciduous molar is frac-
tured; the crown of the permanent premolar, the great antero-posterior
extent of which distinguishes the present extinct species from the Ma-
cropus Titan, is exposed in its closed alveolus from within; the anterior
end of this premolar is irregularly notched: the sixth molar had not cut
the gum; its posterior half is lost: the molars in place correspond in
character with those in No. 1513, which has formed part of a similar im-
mature animal.

From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

1520. A smaller portion of the right superior maxillary bone of an imma-
ture individual of the Macropus Ailas, with three molar teeth 2 situ,
and the crown of the permanent premolar exposed by the removal of the

1521.

1522.

328

outer wall of its socket. A notched lobe projects from the posterior
part of the outside of the crown of this tooth: the anterior end has been
broken away.
From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia. ;
Presented by Count Strzelecke.

A considerable portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a Ma-
cropus, with the root of the large procumbent incisor and four of the
molar teeth 2” situ.

From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.

Presented by Count Strzelecke.

A fragment of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a Macropus, with
the anterior molar and a portion of the second molar.
From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a very young Kangaroo,

with two molar teeth still concealed in their sockets.
From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia. ,
Presented by Count Strzelecke.

. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a Kangaroo (Macropus

affines, Owen), with the penultimate and antepenultimate molars, show-
ing the crowns much worn by mastication : the crown of the last molar
has been broken off, and there are the remains of two molars anterior to
the antepenultimate one; the extent of the four posterior molars is one
inch ten lines; the penultimate molar, besides its inferior size, differs
from the corresponding tooth in the Macropus Atlas, in being narrower
in proportion to its length, in having a relatively smaller anterior talon,
and no posterior one; it differs @ fortzort from the antepenultimate molar
of the Macropus Titan, inasmuch as this has a larger proportional an-
terior talon than in the Macropus Atlas. The teeth and the jaw of this
specimen closely agree in size with those of the large male Macropus
laniger, No. 1511', but the inner lobes of the penultimate molar are

329

thicker in the fossil, and the jaw does not swell out so much on the
outside of the alveolus of the last molar; there is also a longitudinal
indentation on the outside of the alveolar processes of the anterior mo-
lars. ‘The present fossil, therefore, indicates either an extinct species
of the size of the existing Macropus laniger, or it may have belonged to
a female of a third gigantic extinct species.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

1525. The shaft of the right humerus of a Kangaroo, probably the Macropus
Atlas: it differs from that bone in the recent species in the greater
anterior production of the deltoidal process, in the greater lateral com-
pression of the upper half of the shaft of the bone, and in the absence of
the ridge which projects from the outer side of that part of the shaft of
the humerus in the existing Kangaroos. A considerable part of the
boundary of the perforation above the internal condyle is preserved ; the

commencement of the external or supinator ridge is visible on the oppo-
site side of the bone, but not in the form of the hook curving upwards,
as in the recent Kangaroos. The length of this fragment is five inches
and a half; its circumference below the deltoidal ridge is three inches.
There is no trace of a medullary cavity at either of the fractured ends,
but the minute canal for the medullary artery may be seen, directed up-
wards, above the internal condyloid perforation.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-

mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1526. The distal half of the right humerus of another large species of Kangaroo,
probably the Macropus Titan. It demonstrates the perforation above the
inner condyle for the median nerve and brachial artery, and shows that
the supinator ridge commenced higher up than in the preceding specimen.
The circumference of the shaft of the present humerus below the deltoidal
ridge is three inches and a half. There is no trace of a medullary cavity
at the fractured end of the bone at this part, which displays only a close

2U

330

cancellous texture. There is no canal for the medullary artery at the
part corresponding to that in the foregoing fossil.

From the aijluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

1526'!. The right humerus of a young Kangaroo, sawn across below the deltoid
ridge to show the compact wall and large medullary cavity in that part
of the shaft which is occupied by the close cancellous tissue in the pre-
ceding fossil. Purchased.

1527. The distal end of the left femur of a Kangaroo, probably Macropus Alas,
having a circumference of ten inches and a half, that of the same part in
a full-grown male Macropus major being eight inches and a quarter.
The extinct larger species offers the characteristic production of the outer
and posterior angle of the outer condyle, and the depression at the side
of the condyle above this process ; it also presents the second depression
in advance of the preceding, and the same disproportionate size of the
outer division of the rotular surface, which is more convex in the fossil
than in the recent Kangaroo. The transverse breadth of the posterior
part of the outer condyle is relatively less, as compared with the same
part of the inner condyle, than in the recent Kangaroo. The fossil is
heavily impregnated with mineral matter.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

1528. The distal end of the left femur of a second gigantic species of Kangaroo,
probably AZacropus Titan, which measures in circumference eleven
inches and a half. In this species the breadth of the posterior part of
the outer condyle is relatively greater than in the foregoing specimen, and
the breadth of both condyles is relatively greater than the antero-pos-
terior diameter of the distal articular surface: the outer division of the
rotular surface is less convex than in the preceding species ; the depression
above that surface is shallower; that on the side of the inner condyle is
deeper. The contour of the circumference of the distal end of the shaft

331

of the bone differs in a marked degree in the two extinct gigantic species.
The characteristic production of the outer and posterior angle of the
outer condyle and the deep small cavity above it are as well marked in
this as in the preceding fossil.
From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

1529. The distal end of the right femur of a smaller individual, perhaps a

female, of the same species apparently as the preceding fossil: it shows
that the inner division of the rotular articular surface is more prominent
and extensive than in the Macropus major: the general correspondence
is very close ; the circumference of this fragment is ten inches.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

1530. A segment, two inches long, from the middle of the shaft of the left

tibia of a Kangaroo, probably Macropus Titan. On the fractured surface
may be seen the characteristic compact walls of the medullary cavity,
and the absence of a loose cancellous structure on the inner surface : the
fragment also shows the commencement of that rough flattened surface,
below the external ridge of the tibia, to which the fibula is attached.
This fragment 1s four inches seven lines in circumference ; the corre-
sponding tibia, one foot nine inches long, of a large male Macropus
laniger is three inches and a half in circumference at the corresponding
part of the shaft.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-

mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Presented by Lieut-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1531. The os calcis of a Kangaroo, either Macropus Atlas or Macropus Titan : it

ineasures four inches in length, but has belonged to a young animal, as

the line of the junction of the terminal epiphysis is not obliterated. It

differs from the os calcis of the Macropus major not only in size, but in
20u 2

1532.

1534.

1535.

1536.

332

the confluence of the two superior articular surfaces for the astragalus,
and the greater relative breadth of the external convex surface: the
anterior cuboidal and scaphoidal facets are broader in proportion to their
length, and the cuboidal one is defined below by a deep and narrow
groove not present in the large existing Kangaroo : in other respects the
characteristic peculiarities of the caleaneum of the Kangaroo are closely
kept.

From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

A proximal phalanx of the longest toe of the hind-foot of a Kangaroo.
From the alluvial or newer tertiary deposits in the bed of the Conda-
mine River, west of Moreton Bay, Australia.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

. A second phalanx of the longest toe of the hind-foot of a Kangaroo,

probably Macropus Atlas: its basal or proximal end is broader in pro-
portion to the length of the bone than in the large existing Kangaroos.

From one of the bone-caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

The shaft of an ulna of apparently a young Kangaroo.
From one of the bone-caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

A mutilated os calcis of a Kangaroo.
From one of the bone-caves of Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

Genus Hypsiprymnus.

The alveolar process of the left superior maxillary bone of a young indi-
vidual of the Cave Potoroo (Hypsiprymnus speleus, Owen), with the
deciduous premolar and three succeeding true molar teeth z” sttw: the

333

crown of the permanent premolar is exposed in the substance of the
jaw.
From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

1537. A fragment of the right superior maxillary bone of the Cave Potoroo
(Hypsiprymnus speleus, Owen), with the permanent premolar and two
of the anterior molars in place. <A scalpriform incisor of a murine Ro-

dent animal is cemented to the above fragment by the same piece of

ferruginous breccia.
From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

1538. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a young Cave Potoroo
(Hypsiprymnus speleus). The deciduous premolar and the three follow-
ing molar teeth are in place: the crown of the permanent premolar is
exposed in the substance of the jaw below the deciduous one; the base
of the socket of the large procumbent incisor is exposed at the fore part
of the fractured jaw.

From one of the bone-caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

1539. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a Cave Potoroo ( Hypsi-
prymnus speleus), with two molar teeth 2 satu.
From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

Genus Phascolomys.

1540. The right superior incisor of Mitchell’s Wombat (Phascolomys Mitchell,
Owen): it is thicker transversely, and flatter on the inner enamelled
side than in the existing Wombat: the longitudinal groove on the con-
cave unenamelled side of the tooth is shallower than in the smaller
existing species.

From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia. —.

Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, CB.

1540'

1543.

1544.

1545.

334

. The right superior incisor of the existing Wombat of Van Diemen’s
Land (Phascolomys Vombatus). Purchased.

. A superior molar tooth of the Phascolomys Michelli.

From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Lieut.-Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, C.B.

. A corresponding superior molar tooth of the Phascolomys Vombatus.

Purchased.

2. A fragment of the lower jaw, with a molar tooth 7 situ, of the Phasco-

lomys Mitchell
From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

Genus Dasyurus.

A portion of the right superior maxillary bone of the great carnivorous
Opossum (Dasyurus laniarius, Owen), with the two premolars and the
first and second true molars 2 stw. These four teeth occupy an extent
of one inch and a half; the corresponding teeth in the Dasyurus ursinus
occupy an extent of one inch and a quarter: this, which is the largest
known existing species of Dasyure, is at the present day confined to the
island of Van Diemen.
From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

A fragment of the right ramus of the lower jaw, with the last molar tooth,
of the Dasyurus laniarius : the antero-posterior diameter of the crown is
seven lines and a half, that of the corresponding tooth in a full-grown
Dasyurus ursinus being five lines.
From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

The antepenultimate or penultimate molar of the right side, lower jaw, of
the Dasyurus laniaris.
From one of the bone-caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.

Presented by Count Strzelechi.

335

1546. A fragment of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Dasyurus laniarius,
with the first and second true molar teeth zz sztw.
From one of the bone-caves in Wellington Valley, Australia
Presented by Count Strzelecki.
1547. The second true molar, left side, lower jaw, of the Dasyurus laniarius.
From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzeleckt.
1547’. The crown of a canine tooth of the Dasyurus laniarius.
From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.
Presented by Count Strzelecki.

Genus Thylacinus.

1548. A portion of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the great Cave Thylacine
(Thylacinus speleus, Owen), with the first and second premolars 7 sééw,
and part of the socket of the canine and of the third premolar tooth.
The present fossil is distinguished from the corresponding part in the
large extinct and existing species of Dasyurus, by the compressed

8 § sp yy uy P
crowns of the premolar teeth, and by the interspaces which divide them
from each other and from the third premolar tooth, also by the deeper
and more compressed form of the lower jaw; in all which characters the
present fossil agrees with the Great Dog-headed Opossum (7hylacinus
Harrisit) of Van Diemen’s Land*. The depth of the jaw below the first
premolar tooth is nine lines in the fossil, that of the corresponding part
of the jaw in the existing Thylacine is seven lines.

From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.

Presented by Count Strzelecke.

* A fine specimen of the anterior extremity of the lower jaw of the Thylacinus speleus was ob-
tained by Sir T. L. Mitchell from the bone-caves in Wellington Valley, and is figured in his ‘ Expedi-
tions into Australia,’ vol. ii. pl. 31. fig. '7, where (p. 363) I have described it as having the teeth wider
apart than in the Dasywrus ursinus, which led me “ to doubt whether it was the lower jaw of the Das.
laniarius, or of some extinct marsupial carnivore of an allied but distinct species.” At that period
there was no skull of the existing Thylacine in the Museum of the College. The subsequent acqui-
sition of that rare animal has enabled me to refer both Sir Thomas Mitchell’s specimens and those of

Count Strzelecki to the genus Thylacinus, no species of which is now known to exist in the continent
of Australia.

336

1549. The penultimate molar, right side, lower jaw, of the Thylacinus spelaus :
it differs from the corresponding tooth in the Dasyurus ursinus or Das.
laniarius in the larger and more distinctly developed third or posterior
lobe, in which character it agrees with the existing Thylacine; but it
presents a difference, as compared with the penultimate molar of that
species, in having a small accessory cusp on the inner side of the large
middle compressed cusp; which cusp is also less deeply and angularly
divided from the anterior lobe of the tooth.

From one of the caves in Wellington Valley, Australia.

Presented by Count Strzelecki.

1549'. The left ramus of the lower jaw of the Hyena or Dag-headed Opossum

of Van Diemen’s Land (Thylacinus Harrisii).
Presented by Ronald Gunn, Esq.

337

Class AVES.
Order RAPTORES.

Family Vulturide.

Genus Lithornis*.

1550. A portion of the skeleton of the Lethornis vulturinus, Owen. This

beautiful fossil includes the sternum nearly entire, the proximal ends of
the coracoid bones, a dorsal vertebra, the distal end of the left femur,
the proximal end of the corresponding tibia, and a few less characteristic
fragments of ribs; all of which are cemented together by the grey indu-
rated clay, which is generally more or less attached to the fossils from the
isle of Sheppey, the locality from which the present specimen was obtained.

The length of the sternum and the remains of the great intermuscular
crest or keel, forbid a reference of the fossil to the Struthious or strictly
terrestrial Order, but at the same time do not prove so decidedly, as might
be supposed, that the fossil must have belonged to a bird of flight.
The Penguins and other Brachyptera, having need of muscular forces
to work their wings as paddles while making their way under water,
almost equal to those which propel the bird of flight through the air,
possess a long sternum, with a well-developed keel. The coracoid bones
or posterior clavicles are even less available in this question, as they
relate much more closely to the respiratory actions than to the move-
ments of the wings, and accordingly are always present and strongly de-
veloped, even in such birds as the Apteryx, in which the wings are
reduced to their feeblest rudiments. In the present fossil, however, the
lateral extent and convexity of the sternal plate, the presence and course
of the secondary intermuscular ridges, the commencement of the keel a
little way behind the anterior margin of the sternum, all prove the bird
to which it belonged to have no affinity with the Brachypterous family of

* Nifos a stone, dpvis a bird.

2x

338

web-footed birds, and lead us to survey the corresponding parts of the
skeleton in the ordinary birds of flight.

Sufficient of the sternum remains for the rejection of the Gallinaceous,
and those Grallatorial and Passerine birds which have that bone deeply
incised; and the field of comparison is thus restricted to such species
as have the sternum either entire or with shallow posterior emar-
ginations. Between the fossil and the corresponding part of the skeleton
of such birds, a close comparison has been instituted in regard to many
minor details and modifications, as, for example, the secondary muscular
impressions and ridges on the flat surface of the sternum; its costal
margin and anterior angle; the form and extent of the coracoid groove ;
the conformation of the sternal end of the coracoid bone, combined with
the form andrelative size of the preserved articular extremities of the femur
and tibia: but, without recounting all the details of these comparisons,
it may be sufficient to state that, after pursuing them from the Sea-gull
and other aquatic species, upwards through the Grallatorial and Passerine
orders, omitting few of the species and none of the genera of these orders,
to which belong British birds approaching or resembling the fossil in
size, the greatest number of correspondences with the fossil were at
length detected in the skeletons of the Accipitrine species.

The resemblance was not, however, sufficiently cluse to admit of the
fossil being referred to any of the existing native genera of Raptorial
birds. The breadth of the proximal end of the coracoid removed the
fossil from the Owls (S¢rzgide), and the shaft of the same bone was too
slender for the Malconide ; the femur and tibia were, likewise, relatively
weaker than in most of our Hawks or Buzzards. Itis with the skeletons
of the Vultures that the fossil presents the closest agreement. In the
small Turkey-Vulture (Cathartes Aura), for example, besides the same
general form and proportions of the bones, so far as they exist in the
fossil, there is the same degree of development, and the same direction
of the intermuscular ridge on the under surface of the sternum, which
divided the origins of the first and second pectoral muscles. The outer
angle of the proximal end of the coracoid is produced in the same degree

and form, and a similar intermuscular ridge is present on the anterior and

339

towards the outer part of the coracoid. The preserved extremities of the
femur and tibia have the same conformation and relative size in the fossil
as in the existing Cathartes. In this genus, nevertheless, there is a
deeper depression on the outer surface of the sternum external to the co-
racoid groove, than in the fossil, but this difference is less marked in some
of the large Vulturide. The fossil moreover indicates a smaller species
of Vulturine birds than is known to exist in the present day, and it pro-
bably belonged to a distinct subgenus. The name Lithornis has, there-
fore, been proposed for it with the specific appellation valturinus.

From the Eocene tertiary formation called the ‘ London Clay’ at the
Isle of Sheppey, Kent. Hunterian*.

Order CURSORES (Struthious or Wingless Birds).

Genus Didus.

1551. The cast of the head of the Dodo (Dzdus ineptus, Linn.), The head of
this extinct bird is remarkable for its large size in proportion to the
entire bird, and for certain peculiarities of form; as, for example, the
great breadth of the cranium compared with its length, the great depth of
the beak compared with its breadth, and the sudden elevation of the frontal
region above the root of the beak. The cranium forms rather more than
one-fourth of the entire length of the skull. The occipital region is
broad and appears flat ; but part of the skull may have been here destroyed |
in the original process of stuffing the bird. The contour of the temporal
depressions may be traced upon the sides of the cranium, separated above
by an interspace of two inches and nine lines: the orbits are compara-
tively small, wide apart, the interorbital space being three inches across :

the outer apertures of the ears are situated rather more than an inch be-

* Of the sixteen specimens referred to the Class of Birds in the original Hunterian Manuscript
Catalogue of Fossils, every one belongs to the Class Reptilia, and the greater part to the genus Ptero-
dactylus. The specimen above described is not included in that Catalogue.

2 x 2

340

hind and below the openings of the eyes. The nostrils are oblique and
situated at the lower border and a little in advance of the middle of the
upper mandible. The feathered skin of the head seems to have formed a
transverse fold across the frontal region of the cranium, and a naked skin to
have extended thence to a raised border arching above the nostrils over the
upper mandible, where the gnathotheca or horny sheath of the bill com-
menced. The lower mandible is moderately deep, compressed, with a
symphysis one inch and a half in length, sloping from below upwards and
forwards. In this particular, as well as in the general form of the beak,
the Auks, especially the great 4/ca impennis, resemble the Dodo ; but in
the genus “ca the beak is much more compressed, the nostrils are situated
at its base, the forehead is relatively narrower, and does not rise so high
or so abruptly above the base of the beak, the orbits are relatively larger
and separated by a much narrower interspace, and the cranium is longer
in proportion to its breadth and to the length of the beak.

The differences which the head of the Dodo offers in comparison with
that of any of the Vulture-tribe, to which it has been supposed to have
a close affinity*, are still greater. The symphysis of the lower mandible
of the Vultures is neither compressed nor directed as in the Dodo: the
nostrils present the same obliquity, but are situated further from the
margin and nearer to the base of the upper mandible; the cranium, from
the occiput to the anterior border of the orbits, is much longer in pro-
portion to the beak than in the Dodo. On the other hand, the charac-
teristic breadth of the skull and of the interorbital space, and the small
size of the orbits, are repeated in the Apteryx; the nostrils have the
same relative position in the Rhea, and are defended by a scale as in the
Dodo; the naked cere above the base of the beak is present in the
Ostrich, Rhea and Apteryx, but is less developed than in the Vultures
and the Dodo.

An exquisitely finished miniature of the living Dodo in the celebrated
painting by Savery + of ‘ Orpheus charming the Beasts,’ in the collection

* See De Blainville, ‘Mémoire sur le Dodo,’ 4to. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum @ Histoire
Naturelle, tom. iv. 1831.

+ This artist died at Utrecht in 1639.

341

at the Hague (No. 139), verifies the later oil-painting by Edwards, which
is preserved in the British Museum*, and confirms the accuracy of the
original woodcuts published by De Bry, Clusius t, Herbert §, and
Bontius ||, in their respective works, so far as regards the struthious pro-
portions of the wings and the gallinaceous structure of the legs and feet .
both the rudimental wings and the tail were ornamented with loose
plumes in the Dodo as in the Ostrich.

The original of the present cast is preserved in the Ashmolean Museuin
in the University of Oxford. It was the head of a stuffed specimen of
Dodo originally in the collection of rarities belonging to John Trades-
cant, and was transferred with that collection to Dr. Elias Ashmole in
1674, and subsequently, by the munificence of Ashmole, to the Univer-
sity of Oxford. This specimen, No. 29 of Ashmole’s catalogue, with
others from No. 5 to No. 46 inclusive, “ being decayed, were ordered to
be removed at a meeting of the majority of the visitors, Jan. 8, 1755:”
the skin was burnt, but the head and one foot were preserved.

The head alone yields evidence of a species of bird differing from any

; now known to exist. The cere or naked skin which invests the base of
the bill is an example of «a more extensive development of a structure
present in the Apteryx, Rhea and Ostrich, as well as in the Raptorial
birds. The nostrils, by their advanced position, repeat the characters
of those of the Rhea; and in the figures of the recent bird they are
represented as being defended by an overarching scale, as in the Rhea
and the Gallinaceous birds The sudden elevation of the forehead
is a character which is most nearly repeated by the Apteryx, and is not
manifested by any raptorial or short-winged aquatic bird: and the Dodo
approaches nearest to the Apteryx in the great breadth of the cranium
and the small size of the orbits and eyes. When the great diversity in
the shape of the beak in the existing birds of the Struthious Order is

* This is a copy, made in 1760, from “an original picture drawn in Holland from the living bird
brought from St. Maurice’s Island in the East Indies, in the early times of the discovery of the Indies
See the excellent Article Dopo, in the Penny Cyclopedia.

D

by the way of the Cape of Good Hope.’
+ Quinta pars Indiz Orientalis, MDCI.
{ Exotica, 1605. § Travels, 1634. | Hist. Nat. et Med. 1658.

342

remembered, as exhibited by the Ostrich, Cassowary and Apteryx, there
will appear but little reason in inferring that the descriptions and figures
of the extinct brevipennate Dodo of the Isle of Mauritius were fabulous,
because the upper mandible was hooked at the tip as in the Vultures,
and the entire beak compressed and resembling upon the whole more
that of the Raptorial than the known existing Struthious birds.

Presented by the Rev. Dr. Buckland, F.R.S.

Genus Dinornis*.

The following specimens of great extinct Wingless Birds of the genus Dinor-
nis are from the beds of small rivers descending from the mountains into
Poverty Bay, Wairoa, New Zealand. They were transmitted by the Rev. W.
Williams to Dr. Buckland and by him presented to the College.

1552. The cranial portion of the skull of a Dinornis, apparently Dznornis
struthoides, Owen. It is remarkably depressed, very broad, subquadrate,
in size and shape most like the corresponding part of the head of the
Dodo, but gently and equably convex above, the cerebral hemispheres
not raising their bony covering above the level of the rest of the cal-
varium, as in the Dodo, and the frontal region, though more elevated
than in the existing Struthious birds, is apparently less suddenly raised
than in the Dodo. The length of the present fossil is three inches,
its greatest breadth three inches and a quarter, but the prominent parts
of the sides of the skull are broken away: its breadth between the
temporal fosse, which are large and deep, is two inches five lines: its
vertical diameter at the deepest part, from the upper occipital ridge to
the under surface of the basi-sphenoid, is one inch and a half. The
great occipital foramen is subcircular, and seven lines in diameter; its
plane is vertical, and the single occipital condyle projects more freely
backwards than in other birds beyond the upper margin of the hole, from
which the occipital surface of the skull slopes forwards as it rises to join
the upper surface. This inclination, with the slight depth and great

* Cewos surprising, opus bird.

343

breadth of the occiput, and the great breadth of the fore-part of the
frontal region, form the most peculiar features of the present cranium.
The occipital region above the foramen magnum is divided by three short
obtuse vertical processes into four depressions, the two median ones
being half the breadth of the two lateral, which are deeper than usual:
each depression is bounded above by a convex border, which does not
rise above the level of the calvarium to form a crest, but defines the occi-
pital from the coronal surface.

A broad and deep depression separates the condyle on each side from
the ex-occipital process forming the posterior boundary of the tym-
panum : the broad basi-sphenoid descends vertically for a quarter of an
inch below, and at right angles with, the basi-occipital, separated from
the condyle by two small but deep depressions: this development of the
base of the skull is peculiar to the Dinornis among birds, and resembles
that in the Crocodile. The upper boundary of each temporal fossa is
well defined, but not elevated into a ridge; a smooth and very slightly
convex surface of the cranium, one inch ten lines in breadth, intervenes
between them ; a continuation of the same surface, four lines in breadth,
separates the temporal from the occipital fossee. A cellular air-diploé, from
two to six lines thick, divides the outer from the inner table of the cranium.

The mutilated base of the present specimen exposes the upper border
of the pituitary depression, bounded anteriorly by the groove which
lodged the optic chiasma, and from which the optic foramina are con-
tinued outwards and forwards to the orbits. The outlets of the optic
foramina are separated by an interspace of one inch: the Apteryx
amongst existing birds approaches nearest to the Dinornis in this pecu-
liarity ; but the Dodo most probably still more closely resembled the
Dinornis in the distinctness of, and distance between, the two optic fora-
mina. These foramina, in the present cranium of the Dinornis, are
smaller than those in the skull of the Ostrich, and indicate it to have had
a smaller eye, in which it must have resembled the Dodo. The olfactory
foramina are subcircular, three lines in diameter, separated by an inter-
space of two lines: the olfactory cavities extend backwards behind these

foramina upon the under surface of the cranium to within four lines of

344

the optic groove; a feature which, with the large size of the olfactory
nerves, indicates a development of the organ of simell approaching that
most remarkable one in the Apteryx. Of the other outlets of the cere-
bral nerves, those for the ninth pair are alone remarkable for any in-
crease beyond the ordinary size.

The articular depressions for the tympanic or quadrate bones are im-
perforate, eight lines long, from three to four lines wide, bounded exter-
nally by a very short angular process.

The depressions on the occiput for the insertion of the nuchal muscles
indicate the force with which they must have habitually operated upon
the head; and the unusual size and depth of the temporal fosse equally
indicate the great strength of the gripe of the bill; such a combination
of powerful muscles of the head and the beak accords with the indica-
tions which the vertebre of the neck, and the short and strong metatarsi
afford, of habits of scratching and uprooting ferns for food.

1553. A cervical vertebra of the Dimornis giganteus, Owen. This specimen
appears to have come from below the middle of the neck, anterior to
those which are distinguished by a median inferior spine.

The following are its dimensions as compared with the twelfth cervical
of a full-sized Ostrich :—

Dinornis. _ Struthio.

In. Lin. In. Lin.

Length, at the middle of the terminal articular surfaces . 2 9 3
Breadth, at the middle of the body . . .. =... 4421 6 0 8
Height/of the middleofithebody, “2. <=). Lod 0 8
Height from anterior base of spine to the lower part of

(ANS Glamor ErAmeDIENe AOE 5 5 6 56 o 4 o o L & 1
LEN OC WKS MEMEO 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 ob oo HL ® 1
Breadthvotsdittomes: + cy Se et ro ee cee ere ae | efi 011

Every process and prominence of this vertebra of the Dinornis is
broken off, with the exception of the right posterior oblique process.
The texture everywhere presents large reticulate cancelli, which commu-
nécate with the outer surface by an orifice on each side the neural arch,
behind the upper transverse process.

The body of the vertebra is square-shaped, with a broad and flat, or

345

slightly concave under surface : the anterior part of this surface is divided

from the anterior articular surface by a transverse channel, that surface

being raised to a higher level. This structure does not exist in the cor- -
responding vertebree of the Ostrich : it is slightly indicated in those of

the Apteryx. The spinal canal presents the usual infundibular expansion

at both extremities: it is not larger at its middle contracted part than in

the Ostrich. The remains of the base of the spinous process show this

to have been almost square-shaped, and much thicker relatively as well

as absolutely than in the Ostrich.

1554. A posterior cervical vertebra of a large species of Dinornis, probably

Din. ingens. It corresponds with those few cervical vertebra at the base
of the neck, which have a median inferior spinous process for giving a
more extensive and advantageous origin to the great /ongus colli anticus
muscle : it manifests the same massive proportions, squareness of the
body, great breadth of its under surface, and thick four-sided spinous

process as the foregoing vertebra.

1555. A posterior cervical vertebra of another large species of Dinornis, pro-

bably Dinornis struthoides; it is narrower in proportion to its length
than No. 1554, but has a thicker spinous process, which, at the same
time, is more compressed from behind forwards: the cavity behind the
spine is deeper and more angular, as is also the notch between the pos-
terior oblique processes. The anterior articular processes are raised
higher above the body in the more robust vertebra, No. 1554. The an-
terior articular surface of the present vertebra has a much less vertical
extent than in the thicker vertebra ; and the inferior spine is narrower,
but of greater antero-posterior extent, and is situated nearer the posterior

part of the body.

1556. The cast of an anterior dorsal vertebra of a large species of Dinornis,

probably Dinornis ingens : it is either the first or second of the dorsal

series: the inferior transverse processes manifest part of the concavity

for the articulation of the head of the rib, and there is a spinous process

from the under surface of the body of the vertebra, which, as in the an-

terior dorsal of the Apteryx, is less broad and flattened than in the ante-
2Y

346

rior cervicals. The upper transverse processes are continued, as in the
first and second dorsals of the Apteryx, from the anterior part of the
whole side of the neural arch, not, as in the Ostrich, from near the sum-
mit; these processes also, as well as the spinous process, are consider-
ably thicker and stronger than in the Ostrich. In regard to the spinous
process, the Dinornis, in the squareness of that part, differs as much from
the Apteryx, in which the dorsal spines are compressed laterally and ex-
tended antero-posteriorly, as from the Ostrich. -
The original of the present cast was brought from New Zealand by the
officers of the Antarctic Expedition, and is preserved in the Museum of

Haslar Hospital. Presented by Dr. Richardson, F.R.S.

1557. A dorsal vertebra of a smaller species of Dinornis, probably Dznornis di-
diformis, Owen. It is from about the middle of the dorsal region. The
body is laterally compressed, and terminates below in a median carina,
which has a concave outline: it has the characteristic shortness as com-
pared with the breadth of the vertebre in this genus; the anterior arti-
cular surface is more concave from side to side, and the posterior surface
more convex in the same direction than in the corresponding vertebre
of the Ostrich or Apteryx: both these surfaces have an unusual vertical
diameter in proportion to their breadth. The spinous process of this
vertebra is strong and square-shaped, and shows, like the preceding dorsal,
that there was no blending together of the spines, nor any union by con-
tinuous splint-like ossifications, as in many birds, and especially in those
that fly. The dorsal region in the skeleton of the Dinornis, by the in-
tervals separating the spinous processes, must have resembled that in the
large existing Struthionide, and have differed from the same part in the
Apteryx, in which the dorsal spines are contiguous though not confluent ;
but the Dinornis surpassed all known birds in the thickness and square-
ness of its upright spinous processes. Of the length of these processes
none of the five vertebre afford an exact idea, all being more or less
fractured. The spinal canal is proportionally more contracted than in
the Ostrich, or even in the Apteryx, where it is rather smaller than usual.
This character in the Dinornis indicates, of course, a more slender spinal
chord, in which respect it betrays a closer approach to the Reptilia. We

347

may associate, with such a condition of the spinal marrow, less delicate
perception, and less energetic muscular action; and the vertebre thus
confirm the original induction* from the texture of the femur, that the
Dinornis was a more sluggish or less active bird than the Ostrich.

1558. A portion of the os sacrum and anchylosed iliac bones of the Dinornis
giganteus. This portion of the pelvis consists of twelve anterior anchy-
losed vertebre of the sacrum, with a portion of the right ilium and ace-
tabulum. Of the size of this fine fragment an idea will be conveyed to
those who have not seen the original by the subjoined table of its dimen-
sions, compared with those in a full-sized Ostrich.

Dinornis. —_ Struthio.

In. Lin. In. Lin.
Height of the first sacral vertebra . . . - 6 10 4 6

Breadth of the articular surface of the body of ditto 5 B A 1 8
Breadth of the seventh sacral vertebra . . .. . 3 3 le 3
6 6 9

Length of the first seven sacral vertebre . . . . 6

The last admeasurement shows that the anterior part of the sacrum, in-
cluding the first series of vertebrae provided with double transverse pro-
cesses on each side, is shorter in proportion to its height and breadth as
compared with the Ostrich; and these proportions are shown by the
smaller specimen, No. 1561, to characterize the entire pelvis in the genus
Dinornis. The under surfaces of the first seven vertebre are flattened, and
form asmooth and slightly concave platform in the remaining four. The
inferior transverse processes pass out horizontally to the lower border of
the ilium, which descends to the level of the under surface of the bodies of
the sacral vertebra. In the Ostrich they ascend obliquely upwards to join
the upper transverse processes, before abutting against the lower border of
the ilium, which does not descend so low as the bodies of the vertebrae. In
the Ostrich the first two inferior transverse processes of the sacrum retain
their primitive condition of detached ribs, and three transverse processes
succeed them before the commencement of the os pubis-f. In the great
Dinornis the second sacral rib is anchylosed as a transverse process, and

* See Proceedings of the Zoological Society for November 1839.
+ See description of the sacrum in Birds, in the ‘Cyclopedia of Anatomy,’ art. AVEs, p. 271.

2Yee,

348

four other processes succeed this before the one which abuts against the be-
ginning of the pubis: this is much thicker and stronger than the prece-
ding ones, and it is succeeded by four confluent sacral vertebra, which have
no lower transverse processes. In the Ostrich the transverse processes of
the sixth sacral vertebra abut against the part of the innominatum from
which the pubis is continued, and the transverse processes of the four suc-
ceeding vertebre abut against the origin of the ischium, parallel with the
lower part of the acetabulum ; then a single vertebra without a lower trans-
verse process or sacral rib intervenes before these are again developed in
succeeding vertebre, to abut against the posterior part of the acetabulum.
The four ribless sacral vertebrze which in the Dinornis are interposed
between those which send their anchylosed ribs to abut upon the os in-
nominatum anterior to the acetabulum, and those which strengthen in
like manner the posterior part of the acetabulum, are very short ; their
bodies have coalesced into a single mass of bone, smooth and flattened
below, rounded at the sides, and only recognizable as distinct bones by
the orifices for the nerves at the sides of the anchylosed mass: these
orifices are double, as in the sacrum of other birds*, the two roots of
the nerves escaping separately, the motor root issuing by the lower, the
sensitive root by the upper orifice. The upper transverse process of the
first sacral vertebra is a broad and thick piece of bone, extending from
the body and anterior articular process of the vertebra, and having a deep
and smooth excavation at its anterior part: in the Ostrich the corre-
sponding part is much smaller, and ts reticulated by the bars of bone
dividing the orifices by which the air is admitted into the interior of the
vertebra.

1559. A large portion of the right os innominatum, including the entire acetabu-
lum of a Dinornis, probably Din. ingens. This must have come from a
bird of smaller size than the one to which the above-described portion of
the sacrum belonged. The part of the ilium before and above the aceta-
bulum rises with a steep slope and a slight general concavity to meet its
fellow above the spinous crest of the anterior part of the sacrum: behind

* Cyclopedia of Anatomy, art. Aves, p. 271. The Ostrich is the only exception to this rule with
which I am acquainted.

349

the acetabulum the outer surface of the ilium is divided into two facets,
the upper one nearly horizontal, the lower one vertical, save where it
arches out to the flat articular surface behind the acetabulum. The ridge
dividing these two facets commences anteriorly above the middle of the
acetabulum, and describes a regular curve in its course backwards, the
convexity being downwards: in the Ostrich the corresponding ridge
forms two curves, meeting at an angle above the prominent articular
surface behind the acetabulum, and the convexity of both curves is up-
wards ; from the angle an obsolete ridge extends down to the prominent
articulation, and divides the anterior from the posterior vertically concave
surfaces of the ilium: in the great Dinornis the corresponding surfaces
are uninterruptedly continuous above the acetabular prominence. The
posterior wall of the acetabulum is incomplete, as in other birds; the
smooth articular surface is continued upon an oblong prominence above
and behind the cavity. The pubis, a slender bone, as usual in birds,
springs from a protuberance at the lower part of the acetabulum. The
ischium is continued more directly from the lower and back part of the
cavity : a very slight ridge indicates the posterior boundary of the notch
for the tendon of the obturator internus, and the upper border of the
notch is nearly straight. In the Ostrich this part is concave, and a well-
developed process extends down, but does not join the pubis at the back
part of the obturator notch. The Apteryx resembles the great Dinornis
in this part of the pelvis. The ischium becomes compressed and gra-
dually expands vertically as it extends backwards, its lower margin form-
ing almost a straight line. In the Ostrich the ischium maintains its tri-
hedral form for a much longer extent and suddenly expands, the lower
margin curving down to join the pubis: there is no indication of such a
junction in the present specimen, nor does the superincumbent ilium
curve down, as in the Bustard, to join the ischium : both the ischiadic
and the obturator notches seem to have been unclosed by bone in the
Dinornis as in the Apteryx.

1560. This is a part of the right os innominatum, including the posterior and

inferior angle of the acetabulum, the origins of the pubis and ischium,
which form the obturator notch, and a fractured continuation of the

350

latter bone, of a large species of Dinornis. The fragment has belonged
to a pelvis intermediate in size between Nos. 1559 and 1561, but is nearer
the former. From this it differs in the concavity of the upper boundary
of the ischiadic notch, and the descending process forming its posterior
boundary, which almost touches the pubis. The posterior margin of the
wall of the acetabulum is straight, and ascends at a right angle with the
horizontal ischium. In the larger pelvis, No. 1559, as in the smaller one,
No. 1561, this margin curves back at less than a right angle. The
ischium is thinner and less convex internally.

1561. The almost entire pelvis of a smaller species of Dinornis, probably
Dinornis dromioides, Owen. It seems to include all the sacral vertebre,
which are eighteen in number: seven anterior ones with the lower trans-
verse processes, four without those processes, and seven in which they
reappear, extending obliquely outwards and backwards to the line of
junction of the ilia with the broad posterior part of the sacrum. The
most important feature in the present pelvis is the demonstration of what
was obscurely indicated in the foregoing specimen, viz. that the ilia do
not, as in existing Struthious birds, including the Apteryx, approximate
one another along the whole length of the sharp and narrow ridge
formed by the spines of the sacrum, but that they diverge above the
acetabula, to give place to a broad horizontal expanse of bone developed
from the posterior sacral spines, as in the Bustard and most other birds.
This surface forms a smooth shallow concavity, perforated as usual by
two lateral series of small foramina. From the pelvis of the Bustard
that of the Dinornis differs in the greater relative depth and verticality of
the anterior plates of the ilia, which meet above to form a ridge, as in
the existing Struthionide: the posterior expanded part of the pelvis is
relatively shorter than in the Bustard, and the difference is extreme which
this part of the pelvis of the Dinornis presents, as compared with that
of the Apteryx, the Ostrich, the Emeu, and @ fordzori the Rhea, in which
the ischiadic bones meet, and are united for a considerable extent below
the posterior part of the sacrum, which there becomes almost obliterated.
The acetabula are relatively nearer to each other than in the Bustard,
but further apart than in the Ostrich, Emeu, and relatively than in the

351

Apteryx. There is likewise another difference in the relative position of
the acetabula as compared with the Ostrich: in this bird those cavities
are so situated that their posterior wide orifice exposes to view the neural
arches and spinous processes of the intervening sacral vertebre. In the
Dinornis only the lower part of the bodies of the corresponding vertebre
are seen by looking directly into the acetabulum, and below these we
have the open cavity of the pelvis: the Apteryx and Emeu resemble the
Dinornis in this respect. The body of the third sacral vertebra is cari-
nate below in the Bustard, and none of the vertebra abut by their trans-
verse processes against the anterior part of the acetabulum.

The present pelvis of the Dinornis, when compared with the portions
of the larger pelves, Nos. 1558 to 1560, presents so many differences be-
sides those of size, as to leave no doubt about the specific distinction of
the birds to which they belonged.

The first sacral vertebra in the smaller pelvis has a narrower and deeper
body, and there is not the deep excavation on the anterior part of the
upper transverse process. The sacral ribs, as well as their anchylosed
analogues, the transverse processes which succeed them, come off higher
up than in the large pelvis. The lower border of the ilium is thin, and
does not form a broad convex surface, increasing the width of the pelvis
anterior to the acetabulum, as in the large Dinornis: the four inter-
acetabular vertebre without inferior transverse processes are carinate
along their under surface, not flattened as in the great Dinornis. The
upper facet of the posterior part of the ilium is more horizontal, and
forms a right angle with the vertical facet: this is also divided from the
anterior concave wall of the ilium, as in the Ostrich, by an angle formed
by an obsolete ridge: the articular prominence behind the acetabulum is
relatively longer in the axis of the pelvis, but less deep in the smaller
species. The root of the ischium where it forms the upper part of the
obturator notch is concave, and an angular process descends towards the
pubis, forming a well-marked posterior boundary to the notch. In this
character the smaller pelvis more resembles the pelvis of the Emeu than
does that of the larger one ; but the ischial process does not quite reach,
as in the Emeu, the pubic bone. The ischium resembles, in its gradual

352

expansion and straight direction, that of the larger species, and the more
perfect condition of the smaller pelvis proves that the extremity of this
bone projects freely backwards, as in the Apteryx and Emeu.

1562. A mutilated pelvis of a smaller species of Dinornis, probably Dinornis
didiformis, Owen. It is less entire than the preceding specimen, but
manifests characters which prove it to belong to a distinct species of
Dinornis, and apparently to an older bird, since the second sacral rib on
the left side is anchylosed to the vertebral interspace. This anchylosis
sufficiently demonstrates that the present pelvis is not of a younger bird
than the preceding pelvis, No. 1561 ; and, besides the difference of size, there
are the following differences of configuration :—In the present pelvis the
second and third sacral ribs arise nearer the lower surface of the bodies
of the vertebra, a character by which it approximates the largest pelvis,
No. 1558, from which it differs in having the bodies of these vertebre
relatively less broad and flat. The extent occupied by the four posterior
orifices forming the interspaces of the lower transverse processes of the
third to the seventh sacral vertebre inclusive, is three lines greater in the
present pelvis than in the one next in the order of size, No. 1561. The
bodies of the four vertebre without lower transverse processes are flatter
below in the present than in No. 1561. The vacuity at the sides of these
vertebra, into which the posterior aperture of the acetabulum opens, is
relatively much smaller in the present than in No. 1561; but the two
transverse processes of the twelfth and thirteenth vertebra which abut
against the posterior part of the acetabulum are absolutely much thicker
in the present specimen. Such differences are not manifested in the
pelvis of individuals of the same species in other birds: they are asso-
ciated in the present instances with minor differences in the shape of the
acetabulum, especially of its posterior and inferior border, and in the
relative breadth of the bodies of the posterior sacral vertebre ; the latter,
however, might be a sexual difference. Seventeen of the sacral vertebre
are preserved in the present specimen, and the expanded spinous plate of
the posterior ones is more perfectly preserved than in the preceding pel-
vis, No. 1561.

353

1563. The left moiety of a pelvis, bisected vertically and lengthwise, of appa-

1563'.

rently the same species of Dinornis as the foregoing specimen. It differs
in the minor elevation of the spines of the seven anterior sacral vertebra
and of the co-ascending plates of the iliac bones, and in the greater
breadth of the pelvis behind the acetabulum; but these may be sexual
distinctions, as the correspondence in size, characters of maturity and
other particulars is almost complete. The cut surface exposes the di-
lated cavity of the sacral enlargement of the spinal chord, and shows the
internal orifices of the separate canals of the motor and sensitive roots
of the spinal nerves. The remains of the lofty spines of the several
anchylosed sacral vertebree exhibit their conversion, as it were, by
extreme antero-posterior compression, into transverse plates, slightly
radiating as they ascend, and connecting like tie-beams the iliac plates
with each other and with the sacrum: their interspaces are occupied by
a loose cancellous texture. The thin neural arch is expanded vertically
and transversely at the interspaces of the origins of the spinal lamine,

and gives an undulating form to the roof of the spinal canal.

Presented by William Cotton, Esq., F.R.S.

A corresponding section of the pelvis of a young Emeu (Dromazus
ater), showing a smaller proportional expansion of the spinal canal for
the enlargement of the chord whence the nerves of the legs originate,
and the more marked difference in the form and proportions of the iliac

plates, especially behind the acetabulum.
Presented by Prof. Owen.

1564. The shaft of the right femur of the Dinornis giganteus*.

1565.

A model of the entire femur of the Dinornis giganteus, restored accord-
ing to the proportions of the foregoing diaphysis, and the characters of

the perfect femur, No. 1568.

1566. The left tibia of the Dinornis grganteus : it measures two feet eleven

inches in length and six inches and a half in circumference at the
middle of the shaft.

* See the description of this part in the Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. iii. p: 29. pl. 3.

22

354

The chief generic characters of the tibia of the Dinornis are, the broad
and wide concavity anterior to the proximal articular surface, the great
breadth of the ascending wall of bone for the implantation of the rotular
or extensor tendon, and, at the distal end, the slight anterior production
of the lateral ridges of the trochlea. All these characters are very
strikingly distinctive when the tibia of the Dinornis is compared with
that of the Ostrich; the difference is less, though well-marked, in rela-
tion to the Emeu or Apteryx. The tibia of the Dinornis differs from
that of all known existing Struthious birds in the presence of the canal
above the distal trochlea on the anterior and inner side of the bone,
formed by the oblique osseous bridge across the extensor tendon. The
affinity of the Dinornis to the Bustard and other Grad/e, and to the
Galline, is indicated by this structure. The inner condyle or division
of the distal trochlea is relatively more produced backwards than in the
Struthionide and Gralle generally. The anterior crista at the head of
the bone is less developed than usual. The longitudinal ridge for the
fibula on the proximal half of the bone is well-marked; but the fibula
has not been anchylosed to it. The orifice of the canal for the medul-
lary artery is close to the termination of the fibular ridge. Notwithstand-
ing the great length of this tibia, it is relatively thicker than in the
Ostrich and other known long-legged birds.

1567. The left tarso-metatarsal bone of the Dinornis giganteus, apparently of
the same individual bird as the preceding specimen. It measures eighteen
inches and a half in length, five inches and a half in circumference at the
middle of the shaft, and five inches in breadth across the distal end. The
tarso-metatarsal bone of the Dinornis consists of the tarsal and of three
primitively distinct metatarsals blended together, and forming, as usual,
a single bone, divided at the distal extremity into three trochlear arti-
culations, for the three toes. The proximal articulation presents two
concavities, the inner one the deepest, and the dividing ridge is slightly
produced upwards at its anterior termination into a conical obtuse pro-
cess. The margins of the proximal end of the present bone have been
broken and worn away, but enough remains to show, that as in Nos.
1574 and 1585, there are two short and thick longitudinal ridges at the

355

back part of this end of the bone, divided by a deep round groove for
the flexor tendon of the toes: the ridges are supported by a thick longi-
tudinal eminence, which is continued down the middle of the back
part of the bone, gradually subsiding as it descends. On each side of
the upper part of this median longitudinal eminence there is a foramen,
as in most other birds, from which a shallow and narrow longitudinal
canal is continued for some distance down the hone: there are no other
canals, nor any longitudinal angular ridges at the back part of the meta-
tarsus ; nor is there the slightest trace of a surface for the attachment of
a hind-toe. On the anterior part of the bone, near the proximal end,
there is the usual depression, in which the canals continued from the
two posterior foramina terminate by a single foramen: below the de-
pression there is a rough surface for the insertion of the tendon of the
tibialis anticus, from which point a median wide and shallow channel
extends a certain way down, and divides into two shallower depressions,
which diverge to the interspaces of the distal articular condyles: the
margins of all these depressions are rounded off, and the general surface
of the anterior, as of the posterior part of the metatarsus, is smooth and
rounded: this, with the great breadth of the bone as compared with the
metatarsi of other Struthiontde and tridactyle Gradle, constitutes the
principal generic character of the tarso-metatarsal bone in the Dinornis.
The interspaces of the three articular terminations are wider, the two
lateral ones diverging more, and being of larger size than usual; they
have also the median trochlear groove, but not so deep as in the middle
articular process.

The length of the tarso-metatarsal bone in the gigantic Dinornis is a
trifle more than half that of the tibia. In the tridactyle Emeu the tarso-
metatarsal bone is as long as the tibia; in the Ostrich and the Bustard
it is a little shorter than the tibia. The still shorter proportion which it
bears to the tibia in the Apteryx of New Zealand forms a striking re-
semblance between this bird and the Dinornis. But the Apteryx is
distinguished from the larger Struthionide not more by its elongated
slender bill than by the presence of a fourth small toe on the inner and
back part of the foot, articulated to a slightly raised rough surface of the

2) 92 @

356

tarso-metatarsal, about a fourth of the length of that bone from its trifid
distal end: the Dodo was also tetradactyle, like the Apteryx. Thus the
tarso-metatarsal bone of the Dinornis distinguishes that bird generically by
its structure from the two last-named Struthzonide, as it does by its shorter
and stouter proportions from the Cassowary, the Emeu and the Rhea:
the three well-developed anterior toes more obviously distinguish the
Dinornis from the didactyle Ostrich.

1568. The metatarsal bone of a young Dinornis giganteus. The condition of

1568".

this bone, or rather group of bones, demonstrates, what could not indeed
be reasonably doubted, that a more tardy ossification coexists in the
Dinornis, as in other Struthionede, with the absence of the powers of
flight. The marks of immaturity in the present specimen are the gradual
deepening and widening of the anterior median channel of the shaft as it
approaches the proximal end of the bone, until it divides into the fissures
separating the proximal ends of the three constituent metatarsals, which
extremities in the specimen are broken off immediately above the point
where they begin to coalesce.

The partially anchylosed metatarsus of a half-grown Ostrich: in this,
which is rather more than two-thirds the length of the same bone in the
mature bird, the tarsal bone, which seems to represent a proximal epi-
physis, is detached, and the posterior channel of the metatarsus deepens
and widens as it approaches the proximal extremity, and is finally lost in
the two deep and narrow clefts which divide the proximal ends of the
three constituent metatarsals from each other.

Presented by Prof. Owen.

1569. The right femur of the Dinornis ingens, Owen. It measures thirteen

inches in length and six inches in circumference at the middle of the
shaft.

The femur in this, as in other species of the genus Dinornis, is remark-
able for its great strength and the expansion of its extremities. The tro-
chanter is unusually broad, thick and elevated ; the distal extremity is still
more remarkable for its great size, and especially for the breadth of its
rotular concavity. The shaft is rounded, not compressed and subtrihedral

357
as in the Ostrich: in no bird are the muscular ridges and tuberosities so
strongly developed on the posterior part of the shaft: the orifice of the
medullary artery is at the middle of this surface. The popliteal space is
deeply excavated. There is a rough deep oval depression at the upper

and back part of the outer condyle.

1570. A cast of the left tibia of the Dinornis ingens. It measures two feet
five inches in length, and five inches and a quarter in circumference at
the middle. It presents a closer correspondence in its proportions and
configuration with the tibia of the Dinornis giganteus, No. 1566, than
with that of the smaller species Dinornis didiformis and Dinornis otidi-
formis. It presents all the characters of the bone of a mature or old
bird: the external ridge at the proximal extremity is relatively less pro-
duced, but it is thicker and stronger than in No. 1566: the difference of
size appears too great to depend on a sexual variety in this respect. The
femur No. 1569 bears the same proportions to the present tibia which
the shaft of the femur No. 1564 does to the tibia No. 1566.

The original of this cast is in the Geological Museum at Oxford.

Presented by the Rev. Dr. Buckland, F.R.S.

1571. The left femur of the Dinornis struthoides, Owen. This bone measures
eleven inches in length and five inches and a half in circumference at
the middle of the shaft. Like the femur No. 1569, the parietes at
the back part of the proximal end of the bone are entire and imperforate
as in the Apteryx, and the weight of the bone accords with this evidence
of the absence of the air-cells which penetrate the medullary cavity in

the Ostrich, Cassowary, Rhea and Emeu.

1572. The shaft of the right femur of apparently the same individual Dznornis

struthoides.

1573. The shaft of the left femur of a younger individual of the Denornis stru-
thoides. This femur corresponds with the femur No. 1571 in its general
form, its ridges and tuberosities ; but these are less strongly developed,
and the manner and extent of abrasion of both proximal and distal arti-
cular surfaces well accord with the supposition of their having been in

358

that cartilaginous or less completely ossified state which characterizes
the femur of a bird not quite fully arrived at maturity. The state of de-
velopment of the muscular ridges and tuberosities forbids the reference
of this femur to a very young bird, but supports the conclusion that the
bone had belonged to an individual as far advanced in growth as is indi-
cated by the difference in size between it and the femur No. 1571.

1574. The left tarso-metatarsal bone of the Denornis struthoides. It measures
one foot in length, four inches and a quarter in circumference at the
middle of the shaft, and four inches across the distal end. Besides the
difference of proportions between the present bone and No. 1567 which
is indicated by these admeasurements, the anterior longitudinal concavity,
commencing below the rough depression, is deeper ; the channel leading
to the cleft between the condyles for the outer and middle toes is also
relatively narrower and deeper; the posterior commencement of the
middle condyle projects further and more abruptly in the present bone
than in No. 1567; the posterior part of the distal half of the bone is
more convex. These differences, taken in connection with the greater
breadth and thickness of the bone, in proportion to its length, confirm
the conclusions of specific distinction deducible from those proportions.

1575. The left femur of the Dinornis dromioides, Owen. ‘This bone is of equal
length with No. 1573, but is not so thick. The shape of the shaft of the
bone is also different: the relative antero-posterior diameter of No. 1573
is much greater than that of the present bone, especially at the proximal
end and trochanterial enlargement of the shaft, and just above the inner
condyle: the anterior surface of the proximal part of the shaft presents
a shallow equable concavity in No. 1575 which is not present in No. 1573.
In No. 1575 a pretty sharp ridge leads from the middle of the posterior
surface of the shaft obliquely to the upper and posterior angle of the inner
condyle, and the posterior surface of the expanded shaft above the con-
dyles is regularly excavated by a moderate concavity which is continued
uninterruptedly into the inter-condyloid depression. In No. 1573 an
oblong rough tuberosity, with its long axis parallel with that of the bone,

359

exists in the place where we find the oblique ridge in the other bone, the
tuberosity being separated from the upper and posterior angle of the
inner condyle by a smooth channel or depression, which leads to an oval
depression much deeper and more circumscribed than is the corresponding
concavity in the present femur. The complete development of the
muscular ridges and tuberosities, and the better preserved state of the
articular extremities, show this femur to be a more mature bone than
No. 1573 ; the differences in proportion and configuration prove it to
belong to a distinct species from Dinornis struthoides.

. The shaft of the left femur of a younger individual of the Dinornis

dromioides.

The right femur of the Dinornis didiformis, Owen.

. The left femur of the Dinornis didiformis. This bone is eight inches in

length, four inches and a quarter in circumference at the middle of the
shaft, and three inches and a half in breadth across the distal end: the
right femur, No. 1577, presents the same dimensions, but is two lines
narrower at the distal end.

With respect to these small femora, if they had belonged to young
birds of the larger species, their nonage would unquestionably have been
indicated by the characters of the bones. The femur of a young Ostrich,
bearing the same proportion to that of the adult which No. 1577 bears
to No. 1569, has the whole upper surface of the proximal end and all
the distal articulation covered with thick cartilage, and the line of the
terminal epiphysis is conspicuous, although the uniting ossification has
commenced ; the trochanterian ridge is rounded off ; the surface of the
shaft of the bone is smooth; the muscular ridges quite undeveloped.
In the small femora of the Dinornis, Nos. 1577 and 1578, no trace of the
separation of the terminal epiphyses remains ; the sculpturing of the arti-
cular surfaces is sharp and bold; every ridge and tuberosity indicative of
muscular action is as strongly developed as in the largest femora.

In comparison with the femur of the Dinornis dromioides, No. 1575,
the present bone, No. 1578, which is one inch and five lines shorter, has

360

very nearly an equal circumference of the middle of the shaft, and a quite
equal breadth of the distal end, the antero-posterior diameter of the
condyles being also the same in both. If the comparison of these two
femora be pursued into further details, it is seen that the anterior margin
of the great trochanter is more produced but narrower in No. 1575 than
in No. 1578, that the anterior surface of the shaft is more convex, and that
the anterior curve of the outer condyle is shorter in the longer femur, No.
1575: the antero-posterior diameter of the great trochanter and of the
shaft, especially of that part leading to the outer condyle, is less in the
longer femur. With regard to the configuration of the popliteal space,
the same differences exist between the femur of the Dinornis dromioides
and that of the Din. didiformis, as have been already pointed out between
the femur of the Dinornis dromioides and that of the Din. struthoides,
viz. a circumscribed tuberosity in place of a continuous ridge in the pre-
sent femur, and a deeper and smaller instead of a shallower and larger

concavity.

1579. The half of a longitudinally bisected femur of the Dznornis didiformis.

A small portion of the parietes at the posterior part of the proximal end
of the shaft has been broken away, which exposes a few shallow cancelli
but no canal leading to the cavity of the shaft: this isa true medullary
cavity, remarkable for the great thickness of its compact parietes. A
few oblique lamin break the continuity of the smooth, imperforate,
inner surface of the medullary cavity ; they become more numerous to-
wards the two extremities of the bone, which are principally occupied by

a coarse cancellous structure.

. The half of a longitudinally bisected femur of a young Emeu of corre-

sponding size with the preceding specimen. It shows the air-canal con-
tinued from the wide aperture at the back part of the neck of the femur
into the cavity of the shaft ; the thin compact walls of that cavity ; the
delicate bony lamelle forming the inner wall of the air cavity and reduced
in a great part of its extent by the numerous perforations to the state of
lace-work. Presented by Professor Owen.

1580. A transverse section of the half of a longitudinally bisected femur of the

361

Dinornis didiformis ; showing the great thickness of the compact walls
at the middle of the shaft.

1581. The right tibia of the Dinornis didiformis.

1582. The half of the shaft of the right tibia, longitudinally bisected, of the
Dinornis didiformis.

1583. The left tibia of the Denornis didiformes.

1584. A portion of the shaft of the left tibia of the Denornis didiformis.

The length of the tibia No.1581 is fifteen inches and a half, that of the
tibia No. 1583 is sixteen inches and a quarter; the circumference at the
middle of the shaft is four inches in the first, and four inches one line in
the second: they both clearly belong to the same species and manifest the
same proportions to the femora Nos. 1577 and 1578, as the tibia No.
1570 does to the femur No. 1569. The tibia of the Dinornis didiformis
is thicker in proportion to its length, has relatively broader proximal and
distal extremities, and a longer ridge for the attachment of the fibula,
than that of the Dinornis giganteus or Din. ingens.

The anterior ridge at the proximal end of the bone is nearer the middle
in Din. didiformis, the interspace between that and the external ridge
being of the same breadth in the tibie of the small and large species,
notwithstanding the difference of total breadth. The external proximal
ridge curves more abruptly outwards from the shaft of the bone in the
small than in the large tibiz, whereas the contrary character ought to
have been manifested if the difference of size had depended on difference
of age, such muscular ridges being more strongly produced in old than
in young birds. The shaft of the bone is flatter antero-posteriorly, com-
pared with its breadth, in the small than in the large tibia, and is more
nearly trihedral, owing to the greater flatness of the inner and anterior
surface and the less rounding off of the inner margin.

1585. The left tarso-metatarsal bone of the Dinornis didiformis. This bone
measures six inches ten lines in length, three inches three lines in cir-
cumference at the middle of the shaft, and three inches in breadth
across the distal end. If these dimensions be compared with those of

3A

362

the larger tarso-metatarsal bones Nos. 1567 and 1574, it will be found
that whilst the circumference of the middle of the shaft in No. 1567 is
less than one-third of the entire length of the bone, and that of No.
1574 is rather more than one-third, that of the present small metatarsal is
a little more than one-half. Again, the breadth of the distal end of the
present metatarsal is nearly one-half the length of the bone ; in No. 1574
itis just one-third ; in No. 1567 it is two-sevenths. The difference is well-
marked in the proportions of the breadth or lateral diameter of the shaft
as compared with the thickness or antero-posterior diameter, but is less be-
tween No. 1567 and No. 1574 than between either of these and the pre-
sent bone. This small metatarsal also presents differences of configuration
when compared with the larger metatarsals, besides those indicated by
the admeasurements, which assist in establishing a distinction of species :
the distal end of the bone is more suddenly expanded than in the larger
specimens ; the proximal posterior prominence of the middle division of
the metatarsal more rapidly subsides as it descends; there is no longi-
tudinal channel continued downwards from the hole on the inside of this
prominence, such channel being as well marked in the larger metatarsals
as the outer one: the shallow concavity on the outside of the prominence
is relatively broader in the smaller metatarsal. The inner concavity of
the proximal articular surface is relatively deeper in the present bone.
The median longitudinal concavity, below the rough depression at the
anterior part of the proximal end of the bone, is hardly discernible in
No. 1585, but is well marked in Nos. 1567 and 1574. Finally, the small
metatarsal, which is but half the length of No. 1574, and but one-third
the length of No. 1567, has all the characters of the compound tarso-
metatarsal in a fully mature bird. There is no trace of the original sepa-
ration of the proximal epiphysis ; and, with respect to that of the three
primitive constituents of the shaft of the bone, it is as obscurely indicated
as in other old tridactyle birds, by the two small holes at the back and
upper part of the bone. I have inferred, therefore, from the present small
metatarsal, the former existence of a distinct species of three-toed Stru-
thious bird, differing from the larger species of Dinornis in its relatively
shorter and broader metatarsus. In this character the present species of

363

Dinornis closely resembled the extinct Dodo (Didus ineptus, Linn.) of
the Isles of France and Rodriguez; and as it could not have greatly sur-
passed them in size, it has been proposed to designate it Dinornzs didiformis.

Like the larger species of Dinornis, there is not the slightest trace of
the articulation of a fourth or posterior toe in the metatarsal of the
Dinornis didiformis ; the generic distinction from Didus and Apteryax
being thus distinctly indicated in all the tarso-metatarsal bones of the
present collection.

If the different proportions and configurations of the present small
tarso-metatarsal bone justify the conclusion that it belonged to a particular
species of Dinornis, by parity of reasoning the same inference must be
drawn in regard to the intermediate-sized tarso-metatarsal No. 1574,
which is far from repeating the proportions of the largest bone, No. 1567,
as the dimensions already given demonstrate. No. 1585 is in fact a more
robust bone, in proportion toitslength; the anterior longitudinal concavity,
commencing below the rough depression, is deeper ; the channel leading
to the cleft between the condyles for the outer and middle toes is also
relatively narrower and deeper; the posterior commencement of the
middle condyle projects further and more abruptly in No. 1585 than in
No. 1567; the posterior part of the distal half of the bone is less
convex.

The physiologist contending for a difference of age merely in the birds
to which the bones Nos. 1567 and 1585 belonged, must be prepared to
show that in other large Struthious birds the tarso-metatarsal bones alter
in their proportions as well as their size in the progress of growth, and
that they are thicker and more robust in the young than in the old birds.
The contrary however is the case in the Ostrich and the Common Fowl.
In the great existing Struthious bird more especially, which offers the
most instructive analogy in the present comparison, the tarso-metatarsal
bone is relatively more slender in proportion to its length in the young
bird than in the old, at least at the period of growth when the tarso-
metatarsal bone has attained two-thirds its full size, which is precisely
the proportion which the bone of the Dinornis No. 1574 bears in length
to the bone No. 1567.

3A2

364

But the comparison with the bones of the young Ostrich brings to
light another character, which effectually decides the question of the
relation between the three different-sized bones of the Dinornis under
consideration. In all birds, the tarso-metatarsal bone, as is well known,
is an aggregate of several distinct ossicles, the primitive separation of
which continues longest in those birds whose respiratory, circulating and
muscular energies are least developed. ‘Thus in the Penguins the three
metatarsal bones are almost quite distinct from one another throughout
life ; and in the Ostrich and other Struthionide deprived of the power of
flight, the primitive separation of the metatarsals continues at their ex-
tremities to nearly full growth, as is exemplified in the tarso-metatarsal
bone of the young Ostrich, No. 1568. The tarso-metatarsal bone No.
1568, however, actually is what the present specimen, No. 1585, might
have been mistaken for, viz. a bone of a young individual of a gigantic
species of Dinornis, and the condition of this young bone demonstrates,
what could not indeed be reasonably doubted, that a more tardy ossifica-
tion coexists in the Dinornis, as in other Struthionide, with the absence
of the powers of flight; which, therefore, as it establishes the maturity
of the tarso-metatarsal bone No. 1574, proves, @ fortior2, that the smaller
tarso-metatarsal, No. 1585, with all the characters of mature age, could
not have belonged to a young individual of either of the two larger
species.

1586. A left metatarsal bone of the Dinornis didiformis, from which the pos-
terior parietes have been removed to expose the internal structure of the
bone. The line of union of the proximal or tarsal epiphysis is indicated
by the dense tissue by which it has been obliterated; the coarse cancellous
texture of the proximal end of the confluent metatarsals soon subsides,
and a common medullary canal is exposed in the shaft of the composite
bone, partially divided by two thin septa into three equal compartments,
indicative of the three primitively distinct metatarsals: the medullary
cavity terminates below by dividing into brief continuations entering the
commencement of the divisions for the support of the three toes.

The dimensions of this bone correspond with those of the preceding.

365

1587. The shaft of a left metatarsal bone of corresponding dimensions with the
preceding ; a section has been removed from the proximal end, showing
the confluence of the originally distinct juxtaposed walls of the three me-

tatarsals, and the coarse cancellous structure in the centre of each.

1588. The left tarso-metatarsal bone of the Dinornis didiformis: this specimen.
measures seven inches ten lines in length ; it is in other respects iden-
tical in character with the preceding bones Nos. 1585, 1586, and appears
to indicate a sexual superiority of size.

Presented by William Cotton, Esq., F.R.S.

1589. A phalanx, apparently the second of the middle toe, of the Dznornis
struthoides : it is three inches and a half long and one inch and a half
broad across the proximal joint. This does not present the median
vertical ridge which the corresponding groove in the articular surface of
the metatarsal indicates the proximal phalanx to possess, and it appears
therefore to be a second phalanx, which, as in the middle toe of the
Ostrich, would then differ from the first phalanx in the equable conca-
vity of the proximal articular surface. In the second or outer toe of
the Ostrich the median eminence is wanting on the proximal end of the
first phalanx, but the want of symmetry in that bone shows that it
cannot be the analogue of the phalanx of the Dinornis in question,
which is almost quite symmetrical. From this character it may be
referred to the middle toe: compared with the second phalanx of that
toe in a full-grown Ostrich, it is relatively longer, less depressed or flat-
tened, the depth of the bone being equal to its breadth except at the
distal articulation, which nevertheless is much less expanded and de-
pressed than in the Ostrich. In this bird the length of the second
phalanx of the middle toe is two inches and a quarter, the breadth of the
distal end is one inch and a half, and its depth at the middle of the
bone eight lines. In the phalanx of the Dinornis the breadth of the
distal end is one inch and a quarter, its depth at the middle ten lines.
The size of the phalanx of the Dinornis, regarded as the second of the
middle toe, agrees well with that of the tarso-metatarsal of the Denornis

struthoides.

366

1590. A smaller phalanx, apparently a proximal one of an outer toe. It pre-
sents an unsymmetrical figure, and its proximal articular concavity is
continuous with an oblique notch which divides the lower border into two
tuberosities. This structure is slightly indicated at the corresponding
part of the proximal phalanx of the outer toe in the Ostrich, and in the
Bustard is as strongly marked in the proximal phalanx of both the outer
and inner of the three toes as in the phalanx of the Dinornis. This
phalanx measures one inch ten lines in length, one inch two lines across
the proximal end, and ten lines across the distal end: the articular sur-
face here is impressed by a vertical groove, as in the proximal phalanges
of the outer and inner toes in the Bustard, and it agrees in its general
figure with that of the outer toe of the left foot, but is much thicker in
proportion to its length. The proximal articulation matches in size with,
but is not adapted by its configuration to, the outer trochlea of the trifid
metatarsal of the Dinornis didiformis.

1591. The shaft of the right femur of the Dznornis otediformis. It measures
two inches one line in circumference at the middle of the shaft.

1592. The right tibia of the Dinornis otidiformis. It measures eight inches
nine lines in length, and one inch eleven lines in circumference at the
middle of the shaft. This bone, notwithstanding the disparity of size
between it and the tibia of the Dinornis giganteus, presents the cha-
racters of full maturity; the ridge for the fibula and those at the
proximal end of the bone being quite as strongly developed. In the
tibia of a half-grown Ostrich, the antero-external ridge, which in the
adult projects strongly from the head of the bone, is in the state of car-
tilage, the fibular ridge undeveloped, and both articular extremities in a
state of epiphysis and incompletely ossified: the same conditions which
influence, as has been already remarked, the tardy ossification in the
Ostrich must have been still more operative in the Dinornis, in which
the absence of air in the femur indicates as low a development of the
respiratory system as in the Apteryx. If this reasoning be admitted to
establish the maturity of the tibie of the Dinornis ingens and Dinornis
didiformis, it equally proves that of the present tibia, which bears the same

367

proportion to the bone of sixteen inches in length, as this does to that
of thirty-five inches. The tibia of eight inches and two-thirds in length
has its articular extremities as completely ossified and confluent with the
shaft, and its proximal and fibular ridges as strongly developed, as in the
larger tibiz.

The shape of its proximal articulation differs more from that of No. 1583
than this does from that of No. 1570 ; the tibial half is broader from behind
forwards than transversely ; the anterior ridge at the proximal end is
nearer the middle of the bone than in No. 1583, a fortior?, nearer than
in No. 1570; the inner side of the bone is more rounded or less angular,
especially at the proximal half of the shaft; the transverse diameter of the
shaft is proportionally less than the antero-posterior one ; the posterior
notch between the distal condyles is deeper, and the inner condyle is
more compressed laterally, and is produced further backwards.

There is no tarso-metatarsal to match the present tibia, but it
unequivocally establishes a species of cursorial bird, which, from the
agreement of the bone in its general characters with the tibie of the
larger species, most probably belonged to the same genus, Dinornis, but
did not surpass in size the Great Bustard (Otis tarda). I have therefore
named the species to which it belonged Dinornis otidiformis.

1593. A series of plaster-casts or models of the bones of the Dinornis giganteus,

articulated according to their natural connections and relations in the living
bird, so as to show the height of the hind-legs and pelvis, whereby the total
altitude of the bird may be conceived and approximatively determined by
the analogies of the existing Strwthzonid@. In these the neck varies slightly
in its relative length, being longest in the Ostrich and Emeu, in which
it includes eighteen or nineteen vertebra, and shortest in the Cassowary
and Apteryx, which have respectively sixteen and fifteen cervical ver-
tebree ; but in all the species it is of sufficient length to enable them
readily to pick up substances from the ground by a slight rotation or
bending down of the trunk and pelvis upon the hip-joints. The tibia of
the Dinornis giganteus, with its extremities entire, measures two feet
eleven inches: this bone, articulated with a femur of sixteen inches and
a tarso-metatarsal bone of eighteen inches in length, at angles corre-

368

sponding to those in the Ostrich, and with an allowance of three inches
for the natural angle of the toes and the callous integuments beneath the
distal joint of the metatarsal bone, makes the height of the hind-leg to
the highest point of the femur five feet six inches: from the level of
this point to the top of the head, supported upon an erect neck of the
same proportions as in the Ostrich, would be five feet, making the total
height of the Dinornis giganteus ten feet six inches. If the tarso-
metatarsal bone of the Dinornis had borne the same proportion to the
tibia as in the Ostrich, its height would have been nearly twelve feet, but
the acquisition of the tarso-metatarsal belonging to the largest tibia for-
tunately prevented this error of exaggeration.

But since the Cassowary and Apteryx, as compared with the Ostrich
and Emeu, combine shorter tarso-metatarsals with their shorter necks,
the Dinornis is more likely to have resembled these birds than the
Ostrich in the proportionate length of its neck, and we know that
it resembled the Apteryx much more than the Ostrich in the robust
proportions of the cervical vertebrae. In the Apteryx, however, the
peculiar length of the bill compensates for the relative shortness of the
neck ; and until we have proof to the contrary, we must suppose the
Dinornis to have had a bill of the ordinary proportions which it presents
in the large existing Struthionide: the Cassowary seems, therefore, to
offer the best term of comparison by which to calculate the height of the
Dinornis. In the skeleton of a full-grown Cassowary the tarso-meta-
tarsal bone measures eleven inches in length: allowing an inch for the
callous integuments beneath its distal articulation, the tibia and femur,
articulated at the angles natural in the standing posture, rise to the
height of two feet nine inches. From the level of the top of the tro-
chanter to the top of the cranial crest is two feet three inches, and to the
base of the crest two feet. We have evidence in No. 1552 that the Dinornis
did not possess that peculiar defence upon the head, and therefore, from
the groundto the summit of the trochanter of the Dinornis giganteus being
five feet six inches, from this level to the top of the head, according to the
proportion of the uncrested Cassowary, would be four feet, making the
total altitude nine feet six inches. Thus, if we take the average of the

369

altitudes of the Denornis giganteus, as given by the analogies of the
existing Struthionide, we are compelled to restrict our ideas of its height
in the ordinary upright posture to ten feet.

The Dinornis struthoides, with a femur of eleven inches, a tibia of
twenty-two inches, and a tarso-metatarsus of twelve inches in length,
must have stood, according to the analogies of the Cassowary, six feet
nine inches in height ; according to those of the Ostrich, seven feet four
inches : we may therefore regard its height to have not exceeded seven
feet, or to have been about equal to that of a moderate-sized Ostrich,
but of a more robust and stronger build. The fragment of the femur
first described by me in 1839 belongs to this species.

The Dinornis didiformis, with a tibia as long as that of the Cassowary,
viz. sixteen inches, but with a femur of eight inches and a tarso-meta-
tarsus of only seven inches in length, would, by the analogy of the
Cassowary, be a little under four feet in height, or of intermediate size
between the Cassowary and the Dodo.

The femur of nine inches in length, with similar proportions of the
tibia and metatarsus, which latter would probably be relatively longer,
gives the height of five feet to the species which, from the similarity of
its size to the Emeu (Dromazus ater), I have called Dinornis dromioides.

The following letter from the Rev. William Williams to the Rey. Dr.
Buckland, relates to the bones of the Dinornis described above.

‘ ‘ 7 . 28th, 2.
“ Dear Sir, ‘Poverty Bay, New Zealand, Feb. 28th, 184

“Tt is about three years ago, on paying a visit to this coast, south
of the East Cape, that the natives told me of some extraordinary
monster which they said was in existence in an inaccessible cavern on
the side of a hill near the river Wairoa; and they showed me at the
same time some fragments of bone taken out of the beds of rivers,
which they said belonged to this creature, to which they gave the
name of ‘Moa. When I came to reside in this neighbourhood I
heard the same story a little enlarged, for it was said that the creature
was still existing at the said hill, of which the name is ‘ Wakapunake,

3B

370

and that it is guarded by a reptile of the Lizard species, but I could
not learn that any of the present generation had seen it. I still con-
sidered the whole as an idle fable, but offered a large reward to any
one who would catch me the bird or its protector. At length a bone
was brought from a river running at the foot of the hill, of large size,
but the extremities were so much worn away that I could not deter-
mine anything as to its proper relationship. About two months ago
a single bone of smaller size was brought from a freshwater stream in
this bay, for which I gave a good payment, and this induced the natives
to goin large numbers to turn up the mud at the banks and in the bed
of the same river, and soon a large number of bones was brought, of
various dimensions. On a comparison with the bones of a fowl, I
immediately perceived that they belonged to a bird of a gigantic size.
The bones of which the greatest number have been brought are the
three bones of the leg, a few toe-bones, and one claw, which is one
inch and a half in length, a few imperfect pelves, and a few vertebre
of different dimensions, and one imperfect cranium, which is small.
There are also a few broken pieces, which seem to be ribs. In the
case now sent you will receive the largest specimens I have obtained,
and also a few of smaller size. The length of the large bone of the
leg is two feet ten inches. I have a second case, which I shall send
by another vessel, to make sure of your receiving them. If the bones
are found to be of sufficient interest, I leave it to your judgement to
make what use of them you think proper; but if the duplicates reach
you, perhaps one set may with propriety be deposited in our museum
at Oxford.

“ The following observations may not be devoid of interest :—

“ist. None of these bones have been found on dry land, but are all
of them from the bed and banks of freshwater rivers, buried only a
little distance in the mud ; the largest number are from a small stream
in Poverty Bay, Wairoa, and at many inconsiderable streams, and all
these streams are in immediate connexion with hills of some altitude.

“2nd. This bird was in existence here at no very distant time,
though not in the memory of any of the inhabitants, for the bones

371

are found in the beds of the present streams, and do not appear to
have been brought into their present situation by the action of any
sudden rush of waters.

“ 3rd. They existed in considerable numbers. I have received per-
fect and imperfect bones of thirty different birds.

“ 4th. It may be inferred that this bird was long-lived, and that it
was many years before it attained its full size: out of a large number of
bones, only one leg-bone now sent is of the size of two feet ten inches ;
two others are two feet six inches, one of which I shall send hereafter.
The rest are all of inconsiderable size.

“ 5th. The greatest height of the bird was probably not less than
fourteen or sixteen feet. The leg-bones now sent give the height of
six feet from the root of the tail. I am told that the name given by
the Malays to the Peacock is the same as that given by the natives to
this bird.

“ Within the last few days I have obtained a piece of information
worthy of notice. Happening to speak to an American about the
bones, he told me that the bird is still in existence in the neighbour-
hood of Cloudy Bay, in Cook’s Straits ; he said that the natives there
had mentioned to an Englishman of a whaling party that there was a
bird of extraordinary size to be seen only at night on the side of a hill
near there; and that he, with the native and a second Englishman,
went to the spot; that after waiting some time they saw the creature
at some little distance, which they describe as being fourteen or six-
teen feet high. One of the men proposed to go nearer and shoot,
but his companion was so exceedingly terrified, or perhaps both of
them, that they were satisfied with looking at him, when in a little
time he took the alarm and strode away up the side of the mountain.
This incident might not have been worth mentioning, had it not been
for the extraordinary agreement in point of size of the bird. Tere
are the bones, which will satisfy you that such a bird has been, and
there is said to be the living bird, the supposed size of which, given by
an independent witness, precisely agrees. Should I obtain anything
more perfect you will not fail to hear from me, and in the meantime

3B2

372

may I request the favour of your opinion on these bones, and also the
information whether any others of similar character have been found
elsewhere ?

“ T beg to remain, dear Sir, your obedient Servant,

“ WiLtiaM WILLIAMS.”
“ To the Rev. Dr. Buckland, §e. &c.”

The remarkable geographical distribution of the birds of the Stru-
thious order, which have no power of transporting themselves to distant
isles or continents, either through the air or the ocean*, irresistibly leads
us to speculate on the cause of that distribution, and its connexion with
the former extent and importance of the wingless terrestrial birds.
Hereupon it may first be remarked, that those species now in existence
which have the least restricted powers of locomotion, enjoy the most ex-
tensive range for their exercise.

The Ostrich is spread over nearly the whole of Africa, from the Cape
to the deserts of Arabia; beyond which the species is unknown. The
Rhea ranges over a great part of the southern extremity of the Western
hemisphere. To the Emeu has been assigned the vast mainland of
Australia. The heavier Cassowary is limited to a few of the islands of
the Indian Archipelago. The Dodo appears to have been confined to the
Mauritius and the small adjoining Isle of Rodriguez. The Apteryx still
lingers in New Zealand, where alone any specimens of that most anoma-
lous species of the Struthious order have been discovered.

New Zealand was also, at one period, the seat of a seventh genus of
Struthionide ; and it is worthy of remark, that the Fauna of no other
island, nor of any of the great continents, has yet furnished an analogous
example of two distinct genera of that group of birds. Moreover, the
most gigantic as well as the most diminutive species of the wingless
group—always to Ornithologists most remarkable for the great size of

* The Rhea and Emeu have been seen to take water for the purpose of crossing rivers and narrow
channels of the sea; but almost the entire body sinks below the surface, and their progress is slow,

as might be anticipated from the absence of the swimming-webs in their feet. See Darwin, ‘ Voyage
of the Beagle,’ vol. iii. p. 105.

373

its species—formerly occupied their place amid the fern-brakes and tur-
baries of New Zealand. And, again, the number of the species of Stru-
thiontde in this island equalled that in all the rest of the world, as
registered in the catalogues of Ornithology.

Now, since all the larger existing Struthious birds derive their sub-
sistence from the vegetable kingdom, we may hope to receive from the
botanist an elucidation of the circumstances which favoured the existence
of so many large birds of this order in the remote and restricted locality
where alone their remains have hitherto been found. It seems, at least,
most natural to suppose that some peculiarity in the vegetation of New
Zealand adapted that island to be the seat of apterous tridactyle birds, so
unusually numerous in species and some of them of so stupendous a size.

The predominance of plants of the Fern-tribe, and the nutritious qua-
lities of the roots of the species most common in New Zealand, are the
characteristics of its Flora which appear to have been the conditions of
the former most singular Fauna of this island. Some at least of the cha-
racters of the skeleton of the Dinornis may well have related to rhizo-
phagous habits. The unusual strength of the neck, the size and deep
implantation of the nuchal muscles and the unusual development of the
temporal muscles, indicate the application of the beak to a more laborious
task than the mere plucking of seeds, fruits, or herbage. The present
small Apteryx of New Zealand has a relatively stronger neck than any of
the existing Struthionide, in relation to the needful power of perforating
the earth for the worms and insects which constitute its food. Such small
objects cannot be supposed to have afforded sustenance to the gigantic De-
nornithes : but the still more robust proportions of their cervical vertebra:
and especially of their spinous processes,—so striking when contrasted
with the corresponding vertebre of the Ostrich or Emeu,—may well have
been the foundation of those forces by which the beak was associated with
the feet in the labour of dislodging the farinaceous roots of the ferns

that grow in characteristic abundance over the soil of New Zealand*.

* “New Zealand is favoured by one great natural advantage, namely, that the inhabitants can
never perish from famine. The whole country abounds with fern; and the roots of this plant, if not

374

The great strength of the leg, and especially of the metatarsal segment,
which is shortened, as in the burrowing Apteryx, almost to the galli-
naceous proportions, must have had reference, especially in the less
gigantic species, to something more than sustaining and transporting the
superincumbent weight of the body, and this additional function is indi-
cated by both the analogy of the Apteryx and the Rasorial birds to be
the scratching up the soil.

Thus far, at least, the positive facts justify the attempt to restore, and,
as it were, to present a living portrait of the long-lost Dinornis; and,
without giving the rein to a too exuberant fancy, we may take a retro-
spective glance at the scene of a fair island, offering, by the will of a
bountiful Providence, a well-spread table to a race of animated beings
peculiarly adapted to enjoy it; and we may recall the time when the
several species of Dinornis ranged the lords of its soil—the highest
living forms upon that part of the earth. No terrestrial Mammal was
there to contest this sovranty with the feathered bipeds before the arrival
of man*,

Without laying undue stress on the native tradition of the gigantic
Eagle or ‘ Movie,’ cited by Mr. Rule-, or on that of the great creature of
the cavern, called ‘ Moa,’ which first attracted the attention of Mr. Wil-
liams to the remains of the Dinornis ; and admitting, with the cautious
scepticism due to second-hand testimony, the tale of the still-existing
nocturnal gigantic bird which scared the whaling seamen on the hill at
Cloudy Bay,—the evidence of the chemical condition of the bones them-
selves t, and their alluvial bed, favour the hypothesis of their compara-

very palatable, yet contain much nutriment.” Voyage of the Adventure and Beagle, vol. iii. ‘ Dar-
win,’ p. 504.

* Mr. Darwin says, “It is a most remarkable fact that so large an island, extending over more than
700 miles in latitude, and in many parts 90 miles broad, with varied stations, a fine climate, and land
of all heights from 14,000 feet downwards, with the exception of a small rat, should not possess one
indigenous mammal.”—Joe. cit. p. 511.

+ Polytechnic Journal, July 1843.

t The following chemical analyses have been made by Thomas Taylor, Esq., author of the Cata-
logue of the Calculi and other Animal Concretions in the Museum of the College :—

375

tively recent date. It is not altogether improbable that the species of
Dinornis were in existence when the Polynesian colony first set foot on
the island; and, if so, such bulky and probably stupid birds, at first
without the instinct and always without adequate means of escape and
defence, would soon fall a prey to the progenitors of the present natives.

In the absence of any other large wild animals, the whole art and
practice of the chase must have been concentrated on these unhappy
cursorial birds*. The gigantic Dinornis, we may readily suppose, would
be the first to be exterminated: the strength of its kick would less avail,
than its great bulk would prejudice its safety by making its concealment
difficult ; at all events, the most recent-looking bones are those of the
smaller species. The closely allied, but comparatively diminutive Apteryx
still survives by virtue of its nocturnal habits and subterraneous hiding-
place, but in fearfully diminished and rapidly diminishing numbers.
When the source of animal food from terrestrial species was reduced by
the total extirpation of the genus Dinornis to this low point, then may
have arisen those cannibal practices which, until lately, formed the op-
probrium of a race of men in all other respects much superior to the
Papuan Aborigines of the neighbouring continent of Australia, and

“ Recent Tibia of Ostrich. Fossil Femur of Dinornis didiformis.

Animalimattereceecmecscceecesseecenssecoscses ZOLOL ANTE TOEKEKET Pe 36:00000000000000000000000000300C 25:99
Phosphate of lime ............. 65°69 Phosphate of lime with phosphate a eng
Phosphate of magnesia .............:00008. 0°95 TIEYSVEESE), Googce009902000000500000 060000 occ
Carbonatexofi limes wresescccoraceciesscssscice: 622m lie Canbonateloiglimewedsecssecctessecesetecees 4°51
Sulphate and carbonate of soda, with ao Reroxiderofeironteecescessersecctcceedeayses ei

tracelOf MULIAte Lec. ce sco screee nance cos } ou PATTI aleepecertonsicesieciesciiseseciveciaceiiecies imme O22
Sulphate of lime, a trace. Sulphate, carbonate, and muriate of soda 0°32
Fluorine, a trace. Sulphate of lime, a trace.

Fluorine, a very distinct trace.

99°49 100:04:”

The superabundance of animal matter in the bone of the extinct bird depends upon its being a
marrow-bone, whilst that of the Ostrich contains air.

* As the Maoris or aboriginal Natives prize the skin and feathers of the Apteryx for the manufacture
of ornamental robes, it might be worth inquiry whether any of the natives preserve remains of their
ancestors’ dresses composed of feathers of unknown and larger species of birds. Such relics of a

Dinornis might in this way be recovered.

376

very little inferior to the Polynesian natives of the most favoured islands
of the Pacific.

Genus Ornithichnites*.

The following impressions and casts of impressions of foot-prints were dis-
covered at various depths beneath the actual surface, in quarries of laminated
flag-stones, belonging to the Triassic or New Red Sandstone epoch in geology,
near the banks of the river Connecticut, and have been described by Prof. Hitch-
cock in the ‘ American Journal of Science and Arts,’ January 1836, by whom the
series was presented to the Royal College of Surgeons.

1594. A cast of a slab with a single impression of the Ornithichnites minimus,
Hitchcock.

1595. A slab with two impressions of the Ornithichnites minusculus, Hitchcock.

1596. A slab with the relief of two impressions, one twice the size of the other,
of the Ornithichnites parvulus, Hitchcock.

1597. A slab with an impression of the Ornithichnites gracilis, Hitchcock.
1598. A slab with an impression of the Ornithichnites tenuis, Hitchcock.

1599. A slab with the relief of an impression of the Ornithichnites crassus,
Hitchcock.

1600. A portion of the triassic slate with part of an impression of the Ornithich-
nites tetradactylus, Hitchcock.

1601. A cast of a slab with an impression of the Ornithechnites tetradactylus,
Hitchcock.

1602. A portion of the triassic slate with parts of five impressions of the Orni-
thichnites Deanii, Hitchcock.

1603. A cast of a slab with the relief of two impressions, interfering with each

other, of the Ornithichnites Deani, Hitchcock.

* dows a bird, ixvos a foot-print, a generic name devised by Prof. Hitchcock, in reference rather to
the fossilised foot-prints than to the supposed birds by which they were made.

377
1604. A cast of a slab with the relief of an impression of the Ornzthichnites
Deanii, Hitchcock.
1605. A cast of a slab with the relief of an impression of the Ornzthichnites
Barattii, Hitchcock.

1606. A cast of a slab with an impression of the Ornithichnites cuneatus, Hitch-
cock.

1607. A cast of a slab with the relief of an impression of the Ornithichnites cu-
neatus, Hitchcock.

1608. A cast of a long slab with the relief of four successive foot-prints of the

Ornithichnites cuneatus, Hitchcock.

1609. A cast of a slab with a deep impression of the Ornithichnites diversus var.
clarus, Hitchcock.
1610. Acast of a slab with an impression of the Ornithichnites diversus var. pla-

tydactylus, Hitchcock.
1611. A cast of a slab with a deep impression of the Ornzthichnites diversus var.

clarus, Hitchcock.

1612. A cast of a large slab with four or five impressions of the Ornzthichnites

diversus var. clarus.

1613. A cast of a slab with an impression of the Ornithichnites parallelus,
Hitchcock.

1614. A cast of a slab with an impression of the Ornithichnites divaricatus,
Hitchcock.

1615. A cast of a slab with an impression of the Ornzthichnites tuberosus,
Hitchcock.
1616. A cast of a slab with an impression of the Ornithichnites robustus,

Hitchcock.

1617. A cast of a slab with the relief of an impression of the Ornithichnites in-
gens, Hitchcock.
3 °C

EP ye RO Te i ee ey

378

1618. A portion of the triassic slate with the relief of the impressions of one of
the toes of the Ornithichnites giganteus, Hitchcock.

1619. A cast of a slab with the relief of an impression of the Ornithichnites
giganteus, Hitchcock.

1620. A cast of a slab with the relief of an impression of the Ornithichnites gi-
ganteus, Hitchcock.

This is the most remarkable of the fossil footsteps of the Connecticut
triassic slate ; they have as yet been found in one quarry only, at Mount
Tom, near Northampton, United States; here, four nearly parallel tracks
of the gigantic Ornithichnite were found, and in one large slab six foot-
steps appeared in regular succession, at a distance of four feet from one
another. In others the distance varied from four to six feet ; the latter
was probably the longest step of this gigantic bird while running.

We are naturally led to compare these indications of large tridactyle
birds of the very remote geological period, indicated by the formation in
which they occur, with the actual remains of the skeleton of equally
gigantic tridactyle birds, which have perished at a much more recent
period in the island of New Zealand.

The epoch of the Ornithichnites is as ancient as that of the Cheiro-
theria or Labyrinthodont footsteps in Europe, and more ancient than
thuse of the oolites and lias, froin which the remains of our most extra-
ordinary extinct reptiles have been obtained : but no fossil bones of birds
have been found associated with the Labyrinthodont and Thecodont rep-
tiles, nor with those of the las or oolites, the Pterodactyles of which
were once mistaken for birds. The Wealden is the oldest formation in
which true ornitholites have hitherto been discovered. The ancient foot-
prints of the Connecticut sandstones were for the most part supposed to
be those of Gralle; but the high geological antiquity of those sand-
stones, and the interferences which might be deduced from the low cha-
racter of the air-breathing animal creation, as indicated by fossil bones,
of the condition of the atmosphere during the deposition of the oolites,
lias and new red sandstones, induced some Paleontologists to entertain

doubts, whether foot-prints alone were adequate to support the inference

379

that the animals that impressed them actually possessed the highly
developed respiratory organization of a bird of flight. One could hardly
venture, indeed, to reconstruct in imagination the stupendous bird which,
on Dr. Hitchcock's hypothesis, must have left the impressions called Orni-
thichnites giganteus ; for before 1841, the only described relic of the ex-
tinct New Zealand bird did not warrant the supposition of a species larger
than the Ostrich.

The species of Dinornis (Din. struthoides), in fact, to which that relic
belonged, we now know not to have exceeded seven feet in height, which
is the average stature of the Ostrich. But the bones of the Dinornis gi-
ganteus subsequently acquired demonstrate the existence, at a compara-
tively recent period, of a bird whose tridactyle foot-prints surpassed the
Ormthichnites giganteus of Prof. Hitchcock.

The length of this foot-print to the extremity of the impression of the
claw of the middle toe is sixteen inches; the breadth of the back part of
the impression is four inches six lines. The toes were broad and thick,
and we may plainly discern that the bird supported itself, like the Ostrich,
upon the under surface of the toes, from their extremities to the cushion
heneath the distal end of the proximal phalanges; and that in making
the impression, the foot did not quite sink as far as the end of the meta-
tarsal bone.

The length of a corresponding impression of the foot of the Ostrich is
eight inches; the breadth of the posterior part of the impression three
inches; the breadth of the distal end of the tarso-metatarsal bone two
inches and a half. According to these proportions, the breadth of the
distal end of the tarso-metatarsal bone of the tridactyle bird that im-
pressed the Ornzethichnites giganteus must have been three inches nine
lines ; but the breadth of the distal end of the tarso-metatarsus of the
Dinornis giganteus is five inches. According, therefore, to the propor-
tions of the Ornithichnites giganteus, the breadth of the hind part of the
foot-print of the Denornis gi7ganteus must have been six inches, and its
length twenty-one inches and a half.

The genus Dinornis was characterized by a relatively broader foot than
the Ostrich, as we know by the tarso-metatarsal bones ; and this bone in

3¢2

380

the Dinornis struthoides, the third species in point of size, indicates that
its bulky body was supported by feet calculated to leave impressions
nearly as large as those of the Ornithichnites giganteus. That the toes
were as long in proportion to the breadth of the metatarsal bone as in
the Ornithichnites, is shown by the two phalanges, Nos. 1589 and 1590,
transmitted by Mr. Williams, the description of which has already been
given.

From the foregoing comparison of the bones of the feet in the different
species of Dinornis with the impressions left by the ancient extinct birds
of the American continent, it must not, therefore, be concluded that these
were species of Dinornis. Agreemeut in the size of the foot and number
of the toes does not constitute specific or even generic identity in Orni-
thology, as the living Emeu, Rhea and Cassowary testify; and though
the discovery of tridactyle terrestrial birds of a size more gigantic even
than that indicated by the Ornithichnites giganteus and Ornithichnites
ingens tends greatly to remove the scepticism with which such evidences
of the extinct birds of the Triassic period had been previously received,
yet the recognized succession of varying vertebrated forms in the interval
between that period to the present forbids the supposition that the same
species or genus of birds could have maintained its existence throughout
the several great changes which the earth’s surface has undergone during
that vast lapse of time.

We see, in fact, how diversified are the few existing forms of S¢rwthio-
nide: almost every species now represents a distinct genus. We know
that this order has suffered greater diminution within the historic period
than any other in the class of Birds, perhaps than any other in the whole
animal kingdom. What, then, may not have been the extent and variety
of the wingless terrestrial birds in times anterior to man’s dominion over
the earth!

Already the heretofore recorded number of the Struthionide is doubled
by the six species of Dinornis determined or indicated by the specimens
now deposited in the Museum; and both the Maori tradition of the

destruction of the ‘ Moa*’ by their ancestors, and the history of the ex-

* The Maoris or Aborigines of New Zealand called the Dinornis ‘ Moa’ or ‘ Movie.’

381

tirpation of the Dodo by the Dutch navigators in the Isles of Maurice
and Rodriguez, teach the inevitable lot of bulky birds unable to fly or
swim, when exposed, by the dispersion of the human race, to the attacks
of man. We may, therefore, reasonably anticipate that other evidences
await the researches of the naturalist, which will demonstrate a further
extent of the Struthious order of Birds anterior to the commencement of
the present active cause of their extinction.

And since the texture of the bones of the former gigantic tridactyle
Struthionide of New Zealand proves that they resembled the Apteryx in
the comparatively low and reptile like condition of the respiratory appa-
ratus, we are thereby further justified in admitting the evidence of the co-
existence of similar apterous and low organized birds with the cold-
blooded and slower-breathing Ovipara, which swarmed in such plenitude
of development and diversity of forms during that period of the earth’s
history which has been not unaptly termed the ‘ Age of Reptiles.’

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

A side view of the carapace and exposed parts of the internal skeleton of the
Gigantic Armadillo (Glyptodon clavipes. See the descriptions of the specimens
Nos. 524 to 541 inclusive).

The parts delineated in outline are wanting in the original specimen: the
lower jaw and the tessellated helmet, or dermal bony defensive covering of the
skull, are restored on the authority of an original sketch of an entire specimen
of this species of G/yptodon transmitted to Sir Woodbine Parish from Buenos
Ayres. The bones of the fore-foot are given from the figures illustrating the
memoir by Professor D’Alton, published in the Transactions of the Berlin Aca-
demy for the year 1836, taf. ii. he restoration of the defective parts of the
margin of the carapace is made according to the analogy of the parts pre-
served.

The fossil tail, which was received subsequently to the printing of the de-
scriptions of the fossils in the present Volume, measures one foot six inches in
length, is almost circular at its base, and becomes slightly depressed towards its
apex ; it is gently curved with the concavity upwards through its whole extent,
and consists of a series of caudal vertebra inclosed in an inflexible sheath com-
posed of closely united dermal ossicles of various forms and sizes, but disposed
ina regular and beautiful pattern. The osseous substance of the sheath in-
creases in thickness from half an inch near its base to one inch and three quar-
ters near its obtuse apex. The dermal ossicles are united to the internal skeleton
of the tail, and defended from outward pressure by processes which radiate from
the bodies of the caudal vertebree (see Plate II. fig 4.). The dermal armour
consists of central, large, or principal ossicles, and peripheral, small, or accessory
pieces, the latter occupying the interspaces of most of the larger ossicles in a

single series. The larger ossicles differ in size, increasing as they approach the

383

end of the tail, and with great regularity, where they form the two lateral series,
which terminate by a pair of large, sub-elliptic, thick, hollow ossicles, which in-
close the end of the tail like a bivalve shell, defending this part when dragged
along the earth, and even enabling it to pierce the soil like an implement sheathed
with iron (Plate II. fig. 7.).. The arrangement of the ossicles in the interspaces
of the two terminal lateral plates is shown in Plate II. figs. 5 and6. The number
of the lateral plates on each side of the considerable portion of the tail preserved
is nine; from the first of these to the fourth the number of intermediate prin-
cipal ossicles below each pair of lateral plates is six of nearly equal size; beyond
this they decrease to four and three in number. At the superior interspace of
the two lateral series there are six sub-equal principal ossicles between each pair
of lateral plates as far as the fourth; they then decrease to five and four in num-
ber, those at the centre being of smallest size.

The circumference of the base of the tail is fourteen inches, that of the apex
at the interspace of the penultimate and last lateral plates ten inches. The
length of the last lateral plate is three inches and a half, its breadth is three

inches.

PLATE II.

Upper and terminal views of the carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes.

Fig. 1. The upper view of the carapace.

Fig. 2. The front view, showing the anterior outlet.

Fig. 3. The back view, showing the posterior outlet.

Fig. 4. An anterior caudal vertebra, with part of the anterior border of the
verticillate bony dermal covering or sheath of the tail, This covering
was attached to the vertebra by a close syndesmosis connecting the ex~-
tremities of the processes which radiated, like the spokes of a wheel,
from the centrum or body: the muscular and ligamentous tissues, which
occupied the interspaces (g) now filled by the matrix or soil-formation
in which the fossil was imbedded, would also form a medium of attach-
ment between the endo- and exo-skeletons of the tail. The length of
the body of this vertebra is two inches and a half; the diameter of the
articular surface of the body is one inch and a half.

le

384

a, The body of the vertebra.

6, The neural spine.

c, The hemal spine, restored, in dotted outline from a consecutive vertebra:
the processes on the centrum indicate the existence and strength of the
bony arch for protecting the blood-vessels of the tail.

d, The upper transverse process continued from the neural arch.

e, The lower transverse process continued from the centrum.

J; The free anterior border of the bony covering of the tail ; it is rounded off,
and from two to three lines in thickness, but gradually increases to half
an inch in thickness opposite the distal end of the vertebra; and the
bony covering acquires a thickness of three-fourths of an inch towards
the posterior end of the tail.

Ig. 5. The under surface of the extremity of the tail.

Fig. 6. The upper surface.
7. The end of the tail.

PLATE III.

Views of the cranium of the Glyptodon clavipes.

Fig. 1. Upper surface of the cranium.

Fig. 2. Under surface of the cranium.

These views are reduced one-half the natural size.

The occipital condyle (a) presents a convexity in the vertical direction, which
describes more than a semicircle, and is slightly convex transversely, but is
narrower in that direction than it is in the JZ%ylodon: it is directed in the
Glyptodon backwards and obliquely outwards. The occipital foramen (6) is
very large and transversely elliptical ; its plane is inclined from below upwards
and backwards 20° beyond the vertical line. The anterior condyloid foramen
(c), though large, 1s relatively smaller than in the Mylodon, and is situated close
to the anterior border of the condyle. The depression for the digastric muscle
(a) is perforated and separated from the condyle by a wider tract of the par-occi-

pital (e) than in the Mylodon, and the petro-mastoid (f), below the digastric

385

depression, presents a rough convexity, bounded posteriorly by a transverse
ridge of the par-occipital, instead of the hemispherical depression for the arti-
culation of the stylo-hyoid bone, which characterises the skull of the Mylodon.
The basi-occipital (g) presents a median smooth concavity and two lateral rough
depressions which are continued on to the basi-sphenoid (A), and indicate the
insertions of very powerful ‘ recti capitis antici majores’: the obliterated suture
between the basi-occipital and basi-spkenoid forms a rough transverse ridge: the
inequalities of this part of the basal region of the skull present a striking con-
trast to the broad, smooth and even tract which the same part forms in the
Mylodon*. The sides of the concave under surface of the basi-sphenoid are
bounded by longitudinal ridges, which have been broken off in the specimen.
The petrous bone terminates by a prismatic pointed process in the foramen
lacerum (2), which here gives passage both to the jugular vein and internal
carotid. The foramen ovale (A) is circular, and of the same size as the anterior
condyloid foramen. The foramen rotundum (/) is one inch and a half in
advance of the foramen ovale, and opens into the commencement of a deep and
long groove which traverses the base of the pterygoid processes in the direction
towards the ant-orbital foramen. The base of the zygomatic process supporting
the articulation of the lower jaw (m) is brought much nearer the occiput than
in the Mylodon, and is separated from the petro-mastoid by a deep excavation
perforated by wide apertures that seem to communicate with the tympanic
cavity. The articular surface for the lower jaw is well-defined, narrow in the
axis of the skull, much extended transversely, gently convex in both directions.
In the skull of a recent Armadillo (Dasypus octocinctus), the articulation for the
lower jaw is almost flat and on a level with the roof of the posterior perforated
cavity: inthe Prionodon (Dasypus gigas, Cuyv.), the articular surface is slightly
concave and extends longitudinally forwards from the posterior cavity: the zy-
gomatic process of the malar bone bounds the outer and fore part of the surface,
and extends forwards in the form of a laterally compressed plate of bone, and
in the Das. sexcinctus forms a slight angular projection below the ant-orbital
perforation. Inthe Glyptodon the articulation for the lower jaw more resembles

that in the ordinary Pachyderms, and is thus conformable with the deviation

* See Memoir on the Mylodon, 4to, pl. iv.

3 D

386

from the Edentate structure manifested by the bones of the foot. But the most
remarkable characteristic of the skull of the G/yptodon, by which it differs from
the existing Armadillos and approaches the Megatherioids, is the long and strong
process (7) which descends from the base or origin of the zygomatic process of
the maxillary bone. This process is compressed, but in the opposite direction
to that in the Mylodon, viz. from before bacl:wards, instead of from side to side :
it measures five inches in length from the ant-orbital perforation ; one inch and
three-fourths in breadth across the middle: the outer margin is entire, and as if
folded back ; the lower half of the inner margin is slightly notched, the extr m‘ty
of the process curves backwards*. Both anterior and posterior surfaces bear
strong marks of the attachment of muscular fibres. The small remaining por-
tion of the maxillary bone on the inner side of this process shows portions of
three deep sockets 0, 0, of the same diameter throughout, indicating the implan-
tation of molar teeth by a single excavated base ; and showing two longitudinal
ridges on both the outer and the inner side, which proves the teeth to have had
the same fluted exterior which they present in the lower jaw, and of which the
generic name of Glyptodon is expressive. The fractured anterior part of the
‘ basis cranii’ shows the large cavities for the olfactory bulbs and the remains of
avery extensive cribriform plate, the organ of smell being very largely developed.

The posterior or occipital surface of the skull slopes forward froin the plane
of the occipital foramen atan angle of 45°: in the small existing Armadillos it is
vertical: in the Glyptodon it is divided by a strong median vertical ridge, and
separated by a sinuous, thicker, transverse ridge from the upper surface of the
skull. The posterior half of this region of the cranium is marked by the ridges
bounding the origins of the temporal muscles, which alinost meet along the
middle or sagittal line. Part of the lambdoidal suture is seen at p; the other
cranial sutures are obliterated. The temporal fosse are pierced by numerous
large vascular foramina. The anterior parts of the temporal ridges ¢ diverge to
the posterior angles of the supra-orbital ridges. The frontal or inter-orbital
part of the upper surface of the cranium is broad, and nearly flat, smooth and
slightly concave at its posterior half, slightly convex, rough and perforated by

vascular foramina at its anterior half. The most prominent parts, above the

* The extent of this process is shown in the reduced side-view of the skull in Plate I.

387

orbits, are most rugose and indicate a more intimate adhesion to the super-
incumbent osseous dermal helmet. The lacrymal foramen r is pierced imme-
diately in front of the anterior border of the orbit.

The difference in the development of the temporal muscles manifested by the
Glyptodon and Mylodon, in the position of the ridges on the fossil cranium, in-
dicates a corresponding difference in the power of mastication and in the density
of the alimentary substances habitually selected by each species: the greater
proportion of hard dentine in the teeth of the Glyptodon, and the greater num-
ber of the teeth, which appears to have been thirty-two, eight on each side of both
jaws, coincide with the characters of the cranium and support the inferences
thence deducible.

PLATE IV.

Portions of the bony armour of the different Glyptodons or extinct Gigantic
Armadillos: natural size.

Fig. 1. A view of the outer surface of three ossicles taken from the anterior
border of the carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes.

a, The median eminence, the large size of which characterizes the ossicles
forming the border of the carapace, and is accompanied by a diminution of

6, The peripheral portion of the ossicle, which, at the same time, loses the
marks of its subdivision into smaller eminences.

ec, The median eminence of an anterior marginal ossicle, which, at this part,
extends outwards and forwards in the form of a transversely, oblong, ob-
tuse-angled prominence ; the marginal part of the ossicle being almost
obliterated.

d, The sutural margin of the ossicle.

Fig. 2. A view of the internal surface of the same ossicles: d, the suture.

Fig. 3. A side view of a hexagonal ossicle from the middle of the upper
surface of the carapace of the Glyptodon clavipes ; showing the thick-
ness of the bony armour at that part, and the roughness of the sutural
surfaces.

Fig. 4. The external surface of an ossicle from the side of the carapace,
showing a variety arising from an accessory peripheral tubercle, which

2

3D2

388
forms an angular projection ; the ordinary number of peripheral tubercles
being seven.

Mig.5. The external surface of a marginal ossicle from the lower border of
the carapace in which the peripheral tubercles are obliterated, and the
median eminence is developed into a thick pointed process.

Fig. 6. The external surface of a small portion of the bony carapace of the
Glyptodon ornatus, showing two complete ossicles. (See No. 554.)

PLATE V.

Portions of the bony armour of different Glyptodons or extinct Gigantic Ar-

madillos : natural size.

Mg. 1. The outer surface of a portion of the carapace of the Glyptodon re-
ticulatus, in the component ossicles of which the central eminence is an-
gular in contour and of equal size with the marginal ones, which rarely
exceed six in number; the whole exterior of the carapace, except, pro-
bably, at and near its margins, being impressed by channels in the form
of a net-work. (See Nos. 556 and 557.)

ig. 2. A view of the fractured margin of two anchylosed ossicles of the
same carapace, showing its thickness.

fig. 3. A portion of the carapace, including six component ossicles, of the
Glyptodon tuberculatus. They are square-shaped, and their outer surface

is divided into more numerous elevations, separated by narrower channels,

which intersect or unite with each other to form a closer network than

in Glyptodon reticulatus: dis the uniting suture of the ossicles.

fig. 4. The internal surface of the same portion of the carapace of the
Glyptodon tuberculatus.

Fig. 5. The sutural margin of three dermal ossicles of the Glyptodon tubercu-

latus, showing the thickness of the carapace.

PLATE VI.

The molar teeth of the lower jaw of the extinct gigantic marsupial Pachyderm
of Australia (Diprotodon australis) : natural size.
Fig. \. An ideal outline of the first molar tooth, giving its size, as indicated

389

by the socket in the specimen No. 1460: the crown of this tooth may,
possibly, have presented a modification of form different from the rest,
and a further affinity of the Diprotodon to the Kangaroo may prove to
be manifested by a more compressed and trenchant character of the
anterior molar.

Fig. 2. Side view, fig 3’, grinding surface, of the second molar tooth. (See
Nos. 1491 and 1493.)

Fig. 3. Side view, fig. 3’, grinding surface, of the third molar tooth. (See
Nos. 1492 and 1494.)

Ig. 4. Side view, fig. 4’, grinding surface, of the fourth molar tooth. (See
No. 1495.)

Fog. 5. Side view, fig. 5’, grinding surface, of the crown of the fifth and
last molar tooth. The fractured surface of the anterior eminence shows
the thickness of the enamel. (See Nos. 1496 and 1497.) Mg. 5” shows
the posterior surface of the second transverse eminence and the wrinkled
and punctate surface of the enamel.

Fig. 6. Side view, fig. 6’, grinding surface, of the last lower molar tooth of
the Zapirus americanus, showing the close similarity of the modifications
of the crown of this and the extinct Australian Dprotodon.

Fig. 7. The grinding surface of the last lower molar tooth of a large extinct
Kangaroo (Macropus Titan).

In the genus Macropus the crowns of the molar teeth support two principal
transverse eminences, as in the Taper and D¢protodon, but they are connected
together by an oblique longitudinal ridge which crosses the valley, and a similar
ridge connects the anterior transverse eminences with the anterior basal talon,

which in the present species is unusually developed.

PLATE VII.

Views of the anterior end of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Dzpro-
todon australis (see No. 1460.): half the natural size.
Fig. 1. Outside view : 2, fractured base of the incisive tusk; m1, the socket

of the first molar tooth; m2, the second molar tooth; m3, the third

molar tooth.

390

Fig. 2. Alveolar border and fractured crowns of the second and third molar
teeth, m2, m3: s, the margin of the symphysis; 2, the tusk ; m 1, socket
of the first molar.

Fig. 3. Inside view; showing the form and extent of the symphysis, s, s.

Fig. 4. Lower border of the same fragment: 7, the tusk.

fig. 5. Lower border of the posterior part of the ramus of the jaw of the
same species of Diprotodon (see No. 1461.); showing the inflected
angle at a.

Fig. 6. Outline of the transverse section of the incisive tusk of the Dzpro-

todon australs, showing the partial coating or enamel at e, e.

PLATE VIII.

Views of the right ramus of the lower jaw of the Mototherium inerme (see No.

1505.): half the natural size*.
Fig. 1. Outside view ; with ideal outlines of the crowns of the four molar

teeth.
Fig. 2. Alveolar border.

7g. 3. Inside view, showing the short symphysis and the rounded and in-

flected angle of the jaw.
Fig. 4. The fractured surface of the anchylosed symphysis, showing the com-
pact osseous texture, and the absence of any socket for an incisive tusk.
Fig. 5. Outline of the crown of the last molar, natural size, showing the
thickness of the enamel and the divisions of the pulp-cavity which di-

vides and descends into the fangs.

PLATE IX.

Views of the posterior part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of the Noto-
therium Mitchelli (see No. 1506.) ; half the natural size.
Fig. 1. Outside view, with restored outlines of the penultimate and last molar
teeth.

* The specimen has been intentionally drawn unreversed upon the stone, in order that the figure
might print off as the left ramus, and so correspond and facilitate the comparison with Plate IX.

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

391

. 2. Alveolar border: c, the orifice of the dental canal.
. 3. Inside view: a, the inflected angle; c, the orifice of the dental canal.

. 4. Fractured surface of the ramus: ec, dental canal; d, part of an

alveolus.

§. 5. Lower border of the jaw, showing a, the inflected angle.

g. 6. Outline of the crown of the last molar tooth, natural size.

PLATE X.

ig. 1. Upper view of the astragalus of, probably, a species of Nototherium

(see No. 1509.) : a, outer or fibular division of the upper articular sur-
face ; 6, inner or tibial division; c, scaphoid articular convexity conti-
nued from the tibial surface; d¢, rough depression, partially dividing
the tibial from the scaphoid surface.
. 2. Under view of the same astragalus: e, flat calcaneal surface; /, part
of the surface corresponding with a prominence on the os calcis; g, de-
scending process of the articular surface corresponding with a depression
on the os calcis; ¢, scaphoidal convexity.
3. Upper view of the astragalus of the Wombat.
4. Lower view of ditto: the same letters indicate the same parts as in
the figures of the gigantic analogue of this singularly formed bone.
5. Inside view of the os calcis of, probably, the Diprotodon australis
(See No. 1486.): a, calcaneal prominence for the attachment of the
tendo achillis ; 6, an obtuse process from the inner and under part of the
bone; d, the tendinous groove on the inner side of the bone; e, the as-
tragalar articular surface; ¢, the depressed portion of that surface corre-

sponding with the prominence, marked g, in Mg. 2.

2, 6. Outside view of the same os calcis ; showing c, the tendinous perfo-

ration on the outer part of the base of the calcaneal process a; f, the

cuboidal concave articular surface.

Fig. 7. Upper surface of the same os calcis.
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Fig. 8. Under surface of the same os calcis, showing the wide tendinous

groove continued from the perforation.

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