DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS SOHN tw “a , = “Me Pi Day 7 by 4 a a eA 7 » é ae Te ee ¥, ; é 4 * “ oe a 4 ‘ é ‘ bs a4 tS ae i iS rr, piace ? t a. =o ‘ ¥. a" * x Pa tar x ne ; in Pa ' % , pox vy : A a ba Udi." a ae », % 7 ¥ ; A ¥ . * *. 1x a 5 < . : ee ‘ ee » " pal ww < 2 : < “. ; ae a— . ” * > ; - " \ ¢ - b : My bad Le . LS yi at A ee SE oe ereaier: 7 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL * . . 7 Mi ig So th ete hae BRONX, NEW YORK 10488 =~ ¥ -_ 2: a he aeat t f “ head 4 sn Wy he . . 4 b ; Bie a a ~ “ é 7 4 ‘ Py , a ae * cea ME ‘ . ‘ . ay - + si _ <7. a ™~ \ oe aaa: > bees Soe Puias™ eee: ’ & 7 . “ apt ; r SNE 7 te OT epee * ° . a \ : re 4 ‘ == 7 P ~ 7 vt = 3, . . ; Pad | s : od ~ : x a . * +s Fi iy f al ~ ~ . . 5 a ei 55% a * 7 hie iy sd . yr . oe ka! ‘ J “ y - + “ jw yes a ? gp Fin s * - - sai k F 4 + - & = P. + c wy Ps eg, © ve "7 * % ; 1894: ane 1 O.N A BY pyeW1e95 OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS: ALKALOIDS; BITTER PRINCIPLES; GLUCOSIDES: THEIR SOURCES, NATURE, AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS, WITH TABULAR SUMMARY, CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, AND FULL BOTANICAL AND GENERAL INDEXES. BY CHARLES E. SOHN, F.LC., F.C.S., Member of the Society of Public Analysts. LONDON : BAILLIERE, TINDALL AND COX, 20 & 21; KING WILLIAM STMEET, STRAND. 1894. PREFACE. Tue ceaseless flow of new facts into every branch of science is weil | illustrated in the particular section of organic chemistry embraced under the heading Alkaloids, Bitter Principles and G'lucosides. The streamlet that started at the commencement of this century, when Derosne and Sertiirner made the discovery of Morphine, has swollen with ever-increasing rapidity, until at the present time the flood of matter accumulated almost defies management. It becomes every day more desirable that something be done towards classifying the substances so constantly being augmented in number, and that the details bearing upon them, now more or less scattered throughout chemical literature, should be tabulated in a convenient form—one that will permit not only that a given attribute of any substance shall be readily found, but also will indicate wherein such substance differs from, or resembles, another of its class, Lonpon, October, 1893. The present work, which treats of nearly 600 of these bodies, has been prepared with the hope that it may contribute to the attainment of the | above objects, and be found of service to those who have occasion to deal with these compounds or study them—particularly the analyst, professor, research chemist, student, and manufacturer. No efforts have been spared to render as full as possible the information supplied (particularly as regards tests and chemical reactions) ; wherever practicable, it has been drawn from the original sources, and embodies the results of the latest researches. Easy access to any fact contained in the book has been aimed at, and it is earnestly requested that the reader will peruse the intro- ductory and explanatory part, that he may the better acquire this facility. INTRODUCTORY AND EXPLANATORY. Ty addition to the Active Principles that are members of one or other of the three classes specially dealt with, I have included some substances that are liable to be met with in connection with these, or have bearing on the subjects under treatment. The term Alkaloid (or the letter A used for that word) has been employed to denote any naturally occurring vegetable base ; this covers a wider area than would the most modern application of the word, which restricts it to Pyridine and Quinoline derivatives, to the exclusion of such a body as Caffeine. Of course, Salts of Ammonia and albuminoid decom- position products cannot be comprised in this class (one or two of the latter receive notice, however), The Glucosides embrace those substances (other than tannins) that yield sugar (with some other compound) when decomposed by the action of dilute acids or natural ferments. They are generally free from Nitrogen, exceptions being Amygdalin, Solanine, Indican, Linamarin, Myronic Acid, and Sinalbin, the last two of which contain Sulphur also. The Bitter Principles are a very diverse group, as variousin composition as in their chemical reactions. They contain no Nitrogen, and yield no sugar on treatment with dilute acids or otherwise. glucosides and alkaloids, so many of which are also bitter. Being very numerous and frequently of considerable importance, whilst generally neglected in works upon organic chemistry, it has been thought desirable to describe them fully. In conformity with the system adopted by the Chemical Society in their journal, all alkaloids are spelt with the termination ine, Whilst glucosides and amaroids end in in, without the final e, The book consists of three parts (besides two indexes and sub- indexes), PART TI. in Dictionary form, arranged upon a system which groups together the constituents either of one plant or of a number of botanically The name Amaroid | is suggested for such bodies as these, in order to avoid confusion with | or chemically allied plants, whilst retaining as far as practicable an alpha- betical order. Supplementary indexes being provided, the manifest inconveniences which a purely alphabetical method would occasion are by these means avoided, t= In order that no time may be lost in finding any statement con- cerning a given substance, the following rotation bas been adhered to in the enumeration of the properties and tests : Botanical Details.—Plants furnishing the compound or compounds, with technical as well as popular names and botanical order, Parts of plant in which found, ; Bibliographical reference (names of investigators and details of published researches). Each substance (when more than one) is then treated individually thus : General, Physical and Chemical Details.—Name and synonyms, class (A= Alkaloid, B= Bitter Principle, G= Glucoside). Chemical formula. Crystalline form, ete. Melting point and effects of heat generally, Rotatory power (action on polarized light). Reaction (alkaline, neutral, or acid). Taste and odour (if any). Various: Character of salts, products of hydrolysis (action of boiling dilute acids), physiological effect, Solubility in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, amyl alcohol, carbon bisulphide, and sundry other solvents. Behaviour towards immiscible solvents. feactions with precipitants, ete. (in this order) : 4, Tannic acid. 5. Picric acid, O;H,(NO,)s'OH (Hager’s reagent). 6. Ferric chloride. 1. Alkaline hydrates and carbo- | nates, 2, Ammonia, 3. Lead acetate, neutral and basic, vi INTRODUCTORY AND EXPLANATORY, 7. Platinum chloride. Phospho-compounds : 8. Palladious chloride. 22. Phospho-molybdic acid (Sonnen- 9. Gold chloride. schein’s reagent). 10. Silver nitrate. 23. Phospho-tungstic acid (Schei- 11. Copper sulphate. bler’s reagent). 12, Fehling’s solution (alkaline | 94, Phospho-antimonic acid. copper tartrate). Todides, ete. : ; 25. Iodo-potassic iodide (Wagner’s Cyanides, ele. : reagent). 13. Potassium ferrocyanide. 26. Bismuth-potassic iodide ( Dragen- 14. “1 ferricyanide. dorff’s reagent). ney < sulphocyanide. 27. Cadmium - potassic iodide 16. aA cyanide. | (Marmé’s reagent). 17. “5 nitro-prusside. 28. Zinc-potassic iodide. 18. Silver potassium cyanide. | 29. Mercuric-potassic iodide (Mayer’s | solution). Chromates, etc. : 30. Mercuric chloride. 19. Potassium chromate. 31. Chlorine water. 20. a0 bichromate. | 32. Bromine water. 21. Chromic acid. 33. Iodine tincture. Colour tests (in this order), time taken for development of colours and their durability : Concentrated sulphuric acid alone and with various substances (sugar, potassium bichromate, manganese dioxide, nitric acid, etc.), Erdmann’s reagent, sulphuric acid with a trace of nitric acid. Concentrated nitric acid alone. Acids in general. Perchlorate of potash or perchloric acid. Per-iodic acid. Fréhde’s solution (molybdic and sulphuric acids). PART II.—A TasuLar Summary designed for ready reference and as a means of contrasting one compound with another for analytical and other purposes ; it gives the chief properties and tests of the substances that are more fully described in Part I. PART III.—A CnrassiricaTion or Reacrions for the special use of analysts, showing what compounds are known to respond to a given test. BOTANICAL INDEX.—Each plant here appears in its alphabetical positions by popular and scientific names. inserted for those botanical orders which include members containing alka- loidal, bitter, or glucosidal principles. This facilitates comparison of the constituents of allied plants. ; Sub-lists of plants are also_ GENERAL INDEX.—Special endeavours have been made to render this comprehensive. In the TanuLar Summary the order of insertion in Part I. has been preserved, because it permits a survey of-all the active principles of a given plant at a glance—a manifest advantage over a purely alphabetical arrangement (which might upon a preliminary inspection have appeared desirable), for in that case the reader, dealing, for instance, with Opium, woud have had nearly forty different positions to find, whilst here be has ut one. Synonyms and questions of identity cannot, for want of space, be discussed in Part II. (the Tabular Summary), but receive full attention in Part I. ; for the same reason, many columns of precipitants have had to be removed from Part II. ; but this curtailment is amply compensated for by the classified lists of reactions in Part III. and the numerous reference notes. In the last section—Part III.—are classed, in a series of alphabetical lists, substances having a common. property, or giving a similar reaction. GENERAL RULES. eS To facilitate reference, it is important to remember that the series ua details upon any substance is invariably given in a particular rotation (see above). 2. CoLour.—Since the great majority of substances here dealt with are colourless, colour is only mentioned when coloured compounds are spoken of ; all others are to be understood to be white or colourless. 3. Opour.—For analogous reasons, all bodies not described as having odour are odourless. 4, ALKALINITY.—When not otherwise stated, the reaction (alkaline, neutral, or acid) has reference to litmus as indicator. 5. TEMPERATURE is always indicated in degrees Centigrade. 6. SotuBiLiry.—Figures in the solubility columns denote number of parts of solvent required to dissolve one part of substance. 7. Dexicacy or Test.—Numbers in the columns of precipitants (or colour tests) signify degree of dilution at which the reaction is observable. 8. Use or ReaGents.—Except where other indications are given, precipitants are to be applied to the substance dissolved in water, and in the case of alkaloids to the salt, and not to the free base. 9, CoLoux TEsTs.—Tbe dry substance is to be employed when testing with concentrated acids and colour tests generally. INTRODUCTORY AND EXPLANATORY. ABBREVIATIONS have as far as possible been avoided, but in the Tabular Summary limited space has necessitated the adoption of a few, thus : A (after name of substance)= Alkaloid. acet.= Acetic acid. ac. eth. = Acetic ether. alel.= Alcohol. alk,= Alkali. alkd. = Alkaloid. AmHo=Ammonia hydrate. amorphs. = Amorphous. B (after name of substance) = Bitter principle, z.¢., amar’oid, bz. or benz.=benzene (coal-tar benzene, C,H,, or benzol). be. (in lead acetate column) = Basic. bn.= Brown. bl. = Blue. CS.,=carbon bisulphide. Cfm. or CHCI,=Chloroform, erys.=Crystals or crystalline. df. or diff.=Difficultly. eth.=Ether, G (after name of /substance)= Glucoside. G.-d. (after name of substance) = Glucoside derivative. gn. =Green. insol. = Insoluble, M.P.= Melting point. ndls. = Needles. nl. = Neutral. p-. (in colour test column, etc.) = Purple. pp. =Precipitate. petr. e.= Petroleum ether. vii phos.-molyb. = Phospho-molybdic acid. r. or rd.= Red. sol, =Soluble. soln. = Solution. turp.= Turpentine. v. or vlt.= Violet. volat, = Volatile. w. or wh, = White. y., yl., or yel. = Yellow. «© =Miscible in all proportions. ~~ = Changing or changes to. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. PoAt ik i i or Yarrow); Composite ; § 1. ACHILLEA wmillefolium (Milfoil A. moschatus (‘Iva’), (c) Europe and N. America—substance (a). and (d). Obtained from the whole plant. (a) ACHILLEIN G., C.H,,N.0,; (von Planta) ; amorphous, reddish- brown, bitter, alkaline. With boiling dilute acids is converted into sugar and Achilletin(see below). Soluble in water easily (giving yellow solution), in alcohol with diffi- | culty. Insoluble in ether. Not precipitated by Alkalies. Tannic acid. Lead acetate, neutral or basic. Ferrous sulphate. (b) ACHILLETIN (from above), C,,H,;NO,, amorphous, dark brown powder, not bitter, Insoluble in water, and with difficulty in alcohol. (ec) IVAIN B., C,H,,0 or C.sHy,0, (von Planta); yellow, amorphous, soft resinous (‘ Terebinthinate ’), bitter. Soluble in alcohol (yellow solution), not in water. Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. (d) MOSCHATINE A., C.,H,,NO; (von Planta) ; amorphous, reddish-brown, bitter; melts under water (on water bath). Soluble with difficulty in alcohol, scarcely in water. § 2. ACHRAS sapota (‘Sapodella Plum’) ; Sapotacee. Investigators : Michaud, who describes (a) ; and Bernon (c). The kernels. From the Argan tree (Sapotacee) of Morocco, S. Cotton (J. Pharm. [5] 18, 298) has separated ‘ ARGANIN,’ which would seem to be identical with (a). (a) SAPOTIN G. (Arganin? see above), C,,H,,0.) (Michaud) ; micro- scopic crystals; burning taste; levo-rotatory ([a] p= —321 in alcoholic solution) ; M.P. 240° with decomposition. Dilute sulphuric acid, on boiling, yields Saporetin (see below) and svgar. Soluble in water easily ; in cold alcohol sparingly, easier hot. In- soluble in benzene, ether, chloroform. Precipitants, ete. : Alkaline hydrates, insol. Lead acetate basic, pp. sol. in excess, (b) SAPORETIN, C,,H,,0,, (from above). Soluble in alcohol and chloroform, Insoluble in water and ether. (c) SAPOTINE A. (of Bernon),. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform. Hydrochloride, bitter. Precipitants : Mercuric-potassic iodide, brown. Mercuric chloride, white. Platinum chloride, yellow. § 3. ACONITUM Napellus (Monk’s Hood, or Wolf's Bane) ; the alka- loids (a), (b), (7), with traces or, at times, none of (c) and (e); A. varie- gatum (a) ; A. Stoerkianum (a); A. paniculatum, an alkaloid regarded as Fehling solution, not reduced. Concentd, sulph, acid, garnet red. Insoluble in water, alkalies. 2 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, (a) by Hiibschmann, the investigator of last-mentioned three varieties, but now ascertained to be non-poisonous ; A. anthora (c?) ; A. lycoe- tonum () ?), (/?), (f) to (7), not (a). The descriptions of the alkaloids (7), (g), and (7) are due to Dragendorff and Spohn (Pharm. J., Trans., 1884) ; and alkaloids (/), (/), to Hiibschmann. A, ferox (Indian or Nepaul aconite ; Himalaya root), (c), trace or no (a); A. heterophyl- lum (Atis root) (/:) ; A. sinense (‘Shiraka-wauzuware’) (a), A Japanese plant, ‘Kusauzu’ (a); Ranunculacew. The plant or root. Investigators very numerous; in addition to chemists already referred to, mention should be made of Wright and Luff, Dunstan and Ince, Jiirgens, Duquesnel, Groves, Paul, and Kingzett, ete. (a) ACONITINE A. [Napelline; not the Napelline of Dunstan and Ince now being investigated, see (n); Japaconitine (Lubbe), see (//)]. C,,H,,NO,, or C,,H,;NO,(OH),0.(CO.C.H;), Wright and Luff. (Dun- stan and Ince preter C,,H,;NO,,). Crystallizes in rhombic prisms (or amorphous if not pure), scarcely bitter unless impure, causes ting- ling of the mouth, extremely poisonous (,\)-grain may be fatal), very readily decomposed, with formation of Benzoic Acid and Aconine—this less liable to occur when an organic acid is used for extraction ; hence advantage of Duquesnel’s method, in which tartaric acid is employed. M.P. 188°5° (Dunstan and Ince; other observers have fonnd 60°, 80°, “above 100°? 140°—discrepancies due to the difficulty of obtaining a pure specimen). Dextro-rotatory ; salts, levo-rotatory ; alkaline re- action, Solubility : In cold water 1 in 4,431 at 22° C. (Dunstan), or 1 in 726 (Jiirgens), easier warm ; 1 in 20 boiling alcohol, 1 in 230 chloroform, 1 in 100 boiling ether, and in benzene. Insoluble in petroleum ether or carbon bisulphide. Precipitants (‘ Reactions not reliable ’"—Hiisemann) : Alkaline hydrates. Platinum chloride (Duquesnel) ; not > carbonates. if dilute. [Vot bicarbonates unless hot | Gold chloride, yellow amorphous (von Planta). ] (erys. from alcohol, M.P. 135°). Ammonia hydrate, soluble in| [Not by ferro- or ferri-cyanides of excess. | potassium, } Tannic acid. | Potassium bichromate ; not at once, Picric acid (Duquesnel) ; not | but gradually 1 in 3,000. if dilute. | [Not by Argentic-potassic cya- Ferric chloride, yellow. nide. | Phospho-molybdic acid, light ; Mercurie potassic bromide, yellow flocculent. | amorphous pp. Phospho-tungstic acid, | Mercuric - potassic iodide,| The Todo-potassic iodide, yellow-red. | white amorphous, two best Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange | Hydriodiec acid, microscopic tests.— —limit 1 in 40,000. | erystals. Lubbe. Cadmium-potas. iodide; white, | Iodine tincture, reddish. 1in 1,000; cloud at 1 in 2,500. | Colour tests : Mem.—When perfectly pure no colours are given. Concentrated sulphuric acid, gradual violet. with sugar, red. a A » With nitric acid, gradual violet. Nitric acid, reddish-brown. ; % Concentrated hydrochloric acid, colourless. Froéhde’s reagent, yellowish-brown. (b) ACONINE A. [=Acolyctine (Wright and Luff), this identity questioned by Dragendorff, see (/)], C.,H,,NO,,=C.,H,,NO,(OH), or C,,Hy, NO), Occurs naturally, and formed artificially, together with benzoic acid, by saponification of aconitine by alcoholic potash ; amor- phous powder forming amorphons salts; M.P. about 130°, alkaline, bitter, does not produce tingling of the tongue. Physiological action feeble. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and water. Insoluble, or difficultly soluble, in ether, benzene, petroleum ether. Precipitants, etc. : Ammonia, gelatinous, [No pp. carbonates or bicar- bonates. | ” ” ” | Gold chloride, with reduction of gold. ) Silver nitrate, reduced. Lead acetate, soluble in excess. | Fehling’s solution, reduced. Tannic acid, pp. Phospho-molybdie acid, bluish-gray No colour with concentrated sulphuric acid. (c) PSEUDACONITINE A., Cyg5Hs,NOn, or C.;H,,NO;(OH);.0.CO0.C;H(OCHs). ; may be obtained in crystalline needles, but usually separated as varnish ; M.P. 104°-105°; very poisonous, resembles aconitine ; salts difficultly crystallizable : yields on saponification (by merely heating) pseudaconine and veratric acid (dimethyl-proto-catechuic acid). Soluble in alcohol, in ether with difficulty—though crystals are obtain- able therefrom —scarcely in water. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 3 Precipitants : Tannic acid. Mercuric-potassic iodide. Gold chloride. Mercuric chloride. [Platinum chloride, only if concentrated. ] Colour test : Nitric acid fuming (a few drops), yields on evaporation a residue which givesa purple red with a drop of alcoholic potash. (d) PSEUDACONINE A. {Lycoctonine, Wright and Luff ; identity ques- tioned by Dragendorff, see (h)], C,,H,,NO,. Formed from Pseudaconi- tine by saponification with alcoholic potash ; veratric acid (C,H,,0, or C,H,(OCH,).COOH = Dimethyl-proto-catechuic acid) being formed at same time. Amorphous, but changing gradually under certain conditions to a semi-crystalline mass; bitter (without causing tingling) ; alkaline ; feehly poisonous ; salts amorphous. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether. Precipitate with silver nitrate. Ammoniacal silver nitrate, reduced. [Fehling’s solution, not reduced. } (e) PICRACONITINE A., C.,H,,NO,, (Wright). [Obtained by Groves from a root sold commercially as Aconitum Napellus, but found only in traces, or not at all in the genuine A. Napellus.] Amorphous, resinous, bitter; feebly, if at.all, poisonous ; salts crystalline. Soluble in ether and chloroform. Insoluble in water. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates } i carbonates } a resinous pp. on heating. Ammonia \ Tannic acid. [Not Platinum chloride. ] Gold chloride, amorphous, pale yellow. Mercuric-potassic iodide. No colour reactions with sulphuric acid or other principal colour tests. (f) LYCACONITINE A., C.,H3,N.0, + 2H,O (Dragendorft and Spohn). Pale yellow, amorphous. Anhydrous at 110° C.; M.P. 114°8° with de- composition ; levo-rotatory : [aJD=-++31°5 (10 per cent. solution in alcohol) ; salts amorphous. Readily changed by alkalies, with produc- tion of (4g), lycoctonic acid, and a third substance resembling (7). Soluble very readily in alcohol, chloroform, benzene and carbon bi- sulphide ; less easily in ether, with difficulty in water, and scarcely in petroleum ether. Removed by ether or chloroform, from a solution previously treated with sodium bicarbonate. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates » bicarbonates |p Ammonia Color tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown. Sulpho-selenic acid (8cce. water, 6cc. sulphuric acid, and 03 gm. sodium selenate), rose or pale red violet coloration. This reaction not given by aconitine, Hiibschmann’s nepaline, or commercial lycoctonine. Concentrated phosphoric acid, violet on warming. (g) LYCACONINE A. [Liycoctonine ? compare (h)], C.,H,,N,0,+13H,0 ; crystalline ; M.P, 90°-92°, alkaline, fluorescent (blue) ; dextro-rotatory ((a] D=+46-4). Soluble in 4 parts absolute alcohol, 3 chloroform, 584 ether, 645 benzene, 247 water. (h) LYCOCTONINE A. [Pseudaconine ? see (d) above ; Lycaconine ? (9) J. Crees in needles and prisms ; M.P. about 100° ; alkaline reaction, very itter. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, carbon bisulphide. Precipitants : Tannic acid. [Platinic chloride, no pp. | | Phospho-molybdic acid, no pp. | | lodo-potassic iodide. [Potassic iodide, no pp. | Bismuth-potassic iodide—1 in | 40,000. Cadmium-potassic iodide. Mercuric-potassic iodide—1 in Colour tests ; Concentrated sulphuric acid Nitric acid Phosphoric acid Bromine water, yellow amor- phous pp. (a tribromide). 20,000 after twenty-four hours, | 1 in 8,000 after fifteen minutes. Pp. becomes crystalline (compare Aconitine). [Mercuric-potassic bromide, no pp., compare Aconitine. ] [Mercurie chloride, no pp. | | Bromine water, pp. crys. i colourless. 4 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, (7) ACOLYCTINE A. (Aconine ? see (b) above). Bitter, alkaline powder. Soluble readily in water, alcohol, aud chloroform; not in ether, Precipitants : Alkaline carbonates. Ammonia, gradually gelatinous. Gold chloride, yellow. Lead acetate. Phospho-molybdie acid, white. (j) MYOCTONINE, A. C,-Hy)N,0g5H.O (Dragendorff and Spohn) ; amor- phous, bitter ; dextro-rotatory ; M.P. 143°-144°. Salts amorphous ; very poisonous. Soluble in water with difficulty, easily in alcohol, amyl alcohol, chloro- form, benzene, carbon bisulphide. Insoluble (or scarcely sol.) in ether or petroleum ether. Heated with alkali, myoctonine gives lycoctonine, lycoctonic acid, an alkaloid resembling acolyctine, and a fourth substance not further examined. Precipitated by most alkaloid reagents. Vitali’s test (evaporation with nitric acid, then touching with alcoholic potash) gives reddish-brown colour. (ic) ATISINE A. [from A. heterophyllum (Atis root) ], C,,H,,NO, (Alder Wright), or C,,H,,N,O; (Broughton) ; amorphous, oxidizable on exposure (becoming coloured and resinous) ; M.P. 85°; bitter, non-poisonous. Haloid salts are crystallizable and difficultly soluble ; nitrate, sulphate, acetate, amorphous. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene ; scarcely in water. Precipitated by : Ammonia, white flocculent. Tannic acid, yellow to brown. Colour reactions : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowmmagnificent purple, lasting several days ; momentary violet on addition of a drop of water (Shimoyama) ; or faint violetwred~brown (Wasowicz). Concentrated sulphuric acid and sugar, yellowwreddish~carmine. Nitric acid, colourless. Hydrochloric acid, colourless. Phosphoric acid, colourless, but yellowish-violet on warming. (1) JAPACONITINE A. (from Japanese Aconite root), CygH,,N,0., (Wright and Luff), or C,,;H,,NO,,=Aconitine (Lubbe). The former regard it as a sesqui-anhydro base formed by condensation of 2(C,,;H,-NO,,) with elimination of 3 molecules of water. It bears the closest possible resem- blance to aconitine, and yields on saponification benzoic acid (as does the Tannic acid. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. latter), and JAPACONINE, C,,H,,NO,,, almost indistinguishable from aconine, the analogous derivative of aconitine. [Lubbe believes that Japaconitine and Japaconine are identical re- spectively with Aconitine and Aconine. | (m) APO- or ANHYDRO-ALKALO/DS of the Aconite group are formed from the respective bases by the elimination of a molecule of water ; this may be effected by heating to 100° for some hours in a concentrated tartaric acid solution thus : Aconitine, C4; Hy, NO-(OH),(CO-0-C,H,) -H.0 = C ., H,,NO,0-0H (CO:0-C,H,) Anhydro or Apo-aconitine. Aconine, C,,H,;NO(OH), — H,O=C,,H,;NO,0(OH), Apo-aconine, Pseudaconitine and Psendaconine yield parallel compounds, but Japa- conitine being already an anbydro base (see (/) above) does not undergo change during the above treatment. There is great similarity in the physiological action of these bases and the respective parent alkaloids, (n) ISACONITINE A. (of Dunstan and Harrison, see Chem. Soe. Proe., 119, 1893), C,,H,;NO,., colourless, varnish-like, intensely bitter, without the tingling sensation characteristic of Aconitine, much less poisonous than the latter ; levo-rotatory [a] D=—28-74°. Soluble in alcohol and chloroform readily, less easily in ether (by which means it may be separated from Aconitine), slightly in water. Forms a substituted compound with gold chloride = C,,H,,( AnCl,)NO,, analogous to the Caffeine compound described by Dunstan and Shepheard (Chem. Soc. Trans., Feb., 1893). § 4. ACORUS CALAMUS (Sweet Flag) ; Acoracew-aroidee ; Europe Asia, N. America. Used as tonic and stimulant. Theroot ; (22 grammes were obtained from 12 kilos), Investigators, H. Thoms and others, ACORIN G., C3,H 0g (Thoms), amorphous, soft resinous, neutral ; bitter and aromatic taste. Yields sugar and calamus oil (in a current of hydrogen, otherwise resinification occurs). See also Acoretin, below. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, methyl alcohol, acetone ; with difficulty in alcohol. Insoluble in water. Hydrochloride difficultly soluble in water. Precipitants : Tannic acid. [Platinum chloride, reduced. ] [Gold Chloride, reduced. ] Febling’s solution, reduced. Phospho-molybdie acid, pp.~blue from reduction. Mercuric-potassic iodide. Iodine tincture. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 5 CALAMINE A., strongly alkaline. } Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, acetone, and dilute acids ; not in water or ether, | Precipitants : Tannic acid. Platinum chloride, reduced. ] [rebline’ solution, not reduced. | | Phospho-molybdie acid. Jodo-potassic iodide. Mercuric-potassic iodide. §5. ADANSONITA digitata, A. Gregorii (Baobab tree) ; Malvacec ; Africa, India, ete. The bark. Investigators, Walz, Jahrb. 7. Pharm. 24 ; Wittstein, Veertel). schr. f. Pharm. 4.41. : ADANSONINE A. (?), crystallises in needles, odour like aloes or gentian ; itter. Soluble in 6 parts cold or 3 parts hot ether, and in alcohol ; slightly in water. Forms crystalline compounds with acids (Dupuy). Reactions : Alkaline hydrates } Ammonia No precipitates with metallic salts (Wittstein). § 6. ADONIS amourensis : Ranunculacee. From the root, Tahara has isolated Adonin ; from A. vernalis, V. Cervello has separated a substance | named Adonidin, which gives the same reactions, and is presumably | identical with the other glucoside (Y. Inoko). ADONIN G. (Adonidin ?), C,,H,,0, neutral, intensely bitter ; converted by boiling dilute acids into glucose, and a resinous matter soluble in ether. Soluble in water, cloud on warming and partial separation, also in aleohol, | chloroform, and acetic acid. Precipitants : [Dilute alkalies, do not decompose. | | | Gallic acid. | Picric acid. | | Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, deep red; nitric acid, | Sol. yellow. Insoluble in ether. Gold chloride. Mercurie chloride. indigo blue ; hydrochloric acid, rose red. ADONIDIN (Adonin ? see above) is stated to have an action resembling that of digitalin, but weaker. | Reactions, see above. § 7. ASCULUS hippocastaneum (Horse Chestnut); Sapindacee ; all the substances below ; Ausculetin (/) has been found in the free state in the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris (Caper Spurge, or Semen Cataputiz minoris) ; Ausculin also in Hymenodictyon excelsum (which see), and in Gelsemium nitidum (Jasmine, see Strychnos group) ; for Fraxin (exist- ing in horse chestnut), see Fraxinus. (a) ASCULIN G. (Asculinic acid, Bicolorin, ‘ Schillerstoff, Polychrome), ©,,H,,0913H.O (Liebermann), crys. needles and prisms. M.P. 160°; fluorescent (visible 1 in 1,500,000) ; acid reaction, slightly bitter ; by action of heat or dilute acid esculetin and sugar are formed. Soluble in 672 parts water at 10° or 124 boiling, in 90 of cold alcohol (Sp. G. 0-798) or 24 boiling ; in chloroform (which removes it from acid solution), but not in absolute ether, and scarcely in ordinary ether, Reactions: Alkaline hydrates dissolve more readily than water (solu- tions fluorescent). Precipitated by basic lead acetate, but not by other metallic salts. Colour tests: Dilute nitric acid, on shaking, gives a yellow solution, becoming blood-red with ammonia. Ammonium bisulphite, and then ammonia, give a blood-red, becoming blue on shaking. (b) ASCULETIN (from above, and in free state ; see statement concern- ing Euphorbia lathyris above), C,H,0,+H,0, crys. silky needles and plates like benzoic acid. M.P. 270°, part volatilizing, neutral reaction, bitter, fluorescent—feebly blue. Soluble with difficulty in cold water or cold alcohol, more easily in either when hot. Insoluble in ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, or carbon bisulphide. Reactions : Alkalies dissolve to yellow solution (acids reprecipitate). Lead acetate, neutral or basic, gives pp. Copper sulphate Silver satiate } reduced, (c) ASCULETIN-HYDRATE, 4C,H,0,+H.0; crystalline; M.P. 250°, part subliming; isomeric with Daphnetin. Less soluble than Asculetin. Alkalies and lead acetate, as Aisculin. (d) ARGYRASCIN G., Cy,H,,0,, ; silvery crystals. Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in water (solution frothy). In- soluble in ether. 6 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Potassie hydrate (strong solution) converts gradually upon heating to propescinic acid, which is further changed (see below). Precipitated by basic lead acetate. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow ~ red with water, gray flocks being precipitated. (e) PROPASCINIC ACID G. (occurs naturally and producible from above), Soluble in alcohol and water. Precipitated by basic lead acetate and by acids. Potassie hydrate (strong solution)—compare above—converts into wscinic acid and propionic acid, (/) ASCINIC ACID G. (occurs naturally, and producible artificially from | Argyrescin and also from Aphrodescin), C,,H,,0,, ; crystalline. Soluble in hot water (difficultly cold), in aleohol if freshly precipitated. | Insoluble in ether. Precipitated by acids and lead acetate (neutral). 5 Yields on hydrolysis, sugar and ‘Teliscin, which is also a glucoside (see elow). (9) TELASCIN G., C,,H,,0;, occurs naturally, and producible from above. | Yields sugar and Ascigenin (below). In properties it resembles Quinova bitter, which see, (1) ASCIGENIN (from Telzxscin), indistinctly crystalline. Insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol. Concentrated sulphuric acid and sugar, blood-red. (7) CAPSULASCINIC ACID (from the shell of the nut), C,,H,,0. ; crystalline sublimable. Reactions resemble gallic acid. (j) APHRODASCIN G., C;,H,,0., ; amorphous substance, the dust of which produces violent sneezing. Soluble in water (frothy solution), and in alcohol. pile alkaline solutions convert on heating to Butyric and Ascinic acids. Precipitated by basic lead acetate. ’ CYNAPINE A., crys. rhombic prisms, alkaline. Sulphate crystalline. Soluble in water and alcohol, not in ether. A coniine-like alkaloid was also found by Walz. § 9. AGARICUS muscarius ; Fungi. MUSCARINE A., deliquescent crystals; M.P. 100° ; tobacco-like odour ; no sublimate ; tasteless, alkaline. Contracts the pupil. Soluble in alcohol or water in all proportions ; scarcely in chloroform. Insoluble in ether. Precipitants : [Not by lead acetate, neutral or basic. | Bromine water, yellow pp. re- dissolving. Ferric chloride, Pp. with most other alkaloid Copper sulphate. reagents. AMANITINE, C;H,;NO, (isomer of Choline), yields Muscarine with nitric acid, and evolves trimethylamine on heating. § 10. ALOE (Liliacec), various species as A. Barbadensis (Barbadoes Aloes), A. Socotrina (Socotrine Aloes), A. Lucida (Cape Aloes), A. ferox, spicata, plicatilis, vulgaris, ete. ALOIN 3., C\;H,s0;, Tilden (Barbaloin, Socaloin ? see below). Crys. | sulphur-yellow needles or granules; soften at 100° and then resinify ; (”) QUERASCITRIN G., C,,H,,O., (in leaves and nuts of the horse chest- | nut); yellow crystalline colouring matter resembling Quercitrin (see Quercus tinctoria). Dilute acid, on boiling, decomposes into sugar and Quercetin. § 8. ATHUSA cynapium (Fool’s Parsley); Umbellifere. gator: Ficinus, Kastn. Arch. 11, 144. Investi- | | neutral, bitter, purgative. Soluble in 600 parts cold or 10 parts boiling water, also in amyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and acetic ether ; very difficultly in ether, and not in chloroform, benzene, or petroleum ether. Reactions : ae Byars produce orange yellow solutions. mmonia Lead acetate, neutral, no pp. = », _ basic, dark yellow pp. if concentrated. *Tannic acid, pp. Ferric chloride, green black colouration. Platinum chloride, red to violet with Barbadoes and Curagao aloes. greenish-brown with Socotra and Cape aloes. . 5 yellowish-brown with Natal aloes. Gold chloride, raspberry-red coloration~violet. ” ” * Tests so marked (7.e., *) are applicable to the residue obtained on evaporating the amyl alcohol employed to extract aloin from a solution previously treated with neutral lead acetate. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, 7 [Silver nitrate, no change. ] *Mercurous nitrate, pp. { Mercurie chloride, no pp. | Bromine water, pp. Special colour tests: Potassic Cyanide to alcoholic extract from aloin (4 mgm.) evaporated with nitric acid—intense rose colour. *Trace of copper sulphate to a solution previously diluted till colour- less—intense yellow ; sodium chloride or potassium bromide then added and some alcohol—intense red (with all aloes). By these tests upon the residue from amyl alcohol (see foot-note), it is possible to detect very small quantities in mixtures, e.g., beer. Similar reactions are not given with Cortex Frangula, Folia Senn, Radix Rhei, Bacce Spine. N.B.—The amy] alcohol residue should have characteristic aloe taste. BARBALOIN\degree of hydration. Tilden gives to Barbaloin and (is regarded by Kranzfeld as differing only from Aloin in Socaloin the same formula C,,H,,0,. Groenewold ascribes peeaiN. to the active principle of Barbadoes and Curacao aloes SOCALOIN [te formula C,,H,,0,, and to Nataloin C,,H.,,0;,+H,O with M.P. 210°. ; § 11. ALSTONTIA scholaris (Kechises scholaris; Dita bark). A pocy- nacee ; Philippine Isles. The alkalcids, (b), (c), (d), ete.; A. constricta, (a), (e), etc. ; A. spectablis, (b), (c), (d). In A. villosa (Blaberopus) Greshoff has found alkaloids 1:1 per cent. in the bark and 0-4 per cent. in the leaves—no doubt identical with the following, but not further examined. Investigators of first-mentioned varieties: Oberlin and Schlagdenhauffen, O. Hesse (compare Cinchona group), (a) ALSTONINE A., (Chlorogenine ; not the Alstonine of O. and §., see Alstonidine), C,H. Ne ,0,35H,0. Amorphous brown (salts also amor- phous) ; M.P. 100°, or 195° if anhydrous ; alkaline reaction, Soluble in alcohol, amyl alcohol, chloroform (with green fluorescence), with difficulty in water, and not removed by petroleum ether from a bi- carbonate solution (compare Porphyrine). Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates. Potassium bichromate, blood-red Ammonia, no pp. if dilute, other- coloration with HCl solution. wise a pp. sol. in excess, Acids in excess precipitate salts. eeeemated acetic solution, crystals on addition of a few drops of HCl. Charcoal carries down in part. (b) DITAMINE A., ©,,H,,NO, (Hesse) ; amorphous, somewhat bitter, alkaline; M.P. 75° (becoming red at 130°). Salts mostly amorphous. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and benzene. Precipitants : Ammonia. Gold chloride, pp. dissolves on Platinum chloride, crystalline boiling, erys. on cooling. Pp Mercurie chloride, same action. Cc joncontmated acetic solution, vo crystals on addition ‘of a few drops of hydrochloric acid (compare Alstonine), Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, red ~reddish-violet on warming (un- certain). Concentrated nitric acid, yellow ~ dark-green ~ orange-red, (c) ECHITAMINE (Ditaine) A., C..H.sN.O,+4H,O (Hesse). Crystallizes in prisms from alcohol. Levo-rotatory [a]pD=—28:8° ; loses 3H,O at 80° C., 1 molecule at 130°, and then melts anhydrous at 206° ; powerfully alkaline, bitter. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone, with difficulty in benzene, and insoluble in petroleum ether. Reactions: [Ammonia, no pp., but the free alkaloid decomposes am- monium salts. } Fehling’s solution reduced after previously treating the alkaloid with boiling dilute acid. The free alkaloid decomposes sodium chloride, liberating NaHO ! Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, ‘purple. Concentrated nitric acid, purple changing to green, Hydrochloric acid pr oduces an insoluble salt. (d) ECHITENINE A., C. »H.;NO,? Formed from Echitamine by caustic potash. Amorphous brown (salts also amorphous) ; M.P. 120° ; alkaline, bitter. Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in water ; insoluble in petroleam ether. If freshly pr ecipitated, soluble in ether and chloroform, Precipitants : i Alkaline hydrates { pp. if Platinum chloride. Ammonia { eoncentd. Mercurie chloride, pale yellow. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish- violet. Concentrated nitric acid, red ~ purple ~ green ~ yellow. (e) PORPHYRINE A. (Oberlin and Schlagdenhauffen’s Alstonicine, pre- sumably), C.,H.;N,0,; amorphous (Hesse) or crys. prisms from alcohol (O. and 8.) ; M. P.97 ; alkaline; bitter ; salts have blue fluorescence. 8 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum ether (removed by the latter from a bicarbonate solution—compare Alstonine), Reactions : Ammonia, pp. and magnificent blue fluorescence. Platinum chloride ) Gold chloride ) Potassium bichromate, yellow pp. and red coloration (not permanent). Mercuric chloride, pp. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid ) : cb » -+molybdic (Fréhde’s soln.) | purple. nitric acid = sulphuric acid and potassium bichromate, greenish-blue. | (f) ALSTONIDINE A. (Hesse’s), closely resembles O, and 8.’s Alstonine, but not identical. Crystallizes in needles; M.P. 181°; bitter. Soluble in acetone, Salts have blue fluorescence. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and ammonia. No colours with concentrated sulphuric acid or Frohde’s solution. (g) ECHITIN (Cynanchin? see Asclepias group), C,.H;,0.; non-alkaloidal, non-glucosidal ; erystallises in needles ; dextro-rotatory. Soluble in 1,430 parts of alcohol, and in ether and chloroform, (h) ECHICERIN (Cynanchocerin ?), C,,H,,0. ; wax-like, crystalline, dextro- | rotatory. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, acetic ether, and with difficulty in acetone. Saponifiable, yielding a substance crystallizing in needles. (‘) ECHIRETIN (=UWactucerin=Cubeb Camphor, Hesse). Aromatic. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, acetic ether, and hot alcohol. § 12. AMARYLLIS formosissima (Amaryllidacee) ; alkaloid (a). Investigators : Arata and Gieger. A. Belladonna, alkaloid (b). (a) AMARYLLINE A. Crystallises in needles from alcohol ; M.P. 196° (previously becoming brown). Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and with difficulty in water. Precipitants : [Not tannic acid. ] Picric acid, yellow. ” Bismuth potassic iodide ) Cadmium potassic iodide j [Not platinum chloride. ] Mercuric potassic iodide, yellowish- [Not potassium bichromate. | green. ‘Pps. also with other alkaloid precipitants.’ yellow. PLANTS, Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, red-brown~ brown~ green with water. Fréhde’s solution, brownish-green. (b) BELLAMARINE A. Crystallizes in needles; M.P. 181° (previously browning). Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform. Precipitants : Alkaline carbonates, Tannic acid, white. Potass. bichromate, crystalline pp Bismuth potassic iodide, white. Picric acid, yellow. Cadmium potass. iod., yellow-white. Platinum chloride, yellow. Merc. potassic iodide, yellow-green. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, gray~red on warming. Concentrated sulphuric acid-+nitre, yellow-green. - ps 5) +potass. bichromate, yellowish-greenw brown. Fribde’s solution, brown. § 15. AMMI WISNAGA—the seeds (‘ Kell’); Investigator: Mustapha, Compt. R., Aug., 1879. KELLING. Crys. silky needles, neutral, very bitter. Action emetic and narcotic. Soluble in hot water, amyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, and chloroform, but with difficulty in these fluids when cold ; readily soluble in ether. Reactions : Fehling’s solution, reduced. Imbellifere. Egypt. Nessler’s _,, white pp., sol. in alcohol. Loew’s reagent 3 ss excess. §$ 14. ANAGYRIS fcetida ; Leguminose. Investigators : Gallois and Hardy. ANAGYRINE A., C,,H,,N.O.; amorphhous, alkaline, bitter. Salts crystalline. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzene. Precipitates with most alkaloid reagents. Concentrated sulphuric acid, unchanged cold; musk-like odour on warming. § 15. ANCHIETA salutaris ; Violacew. Investigator : Peckolt, Archiv. Pharm. [2).97.271. ANCHIETINE A. Crys. light yellow needles, feebly alkaline, pungent taste. Salts crystalline. Action emetic. Soluble in alcohol ; not in ether, nor cold water, and scarcely when hot. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 9 § 16. ANDIRA anthelmintica, Leguminose. tree bark.’ Used as anthelmintic. Ratanbia. ) ANDIRIN B. Yellowish-brown. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether. § 17. ANEMONE nemorosa, pratensis, pulsatilla; Ranunculus bul- bosus, flammula, scleratus, etc. Ranunculacee. ANEMONIN B., C,;H,.0, or C,,H,O, (Beckurts) ; anhydride of a dibasic acid. Crystallizes in clino-rhombic prisms ; M.P. 152°-156° ; volatile in aqueous vapour ; without odour ; poisonous. Soluble in chloroform, in hot water and hot alcohol (with difficulty when cold), in fixed and volatile oils, scarcely in ether. Alkaline hydrates j Ammonia f § 18. ANGELICA (Archangelica officinalis), Umbellifere. The root. ANGELIN (Hydrocarotin? B. Brimmer. No/ the Angeline of Ferreira —see Ratanbia), C,,H,,0 ; crys. pearly plates that float on water ; taste- less ; odourless. Soluble in water, alcohol (difficultly cold), chloroform, ether, benzene, turpentine, fatty oils, and carbon bisulphide. Reactions : [Alkaline hydrates, no action even boiling. | Vo pps. lead acetate, neutral or basic. Tannic acid. Mercuric chloride. Concentrated sulphuric acid colours red without dissolving it. § 19. ANGOSTURA (Angustura; Galipoea officinale, or Cusparia febrifuga), Hutacee. The bark. The bark—‘ Cabbage- dissolve with decomposition. (a) ANGOSTURIN B. (Cusparin), ©),H,,Oi, Beckurts, Archiv. Pharm., | 1891. Crystallizes in small four-sided needles, M.P. 45°, neutral. Soluble in alcohol, scarcely in water, not in ether. Reactions : : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve. Tamnnic acid, pp. Mercurous nitrate, purple. (b) GALIPINE A., C,,H.,NO, (this, and succeeding substances, investi- gated by Koerner and Bohringer, Beckurts and Nehring). Crys. silky needles, white, but salts golden yellow. M.P. 115°5°. (For Andira retusa, see under | Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, | (¢) GALIPIDINE A., CyyHigNOs ; crys. silky leaflets, white, but salts light | yellow ; M.P. 111°. Soluble in petroleum ether. aa CUSPARINE A. (Kusparine), C,,H,,NO, ; crys. long, broad needles ; Wildes bese Less soluble than above. Salts difficultly soluble. (e) CUSPARIDINE A. (Kusparidine), C,,H,,NO, ; crys. needles (rosettes | from dilute solutions) ; M.P. 78° ; salts white, and more readily soluble than those of Cusparine. Soluble in petroleum ether. (f) A GLUCOSIDE present but not isolated. § 20. ANTHEMIS nobilis (Chamomile), Composite. The flowers. In- vestigator : Pattone. ANTHEMINE A. Crys. regular, alkaline reaction, tasteless, odourless. Soluble in chloroform (which removes it from acid solutions), in acetic ether, with difficulty in cold water, and not in ether or alcohol, § 21. ANTHOCERCIS viscosa, Solanacee. Australia. Investigator : von Muller. ANTHOCERCINE A. Yellow oily liquid, heavier than water, agreeable odour, alkaline reaction. Soluble in alcohol and ether, with difficulty in water. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, Phospho-molybdie acid. carbonates. », tungstic acid. Todo-potassic iodide. [No action potassic iodide alone. | Bismuth-potassic iodide. Mercuric-potassic iodide. ” Taunic acid. Picric aeid. | [Ferric chloride, no action. ] Silver nitrate, slight pp. [Potassium chromate, no action. | Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-brown. 2 nitric acid, pale yellow. Fe hydrochloric acid, pale yellow. § 22. ANTIARIS toxicaria (Upas tree), Urticacew, Arrow poison. (a) ANTIARIN G., C\yHo0;; crys. glittering plates; M.P. 220° (re- crystallizing on cooling) ; neutral reaction. Boiling dilute acids convert to Antiaretin (below) and sugar. 2 a 10 Solubility : in water, 1 in 254 at 22°, 1 in 27 boiling ; in alcobol, 1 in 70 at 22° C.; inether, 1 in 2,792 at 22°. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve. Ammoniacal silver nitrate, reduced. [No pp. tannic acid nor metallic salts. ] Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-brown. (b) ANTIARETIN G., deriv. (from above). Feathery crystals. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, and petroleum ether, § 23. APOCYNUM cannabinum, Apocynacew. (See also § 23 a.) APOCYNIN G. Poisonous. Soluble in alcohol and ether, scarcely in water. APOCYNEIN G. Soluble in water. § 23a. APOCYNEZ of the Dutch Indies. The following series of plants have been investigated by Greshoff, with results as below : 1. Rauwolfia (Ophioxylon) serpentina and trifoliata, (a), (6), (e). 2. + canescens, Rauwolfia (Cyrtosiphonia) spectabilis and madurensis, (0), (c). 3. Hunteria corymbosa, the cortex, (c), (@)—0°3 per cent. of the latter. 4. Ochrosia (Lactaria) acuminata, ackering, coccinea, (e), (/). ». Melodinus levigatus, Bl., leaves, cortex, and seed (q). 6. Leuconotis eugenifolia, Dec., (1). (c), 7. Pseadochrosia glomerata, BL., possibly (d), 8. Kopsia flavida, Bl., seeds, 1:85 per cent. alkaloid, sol. ether. Sh » arborea, alkaloid, sol. ether, and substance possibly (c). 10. ,,_ (Calpicarpum) Roxburghii, a tetanus-producing alkaloid, differing from above. and a poisonous alkaloid, 11. Kopsia (Calpicarpum) albiflorum, contains an alkaloid. 12. Vinca rosea, L., contains an alkaloid. 13. Alstonea (Blaberopus) villosa, contains an alkaloid (see Alstonia). 14, Voacanga Orchipeda, (c), and a bitter alkaloid, soluble in ether. 15, Tabernemontana sphero-carpa, Bl., contains an alkaloid. 16, Rhineodia (Cercocoma) macrantha 5 3 17. Chonemorpha macrophylla DICTIONARY OF TILE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Soluble in alcohol, in water sparingly, very soluble in chloroform, petroleum ether and carbon bisulphide. (b) AN ALKALOID, giving blood-red with nitric acid (from 1 and 2 above). (c) A BROWN SUBSTANCE, soluble in ether with blue fluorescence (from 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, and 14, above). (d) AN ALKALOID, crystalline and poisonous, with sharp burning taste. Salts crystalline (from 3, and perhaps 7, above). Froéhde’s solution produces violet coloration. (e) AN ALKALOID, crystalline, colourless, moderately poisonous, soluble in ether (from 4 above). (7) AN ALKALOID, insoluble in ether, dissolved by amyl alcohol (from | 4 above). (g) AN ALKALOID, giving reactions in very dilute solutions (from 5 above). Concentrated sulphuric acid witb feeble oxidizers, greenwdeep | bluemorange. | J., T., 1882. (a) OPHIOXYLIN (Dulong’s Plumbagin), see No. 1 above. ©,,H,,0, or | C,sH;,0)5; orange crystals of tetragonal system ; M.P. 71°8°; burning taste; | resembles Juglone, (h) AN ALKALOID, crystalline, poisonous, soluble in ether (from 6 above). Precipitates with most alkaloid reagents. No colour reactions. § 24. ARALIA spinosa, Araliacew (False Prickly Ash; the true Prickly Ash=Xanthoxylum). The bark. Investigator: J. Lilly, Pharm. [For A. quinquefolia, see Panax.] ARALIIN G. Yellowish powder, neutral reaction, acrid taste. : Soluble easily in water (saponaceous solution) and dilute acetic acid, scarcely in absolute alcohol (sol. in dilute aleohol). Insoluble in ether, chloroform, or benzene. Reactions : E Alkaline hydrates, no effect—amber colour on boiling. (Ammonia, no effect.) [Lead acetate, neutral, no pp.] Lead acetate basic, pp.from which Araliin may be removed by alcohol. Tannic acid, no pp. cold, but pp. hot (the substance is, however, liable to be carried down in the cold by the pp. formed with other matters in the bark). [Platinum chloride and other alkaloid reagents, no pp.] Concentrated sulphuric acid, decolourizes and produces the odour characteristic of the plant. Nitric acid, no action. Hydrochloric acid, as sulphuric acid. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF Mem.—A tannin is contained in the root, giving red colour with potash and green with ferric chloride. § 25, ARARIBA rubra (Pickneya rufescens), Rubiacew. ARIBINE A., C.,H.)N, and with 5H,0 (Rieth and Wobler, 1861). Crys. rhombic octahedra or prisms; optically inactive; neutral; bitter; M.P. 229° with sublimate ; salts crystalline. Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in amyl alcohol or ether, and requiring 7,762 parts of cold water (easier soluble on heating, with deposition of | crystals as solution cools). Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates. 53 carbonates. Ammonia. [Lead acetate, no pp. | Iodine tincture, pp. sol. warm. Concentrated acids, pp. from solutions. {Tannic acid, no pp.] Chlorine water, pp. sol. warm. § 26. ARBUTUS group ; Ericacew, Pyrolacew, ete. A. uva ursi (Arcto- staphylos, or Bearberry), (), (/), not (d). Arctostaphylos glauca (Man- zanita), the leaves («). Chimaphylla umbellata (Pyrola umbellata= Winter green), (a) not (d). | Ledum palustre (Labrador Tea, or ‘ James’ Tea’), (a) not (d). Calluna vulgaris (7). Erica Rhododendron (c) ; Pyrola(¢); Vaccinium (Cranberry ; V. vitis | idzea=Red Whortleberry), (c), (¢) ; Azalea Indica, (c), (d) ; Gaultheria (Winter Green, see also above), (c) [no (@) in G. procumbens]; Clethra (c) [Clethra arborea and alnifolia do not contain (d@)] ; Eriodictyon, (¢) ; Epigea, (¢) ; ! Hybridum and Maximum, (d) [no(d) inR. Hirsutum }. (d) Also in all the following: Andromeda japonica [also (7), (/)], A. Catesbzi, Calyculata, Polyfolia, Angustifolia ; Kalmia Latifoha. (@) Is not contained in Erica vulgaris, nor in Oxydendron arboreum. (a) ARBUTIN G., C,;H,,0;, or C,,H,,0;(%). Crys. silky needles with 2H.,0 ; levo-rotatory ; M.P. 144°-146°, if previously dried at 100°; very hygro- scopic ; neutral ; bitter. Acids change to sugar and hydroquinone. Soluble in water and alcohol when hot, with difficulty in these fluids when cold, and scarcely in ether. Reactions : i Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate nor by other metallic salts, Rhododendron ponticum, (c), (d); R. chrysanthemum, | Bromine water, yel. pp. sol. warm. | PLANTS. 11 Ferric chloride, blue coloration. [Fehling’s solution, not reduced. | (b) METHYLARBUTIN G., C,\,H,,0;(?). Similar to Arbutin; M.P. 142°- 143°, Yields sugar and methyl-hydroquinone. (ec) ERICOLIN G., ©,,H;,0., ; amorphous brown ; semi-fusion at 100°. Removed by benzene trom an acid solution. Reactions : [Lead acetate, neutral or basic, no pp. | | Tannie acid, no pp., or but slight. | Gold chloride, no pp., but reduction on warming. [Silver nitrate, no pp.] Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-brown. ‘3 5 » with sugar, red. Frohde’s solution, brown. Warmed with dilute acid, odour of ericinol. (-) ANDROMEDOTOXIN (Asebotoxin) B., C3,H;,0,) (de Zaeyer) ; erys- tallizes in needles; M.P. 229°; lwvo-rotatory) but dextro-rotatory in chloroform solution) ; neutral reaction, bitter. Extremely poisonous, more so even than aconitine, and more emetic than emetine or apomorphine. Solubility: 100 parts of the respective solvents take up the following quantities—water, 2°81 at 12° C., 0°87 at 100°; alcohol, 11-7 at 12° C. ; amyl alcohol, 1-14; chloroform, 0:26 ; ether, 0:07; benzene, 0-004. In- soluble in petroleum ether. Reactions: Alkaline hydrates remove the colours produced by acids (on re-acidifying the solution, the colours reappear). No precipitates by lead acetate, neutral or basic, nor by usual alkaloid reagents, ; Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark brown, becoming red on warming. Dilute sulphuric acid solution slowly evaporated, magnificent red— resembling narceine reaction (see Opium). Solution in 25 per cent. phosphoric acid evaporated with a little hydrochloric acid, red. (e) VACCININ B. (nitrogen free). Crys. in prisms, fusible. Soluble in alcohol and water (crystals from a cooling solution), scarcely in ether. (f) URSON, C,,H,;O. (from Arbutus uva ursi) ; crystalline, tasteless ; M.P. 198°-200°, snblimable. Soluble with difficulty in alcohol or ether. or alkalies, Insoluble in water, acids, 12 Concentrated sulphuric acid gives yellow solution. (g) ASEBOFUSCIN G., C,,H,g0s ; reddish-brown, yielding the violet sub- stance A sebopurpurin on boiling with alcoholic hydrochloric acid. Soluble in alcohol, acetic acid, and alkalies ; scarcely in water. soluble in ether, chloroform and benzene. (A) ASEBOTIN G., CsgHygO,2. Crys. needles; M.P. 145°5° ; specific gravity, 1356 ; bitter, non-poisonous. Yields sugar and Aschogenin on treatment with acids, Soluble in alcohol, hot water, and glacial acetic acid ; with difficulty in cold water, or in ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve (acids reprecipitate). Lead acetate, basic, precipitates (no pp. with the neutral salt). (7) ASEBOGENIN, C,,H,,0, ? (from Asebotin) ; crys. needles, Soluble in alcohol, ether, and dilute alkalies ; with difficulty in water or chloroform. Precipitated by basic lead acetate. § 27. ARECA Catechu, Pulmacew (‘Guvaca, Betel-nut); the nut. Contains, also, Choline. For Catechin, see Catechu. (a) ARECOLINE A., C,H,,NO, or (C;NH;)CH,CO.'CH; (Methyltetra- hydro-nicotinate), E. Jahns. An oil, volatile in vapour of water, boils at 209° ; strongly alkaline, very poisonous. Salts crystalline. In- | or hydriodic acid, methyl group being eliminated). | line, neutral; M.P. 271°-272 Solubility : Miscible in all proportions with water, alcohol, ether, or | chloroform. Reactions (of the salts) : Alkaline hydrates give no pp., but liberate (a) from its salts. Tannic acid, no pp. with the salts, but free (a) gives pp. Picric acid, a tarry pp., becoming crystalline. [Platinum chloride, no pp.] Gold chloride forms a double salt (A*HCIAuCl,), difficultly solable in water. Pbhospho-molybdie acid, white pp. Bismuth-potassic iodide, pp. red, becoming crystalline. Mercuric-potassic iodide, pp. yellow oily, becoming crystalline. [Mercuric chloride, no pp.| lodine, pp. and brown solution. (b) ARECAINE A., C,H,,NO,+-H.O (E. Jahns) ; crystalline, neutral, non- poisonous ; M.P. 215° (becoming frothy). DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, Soluble in water ; scarcely in cold alcoholor in chloroform. Insoluble in ether or benzene. (Ether does not remove from alkaline aqueous solution—distinction from Arecoline. ) Reactions : Tannic acid, turbidity. [Picrie acid, no pp. } Phospho-molybdie acid, turbidity. Potassic iodide, dark crystalline pp. Bismuth-potassic iodide, pp. red becoming crystalline. Mercuric-potassic iodide, pp. yellow crystalline. (c) ARECAIDINE A., C;H,,NO,. (occurs naturally in the nut, and pro- ducible artificially from Arecoline by heating in sealed tube with alkali Tsomer of Arecaine. Crystallizes from 70 ner cent. alcohol with 1 molecnle H.0. M.P. of an- hydrous alkaloid, 223°. Non-poisonous. Soluble in water and dilute alcohol ; scarcely in absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, or benzene. Ferric chloride gives red coloration. (d) GUVACINE A., C;H,NO. or NH-CH,"CO'CO-CH(CH,)CH,. Crystal- ; non-poisonous. Soluble in water and dilute alcohol. Insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, or strong alcohol. Salts have acid reaction, and their solubilities are similar to those of the free base. Ferric chloride gives a deep red. § 28. ARISTOLOCHIACEA,, Aristolochia serpentaria, the root (Ser- pentary root, or Virginian Snake root), (a); A. Argentina, (b), (c). [For A. cava, containing Corydaline, see Corydalis. } (a) ARISTOLOCHIN B., C.2H,,N.0;;(?). Bitter, poisonous, resembling Aloin physiologically. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, pp. (purple-red on fusion with potash). Lead acetate neutral, pp. [Fehling’s solution, not reduced. ] Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark green, Dilute acids, precipitate from solution. (b) ARISTOLOCHINE A. (not identical with above—O. Hesse, 1892) ; amorphous, resinous. ‘ DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 13 Soluble in alchol, ether, chloroform, and benzene. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates. (ec) ARISTINE A. Crystallizes in gold lamine from hot glacial acetic acid ; neutral reaction ; decomposed at 260°. Soluble in ether, chloroform, and benzene ; sparingly in hot alcohol. Alkaline bydrates and ammonia convert to red compound. Concentrated sulphuric acid, bluewgreenish, § 29. ARNICA montana (Leopard's bane), Composite. Walz, N. Jahrsb, Pharm., vols. 13 and 15. ARNICIN B., C,,H,,,0,(?). Amorphous terebinthinate (‘ possibly crystalliz- able.’ Dupuy) ; bitter, non-volatile. Soluble in alcohol and ether ; difficultly or insoluble in water. Alkaline hydrates Ammonia Precipitated by the following from alcoholic solution : Lead acetate, basic, Silver nitrate. Tannie acid. Mercurie chloride. Platinum chloride. § 30. ARTEMISIA absynthium (Wormwood), Composite (a). A. abrotanum (Southernwood), (b); A. maritima (Semen santonici, Semen contra, or Wormseed), (c). [A. herba alba, Asso, (A. ramosa, Smith ; or, A. silberi, Be-s), contains no (c).] (a) ABSYNTHIIN B. or G., CyjHsg03 or C,;H,)0, (Senger) ; pale yellow, amorphous ; M.P. 120°-125°? (65° Senger) ; neutral, bitter ; convertible, according to Senger, into dextrose, a volatile substance, and a resin. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene ; with difficulty in water or petroleum ether, Benzene removes from acid solution ; petroleum spirit, only traces. Reactions: Alkaline hydrates, dissolve. [ Lead, acetate neutral or basic, no pp. | Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, brownwgreenwblue ; no characteristic odour on warming. Nitric acid, oxidizes to oxalic and picric acids, etc. Frihde’s reagent, brown~violet-blue. Investigator : dissolve. Tannic acid, pp. Gold chloride, pp. ; reduction on warming. (b) ABROTINE A., C.,H..N.O (Giacosa, 1883). Crystalline powder or needles ; fluorescent blue. Sulphate=Ab,"H,SO,6H,0, crys. Soluble with difficulty in hot water. Platinum chloride forms a compound difficultly soluble. (c) SANTONIN B. (Santonic acid), ©,,11,,0;. Crystals four-sided ortho- rhombic ; M.P. 169°-170°, yielding sublimate (if rapidly heated becomes brown, alcohol then giving a red solution) ; specific gravity 1:257 ; feebly acid reaction, bitter in alcoholic solution ; Jevo-rotatory ; anthelmintic. Solubility : 1 in 4,900 cold, 1 in 250 hot water; 1 in 72 cold alcohol, easier warm; 1 in 4°35 chloroform ; 1 in 42 hot ether; solnble also in benzene, acetic acid, and ethereal oils. Chloroform and benzene remove from acid solutions on shaking, but not from alkaline aqueous mixtures. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve (alcoholic sodic hydrate gives a momen- tary red), Lead acetate, neutral or basic (the pp. is a lead santonate, soluble in warm alcohol). Tannic acid. Mercurous nitrate. Ferrous sulphate. Chlorine water, slow deposition Copper sulphate. of crystals. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves at first colourless ; on heating to 150°, then adding 1 drop ferric chloride, red~~gradually violet. Dilute acids do not dissolve, but precipitate from solution after some days. (May be ‘shaken out’ by chloroform.) (d) HYPOSANTONIN, C,;H,,0. (Grassi-Cristaldi), formed by reduction of santonin-phenylhydrazone with sodium amalgam. Crystallizes in shining plates ; M.P. 152°; dextro-rotatory : [a]pb=+30. Soluble in benzene, warm alcohol, ether, acetic acid. Insoluble in water and cold alkaline solutions, but latter dissolve on warming. Concentrated sulphuric acid and ferric chloride, violet~green. (e) ISOHYPOSANTONIN, from (d) by dissolving in potash and reprecipi- tating withacid. Levo-rotatory : [a]p>=—7031. § 51. ASCLEPIADACEA, various. D=-—13°7]. Dilates the pupil. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and with difficulty in water. Removed from alkaline solution as atropine (see above). Precipitants : Gold chloride ; may be sepa- | rated from commercial Hyos- | cyamine by fractional pre- cipitation. Potassium ferrocyanide, white amorphous, Mercuric-potassic iodide, yellow. [ Not by potass. ferricyani.le. | Mercuric chloride, amorphous. No coloration with concentrated sulphuric acid. (*) ATROPAMINE A., C);H»:NO, ; stands to Hyoscine as does Apoatropine ” [Noi by potass. sulphocyanide., } ss » | chromate]. Phospho-tungstic acid. Iodo-potassic iodide, pp. oily. [ Not potassium iodide. | DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, 17 to Atropine.* Amorphous (varnish) ; M.P. under 60° ; slightly alkaline ; bitter (in alcoholic solution). Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and sparingly in water or petroleum ether. Precipitated from acetic solution by sodium chloride. Platinnm chloride salt melts at 203° to 204° (Hesse). Gold chloride comp-und melts at 112°. Fuming hydrochloric acid converts to atropic acid and (7), cold con- centrated sulphuric acid, or boiling baryta solution change to (/). (j) PSEUDOTROPINE A. (Hesse’s Oscine), C,H,,NO, or C,H,;NO,, Hesse ; [from Atropamine ; see also Coca (8a)]. (%) BELLADONNINE A., C,,H,,NO, (O. Hesse). From Atropamine (see above), or from Commercial Hyoscyamine by fractional precipitation with potassium carbonate. White or yellowish, amorphous, gummy, volatile, alkaline ; taste burning and slightly bitter. Soluble with difficulty in water, but dissolved by alcohol, ether, chloro- form, and benzene. Precipitated by : Potassium carbonate. Ammonia. Tannic acid. Fuming hydrochloric acid gives Pseudotropine and atropic acid (com- pare Atropamine). ‘ (1) STRAMONINE A.; M.P. 150°, with sublimate ; neutral reaction, not itter. Soluble in cils. Not preciptated by metallic salts. (m) PITURINE A. (=Nicotine (Petit), this denied by Liversidge), C,.H,,N, ; liquid heavier than water ; sharp taste, nicotine-like odour and alkaline reaction. Volatile at ordinary temperatures ; B.P. 243°. Soluble in all proportions, in water, alcohol, or ether. Precipitants : Tannic acid ; white, sol. HCL, 1 in 100, Picric acid ; yellow, 1 in 100. [Platinum chloride (neutral sol.), but not 1 in 100.] Gold chloride ; palered, 1 in 100. * E. Merck regards Atropamine as Apoatropine. Platinum chloride) yellow Gold chloride { powder. Copper sulphate ; green, insol. in excess, 1 in 100. Mercuric potassic iodide ; white, 1 in 100. [Not chlorine water. | Colour tests : No colour chlorine water. hydrochloric acid cold ; faint red on warming. 3 nitric acid cold ; yellow on warming. (n) SCOPOLIN (G.?). Amorphous ; difficultly soluble in water. Precipitants : ; Alkaline hydrates, caseous pp., sol. in excess. 3 carbonates ,, 5 # Ammonia oa i A Tannic acid (in acid or alkaline solution). (Platinum chloride, yellowish white, if concentrated.) Gold chloride, yellow. Phospho-molybdie acid, white. Todopotassic iodide, brown. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless ; agreeable odour on warm- ing. Concentrated nitric acid, colourless ; yellow on warming. (0) ROTOINE (Henschke denies that this is a base). (p) SCOPOLETIN G.-derivative (Methyl-zsculetin, Takahashi ; compare A®sculus), C,,H,O, ; colourless needles ; M,P. 198°-199° ; giving fluores- cent solutions. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and with difficulty in water. (q) MANDRAGORINE A., C,,H,,NO, (F. B. Ahrens); amorphous, brittle resinous hygroscopic ; M.P. 77°-79°. Dilates pupil. Sulphate crystal- line. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Precipitants : Picric acid. Phospho-tungstic acid. (Gold chloride compound, sol. hot and in HCl; M.P. (Mercurie chloride, crys. com- 153°-155°.) pound ; M.P. about 160°.) (r) NICOTINE A. (see Piturine above), C,)H,,N2; liquid colourless when pure, but rapidly becoming brown on exposure, lwvo-rotatory ; boils at 240°-250°, with partial decomposition in air. Specific gravity 1027 (at 15° C.); alkaline reaction, sharp burning taste. Very poisonous, 16 3 ” (Platinum chloride compound ; M.P. 194°-196°.) Todopotassic iodide. a 18 DICTIONARY OF times toxic power of Coniine. Nicotine on evaporation. Soluble in all proportions, in water, alcoho], and ether ; also soluble in benzene, chloroform, petroleum ether, oils, and in 40 parts of turpentine. It is removed from alkaline solution by petroleum ether as well as by ether, benzene, and chloroform. Sulphur is dissolved by it at 100°, and erystallizes out on cooling. Precipitants : (It is only displaced from its salts by alkalies and alkaline eai ths.) Solid potash causes Nicotine to separate from solution. Lead acetate, neutral, pp. of /ead hydrate with the free hase. Tannic acid, cloud at 1 in 500, sol. in warm hydrochloric acid, but reappearing as solution cools. [Not gallic acid. ] Picric acid in excess gives pp., otherwise not in dilute solution. pp. is amorphous, but changes to crystals. Ferric chloride, pp. of ferric hydrate by free base. Platinum chloride, pp. sol. in hot water and in hydrochloric acid ; cloud at 1 in 5,000 using HCl salt. Gold chloride, gradual cloud at 1 in 10,000. [ Not potassinm ferrocyanide. ferricyanide, sulphoeyanide. “i - chromate. . Silver-potassic cyanide. | Phospho-molybdie acid, cloud at 1 in 40,000. Phospho-antimonie acid, cloud at 1 in 250. Todo-potassic iodide to acidified solution, reddish-brown pp., in 250,000. Bismuth-potassic iodide, pp. ; cloud at 1 in 40,000. Cadmium-potassic iodide, pp., 1 in 10,000? (1 in dorff, ‘ Ermittelung der Gifte’). | Not zine-potassic iodide. ] Mercuric-potassie iodide, white amorphous resinous characteristic ; cloud at 1 in 15,000; limit, 1 in 25,000. Mercurie chloride gives with free Nicotine, white crystalline pp., 3,000, Mercurie cyanide, not with free Nicotine, but crystalline pp. when neutral Nicotine hydrochloride is added to saturated sol. of mercuric cyanide. Sults crystallize with difficulty, and lose The ” ” ” ” up to 1 500 Dragen- lin THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Chlorine gas colours brown to blood-red ; alcohol yielding crystals on evaporation. Iodine dissolved in ether gives with etheral solution of nicotine, after some hours, long needle-shaped crystals. Colour tests (mostly negative) : Concentrated sulphuric acid, no effect. with sugar, no effect. 5 ;, uitric acid, no effect. # nitric acid, "no effect, or scarcely yellow ; but with larger quantity (than ordinarily used for such tests), say half- a violet-red~blood-red~colourless. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, no effect (red amorphous residue on evaporation). Fréhde’s reagent, no effect or yellowish. substance formed is sol. in ” ” ” (s) FABIANIN G., giving fluorescent solutions. Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, ether (removed by latter from alkaline solution). : Alkaline hydrates ) Ammonia Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassic bichromate, deep green. Nitric acid, yellow. Hydrochloric acid, ditto. (t) FABIIN. Neutral, crystalline, non-fusible (browns at 270°). Soluble in absolute alcohol or in boiling 95 per cent. spirit, and in ether or chloroform. Insoluble in water. Unaffected by alkalies. Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassic bicromate, dark blue. § 36. AURANTIACEA, Citrus aurantium (Sweet orange); C. bigaradia, or C. aurantium, var. Amara (Bitter orange); C. medica (‘citron ’), the fruits (a); Citrus decumana (Shaddock), (g), 2 per cent. in dried flowers; C. limonum (Lemon), the seeds (7); Murraya exotica (7). (a) HESPERIDIN G. (see Barosmin), C..H,,O0,, (or CoH 6) 027 C. Tanret, 1888). Forms sphero-erystals ; M.P. 25(°- “D5 51°. With 3 per cent. sul- phuric acid in alcoholic solution, it yields Hesperidin + glucose (2 parts)+ isodulcitol (1 part). Soluble in acetic acid and alcohol, in 5,000 parts of hot water (crystals dissolve to deep yellow fluorescent solutions. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 19 on cooling) ; but insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon, bisul- phide, or acetone. Alkaline hydrates 55 earths (hydrates) [No pp. lead acetate, neutral or basic. | Ferric chloride, brownish-red coloration. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves, and on warming gives intense red. Treated with sodium amalgam, and then hydrochloric acid, a pp. is obtained that dissolves in alcohol to a reddish-violet solution. (D) HESPERETIN (from Hesperidin), C,)H),0,. Crystalline plates ; M.P. 224°-226° ; sweetish taste. Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in ether or benzene, and scarcely in water. Ferric chloride, brown coloration. (ec) HESPERETINIC ACID (Iso-ferulic Acid), C,,H,)0,, or Cs;H, (CH: CH.COOH)(OH)(OCH,), is formed, together with phloroglucin, by the action of hot potash solution on Hesperetin; M.P. 228°. Yields protocatechuic acid on fusion with potash. (d) ISOHESPERIDIN, C,H g02, or C5)Hg902,-+5H,0 ; same reactions as Hesperidin, but distinct therefrom (C. Tanret). (e) AURANTIAMARIC ACID, C,,H,,0, ; resinous, very bitter, levo-rotatory ([a] p= — 28°). Soluble in hot water. (f) AURANTIAMARIN G.; bitter ; probably same formula as Isohesperidin (Tanret). (g) NARINGIN G. (De Vrij’s Hesperidin ; Aurantiin), C,,H,,0,,+4+H,O (E. Hoffmann). Yellow, crystalline, bitter, levo-rotatory (—84°5° in water, or —87°6° in alcohol); M.P. 171°. Yields Naringenin and iso- dulcitol on hydrolysis, “Soluble in 300 parts water, in alcohol and acetic acid. Insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, or essential oils. Ferric chloride, reddish-brown coloration. (h) NARINGENIN (from Naringin)=Phloroglucinol-paracoumarate, or OH'C,H,CH : CH:'COO'C,H,(OH)>. (i) LIMONIN G., C.,Hs507 ? (Bernays) ; microscopic crystals ; M.P. 244° (or 275° Paterno) ; very bitter, neutral. \ dissolve ; acids reprecipitate. Soluble in alcohol and acetic acid ; scarcely in water or ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Tannic acid j pp. with the alcoholic Acids reprecipitate. Picric acid solution. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves blood-red ; water reprecipi- tates. (Jj) MURRAYIN G., CigH..0,)+13H.O (air-dried) ; crys. fine needles ; M.P. 170°, with crystalline sublimate ; feebly bitter. Dilute sulphuric acid converts to Murrayetin and glucose. Soluble in alcohol easily, and in hot water ; difficultly in cold water, and scarcely in ether. avleniue hydrates ) give solutions that are fluorescent on account of a carbonates }° Mine F urrayetin formed. i earths } (i) MURRAYETIN, C,.H,,0;; formed together with glucose from Mur- rayin. Itisa fluorescent, tasteless substance. Soluble in hot water and alcohol; difficultly in cold water or ether. Basic lead acetate gives pp. Ferric chloride, bluish-green coloration. §$ 37. BACHARIS cordifolia (Composite), S. America. P. Arata, J. Pharm., 1879. BACHARINE A. ; crystallizes in needles. Solubility, slight in cold water, better hot, and in alcohol and ether ; best in amy! alcohol. Precipitated by most alkaloid precipitants (Dupuy). § 38. BAPHIA nitida (Leguminose—Cesalpinew), Sierra Leone, ete. From the wood (‘Barwood’ or ‘Camwood’) Anderson (J. Chem. Soc., 1876) has extracted : Investigator : BAPHIIN B. (Cy.Hy)O04)n; crystallizing in lustrous needles or plates which are colourless if pure, otherwise red. M.P. below 200° C. (part only melts, remainder decomposing); odour of orris root on heating. Oxidizes on exposure, becoming yellow, then red. Yields Baphic acid on boiling (see over). Baphiin is neutral, insoluble in water, diffi- cultly soluble in benzene and carbon bisulphide, soluble in alcohol and ether. With formed. alkaline solution decomposition occurs, Baphinitin being 20 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, A white precipitate is obtained on addition of neutral lead acetate to the alcoholic solution. Dry hydrochloric acid gas gives a red, changing to violet, then green. BAPHIC ACID, from Baphiin (see p. 19), is a yellowish-white powder, soluble in alcohol and ether, but not in water. § 39. BAROSMA (Diosma) crenulata, B. serratifolia, and B. betulina (Rutacew). The leaves (Buchu leaves). Landerer, Repert. Pharm., 34, 63, and others. BAROSMIN G. (Diosmin ; possibly identical with Hesperidin) ; crystallizes in microscopic needles ; M.P. 243° C. ; agreeable odour on burning. Dilute acids convert to glucose, and a substance melting at 126° to 130° C. Baros- min is soluble in alcohol (scarcely so if cold) and in ether, volatile oils, dilute acids and alkalies, the latter with yellow colour. It does not reduce Fehling’s solution. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves to a yellow solution. § 40. BEBEERU bark (Nectandra rodixi—Lauracee), Greenheart- tree, British Guiana ; Buxus sempervirens (Box—Euphorbiacew), the bark and leaves; Botryopsis platyphylla (‘Pareira root’) and Cissampelos Pareira (Menispermacee). [Geshoff has found an alkaloid resembling Bebeerine in Hernandia sonora and H. ovigera—Lauracew |. Investigators : Fauré, Rodie, Maclaglan, etc. BEBEERINE A. (Beberine, Buxine, Pelosine), C,,H,,NO, (Fliickiger) ; crystalline or amorphous, salts amorphous. Dextro-rotatory. M.P. 150° (198° Dupuy). Becomes electric on rubbing. Alkaline reaction ; bitter. Used as tonic—dose, 1 to 10 grains of the Sulphate—is also antiseptic. Very difficultly soluble in water (6,000 parts cold, 1,500 boiling) ; dissolves in 5 parts absolute alcohol, 13 parts ether, also in amyl alcohol, chloroform, acetone, benzene, and carbon bisulphide. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates (sol. in excess). Alkaline carbonates. Ammonia (not by neutral Lead acetate). Tannie acid, yellowish-white (sol. in warm hydrochloric acid). Picric acid, yellow, amorphous at 1 in 3,000. Platinum chloride, yellow, insoluble in HCl. Gold chloride, yellowish-white. Ferro- and ferri-cyanides of potassium, yellow. Potassium sulphocyanide, white. Potassium bichromate, an immediate light yellow precipitate, floc- culent at 1 in 3,000. Phospho-molybdic in acid solution, pp. dissolves blue in ammonia. Iodo-potassic iodide, a Kermes-coloured pp. Bismutho-potassic iodide, orange-red, Cadmium-potassic iodide, Mercuric-potassic iodide (Mayer’s reagent), white. Mercuric chloride, white, dissolved by HCl or by ammonium chloride. Tridium-sodium chloride, red. White pp. by sodium phosphate, nitre, nitric acid and platino-potassice cyanide. Colour tests: Concentrated Sulphuric acid, dirty olive-green, becoming lighter in 15 to 20 hours; Fréhde’s reagent (concentrated sulphuric with molybdie acid), brownish-green, lighter after half an hour, yellowish in 24 hours ; nitric acid, brown. PARA-BEBEERINE A., C,,H, NO ; the sulphate soluble in hot water but insoluble in alcohol. PARA-BUXINE A. (Para-bebeerine ?) ; red, amorphous. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. properties. Nitric acid produces a permanent green. S/PIRINE A.; resinous, brownish-red ; soluble in alcohol (Maclaglan). The name is derived from ‘Sipiri, the Dutch name for the Greenheart- tree. Fliickiger doubts the individuality of this alkaloid. NECTANDRINE A. (regarded by vy. Planta as identical with Bebeerine), C,)H.;NO, (Maclaglan) ; amorphous powder; M.P. below 100° (melts under hot water) ; bitter. Insoluble in water; dissolves in 250 parts of ether. Soluble in chloroform. Concentrated sulphuric acid, with a little manganese dioxide, gives a magnificent green, becoming violet like the strychnine reaction. § 41. BERBERIS group. The alkaloid Berberine has been found in members of the Berberidew, Cassiew, Menispermee, Papaveracee, Ranun- culacee, Rutacee, etc.; notably in the families Coptis, Coccinium, Cocculus, Ceelocline, Geoffroya, and in particular the following plants : Berberis vulgaris (the alkaloids (a),(b),(d@) below); Coptis Teeta (‘Mahmira’ —an Indian Ranunculacea—8} per cent. Berberine, also Coptine) ; Possesses acid DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Hydrastis Canadensis, the ‘Golden Seal’ (the alkaloids (a),(/), (g), including 4 per cent. of Berberine) ; Cocculus palmatus, ‘Columbo root’ (see also Calumba); Xanthoxylum Clava Herculis, Podophyllum peltatum (see also Podophyllum), ete. [For Artarine resembling Berberine, see Xanthoxylon. | (a) BERBERINE A. (Xanthopicrit), C,,H,,NO,, and with 5H,0 ; erystal- lizes in yellow prisms or needles ; M.P. 120° C, (Fleitman), or browns at 110° and blackens at 160° (Perkin); faint quinone odour on warming ; neutral to litmus ; bitter; feebly toxic to man, poisonous to dogs and other animals. Medicinal dose, 2 to 5 grains. Solubility : It dissolves in 300 parts of cold water, in alcohol, in benzene with difficulty. Insoluble in ether and petroleum ether ; chloro- form removes traces from acid solution. Boiling alkalies convert to a resinous substance, and ammonia dissolves to a reddish-brown solution, The salts (excepting acetate and pyrophosphate) are difficultly soluble. Precipitants, etc. : Tannic acid, cloud at 1 in 3,000, increased by hydrochloric acid and dissolved on warming. Picric acid, pp. amorphous, becoming crystalline at 1 in 3,000. Platinum chloride. Be conde, immediate orange pp. at 1 in 3,000; part soluble in cold Ferro-cyanide potassium, yellow. Potassio-argentic cyanide, amorphons at 1 in 6,000. Potassium bichromate, amorphous. Todo-potassic iodide, kermes colour (or green plates in warm alcoholic solution, Bismutho-potassic iodide, orange-red. Cadmium-potassic iodide, complete precipitation. Zinc-potassic iodide, amorphous at 1 in 6,000. Mayer’s reagent (mercuric-potassic iodide). Mereuric chloride, amorphous, insoluble in HCl even warm. Bromine water, a yellow pp. Iodine, green crystals if excess of iodine be avoided. Tincture of iodine, yellowish-brown crystalline pp. Colour Reactions : Chlorine water, poured gently on to surface of Beberine solution, gives a red ring distinguishable even at 1 in 250,000. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow (olive-green, Muter). 21 Oxidizers, such as manganese dioxide, when added to the sulphuric acid solution, give colours resembling those with strychnine. Potassic nitrate, added after 10 to 15 hours solution in sulphuric acid, changes the olive-green solution to dark brown or orange. Nitric acid, brown. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, insoluble. Frihde’s reagent, brownish-green, becoming gradually lighter. (b) OXYACANTHINE A. (Vinetine, from Vinétier, the French name for Berberis vulg. ; not the Oxyacanthine from Cratwgus oxyacanthus), C,,H,,NO, or C,,H.,NO; (Riidel); crystalline; dextro-rotatory [a]p=+131°6 for chloroform solution; M.P. of the dried ammonia pp. =138°-150°, or the crystals from alcohol 208°-214° ; alkaline reaction ; bitter. Solubility : Water dissolves it with difficulty ; alcohol, 30 parts cold, 4 boiling; soluble in ether (which removes it from alkaline solution), slightly in petroleum ether ; miscible with chloroform in all proportions. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates and ammonia, soluble in excess. [Not by neutral or basic lead acetate. | Tannic acid, white. Vicric acid, yellow. [No pp. ferric chloride. | Platinum chloride, yellow, soluble in hydrochloric acid. Gold chloride. Silver nitrate, white. [Not by copper sulphate. ] Phospho-molybdie acid, yellowish-white. Mercurie chloride. Bromine solution. Todine, reddish-brown. Tartar emetic, Stannous chloride. [No pp. mercurous nitrate. | Colour Reactions : Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown (colourless to yellow—O. Hesse). Nitric acid, brownish-yellow, becoming resinous with formation of oxalic acid. Per-iodic acid, reduced. Frohde'’s reagent (molybdic and sulphuric acids), violet, becoming | brownish-green at edges, (c) HYDROBEBERINE A., Cy, Ho,NO,; formed from Berberine by reduction; | crystallized in needles or prisms. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, carbon bisulphide. Insoluble in water. Concentrated sulphuric acid gives a yellowish-green. Nitric acid oxidizes to Berberine. See Corydalis cava (Chelidonium group). (d) BERBAMINE A., isomeric with Berberine (or lower homologue by CH., Riidel). Soluble in alcohol and ether ; M.P. 156°. Platinum chloride compound, white crystalline. (e) BETA-OXYACANTHINE A., by heating Oxyacanthine in alkali. Insoluble in ether. Hydrochloric acid gives a precipitate soluble in excess. Soluble in alkalies. (f) HYDRASTINE A., C.,H,,NO,; (Eyckmann). In constitution this alka- loid closely resembles Narcotine, differing only by a methoxy group, CH;0. It crystallizes colourless, if pure ; is levo-rotatory, [a]p= —67'8 (Freund); M.P. 135°; has alkaline reaction, and is bitter when in solution (the solid alkaloid is tasteless). Soluble in alcohol, ether (about 80 parts), chloroform (very easily), and in benzene ; scarcely in water, and not in petroleum ether, ” Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, white. Ammonia, slightly soluble in excess. Tannic and picric acids. Platinum chloride, yellowish-red. Gold chloride, similar pp. Ferrocyanide of potassium, white. Potassic iodide. Todo-potassic iodide, brown. Mayer's reagent (mercuric-potassic iodide. Mercurie chloride. {Not by chlorine water. | Colour Reactions, ete. : Potassium permanganate, if not in excess, produces a fluorescent solution. Concentrated sulphuric acid, a faint yellow with pure acid, orange to red when containing nitric acid. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 7 Nitric acid alone, orange, the solution on dilution being fluorescent, Fréhde’s solution (molybdic in sulphuric acid), green, changing to brown. (g) XANTHOPUCCINE A., orange-yellow crystals. Soluble in hot alcohol. Insoluble in ether or chloroform. Precipitants : Aumonia. lodo-potassic iodide, brown. Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown. Nitric acid, brown. (h) CANADINE A., C.,H,,NO, (Methyl berberine plus two atoms of hydrogen). Soluble in ethy! acetate. Precipitated by ammonia. (‘) COPTINE A., accompanies Berberine in Coptis trifoliata ; colourless. Dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid without colour, but becoming purple on warming. § 42. BOLDOA (Peumus Boldoa=Boldo) ; Monimiacee ; Chili. BOLDINE A., alkaline, bitter powder. Scarcely soluble in water, difficultly in benzene ; dissolved by alcohol, ether and chloroform. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, soluble in excess. Ammonia. lodo-potassic iodine. Mercuric-potassic iodide. | Todine tincture, brown. Colour reactions : Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. Nitric acid, red. § 43. BRAYERA anthelmintica (Hagenia Abyssinica—‘* Cusso” or ‘Kousso’) ; Rosacee ; Abyssinia. Used as anthelmintic. The flowers. KOSIN B., Cs,Hyg01) ; yellow rhombic crystals ; M.P. 142° (194° ?); acid reaction ; bitter and sharp taste. Scarcely soluble in water, but dissolved by alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon bisulphide, glacial acetic acid, alkaline hydrates and carbonates. Precipitated by neutral lead acetate. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF - Ferric chloride gives red coloration with the alcoholic solution. Concentrated sulphuric acid produces a red amorphous substance, CygH 5,019. § 44. BRYONIA alba (Cucurbitacer). Walz and others. BRYONIN G., C,,H.,0,, ? (Walz) ; amorphous ; very bitter; yields sugar and Bryonetin. Soluble in water, alcohol (2 to 3 parts). Precipitants : Tannic acid, Platinum chloride. {Not precipitated by basic acetate of lead. ] § 45. CAILCEDRA bark (Swietenia, or Khaya Senegalensis) ; Cedrelacee ; Africa. E. Caventon, J. de Pharm. (3) 16, 355 and 33, 123. CAILCEDRIN B.; amorphous, brittle, resinous, bitter, neutral, fluorescent; M.P. 70°-80°. ? Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform ; with difficulty in water, to which, however, it imparts its fluorescence. Tannic acid gives a precipitate soluble in excess. Not precipitated by lead acetate (neutral or basic), ferric chloride, nor platinum chloride. § 46. CALABAR bean (Physostigma faba; P. venenosum) ; Legu- minosa ; W. Africa. PHYSOSTIGMINE A. (Eserine), C,,H.,N.0,; crystallizable only with great difficulty ; lxvo-rotatory ; tasteless or slightly bitter ; alkaline ; M.P. 45°, decomposed in part at 100°, and even at lower temperatures, becoming red; extremely poisonous, producing death by asphyxia or cardiac paralysis ; contracts pupil when locally applied. Solubility : It is dissolved easily by alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and carbon bisulphide ; with difficulty by water, and not by petroleum ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates and carbonates, oily pp., but only with concen- trated solutions ; a colour effect is produced, however, namely, an intense red, changing successively to yellow. green and blue. [No pp. lead acetate, neutral, nor by picric acid or platinum chloride in a solution of 1 in 250.] Tannic acid, pp. reddish, 1 in 3,000, dissolved by HCl. The root. Investigators : Insoluble in ether. PLANTS. 23, The free base precipitates iron as hydrate from a solution of ferric chloride. Gold chloride, blue coloration, 1 in 2,000, and reduction of gold. Phospho-molybdic and iodo-potassic iodide give precipitates—the latter kermes-coloured—1 in 25,000, Cadmium-potassic iodide, yellowish-white, 1 in 1,000. Mercuric-potassic iodide, 1 in 5,000 ; the pp. is soluble in a mixture of ether and alcohol, and has a melting point, 70°. Mercurie chloride, reddish-white, soluble in HCl. 500. Ghiowde of lime (bleaching powder) and bromine solution both give red coloration, the latter distinguishable at 1 in 5,000. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, becoming orange-green (gradual red, Muter). Sulphurie and nitric acids mixed, or nitric acid alone, yellow to red. Concentrated hydrochloric acid also gives a reddish coloration. The sulphate, neutralized with ammonia and warmed, gives the series of colours mentioned after alkaline hydrates above. Barium hydrate produces the red substance Rubreserine, soluble in chloroform. CALABARINE A. (obtained by Poehl, Pharm. J., Russland, 17, 38°, from the solution from which Physostigmine has been removed by shaking with ether, which does not dissolve Calabarine) ; known only in solution ; it is more powerfully levo-rotatory than Physostigmine, differs from the latter in producing tetanus, in being insoluble in ether (it is soluble in water and alcohol), and in the fact that the precipitate produced with mercuric-potassic iodide is insoluble in alcohol. It is precipitated by phospho-tungstic acid. [Not by lead acetate, neutral or basic. ] § 47. CALENDULA officinalis (Marigold) ; Composite ; the leaves and flowers. Investigator: Geiger, Dissertn., Heidelberg, 1818. CALENDULIN. Neutral principle, amorphous, transparent, yellow, tasteless. Soluble in alcohol and glacial acetic acid, not in ether ; swells up in water. It is dissolved by ammonia and alkaline hydrates. The alcoholic solution is precipitated by : Lead acetate, both neutral and basic, and by Mercurie chloride. {Not by tannin. | § 48. CALOTROPIS gigantea and C. procera (C. Mudarii)=Mudar [No pp. at 1 in 24 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, bark (Aselepiadacew) ; the root; usedin India against leprosy ; an emetic. Investigator : Duncan, Phil. Mag., 10, 465. MUDARIN B. ; amorphous, yellow, bitter. Soluble in alcohol and cold water, gelatinizing on warming. in ether and turpentine. § 49. CALUMBA ROOT (Cocculus palmatus, or Jateorhiza Calumba) ; Menispermacee ; B. Africa. For Berberine, which is contained in the drug, see Berberis group. CALUMBIN B. (Columbin), C.,H,,.0, (discovered by Wittstock, see Pogg., Amnal. 19, 248 ; further investigated by Paterno, (razz. Chim.) ; neutral, bitter ; crystallizes from acetic acid in prisms. Soluble with difficulty in water, alcohol, and ether (more easily in the latter two fluids when warm) ; also in chloroform and glacial acetic acid. It is removed from an acid solution when shaken with ether or chloro- form, but not entirely by the last-named solvent. It is dissolved by alkaline hydrate solution ; acids reprecipitate. It is not precipitated by metallic salts, nor by tannin. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves with yellow to red coloration. CALUMBIC ACID B. (Columbic Acid), ©,,H.,.0, (Boedecker) ; pale yellow, amorphous, bitter ; acid reaction. Soluble in alcohol, acetic acid, dilute alkalies, and lime-water ; soluble with difficulty in ether, and scarcely in water. From its solution in alkalies it is precipitated by hydrochloric acid. From alcoholic solution it is thrown down as a yellow pp. by lead acetate, § 50. CALYCANTHUS glaucus (Calycanthacee) ; the kernels of the seed ; 3 per cent. CALYCANTHINE A.; crystalline. Insoluble in water or alcohol, but dissolved by ether. In consequence of the presence of fat in the seeds, it is liable to be taken up by petroleum ether. Concentrated sulphuric acid gives a pale yellow, becoming brick-red with bichromate of potash, or purple to blue with sugar. Nitric acid produces a bright green, § 51. [CANTHARIDES (Spanish Fly). Though not of vegetable origin, this is included on account of the active principle contained in it, Viz. : Insoluble CANTHARIDIN, ©,)H,20, (Homolka); of acid nature ; powerfully vesi- cant; sublimes at 180°, and volatile at lower temperatures in the vapours of alcohol or water. Solubility in water very slight (common salt assists); soluble in 800 parts of alcohol (in which its salts are soluble with difficulty even warm), in 80 parts of chloroform (the best solvent), 900 of ether, 500 of benzene, 2,000 of carbon bisulphide, and in amyl alcohol. It may be extracted from an acid solution by shaking with amy] alcohol, chloroform, ether, or benzene. Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Neutral lead acetate precipitates, white crystalline. Palladium chloride, yellow hairs. Silver nitrate, white crystalline. Copper and nickel sulphates, green crystalline precipitates isomorphous with the palladium salt. Mercuric chloride, white crystalline. Alkaline permanganate, hydriodic acid, and sodium amalgam appear to be without action. § 52. CAPSICUM annuum (C. fastigiatum) ; So/anacee ; the fruits= chillies or cayenne pepper when ground. Investigators: Buchheim, Arch. Pathol., 1872; Thresh, Ph. J. Vrans., 1876; Braconnot, Ann. Chim. Phys. (2), 6, 1, 124; and Fliickiger. These may be conveniently taken to- gether, as their properties in many respects coincide; in the following statement, B. refers to Buchheim, T. to CAPSICOL A. (of Buchheim) | Thresh, Be. to Braconnt, and F. to CAPSAICIN (of Thresh) < Fliickiger. Formula, C,H,,NO, (T., F.) ; CAPSICIN (of Braconnot) strong odour, burning taste, (Be.) ; M-.P. 76° (T.), 58° (Bc.); volatile at 115° C., decomposed at 120° (T.) ; crystalline (T., F.); [reddish-brown liquid (B.), soft yellowish-brown, amorphous (Be.)]}. Soluble in alcohol and ether (B., Bc., T.), benzene (T., Be.), petroleum ether (B., Bc.), with difficulty (T.) ; amyl alcohol (T., Be.) ; with diffi- culty in water, easily in acetic ether and fixed oils ; not readily in tarpen- tine. It is dissolved by concentrated acetic acid, being precipitated therefrom by water. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 25 Capsicin (Be.) is Soluble in alkaline hydrates, [Not in carbonates. | Ammonia converts to soapy mass. Barium and calcium salts give pps. in concentrated alcoholic solutions. It is not precipitated by basic acetate of lead, tannic acid, gold chloride, or silver nitrate (with strong alcoholic solution, the latter does give a pp). Ferrie chloride, no change cold, red pp. on warming (T.). Concentrated sulphuric acid gives with Capsicol (B.) a colourless solution becoming successively red, purple and black on warming. Nitric acid, red (becoming yellow with alkalies). Pungency is destroyed by oxidizers. § 53. CARAPA Guianensis (C. Tulucunna) ; Meliacec ; 8. the bark. CARAPIN B (‘ doubtful, E. Carentou) ; O 38:42 per cent. ; amorphous, resinous Soluble in water (not easily), alcohol, ether and chloroform. No decided colours with concentrated acids, ete. TULUCUNNIN B.; pale yellow, amorphous ; ead reaction ; very bitter. Soluble in 150 parts of cold water, in alcohol and chloroform ; not in ether. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves brown, changing to blue ; or, if a few dreps of water be added immediately after the acid, a splendid blue is at once obtained, Hydrochloric, phosphoric, warm citric oxalic, or tartaric acid each pro- duces the same colour. Nitric and acetic acids do not. § 54. CAROBA LEAVES (Jacaranda procera, or America ; composition, C 55:04, H 6°54, Cybistax anti- syphilitica) ; Bignoniacee ; Brazil. The substance Carobin below ; and Sparattosperma leucantha leaves (same botanical order), Sparatto- spermin. Investigator: Peckolt, Ph. J. Trans., 1882, and Zeit. oest. Apothr., 16, 361. CAROBIN B.; crystallizes in needles. Soluble in hot water and hot alcohol ; ether, Precipitated by tartar emetic. SPARATTOSPERMIN B., C,,H,,O;, ; crystallizes in microscopic needles ; M.P. 245° ; yields no sugar with acids. not in those fluids cold, nor in Soluble in alcohol. Insoluble in water, amyl alcohol, chloroform, ether, or pretroleum ether, It is taken up by ether and water to some extent on long boiling. § 55. CASSIA acutifolia (C. lanceolata, or Alexandrian Senna) ; C. eneuctirolia (C. elongata, E. Indian or Tinnevelly Senna)—the substances (a) and (b); ‘Albizzia Saponaria—substance (a); Leguminosae. [Not to confuse with Cassia bark, Cinnamomum Cassia.] Note: Some of the Cassiex contain Beberine, see Beberis group. Tephrosia and Cynanchum have been used as adulterants of senna ; for Cynanchum, see Asclepias group. (a) CATHARTIC ACID G, (exists in form of magnesium and calcium salts); brownish tw black ; amorphous ; acid reaction ; with boiling dilute acids it forms cathartogenic acid and sugar. It is soluble in alcohol and alkaline hydrate solution, being re-precipi- tated therefrom by acids. Insoluble in ether. (b) SENNAPICRIN G., C,,H,,0,, ; amorphous, bitter. Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in water, and not in ether. Yellow coloration with alkalies, and Green with ferric chloride. § 56. CATECHU (Acacia or Bombay Catechu—Cutch) ; Leguminose— Mimosee ; Areca Guvaca and Nauclea Gambir, Rubiaceae (the nuts= Columbo Catechu); ‘Kino’ from Pterocarpus erinacee ; Asperula Tt gives a odorata ; Mahogany (the wood), etc., ete. See also Areca for Areca Catechu. CATECHIN (Catechuic Acid), C.,H,,0,--5H,0, or C,,H,0, (?) ; crystallizes in long needles from the slowly -cooled aqueous solution ; Mie 22 (Zwenger) ; . somewhat bitter, with a slight acid reaction, though having no markedly acid character. Soluble in 3 parts of boiling water, but requiring 1,133 in the cold ; it is dissolved by 2 to 3 parts boiling alcohol, and 5 to 6 cold ; also in ether, glacial acetic acid, turpentine, and alkaline solution—in the latter case with brown coloration. Precipitants : Lead acetate, neutral or basic, white. Ferric chloride, greenish-brown, Gold chloride, reddish-brown. Silver nitrate ammoniacal, green, changing to violet and black, Mercurie chloride and mercurous nitrate, dirty white. 4 DICTIONARY OF It reduces platinum chloride, copper sulphate, and Fehling’s solutions, | THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Soluble in cold water (122 parts), in alcohol and glacial acetic acid ; not No precipitates are given by tartar emetic, alkaloids, or gelatin (dis- | in ether. tinction from tannin). Concentrated sulphuric acid, warm, dissolves with purple-red colour, Nitric acid decomposes ; red fumes are evolved, and oxalic acid is produced. § 57. CEANOTHUS Americanus L.; Rhamnacee ; N. America. The dried leaves constitute ‘New Jersey tea’; the root bark contains 4 per cent. of the following alkaloid. Investigator: F. Gerlach, Amer. J. Pharm., 1891. CEANOTHINE A. Formula has not been ascertained; it contains | nitrogen and closely resembles caffeine ; is crystalline, neutral, bitter, and | melts at 190°. Forms salts only in acid solution. Soluble in chloroform and ether. Fehling’s solution is reduced after boiling. § 58. CEPHALANTHUS occidentalis (Swamp Dogwood) ; Rubiacee ; N. America. Investigators : Mohrberg and Claasen. CEPHALANTHIN G., Co,H,,0¢ ; amorphous ; dextro-rotatory ; very bitter (1 in 25,000). On builing with acids, Cephalanthein, C\sHog0 (a erystal- line substance), and sugar are produced. Soluble in alcohol, amy! alcohol, and acetic ether ; with difficulty in ether, chloroform and water (frothy solution). Fehling’s solution reduced after boiling. CEPHALIN G. ; crystalline, fluorescent (1 in 2,000,000). Yields sugar and Cephaleti rystalline substance giving fluorescent solutions with | Rene eo ce wane Polstorff, Arch. Pharm. [2], 18, 176. alkalies. Cephalin is soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform ; so in water. Dissolved also by alkalies and ammonia. § 59. CERBERA Thevetia L. (Thevetia neriifolia, Juss) ; Apocynacee ; the substances (a) and (b) ; investigators, De Vrij and Blas, N. Jahresb. Ph., 31, 1. Thevetia Ycotli, Apocynacew, the substance (c) ; Herrera, Pharm. J. Trans., 1877. Cerbera Odollam, Apocynacee, the substances (d) and (e) ; Greshoff, 1891. (a) THEVETIN G. (Cerberin ? see below), C5,;H3,Oo, (?) ; crystallizes in microscopic plates ; levo-rotatory ; M.P.170° ; bitter, poisonous ; decom- poses with formation of Theveresin (see below) and sugar (?). very difficultly Gives n» precipitates with metallic salts. Concentrated sulphuric acid, a reddish-brown, changing to cherry and then violet in a few hours ; water destroys the colour, (b) THEVERESIN, formed from above, is neutral, amorphous, resinous ; M.P. 140°. Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in water, scarcely in ether, not in chloroform or benzene, Alkalies give yellow solutions. Concentrated sulphuric acid, the same colours as Thevetin. (c) THEVETOSIN G. ; crystallizes in four-sided prisms ; poisonous ; yields sugar and a resin. ; Insoluble in water, slightly in ether. (d) ODOLLIN, poisonous. Soluble in water, alcohol, amy] alcohol. Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. Violet colour with concentrated sulphuric acid. (e) CERBERIN B. {compare Thevetin above) ; crystalline ; nitrogen free ; Insoluble in chloroform. | neutral; bitter and burning taste, poisonous; non-glucosidal, but acids | decompose ; M.P. 165°. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, 80 per cent. ether, glacial acetic acid ; not in water. Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet colour (as with Odollin). § 60. CHAAROPHYLLUM bulbosum; Umbellifere. Investigator : CHAEROPHYLLINE A. ; alkaline, volatile. The sulphate is soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Precipitated by Tannic acid. | § 61. CHAMASLIRIUM luteum ; Melanithacee (Colchicacew); 10 per cent. of rhizome. Investigator: Greene, Amer. J. Ph., 50, 250. Chamez- lirin was also found by Nevinny in a specimen of supposed East Indian Tpecacuanha, but which he believes to have been derived from Helonius dioica (Liliacew). CHAMALIRIN G. ; amorphous, light yellowish-red ; bitter. Soluble in water (producing frothy solution), in alcohol and acetic acid; Picric acid. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE. PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 27 with difficulty in ether. ether, carbon bisulphide. § 62. CHARA feetida, palmella, oscillaria, nostoc ; Characew. Investi- gator: Phipson, Pharm. J. T., 162, 479. CHARACIN. Non-crystalline, fat-like, volatile substance ; ‘ marshy’ odour ; floats on water. Soluble in ether and alcohol. § 63. CHELIDONIUM majus (Celandine), (a), (b), and Protopine, see Opium; Sanguinaria Canadensis (Puccoon, or Blood-root), (a). (b), and Protopine ; Glaucium luteum, (a), (e), (f); Macleya cordata (Bocconia cordata, native of -iapan), (a), and Protopine (Macleyine) ; Eschscholzia Californica, Morphine, (a) probably, and two others (Walz); Stylophoron dipbyllum, (). Papaveracee. (a) CHELERYTHRINE A. (one of the two Macleya alkaloids; one of the Eschscholzia alkaloids; Sanguinarine? Schmidt gives ©.,H,,NO, for Sanguinarine, and C,,H,,NO, for Chelerythrine, and states that the former gives red salts and the latter yellow; otherwise the two alkaloids closely resemble each other. This is confirmed by G. Kénig. Commercial Sanguinarine was found by latter chemist to contain [in addition to Chelerythrine, which predominated] Protopine. Sanguinarine, and Homo- chelidonine) ; C.,H,,NO, (E. Schmidt), or C,,H,,NO, (Limpricht) ; erys. needles; alkaline reaction; liberates ammonia from its salts; bitter in alcoholic solution; fluorescent ; optically inactive ; on heating, it becomes resinous at 65°. Salts are orange-coloured, and mostly soluble in water, possessing burning taste, and giving red coloration with acid vapours. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, amyl alcohol, benzene, petroleum ether, fatty and volatile oils ; not in water. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, gray case- Insoluble in chloroform, benzene, petroleum Potassium chromate. ous. Mereuric chloride, yellowish- Ammonia, gray caseous. white. Tannic acid, yellowish-red Iodine tincture. Gold chloride, dark red (M.P. Magnesia. 233°). Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-red. (6) CHELIDONINE A. (Stylophorine, F. Selle), C,,H,,NO, or C,,H,,NO, (F. Selle) ; crystallizes in plates with 2H,0; M.P. 130°; volatile in steam, not poisonous in smail doses, reaction alkaline, taste bitter. Soluble in amyl alcohol, chloroform, volatile, and fatty oils; scarcely in alcohol or ether except after long boiling. Insoluble in water. It is removed by chloroform from alkaline solution, (c) BETA-HOMO-CHELIDONINE, C,,H.,NO,=C,,H,,(OCH,),-NO, (E. Schmidt) ; monoclinic crystals ; M.P. 159°. Precipitated in solutious of 1 in 106 by : Phospho-tungstic acid, Cadmium-potassic iodide. Phospho-molybdie acid. Bromine water. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet. Froéhde’s reagent, yellow~violetw~green. (7) ALPHA-HOMO-CHELIDONINE A. (isomeric with preceding) ; C,,H,- (OCH,),NO, ; crystalline ; melting at 182°. Precipitated, as preceding base. ‘Taniie acid also gives pp. soluble in excess. Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow. Frébde’s solution, dirty-brown green. (e) GLAUCOPICRINE A. ; amorphous or crystalline, giving crystalline salts (the hydrochloride, rhombic plates or prisms) ; alkaline, bitter. Soluble in water and alcoho] ; with difficulty in ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates. [ Not neutral lead acetate. | Ammonia, Tannic acid. Colour test : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark green on warming. (f) GLAUCINE A., C,,H,,NO, ; pearly crystals ; melting below 100° C. ; reaction alkaline, taste sharp and bitter. Darkens on exposure, Soluble in alcohol, ether, and petroleum ether ; also in hot water, but scarcely in cold. The hydrochloride is insoluble in alcohol or ether ; the sulphate is soluble in alcohol. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates. Ammonia. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, bluewvioletwred ; after addition of water, ammonia gives a blue pp. (Battandier states that no violet colour is produced with pure unoxidized glaucine unless warmed. Concentrated sulphuric acid with mercuric nitrate gives rise to intense green strize on adding a crystal of glaucine. [Not neutral lead acetate. ] Tannic acid, 28 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, § 64. CHENOPODIUM album (White Goose-foo ); Chenopodiacew. The juice. Investigator : Reinsch, V. Jahrb. Pharm., 20,268 and 27, 193. CHENOPODINE A, (Leucine ? Dragendorff; vy. Gorup), Cs;H,,NO, (CyH,,NO, ?); crystallizes in microscopic needles; M.P. 180°, with crystalline sublimate and noxious odour; neutral reaction ; tasteless. Solubility: 1 in 11 cold, and 1 in 3 to 4 boiling water ; 1 in 202 cold, and 1 in 77 boiling alcohol of 90 per cent. Precipitated by platinum chloride. $65. CHIOCOCCA racemosa (Cainga root) ; Rubiaceae. (a) CAINCIN G. (Caingaic acid, Chiococein), Cy)H_,0ig (Rochleder) ; crystalline needles, acid reaction, taste gradually bitter, Action emetic aud purgative, Salts amorphous. Soluble in hot alcohol (crystals separate on cooling), difficultly soluble in water or ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates ) dissolve ; excess Ammonia (ot lime preci- or slight. ] Barium hydrate ( pitates a basic | Lead acetate, basic, pp. Calcium hydrate \ salt. [Ferric chloride, no pp.] (6) CHIOCOCCAIC acid is formed together with sugar from the above by momentary heating with acid; and (ec) CAINCETIN, C..H.,Oz, is produced when the heating is continued. § 66. CHIRETTA (Ophelia Chiretta, or Agathotes Chirayta) ; Gen- tianew. Investigator: Hohn, Arch. Ph., 139, 213. (a) CHIRETTIN B. (Chiratin), C,,H,,0,, ; amorphous, resinous, neutral, very bitter. Soluble in ether, which removes it from acid solutions. Chloroform does not extract it from either acid or alkaline solutions, or at most but traces. Reactions : [No pp. lead acetate, neutral or ammoniacal. | Tanie acid, pp. [Fehling’s solution, not reduced. (6) CHIRETTOGENIN. From the preceding by long boiling with acids. Not precipitated by tannic acid (compare aboye). (c) OPHELIC ACID B., CygHy Oi ; yellow, syrupy, acid reaction, taste at first sour, becoming bitter ; gentian-like odour. [Lead acetate, neutral, no pp., Soluble in water and alcohol, also in mixture of ether and alcohol. Precipitants, ete. : Fixed alkalies ) dissolve Ammoniacal silver nitrate, reduced. Ammonia { yellow. Fehling’s solution, reduced. Lead acetate, neutral, pp. Metallic salts, pp. (Hohn). § 67. CHRYSANTHEMUM tanacetum, (a), (4); C. Cinerarizefolium— the flowers, (c), (d); Composite. Investigators: Leppig, Pharm. Z. Russ- land, 1882; Marino Zuco, and others. (a) TANACETIN B., C 61-46 per cent., H7-7 per cent. ; amorphous, bitter. Soluble in water and alcohol, not in ether. (6) TANACETIC ACID. The individuality of this substance is denied by Leppig. (c) CHRYSANTHEMINE A., C,,H.,N.O, (Marino Zuco) ; syrupy, but dried in vacuo appears in form of silky needles; M.P. above 100°; alkaline reaction, no rotatory power, physiologically inactive. Salts mostly soluble in water, some being deliquescent. Soluble in water, alcohol, and methyl alcohol. Insoluble in ether, chloroform, or benzene. Precipitants : {Not alkalies in dilute solution. » lead acetate, neutral. } basic. [Not phospho-molybdie acid. ] Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange flocculent, becoming crystal- line. Mercuric-potassic lowish-white. [Not mercuric chloride.] Platinic-sodie iodide, brown. tannic acid. y> plerie acid. ,, platinum chloride. ] | Gold chloride, yellow crystal- line, sol. hot. Colour tests (negative) : Concentrated sulphuric acid, no action (slight resinification on heating. Fuming hydrochloric acid, no action. (d) PYRETHROSIN B., Cy,H,,0;, ; crystalline, bitter. Soluble in hot alcohol and chloroform ; less easily in ether and petro- leum ether. Insoluble in water. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, red or violet coloration. § 68. CICHORIUM intybus (Chicory) ; Compusite. The flowers. In- vestigator : R. Nietzki, Arch. Pharm. [3] 8, 327. CHICORIN G. (suggested name ; R. Nietzki’s ‘Cichorium glucoside’). iodide, yel- DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE Cy.H,,0,,4+44H.0 ; crystalline, bitter; M.P. 215°-220°. Converted by acids into glucose and a substance, C,,H,,O9, occurring in glittering needles. Soluble in alcohol and hot water (scarcely cold). Reactions : Alkaline hydrates 5 carbonates Lead acetate, gives pp. in absence of free acetic acid. Ferric chloride, green coloration. Silver nitrate, reduced. Fehling’s solution, reduced. Concentrated nitric acid, red solution. § 69. CINCHONA group. Rubiacee—Cinchonew. A great number of varieties of bark, derived from some three dozen species of Cinchona, have from time to time been employed for the antifebrile properties which they owe to the alkaloids cuntained in them ; of these, Quinine is the most valuable, and though occasionally absent or only present in traces, usually forms a large proportion of the total alkaloid of the bark, Next in importance are Cinchonine, Cinchonidine and Quinidine; the latter, however, is found in but small quantity (generally in traces, and rarely to the extent of 1 per cent., except in C. pitayensis, etc., see below). Cinchonine and Cinchonidine, on the other hand, frequently exceed the Quinine in amount, or even replace it entirely. Besides the four alkaloids already referred to, there is a long list of basic and other compounds of less general occurrence, or present in minute proportions ; sixty-six substances are here mentioned. The following table must not be rexarded as more than a rough guide ; records are to a great extent wanting as to the distribution of the rarer bases, hence a complete enumeration of the alkaloidal constituents of each species of Cinchona cannot be given, and as regards the more impor- tant alkaloids, much variation is met with in the quantities obtainable from a particular variety of bark. (Qn. = Quinine ; Qnd.=Quinidine ; Cn.= Cinchonine ; Cad. = Cinchonidine.) Cinchona affinus, Wedd, see C. micrantha (Ruiz and Pavon), Anglica, cross between C. calisaya and C. succirubra ; Qn. 0-81, Cnd, 1:49, Cn. 0°88, Qnd. 0°29, amorphous 044. Total, 3°91 per cent.* Angustifolia, R. and P., see C. lancifolia, * Analysis of Madras Barks, by D. Hooper. Insoluble in ether. | dissolve to yellow solution, ” ” PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, 29 Cinchona Australis, see C. nitida. CALISAYA (Yellow bark, Quinquina jaune royal), very rich in quinine, as much as 11 per cent. having been found (Moens) ; also Cn., Cnd., Quinamine, ete. cordifolia (Hard Columbian bark), Qn., Cn. ; poor in alka- loids (D. Hooper, 1888). excelsa, see Hymenodictyon. glandulifera, Qo. Unimportant. 3 Josephiana. Low percentage of Qn. LANCIFOLIA, Mutis (Soft Columbian, Caqueta, Carthagéne ligneux); composition very various ; Qn. sometimes absent, but frequently abundant. LEDGERIANA (Ledger bark), the richest probably of all ; Qu. 5:48, Cn. 1°33, Cnd. 0°82, amorph. 0°88—total, 8°52.* Larger quantities than these have been obtained—also Quinamine. micrantha (Huanoco gray) ; no Qn., Cnd. 1°92, amorph, 0-4 — totale aso. ” ” 5 morada. See Pogonopus, below. a negra. Qn. 5-48, Cn. O'1l, Cnd. 0-00, Qnd. trace, amorphous 0°78—total, 6°26.F nitida, R. and P. (C. scrobiculata, H. Baillon ; C. Australis, Wedd ; Cascarilla Colorada, red Cusco bark, C. Peruviana, Calisaya fibrosa : see Fliickiger) ; poor in alkaloid. Quin- amine has been isolated amongst other bases. on OFFICINALIS (Pale or Crown bark; the chief varieties are Condaminea, Bonplandiana, and © ‘rispa ; also Chahuar- gueraand Uritusinga ; Quinquina gris de Loxa is obtained from ©. officinalis var. Crispa: see Baillon). Rich in Qn.; Qn. 4°74, Cnd. 1:23, Cn. 0°10, Qnd. 0:07, amor- phous 0:42— total, 6°56. pelletievana ; aricine, cusconine, ete. Peruviana. See C. Nitida. pitayensis, Wedd (Pitayo bark) ; rich in Qn. and Qnd. = pombiana ; Qu, 4:41, Cnd. 0°34, Cn. 0:02, Qnd. trace, amorph. 0:-26—total, 5:03. pubescens ; poor in alkaloids (Fliickiger) or even deyoid of them (Hesse, 1871). * Analysis of Madras Barks, by D. Hooper. + Analysis of New Grenada Barks, by D. Howard. See No. 8 and onwards. 30 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, Cinchona robusta ; a hybrid. 55 rosolenta ; Cnd., Quinamine, Bicinchonine, Homo-cinchoni- dine, ete. rubra; red bark. See also ©, succirubra. scrobiculata. See Nitida. . SUCCIRUBRA (Red bark). More Cnd. than Qn., usually about 3 to 5 per cent. of former to 15 per cent. of latter (Dr. Paul) ; also Cn. and Quinamine—more of the last named in this variety than in others. Qnd. only trace, or absent. 55 tuna. Qn. 6°78, Cnd. 0:40, Cn. 0°38, Qnd. 0:18, amorphous 0:42—total, 8°16 per cent.* Pogonopus febrifuga, or Howardia (Bolivian Cascarilla, C. morada). Qnd, (no Cnd.), Moradeine, ete. See (32), (33). Remijia pedunculata (Cuprea bark). Qn. (1), Cupreine (21), Homo- quinine 22. Quinamine, ete. (18), (20), Concusconine, ete. (10), (11), Hydrocinchonine. purdieana (Remijia bark). No Quinine nor Cinchonidine ; traces On., also Cinchonamine, Concusconine, Chairamine and analogues (14 to 17), Cinchotine (4 per cent.). ” Croton eluteria (Cascarilla bark), Euphorbiacew. Cascarillin (28). For Bolivian casearilla, see Pogonopus. » _pseudochina. Copalchin (29). Cascarilla hexandra. Paricine (25). riedeliana (China Californica), Californin (31). The following is a list of the alkaloids and other substances here described, and the order in which they appear. (1) QUININE. (2a) Isoquinine, (2b) Quinicine. (2c) Apoquinine. (2d) Quitenine. (2e) Hydroquinine. (3) CINCHONINE. (4a) Isocinchonine. (4b) Cinchonetine. (4c) Apocinchonine. ” (4d) Apocinchonicine. (4e) Diapocinchonine. (4f) Hydrocinchonine. (49) Cincholeuponie acid. (4h) Cinchonibine. (47) Cinchonifine. (47) Cinchonigine. (4k) Cinchoniline. (47) Alpha-oxy-cinchonine. (4m) Beta-oxy-cinchonine. * Analysis of New Grenada Barks, by D. Howard. (4n) Cinchonicine. (40) Carthagine. (4p) Cinchotine. (4q) Dicinchonine. (5) QUINIDINE, (6a) Apoquinidine. (6b) Hydroquinidine. (6c) Quitenidine. (6d) Isoquinidine. (7) CINCHONIDINE, (7a) Isocinchonidine. (7b) Apocinchonidine. (7c) Cinchamidine. (7d) Homocinchonidine. (8) Aricine. (15) Chairamidine. (16) Conchairamidine. (17) Quinamine. (18a) Apoquinamine. (18b) Quinamicine. (18¢) Quinamidine. (19) Conquinamine. 20) Cupreine. 21) Homoquinine. 22) Cinchonamine. 23) Quinoidine. 5) Paricine. 6) Quinovin. a) Beta-quinovin. (9) Cusconine. (9a) Cusconidine, 8) Cascarillin. (9b) Cuscamidine. (29) Copalchin. (10) Coneusconine. (30) Lignoin. (11) Concusconidine. (31) Californin. (12) Cuscamine. (32) Moradeine (13) Chairamine. | (33) Moradin. (14) Conchairamine. (34) Javanine. (1) QUININE A., C.)H.,N.O,+1 or 3H,O ; usually amorphous, but erys- talline needles, containing 3H,O, are gradually formed from the precipi- tate by ammonia, and crystals are also obtainable from solutions in petroleum ether and benzene, but not from ether. M.P. 171°-172° when anhydrous, 120° hydrate, or 57° the trihydrate (O. Hesse) ; levo-rotatory, [a]k= —141°3 in alcohol (De Vrij) ; very bitter ; fluorescent in acid solu- tion ; alkaline reaction. Solubility: 1 in 1,667 cold water and 1 in 902 boiling (Sestini), or 1 in 364 cold and 1 in 267 boiling (Duplos) ; 1 in 2 alcohol of sp. gr. 0°82, and even easier soluble at boiling heat ; 1 in 23 cold ether (Vandenburg), or 1 in 60 (Merck), but much more readily when freshly precipitated ; very soluble in chloroform, about 1 in 1°8 (Pettenkofer) ; also dissolved by benzene, amyl alcohol, petroleum ether, carbon bisulphide, and oils. It is removed from alkaline solutions by petroleum ether, benzene, ether, chloroform, and amy] alcohol. The salts are generally less soluble than those of Cinchonine. ) Quinovie acid. ( ( ( (24) Quinetum. (25 ( ( ( ( DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLAN'S. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates. + carbonates, Ammonia (somewhat soluble, and also in amu. chloride). 53 carbonate after some hours. Alkaline bicarbonate if not dilute (no pp. at 1 in 200). Mem. Tartaric acid prevents the precipitation by bicarbonates, for | a time. No pp. sodium acetate, compare Opium.| | Not lead acetate, neutral or basic. | | Tannic acid, yellowish-white ; soluble in warm hydrochloric acid. Picric acid, amorphous. Not ferric chloride. ] latinum chloride, light yellow, nearly white; insol.in hydrochloric acid. | Gold chloride, yellow amorphous. Potassium ferrocyanide ; sol. warm, and in excess. sulphocyanide, white changing to needles, - cyanide, red coloration.) | Silver-potassic cyanide, white amorphous. Potassium bichromate, yellow amorphous (cloud at 1 in 3,000). Chromic acid (5 per cent.), a pp. with neutral salts of Q. Phospho-molybdic acid, white amorphous (caustic potash dissolves the pp. to light yellow solution, see Morphine). Phospho-tungstic acid, 1 in 100,000, Phospho-antimonie acid, pp. (cloud at 1 in 5,000). Todo-potassic iodide, reddish-brown. Potassic iodide. Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange-red (cloud at 1 in 50,000). Zinc-potassic iodide. Mercuric-potassic iodide, amorphous : limit 1 in 125,000. Mercurie chloride, white amorphous ; sol. in amm. chloride. Chlorine water in not too great excess, then ammonia ; green flocks soluble in excess to an emerald solution, (thalleioquin reaction); by | careful neutralization : blue~violet~red ; becoming again green with excess of ammonia. (Potash to the chlorine solution, yellow ; lime-water, red). Test applicable 1 in 20,000. Bromine water, as with chlorine. Other Colour reactions, negative. Concentrated sulphuric acid », With sugar ” i colourless. ” bb} | quinine to 135°, and occurring in ‘ Quinoidine,’ see (24). 31 Concentrated sulphuric acid with potas. bichromate, merely light yellow. Per-iodic acid, iodine liberated. Fréhde’s reagent, greenish. Nitric acid alone be ,, With sulphuric (2a) ISOQUININE. From Quinine by solution in strong sulphuric acid. Not precipitated by sodium tartrate. (2b) QUINICINE, isomer of Quinine ; formed by heating acid sulphate of Yellowish amorphous, bitter, alkaline, dextro-rotatory; M.P. about 60°, non- fluorescent. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether ; but with difficulty in water. Reactions : Absorbs carbonic acid. Alkaline hydrates ; oily pp. incomplete; ouly cloud in presence of Ammonia { ammonium chloride. [No pp. tartrate. | Potassium sulpho-cyanide, oily pp. Chlorine water then ammonia, as with quinine, but less intense. (2c) APOQUININE A., C,,H..N,O.+2H.0 ; from Quinine by heating with hydrochloric acid in sealed tube to 140°, whereby CH, is eliminated (escaping as methyl chloride). Crystalline, levo-rotatory, alkaline, bitter, non-fluorescent ; M.P. 160°. Soluble in alcohol. ether, chloroform, and hot water ; difficultly in the latter when cold. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and ammonia, but soluble in excess. Chlorine water then ammonia (thalleioquin reaction), green colora- tion, but only faintly. (2d) QUITENINE=Dibydroxiquinine. potassium permanganate. (2e) HYDROQUININE A., C.H.gN.O0., and with 2H,O. Accompanies Quinine (in the Cinchona barks, and up to 4 per cent. in commercial quinine sulphate ; separable from Quinine by fractional precipitation of the acid sulphates). Crystalline, levo-rotatory (— 142°2°), alkaline, bitter ; M.P. 168°, fluorescent in sulphuric acid solution. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon bisulphide, aqueous acetone and ammonia ; slightly in water. | colourless. From Quinine by oxidation with 32 Precipitated by sodium hydrate, amorphous becoming crystalline. Chlorine water, etc. (thalleioquin reaction), as quinine. Potassium permanganate, only slowly decolorized. (3) CINCHONINE A., C,,H,.N,O (Laurent, ete.). Crystallizes in needles or prisms (no crystalline hydrate). Dextro-rotatory ; [a]R=237°5 in alcoholic solution. Melting point has been variously given as 140°, 165°, 250° by different observers; purple fumes are obtained on heating ; reaction alkaline, taste bitter, non-fluorescent. Solubility : 1 in 3,800 cold, 1 in 2,500 boiling water ; 1 in 140 alcohol; lin 40 chloroform ; 1 in 371 hot ether ; soluble also in hot benzene, in amyl alcohol, and in olive oil (1 in 100); but scarcely in cold ether, cold benzene, or petroleum ether, and with difficulty in essential oils. Tt is removed from both alkaline and acid solutions by chloroform ; in traces only by ether or benzene from alkaline solution ; not at all by petroleum ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates ) soluble in excess (Dragendorff) ; very slightly (Hiisemann). the amm. pp. is amorphous, but becomes erystal- line. Ammonia Alkaline carbonates. & bicarbonates. Tartaric acid prevents the precipitation by bicarbonate until boiled. [Not by lead acetate, neutral or basic. | Potassium ferrocyanide, neutral solution, yellowish-white, insol. on warming or in excess (Dupuy) ; no pp. 1 in 500. Potassium sulphocyanide, white floceulent becoming crystalline ; sol. alcohol ; no pp. 1 in 500, Silver-potassic cyanide. Potassium bichromate, pp. (gradual at 1 in 3,000, Dragendorff). Chromic acid (5 per cent. solution to the neutral salt), pp. Phospho-molybdie acid, pp ; cloud at 1 in 200,000, slight opalescence at 1 in 500,000. Phospho-antimonie acid, pp.; bluish-white at 1 in 1,000; cloud at 1 in 5,000. Todo-potassic iodide, kermes pp. up to 1 in 500,000. Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange-red—limit as phospho-molybdie acid. Tannic acid, yellowish-white ; sol. in hydrochloric acid on warming ; cloud at 1 in 40,000. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, Picric acid, yellow becoming crystalline (sol. in excess, Dragendorff) ; reaction distinct at 1 in 100,000 ; feeble cloud at 1 in 200,000. Platinic chloride, lemon pp. ; insol. hydrochloric acid, 1 in 500, Gold chloride, lemon pp. ; distinct cloud 1 in 100,000, feeble at 1 in 200,000, Cadmium potassic iodide, hair-like crystals up to 1 in 50,000 ; cloud at 1 in 100,000. [Zine potassic iodide, no pp., or very slight. ] Mercuric-potassic iodide, pp. ; cloud even at 1 in 600,000 (? limit 1 in 75,000, Dragendorff), Mercurie chloride, white amorphous ; feeble at 1 in 10,000. Red compound fermed on heating concentrated solutions. Chlorine water, no coloration ; on addition of ammonia, white pp. Sundry tests : Potassium persulphide, gradual white pp. on heating. Cadmium chloride, white crystalline pp. Heated with tartaric acid, vapours yellow~violet. Many oxidizing agents give red coloration. Colour tests (negative) : Concentrated sulphuric acid $5 35 » With sugar np 4 ». With nitric acid Pa nitric acid Acids in general Frohde’s reagent. ) Per-iodic acid, iodine liberated. (4a) ISOCINCHONINE A. (see (4j), Cinchonigine), C,,H..N,O. Formed like the corresponding Isoquinine. Alkaline, levo-rotatory ; M.P. 125°, volatile in steam. Soluble easily in alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, and chloroform. Insoluble in water or alkalies. (4b) CINCHONETINE A. From Cinchonine by oxidation with potassium permanganate, or lead peroxide and dilute sulphuric acid. A dark violet substance. (4c) APOCINCHONINE A., CygH..N,O. Prepared like the corresponding Apoquinine, but no methyl group is eliminated as in the formation of the latter. Crystallizes in anhydrous prisms ; M.P. 209° ; dextro-rotatory (+160° in alcohol) ; alkaline, bitter, non-fluorescent. Soluble in alcohol, difficultly in ether or chloroform, and not in water. colourless. DICTIONARY OF THE Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and ammonia, flocculent pp. becoming crystalline. (4d) APOCINCHONICINE A. ing in sulphurie acid to 130°-140°. Optically inactive ; unstable. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and dilute acids. Precipitated by sodium hydrate ; resinous. (de) DIAPOCINCHONINE A., CygH,,N,Os. Apocinchonine. Pale yellow, amorphous, dextro-rotatory (about + 20° in 97 per cent. alcohol). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates (pp. resinous) and ammonia. (4f) HYDROCINCHONINE A., C,,H,,N.O. ducible from Cinchonine by reduction. salts). Alkaline reaction; M.P. 256°. Soluble in alcohol and ether. NO,+H,0. (49) CINCHOLEUPONIC ACID, C,H,» Formed with other sub- stances from Cinchonine by action of chromic end dilute sulphuric acids. [E. Jungfleisch (Compt. /end., 105 and 106), to whom are also due the next six substances, 4h to 41, which were prepared by heating cinchonine with sulphuric acid for five days. | (4h) CINCHONIBINE, A., CjgH,.N.O. From cinchonine ; see 4g. Prismatic needles; alkaline reaction; dextro-rotatory (175°8 259° ; yielding sublimate. Soluble in hot alcohol, not in ether or water. Precipitated by alkalies. Occurs naturally, also pro- Usually amorphous (as are the | ACTIVE Eroguecd fromy precoding. alkaloid’ by:heata(| methyl alcohol and acetone ; slightly in water. Formed during preparation of | PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 33 g | crystallizes in rhomboidal prisms ; M.P. 130:4° ; distils 2 vacuo ; dextro- _ rotatory (--53-2°; 1 per cent. solution in alcohol) : strongly alkaline. Soluble easily in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene ; also soluble in Precipitated by alkalies. Reduces alkaline permanganate. (41) ALPHA-OXY-CINCHONINE A., C,,H..N,O,. From Cinchonine ; see 49. Crys. prisms and needles ; dextro-rotatory (+182°56°). Soluble in dilute alcohol, not in ether. Precipitated by alkalies. | (4m) BETA-OXY-CINCHONINE A., ©,,H,,N,0,. Formed with above. Crys. needles ; dextro-rotatory (+ 187:14°). Soluble in dilute alcohol, not in ether or acetone. (dn) CINCHONICINE A., C,,Hy,N,O. See Quinoidine (24). Light in alcohol); M.P. | | Crys. prisms and leaflets ; M.P. 268°-277 (47) CINCHONIFINE A., C,,H,,N,O. From Cinchonine ; see 4y. Crystal- | lizes in needles from alcohol; dextro-rotatory (195° in alcoholic solution). Soluble in alcohol, but not in ether. (47) CINCHONIGINE A., C,,H..N,O (vegarded by O, Hesse as identical with Isocinchonine, 4a, or amorphous Cinchonine). From Cinchonine ; see 4y. Crystallizes in prisms ; M.P. 128°; distils under reduced pres- sure ; levo-rotatory (—6071° ; 1 per cent. solution in alcohol) ; alkaline reaction, non-fluorescent. Soluble in ethyl, methyl, and amyl alcohols very readily ; also in ether, | benzene, chloroform, and acetone ; slightly in water. Precipitated by alkalies. (44) CINCHONILINE A., C,,H.,N,0. From Cinchonine ; see 4g. Readily > | yellow, amorphous, gummy (so-called crystallized Cinchonicine = Ciucho- nine, O. Hesse) ; M.P. about 50° ; alkaline, bitter. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and acetone. Reactions: very much like those of Quinicine. Sodium hydrate : cloud and gradual pp. Ammonia : partial precipitation. (Does not give thalleioquin reaction with chlorine water, etc.) (40) CARTHAGINE, Probably a mixture of Cinchonine and Cinchonidine (Hesse, Arinalen, 166, 251) ; see also 5. (4p) CINCHOTINE A. (not Hlasiwetz’s Cinchotine, which is Quinidine), C,,H,,N.0. Accompanies Cinchonine; found also in Remijia bark. 77° (Skraup) ; dextro-rotatory. Soluble in alcohol, in 534 parts of ether and 1,360 of water. (4q) DICINCHONINE A., ©,,Hy;N,0,. Accompanies Cinchonine and Quinine in most Cinchona barks (Hesse). Amorphous, alkaline, dextro- rotatory, fluorescent. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone. water or petroleum ether; pp. tartrate. Gives the thalleioquin reaction, (5) QUINIDINE A. (Hesse’s Conquinine; van Heiningen’s Beta-quinine ; Hlasiwetz’s Cinchotine; Gruner’s Carthagine ; Muratory’s Pitayine ; Léwig’s Quinotine), C.)H,,N.0,+2}H,0 (from alcohol); crys. four- sided prisms or needles; also hydrates with 1} and 2 H,O. Feebly alkaline, bitter, dextro-rotatory (236°7°—3°01 c, Hesse); M.P. 120° 7) Insoluble in 34 DICTIONARY OF TILE (hydrate), or 168° (anhydrous). The acid salts show a blue fluorescence, | but the sulphate in chloroform a green. Solubility in water 1 in 2,000 cold, 1 in 750 boiling ; 1 in 26 cold | alcohol of 80 per cent. ; 1 in 3-7 boiling absolute alcohol ; in ether, 1 in 30 at 10°, 1 in 22 at 20° (the bydrochloride 1 in 325) ; also soluble in amyl alcohol and benzene ; very difficultly in chloroform, carbon bisulphide, and petroleum ether. It is removed from alkaline solutions by benzene, chloroform (with difficulty), and amyl alcohol. Precipitants : No pp. sodium bicarbonate cold, but pp. on heating. Tannuic acid, pp. sol. warm hydrochloric acid. Picric acid, amorphous pp. becoming crystalline. Platinum chloride, pale yellow ; insol. hydrochloric acid. Gold chloride, lemon pp., amorphous, Silver nitrate. Potassium ferrocyanide, yellowish white crys, ; sparingly soluble. | Silver-potassic cyanide. Potassium bichromate, yellow amorphous ; cloud at 1 in 3,000. Chromic acid (5 per cent., to neutral salt). Todo-potassic iodide, kermes colour. Potassium iodide, white amorphous ; distinctive from all Cinchona | alkaloids. | The hydriodide is difficultly soluble in water or alcohol. Cadmium potassic iodide, pp. complete. Zinc-potassic iodide. Mercuric-potassic iodide, limit 1 in 50,000, Mercuric chloride, white amorphous. Chlorine water, then ammonia, as Quinine. | Colour tests (negative, identical with those of Quinine) : | Concentrated sulphuric acid ~ _ » with sugar i = > -9y-_~-—«C tric acid - colourless. 5a nitric acid | hydrochloric acid Fribde’s solution, greenish, | (Ga) APOQUINIDINE A. (Apoconquinine), C,,H..N,O,; formed from Quinidine like the corresponding Apoquinine from Quinine, a methyl group being eliminated; amorphous, alkaline, non-fluorescent ; M.-P. (anhydrous alkaloid) 137°. ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and ammonia, the pp. being difficultly soluble in excess. Gives the thalleioquin reaction, but not so strikingly as does Quinine. (6b) HYDROQUINIDINE A. (Hydroconquinine); C.,H»sN.0. + 24H.0; found in commercial Quinidine ; crystallizes in prismatic needles or plates ; M.P. 160°-167° ; dextro-rotatory ; fluorescent (in sulphuric acid). Soluble readily in alcohol and chloroform, with difficulty in ether. Gives the thalleioquin reaction. (6c) QUITENIDINE A., CygH.,.N,0,; from Quinidine by oxidation with potassium permanganate. (6d) ISOQUINIDINE (Isoconquinine) ; formed like Isoquinine:; crystalline needles. Soluble in ether. (7) CINCHONIDINE A. (Cinchovatine; Winckler and Hesse’s Quinidine ; | the Homocinchonidine of Hesse, described at (7d), is impure Cinchoni- | dine (Skraup), or Beta-cinchonine) ; C,,H,.N.O (Pasteur); large glitter- ing prisms from alcohol ; no crystalline hydrate ; M.P.175°-206° (observers differ) ; alkaline, bitter; not fluorescent. Soluble in 1,680 parts of water at 10°, 19 alcohol of &0 per cent., 76 parts ether (Leers’ results differ from these) ; it is also soluble in chloro- form, by which it is removed from alkaline solutions. Precipitants (‘ No characteristic test, Hiisemann) : Alkaline hydrates ( Ammonia Aikaline carbonates. Fb bicarbonates. Rochelle salt. [Not neutral sodium acetate (see Opium ).] { Not ferric chloride. | Platinum chloride, pale orange, scarcely soluble. Gold chloride, yellow ; M.P. about 100°. Potassium ferrecyanide, reddish-yellow crystals, sparingly soluble. Silver potassic cyanide. Chromic acid, 5 per cent. solution to neutral salt. [Not zine potassic-iodide, or very slightly. ] Mercuric chloride, crystalline, difficultly soluble. No thalleioquin reaction. scarcely sol. in excess. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Colour tests (negative) : Concentrated sulphuric acid with sugar nitric acid }-colourless. ” ” ” # nitric acid 3 hydrochloric acid (7a) ISOCINCHONIDINE A. ; prepared like Isoquinine ; MNES 230. Readily soluble in ether and chloroform. (7b) APOCINCHONIDINE A.; formed like Apoquinine, but no methyl group | eliminated ; crystalline, very bitter; non-fluorescent. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates, and by ammonia, which gives an amorphous pp., becoming crystalline. No pp. Rochelle salt. (7e) CINCHAMIDINE A. (Hydrocinchonidine, Forst); accompanies Cin- chonidine, from which it may be separated by fractional precipitation ; C,,H.3N,0 or C,,H.,N,0; crystalline plates or needles; M.P. 230° ; levo- rotatory ; not fluorescent. Soluble in alcohol and chloroform ; with difficulty in ether. (7d) HOMOCINCHONIDINE A. [regarded by Skraup as merely impure Cinchonidine, see (7)] ; C,yHs:N.O (Hesse); accompanies Cinchonidine ; crystalline prisms or plates. Soluble in alcohol and chloroform, scarcely in water. (8) ARICINE A. (Manzini’s Chinovatine or Quinovatine; Hesse’s Cin- chonidine ?); exists to extent of 3 to 34 per cent. in China de Cusco vera (false Calisaya bark), in which Moissan found no Quinine or Cinchonine ; C,,H.,N.0,+2H.0 (Gerhardt, Hesse, Moissan); isomeric with Brucine; crystallizes in long transparent needles; M.P. 188°; lxvo-rotatory (-58-18° in alcohol, —92°30° in ether) ; ail vine, not bitter; salts mostly erystalline (but the sulphate gelatinons from water, though erys. from alcohol) ; acetate difficultly soluble in water. crystalline plates ; | Soluble in 100 parts cold or 11 parts boiling alcohol, 33 parts ether; | scarcely in water. Precipitants: Alkaline hydrates. = carbonates. Ammonia, somewhat soluble in excess. [Not tartrates of soda or potash.] Tannic acid. Picric acid. Gold chloride, yellow amorphous. Phospho-tungstic acid ) co Tilo mobeseacia ; PP-» cloud at 1 in 50,000. Potassic iodide. Mercuric-potassic iodide, pp., cloud at 1 in 50,000. Colour tests (Wittstein believes the colours are due to impurity) : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark green. nitric acid, intense green. Fréhde’s reagent, blue, changing to green. (9) CUSCONINE A. (regarded by Wittstein as identical with preceding), C.3H.gN,O, + 2H,0 ; crystalline. plates or prisms, with metallic lustre; M.P. 110° (after loss of water) ; levo-rotatory ( — 54-3 in alcohol) ; feebly alkaline ; not bitter; not fluorescent ; salts mostly amorphous; sulphate gelatinous. Soluble in alcohol, acetone, and ether, very readily in chloroform, but scarcely in water. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and ammonia ; excess. Other precipitants as under Aricine. Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-green, Concentrated nitric acid colours the alkaloid dark green, the solution becoming yellowish-green. Frébde’s solution, dark-blue ~ olive green warm ~ blue on cooling. (9a) CUSCONIDINE A. [possibly amorphous form of Cusconine (Hesse) ; compare also (8) and (9)] ; amorphous; dark brown. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates } Ammonia Gold chloride ) yellow amorphous pp., soluble with difficulty in Platinum chloride { in water. To the solution in concentrated acetic acid : Snlphuric acid gives no pp. (distinction from Paricine). Nitric acid, cloud, chauging to pp. of Cusconidine nitrate. Hydrochloric acid, cloud, disappearing on addition of water. (9b) CUSCAMIDINE A.; closely resembles the above, the only difference (observed by O. Hesse, ‘Ann. Chem. Pharm. , 200) being that Cuscamidine scarcely soluble in dirty yellow flocculent pp. 36 DICTIONARY OF gives a precipitate with nitric acid from a dilule solution of acetic acid, whereas Cusconidine is only precipitated by nitric acid froma concentrated | acetic solution. (10) CONCUSCONINE A., C,,H.,N,0, + H,O; monoclinic prisms ; M.P. 144°, solidifying on further heating, melting again at 206°-8° ; dextro- | rotatory ; neutral reaction ; tasteless (salts are bitter). | Soluble readily in ether, chloroform, or benzene; very difficultly in alcohol even boiling ; scarcely in petroleum ether, and not in water. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, resinous. [Not ammonia, nor lead acetate, neutral. ] Platinum chloride, yellow flocculent. Gold chloride, dirty yellow, with reduction of gold. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, bluish-green, olive-green on warming. 5 5 5, With potassium bichromate, dark reddish- brown, changing to intense green. Nitric acid, dark green (without solution) ; added to the alcoholic solution, nitric acid gives a magnificent green coloration. (11) CONCUSCONIDINE A., C2;H.;N.0. ; yellow amorphous ; M.P. 124°; slightly dextro-rotatory. (12) CUSCAMINE A., crystalline (from alcohol); M.P. 218°; fluorescent ; taste astringent and somewhat bitter. Soluble in ether and chloroform (very readily), and in alcohol. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and ammonia. [No colour with Ferric chloride.] (13) CHAIRAMINE A., C,.H.gN2O,+H.O. Crys. needles or prisms ; anhydrous at 140°, then melts at 233°; neutral reaction, dextro-rotatory (about+100°). Soluble readily in ether and chloroform, in 540 parts of 97 per cent. alcohol at 11° C., with difficulty in water, and insoluble in dilute hydro- chloric acid. Precipitants: ree uaaae insoluble in excess. Platinum chloride—yellow needles, insoluble in alcohol; formula | (Ch-HCl), PtCl,. non- THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless. Nitric acid, gradual dark green. Fréhde’s solution, colourless. (14) CONCHAIRAMINE A., C,.H,,N.O,, with H,O, and with C,H,O (alcohol), prismatic crystals; M.P. 108°-110° the hydrate, 120° anhydrous, or 82°-86° the alcobolate. Reaction almost neutral. Soluble in hot alcohol (with difficulty cold), in ether, and readily in chloroform ; scarcely soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, pp. becomes crystalline, and is insoluble in excess. Ammonia, insol. in excess. Platinum chloride, dark yellow, flocculent. Potassium sulphocyanide. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, brown, changing to intense green. Nitric acid added to the hydrochloric solution, dark green. Frihde’s reagent, brownish. (15) CHAIRAMIDINE A., C..H.gN.O,; amorphous; M.P. 127°; dextro- rotatory (=+7'3°) neutral. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene ; not in water. Removed by benzene from alkaline solutions. Absorbed by charcoal. Precipitants : eee drates, ) Insoluble Alk. carbonates. \ ae Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, becoming dark green. Nitric acid does not dissolve the solid alkaloid. Es ,, to the Hydrochloric solution, dark green. (16) CONCHAIRAMIDINE A., Cos5H.gN.O,, erys. prisms. ; M.P. 114°-115° Platinum chloride, yellow floceu- lent, pp.=(ChHC}).PtCl,+4 H.0. | (anhydrous) ; neutral reaction. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform. benzene, acetone, and easily in acetic and mineral acids except nitric. Insoluble in water. Removed from alkaline solutions by benzene, etc. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates » __ carbonates ( pp. oily, becoming crystalline. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, intense green. Nitric acid, as Chairamidine (15) above. Frohde’s reagent, intense green, (17) QUINAMINE A., CjgH.,N.O,. Crystallizes in prisms (no crystalline hydrate; M.P. 172° ; dextro-rotatory (+104°5°) ; tasteless, thongh salts are bitter ; non-fluorescent. Soluble in 1,516 parts water at 16° C., 105 alcohol at 20° C., 48 ether at 16° C., in chloroform, boiling benzene, and petroleum ether. Precipitated by gold chloride, pale yellow, changing to red with reduction of gold. (18a) APOQUINAMINE A. (18b) QUINAMICINE A., C,, Quinamine by heating to 130 Crystalline ; M.P. 109°. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates | ie bicarbonates { carbonates Ammonia, amorphous, becoming crystalline ; insol. in excess. Gold chloride, amorpbous ; yellow if pure, or purple if containing Quinamidine. Potassium iodide. Salicylate ammonia. Oxalate + Sodium chloride. Acids (hydrochloric, nitric, or sulphuric) also give precipitates. (18c) QUINAMIDINE A. Formed in the preparation of the above, from which it is distinguished by giving No pp. with bicarbonates of the alkalies. The gold chloride pp. is purple. (19) CONQUINAMINE A., C,,H.,N,O,. Triclinic prisms; M.P. 121° ; dextro-rotatory (-+-204°). Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon bisulphide, and with difficulty in water. Precipitate by gold chloride is yellow, becoming purple. (20) CUPREINE A., C,,H..N,O, and with 2H,0. Crystallizes in prisms From the above by boiling with acids. H,,N,0.. Formed together with (18¢) from with hydrochloric acid in sealed tube. ” ~insol. in excess. PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 37 from ether ; becomes anhydrous at 120°-125°, subsequently melting at 198° ; alkaline reaction, levo rotatory (=—175’). Soluble in alcohol, but with difficulty in ether or chloroform. It is not removed from a 10 per cent. soda solution, but from ammoniacal liquids by immiscible solvents. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrate, soluble in excess. Ammonia, slightly soluble in excess. Ferric chloride, dark brown coloration. Platinum chloride, pp. difficultly soluble. becomes dark green on heating. Potassium sulphocyanide, cloud changing gradually to crys. pp. Chlorine water, ete. (thalleioquin reaction), as Quinine. (21) HOMOQUININE A. (Ultraquinine), C,,H,,N.0.°C,,H.,N.O,. A com- pound of Quinine and Cupreine in molecular proportions (Paul and Cownley). Pearly prismatic crystals in stellar groups ; M.P. 177° ; levo- rotatory [a] J=—221°; fluorescent (the acid salts) ; strongly alkaline. Soluble in alcohol and chloroform, but with difficulty in ether unless freshly precipitated. Reactions : Ammonia, dissolves. Rochelle salt, pp. with concentrated solutions. [No pp. iodo-potassic iodide. | Concentrated sulphuric acid with potass. bichromate, deep green. Concentrated sulphuric acid alone FA nitric 33 Gives the thalleioquin reaction (chlorine water, then ammonia). The soda hydrate pp. contains Quinine and Cupreine, only the former being removable on shaking with ether. (22) CINCHONAMINE A., C,,H,,N,0. Hexagonal prisms (no crystalline hydrate) ; M.P. 195°; dextro-rotatory (+121°) ; bitter, poisonous. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and carbon bisulphide ; difficultly in water and petroleum ether. Hydrochloride sparingly soluble. Reactions: No colour with ferric chloride, nor thalleioquin test (chlorine water, etc.). (23) QUINOIDINE and (24) QUINETUM are mixtures ; the former con- taining principally Quinicine (see 2b) with Cinchonicine (see 4n) ; and the latter the alkaloids of red bark. (25) PARICINE A., C\~H,,N.O, from China Succirubra and Cascarilla The dry double salt do not decompose. 38 hexandra. Pale yellow powder; M.P. 116° or 130°; bitter ; feebly alkaline. Soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly in petroleum ether, scarcely in water. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish green. (26) QUINOVIN G. (Chinovin, Esenbeckin), C,,H,,0, (Gilm and Hlasi- wetz). Amorphous, resinous powder, neutral reaction, taste gradually bitter ; dextro-rotatory (+52-4° in alcoholic solution). Hydrochloric acid gas decomposes with formation of Quinoviec acid (27) and a sweet substance, Quinovite. Soluble in alcohol, less easily in ether, in hot water, but scarcely in cold ; also in chloroform and fatty or essential oils. Reactions: Soluble in alkaline hydrates, ammonia, lime water. Insol. in alkaline carbonates, [No pp. lead acetate neutral or basic to alcoholic solution. | Pp. by other metallic salts and by acids from alkaline solutions. Fehling’s solution, not reduced. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid gradually dissolves, dark red. “y * » With sugar, red. rs nitric acid, dissolves on warming, with decomposition and evolution of nitrous fumes. (26a) BETA- and ALPHA-QUINOVINS have been prepared and described by Liebermann as distinct substances as follows : «=alpha-quinovin and f the beta compound—a from cinchona bark, 6 from cuprea bark ; both give glittering scales on adding water to the alcoholic solution. Isomeric ; formula = C,,H,,0,,. Both dextro-rotatory ; a= +56°6°, B= +279". Solubility : a, nearly 1-2 in alcohol (absolute), with difficulty in ether, chloroform, or benzene, and scarcely in water, hot or cold. 8 is insoluble n ethyl acetate or absolute ether (distinction from a); 6 forms a crystalline compound with 5 molecules of alcohol; in most other respects B resembles a. Colour tests with (a): Concentrated sulphuric acid, orange yellow with evolution of carbon monoxide. Glacial acetic acid, pale blue. (27) QUINOVIC ACID. Obtainable from Quinovin, and occurring naturally. C,,H,,0,. Crys. scales or needles ; dextro-rotatory ; tasteless. Solubility very slight in alcohol, ether, chloroform, or glacial acetic acid. Insoluble in water, {] DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, Reactions: Salts with alkalies, crystalline. Alkaline hydrates Pe carbonates 7 dissolve to frothy solutions. Ammonia Precipitated by acids from alkaline solutions. Copper sulphate pp. gradually with green coloration. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves unchanged (re-precipitated by water). (28) CASCARILLIN B. From China (Quina) nova, etc., and Cascarilla bark (Croton eluteria—Euphorbiacer) ; amorphous, resinous, neutral reaction, bitter. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene, scarcely in water. Removed by benzene from acid solutions. [Not Precipitated by lead acetate neutral or basic nor by tannic acid] Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, blood-red (? reddish-brown, Dragen- dorff) ; nitricacid or nitre added to the solution after ten to fifteen hours changes the reddish solution to bluish violet, then blood- red ; compare morphine. Nitric acid, reddish-violet. Hydrochloric acid, violet. (29) COPALCHIN B. From Croton pseudoquina (EFuphorbiacee). Amor- phous, resinous, bitter. Soluble in alcohol and chloroform, ‘partly’ in ether—hence pre- sumably impure—scarcely in water. Reactions : [Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate.] Pp. by tannic acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. (30) LIGNOIN B. From old Huanocho bark. C,9H.,NOg (Cop H.o0,NH; ?). Amorphous, brown, humoid. Yields ammonia when boiled with alkali. Soluble in alcohol. Reactions: Alkaline hydrates dissolve brown with evolution of ammonia ; acids re-precipitate. Lead acetate neutral hace flesh-coloured pp. (31) CALIFORNIN B. (not the Californine from Lotus bark). From China (Quina) Californica=Cascarilla riedeliana or possibly Buena ie DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, 39 obtusifolia. Investigator: Winckler. reaction, bitter. Soluble in water and alcohol ; not in ether. {Not precipitated by Tannic acid. Platinum chloride. Mercurie chloride. } Concentrated Sulphuric acid, brownish red. (32) MORADEINE A. This, with the next substance, obtained by Arata from Bolivian Cascarilla= Quina morada (Howardia, Wedd., or Pogonopus febrifugus, Benth.-Hook.), Rubiacee. Opaque prismatic crystals; M.P. 199°-200°. Soluble very readily in alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; slightly in water. (383) MORADIN, C.,H,gO, or C,,H,,O,. Fluorescent. Acts as a hydroxy- quinone. (84) JAVANINE A. Obtained in 1877 by O. Hesse from the mixture of ‘amorphous bases’ derived from Cinchona calisaya var. Javanica. Crys. rhombic plates from water ; soluble also in ether. Concentrated sulphuric acid, intense yellow. § 79. CNICUS benedictus (Centaurea calcitrapa) ; Composite. CNICIN B., CyH,,O;;. Crys. silky needles ; fusible, neutral, bitter ; dextro-rotatory (130-68°) : emetic and purgative. Soluble in ethyl and methyl alcohols (in all proportions), in chloro- form and benzene, scarcely in ether or cold water, with difficulty in hot water, and insoluble in essential oils. It is removed from acid solutions by benzene or chloroform. Precipitants : Basic lead acetate, partially (Dragendorff). [Not gold chloride, and no reduction. | [Silver nitrate not reduced. | Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, red ; odour of benzoic acid on warming ; on adding water, violet ; then ammonia, yellow. Friébde’s solution, blood-red. § 71. COCA (Erythroxylon Coca); Lrythroxylacew, Brazil. (1) COCAINE A. (Benzoyl-methyl ecgonine ; or, taking into account the composition of Ecgonine, the full constitutional name becomes, Benzoyl- methyl-tetrahydromethyl-pyridine-8-hydroxypropionic acid); C,,H,,NO,. Crystallizes in 4-6 sided prisms ; M.P. 98°, re-crystallizing on cooling ; at higher temperature, partial sublimation with decomposition ; lzevo- Golden yellow, amorphous, neutral rotatory (—15°8°) ; alkaline reaction, slightly bitter, succeeded by tem- porary destruction of sense of taste and the local anesthesia characteristic of this alkaloid. Dilates the pupil. Readily decomposes into benzoic acid, methyl alcohol, and Ecgonine. In the human system it is entirely (or nearly entirely) destroyed ; Vitali has, however, found traces together with Ecgonine in the urine. The hydrochloride is readily erystallizable. Soluble in 704 parts cold water (easier hot, but liable to decompose), in alcohol and benzene, very readily in ether ; also dissolved by the fol- lowing when hot: chloroform, wood spirit, acetone, and petroleum ether ; crystallization taking place on cooling. Precipitants of the salts (the hydrochloride was used ) : pp- crystalline, or amorphous changing to crystals. Insol. in excess. Ammonia less liable to cause decomposition than fixed alkalies, Alk. bicarbonate, pp. if concentrated. [No pp., lead acetate. ] ‘Yannic acid in acid solution, white ; cloud at 1 in 25,000. Picrie acid, yellow. Gradually at 1 in 1,000. Platinum chloride, whitish yellow even at 1 in 12,500; cloud at 1 in 25,000. he erystals of the double salt are of remarkable T shape. M.P. 80° (W. C. Howard). Gold chloride, light yellow fern-like. Immediate pp. at 1 in 3,000; gradual at 1 in 12,500. Benzoic acid produced on warming. Potassium ferrocyanide, pp. soluble in excess. [Potassium ferricyanide reduced. | Chromic acid (5 per cent.) gives pp. that is only permanent after acidification with hydrochloric acid (characteristic). [ Potassium bichromate not unless concentrated ; but on addition of HCla pp. See preceding test. | Phospho-molybdie acid, yellowish-white at 1 in 12,500; cloud at 1 in 50,000. Phospho-tungstic acid, gelatinous ; sol. in ammonia. Iodo-potassic iodide, brown with black globules under the microscope (Vitali) ; pink at 1 in 7,500; cloud at 1 in 200,000. Mercuric-potassic iodide, pp. even very dilute ; cloud at 1 in 1,000,000. Mercurie chloride, white. Todine, brown. Stannous chloride (SnCl,), white. Potassium permanganate, violet. Alkaline hydrates » carbonates Ammonia 4() DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Colour tests: Concentrated [sulphuric acid, no coloration; vapours of benzoic acid on warming. Concentrated hyuroc.!o:ie acid, decomposes with formation of Ecgonine. Per-iodic acid, minute fragment of alkaloid dissolved in } to 1 ce. concentrated sulphuric acid, then sodium per-iodate or per-iodic acid in small quantity (two or three times as much as alkaloid), produces on gentle warming, bright green changing to blue and violet, with evolution of violet fumes (Vitali). Nore: Atropine, Thebaine, Chelidonine, and Corydaline give colour changes under these circumstances, but not same sequence. Reaction is really due to benzoic acid. (la) DEXTRO-COCAINE A., C,,H.,NO,. Formed artificially from benzoyl- chloride and dextro-methylecgonine (Einhorn and Marquardt), Oily substance becoming crystalline ; M.P. 45°. Soluble in alcohol (less so than ordinary Cocaine), in ether, benzene, and petroleum spirit. Resembles ordinary Cocaine (Lievo-cocaine) in chemical properties and physiological action, but its anesthetic effect is more transient. (1b) ETHYL-COCAINE A., C,,H.,NO, (Homo-cocaine, Cocethyline, Ben- zoyl-ethylecgonine). Prepared by ethylation of Benzoyl-ecgonine. Crys. glassy prisms ; M.P. 108°-109°. Soluble in alcohol and ether ; not in water. Weaker physiological action than Cocaine. (2) BENZOYL-ECGONINE A., C©,,H,NO, [Cs5H,,N(COOH)O-C,H,O)]. Occurs naturally, and produced by decomposition of Cocaine, which may be reformed from it by methylation. Benzoyl-ecgonine is also prepared by synthesis from benzoic anhydride and Ecgonine. Crystallizes with 4H.O in transparent prisms—M.P. variable (87°-140°)—or in long needles from chloroform. The hydrate in alcohol has levo-rotatory power of —44:6°. Scarcely anwsthetic ; reaction neutral. Soluble in alcohol, wood spirit, hot acetone, hot water (with difficulty cold), and hot chloroform (crys. needles on cooling) ; scarcely in ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates } Ammonia Gold chloride, pp. yellow crys., sol. hot alcohol, slightly in water. dissolve. | the aqueous solution to 80° (Hesse). | H,O; M.-P. 198°. or when anhydrous 205° ; reaction neutral ; taste slightly (3) ECGONINE A., CyH,;NO, (C3H,,N(OH)COOH; Methyl-tetra- hydro-pyridine-$-oxypropionic acid). Qccurs in the amorphous bases obtained after separation of Cocaine, and producible (together with Benzoyl-ecgonine and Cocaine benzoate) from Cocaine by mere heating of Rhombic crystals with 1 molecule bitter and sweet. Soluble very readily in water, with difficulty in absolute alcohol or _ chloroform, and insoluble in ether or carbon bisulphide (Mussi). Reactions : Alkaline hydrates | Ammonia \ [No pp. platinum chloride, the double salt being very soluble. ] Gold chloride to concentrated solution, yellow amorphous pp. [No pp. 5 per cent. chromic acid solution. } Phospho-molybdic acid, pp. yellow. Todo-potassic iodide, reddish-brown, becoming crystalline, micro- scopic tufts, rhombic plates or prisms (Vitali), 1 in 500 for crystals. Treated with phosphoric pentachloride, anhydro-ecgonine is formed : see (3D). (8a) DEXTRO-ECGONINE A., C,H,,NO,; from preceding alkaloid by heating with potash ; M.P. 257°; dextro-rotatory. (3b) ANHYDRO-ECGONINE A., C,H,.NO,; from Ecgonine by heating with phosphorus pentachloride, or from Cocaine by heating to 140° with a solution of hydrochloric acid gas in glacial acetic acid; crys. M.P. 235°. dissolve. Soluble in water and alcohol, but nof in ether, chloroform, benzene, or petroleum spirit. (4) CINNAMYL-ECGONINE A., C,,H.,NO,. May be prepared from Ecgonine and Cinnamic anhydride, and derivable from Cinnamyl-cocaine {see (5)], which occurs naturally. (5) CINNAMYL-COCAINE A., C,,H,,NO,; the methyl ether (ester) of the preceding, or Cinnamyl-methyl-ecgonine. Occurs naturally (Giesel obtained 45 per cent., together with 15 per cent. of other bases besides Cocaine, from a Java Coca); producible also by methylation of (4). Crystalline; M.-P. 121°. Soluble in ether and alcohol, but not in water. Odour of bitter almonds on treatment with potassium permanganate in | the cold. DICTIONARY OF TILE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. (6) COCAMINE A., CygH.;NO,+3H.0 or C,,H,,N.9,7H,O (Cocaic- methyl-ecgonine; the y-isatropyl-cocsine of Liebermann; Truxilline, or Eecgonine truxillate); amorphous; M.P. 80° (Hesse) ; levo-rotatory (-27°5° in alcohol, Liebermann); neutral, bitter; very poisonous and not anesthetic (Liebermann). Hesse describes its action as similar to Cocaine. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone, and hot water ; but with difficulty in cold water or petroleum ether. Precipitants (.=Liebermann) : Alkaline hydrates } traces are Ammonia } dissolved, Picric acid, yellow (L.). [Ferric chloride, no coloration. ] Chromic acid. Mercurie chloride. Potassium permanganate, violet (L.) Platinum chloride. Stannous chloride (L.). Gold chloride. (7) HOMOCOCAMINE A., is the next higher homologue of the preceding = Cp Hy;NO, or Cy) H;,N20s. (8) BENZOYL-PSEUDO-TROPINE A., C,;H,,NO, [from Java Coca leaves (Hesse, Liebermann)]; crys. colourless lustrous plates; M.P. 48°-49° (48°, Hesse ; 49°, Liebermann) ; optically inactive ; half as poisonous as Cocaine. Hydrochloride very soluble. Yields, on decomposition, benzoic acid and Pseudo-tropine. Platinum salt, pale yellow needles, sparingly soluble in water (Hesse) ; amorphous (Liebermann). (8a) PSEUDO-TROPINE A., C,H,;NO (from above; see also Atropa (/) ; deliquescent prisms from chloroform ; M.P. 108°. Platinum salt soluble in water. Gold salt, M.P. 202°, Hesse (225°, Liebermann), (9) HYGRINE A., C,,H,,N (2), Hesse. (Liebermann found two volatile alkalcids, to which he gave the formule C,H,,NO, B.P. 193°-5°, and C,,H,,N,0, not boiling without decomposition.) Hexse suggests that ‘Hygrive’ is not a natural product, but due to decompositions. He describes it as liquid with quinolinic odour, alkaline reaction, burning taste. (Poisonous, according to Stockmann.) The hydrochloride is crystallizable, Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, but with difficulty in water. Alkaline hydrates cause milkiness, due to oily globules, § 72. COCCULUS Indicus (Anamirta Cocculus) ; Menispermacee. (a) PICROTOXIN B., Cy)H 01, (Paterno) ; silky needles ; M.P. 199°-201°; 41 caramel odonr on heating ; levo-rotatory ([a]s= - 281°); neutral re- action, very bitter, poisonous, ; Soluble in 150 parts cold water or 25 boiling, 3 parts alechol, 250 of ether ; also in chloroform, amyl alcohol, petroleum ether, and acetic acid, It is removed from acid solutions by ether, chloroform and amyl alcohol. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve ; acids [Nor gold chloride (slight reduc- give pp.; also CO, if concen- | tion on warming). trated. » Silver nitrate. [Not pp. by lead acetate, neutral ,» cupric sulphate]. or basic. | Fehling’s solution is reduced. But pp. by lead hydroxide free [No pp. potassiam ferricyanide. from alkali (see after concen- 3 5 sulpho-cyanide trated sulphuric acid), = phospho-molybdic acid. [No pp. tannic acid. 5, J0do-potassic iodide. % picric acid. 5 mercuric chloride. S55 ferric chloride, | 55 iodine. s5 platinum chloride. ] BS barium salts, ete. ] Colour tests : Concentd. sulphuric acid, dissolves yellow ) the PbO precipitate with trace potass. bi- he used chromate, violet. y Sia! Nitre (three times weight of Picrotoxin taken) moistened with con- centrated sulphuric acid, then soda in excess, vermilion (Langley’s reaction). (b) PICROTOXININ B. (Barth’s Picrotoxin), C,,;H,,0, (Paterno), ) CONVALLARIN G., C,,H,0,,; (Walz); crystallizes in rectangular piliars ; neutral reaction ; sharp taste. Soluble in alcohol, scarcely in water (which it renders frothy), and not in ether. Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic. § 77. CONVOLVULACEZ various: Convolvulus purga (Ipomcea Schiedeana, Jalap), (a) and (); ©. orizabensis and C. scammonia, (c), (d); Ipomoea turpethi, (¢), (7); I. simulans (Tampico jalap), (9). (a) CONVOLVULIN G. (Buchner’s Jalapin, Kayser’s Rhodeoretin), Cy H5,0i5 (Mayer) ; amorphous ; M.P. 150°; feebly acid reaction ; taste- ess. Hydrochloric acid converts first into sugar and Convolvulinol (/), then into Convolvulinic acid. It is not traceable in excretions, but may be found in stomach after death, Pp., Tannic acid. Mercurous nitrate, white pp. [No pp., most other reagents. | Soluble in acetic acid in all proportions, also in alcohol and acetic ether, | but scarcely in water, amyl alcohol, or chloroform, and not in ether, benzene, or petroleum ether. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, Reactions: Alkaline hydrates i carbonates — dissolve, with conversion to Convolvulinic acid, Ammonia \ No pp. with metallic salts that are soluble in alcohol, except silver nitrate. Joncentrated sulphuric acid, gradually pure red. (b) CONVOLVULINOL [from (a); erys. flexible needles ; M.P. 39°. Soluble in alcohol and ether, but with difthculty in water. (c) JALAPIN G, (Scimmonin, Kayser’s Para-rhodeoretin), C,,H,,0,, | (May er; S pirgati~) 2 amorphous, colourless, resinous ; MP. 130° ; feebly l ote i 1 Tee ti 4 asteless. Soluble in water, alcohol, chlorof orm, amyl alcohol (removed by last | acre PURE Si CTS > Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, amyl alcohol, aud acetic acid ; with difficulty in water, beuzene, and carbon bisulphide, Reactions : mae hydrates ) dsseolva! mmonia j Concentrated sulpburic acid, gradual pure red. (d) JALAPINOL (from preceding substance), possibly identical with (6) ; crystalline ; M.P. 62°5°. Soluble in alcohol and ether, not in water. Aikalies convert to Jalapinic acid (Convolvulinic acil ?). (e) TURPETHIN G., CysH50y¢ (Spirgatis) ; amorphous ; brownish-x ellow, resinous ; M.P. 183°; taste gradually sharp and bitter. Acids produce | sugar and (/). Soluble in alcohol ; not in water or ether. Concentrated sulphuric acid, purple. (f) TURPETHOL (from above); crys. microscopic needles; M.P. 88°; burning taste ; acid reaction. Soluble in alcohol. (g) TAMPICIN G., C3,H,;,0,,;; amorphous, resinous ; M.P. 130°. Decom- posed by long heating at 10U°. Acids convert to Tampicolic acid, or on further treatment ‘lampicic acid. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Concentrated sulphuric acid, purple. § 78. CORIARIA myrtifolia ; Piytolucew. The leaves and fruit, 6 to 9 parts in 100,000. Riban, Compt. tendus, vols. 57 and 63. CORIAMYRTIN G., CoH gi; erystallizes in clino-rhombic prisms ; DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. M.P. 220°; dextro-rotatory ([aJJ=+24'5°) ; neutral reaction ; tasteless, odourless, poisonous (producing convulsions). Soluble in 70 parts water, 50 cold alcohol, in chloroform, benzene (and ether ?) ; scarcely in carbon bisulphide. Reactions : [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic. », tannic acid. »» Picric acid. ] Febling’s solution, reduced. Phospho-molybdie acid, pp. Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, blackens, Concentrated nitric acid gives a crystalline nitro-derivative. On reduction with hydriodic acid, pouring off the liberated iodine and then adding potash, fuchsine red coloration. § 79. CORNUS Florida (Dogwoud); Cornacew. Investigator : Geiger, Ann. Chem. Ph., 14, 206, ete. (a) CORNIN B. ; crys silky needles; neutral ; bitter. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether. Precipitants : [Not lead acetate, neutral. ] Lead acetate, basic. [Not tannic acid, ferric chloride. ] Silver nitrate, white erys. pp. [Not mercuric chloride, 5, 1odine solution. », barium chloride. | (b) CORNUS RESINOID (Dogwood Quinine) ; neutral, tasteless, resinous. Soluble in ether and hot alcohol ; not in water. § 80. CORYDALIS group. Corydalis Dicentra cava Schwg., [C. bulbosa Pers.=C. tuberosa Dec.=Bulbocapnus cavus Bernh.], C. tabacea [=C. intermedia], and C. solida [Bulbocapnus digitatus=C. digitata =C. bulbosa Dec.], (a) ; Fumaria officinale (Fumitory), (5), (? a), ete. ; Fumariacee. Aristolocia cava (Birthwort), («) ; Aristolochia. [For A. Argentina, see separate entry.] Compare Berberis group, the alkaloids of which are probably chemically connected with these. See (c) below. (a) CORYDALINE A. [Adermann’s alkaloid No, 1, see (c); not Ader- mann’s Corydaline, see (b) and (d)], C)gH,NO, (Wicke) or C,,H,,NO, =[©,sH,-(CH,0),N] (Dobie) ; crystallizes in prisms or needles; M.P. 154° (Dobbie) ; alkaline reaction; bitter in alcoholic solution, or in form of salts. Becomes yellow on exposure. 45 Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, amyl alcohol, carbon bisulphide, and turpentine; with difficulty in alcohol ; not in water, which precipi- tates it from alcohol. ‘The best solvent is a mixture of ether and alcohol. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, sol. in excess | Potass. sulphocyanide, white (Wicke) ; insol. (M. Freund). crys. Alkaline carbonates. Potass. chromate, yellow. Ammonia. » bichromate. [Not lead acetate, neutral or | Sodium phospho-tungstate, basic. ] Potass, iodide, white. Tannic acid (to alcoholic solutn). Picric acid, crystalline. Platinum chloride, yellow crvs. Todo-potassic 1odide, brown. Mercuric - potassic iodide, yel- lowish-white. Todine tincture. Gold chloride, yellow crystalline. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless ? (Dupuy says yellow to red). Nitric acid produces a brownish-red resinous substance, (b) FUMARINE A,.[Adermann’s Torydaline (?), Bulbocapnine (?), see (7)], C,,H,,NO». (Reichwald) ; six-sided clino-rhombice prisms ; optically in- active, alkaline, bitter. Acetate very soluble. Soluble in alcohol (difficultly, Reichwald), in 11 parts chloroform, 78 benzene, in amyl alcohol and carbon bisulphide ; but with difficulty in water, and sparingly in ether or petroleum ether, Precipitated by Alkaline hydrates, [Not by lead acetate neutral. ] Potassium bichromate, (pp. is F.CrO,] [No coloration or pp. with chlorine. ] Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark violet, changing gradually to brownish-green. Concentrated sulphuric acid with potass. bichromate, brown (Reich- wald obtained a green with violet streaks). Nitre added to sulpburic acid solution, greenwvioletwyellow. Nitric acid, colourless cold, yellowish-brown on evaporation. Froéhde’s reagent, violetwdark green. Seleno-sulphuric acid, pure violet. Vanadyl sulphate, emerald. 46 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. (c) ADERMANN'S ALKALOID NO. I. C.H.,NO,; M.P. 138°, active; extracted by ether from acid solution, Isomeric with hydro-berberine (see Berberis), and yielding Berberine on oxidation (disputed by Dobbie and Lauder). (d) ADERMANN’S CORYDALINE [Fumarine ? compare (4)], C..H.,NO,. An alkaloid resembling Caffeine, and giving following colour tests : Coucentrated sulphuric acid, yellow~violet. » With potas. bichromate, colours like Optically those with strychnine. Fréhde's reagent, violet, or green streaked with violet. Seleno-sulphuric acid, light violet. (e) Adermann also isolated an amorphous alkaloid. (7) BULBOCAPNINE, A., C3,H,,N,0,, compare (b). Freund and Josephy separated this alkaloid, as well as Corycavine, from commercial ‘ Cory- daline’ (which contained (a) also). M.P. 198°-199° ; dibasic. Precipitated by alkalies ; soluble in excess. (9) CORYCAVINE, A.. Co,Ho3NO; ; M.P. 214°-215°. lute alcobol than is Corydaline. Precipitated by alkalies ; insoluble in excess, § 81. CORYNOCARPUS levigata (Karaka tree) ; Primulacee ; New Zealand. he nut. Investigator: W. Skey, Chemical News, 27, 190 (1873). KARAKIN, G. or B. ; percentage composition, Cg4.43Hy-,gOg1y2 (free from nitrogen). Crystallizes in needles arranged as stars ; acid reaction, bitter, poisonons, producing convulsions. Soluble in alcohol and hot water, with difficulty in cold water, and not in ether or chloroform. It is absorbed by charcoal. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates t discal Ammonia BD [No pp. tannic acid.] : Fehling’s solution, green pp., with reduction when in certain pro- portions. No pp. Zincic-potassic-sulphocyanide. » Mercuric-potassic iodide. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark rose on warming. Acids generally, dissolve. Less soluble in abso- M.P. 100°; feebly | | § 82. CRATZEGUS Oxyacantha (Thorn) ; Rosacew. The bark. Leroy, J. Cham. Méi., 17, 3: CRATAGIN, B. Grayish white crystals ; bitter. Soluble in water, with difficulty in alcohol, not in ether. § 83. CREPIS feetida ; Composite. Investigator: Walz, N. Jahrb. Pharm., 13, 176. CREPIN ; bitter. neutral or basic. $ 84. CUCUMIS Melo, Cucurbitacee. Substance (a). Investigator : Toroxiewiez, Aepert. Pharm., 45 30. C. Prophetarum and Ecbaliom officinale (which see). Substance ()), Winckler, N. Jahrb. Pharm., 11,31. (a) MELONEMETIN, B. Brown amorphous, emetic. Soluble in water and alcohol, not in ether. (b) PROPHETIN, G., CxypHy,0;? Re-inous, white amorphous, bitter. Acids produce prophetein and sugar. Soluble in alcohol in almost all proportions, also in ether, with diffi- culty in water. Precipitated by tannic acid. [Not by lead acetate, neutral or basic. ] Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown. § 85. CYCLAMEN Euroneum; Primula veris (small quantity in root); Anagallis arvensi~ (very small quantity); Limosella aquatica. Primulacee. Investigators: Saladin, Journ. Chim. Méd., 6.417; Martius, N. Repert. Pharm., 8, 388 ; Hilger and Mutschler, Ann. Chem. Pharm., 185, 214, and others. (a) CYCLAMIN, G., (Primulin, Arthanitin), C,,H,,0,, or C,,H=,0,. (G. | Michand), crystalline (Saladin), or amorphous (De Luca); M.P. 236°; neutral reaction; sbarp taste; feebly Jevo-rotatory. ‘lhe powder causes | sneezing. Acids give Cyclamiretin and sugar. Resembles Saponin. Soluble in water after exposure to moi-t air; the solution is frothy; dissolved also by methyl and amyl alcohols. acetic ether, glycerine; sparingly in absolute alcobol (Mutschler gives solubility for 96 per cent. | aleohol, 1 in 71). Insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleam | ether, or carbon bisulphide, Precipitants : Lead acetate, neutral. Silver nitrate. Copper sulphate. Soluble in ether. Not precipitated by lead acetate, Fehling’s solution, white pp., no cuprous oxide formed. [No pp. Cadmium-potassic iodide. } DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid gives a red solution from which water precipitates Cyclamiretin. (b) CYCLAMIRETIN, G.-deriv. (see above), C);H,,05 or Ci;H.,0s. phous, resinous ; M.P. 198°; tasteless, odourless ; very poisonous. Soluble in alcobol, not in water. In ether, Hilger states it to be soluble, but De Lnea insoluble. Precipitants : Silver nitrate. | Amor- Fehling’s solution, pp. § 86. CYTISUS laburnum, C. supinus, C. elongata, 3 per cent., Ulex Europeus (Furze), about 0-2 per cent. of seed ; al-o in bark and green buds. Leyuminosw. Investigators: A. W. Gerard, A. Partheil, ete. CYTISINE, A. (=Ulexine, A. Partheil) ; C,,H,,N.0; crystalline ; M.P. 154° (152°-153°, Partheil). When cautiously heated, gives crystalline sub- limate. Leevo-rotatory, [a]p= - 119-37. Causes dilatation of the pupil ; powerful base, displaces ammonia ; perma- nent in air. Salts usually soluble in water and alcohol; not easily crystallizable except the nitrate. Soluble in nearly all proportions in water and alcohol, al+o dissolved by amyl alcohol, but scarcely or not at all in ether, benzene, carbon bi- sulphide, cold chloroform (?). (Partheil now states that the alkaloid is readily soluble in chloroform. ) Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates co carbonates + dissolve. Ammonia {Not pp. by basic lead acetate. ] Tanuic acid, pp. up to 1 in 300. Free base or alkaline solution. Pieric acid, 1 in 1,000. Ferric chloride, see colour tests. [Platinum chloride, not dilute, but yellow pp. in strong solutions. | Gold chloride. [Not potass. chromate. ] Phospho-molybdie acid, 1 in 10,000, acid solutions. Phospho-tungstic acid, 1 in 30,000. Todo-potassic iodide, dark brown becoming crystalline, very dilute. [Cadmium-potassic iodide, strong solution ?] Mercuric-potassic iodide, 1 in 5,000 (the nitrate). [Mercurie chloride, pp. with free base but not salts. ] The seed ; about ‘Taste rather bitter and caustic. | | | 47 [No pp. chlorine water. | Bromine water, orange yellow pp. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless. with potass. bichromate, yellow~brown avureen, “9 5 », with nitric acid, yellow. Ferric chloride, red coloration ; hydric peroxide added to this removes colour, but a blue tint appears on warming, recognisable with sly milligramme. § 87. DAMIANA (Turnera A phrodisiaca). DAMIANIN B. (name suggested) ; amorphous, stance ; free from nitrogen and non-glicosidal. Soluble in water and alcohol. Insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, or carbon bisulplh ide. Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic, nor by other of the ” ” ” light brown, bitter sub- | usual reagents. § 88. DAPHNE Mezerenm (Mezereon bark), D. alpina ; Thymelew. Investigators : Vauquelin, Ann. Chim., 84, 174; Zwenger, Ann. Ch. Ph., 115, 1; Rochleder, Jn/. Pract. Ch., 90, 442, and others. (a) DAPHNIN G., C,;H,,0.+-2H,O (Zwenger), or Cx Hy40i9 (Rochleder) ; crys. in fine needles or rectangular plates ; loses water at 10U° ; M.P. 200°, recrystallizing on cooling ; at higher temperatures a sublimate of Daph- netin. Reaction neutral; taste bitter and astringent. Soluble in hot water, hot alcohol, warm amy] alcohol, and warm acetic acid, also in chloroform ; with difficulty in cold water or alcohol, and not in ether. Removed by chloroform from acid solutions, Reactions : Alkaline hydrates ) dissolve yellow. a carbonates { ? Pp. Lead acetate neutral, Dragendf. (not lead acet. neutral, Roch- leder). Pp. Lead acetate basic. Ferric chloride, a faint blue with concentrated solutions. [Silver nitrate, no pp. ; slight reduction on warming. | ee Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, red (yields oxalic acid). Nitric acid, red. (0) DAPHNETIN G. - derivative (Stunkel)], [Dioxycoumarin ? 48 DICTIONAKY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 2(C,H,0,)H.0 ; erys. fine clino-rhombic prisms ; M.P. 253°, with subli- mate and odour of Coumarin ; feebly acid reaction, astringent taste. Soluble in hot alcohol and boiling water (yellow solution), with difficulty cold, or in ether, and not in benzene, chloroform, or carbon bisulphide. Bescuious : F ; Alkaline bydrates 0 . Peete j dissolve red. Lead acetate neutral, pp. Ferric chloride, green coloration with concentrated solutions. Silver nitrate, reduced. Fehling’s solution, reduced. Concentrated sulphuric acid, on gently warming, dissolves yellow ; water reprecipitates unchanged, Nitric acid, gradually intense red. Hydrochloric acid, dissolves on warming, unchanged. (c) COCCOGNIN B., CopH..Og; crystalline; sublimate and odour of Coumarin on heating. Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in water, not in ether. § 89. DATISCA Cannabina ; Datiscacew. Investigators : Braconnot, Ann. Chim. Phys., [4] 3, 277 ; Stenhouse, Ann. Chem. Pharm., 98, 166. (a) DATISCIN G. (formerly mistaken for Inulin), C,,H..O,, ; erys. silky needles ; M.P. 186°; neutral reaction, bitter. Yields Datiscetin and sugar on treatment with acids. Soluble in alechol and hot water; with difficulty in cold water or ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates » _ earths deep yellow solutions ; acids reprecipitate. Ammonia Lead acetate neutral ll ‘ ees yellow pp., gelatinous. [ Tannie acid, no pp.] Ferric chloride, brownish-green pp. Copper sulphate, greenish pp. Stannic chloride, pp. (b) DATISCETIN (from above), ©,;H,,0,; colourless, tasteless, crystalline. Soluble in alcohol and ether ; scarcely in water. § 90. DAUCUS Carota (Carrot) ; Umbellifere. [CAROTIN, not bitter. Soluble with difficulty in water, but taken up by soap solution. Partly precipitated by lead acetate. | [HYDROCAROTIN = Angelica bitter (Brummer); not identical with Chole- | sterin, but of same class (Hiisemann) ; C,,H,,(); crystalline ; M.P. 1265° or 137° (Reinitzer) ; neutral reaction ; not bitter. Floats on water. Soluble in hot alchol and in ether, benzene, chloroform, carbon bLisul- phide, acetone, Not iu cold water or cold alcohol, but in suap solution. Alkaline hydrates, no action. Concentrated sulphuric acid, ruby-red. } § 91. DELPHINIUM Staphysagria, L. (Larkspur) ; Ranwneulacer. The seeds (Stavesacre seeds), substances (7) to (d). D. consolida, alkaloid (¢). (1) DELPHININE A., C.,H,;NO, (?); rhombic erystals (from ether) ; alkaline reaction ; bitter and sharp taste; M.P. variously given as 65°, 90°, 120°, 191°8° ; sublimate at 149°; very poisonous, The nitrate and sulphate are sparingly soluble in water, alcohol, or ether, Soluble in 1,594 parts cold water, 44 absolute alcohol, 53 ether, 20 ben- zene, 642 petroleum ether, and readily in chloroform. Benzene and chloroform remove it from alkaline solution, apd in traces from acid solution ; petroleum removes it slowly from alkaline solutions. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, pp. scarcely sol. in excess. oA carbonates. Ammonia, pp. scarcely sol. in excess. Tannic acid, pp. (cloud 1 in 3,000). Picric acid, amorphous yellow (1 in 3,000). Platinum chloride, greenish-yellow (slight at 1 in 3,000). Geld chloride, lemon-colonred pp. {Not potassium bichromate. ] Phospho-molybdie acid, grayish-yel'ow. Todo potassic iodide, kermes coloured pp. (1 in 3,000). Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange-red, Cadmium-potassie iodide. Mercuric-potassic iodide, yellowish-white. Mercurie chloride, at 1 in 3,000, a cloud only at first. Iodine tincture. Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, no effect, or light brown. with sugar, no effect. with bromine, violet. ” ” ” ” ” ” DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, no effect, or light yellow. Nitric acid alone, no effect, or very pale yellow. Acids in general, no pronounced colour. Fréhde’s reagent, no effect, or reddish-brownwdirty green. (b) STAPHISAGRINE A., C,,H,;NO; (a mixture ? Charalampi) ; amor- phous ; M.P. 90° ; optically inactive, reaction alkaline, bitter. ; Soluble in 200 parts water, 855 ether, as well as in alcohol and chloro- orm. Colour tests (uncertain) : Concentrated sulphuric acid, redwviolet. (Muter says no effect. ) with sugar, brown, 45 9, _-Ditric acid, no effect. oe hydrochloric acid, no effect. Frohde’s reagent, brown~violet. (No effect, Muter.) (c) DELPHINOIDINE A., CyHysN.O, (2) ; amorphous ; M.P. 110°-120° ; alkaline reaction, poisonous. Soluble in 17°8 parts 90 per cent. alcohol, 4 of ether sp. gr. 0°728, or 37 absolute ether, 30 parts benzene, 9 petroleum ether ; also in chloroform, but scarcely in water. Chloroform and benzene remove from alkaline solution, and the latter traces even when the solution is acid. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown. with bromine, violet. sugar, green. rf 3 a ,, nitric acid, no effect (Muter). Nitric acid alone, no pronounced colour. Acids generally, solution remains Jight coloured. Per-iodic acid, blood-red, gradually darkening. . .. With sugar, brownish-green. Frohde’s reagent, blood-red. (d) DELPHISINE A., ©.,H,,N,O, ; crystalline ; M.P. 189° (Charalampi) ; extremely poisonous. Soluble in 370 parts absolute alcohol, readily in chloroform, in 43 parts ether of sp. gr. 0-728 or 71 parts absolute ether, 75 benzene, 665 petroleum ether ; slightly in water. - (e) CALCITRAPINE A. Soluble in ether and chloroform. Reactions : Picric acid, pp. (at 1 in 1,000 after 6 hours). ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” PLANTS. 49 [Platinum chloride, cloud. } - Gold chloride, yellow pp. Phospho-molybdic acid, yel. pp., becoming bluish-green after 24 hours. Bismuth potassic iodide, orange pp. Cadmium potassic iodide, pale yellow pp. Mercuric-potassic iodide, pp. yellow amorphous. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark browa, changing to violet, then grayish-brown, Frihde’s solution, olive-green, becoming grayish-yellow in 24 hours. § 92. DIGITALIS lutea and purpurea (Foxglove) ; Scrophulariacew. There is considerable divergence of opinion regarding the individuality and relative importance of the active principles of Digitalis, as will be noticed. : (1) DIGITALIN G. (Nativelle’s Digitalin [Walz’s Digitalin differs greatly from this in solubility, see below] ; Nerianthin ? see Nerium), C,,H;,0,, (?)- ‘Commercial Digitalin contains the four substances (1) to (4), but No. 2 principally’ (Schmiedeberg), ‘Commercial Digitalin, crystallized, consists chiefly of Digitonin (3), which is useless medicinally’ (Kiliani). ‘ Crys- tallized Digitalin is a distinct chemical individual ; it is not necessary to denote it by Digitoxin, ete.’ (Arnaud), Acids produce dextrose, galactose, and Digitogenin (lw). Prepared according to Nativelle’s method, it crystallizes in fine needles ; M.P. 243° (Arnaud) ; neutral reaction, taste gradually bitter. Dilates pupil; very poisonous. Solubility* in water very slight even boiling, N. (in 125 cold or 42 boiling, W.), 12 cold alcohol, 6 boiling, N. (23 cold, 1 to 2 parts boiling, W.), with difficulty in ether, N. (in 20,000 cold or 10,000 hot, W.). Miscible in all proportions with ordinary chloroform, but less soluble in pure chloro- form, Dragendorff (1 in 80, Schlimpert) ; dissolved with difficulty also by benzene and amy] alcohol. It is removed from acid solutions by immiscible solvents—benzene, ether, chloroform (partly), amyl alcohol (partly). Reactions (mostly negative) : [Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate] nor metallic salts (Fresenius). Tannic acid, pp. Picric acid, not at 1 in 3,000. Gold chloride, crystalline pp. ; at first clear at 1 in 3,000. * N. = Nativelle; W. = Walz. 50 PICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, [Not phospho-molybdie acid, ] [Phospho-antimonie acid, cloud at 1 in 1,000; sol. warm, reappearing cold, Tee iodide, cloud not permanent. | [ Bismuth-potassic iodide, cloud ; pp. in concentrated solutions. | [ Not cadmium potassic iodide. : [ Not mercuric-potassic iodide, [ Not iodine. ] Colour tests (authorities differ) : Concentrated sulphuric acid, green (greenish-brown, Dragendorff). * is » With bromine, red~green with water. A 5s » With nitric acid, pale yellow. 5 nitric acid alone, colourless~ yellow (Nativelle), emerald (Homolle. ) Froéhde’s reagent, dark orangescherry ; in half-hour, brownish-black ; in twenty-four hours greenish-yellow with black flocks (Dragendorff). (la) DIGITOGENIN G.-deriv., C,;H.,O5. Digitonin. Soluble in 100 cold or 35 parts boiling 93 per cent. alcohol, 30 cold or 20 boiling chloroform, and in 30 cold glacial acetic acid (Kiliani). (2) DIGITOXIN. {The most important constituent of Digitalis (Kiliani); this denied by Arnaud, see (1). ] Soluble in hot alcohol and in chloroform ; with difficulty in cold alcohol or ether (insol. Dupuy) ; and not in water or benzene. (3) DIGITONIN G., Cs,H,;,0,, (Houdas), or C,,H,,0,, (Kiliani). Crys- tallizes from 85 per cent. alcohol, but amorphous trom stronger alcohol ; M.P. 235° (Kiliani) ; leevo-rotatory (—50° for a 2°8 per cent. solution in 75 per cent. acetic acid), Heated with hydrochloric acid on water bath for six hours, yields Digitogenin galactose and dextrose, one molecule of each. Soluble in all proportions in water when amorphous, but the crystals only dissolve with difficulty : if heated they are more readily soluble, but the substance then gives no crystals on evaporation (Kiliani) ; sparingly in alcohol, »»d not in ether, chloroform, or benzene. Precipitaiats : Ammonia. Lead acetate, neutral or basic. Tannic acid, Colour tests ; Concentrated sulphuric acid, red; violet on dilution. From preceding and from (4) DIGITALEIN G. (Neriin? see Nerium; Schmiedeberg’s Digitalem contains, according to Kiliani, seven or eight substances with as much as 60 per cent. of Digitonin) ; uon-nitrogenous, gummy, fusible, bitter. Soluble in water (in all proportions, Dragendorff), in ethyl and amyl alcohols, but sparingly only in ether. Precipitated by tannic acid. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, no colour (reddish-brown, Dragendorff). Hydrochloric acid at 20°, dissolves brownish-green. § 93. ECBALIUM elaterium (E. officinalis; Squirting Cucumber) ; Cucurbitacee, The dried juice (Elaterium album and nigrum). Investi- gator: Walz, N. Jahrb. Pharm., 11, 178, and others. (a) ELATERIN B. (Elatin), CooH.,0;; crystalline ; M.P. 200°; neutral reaction, bitter, purgative. Soluble in ethyl and amy] alcohols, chloroform, and carbon bisulphide in 125 parts boiling water, with difficulty cold, in 290 ether, also sparingly in benzene, which removes it, however, from acid solutions, Reactions : In alkaline hydrates and ammonia, soluble (acids reprecipitate). Insol. alk. carbonates. [No pp. lead acetate neutral. | Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow to dark red. with 1 drop phenol, then more acid, crimson. ” ” ” Fréhde’s solution, yellow. (6) ECBALIN B. (Elateric acid ; not to confuse with Ecbolin, see Ergot), C.9H,,0,? (Walz) ; ‘requires confirmation’ (Hiisemann). Amorphous, resinous, bitter. Soluble in water (20 parts), in alcohol and ether; also in alkaline hydrates. Nitric acid dissolves red with decomposition. (c) ELATERID B., CyoH3.012 ? (Walz) ; bitter. Soluble in dilute alcohol, not in water or ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve. [No pp. lead acetate neutral or basic. | Pp. tannic acid. (d) HYDRO-ELATERIN, CoH goO¢? (Walz); yellow amorphous, not bitter, Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether (which removes it from acid solutions). DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 51 Reactions : [Not precipitated by lead acetate neutral or basic. ] Pp. Tannic acid. § 94. ECHUGIN poison, from Adenium Boehmianum ; Apocynacec ; Africa. Investigator: R. Boehm, 1889. ECHUGIN G. (about 10 per cent. of the poison) ; erys. silky rhombic plates ; bitter, cardiac poison. Soluble in water and alcohol ; not in ether. § 95. ELEMT resins (from Canarium, Icica, etc.) ; Amyridacew. (The two following substances are included here for convenience of reference, but do not belong to the groups under treatment. ) (a) AMYRIN, 2(C,,H,,)H.O (Fliickiger); crystalline ; M.P. 177° with sublimate. Soluble in alcohol (27 parts), and in ether, chloroform, carbon- bisulphide. (b) BRYOIDIN (Baups’ Breidin; distinct from Bryonin, see Bryonia). 2(C,,H,,)3H,O (Fliickiger); prismatic crystals; M.P. 135°, with subli- mate. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetic acid, and glycerine. Dry hydrochloric acid gas gives red~violetwgreen. § 96. EPHEDRA monostachia and E. vulgaris, var. Helvetica ; Gne- tacee. Investigators : Nagai, Spehr. (a) EPHEDRINE A. (the alkaloids so named, by Nagai and Spehr respec- tively, do not agree in properties ; they are here described together, Ng. referring to Nagai’s base, and Sp. to that of Spehr), C,,H,;NO (Ng.), or C,;H,,NO (Sp.); taste bitter (Ng.), burning (Sp.) ; M.P. 210° (Ng.), 112° (Sp.). . sages Soluble with difficulty in water, Ng. (very soluble, Sp.) ; readily in aleohol, Ng., Sp.; in chloroform easily, Ng.,Sp. (1 in 11, Sp.) ; in ether easily, Ng. (1 in 98, Sp.) ; in benzene easily, Ny. (1 in 1,180, Sp.). (b) PSEUDO-EPHEDRINE A., C,,H,,NO (Nagai) ; M.P. 115°; bitter. Soluble readily in alcohol,in 14 parts ether, 26 benzene ; with difficulty in water. § 97. ERGOT of rye (Secale cornutum ; Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne ; Sclerotium clavus, D.C. ; Spermoedia clavus, Fries) ; Mungi. Investigators, numerous. In addition to the alkaloids described below, the following substances have been found in Ergot: Scleromucia (@ to 3 per cent.), Sclerotic Acid (1 to 4 per cent.), Cholesterin, Mycose, Mannite, Leucine, Methyl., and Trimethyl-amine. Several colouring matters have been isolated by Dragendorff (Dorpat. Naturf. Gesell., 4, 392), viz. : Scler-erythrin, Picro- sclerotin, Fusco-sclerotic Acid, Sclero-xanthin, and Sclero-crystallin, For Vernine, also present, see Vicia sativa. (a) ERGOTINE A., C,,H,.N,0, (Wenzell, Amer. J. Pharm., 36, 193) ; amorphous, alkaline, feebly bitter ; salts amorphous. Soluble in water and alcohol ; not in ether or chloroform. Precipitants : [Not lead acetate, neutral.] ‘Yannic acid. [Platinum chloride, in an alcoholic+ether solution. ] Gold chloride. [Not potass. cyanide. | Phospho-molybdic acid, separated by this means from trimethylamine, which is not precipitated. Mercuric chloride, but not in acid solutions (see Ecboline). (>) ECBOLINE A. ; amorphous, alkaline, slightly bitter. Salts amorphous, Soluble in water and alcohol ; notin ether or chloroform. Precipitants : [Not lead acetate, neutral.] Potass. cyanide, white. ‘Tannic acid. Phospho-molybdie acid. Platinum chloride, yellow. Mercurie chloride, in acid solu- Gold chloride. tion (see Ergotine above). Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark red. (¢) ERGOTININE A. (Tanret’s), C,;H,,N,O,;; fluorescent, crystalline, slightly bitter. Salts readily decompose. Acid solutions gradually redden. Alkalies evolve Methylamine. Soluble in alcohol (becoming green, then brown), also in chloroform and ether (but with difficulty in the latter after exposure) ; not in water. It is removed from acid solutions by ether and chloroform. Precipitants : Tannic acid. Platinum chloride. Gold chloride. Phospho-molybdie acid. Iodo-potassic iodide. Mercuric-potassic iodide. [Not mercuric chloride. ] | Bromine water. 52 DICTIONARY OF THE Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid with } water, reddish-violet in presence | of ether. Concentrated sulphuric acid with sugar, red, then brown. Frihde’s reagent, violet~~blue. (d) CORNUTINE A. ; solution decomposes. Soluble in alcohol. | § 98. ERYTHREA Centaureum (Common Centaury), E. chilensis (Chironia chilensis), Sabattia vulgaris (Chironia angularis) ; Grentianacee. Investigators: Mchu, Journ. de Pharm., [4], 3, 265, ete. ; also Ph, J., Trans., [3|, 1, 990 ; Lendrich, and others. (a) ERYTHROCENTAURIN G., Co,H,,0, ? (CyH,40g, Lendrich) ; crystalline needles (amorphous, terebinthinate, Lendrich); M.P. 136°; neutral reaction, bitter ? (tasteless, M¢hu). re-solution ; not fluorescent. Soluble in 1,630 parts cold water or 35 boiling, in 48 of 86 per cent. alcohol, 134 chloroform, 245 ether, and in benzene, carbon bisulphide, fatty and essential oils. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates | Ammonia ) No pp. lead acetate, neutral or basic. Nor tannic acid, Méhu (pp., Dragendorff). No pp. metallic salts. Not affected by bromine. Potass. permanganate, reduced. No colours or effect with concentrated sulphuric, nitric, or other acids —even chromic. Solution in sulphuric acid gives odour of Menyanthol on warming. § 99. ERYTHROPHLC@UM guinense (Sassy tree, Doom or Ordeal bark) ; Leguminose. Investigators : Gallois and Hardy, Pharm. J. Trans., [3], 7, 77. ERYTHROPHLEINE A. (the ‘Muawine’ from ‘Muawi’ ?) ; crystalline, alkaline, poisonous (acts on heart). Crystalline salts. - dissolve. Soluble in water, alcohol, acetic ether, and carbon bisulphide ; with difficulty in ether, chloroform, or benzene. Removed from aqueous solution by acetic ether. only stable when combined with acid. The aqueous ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, white. Ammonia, white crystalline. Gold chleride, white. Potass. bichromate, yellow. Phospho-molybdie acid, Mercuric-potassic iodide green. Mercuric chloride Colour test : Concentrated sulphuric acid with permanganate, violet. § 100. EUGENTIA pimenta (Myrtus cheken—yielding Cheken-leaves— Allspice, pimento) ; MJzyrtacew. The leaves. Investigator: J. Winters England, Amer. J. Ph., 1883, 246. (a) CHEKENIN B. (Cheken bitter) ; very bitter, unpleasant odour, not poisonous. (0) CHEKENETIN, C,,H,O,+H.0 ; yellowish-green needles, giving green Todo-potassic iodide, yellowish- red, Bismuth potassic iodide, yellow. Cadmium potassic iodide dirty Lettie Reddened by light, but colourless on | solutions with alkalies, changing to bluish-violet and red. 5 ’ = $101. EUONYMUS Europeus (Spindle tree), E. atropurpurens (Wahoo bark). Investigator : A. B. Prescott, Amer. J. Ph., 1883 and 1889. EUONYMIN G. ; amorphous, bitter, odourless. Soluble in alcohol and petroleum ether, slightly in water and ether ; not in carbon bisulpbide or benzene. Precipitants (with alcoholic solution) : Taunic acid, shght white pp. Picric acid, pp., but not at once. Sodium phospho-molybdate, pp. greenish-yellow, becoming blue with ammonia. Todo-potassic iodide, reddish-brown. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow~reddish-brown (potass. bi- cbromate intensifies the colours). nitric acid } yellow. hydrochloric acid § 102. EUPATORIUM cannabinum ( Composite—Tubuliflore). Investi- gators: Shamel (Amer. J. Pharm., 1892, 14, 224), isolated (a) ; G. Latin (Pharm. J. Trans., [3], 11, 192), substance (0). (a) EUPATORINE, A. CopHo;O0;¢°7HNO; ? (Shamel). Powder consisting of microscopic needles ; alkaline reaction ; bitter ; not fusible without decomposition. Sulphate crys. silky needles. ” DICTIONARY OF Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, not in water. Removed from alkaline solutions by ether. Reactions (with the nitrate) : ‘ Alkaline hydrates Ammonia Picric acid, crystalline pp., soluble in alkalies, deep red. [Gold chloride, slight coloration. ] | Phospho-molybdiec acid, green coloration, | ‘No reactions with other alkaloid precipitants.’—Shamel. Concentrated sulphuric acid, insoluble. Nitric acid, dissolves. Hydrochloric acid, insoluble. (0) EUPATORIN, G. Acid taste. Gives sugar and a red substance on boiling with acids—an odour of raspberries being evolved. Soluble in hot water, and in alcohol, ether, chloroform. Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves, reddish-brown, nitric acid i ae hydrochloricacid 4 § 103. EUPHORBIA resinifera; Luphorbiacee. Yielding euphor- bium resin. Investigator: Fliickiger, Viertelj. Pract. Pharm., 17, 82, and others. EUPHORBON, C,,H..0 (Flickiger), or C,;H.,0 (O. Hesse). Powder or crystals (needles from ether or benzene, and prisms from chloroform) ; M.P. 106°-116° ; neutral reaction ; burning taste ; no odour, Soluble in hot alcohol (crystallizes out on cooling), alsoin ether, chloro- form, benzene, amyl alcohol, but requiring 38,000 parts of cold water for solution. Alkales Ammonia Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-brown. 5 5 With nitric acid, violet. Acids in general exert very little solvent action. § 104. FRAGARIA vesca (Strawberry); Rosacew. The root. FRAGARIAMARIN, G. Yields sugar and a red amorphons substance, -FRAGARIN, on treatment with acids. Fragariamarin is soluble with diffi- eulty in water, alcohol, or ether. soluble. ” light yellow solution. { dissolve to only slight extent. THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, 53 § 105. FRAXINUS excelsior (Ash), Oleacew ; Alsculus hypocastaneum (Horse-chestnut) and Al. Pavia, Sapindacew. Mem.: For other consti- tuents of horse-chestnut, see Ausculus ; and for Quercitrin (contained in the leaves of the ash), see Quercus tinctoria. Following from the root : (a) FRAXIN, G. (Paviin), 27H 49017, or CigH, gO) = OCH, C,H (OH) (O°C.H),05)<= CH:CH | O-CO (Koerner and Beginelli). Crystals resembling zine sulphate (Rochleder) ; M.P. 320° ; neutral, feebly bitter. Acids give Fraxetin and sugar. The ammoniacal solution shows bluish-green fluorescence. Soluble in 1,000 parts cold water, more readily hot, with difficulty in cold alcohol but more easily warm, slightly in ether to which it com- municates fluorescence. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates 5 carbonates Ammonia Lead acetate, neutral or basic, to alcoholic solution, yellow pp. 3 5 aqueous solution, no pp. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow. Ferric chloride, green~yellow pp. (>) FRAXETIN, G.-derivative. : : my eS 2 ee CH:CH C,;Hy,0, or C,,H30; = CE (OE) ee do (Koerner). Yellow crystalline needles and plates with 14H.,O, anhydrous at 100° CG. ; ae 227° (Koerner), re-crystallizing on cooling. Acid reaction ; not itter. Soluble in 10,000 parts of cold water, or 33 on boiling, with difficulty in alcohol, scarcely in ether. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow. nitric acid, dark violetwred~yellow~colourless, dissolve to yellow solutions, fluorescent. § 106. FRITILLARIA Imperialis (Crown Imperial) ; Liliaceae. bulbs, 0-08 to 0-12 per cent. IMPERIALINE, A., C.;HgNO,? (K,. Fragner). Crys. needles, lxvo- rotatory ([a]o= — 35-4" in chloroform) ; M.P. 254° (browns at 248°) ; very bitter. Hydrochloride solution is fluorescent, the sulphate hygroscopic, The 54 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, Soluble slightly in cold water, readily in chloroform, also in hot alcohol, but sparingly in amyl alcohol, ether, benzene or petroleum ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates. carbonates. Tannic acid, yellowish-gray flocculent. Picric acid, yellow flocculent. Potassium bichromate, yellow crystalline. Todo-potassic iodide, dark yellow amorphous. Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange. Cadmium-potassic iodide, white flocculent, Mercuric-potassic iodide, reddish-yellow. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, pale yellow. 5 _ with sugar, yellowish-green~flesh colour wcherry red, finally dark violet after long exposure. Nitre added to solution in sulphuric acid—dark reddish-yellow. Nitric acid, yellow. Hydrochloric acid, gradually brownish-green on warming~red on longer heating. Solution is fluorescent. Potassic perchlorate and sulphuric acid —orange. Fréhde’s reagent, greenish-yellow. § 107. GARCINIA mangostana (Mangosteen) ; Guttiferw or Clusiacew. The shells of the fruit. Investigator: W. Schmid, Ann. Chem. Pharm., 93, 83, and P. B. Liechti. (a) MANGOSTIN B., C.)H..0; (Liechti) ; yellow crystalline plates ; M.P. 190° (173° Liechti), with sublimate ; neutral reaction, tasteless, odourless. Separable with difficulty from the resin accompanying it. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon bisulphide, glacial acetic acid, and acetone; not readily in benzene, and insoluble in water or petroleum ether. Reactions : Alkaline yellow. hydrates dissolve Ferric chloride, dark green to black coloration. [No pp. neutral lead acetate. | Platinum chloride, reduced. Pp. basic lead acetate. Gold chloride, reduced. Not precipitated by other metallic salts. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves yellowish-red. Nitric acid decomposes with production of oxalic acid. (b) ISOMANGOSTIN (C.,H..0,)*" ; prepared from the preceding substance ; dark brown amorphous. ‘The alkaline alcoholic solution shows green fluorescence. § 108. GARDENIA lucida (G. balsamifera, yielding Decamalee Gum) ; Cinchonacea or Rubiacew. Investigators : Stenhouse and Grove, J. Chem. Soc., 1877. GARDENIN B., C,,H,,0 ; dark yellow glittering crystals; M.P. 163°-164°. Soluble in alcohol, easily in ether, scarcely in water, and not in petroleum ether. Reactions: Alkaline hydrates do not dissolve. Concentrated nitric acid, momentary crimson. Hydrochloric acid, dissolves on warming. 3 109. GASTROLOBIUM bilobum ; Rummel, J. Chim. Min., 1880, 1,032. GASTROLOBIN G. ; saffron odour, hygroscopic. Soluble in boiling water and boiling alcohol. § 110. GENTIANA lutea (Gentian) ; Gentianacew. The root. In- vestigator : Kromayer, Arch. Pharm., [2], 110, 27, and others. (a) GENTIOPICRIN G. (not Gentianin), C.,H,,0,.+H,0 ; erystals only obtainable from fresh root (4 gms. from 6 Ibs.) ; yellow, neutral, bitter ; M.P. (when anhydrous) 120°-125° ; acids give Gentiogenin and sugar. Soluble in water, alcohol (with difficulty if absolute), chloroform, difficultly also in benzene, and sparingly in ether. It is removed from acid solutions by chloroform in part, by benzene with difficulty, and in traces by ether. Reactions: Absorbed by charcoal. Alkaline hydrates dissolve yellow. Ammonia, warm, dissolves yellow. [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral. } Ammoniacal lead acetate. pp. (Dragendortt) ; no pp. (Hiisemann) ? [Ferric chloride, no change. | Silver nitrate ammoniacal, reduction and deposit of silver. [Fehling’s solution, not reduced. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves yellow on warming ; the alkaline solution on treatment with sulphuric acid becomes first colourless, then carmine on warming. (b) GENTIOGENIN G.-derivative ; from above by boiling with dilute acids; yellowish-brown amorphous powder (permanent); taste bitter ; reaction neutral. Leguminose. Investigator : DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Soluble in alcoho! and in a mixture of ether with alcohol, but diffi- cultly in water. (c) GENTIANIN (gentianic acid; Gentisin), C,,H,,0,;=C,,H,0.(OCH,) (OH), ; yellow crystals, neutral reaction, not bitter. Soluble scarcely in water, and with difficulty in alcohol or ether. Alkalies give red coloration. (7) GENTISEIN=Gentisin less 1 methyl group=C,,H,0,; yellow erystals; acids give deep red precipitates ; “dyes wool yellow (with alumina mordant). § 111. GEUM urbanum ; Pharm., 85, 184. GEUM BITTER; amorphous, yellow, neutral. Soluble in alcohol and ether, with difficulty in water. Forms compounds with potash, lime and lead oxide that are soluble in alcohol. Dissolved by alkalies. § 112. GLEDITSCHIA triandra ; Leguminose. GLEDITSCHINE A. ; resinous amorphous powder. Soluble in alcohol, not in water. Salts crystalline. § 113. GLOBULARIA alypum (‘ Wild Senna’ of Germany), Se/a- ginacee, Investigators: Walz, N. Jahrb. Pharm., vols. 7 and 13; Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen, Ann. Chim. Phys., [5], 28, 67. (a) GLOBULARIN G., C,,H,,0,, (Walz), or C,;H.,03 (Heckel and Schlag- denhauffen) ; amorphous, bitter, neutral powder. Acids give rise to sugar and Globularetin, ©15H1,05, ( Walz), or C,H,0 (Schlagdenhauffen) ; a substance yielding cinnamic men on decomposition. Globularin is soluble in water and alcohol, but not in ether. Precipitated by tannic acid. GLOBULARESIN (not the derivative of Globularin) is an agreeable smelling resin. § 1i4. GLYCYRRHIZA glabra (Liquorice), G. echinata, Chryso- phyllum glycyphloeum ; Leguminose—Papilionacee; also in Juglans regia (walnut). GLYCYRRHIZIN; CyH,NO,, (an acid ammonium salt of Glycyrrhizic acid); prismatic needles from glacial acetic acid solution; M.P. 200° ; optically inactive, acid reaction, bitter-sweet taste. Rosacew. Inivestigator: Buchner, Repert. 5b Soluble in hot water (gelatinous cold), in alcobol (sparingly if abso- lute), and in warm ether (Dragendorff says almost insoluble). Reactions : Alkalies dissolve reddish-yellow, with characteristic odour. Ammonia, reddish-yellow solution. Lead acetate, neutral or basic, precipitates (the alcoholic solution). Salts of heavy metals give pp, (Habermann). { Cadmium-potassic iodide, no pp. | Sulphuric acid, precipitates from aqueous solution. $115. GONOLOBUS condurango; Asclepiadacew. ‘The bark. Tes HeaeOree G. Carrara, see J. Ch. Soc., 91, 1387; also Vulpius. wax Oiemoy M.P. 52°, and Cinnamice acid are also present.) GONOLOBIN G. (Carrara’s Glucoside), CO H,,0,; yellow powder ; MPa di2e: Soluble slightly in water and alcohol ; not in ether or petroleum ether. Not precipitated by iodo-potassic iodide or mercuric-potassic iodide. Another glucoside apparently also present, but details as yet dis- cordant. § 116. GRATIOLA officinalis (Hedge Hyssop) ; Scrophulariacew. In- vestigator : Walz, Jahrb. Pharm., vols. 14, 21, 24 ; and NV. Jahrb. Pharm., vol. 10. (a) GRATIOLIN G., CyHy¢04 or CyoHys0.4 5 crys. needles from water ; M.P. 200° without change ; ; bitter, poisonous (slows heart’s action). Acids split into Gratioletin, Gratiolaretin, and sugar, Soluble in 893 parts cold water or 476 boiling, in alcohol, chloroform, benzene, and in 1,000 parts cold or 666 boiling ether. It is removed from acid aqueous solutions by chloroform and benzene, but not by ether. Reactions : Ammonia dissolves (water reprecipitates). [ Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic. | Precipitated by tannic acid. Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, orangewbrown~red at edges (water re- precipitates). Concentrated nitric acid, yellow (water reprecipitates). (0) GRATIOSOLIN G., CygHygQi or CysH i205 »5; red or yellow powder ; amorphous or crystalline ; ; M.P. 125°: bitter, with characteristic odour ; In- (A 56 DICTIONARY OF THE poisonous. Acids readily change into sugar and Gratiosoletin, which is very bitter and gives precipitate with tannic acid. Solubility (of Gratiosolin) 1 in 7 parts cold or 5of boiling water, 3 cold or 2 bojling alcohol, 1,700 cold or 1,100 boiling ether. Reactions : [No precipitate by lead acetate, neutral or basic. ] Tannic acid, pp. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, brownish-red ) (water precipitates Nitric acid, dissolves § yellow). § 1IVé GUACHAMANIA toxifera = Al pocynacece. GUACHAMANINE A. ; amorphous, yellow, resinous, alkaline, bitter. amorphous. Soluble iu water, not in alcohol. Precipitated by alkaloid reagents. § 118. HARMALA (Peganum Harmala) ; Zygophyllacew. The seeds —abont 2% per cent. (a), and 14 per cent. (4). Fritsche, Ann. Chem. Pharm., vols. 64, 68, 72, 88, 92. (a) HARMALINE A., C\,H,,N,O ; colourless rhombic octahedra, but salts yellow and fluorescent; M.P. 238° (with decomposition) ; alkaline re- action, slightly bitter (saliva becomes coloured yellow. Soluble in 1,600 parts water at 0° C., in hot alcohol, with difficulty in cold alcohol and ether, slightly in petroleum ether and turpentine. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates. Salts ! Potass. ferricyanide, pp. oily, » _ carbonates. changing to greenish-blue crys. Ammonia bydrate. Potass. sulphocyanide, yellow : carbonate. crystalline. Potass. bichromate (acid soln.), microscopic crys. pp- oily, becoming erystalline. Potass. ferrocyanide, red. Mercurie chloride, white. Acids and salts precipitate from solutions. Platinum chloride, light yellow (b) HARMINE A., C,H, N.O; colourless, glittering rhombic prisms; | salts either colourless or slightly yellow, showing blue fluorescence ; M.P. 256°-257°, with sublimate; reaction alkaline; taste bitter (in alco- holic solution, but not the solid). Soluble with difficulty in water, alcohol (cold), or ether; more easily in hot alcohol. ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Precip tants : Alkaline and ammonia bydrates and carbonates. Platinum chloride, yellow amorphous, becoming crystalline. Potassium sulphocyanide, white crystalline. chromate, pp. decomposing with formation of bichromate. 3 bichromate. Mercurie chloride, white. § 119. HEDERA helix (Ivy); Berichte d. Ch. Ges., 14, 685, and others. leaves. see Daucus.) (a) HELIXIN G. (Hedera Glucoside), Cy0H;,0;, (Vernet), or C,H;,0;)>+2H,0 (H. Block); erys. needles; M.P. 233°; lwvo-rotatory ([a]D=—475°); acid reaction, slightly bitter-sweet taste. Acids convert to a non- fermentable sugar, which reduces Fehling’s solution, and a substance Cog H 4406 ; see (6). Soluble in alcohol, hot benzene, and hot acetone; with difficulty in ether and cold benzene, and not in water, chloroform, or petroleum ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve with green colour when hot. Ammonia, dissolves yellow. Lead acetate, neutral pp. Ferric chloride, green coloration. [Fehling’s solution not reduced till the Helixin has been boiled with acid. | Potassium sulphocyanide, rose coloration (not permanent). {Mercurous nitrate, no action. | Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, bright red. with potassium bichromate, red, be- coming green. ” Araliacee. Investigator: Vernet» (For Carotin, contained in the ” »” ” Nitric acid, no colour. Hydrochloric acid, yellow. (b) HELIXIGENIN (suggested name), from preceding substance by action of acids, C.;,H,,0,; M.P.276°-280°; dextro-rotatory ([a]pD=+42°6°). Solubility similar to that of Helixin. § 120. HELIOTROPUM Europeum, Cynoglossnm \Boraginacee. Investigators: Battandier, Repert. Pharm., ‘Schlagdenhauffer, Buchheim, and others. vulgare, etc. ; vol. . 325 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, HELIOTROPINE A. (the Cynoglossine of Buchheim); rhombic crystals, volatile, alkaline, bitter, poisonous. Salts become brown on exposure. Soluble in water and ether. Reactions : Alkalies, oily pp. Precipitated by most alkaloid reagents. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow changing slowly to red. § 121. HELLEBORUS niger, H. viride, H. foetidus; Ranunculacew. (For White Hellebore, see Veratrum.) Investigators: Hiisemann and Marmé, Ann. Chem. Pharm., 135, and others. (a) HELLEBOREIN G., C,,H4,0,; (Hiisemann) ; crystallizes in fine needles from alcohol; semi-fusion at 280°; deliquescent, faintly acid reaction, sweetish taste, poisonous. Acids give Helleboretin and 2 molecules sugar. Soluble in water, alcohol (not as easily as in water), chloroform; not in ether. It is removed from acid solutions by chloroform, but not by benzene or petrolenm ether. Reactions : [ Alkaline hydrates, no effect. | [No pp. basic lead acetate. | Tannic acid, pp. [No pp. or coloration Ferric | chloride. | | [No pp. platinum chloride or cupric sulphate. | Phospho-molybdic acid ) 5 tungstic acid | **" Concentrated sulphuric acid, brownish-red with trace of violet. (b) HELLEBORETIN G.-deriv., C,,H.,,0;; amorphous dark blue flocks, drying to a gray powder ; no physiological action ; tasteless, neutral. Soluble in alcohol (violet solution), scarcely in ether, not in water. Concentrated sulphuric acid, brownish-red. (c) HELLEBORIN G., C,,H,,0,? (Hiisemann); found in traces only; crystalline needles; M.P. above 250"; neutral reaction, burning taste (when dissolved in alcohol). Partly converted by acids, and completely by zine chloride, into Helleboresin and sugar (one molecule). Soluble in hot water when in presence of Helleborein, also in alcohol and chloroform, but with difficulty in cold water, ether, or fatty oils. Meta-tungstic acid, pp. [No pp. iodo-potassic iodide. » cadmium-potassic iodide. », | Mmercuric-potassic iodide. », mercuric chloride. Millon’s reagent | Mercurous nitrate ; PP- [No pp. other metallic salts. | 5T Concentrated sulphuric acid, blood-red ; water precipitates white flocks. (d) HELLEBORESIN G.-deriv., C)H3,0; (?) ; amorphous grayish powder ; softens at 140° ; neutral, tasteless. Soluble in alcohol, scarcely in ether, not in water. § 122. HUMULUS Lupulus (Hop); Cannabinacece. The cones, and in particular the Lupulinic granules. Investigators, very numerous; men- tion may be made of Ives (1821), Payen and Chevalier, Personne, Doebereiner, Lermer, Etti, Issleib, Bungener, Lintner, Greshoff, Hay- duck. Notwithstanding so many investigations, there is still uncertainty as to the bitter principles of the hop. (I have given a short résumé in my paper on ‘ Hops and Bitter Principles,’ published by the Science Society of the City of London College, reprinted in other periodicals, including the Allgemeine Brauer. u. Hopfen Zeitung, Nuremberg.) The following embodies the results of the most recent researches (those of the last four chemists enumerated above) : (1) LUPULINIC ACID (Hop-bitter Acid, Hopfenbittersiiure, Leriner’s bitter principle); crystalline; M.P. 56°; free from nitrogen; per- centage composition, C 67°86 to 69, H 8 to 8-7 (Lintner and Bungener) ; acid reaction, bitter (in alcohol). Soluble in alcohol and ether, not in water. Lintner and Bungener have separated this substance from the Alpha- resin of Hayduck, and the latter finds that it yields substances resembling the Alpha- and Beta-resins on oxidation. (2) ALPHA-RESIN (Hayduck’s); soft tenacious, light reddish-brown, almost odourless, intensely bitter, feebly acid in character. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, slightly in water. Removed from acid solutions by immiscible solvents. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve with a darkening of colour. Lead acetate neutral, alcoholic solution, yellow pp., soluble in excess, a a a aqueous Ps white pp. Ferric chloride (aqueous), brown pp. Copper acetate (alcoholic), green pp., supernatant fluid green; the copper compound is soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and to some extent in petroleum ether. Copper acetate (aqueous), bluish-white pp. ; on shaking with ether, the latter is coloured green. (3) BETA-RESIN (Hayduck’s) ; closely resembles the preceding, but is 8 58 softer and has hop odour, presumably due to admixture with hop-oil, for, on adding water to an alkaline alcoholic solution of the resin, a precipitate forms having hop odour, from which the resin separable from the filtrate by acidification is free. Solubility as Alpha-resin. Reactions : Lead acetate, alcoholic, no pp. ” ” aqueous, pp. Other reactions as Alpha-resin (with the cupric test, the ether becomes coloured emerald-green). (4) GAMMA-RESIN (Hayduck’s) ; hard, brittle, dark brown; not bitter. Solubility as Alpha and Beta, except that it is not dissolved by petro- leum ether. Reactions : Lead acetate (alcoholic), no pp. Does not give the cupric reaction with ether. § 123. HURA crepitans (‘ Ajuapar’); Euphorbiacew. Investigator : Boussingault, Ann. Chim. Phys., [2] 28, 430 (1825). ' HURIN B. ; oily, becoming crystalline ; M.P. above 100°, but volatile at lower temperatures ; vapours cause inflammation ; no odour, but burning taste. Soluble in alcohol, ether and oils, but not in water. Unchanged by alkalies. Resinified by nitric acid. § 124. HYAANANCHE globosa (Toxicodendron capense); Euphor- biacew. The husk (about 3 per cent.). Investigator: Engelhardt, Arbeiten d. pharmak. Inst. Dorpat, 8, 1892. HYANANCHIN B.; crystalline after purification ; bitter. action like Strychnine, but much weaker. by acids or alkalies at 100° C, Soluble in water, alcohol (the best solvent), ether, benzene, fatty oils. Not precnitated by neutral lead acetate. § 125. HYMENODICTYON excelsum (Cinchona excelsa, Roxb.) and H. obovatum ; Rubiacew. [See also Cinchona ; and for Asculin, which is said to have been found in this plant, refer to Alsculus. Naylor disputes | the presence of Alsculin.] Investigator: Naylor, Pharm. J. Trans., 1883. Physiological Non-glucosidal, but destroyed DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, (a) HYMENODICTYONINE A. (Hymenodictine), C.,H,,N, ; ‘requires further study’ (Hiisemann); amorphous or needles; M.P. 66°; non-fluorescent, reaction alkaline, taste bitter. Salts amorphous. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleam ether; diffi- cultly in water. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates) pp. gelatin- | Phospho-molybdic acid, yellow. Ammonia fous. Potassium iodide. Tannic acid, brown. Iodo-potassium iodide, brown. Picric acid, yellow. Bismuth-potassium iodide, red. Platinum chloride. Cadmium-potassium iodide. Potassium ferrocyanide. Mercuric-potassium iodide, white. 3 ferricyanide. Mercurie chloride. + sulphocyanide in ex- | Also by sodium phosphate. cess, oily drops. re chloride. bichromate, nitrate. ” (b) A bitter principle, C,,;H,,0,; neutral. ‘ Slightly soluble in hot alcohol. Insoluble in ether or chloroform. § 126. ILEX aquifolium (Holly), Aguifoliacew. The leaves, [For Ilex Paraguayensis containing 'Theine see Thea group. | (a) ILIXANTHIN, a colouring matter; C,;H..0,,; pale yellow micro- scopic needles ; M.P. 198° ; non-sublimable, non-glucosidal. Soluble in hot water and alcohol, scarcely in cold water, not in ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, orange pp. Lead acetate, neutral or basic, yellow pp. [ Fehling’s solution not reduced. | (b) ILICIN B. Concerning this substance the statements of various investigators are discordant. § 127. ILLICIUM religiosum (‘Sikimi’); Magnoliucew. The seeds, Investigator : Byckman, Pharm. J. Trans., 1881, 1,050. SIKIMIN B, Nitrogen free ; crystallizes in stellate prisms ; the hydro- chloric acid compound has M.P. 175° ; non-glucosidal. Soluble in hot water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid ; with difficulty in cold water (not in petroleum ether ?). Reactions : Alkaline hydrates ) Ammonia {Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. ] insoluble, DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. [Fehling’s solution not reduced. | Mercuric-potassic iodide, turbidity. Hydrochloric acid warm, bluish-violet to green. § 128. IPECACUANHA, etc. ; Rubiacew—Cinchonacer, Violacer, ete. Emetine in the following: Cephelis Ipecacuanha (Hooper found fol- lowing quantities of (a) in plants grown in India: root 1°79, leaves 1-45, stalk 1°13 per cent.; none in seed—Fliickiger) ; Ronabia emetica, Richard. (Psychotria emet., L.) ; Ionidium Ipec., Venten (Viola Ipec., L.) ; I. indecorum, St. Hil.; Richardsonia scabra, St. Hil. (Richardia scabra, L.); doubtful in Chiococca racemosa—Rubiacew (=Cainga root, see Chiococca). The substances ()) (c) in Viola odorata (violet) the root. [For ‘ White Ipec. from Isle de France’ see Tylophora ; for ‘East India Ipec.’ see Chameelirium.] - (a) EMETINE A. Numerous formule have been suggested by Lefort, Wurtz, and others, viz. : C,H )N.O;, C4)HoNO,, Cy;H.;NOg, Cy3H.;NO,0, C3,Hs;NOjo, C);H»NO., CyypHj)N.0;, the latter by H. Kunz. Amorphous or crystalline (needles or plates); M.P. 50°-70° (different observers) ; optically inactive, bitter, alkaline, fluorescent (blue), emetic. Soluble slightly in cold water, or 1 in 1,000 at 50° C., very readily in alcohol and chloroform; also in hot ether, hot petroleum ether, in benzene, methyl and amyl alcohols, oils, turpentine, acetic acid. Dis- solved difficultly by ether and petroleum ether in the cold. Removed from alkaline solutions by chloroform, amyl alcohol, and in traces by benzene and petroleum ether, Not extracted by solvents from an acid solution. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates. Ammonia. Alk. ee | insoluble in excess. * icarbonates | Tannic acid, pp. if a little free hydrochloric acid ; 1 in 5,000. Picric acid, yellow amorphous ; 1 in 25,000. Platinum chloride, yellowish-white ; 1 in 2,500. Gold chloride, lemon-yellow amorphous ; 1 in 2,500. Potass. ferrocyanide, 1 in 1,000. » sulphocyanide, yellow ; 1 in 2,500. » chromate (avoid excess), 1 in 5,000. » bichromate, gradually yellow ; 1 in 3,000. Phospho-molybdic acid, yellow ; 1 in 25,000. Iodo-potassic iodide aay Bismuth-potassic iodide i eae Cadmium-potassic iodide, yellow amorphous ; 1 in 25,000. Mercuric-potassic iodide, yellow amorphous ; 1 in 25,000. Mercuric chloride, white ; 1 in 1,000; cloud in 3,000. Potassic nitrate ) Sodic j f Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves slowly, dirty brown. os % », With potass. bichromate, brown. 5, +) » With nitric acid, brownish-green. Nitric acid, yellowish-brown. Frohde’s reagent, red changing gradually to green; 1 in 100,000 (reliable, Dragendorff) ; concentrated hydrochloric acid added to this, deep blue. (b) VIOLINE A. (possibly Emetine ?) ; pale yellow amorphous, fusible, bitter, emetic. Soluble in water more readily than Emetine ; in alcohol less readily white. | than Emetine ; scarcely in ether. (¢) VIOLA-QUERCITRIN G., C,H .0.,; yellow crystalline ; convertible by acids into 3 molecules of sugar and 1 of Quercetin (see Quercus tinctoria). Gives fluorescent solutions with alkalies. § 129. ISATIS indigofera (Indigo), I. tinctoria (Woad), Crucifere ; Nerium tinctorium, Calanthe veratrifolia, Tankewillia cantonensis, Poly- gonum tinctorium. The leaves of Crotolaria retusa (L.), Leguminose (see also Leguminose Indian) ; also in the urine of man and ox. INDICAN G., CogH,,NO,, (Schunk) ; amorphous, yellow, syrupy (decom- poses on drying) ; acid reaction, bitter taste ; decomposes in aqueous solution. Dilute acids give Indigo, CsH;NO, and Indiglucin, C;H,,0,, with other products. Soluble in alcohol and water, difficultly in ether (insoluble, Dragendorff). Reactions : Alkalies decompose with production of Indiglucin, etc. Precipitated by lead acetate neutral and basic. Fehling’s solution, reduced. § 130. ISOPYRUM thalictroides ; Ranunculacee. (a) ISOPYRINE A.; yellowish-white bitter powder ; hydrochloride amorphous. 60 Soluble very readily in ether, not in water. Precipitated by ammonia (not by ammonium chloride), (b) PSEUDISOPYRINE A. ; resembles above, except that hydrochloride is precipitated by ammonium chloride. § 131. JUNIPERUS communis (Juniper); Conifera. Investigator : Steer, Wien. Akad. Ber., 21, 383. JUNIPERIN B. ; light yellow, amorphous. The berries. | | | DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF Soluble in 60 parts water, in hot alcohol, and in ether (which removes | from aqueous solution), Ammonia dissolves with golden yellow. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves with light yellow. § 152. LACTUCA sativa (Lettuce, contains also a trace of Hyos- PLANTS, (d) LACTUCERIN, alpha and beta of O. Hesse. Isomeric with sycoceryl alcohol (Sycocero!), Hydrocarotin ?, Quebrachol, Cupreol, Cinchol—pos- sibly identical with Lenoir’s Lacton, C,,H,.0.=C,H,0°C,,H.,0. Soluble in alcohol and petroleum ether. § 133. LASERPITIUM latifolium L.; Umbellifere. Tnvestigators : Feldmann, Ann. Chem. Ph., 185, 236 ; Kulz, Dissertation, Halle a.8., 1882. (a) LASERPITIN B., Cy;H..0, or C.,H-g0; ; prismatic crystals; M.P.114°- 118°; bitter in alcoholic solution (not when dry), neutral reaction. Allied to Athamanthin (see Athamaniha), Yields, on decomposition, | Laserol and Angelic acid. Soluble in 9 parts absolute alcohol, 3°6 ether, 12 carbon bisulphide, and | in chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, ethereal oils ; not in water. ecyamine ; see Atropa), L, virosa, L. altissima ; Composite—Liguliflora. | y pa), ’ ; '} Guy Investigators : Kromayer, Lenoir, Fliickiger, Hesse, Franchemont, and others. (a) LACTUCIN B., C..H,,0, or C,,H,,O, (Kromayer) ; pearly crystals, fusible, bitter, neutral, non-glucosidal. Soluble in hot water and in alcohol, with difficulty in cold water, not in ether. Reactions : Alkalies dissolve with gradual claret colour, [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic. ] Ammoniacal silver nitrate, reduced. Fehling’s solution, reduced. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves colourless, gradually becoming cherry red. (b) LACTUCOPICRIN B., Cy,H,,.0. (Kromayer); brown, amorphous, bitter ; reaction acid. Soluble in water and alcohol. (c) LACTUCON (Lenoi’s), C);H,,O (Cy,H.,0, Fliickiger) ; crystallizes in | stars ; M.P. 185° ; non-volatile except in current of carbon dioxide ; taste- less, odourless ; not physiologically active. Soluble in alcohol, ether, petroleum ether, essential and fatty oils, scarcely in water, Not precipitated by reagents soluble in alcohol. (¢) GALLACTUCON (Franchemont’s ‘Lactcn, from L, altissima), crystals ; M.P. 296°. i Soluble in alcohol. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, do not dissolve, or but slightly, Lead acetate, neutral, precipitates (no pp. ? Feldmann). Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves red. 3 nitric i Dilute acids do not dissolve. (b) LASEROL (aromatic principle), C,,H.O,, crystalline, or brown amor- phous ; taste, hot peppery. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Alkaline hydrates, dissolve yellow ; acids precipitate from the alkaline solution. § 134. LAURINES various—e.., Litscea chrysocoma, Litscea Javanica (about 1 per cent.), Tetranthera citrata, T. amara, T. lurida, T. inter- media, Notaphoebe umbellifera, Aperula sp., Actinodaphne procera, Illi- gira pulchra: Substance (a). In Hassia firma and H. squarrosa an alkaloid was found resembling Laurotetanine (M. Greshoff). _LAUROTETANINE A. Crystalline ; very poisonous, action like Strych- nine. Soluble with difficulty in chloroform, scarcely in ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, soluble in excess. Sodium carbonate. ” ” Potassium sulphocyanide. Phospho-molybdie acid. 5, tungstic acid. Tannic acid. Mercuric-potassic iodide. ITCrICiaes » chloride. Platinum chloride. Todine solution. Gold chloride. 61 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, pale rose-red. es nitric acid, dirty brown. Fréhde’s solution, indigo blue, yellow on addition of water. § 135. LEGUMINOSZ Indian. Investigated by Greshoff. Derris (Pongamia) elliptica—Benth. ; the root cortex, substance («). Pachyrhizus angulatus—Rich. ; asubstance ‘ Pachyrhizid,’ possibly iden- tical with (a). Erythrina (Stenotropis) Broteroi—Hassk. ; E. (Hypo- phorus) subumbrans (0). Crotolaria retusa contains Indican (see Isatis), and an alkaloid found also in C. striata, L.; a strong poison, probably related to Cytisine, Sparteine, ete. Miullettia atropurpurea—Benth., a poisonous glucoside resembling Saponin. Acacia tenerrima—Jungh., the cortex contains a bitter poisonous alkaloid, soluble in ether and chloroform. Pithecolobium bigeminum, P. saman ; substance (c), cortex of former gave 0-8 per cent. (a) DERRID B. (Pachyrhizid ? see above), Nitrogen free ; slightly acid reaction ; sharp taste. Powerful fish poison at 1 in 5,000,000. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, amyl alcohol, slightly in water. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates (solution), dissolves slightly. on fusion, give salicylic and protocatechuic acids. ” ” (b) ERYTHRINE A. Poisonous. Soluble in ether. Sulphate crystalline. Precipitants : Tannic acid. Picric acid. Platinum chloride. Gold chloride. Platinum sulphocyanide. (¢) PITHECOLOBINE A. Amorphous ; burning taste ; acts corrosively on the skin ; fish poison, 1 in 400,000. Salts crystalline. Milky solution with water. Precipitated by : Picric acid, 1 in 100,000. Mereuric-potassic iodide, limit, 1 in 200,000. § 136. LINARIA vulgaris; Scrophulariacee. Jahrb. Pharm., 27, 16. (a) LINARIN B. Crystalline, bitter. Potass. bichromate. Mercuric-potassic iodide. Mercurie chloride. Iodine solution. Investigator: Walz., Soluble in water and alcohol. [Lead acetate, neutral or basic, no pp. | Precipitated by tannic acid. (b) LINARACRIN. Yellowish-brown, amorphous, resinous ; taste pungent. Soluble in ether, not in water. (c) LINARESIN. Yellow. Soluble in alcohol, not in ether or water. § 137. LINUM catharticum (Purging Flax) ; Linacew. Investigators : Schroeder, N. Repert. Ph., 11, 11, and others. LININ B. Percentage composition, C 62-92, H 4:72, 0 32°36. Silky needles, chars on heating; neutral reaction, bitter (in alcoholic solution), purgative. Soluble iu hot water, not cold ; almost in all proportions in absolute alcohol ; also dissolved by ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid. Remoyed from acid solutions by ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates) 5._— a . “us ewer 3 | dissolve yellow (acids precipitate). Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves dark violet. § 138. LINUM usitatissimum (Linseed) ; Linaccw. Investigators: A. Jorissen and E. Hairs, Journ. de Pharm. Anvers. One kilo, of the germinated seeds yielded 15 gms. of the glucoside. LINAMARIN G. Percentage composition, C 47°88, H...N 5:55, 0... Silky needles ; M.P. 134°; neutral reaction; bitter, odourless. Yields hydro- eyanic acid with the ferment (zymase) contained in powdered linseed. Soluble in alcohol and in its own weight of water, but not in ether. Fehling’s solution, not reduced, Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves colourless. § 139. LIRIODENDRON tulipifera, L. (‘Tulip tree’) ; Maynoliacew. The root-bark (yield, about 2 to 3 per cent.). Investigator : Emmet, Journ. Ph., [2], 17, 400 ; Repert. Ph., 75, 88. e. LIRIODENDRIN B. ; crystallizes in needles and leaflets; M.P. 82° (part suhlimable) ; neutral, bitter ; oxidizes on exposure. Soluble in alcohol, ether and hot water; scarcely in cold water. Precipitated by alkalies, acids, and neutral salts. Mae Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves orange-yellow ; water precipitates therefrom a non-bitter resin. Nitric acid, dissolves colourless. 62 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, Hydrochloric acid hot, gives rise to a green substance. § 140. LOBELIA inflata L. ; Campanulacew, Investigators : F. Mayer, Viertelj. pract. Pharm., 15, 233 ; Lewis, Pharm. J., T'rans., [3], 8, 561. (a) LOBELIINE A.-G.* (Lobelina) ; oily yellowish-white, alkaline, taste acrid. Yields sugar on long boiling. Salts crystalline (not the acetate). Soluble in water (with yellow colour), in alcohol, amyl alcohol, chloro- form, ether (the best solvent), benzene, petroleum ether, carbon bisulphide, fatty and essential oils. Contrary to the behaviour of substances of its class, it is removed from acid solution by petroleum spirit and chloroform. Precipitants : [Alkaline hydrates, decompose with production of substance having aromatic odour. | Ammonia, white pp. Lead acetate, neutral, white needles (no pp. ?). 1) » _ basic (no pp. ?). Tannic acid, pp. solution in excess, or in ammonia. [No pp. gallic acid.] Picric acid. Ferrous sulphate, brown pp. Platinum chloride, pp. floats (aqueous solution). Gold chloride, pp. insoluble in hydrochloric acid (aqueous solution). Silver nitrate, white pp. sol. ammonia or nitric acid (aqueous solution). Fehling’s solution, reduced after hydrolysis of L. Phospho-molybdic acid, yellowish-white ; ammonia changes blue, then colourless. Metatungstic acid. Todo-potassic iodide (acid solution), brown. Mercuric-potassic iodide (acid solution), pale yellow. [Mercuric chloride, no change. | [| Albumen, not coagulated. | Charcoal, absorbs. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown ; intensified by potass. bichromate. Froéhde’s reagent, reddish-brown. () LOBELACRIN is considered by Lewis to be a salt of Lobeliine, with an acid resembling gallic, and named Lobelic acid. Alkaloidal glucoside. § 141. LOLIAM telumentum (poisonous darnel grass) ; Graminacee. The seed. Investigators: Ludwig and Stahl, Archiv Pharm., [2], 119, 59; P. Antze, and others. LOLIIN G.; dirty white, amorphous, bitter. Yields sugar and volatile acids. Forms crystalline salts with sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. Soluble in water and alcohol, not in ether. § 142. LONICERA xylosteum, L. (Honeysuckle); Caprifoliacee. The berries. Investigator: Enz, Viertelj. pract. Pharm., 5,196, and others. XYLOSTEIN G.; crystalline needles; M.P. 100° (fusible to colourless liquid, recrystallizing on cooling); neutral, slightly bitter, poisonous. Acids give sugar and a derivative of Xylostein. Soluble in hot water (scarcely cold), in alcohol and ether (which removes it on shaking with aqueous solutions). Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. Concentrated sulphuric acid, brown. § 143. LOTUS bark (Symplocos racemosa) ; Styracew. 0-24 per cent. (a), and 0:02 per cent. (b). (a) LOTURINE A.; crystallizes in efflorescent prisms ; M.P. 234°; alka- line reaction. Salts with mineral acids show bluish-violet fluorescence. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone ; scarcely in water. The alcoholic solution is precipitated by potass. sulphocyanide. (b) COLLOTURIN A. ; crystallizes in non-efflorescent prisms, giving subli- mate at 234°; alkaline reactions. Salts fluorescent as (a). Soluble in alcohol and ether. Precipitants : Gold chloride, yellow flocculent. Potass. sulphocyanide (to the alcoholic solution). (c) LOTURIDINE A. ; amorphous ; bluish-violet fluorescence. Potass. sulphocyanide gives no pp. (compare above). (d) CALIFORNINE (of Winckler) contains the 3 alkaloids above. Calitornin, see Cinchona group.) § 144. LUPINUS albus, L. luteus, and others (Leguminose), substances (a), (0), (c), ete.; L. angustifolius (Blue Lupines), (d), 165 gms. from 2 cwt. of the seed. Arginine (e) is a proteid decomposition product found in etiolated Lupine cotyledons, as well as in Soja hispida and Cucurbita pepo, grown in the dark. After fermentation, the following decomposition compounds from pro- The bark gave (For DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, 63 teid were obtained: Asparagine (the principal product), Phenyl-amido- propionic and Amido-valerianic acids, Leucine, Tyrosine, Xanthine, Hypo- xanthine, Lecithin, Arganine. (a) LUPININ G. (Lupiniin; not the alkaloid Lupinine, Baumert), ©,,H3.0;¢7H,O (Schulze and Barbieri); crystallizes in yellowish-white | needles; bitter taste and fruity odour. Acids, and even boiling water alone, convert to sugar and Lupigenin, which is partly sublimable. Soluble with difficulty in water or alcohol. Reactions : eel OLE dissolve ; acids reprecipitate. Precipitated by basic lead acetate. (b) LUPINIDINE A., CsH,;N ; pale yellow, heavy oily, alkaline; pungent, bitter. Soluble in water and alcohol ; with difficulty in ether. (c) LUPININE A., C.,H,,N,O, (Liebscher, Ber. landwirths. Inst. Halle, 1880) ; rhombic crystals ; M.P. 67°-80° ; B.P. 257°-8° ; volatile in steam, levo-rotatory, apple-like odour, alkaline reaction, bitter. Soluble in cold water (less soluble warm), in alcohol, ether, chloroform, Peni ne, petroleum ether ; dissolved, but decomposed, by carbon bisul- phide. Precipitated by alkalies (concentrated solution). (d) LUPANINE A., C,;H,,N.O (Hagen and C. Siebert); light yellow syrupy liquid, even at —16° C. ; non-volatile ; does not boil even at 290°C. ; fluorescent, green ; intensely bitter and powerfully alkaline. Liberates ammonia and gives cloud with hydrochloric acid vapour. Unchanged by boiling potash solution, or by hydrochloric acid at 200° C. Soluble in cold water, nearly all precipitated on warming (Siebert found it to be freely soluble ; dissolved also by ether and chloroform, but only difficultly by alcohol. Removed from alkaline solutions by ether. Precipitants : Lead acetate neutral, if concentrated ; after precipitation it is diffi- cultly soluble even dilute. Tannic acid, white. Gold chloride, yellow ; sol. on warming, crystallizing out when cold. Iodine, brownish-red. (e) ARGININE, decomposition product of proteid (see under plant-heading above), OC 3H,4N,0.. (saturated solution). [Not precipitated by tannic acid nor lead acetate. ] Picric acid, gold needles ; sol. hot water. Precipitated also by phospho-tungstic acid. § 145. LYCOPODIUM complanatum ; Lycopodiacew. Investigator : Beedecker, Ann. Chem. Ph., 208, 263, substance (a), L. saururus (Pili- ganum), ()). (a) LYCOPODINE A., C3,H,.N,O, ; crystallizes in clino-rhombic prisms ; M.P. 114°-115° ; alkaline, bitter. Soluble in water, more readily in chloroform or benzene; also in alcohol, ether, and amyl] alcohol. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, resinous pp. if concentrated. [Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. | Todine solution, brown cloud, (b) PILIGANINE A. (Amyl-nicotine ? Arata), ©,;Hs,N,O or C,,H,;N."OC;H,, ; light yellow, amorphous, alkaline reaction, disagreeable odour, poisonous; gives Nicotine (?) on distillation in current of hydrogen. Salts mostly crystalline. Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform ; with difficulty in ether. Precipitants: Alkaline hydrates. [Not lead acetate, neutral or basic. | Tannic acid, white. Ferric chloride, reddish pp. 7 [Not platinum chloride ; the Pt. salt is very soluble. | Gold chloride, yellow ; altered by light. Potassium ferricyanide, greenish, Potassium bichromate, yellow. Phospho-molybdic acid, whitish-yellow. Todo-potassic iodide, light brown. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. Bromine water | Todine tincture § § 146. LYCOPUS Europeus, L, ; Labiatw. The leaves. Geiger, Repert. Ph., 15, 11. LYCOPIN B. ; amorphous, bitter, odourless. Soluble in alcohol, ether, in 500 parts water, and in warm acetic acid. Urea is obtained on boiling with Baryta water yellow. Investigator : 64 DICTIONARY OF MARRUBIUM vulgare (Horehound) ; Labiaiw. The whole Investigators : Kromayer and Harms, Archiv. Phar m., vols. 83, Harms obtained 2 grammes of Marrubiin from 25 Ib. of the § 147. plant. 108, 116. plant. MARUBIIN B. ; crys. needles (from cold alcohol) ; M.P. 145° (Harms), or | 160° (Kromayer) ; neutral reaction, bitter. | Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, slightly in water, not in petroleum spirit. apenovel by ether from aqueous solution. Absorbed by charcoal. Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic (to alcoholic solution), nor by alkaloid reagents. Fehling’s solution, not reduced. No colour reactions with acids (concentrated sulphuric acid, brownish- yellow—Kromayer). § 148. MEGARRHIZA Californica (Hchinocystis) ; Investigator : Heaney, Amer. J. Ph., 48, 451. (a) MEGARRHIZIN G.; poisonous. Acids rhizionetin. Soluble in alcohol, not in ether. (b) MEGARRHIN, resembles Saponin ; enlarges pupil. (c) MEGARRHIZITIN B, ; crystalline, poisonous. § 149. MENYANTHES trifoliata (Buckbean) ; (Gentianacew. vestigators : Kromayer, Archiv Ph., 1861; Lendrich, idem, 230, 38. MENYANTHIN G., Cxy)HygQ.4 (Kromayer) or C,, sH,,0,, (Lendrich) ; amorphous, terebinthinate becoming gradually solid ; M.P. 100°-115° ; neutral reaction, bitter. Acids convert to Menyanthol, C,H,O (Hiise- mann), or ©;H,,0, (Lendrich), with characteristic odour, and a levo- rotatory sugar. Soluble in hot water (with difficulty cold), in alcohol, benzene ; not in ether. Removed from acid solutions by benzene and chloroform ; absorbed by | charcoal. Precipitants : [Not lead acetate, neutral or basic, or mere cloud. | Tannic acid, white. {Not gold chloride, but reduction on warming. | Ammoniaeal silver nitrate, reduced. Cucurbitacee. give sugar and Megar- In- chloroform, THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Fehling’s solution, reduced. Phospho-molybdie acid, yellow. Bismuth-potassic iodide, yellow. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. Todine solution, yellow. Colour tests, ete. : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-brown changing to violet. Dilute sulphuric acid on warming, odour of Menyanthol. § 150. MIKANIA Guaco; Composite. The leaves. Investigators : Faure, Journ. Pharm., [2] 22, 291; Pettenkofer, Repert. Ph., 86, 311. Used in America against snake-poisoring, etc. GUACIN B.; light brown amorphous powder ; bitter. Soluble in hot water (difficultly cold), in alcohol, and in ether. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves reddish-brown. FA nitric acid, dissolves dark yellow. hydrochloric acid, little change. 151. MORINDA citrifolia ( Rubiacea ) contains Mor NDI, a glucoside yidlding sugar, and MorINDON, a colouring matter. Morindin resembles Ruberythric acid (from Rubia tinctoria or Madder), the glucoside of M.P. 100°; neutral, | Alizarin (Dihydroxi-anthraquinone), § 152. MORRENIA brachystephana (tisis) ; Palmacee; Argentine Republic, The root. MORRENINE A.; dark, brown amorphous; M.P. 106°; bitter taste. sharp odour. Soluble in water, alcohol, amyl alcohol, chloroform. a ee by most alkaloid reagents.’ § 153. NANDINA domestica ; Berberidacew, The root bark. HANDININE A., C,)H,,NO, ; amorphous powder ; poisonous. Salts amor- phous Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene ; not in water. Alkaline hydrates, dissolve (acids re-precipitate). Platinum chloride, whitish-yellow pp. Concentrated sulphuric acid containing nitric acid, blue solution. § 154. NARTHECIUM ossifragum ; Juncacee. Tuvestigator : N. Jahrb. Ph., 14, 345. NARTHECIN B.; crystalline ; M.P. 35° Soluble in alcohol, scarcely in water. Walz, ; acid reaction, biting taste. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 65 Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. § 155. NERIUM antidysenterica (Wrightia) ; Apocynacew. The bark (Cortex conessi) and Holarrhena Africana, substance (a); Nerium Oleander and N. odorum, substance (0). (a) CONESSINE A. (Wrightine), C,,H,,N ; whitish powder or brownish- yellow, resinous (crys. needles—Pictet) ; M.P. 122° with sublimate ; bitter. Salts amorphous. Soluble with difficulty in water or alcohol ; scarcely in ether or carbon bisulphide. Precipitants : Gold chloride. Ammonia. | Tannic acid. | Mercurie chloride. Platinum chloride. (b) OLEANDRINE A. [Neriodorin ? (Schmiedeberg) ; identical with one of Selmi’s Ptomaines ? (Finoshi), Statements of different observers concerning QOleandrin, Neriin, Neriodorin, etc., are conflicting; see Lukowsky, Rep. Chim. Appliq., 3, 77; Schmiedeberg, Archiv. exp. Pathol., 16, 151 ; Greenish, Pharm. J. Trans., [3], 11, 873, and others]. Amorphous, yellow, resinous, bitter, poisonous; M.P. above 46° with crystalline sublimate; after heating to 240° it is no longer soluble in alcobol or water. Soluble (N. are properties ascribed to ‘ Neriodorin’) in water, Betelli (scarcely N.),in alcohol, ether (scarcely N.), chloroform, fatty oils ; notin benzene (N.), or petroleum ether (N.). Precipitated by : Basic lead acetate (N.). Tannic acid. Picric acid. [Ferric chloride, reddish-brown coloration, N.] Platinum chloride. Gold chloride. Mercurie chloride, white (N.). (c) NERIIN has all the properties of Digitalein, and possibly identical therewith. (7) NERIANTHIN bears similar resemblance to Digitalin. (e) ROSAGININ G. (I. Pieszezck) ; nitrogen free ; microscopic crystals ? (amorphous, Archiv. Pharm., 1890, 228, 352); M.P. 171°; poisonous ; action like Strychnine. | [3], 2, 161. | stances, but which have not yet been isolated pure. | the seeds, (/). Soluble in alcohol ; not in water, ether, chloroform, or petroleum ether. [Not precipitated by : Ammonia. Platinum chloride. Lead acetate neutral. Iodo-potassic iodide. 5 basic. Mercurie chloride. | Tannic acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves reddish-brown ; not changed by bromine. § 156. NIGELLA sativa, L.; Ranwnculacew. Investigators : Greenish, J. Chem. Soc., 1880, and Pharm. J. Trans. ; Fliickiger, Jahrb. Pharm., Substance (a) ; also other alkaloidal and glucosidal sub- N. Damascena, L. ; (a) MELANTHIN G., C,,H,,0,; crystalline; M.P. 205°; slightly bitter. Acids change to. Welunthigenin, C,,H,,O,, and sugar. Melanthin and Melanthigenin resemble Parillin and Parigenin respectively. Soluble in dilute or in hot alcohol, slightly in chloroform, scarcely in ether, benzene, petroleum ether, carbon bisulphide, or water (latter solu- tion frothy ). Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve ; acids reprecipitate. Neutral lead acetate, cloud. Basic lead acetate, white pp. ; soluble in excess. Ferric chloride (to alcoholic solution), yellowish-green. Fehling’s solution, not reduced till after hydrolysis. Mereuric chloride, cloud. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, rose-colour, becoming violet after 15 to 20 hours. with sugar, violet. with trace of nitric acid, yellow, changing to violet-red on warming, with nitric acid, orange, changing to yellow. Swells on boiling with other concentrated acids. (b) DAMASCENINE A., C,,H,,NO, (A. Schneider, J. Pharm., [5], 22, 58); crystalline below 27° C., at which it liquefies; B.P. 168°; alkaline re- action, fluorescent (though not in acid solution), narcotic odour. Soluble easily in alcohol, carbon bisulphide, and chloroform; also in 9 66 benzene, petroleum ether, methyl alcohol, fatty oils, and methyl iodide ; not in cold water, but slightly on boiling. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, oily pp. Phospho-molybdie acid, white. * carbonates. Todo-potassic iodide, brownish- purple, becoming crystalline. Cadmium-potassic iodide, white. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. Mercurie chloride, white. Nessler’s reagent, grayish-brown pp- Ammonia, oily pp. Picrie acid. Platinum chloride. Palladious chloride. Gold chloride. Potassium bichromate, yellow. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate, blood-red to violet. Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, violet. 45 nitric acid (alone), gradually reddish-violet. § 157. NUPHAR luteum (Yellow Water Lily) ; Mymphwacee. rhizome. NUPHARINE A., C,,H.,N.O.; amorphous ; M.P. 65° ; optically inactive ; not bitter (but salts are bitter). Salts amorphous. Odour on acidifica- tion. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, amyl alcohol, acetone ; almost insoluble in petroleum ether. Removed by chloroform from alkaline solutions. Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. Pp. by most alkaloid reagents. Concentrated sulphuric acid, on warming, brown, then greenish ; water then gives yellowish-brown pp. § 158. ONONIS spinosa, L.; Leguminosew. The root. Investigators : Rheinsch, Repert. Pharm., vols. 76, 78 ; Hlasiwetz, J. Pract. Pharm., 65. (a) ONONIN G., CyoH,,0,; (2); erys. microscopic plates and prisms ; M.P. 235° (reerystallizing on cooling) ; no odour ; not bitter. — Acids yield sugar and Formonetin, (/). Soluble in alcohol after long boiling ; not in ether or in cold water ; with difficulty in hot water (crystals appear on cooling). It is carried down by the lead sulphide formed in freeing the vegetable extract from excess of lead acetate. No pp. with cadmium-potassic iodide (Dragendorff). The DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-red changing to cherry-red. 4 » With manganese dioxide, carmine. aa nitric acid, yellow, with formation of oxalic acid. Frihde’s reagent, pure red, lasting some time. (b) FORMONETIN G.-deriv. from preceding ; pale violet colouring matter, yielding Ononetin and formic acid on treatment with Baryta water. (c) ONONID B. [Ononis-glycyrrhizin, Glyeyrrhizin? (Hlasiwetz)], C,,H..0,; dark yellow, amorphous ; acid reaction ; slightly bitter, then sweet. Soluble in alcohol and water. Precipitants : Lead acetate neutral. {Not tannic acid.] - » basic. Copper, mercury and silver salts. Acids precipitate from aqueous solution. (d) ONOCERIN ; crystalline. Soluble in alcohol and warm turpentine, with difficulty in water, not in ether. No change with acids or alkalies. § 159. OPIUM, from Papaver somniferum (Poppy); Pupaveracee. The whole of the alkaloids described below, except those which are stated to be artificial derivatives of the naturally occurring bases. Only the following six are found in appreciable quantities, and only the first three of these are physiologically active (some of the rarer alkaloids of Opium are also poisonous, as will be seen) : Morphine average say 10 per cent. ) ” Codeine 0-25 to 0D ~ -active and basic. Thebaine O15). 1:0 5 J V9 1 ] averag 6 . . . AEDES ay eree 2 comparatively inactive and Papaverine _,, 1 F . Ail = . ne neutral, Narceine fe 05 ” As would be expected, the relative proportions vary considerably. Morphine may be said roughly to fluctuate from about half the above figure (though rarely to that extent) to half as much again. Narcotine varies through wider limits. (French Opium frequently contains none, and East Indian more Narcotine than Morphine.) Narceine sometimes exceeds Thebaine in quantity. Excluding Morphine and Narcotine, the total of other alkaloids may amount to 0-5 to, say, 2 per cent. Of Cryptopine, T. and H. Smith DICTIONARY OF THE obtained only 1 part from 30,000 of Opium ; and Kauder (Arch, Pharm., | 225, 419) found the following proportions of the rare alkaloids : Crypto- pine 70, Laudanine 20, Protopine 34, Tritopine 2, to 1 part of Laudanosine. By the * British Pharmacopoeia’ Opium is required to assay 95 to 103 | per cent. of Morphine, calculated on the dried Opium. : In addition to alkaloidal substances, Opium contains: Acetic, lactic (1} per cent.), meconic (4 per cent.) acids, meconin, gum, pectin, sugar, | humoid matters, resin, caoutchoue, albuminoids, water (10 to 30 per cent.), | and the usual inorganic salts. Papaver rhoeas (Red Poppy) contains Rheadine. Argemone Mexicana | (Prickly Poppy) and Eschscholtzia Californica (Papaveracee) have been found to contain Morphine ; and Chelidonium, as well as Sanguinaria—Pro- topine. For other alkaloids of the Papaveracew, see Chelidonium group ; for Berberine, found in some members of the order, see Berberis group. The alkaloids, etc., here described appear in the following order : (1) MORPHINE. | (10) NARCEINE. (2a) Apomorphine, | (11) Rheadine. (2b) Pseudomorphine. | (12) Oxynarcotine. (3) NARCOTINE. (13) Gnoscopine. (3a) Hycrocotarnine. (14) Codamine (3b) Cotarnine. (15) Meconidine. | (3c) Tarconine. (16) Lanthopine. | ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF (3d) Nartinic Acid. (17) Cryptopine. (Se) Cupronine. (18) Laudanine. (3f) Tarnine. (19) Protopine. (3g) Cuprine. (20) Tritopine. (3h) Dibromapophylline. (21) Laudanosine. (37) Apophyllie Acid. (4) PAPAVERINE. Non-basie Substances : (5a) Papaveramine. (22) Meconin. (6) CODEINE. (23) Pseudomeconin. (7a) Codenine. | (24) Meconic Acid. (8) THEBAINE. | (25) Meconoisin. (Ya) Thebaicine. (26) Opionin. (9b) Thebenine. (1) MORPHINE A. (Morphia), C,-4,,NO,+H.0 ; crystallizes in rhombic | prisms ; M.P. about 230°, with partial decomposition ; lsvo-rotatory, alkaline. bitter. Fluorescent in sulphuric acid solution. ; Solubility varies greatly with the physical condition; very slightly PLANTS. 67 soluble in cold water (1 in 33,333 at 3°, Chastaing), 1 in 400 to 500 boil- ing ; alcohol, 1 in 40 cold, 1 in 30 boiling ; chloroform, | in 175 if ordinary chloroform, or 1 in 10,000 if free from alcohol (Prescott, J. Chem. Soc., 22, 405, gives 1 in 4,379, 1,977 and 861 for the crystallized, amorphous and freshly liberated or ‘nascent’ Morphine respectively) ; cold amyl alcohol, | 1 in 400, Van der Burg (Prescoti’s figure 91 for both crystallized and “nascent’), easier warm ; acetic ether, 1 in 500, Van der Burg; scarcely in petroleum ether, benzene, or ether (Prescott’s figures for the latter, 6,148, | 2,112, 1,062 for the three conditions). In consequence of its limited solubility in the usual solvents, special methods have to be employed to remove it from au aqueous mixture ; this may be most conveniently effected by warming the acidified solution, adding warm amyl alcohol, and then, after alkalizing with ammonia, the Morphine thus freshly liberated will be taken up by the warm amyl alcohol. Minute quantities are removable by ether (this affords a means of separation from Urea, which is soluble in amy] alcohol, but not in ether). Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates | Ammonia Lime-water ) Alkaline carbonates, soluble in excess, but not as readily as above. 3 bicarbonate, not soluble in excess. The precipitates become crystalline. {| Not lead acetate. | | Not Tannic acid, cloud at 1 in 1,000.] Picrie acid, 1 in 100, [Ferric chloride neutral solution, blue coloration 1 in 5,000, de- stroyed by acid or alcohol. | Platinum chloride, 1 in 100 ; or after 24 hours 1 in 3,000. Gold chloride, 1 in 3,000 at once. Silver nitrate, red coloration ; 1 in 1,000 after 15 minutes. { Potassium ferrocyanide, not 1 in 100.] | Potassium ferricyanide, reduced ; no pp. 1 in 60 except after stand- ing, Plugge. | Potass. sulphocyanide, white crystalline ; not 1 in 100. ~) cyanide, pp. ; cloud at 1 in 5,000. Silver potassic cyanide, a crystalline deposit after some hours. Potass. chromate, the pp. contains free M. and M. chromate. pp. soluble in excess. 68 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. [Potass. bichromate, scarcely a cloud at 1 in 100; see also mercuric chloride below. | [Not 5 per cent. chromic acid. | Phospho-molybdic acid, pp.; cloud at 1 in 5,000 ; see colour tests below. [Phospho-tungstic acid, cloud at 1 in 1,000.| | 4 antimonic acid, not at 1 in 1,000. | lodo-potassic iodide, red; 1 in 5,000. Bromo-potassic bromide, red ; 1 in 5,000. | Bismuth-potassic iodide, pp. ; slight at 1 in 5,000. : SSS osreb aed Gaciiinin potieeic iodide, crys. needles ; 1 in 1,000 after 2 hours. | aes i oe ), dirty violet. [Not zinc-potassic iodide. | ‘Algae bi Mes : ees cs , mt Mercuric-potassic iodide, amorphous 1 in 1,000 ; limit 1 in 2,500. N mae pate) e, white when pure, but turns green. 7 chloride, white crystalline 1 in 100; remains white with F Ce ese a ne] hoe potass. bichromate (compare Strychnine). Piero. wd 9 ‘f owist n oae Colour tests : icric acid, yellow ; sol. warm. P P . Ferric chloride, red, becoming black ntrated sulphuric acid, colourless, becoming gradually red ; : 2 ’ See Concent Pp y ’ everaguan” Platinum chloride, yellow. violet on warming. : chloride or large excess of hydrochloric acid ; greenish crystals, alkaline reaction, emetic, ‘The solutions become green on keeping. Soluble in alcohol, ether (purple colour), chloroform (violet), benzene ; with difficulty in water. On shaking an alkaline aqueous solution with petroleum ether, benzene, | or chloroform, a red decomposition product is removed, Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, greenish-white or turning green; sol. in excess. Concentrated sulphuric acid, heated with the alkaloid to 150°, converts to Sulpho-morphine, with which ammonia gives white pp., and chloroform a red solution. Compare Codeine and Pseudo- morphine. Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassium chlorate, bluish-violet. on 5 ,, warmed gently, then potass. perchloride, brown. Strychnine does not interfere. Concentrated sulphuric acid with sugar, red (perceptible with ,}, milligramme ). Concentrated sulphuric acid with the phospho-molybdic pp., blue ; dark brown on warming. The phospho-molybdic pp. with potash, brownish-orange. Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, violet. Nitric acid added after 10 hours’ solution in sulphuric acid (Dragen- dorff), reddish~~bluish-violet~blood-red~ orange. Nitric acid alone, orangemlight yellow, Hydrochloric acid (concentrated), no effect. Gold chloride, purple. Potassium ferrocyanide, reddish-yellow ; green on warming. es ferricyanide, white, changing to violet, then black. sulphocyanide, white ; sol. warm. a bichromate, orange. [Not 5 per cent. chromic acid. } fodo-potassic iodide, blood-red ; sol. warm. Potassic iodide alone, white, changing to green. Bismuth potass. iodide, limit 1 in 10,000. Mercuric chloride, white. Zine chloride hi 12) 1 1 ar ing. , acetate hw te, soluble on warming Colour tests (besides those formed by reagents above) : Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. Concentrated nitric acid, violet red. Per-iodic acid, reduced. Frihde’s solution, violet. Dilute acids, dissolve readily. Per-iodic acid, iodine liberated. Fréhde’s reagent, magnificent violet ~ green ~ brownish-green w yellow ; after 24 hours, bluish-violet. (2a) APOMORPHINE A., C,-H,;NO,=Morphine less H,O ; formed by heating the latter alkaloid in a sealed tube to 140° or 150° C, with zine (2b) PSEUDOMORPHINE A. (of Pelletier ; Donath’s Dehydro-morphine ; Schiitzenberger’s Oxymorphine ; Polstorfi’s Oxydimorphine) ; C,-H,,NO, or C;,H,;N.0, (O. Hesse). Occurs naturally in opium, though rarely, and obtained from morphine by moderate oxidation, as with potassium ferri- cyanide. Its occasional presence in opium extracts may arise also from oxidation. DICTIONARY OF . Crystallizes in leaflets or needles with 3H.O ; not fusible without de- composition ; neutral reaction, not poisonous and not bitter. Soluble in hot amyl alcohol] (and in excess of ammonia, by means of which it is best purified) ; insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, or carbon bisulphide. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve. Ammonia, pp. sol. in excess. [No pp. lead acetate. | Fervic chloride, blue or brownish-green coloration. [Picricjacid, not dilute. | Colour tests “AM acids : Concentrated sulphuric acid, olive-green ; or Paloanleccn’ pice H,S0O,. then yellow ; but trace of iron in the ‘acid causes a bluewviolet ~~ brownish-green. Concentrated sulphuric acid with sugar, blue to green if trace of iron, or green to brown in absence of latter. Dissolved in 50 per cent. sulphuric acid, gradual bluish-green ; more water~red. Nitric acid added to this solution, deep violet (Morphine under these conditions gives rose-raspberry ‘red. Nitric acid alone, blood-red. (3) NARCOTINE A. (Meconine-hydrocotarmine ; then Opianine ? ; in rhombic prisms or needles ; sp. gr. 1°37 to 1°39 ; M.P. 115°, 155°, 176: (different observers) ; leevo-rotatory in neutral solution, or dextro-rota- tory in acid; reaction neutral ; tasteless, but salts are bitter, and are soluble in alcohol, ether and water. ENS oa heating, to Meco- nine and Cotarnine. See (3) and (22) Solubility (results of different observers are not concordant. As in the case of Morphine, solubility is apparently influenced by physical con- ditions) : Cold water, 1 in 25,000 ; boiling water, 1 in 7,000 (or 1,500 and 600 respectively for the base freshly precipitated by ammonia) ; alcohol, cold 1 in 80, boiling 1 in 20; amyl alcohol, 1 in 300; 2°69 ; ether, 1 in 166 ; cold, lin 48 boiling ; benzene, 1 in 22 ; acetic ether, 1 in 60; also in fatty oils : scarcely soluble in petroleum ether, Removed by benzene or ether from alkaline solutions (also from dried opium). THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF Aconel- | line ; the aldehyde of Oxynarcotine) ; C,,H.,NO,, Matthieson. Crystallizes chloroform, 1 in | PLANTS. 69 Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, insoluble in excess cold, but dissolved on heating. 5 carbonates | », bicarbonates | Ammonia ) Lime water, soluble in excess. [Not lead acetate. | Tannic acid, cloud ; [ Not gallic acid. J Picric acid, yellow crystalline ; cloud at 1 in 4,000. [Ferric chloride, no blue coloration }. Platinum chloride, in concentrated solutions, yellow pp.]» [Gold chloride, in concentrated solutions, yellow pp- with reduction of gold. ]} [Potassium ferrocyanide, concentrated solutions, but not 1 in 200.] Not potassium ferricyanide. | Potassium sulphocyanide, 1 in 200 readily sol. in acids. Silver potassic cyanide, immediate pp. amorphous, Potassium chromate, pp. free Narcotine. 3 bichromate, slight at 1 in 400 ; pp. = Narcotine-bichromate. Phospho-molybdic acid, brownish-yellow, 1 in 3,000 ; limit 1 in 4,000. » tungstic acid, limit J in 8,000. ., antimonic acid, yellow flocculent, 1 in 1,000 ; 2,500. Todo-potassic iodide, red, 1 in 8,000. Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange-red, limit 1 in 4,000. Cadmium-potassic iodide, 1 in 3,000 ; limit 1 in 8,000. [ Zinc-potassic iodide, scarcely. ] Mercuric-potassic iodide, white; slight at 1 in 8,000; 50,000. Mercuric chloride, cloud, then pp. ; Chlorine water, greenish, (4-gramme in solution), Bromine water, yellow pp. Potassium bromide, slight at 1 in 8,000. Colour tests : | Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless, | several days. | Concentrated sulphuric acid, on gradually warming to 200°, bluish- | violet, but not below 90°-100° (see Curarine). insoluble in excess. slight pp. with hydrochloric acid.] cloud at 1 in limit 1 in cloud 1 in 3,000. changing to yellow with ammonia gradually yellow (red after 70 Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, reddish-violet. Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitre added after 10 hours, brown ~light yellow~yellowish-red. Concentrated nitric acid alone, yellow~colourless. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, no effect. Per-iodie acid, not reduced. Frohde’s solution, green~cherry-red with more molybdic acid. (3a) HYDRO-COTARNINE A., C,.H,,NO,+14H,0 (Beckett and Wright). | From Opium and also from-Narcotine and Cotarnine by reduction. Monoclinic prisms ; M.P. 50°-55°, partly volatile at 100° ; optically in- active ; alkaline reaction ; astrong base ; more poisonous than Cotarnine and Morphine. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow ; red on warming. 3b) COTARNINE A., C,,H,,NO,+H,0, or CH pC H(OCH,)(CHO):CH,-CH..NH-CH, 5 ut ge 5 3 (W. Roser), see J. Chem. Soc., 1890, p. 531. From Narcotine, Crystallizes in radiating needles, anhydrous near 100° ; M.P. 132° (Pictet). Soluble in alcohol (solution turns brown), readily in ether, difficultly in cold water, easier warm. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, scarcely dis- solve. Ferrous salts, pp. Platinum chloride, Ammonia, dissolves easily. crystalline pp. ‘Tannic acid, pp. Copper sulphate, pp. Concentrated nitric acid, dissolves red, yielding oxalic acid. (3c) TARCONINE A., yellow C——-.C:CH-NCH, a 0-10 j Cy H,NO, or CHL Concentrated sulphuric acid on warming, blue. | Bhosphe-melybdre aod. ie: 1 3 eee iiorcloud » With nitre, orange becoming yellow. | rae eee meat ae a in 000 irty white cloud, Nitre ‘added to the solution in sulphuric acid after ‘ten hours, Bi ea ee Beare aan, tee tinct at 1 in 50.000 momentary violet, then orange~dirty yellow. Geiss Ppa: aid Orange aA 2 a a Ns Sapte Concentrated sulphuric and nitric acids (together), yellow~orange. | ee PADD ROLASEIG por Tee PP Brae Ua ay Cn ER Nat org. al0 nitric acid alone, yellowadark orange Zinc-potassic iodide, long hair-like crystals, very abundant, so that hydrochloric acid, iy Chtaole ou solution when not too dilute becomes almost solid (not at 1 in a rm 1,000). Frohde’s solution, greenwbluewwiolet~we PENN Mercuric-potassic iodide, abundant pp. at 1 in 5,000; limit 1 in (5a) PAPAVERAMINE A., C.,H.,NO; (Hesse) ; crystalline prisms ; M.P.142°. 50,000. Scarcely soluble in alkalies. Mercuric chloride, not 1 in 500. (6) CODEINE A. (Morphine Methyl ether), C,,H,,NO,, and with 31,0, Chlorine water colourless eoluuion ; emmouia. gives red din Dove Octahedral crystals if anhydrous, prisms when hydrated ; M.P. (an- Bromine water, pp. disingwatitia 50000, hydrous) 155° ; alkaline reaction, slightly bitter (salts very bitter) ; leevo- Colour tests : rotatory. Physiological action somewhat similar to that of Morphine. Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless, but deep blue if containing Soluble in 80 parts cold or 17 of boiling water, 7 amyl alcohol, 10 | ferric salt. ” 72 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Concentrated sulphuric acid, heated to 150°, as morphine. with sugar, red. with potass. bichromate, olive-green. . “ », With nitric acid, gradually blue. Nitre added to the solution in sulphuric acid after ten hours, the blue solution becomes cherry-red~blood-colour~orange. Nitric acid alone, yellow. Per-iodie acid, not reduced. Frihde’s reagent, dirty green; indigo colour after twenty-four hours, ” ” ” ” ” ” (7a) CODENINE A., C,,H.,NO,H,O ; isomer of Codeine, and formed from it by heating with sulphuric acid and water ; crystallizes in needles. (8) THEBAINE A. (Paramorphine), C,)H,,NO, (Anderson). Crystallizable (but not easily) in needles or prisms; M.P. 193°; levo-rotatory ; alkaline reaction, sharp taste, very poisonous (action tetanic). Solubility : 1 in 10 cold alcohol, 1 in 60 amyl alcohol, 1 in 18 chloro- form, | in 140 cold ether—more readily hot, 1 in 20 benzene. Insoluble in water and petroleum ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates ) Ammonia [No pp. alkaline carbonates. | {Not lead acetate. | ) Seabed 'Tannic acid, yellow; 1 in 3,000; soluble in hydrechloric acid. Picric acid, yellow amorphous. Platinum chloride, 1 in 1,000 (not 1 in 5,000). [Palladious chloride, not 1 in 250. ] ; Gold chloride, yellowish-brown ; 1 in 5,000 ; limit 1 in 10,000, Potassium ferrocyanide, pp. 1 in 500; sol. in excess; the pp.= TH, Fey. Potassium chromate, the pp. is T. chromate. bichromate, gradually at 1 in 3,000; the pp. is T. bichromate. Phospho-molybdie acid, distinct at 1 in 5,000; extreme limit 1 in 50,000. Todo-potassic iodide, distinct at 1 in 5,000 ; extreme limit 1 in 50,000. Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange ; slight at 1 in 10,000. Cadmium-potassic iodide, distinct at 1 in 10,000; not at 1 in 50,000. Zine-potassic iodide, 1 in 500. insoluble in excess. ” Mercurie potassic iodide, distinct at 1 in 5,000; extreme limit 1 in 50,000. Mercurie chloride, cloud, then gradual pp. ; not 1 in 251). Chlorine water, colourless solution ; reddish-brown with ammonia. Bromine water, pp. distinct at 1 in 5,000; extreme limit 1 in 40,000. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, blood-red. ai 5 ., With nitric acid, red. Nitre added to solution in sulphuric acid after ten hours, the yellow solutionworange~yellow. Nitric acid alone, yellow. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, no effect. Frihde’s solution, orange ; after twenty-four hours, nearly colourless. (9a) THEBAICINE A., C\,H.,NO, ; formed together with (9b) by action of concentrated hydrochloric acid on Thebaine. Amorphous, and giving amorphous resinous salts. Soluble with difficulty in hot alcohol ; insoluble in water, ether, or benzene. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, pp. slightly soluble (brown solution). Ammonia, insoluble. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, blue. Concentrated nitric acid, red. (9b) THEBENINE A., C,,H.,NO3. For formation see (9a). Amorphous. Soluble with difficulty in hot alcoho], not in water, ether, or benzene. Reactions: Alkaline hydrates, soluble ; ammonia, insoluble. Colour test: Concentrated sulphuric acid, blue, becoming colourless on addition of water, colour reappearing with more acid. (10) NARCEINE A. (Pseudo-narceine=Narceine, W. Roser), C.,H..NO, C,,H..NO,CO'C,;H.(OCH,).COOH ; rhombie prismatic needles ; M.P. 92°, Pelletier (145°, Hesse ; 171°, Merck) ; neutral reaction, feebly bitter, hypnotic. Soluble slightly in water, with difficulty in cold alcohol (easier hot), very little in amyl alcohol or chloroform, and insoluble in ether, benzene, or petroleum ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates ; the pp. dissolves in excess more readily than in water, but is again produced with large quantity of alkali. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 73 Ammonia, pp. sol. in excess, [Not lead acetate. ] Tannic acid, cloud at 1 in 3,000. Picric acid, yellow ; at 1 in 3,000 amorphous, becoming crystalline. [Ferric chloride, after heating till fumes are evolved, gives blue coloration. | Platinum chloride, yellow ; becoming gradually crystalline at 1 in 3,000 after 12 hours, [Palladium chloride, not 1 in 100.] Gold chloride, 1 in 5,000. Potassium ferrocyanide, sparingly soluble ; pp. =free Nare. with free H,Fcy. [Not silver potassium cyanide. ] | Not potassium chromate cold, but if hot, a pp. of free Nare, ; concen- trated solutions. ] [Not potassium bichromate, neutral solution. ] Potass. bichromate, acid solution, gradual pp.=free Nare, with Narc. bichromate. Phospho-molybdic acid, pp. ; cloud at 1 in 10,000, limit 1 in 50,000. Jodo-potassic iodide, crystalline pp. Bismuth-potassic iodide, pp. ; cloud if dilute (Dragendorff). Cadmium-potassic iodide, 1 in 1,000. Zine-potassic iodide, long hair-like crystals at 1 in 1,000; feebleat 1 in 5,000 ; pp. becomes blue. Mercuric-potassic iodide, pp. ; feeble reaction at 1 in 10,000. [Mercurie chloride, not 1 in 100.] todine tincture, crystalline pp., becoming blue when moistened with iodine solution, Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, brown (blood-red or blue if not pure) ; evaporated with dilute sulphuric acid, magnificent red (see Andro- medotoxin), Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, yellow, then orange. Nitre added to the solution in sulphuric acid after 10 hours, the yellow solution gives momentary violetwrose~colourless, Nitric acid alone, yellow (with formation of oxalic acid), Hydrochloric acid with 4 volume water, azure-blue (no colour if pure, Anderson), Phosphoric acid (25 per cent.), colourless (see Andromedotoxin). Frihde’s reagent, brownwgreenwred~yiolet. (11) RHEADINE A. (Rhoeadine), C.,H.,NO, (Hesse) ; from Papaver thoeas (Red Poppy), and occasionally in Opium ; crystallizes in radiating prisms ; M.P. 252° (partly sublimable) ; neutral or faintly alkaline, taste- less. not poisonous. On treatment with acids or long boiling with water, it gives a reddish-purple coloration even in extremely dilute solutions. Soluble in boiling water (Anderson), but scarcely in cold water, alcohol, chloroform, or benzene ; in 1,280 parts of ether. Acetic acid dissolves with decomposition, Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates / Ammonia Alkaline carbonates, scarcely soluble. annie acid, white amorphous. (Platinum chloride, yellow amorphous, soluble. ) Gold chloride, yellow flocculent. Potassium iodide, crystalline pp. Mercuric-potassic iodide, pale yellow. Mercurie chloride, white. Colour tests: See above for general action of acids, Concentrated sulphuric acid, olive-zreen ? (red, Dupuy). (12) OXYNARCOTINE A., C,,H.,NO, (Beckett and Wright) ; minute crystals ; blackens on heating to 140°-150°, Soluble with difficulty in alcohol or water even boiling. Insoluble in ether, chloroform, or benzene, On treatment with ferric chloride, it yields Cotarnine and Hemipinic acid. (13) GNOSCOPINE A., C;,H,,N.0,, (T. and H. Smith) ; crystallizes in needles ; M.P. 233°; a feeble base. Salts (which are crystalline) have acid reaction. Soluble in 1,500 parts cold alcohol, in chloroform and carbon bisul- phide ; with difficulty in benzene or ether. Insoluble in water or amyl alcohol. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, insoluble in excess. Ammonia. Platinum chloride, pale yellow. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. slightly soluble in excess, 10 74 Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, 5, with nitric acid, red. red. ” 5 59, x i nitric acid, (14) CODAMINE A., C.,H.;NO, (Hesse) ; crystallizes in six-sided prisms from ether ; M.P. 121°, with decomposition and crystalline sublimate ; bitter taste, alkaline reaction. Sa!ts amorphous. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene (very readily in last two solvents), and in boiling water (difficultly cold). Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, pp., soluble in excess. A bicarbonates, pp., becoming resinous. Concentrated sulphuric acid, green. 5) nitric acid, green cold, violet hot. (15) MECONIDINE A., C,,H.,NO, (Hesse) ; brownish-yellow, amorphous ; M.P. 58° ; alkaline reaction, tasteless (salts are bitter), Readily decom- posed by acids. Salts very soluble. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone ; not in water. Not removed by immiscible solvents from solution in caustic alkali, but | from an ammoniacal or calcic hydrate solution. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, soluble. Ammonia : are ee nter soluble with difficulty. Platinum chloride, yellow amorphous, changing to red. Gold chloride, dirty yellow amorphous. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, olive-green. ss nitric acid, reddish colour. Acids in general, decompose readily ; dilute sulphuric acid gives gradual red, then purple (ammonia gives with this solution a white pp.). Only slight decomposition with acetic acid. (16) LANTHOPINE A., C,,H2;NO, (Hesse); microscopic prismatic crystals ; browns on beating to 190°-200° ; line, but sometimes gelatinous, Soluble in chloroform, with difficulty in alcohol, ether, or glacial acetic acid, scarcely in benzene ; not in water. alkaline reaction, tasteless. Salts crystal- DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Removed by chloroform from an ammoniacal, but not from a solution containing caustic seda or potash, Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve (ammonium chloride precipitatestherefrom). Ammonia, pp., insoluble. [Gold chloride salt, M.P. 182°.] Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless or pale violet ; brown on | heating to 150°. | Concentrated nitric acid, resinifies, then dissolves yellow to red. | [No reaction with ferric chloride. | (17) CRYPTOPINE A., C,,H.,NO, (T. and H. Smith) ; erystallizes in six- | sided prisms from alcohol ; M.P. 217° (176°-177° with sublimate, Guy) ; optically imactive ; specific gravity 1551; bitter, then hot peppermint- like taste ; alkaline, hypnotic (also convulsant action upon dogs), and mydriatic. Salts tend to gelatinize. Soluble in 1,200 parts cold alcohol (better hot), and in chloroform ; slightly in water, giving jelly or crystals ; scarcely in benzene; not in ether unless freshly precipitated (and even then it is slowly re-deposited), nor in pretroleum ether or turpentine. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, pp. insoluble. | The platinum chloride salt, soluble on warming. | Jodo-potassic iodide, pp. | The mercuric chloride salt, soluble on warming. | Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, intense blue. | | | Nitre added to this solution, greenwyellow ; on adding more alkaloid, intense green. Nitric acid alone, gradually yellow. (18) LAUDANINE A., C,,H.;NO, (Hesse). Isomeric with Codamine (14) ; crystallizes in radiating prisms; M.P. 166°, no sublimate; ]evo-rotatory ; specific gravity 1°255, alkaline, bitter, very poisonous. ? Soluble in hot alcohol (with difficulty cold), in 647 parts ether, in benzene, and readily in chloroform. i Removed from alkaline solution by chloroform readily. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, pp. soluble in excess. Ferric chloride, an emerald-green coloration. DICTIONARY OF THE Concentrated sulphuric acid, pink ; dark violet on warming. ; 5 » containing ferric oxide, pink. = nitric acid, orange. (19) PROTOPINE A., C©.)H,,NO; (Hesse), or C.)H,;NO; (G. Konig). From opium, also in Chelidonium and Sanguinaria; see Chelidonium group. Crystalline ; M.P. 204° (Konig) ; alkaline. Soluble in chloroform, with difficulty in alcohol and ether, scarcely in benzene, not in water. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, pp. insoluble in excess. Ammonia, dissolves. Todo-potassic iodide, pp. (20) TRITOPINE A., C,H;,N,0, (E. Kander); prismatic crystals ; M.P. 182°. Soluble easily in chloroform, slightly in ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates ) PEO Taniencess Weamionia - pp. insoluble in excess. Todo-potassic iodide, pp. (21) LAUDANOSINE A., C,,H.;NO, (Hesse) ; prismatic crystals ; M.P. 89° ; dextro-rotatory ; alkaline, bitter, very poisonous. ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 7d Soluble in 700 parts cold water or 22 boiling ; also in alcohol, ether, | chloroform, benzene, amyl alcohol, ethereal oils, and glacial acetic acid. Soluble very readily in alcohol and chloroform, in 19 parts ether, also | in benzene and petroleum ether ; not in water. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates Ammonia [No coloration with ferric chloride. | Platinum chloride, pp. yellow. Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown, 5) ra » at 150° C., greenwdirty violet. (22) MECONIN B. (Opianyl); C,,H,,0,=(CH,0). : CHO : exists in opium in amounts varying from 0:01 to 0°8 per cent; also CH,0 } o.H, | COOH CH,0 {| ~*~ 2 COH by reduction. Crystallizes in hexagonal prisms; M.P. 110°, yielding sublimate, and recrystallizing on cooling, or melts under water at 77° ; optically inactive ; neutral reaction; bitter. insoluble. obtainable from Narcotine, and from Opianic acid Removed from acid solutions by amyl alcohol, chloroform and benzene. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve, forming meconate. Ferric chloride, blood-red not decolorized by hydrochloric acid. {No precipitates by metallic salts. ] Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless ; becoming purple on warming, or gradually green in the cold ; reddish after twenty-four hours. (23) PSEUDOMECONIN B., ©,)H,)0,; resembles preceding ; M.P. 123°-124”. (24) MECONIC ACID, C,H,0-+-3H,0 ; characteristic opium acid, present to the extent of about 4 per cent. on an average ; crystallizes in prisms or scales ; evolves carbonic acid on heating to 120° C. Soluble in alcohol and amy! alcohol, less readily in ether, with diffi- culty in water, scarcely in chloroform. It may be removed from acid solutions by amy] alcohol and ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Calcic chloride to neutral solution, precipitates. Pp. lead acetate. Ferric chloride, blood-red coloration not discharged by hydrochloric acid. (25) MECONOISIN B., CsH,,O. (T. and H. Smith); crystalline ; M.P. 88° ; distils at 280°. Soluble in alcohol easily, also in ether, but scarcely in water. (26) OPIONIN B.; nitrogen free (Hesse, 1885) ; crystallizes in needles ; M.P. 227°; neutral reaction. ae es dissolve ; acids re-precipitate. § 160. PALICOUREA marcgravii ; Rubiacew. Investigator : Peckholt, Archiv. Pharm. [2], 127, 93. PALICOURINE A., Crystallizing in silky needles, and forming crystalline salts. Precipitates with most alkaloid reagents (Dupuy). § 161. PANAX quinquefolius (Aralia quinquefolia, Decaisne ; Ameri- can ginseng); no colours. | Platinnm chloride, yellow amor- phous pp. | Gold chloride, deep red colora- | tion. | leum ether. Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet. Concentrated nitric acid, blood-red, but not blue with stannous chloride, as Brucine, DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. § 164. PARIS quadrifolia L. ; Liliacew. Investigators : Walz, Delfts, see Jahrb. Pharm., vols. 4 to 6, N. Jahrb. Pharm., vols. 9 and 13. (a) PARIDIN G., C,,H.,O, (Delffs). taining water ; neutral reaction, pungent taste. and sugar. Soluble in 50 parts alcohol of 94 per cent. ; scarcely in ether ; diffi- cultly (?) in water. (Though Walz so describes its solubility in water, Delffs separates it from Paristyphnin by its readier solution in that fluid.) (b) PARISTYPHNIN G., C,.H 4,0; ; yellowish-white amorphous ; bitter. Converted by acids into sugar and Paridin, the latter again undergoing change, see (a), into Paridol and sugar. Soluble in water and alcohol, not in ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve yellow. Ammonia dissolves. Tannic acid, precipitates. $165. PARMELIA ceratophylla (P. physodes) ; Lichenes. Investi- gators: O, Hesse, Ann. Chem. Pharm.,119, 365 ; Gerding, Archiv. Pharm. [2], 87, 1. Mem.: P. parietina contains chrysophanic acid. (@) CERATOPHYLLIN. Prismatic erystals ; M.P. 147°, with sublimate ; neutral reaction, burning taste. Hydrochloric acid precipitates from solution. Soluble in boiling water (scarcely cold), also in alcohol and ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve when hot, (a) separating on cooling. Lime water Vaissolve Ammonia {| ~— : [No pp. alcoholic lead acetate. | Ferric chloride, purplish-violet coloration. [Silver nitrate, no reaction. | Chloride of lime to the alcoholic solution, blood-red. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves unchanged. Concentrated nitric acid, dissolves slightly yellow. (b) PHYSODIN. Crystallizes in microscopic pillars ; M P. 125° ; neutral reactions. Soluble in ether and hot alcohol. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve, yellow, changing to red. Acids convert to Paridol Crystallizes in silky needles con- | 77 | Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet solution from which water pre- | cipitates bluish-violet flocks. § 166. PASTINACA sativa (Parsnip); Umbelliferw ; substances (a) and (6), the latter also in Heracleum. Investigators : Wittstein, Repert. Pharm., 68, 15 ; Gutzeit, Beitrige z. Pflanzenchemie, 1879. (a) PASTINACINE A. Volatile liquid with disagreeable odour; sharp taste and alkaline reaction. Sulphate crystalline. (b) HERACLIN B., CysH.,0,, ; M.P. 185°. Soluble in chloroform but not in water. § 167. PAULLINIA pinnata; Sapindacew (for P. sorbilis containing Caffeine, see Thea group). Investigator: Martin, Bull. Gen. de Thérap. TIMBONINE A. Poisonous. Sulphate crystalline. § 168. PAYTA bark (‘White Payta quinine bark,’ from a species of Aspidosperma ; compare Quebracho bark) ; Apocynacew. Investigator : Hesse, Ann. Chem. Pharm., vols. 154, 166, 178, 211, 249. (a) PAYTINE A., C,,H,,N.O+H.0 ; prismatic crystals ; M.P. 156° (loses water at 150°) ; levo-rotatory [a] D= —49°5. Salts crystalline. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, with difficulty in water. Removed from alkaline solution by ether. Reactions : / Alkaline hydrates Vameniee teil Ammonia (leery A y- Platinum chloride, dark yellow pp. (dark red on warming). [Gold chloride, reduced. ] Potassic iodide, pp. Colonnitests)-ass ; Concentrated nitric acid gives a colourless solution changing to red, | Perchloric acid, fuchsine-red on heating. Chloride of lime, dark red, then blue. (>) PAYTAMINE A., C.,H,,N.O (isomeric with Paytine) ; amorphous, as } are the salts. Soluble in ether. Reactions : Platinum chloride, pp. [Gold chloride, reduced. ] Potassic iodide, pp. Perchloric acid, fuchsine-red on boiling. 5 ‘ 8 § 16). PETROSELINUM sativam (Apium petroselinum, Parsley) ; | Umbellifere. In smill quantity also in A. Graveolens (Celery). (a) APIIN G., C.,H>,0,; (v. Garichten). Crystallizes in fine needles from aleohol, but usually amorphous; M.P. 223°, lewing glassy mass on cool- ing; dextro-rotatory in alkaliae solution, [a] s= +173"; neutral, taste- less. Warmed with 4() times its weight of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1°04, it gives Avigenin, and 41 to 45 per cent. of glucose. Soluble in hot water, forming a jelly oa cooling (even 1 in 1,500), also in 390 pacts cold alcohol, more readily boiling, gelatinizing as solution cools ; not in ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates fs carbonates Ammonia Ferric chloride, dark-red coloration. Ferrous sulphate, deep blood-red on warming. (b) APIGENIN G.-derivative, from prazeling ; Cy; 1,0; ; M.P. 292°-295°. Properties similar to those of Apiin. § 176. PHILLYREA latifolia, Ph. angustifolia and Ph. media ; Olewee. The bark. Investigators: B2rtagnini and De Luca, Compt. Rend., 51, 368, also Ann. Chem. Pharm., vols. 24 and 92. (a) PHILLYRIN G., C,,-H,,0,,+1$H,0 ; silvery crystalline scales ; M.P. 160° (when anhydrous) ; at first tasteless, then a gradually perceptible bitterness ; odourless. Acids convert to Phillygenin and glucose. Soluble in 1,300 parts water at 9° C., or 40 parts alcohol at same tem- perature; more readily in either solvent boiling, also in warm glacial acetic acid, scarcely in ether; insoluble in oils. Reactions (negative) : teorgen te jno action, insoluble. No pp. metallic salts (Bertagnini). [Fehling’s solution not reduced untilafter inversion of the Phillyrin. | Colour Tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-violet. Nitric acid, decomposes. Dilute hydrochloric acid, produces yellow crystalline substance and oxalic acid. dissolve ; acids reprecipitate. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. (b) PHILLYGENIN G.-derivative, C.,H,,O, ; pearly crystals (from ether) ; | fusible. Soluble in alcohol less readily than Phillyrin, also in ether, but | searcely in water. Alkaline hydrates )} Ammonia Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. dissolve. | Nitric acid, active decomposition. N Lal PHYLLANTHUS Niuri, Euphorbiacee. M. Ottow. PHYLLANTHIN B., Cy,H,70,. Crystallizes in needles, volatilizes at 200° C.; intensely bitter, poisonous. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, and -iava. Investigator: | glacial acetic acid ; slightly in water. § 172. PHYSALIS Alkekengi (Winter Cherry) ; Solanaccw. gators: Dessaignes and Chautard, Journ. Pharm. (3), 21, 24. PHYSALIN B., C,,H,«O; ; amorphous; semi-fluid on heating to 190° C. ; Investi- bitter taste ; becomes electrified on rubbing. Soluble in alcohol and chloroform, with difficulty in water or ether. Removed from aqueous solution by chloroform. Reactions : Ammonia dissolves. Lead acetate, basic, gives yellow pp.=C,,8,;PbO, Pb.0. § 173. PILOCARPIUS pinnatifolius (Jaborandi) ; /tutacee. Alkaloids, (a), (0), (c), ete. ; Piper reticulatum (false Jaborandi), alkaloids (r), (d). Investigators : Hardy and Calmels. (a) PILOCARPINE A. (Pyridine - methyl - betaine), (C;H,N°CH,,) =C=[CO-O'N(CH;),]; _erystallizable dextro-rotatory [a]D=-+103° in alcoholic solution. on heating with acid. Soluble in water (easily), and in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene. Removed from alkaline solution by immiscible solvents. Precipitated by mostalkaloid reagents, including gold chloride [see (})] and phospho-tungstic acid. [Not by sodium acetate, etc. (compare Opium). ] | Not by potassium ferrocyanide, the salt being readily soluble, nor by 5 per cent, chromic acid. ] C;,Hy¢N.0. or with difficulty ; Gives Jaborine, (c), DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless. with sugar, no effect. i. » with potass. bichromate, green. e nitric acid in large excess, converts to Jaborandine, (e). ()) PILOCARPIDINE A. (from {a) by 12 hours’ boiling with Baryta, and natur- ally in Jaborandi leaves), C,,H,,N.O. or (C;H,N-CH,)C[COOH-N(CH,)»] ; deliquescent. Separated from («) by readier solubility of the nitrate of Pilocarpidine. Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform (very readily), amyl aleohol and acetic ether ; with difficulty in ether or benzene, and not in petroleum ether. [Not precipitated by gold chloride. | Phospho-tungstic acid, white pp., dissolved by washing with water. (c) JABORINE A. (from Jaborandi and Piper reticulatum, and from Pilocarpine), C.,.H,,N,O, or ” ” ” ” | | C;H,N-CH,):G:[CO-ON(CH,);] [N(CH,),0°CO]:C:(CH,-C,H,N) ; | | amorphous, non-volatile, alkaline reaction, very poisonous. Soluble in ether, also in alcohol and water, but with less facility than Pilocarpine. : Precipitated by ammonia. (d) JABORIDINE A. (Jaborandine ?), C,,H,,N.0,; from Piper reticu- latum, and from Pilocarpine by oxidation ; crystalline. pemible in amy! alcohol and benzene ; with difficulty in ether or dilute acids, (e) JABONINE A., C,H,,N, or (C,;A,NCH;)CH'N(CH,),; volatile. §$ 174. PIMPINELLA saxifraga; Umbelliferw. Investigator : Bueh- heim, Archiv. Pathol., 1872. PIMPINELLIN B., percentage composition, C 63:48, H 4:07; nitrogen free ; crystallizes in needles ; M.P. 37°. Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in ether, scarcely in petroleum ether, not in water. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves red. § 175. PINUS sylvestris and other of the Coniferw. Glucoside (a), which has been found also in asparagus and beetroot; (b) has been | obtaimed from P. sylvestris and Thuya Occidentalis (Kawalier, Wien | 79 Akad. Ber.),and from the leaves of the latter the glucoside («)—only a gramme or so from a ewt. (a) CONIFERIN G. (Laricin, Abietin), C,,H,,O,+2H.0 ; silky needles ; M.P. 185° ; levo-rotatory. On hydrolysis, sugar and a substance C,,H,,0, is obtained, scluble in ether, difficultly in alcohol, not in water. With sodium amalgam, the solution being kept weakly alkaline, Eugenol is formed (coniferyl alcohol being an intermediate product), Solubility, 1 in 196 cold water, freely warm ; with difficulty in alcohol ; not in ether. [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic, nor ferric chloride. | Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet-blue. 4 53 » With potassium bichromate, gives rise to slow formation of Vanillin. Concentrated sulphuric acid (2 drops), gives fine blue with one drop of a solution prepared as follows: To alcoholic thymol, water is added as long as clear, then potassium chlorate; let stand and afterwards filter. (A test for Coniferin in wood cells, and an indirect test for wood cell). Hydrochloric acid and phenol, blue. (b) PINIPICRIN G., C..H.,0.1; hygroscopic yellow crystals; M.P. 100° (softens at 55°); bitter. On hydrolysis, Ericinol, C,,H,;O, and two mole- cules of sugar are formed. Soluble in water, alcohol, and aqueous ether, but not in absolute ether. Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic. (c) THUYIN G. (Thujin), C.)H.,0,.; yellow microscopic four-sided plates; astringent taste. Acids give Thuyigenin, (7), and glucose, Soluble in alcohol and hot water, scarcely in the latter cold. Reactions : ; Alkaline hydrates give yellow solutions, turning brownish-red. Lead acetate, neutral and basic, yellow pp. Ferric chloride, dark green coloration. (d) THUYIGENIN G.-derivative, C,,H,,0,; crystallizes in microscopic needles. Acids convert to Thuyetin, C;,H,,O; (taking up H,O) ; see (¢). Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in water. Ammonia gives bluish-green coloration. Precipitated by basic lead acetate (not by the neutral salt). (e) THUYETIN, ©,,H,,O, (from Thuyigenin, possibly identical with Quercetin) ; yellow crystals. 80 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF Soluble in alcohol and ether; with difficulty in water. Ammonia gives bluish-green solution. Lead acetate, red pp. (f) PIMARIC ACID, from resin, has bitter taste. Soluble in hot aleohol or hot ether; not in water. § 176. PIPER longum (Pepper), P. nigrum, P. cubebum, P. caudatum ; Pasar ee. Schinus mollis, Verebinthacee ; alkaloid (a). The fruit and seed of P. longum, 7 to 9 per cent. of (a), ‘besides (Dd). (a) PIPERINE A., C,-H,NO, or CH. <3 >0, Hy CH:CH-CH:CH-CO(C;H,,N) ; M.P. 100° (128°-129°5°, Dupuy); neutral reaction, monoclinic prisms ; The salts dissociate with almost tasteless if pure, optically inactive. water. Soluble in 30 parts cold alcohol, 1 part boiling, 6) cold ether ; also in chloroform, benzene, and somewhat in petroleum ether; difficultly in water even boiling. Removed in part from acid solutions by benzene and petroleum ether. Reactions : Ferric chloride, pp. (hydrochloric solution). {Platinum chloride, pp. only if concentd. ; double salt very soluble. | Phospho-molybdic acid, brown pp- {Phospho-antimounic acid, yellow coloration in dilute solutions. | Cadmium-potassic iodide, pp. Mercuric-potassie iodide, yellowish-white pp. { Mercuric chloride, pp. 1f concentrated. | Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow; green in 20 hours. » with nitric acid, gradually green. Nitre added to the solution in sulphuric acid ‘after 10 to 15 hours, the greenish-brown solution becomes reddish-brown. Nitric acid alone, orange changing to yellowish-green (dissolves slowly). Frohde’s solution, yellow, turning brown to nearly black. (b) PIPERIDINE A. (Hexahydro-pyridine), C;H,,N; a liquid with peppery and ammoniacal odour, burning taste; boils at 106°; power fully alkaline, giving crystalline salts. Soluble in alcohol, and in all proportions with water. PLANTS. Reactions with metallic salts like ammonium bydrate. Bismuth-potassic iodide gives a pp. with the hydriodide. § 177. PISCIDIA SEEPS Leguminose —Papilionacee. bark. Investigator : E. Hart. PISCIDIN B., C.,Ho,Os; prismatic crystals. Soluble in hot ‘alcohol, also in benzene and chloroform ; with difficulty in ether; notin water. Dilates the pupil. § 178. PLUMERIA lancifolia (Agoniada bark) ; vestigators ; Peckolt, Archiv Pharm., [2], 192, 34 ; and Geuther. as febrifuge. (a) AGONIADIN G., C,H,4O, (Geuther) ; needles; M.P. 155° (no sublimate) ; very bitter. brown amorphous substance and sugar. Soluble with difficulty in boiling water, scarcely in the cold ; not readily in cold alcohol, but better in warm; dissolved also by a mixture of ether and alcohol, and by carbon bisulphide; not by chloroform or petroleum ether. Reactions : : ; Alkaline hydrates, dissolve brown on warming. Ammonia, dissolves cold. [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic. | ‘fannie acid, pp. gradually. Ferric chloride, pp. [Not precipitated by other metallic salts. ] Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves light yellow, changing to green me ,, With nitric ‘acid, gradually yellow. nitric acid, golden-yellow. hydrochlori ic acid, dissolves colourless. The root- Apocynacew. Tn- Used crystallizes in radiating silky Dilate acids produce a ” ” (L) AGONIAPICRIN B.; brownish amorphous, neutral, bitter, not poisonous. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Reactions : Tannic acid, brown pp. [Ferric chloride, brown coloration. | Platinum chloride, dark brown pp. $ 179. PODOPHYLLUM peltatum (May Apple): Ranunculacer. In- vestigator : Podwyssotski, Archiv Pharmak. u. exper. Pathol., 13, 29. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 81 In addition to substances below, the rhizome contains Berberine (see Berberis) and Saponine (see Saponaria). (a) PODOPHYLLOTOXIN, C.,H.,0,+2H.0, or C,,H,,0,(OCH;),+2H.0 ; erystalline ; M.P. 93°-95° ; laevo-rotatory ; slightly acid reaction. Soluble in 7,000 parts water at 15° C., readily in alcohol, also in chloro- form, acetone and hot benzene ; with difficulty in cold benzene, ether, or glacial acetic acid ; not in petroleum ether. Reactions : Platinum chloride solution, no change. Concentrated sulphuric acid, cherry-red, becoming greenish-blue to violet. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, red. (b) PICROPODOPHYLLIN, isomer of above ; differs from it in being less easily soluble in all solvents, and optically inactive. (c¢) PIDOPHYLLO-QUERCETIN is possibly identical with Quercetin (see Quercus). § 180. POPULUS (Poplar), several (as P. tremula=Aspen, P. alba, P. Greea) ; Salicacee ; substance (a). For Salicin, also present. see Salix. Substance (/)) has been found in the buds of several species of Populus, as P. monolifera (P. balsamifera). (a) POPULIN G. (Benzoyl Salicin), ©,,H,,0, or C,,H,, (C,H;0)0; ; crystallizes in needles with 2H,.O; M.P. when anhydrous 180°; lzevo- rotatory (the rotatory power is proportional to the amount of Salicin which it would yield on saponification with potash); sweet taste. It eeapees more readily than Salicin, giving Saligenin, sugar, and benzoic acid. Soluble in 2,000 parts cold water or 79 boiling, 100 cold alcohol, also in amyl alcohol, chloroform and glacial acetic acid ; with difficulty in benzene, scarcely in ether. Removed from aqueous solutions by amyl alcohol and chloroform, not easily by benzene. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, pp. [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic. ] [No pp. by other metallic salts, Braconnot. | Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. Acids generally dissolve without decompositionif not too concentrated. Frohde’s solution, violet ; less intense than with Salicin, (b) CHRYSIN (colouring matter), C,,H,,O,; light yellow, glittering crystalline plates; M.P. 275°, with sublimate. Soluble in 180 parts cold alcohol or 50 boiling, also in aniline and boiling acetic acid; with difficulty in ether; scarcely in chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, or carbon bisulphide ; not in water. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve yellow (acids precipitate). Calcium or barium chloride, yellow crystalline pp. Lead acetate, neutral, alcoholic solution, partial precipitation. Palladious chloride, dirty violet (alcoholic solution). $181. PRUNUS (Plum), Amygdalus amara (Almond), A. persica (Peach), and various of the Rosacew: Pyrus aria (Beam tree), P. tor- | minalis (Wild Service tree) ; see also Pyrus. Gymnemia latifolium, an Indian Asclepiadea, contains large quantities of Amygdalin. Pygium parviflorum and latifolium, Vicia sativa (which see), etc., etc. Bitter almonds (from Amygdalusamara), about 1} to 3 per cent. ; peach kernels, about 3 per cent. AMYGDALIN G., ©.,,H,,NO,,, or C,H, 0, 1 GECON ; pearly crystals from | alcohol with 2H,O, or from water in prisms with 3H.O ; M.P. 120° to clear liquid, at 160° brown with odour of caramel ; neutral reaction, slightly bitter ; levo-rotatory, [a]R=—35°5 (Bouchardat). Not poisonous in the absence of Emulsin ; the latter gives rise to prussic acid, sugar, and benzoic aldehyde (almond oil) ; whilst, with dilute acids, the hydric cyanide (prussic acid) is decomposed, with production of formic acid and ammonia. Soluble in 12 parts water at 10° C., and in all proportions boiling, 148 parts cold alcohol of sp. gr. 0-939, or 11 boiling. Insoluble in ether and petroleum ether. | Not precipitated by cadmium-potassic iodide. | Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves light violet-red. § 182. PUNICA Granatum, L. (Pomegranate) ; Lythracew. The bark. De Vrij obtained 3:71 per cent. of alkaloidal hydrochlorides from the white-flowering variety, and 2-43 per cent. from the red. The following alkaloids have been isolated by Tanret, Compt. Rend., vols. 88 and 90. (a) PELLETIERINE A. (Punicine), C,H,,;NO; liquid; B.P. 195°; sp. gr. 0-988; alkaline reaction; absorbs oxygen, becoming resinous ; dextro-rotatory (the sulphate is levo-rotatory at ordinary temperatures and inactive at 100° C.). Crystalline salts. 11 82 DICTIONARY OF THE Soluble in 20 parts water; miscible in all proportions with alcohol, ether, or chloroform. Removed by chloroform from an alkaline, but not from a bicarbonate aqueous solution. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates (but not dilute). [Not bicarbonates. | ‘Tannic acid. [Not platinum chloride. | Phospho-molybdic acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate, green. (b) METHYL-PELLETIERINE A., CoH,-NO; liquid; B.P. 215°; hydro- chloride dextro-rotatory ; salts very hygroscopic. Soluble in 25 parts water, and in alcohol, ether, chloroform. if | Lodo-potassic iodide. Cadmium-potassic iodide. Bromine water. on warming, Removed by chloroform from alkaline as well as from bicarbonate | solutions. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and bicarbonates (from strong solu- tions). (e) PSEUDO-PELLETIERINE A., CyoH,;NO+2H.0 ; prismatic crystals ; | M.P. 46° (or 48°, Ciamician and Silber) ; B.P. 246° ; slightly volatile even | cold, optically inactive, reaction alkaline, odorous. Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, petroleum ether, and ether (‘ parts of latter). Removed by chloroform from alkaline and from bicarbonate solutions. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates 1 Gf not too ny bicarbonates i dilute). | Picric acid, yellow needles. Gold chloride. Todo-potassic iodide, pale brown needles. Cadmium-potassic iodide. The free alkaloid precipitates Phospho - molybdie lime and alumina from their yellow. salts, Concentrated sulphuric acid and potass. bichromate, intense green. (d) ISO-PELLETIERINE A, CgH,,NO; liquid; B.P. 195° ; optically in- active. Solubility as Pelletierine. Removed by chloroform from alkaline, but not from bicarbonate solu- tion. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates (from strong solutions), but not by bicarbonates. acid, pale ACTIVE PRINCIPLES Gold chloride ; reduction of gold | OF PLANTS. § 183. PYRUS malus (Apple); /tosucew ; also in cherry, peach and pear. The root-bark. ‘Isophlorrhizin,’ from the leaves of the apple, has | been shown by Schiff to be identical with (a). For Amygdalin, obtained from various species of Pyrus, etc., see Prunus. (a) PHLORRHIZIN G. (Phloridzin, Isophlorrhizin), C.,H.,Oj+2H,0 (Strecker) ; crystallizes in needles; loses water at 100°, melts 106°-109,, rehardens at 130°, then remelts at 160° ; levo-rotatory, [ajk=—39°9 | (Bouchardat) ; neutral reaction ; slightly bitter, then sweet. Acids con- vert slowly into (/) and sugar. Soluble in 2,000 parts cold water, readily warm, and in all proportions at 1U0° ; also in alcohol, wood spirit, glacial acetic acid, and in a mixture of ether and alcohol, but scarcely in ether alone. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Ammonia dissolves, solution becoming yellow~red~blue on ex- posure, Precipitated by basic acetate lead (not by the neutral salt). Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves yellow, changing to red at 30°-60° C. Frihde’s reagent, pure blue, lasting for a few minutes. (b) PHLORETIN G.-derivative (from Phlorrhizin), C,;H,,O; (Strecker) ; M.P. 180°; sweet taste. Boiling potash gives Phloretic Acid and Phloro- glucin, C;5H,Os. Soluble in alcohol, hot glacial acetic acid, and in wood spirit, but scarcely in water or ether. Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Neutral lead acetate precipitates. Concentrated sulphuric acid } Fréhde’s solution j § 184. QUASSIA amara, Picreena excelsa, Simaruba amara; Sima- rubacee. From Brucea (quassioides ?) F. Eyken has isolated * Bruca- marin,’ the melting point and solubilities of which coincide exactly with those of Quassiin, but he finds it to be nitrogenous, and to give a violet coloration with concentrated sulphuric acid ; it is soluble in alkalies. QUASSIIN B. (Picrasmin ?—Massube, Arch. Pharm., [3], 23, 147, con- siders Picrasmin to be a higher homologue of Quassiin. Brucamarin (?), see above), C))H,.O; (F. Massube gives C,;H,,0,,) ; crystallizes in opaque pillars or rectangular plates; M.P. 215°-217°; dextro-rotatory, neutral | reaction, extremely and persistently bitter taste. as Phlorrhizin. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Soluble in 222 purts cold water, in alcohol, chloroform and benzene ; with difficulty in ether or petroleum ether. Removed from acid aqueous solution by chloroform and benzene. Reactions : t } : [Not precipitated by lead acetate ; the basic acetate gives slight cloud. Tannic dia precipitates the alcoholic solution. Ferric chloride, brown coloration on warming. [| Not precipitated by gold chloride, or silver nitrate. | Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless, then gradually brown. a i » With sugar, gradual red. Fréhde’s solution, brown. § 185. QUEBRACHO Colorado (Loxopterigium Lorentzii); ), (¢) ; R. infectorius (yielding Avignon berries), R. oleoides, R. amygdalina and R. saxatilis (furnishing Persian Yellow Berries), (a), (2); Rhamaous frangula (Alder Buckthorn), substances (d) and (¢) ; Cascara sagrada (Rhamnus Purshiana), (d), (e). Emodin, (e), is also found in the root of Rheum officinale (Rhubarb), Nephroma lusitanica (Lichenes), and as a product of decomposition of Frangulin, (d). Regarding Rhamnetin, compare also Quercetin from Quercus tinctoria, ete. (a) RHAMNIN G. (Gellatly’s Xantho-rhamnin, Rhamnegin ; not Fleury’s Rhamnin), C,,4.,0,, (Gellatly) ; crystallizes in microscopic needles or plates, giving yellow solutions ; neutral reaction, nearly tasteless. Acids convert to Rhamnetin and Rhamonin-sugar. Soluble in water, alcohol (if absolute spirit, only when hot), and glacial acetic acid ; scarcely in ether, chloroform, benzene, or carbon bisulphide. Reactions : : Lead acetate precipitates the alcoholic solution, yellow, but no pp. with aqueous solutions. Ferric chloride, olive-green colour if dilute, brownish-red when con- centrated. Silver nitrate, reduction to silver. Fehling’s solution, no pp. Copper acetate, brown pp. (b) RHAMNETIN G.-derivative. (Fleury’s Rhamnin, Quercetin, see Quercus), C,,H,,0, (Gellatly), or C,,Hy,.0; (Stein) ; erystallizesin yellow quadratic, prismatic plates ; tasteless. Solubility varies considerably with degree of dryness. Scarcely soluble in water, though colouring it yellow; 1 in 58 boiling alcohol, 1 in 76 ether, also in phenol. Reactions : ‘ Alkaline hydrates dissolve yellow ; Baryta precipitates therefrom. Aluminic hydrate gives precipitate, Ferric chloride to alcoholic solution, brownish-green coloration, Black dyes formed with iron salts. Brace nitrate | reduced in the cold. Pehling’s solution | Chloride of lime, dark green, or brownish-red with concentrated solu- tion. (c) RHAMNO-CATHARTIN ; bitter, purgative, non-crystallizable, (d) FRANGULIN G. (Rbamnoxanthin, Kubly’s Avornin, Leprince’s 86 DICTIONARY OF 'THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, Cascarin), C,)H.,0,, (Casselmann), C,H,O, (Hesse), C.,H.,0, (Thorpe Reactions : and Robinson, 1892) ; crystallizes in yellow silky needles ; M.P. 226°, Alkaline hydrates) _. : partly sublimable in yellow needles. Acids convert to Emodin and Rham- Ammonia (eure yellow solutions. nose, C,,H,.0,. Soluble with difficulty in cold alcohol, in 160 boiling ; also in chloroform, benzene, carbon bisulphide, and very readily in hot glacial acetic acid; | scarcely in ether (the impure substance is soluble), not in water. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates ( . een ; give purple-coloured solutions. [Tannic acid ) 1 | Metallic salts § "° PP- Metallic oxides produce coloured lakes. Concentrated sulphuric acid, emerald changing to purple, then dark red ; water reprecipitates. (¢) EMODIN G.-derivative (Tri-hydroxi-methylanthraquinone), (Schwabe, Thorpe); from Frangulin by action of acids, and naturally in various plants, see above; microscopic orange-coloured needles; M.P. above 250°, sublimes slowly at 240°. Soluble in alcohol more readily than Frangulin, also in amyl alcohol, hot benzene, and hot acetic acid ; less difficultly in ether than is the case with Frangulin. Insoluble in water. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, cherry red. Alkaline earths, red to brown pp. Lead acetate, neutral or basic, pp. § 190. RHINACANTHUS communis ; RHINACANTHIN B., C,,H,,0,; amorphous. Soluble in alcohol. E § 191. RHINANTHUS bucealis ; Alectorolophus hirsutus (the seeds), Melampyrum, Antirrhinom majus ee the leaves). RHINANTHIN G., CsgH 520s ? (Cg,H5¢04) ? Phipson) ; microscopic needles, seen to be prisms when magnified 300 diameters; neutral reaction, bitter- sweet taste. Acids convert to Rhinanthogenin, as dark blue or black flocks, and sugar. Soluble in water and alcohol ; CeO; 10 Copper sulphate | Mercurie chloride [she Acanthacee. not in ether, | (Rhus coriaria contains Quercetrin ; { Not precipitated tig neutral or basic lead acetate. | [No coloration with ferric chloride. | § 192. RHUS cotinus (Wig tree); Anacardiacee or see Quercus.) (a) FUSTIN G., C,,H4,0,.; crystallizes in needles ; Acids produce sugar ‘and Fisetin. Soluble easily in alcohol, also in hot water, but with difficulty in ether. Reactions : Soluble in alkaline hydrates. Precipitated by lead acetate (neutral). ()) FISETIN G.-derivative, C,,H,,O, (J. Herzig), compare Quercetin ; yellow needles from dilute alcohol, or prisms from acetic acid ; becomes anhydrous at 110°, browns at 270° C.; fluorescent in alcoholic alkaline solution. Yields on hydrolysis Protocatechuic acid, C-H,O,, and Fisetol, C,H, 0,. Soluble in alcohol, acetone, and acetic ether; chloroform, benzene, or petroleum ether ; Reactions : Lead acetate to alcoholic solution, yellow pp., soluble in acetic acid. Ferric chloride, greenish-black coloration; black pp. on adding ammonia. Fehliog’s solution, reduced on warming. $193. ROBINIA pseudacacia (North American Locust tree); Legu- minose. The flowers. Investigators : Zwenger and Dronke, Ann. Chem. Pharm., Suppl., 1, 257. ROBININ G., C.;H,0,,+54$H.0 ; silky straw-yellow needles; M.P. 195° (anhydrous at 100°); neutral reaction, feebly astringent taste. Acids convert to Quercetin (see Quercus and a non-fermentable sugar). Soluble in hot water and hot alcohol, with difficulty in cold water. Insoluble in ether. Reactions : Ee boaters! l give yellow solutions. ne z ates Ammonia, dissolves yellow changing to brown. Sumach Order. M.P. 218°-219°- with difficulty in ether, scarcely in cold water. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF Lead acetate, neutral, a slight pp. in strong solutions, disappearing on | dilution. Lead acetate, basic, pp. Gold chloride, reduced. Silver nitrate, slowly reduced. Fehling’s solution, reduced. [Not precipitated by other metallic salts. ] Concentrated nitric acid oxidizes with formation of some picric acid. § 194. ROTTLERIA tinctoria (Mallotus Philipinensis) ; Luphorbiacee. The dye, ‘Kamala dye.’ Investigator: Anderson, kdinb. N. Phil. Jnl., new series, 1, 300. ROTTLERIN B., Co.H 04; yellow fusible crystals. Soluble in water, hot alcohol (difficultly cold), and in ether. Alkaline hydrates give deep red solutions. [Not precipitated by lead acetate in alcoholic solution. | § 195. RUBUS villosus; Rosacew ; N. America. The root. Investi- | gator: G. A, Krause. ~ (a) VILLOSIN G.; M.P. 173°-175° ; bitter in alcoholic solution. On pro- longed boiling in water alone, or more readily with dilute acid, glucose and Villosic acid, (b), are produced. Soluble in methyl, ethyl and amy! alcohols, with difficulty in water, scarcely in ether, not in chloroform. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve with gradual production of lemon colora- tion. Lead acetate, basic, pp. [Not neutral lead acetate. ] | Ferric chloride, no change. | [Silver nitrate, not reduced. | [ Fehling’s solution, not reduced until (7) has been inverted. | Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, light brown; with water, deep violet. 4) * » With nitric acid, deep orange, destroyed on warming. Froéhde’s solution, dark brown, changing to red with a drop of nitric acid. (0) VILLOSIC AC/D G.-derivative ; bitter, resinous (crystals from ether). | | Ouadrat, Rochleder and Mayer, Weiss, Kayser. PLANTS. 87 Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, 2 drops water added, then warmed, blue. with 2 drops nitric acid, blood-red. ” ” ” § 196. RUTA graveolens (Rue); utacee. Capers (from Capparis spinosa), Chinese Yellow Berries (Sophora japonica, Leguminosw— Papilionacee), and, according to Stein, Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, the yellow colouring matter), and the straw of Polygonum fagopyrum, etc. ; substance (a). Foerster (Berlin Ber., 15,214) regards the glucoside of Sophora as not identical with (a), but a distinct substance, (b). (For Sophora speciosa, see Sophora. ) (a) RUTIN G. (Rutic Acid, Phytomelin, Melin, Sophorin ?), C,;830;;+25H.0, Zwenger (if Herzig’s formula for Quercetin be correct, see Quercus, this must be altered correspondingly) ; crystallizes in yellow | silky needles ; carbonizes on heating, with production of caramel odour ; | neutral reaction, bitter (when in solution). Acids produce Quercetin and Tsodulcite. Soluble in hot water, scarcely cold (but colouring the water yellow), | and in hot alcohol (with difficulty cold), also in hot glacial acetic acid ; but not in ether. Reactions ; Alkaline hydrates | Ammonia j Barium and calcium hydrates also dissolve. Lead acetate (neutral) yellow pp. Ferric chloride, dark green coloration. dissolves yellow, solutions turning brown. (>) SOPHORIN (G. (see note above), resembles Rutin, but gives on hydro- lysis 57°5 per cent. of Isodulcite besides Sophoretin (Foerster). § 197. SAFFRON (Crocus sativus) ; [ridacew. The stigma and part of style of the flowers. Used for colouring and flavouring. Investigators : Crocin is also found in the fruit of Gardenia grandiflora (Rubiacew) and in Fabiana Indica. (a) CROCIN G. (Polychroite, not Weiss’ Crocin) ; C,,H;,0.,,— Kayser (the older formule were: C©,,H,,0,,, Quadrat; C;,H,,0 Rochleder ? Cop H.045] 5 CysHg90,,, Weiss); red colouring matter; no odour, but sweet taste. Hydrolyzed very readily by bciling dilute acids and alkalies, etc., as follows : 2C,,0;)0..4-7H.0 =C,,H,,0, (Crocetin) +9C,H,.0, (sugar). 88 DICTIONARY OF Soluble in water (red solution), with difficulty in alcohol, scarcely in ether. Absorbed by charcoal, removed therefrom by alcohol. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve with almost immediate production of sugar and Crocetin. Lime-water, yellow pp. on warming. Lead acetate, a red pp. on warming only, hydrolysis taking place. Copper sulphate, green pp. Concertrated sulphuric acid, deep blue, becoming in turn violet, cherry-red, then brown, Nitric acid, sp. gr. 1-4, momentary blue, then brown. th 5, 1120, yellow only. (1) CROCETIN G.-derivative ( Weiss’ (Kayser) ; red-coloured. Soluble scarcely in water, but easily in alcohol and ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, acids pp. Calcic hydrate Baric x pp- Lead acetate, basic Concentrated sulphuric acid, as Crocin. (c) PICROCROCIN G. (Saffron Bitter), CysH gO); ; crystallizes in prisms from ether; M.P. 75°; bitter and characteristic persistent taste. Soluble in water and alcohol easily, less so in chloroform, and with difficulty in ether. By the action of dilute acids or alkalies it "undergoes the following decomposition : C3, H gO; 7 tH,O=: 3C,H,.0,(sugar) +2C Other reactions : Lime or Baryta water, no pp., but intense saffron odour and cloudi- ness due to the above change. Fehling’s solution, reduced on warming ; § 198. SALIX (Willow); Salicacew; many species. also Spircea and Synanthere various ; and in Castoreum Canadense. Benzoyl Salicin (Populin) see Populus. (a) SALICIN G., C);H)30, ; crystallizes in plates, needles, or wide pillars ; Jrocin), from above, C,,H,,0, dissolve readily, forming yellow solutions; wHis(volatile essential oil). green flocks also separate. For The barks; | THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, M.P. rather over 100°—Piria (198° O. Schmidt) ; levo-rotatory, neutral, bitter. Acids and ferments (as Emulsin or Ptyalin) decompose into glucose and Saligenin; when acids are used the Saligenin is further resolved into Saliretin and water ; alkalies give Saliretin, salicylie acid, and some salicylous acid. Soluble in 29 parts cold water, and about its own weight of boiling water ; also in alcohol, amyl alcobol, and glacial acetic acid ; not in ether. Reactions : pepenice hydrates diccolve: mmonia [Not precipitated as lead acetate or other metallic salts. } [ Basic lead acetate gives pp. in concentrated solutions. | Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, red ; water precipitates from the solu- tion a red substance insoluble in water=‘ Rutilin.’ Fréhde’s solution, magnificent violet turning to dark cherry (very permanent : compare Morphine). (b) SALIGENIN, G.-derivative (Salicyl aleohol), C,H,OH°CH.OH ; white pearly plates or rhombohedra ; IM° P8222 Soluble 1 in 15 cold water, and in almostall proportions when boiling ; ; readily also in alcohol and ether. Decomposes with dilute acids into Saliretin, C,H,O, and water. Reactions : Ferric chloride (to the aqueous solution), indigo blue coloration. Concentrated sulphuric acid, intense red. (c) HELICIN G. From Salicin by action of nitric acid; C,,H,,0,+3H.,O0 (the glucoside of salicylous acid). Crystallizes in needles - M.P. 172°, recrystallizing on cooling ; neutral, slightly bitter. Soluble in 64 parts cold water and in alcohol ; not in ether. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow. [No violet coloration with Fréhde’s solution. } § 199. SOPHORA speciosa ; Leguminosw. The beans. See also Ruta for Sophora Japonica. Investigator: Wood, Amer. J. Ph., 50, 203. SOPH RINE A. ; amorphous ; alkaline ; hydrochloride salt crystalline. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform. Removed from alkaline solution by latter solvent. Ferric chloride, blood-red coloration. § 200. SAPONARIA officinalis, various species of Dianthus, Ly chuis, Silene (Caryophyllacew) ; Agrostemna Githago (6°5 per cent. of the secu), *- ~~ = = DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. } Polygala Senega (the root), Monnina polystachia (Polygalacew) ; bark of Spireas, Quillaia saponaria (Rosacew) ; Chrysophyllum glycyphloeum (Sapotacew) ; Gypsophila struthinm (Caryophyllacew), Albizzia saponaria (Leguminosae, Indian); Podophyllum (Ranunculacew), which see. [See Thea for Assamic acid, which yields Sapogenin ; also Millettia under Leguminosw (Indian)]. (a) SAPONIN G. [{Quillain, Struthin, Senegin ? (A. Fumaro, J. Pharm. [5] 20, 450, regards Senegin from Polygala senega as distinct from Saponin) ; Polygalin? Githagin, Monninin, Monesin (Kruskal, Chem. Centr., 1891, I, 545, considers these as not identical but members of a series, C,H, — ,O,,, physiologically different, Syringin being the lowest term)] ; C,.H;,0,. (Rochleder) or C,,H.,0,) (Stiitz). Amorphous, neutral, sharp and burning taste; no odour, but produces violent sneezing ; poisonous. The toxic effect of the Saponin in the seeds of Agrostemna (which sometimes become admixed with flour) is destroyed in baking. Acids resolve into Sapogenin and 3 molecules sugar. Soluble in water (the solution frothing like soap), in hot alcohol (with difficulty cold), and in chloroform, but not in ether, Removed by chloroform from acid solutions. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve (frothy solutions) ; acids reprecipitate. s carbonates dissolve. Barium hydrate, pp. if concentrated. Lead acetate, neutral or basic (aqueous solution), pp. Tannic acid, pp. (cloud, Dragendorff). [Ferric chloride, cloud on warming. | [Gold chloride, no pp.] Silver nitrate, slow reduction on heating. Fehling’s solution, reduced slowly. Potassium ferrocyanide } h ferricyanide cloud. i sulphocyanide j [No pp. cadmium-potassic iodide. | [No pp. mercuric chloride. | Zinc acetate Stannous chloride > cloud on warming. Arsenious acid ) Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-red to violet. (L) SAPOGENIN G.-derivative, C,,H..O. (Rochleder) ; crystalline needles. Soluble in alcohol and ether, 89 Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve: carbonates Barium hydrate, pp. if concentrated. Ammoniacal silver nitrate, reduced. Fehling’s solution, slight reduction. Millon’s reagent, cloud. ; Concentrated sulphuric acid, gradually violet. Nitric acid, dissolves. § 201. SARRACENIA purpurea; Surraceniacew. vestigator : Hetet, Compt. Rendu, 88. SARRACENINE A. (Veratrine? Smith). octahedra ; bitter. Solubilities as Veratrine. Removed by petroleum ether from alkaline solution. Reactions as Veratrine. § 202. SARSAPARILLA (Smilax < fficinalis, ete.), Smélacew, (a); Smilax glyeyphylla—Australia, (b). (a) SMILACIN G. (Parillin, Sarsaparilla-Saponin) ; C,H 0, (Poggiale), or C,,H,,O0, (Petersen). Crystallizes in needles containing 85 per cent. water ; neutral reaction, bitter when in solution. Slows heart’s action. Soluble in hot water (frothy solution), scarcely cold ; in hot alcohol, difficultly cold; in amyl alcohol and chloroform ; not in ether. Removed from aqueous solutions by amyl alcohol and chloroform ; not by ether or benzene. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Lead acetate, neutral (alcoholic solution), pp. Febling’s solution, reduced. 4 ; Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark red, becoming purple with a little water ; violet on warming—Poggiale (or yellow turning red with water ; green in 10 per cent. acid), Acids in general dissolve. ()) GLYCYPHYLLIN G., C.,H.,0,+3H,0; crystalline ; decomposes at 110°-115°; M.P. 175°-180°. Acids convert to Phloretin and Isodulcite. Soluble in hot water, scarcely cold, and in hot alcohol; slightly in ether; not in benzene, chloroform, or petroleum ether. a The root. In- Crystallizes in prisms and 90 DICTIONARY OF THE Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Precipitated by basic lead acetate. [Not by neutral lead acetate. | § 203. SAXIFRAGA Siberica and S. crassifolia; Savifragacew, In- vestigators : Garreau and Machelart. BERGENIN G., ? C,H O, (Garreau and Machelart) ; crystalline, bitter. Soluble in alcohol and water. Fehling’s solution, reduced. § 204. SCILLA maritima, or Urginea Scilla (Squill 8)5 stance (a), Jarmerstedt, Arch. exp. Pathol., 11, 22; (b), Pharm. Zt., 1879, and others. (a) SC/LLAIN G, (Jarmerstedt’s); nitrogen free, amorphous, bitter, poisonous, Resolved by acids into sugar and a resin. Soluble in alcohol; with difficulty in water, ether, or chloroform. [Not precipitated by basic lead acetate. ] ‘fannic acid precipitates. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, brown, with green fluorescence. # » With bromine, bluish-red. hydrochloric acid, red, with gradual greenish pp. (d) SCILLIN B. (not Riche and Rémond’s ‘Scillin, “which is a carbo- hydrate); light yellow, crystalline. Soluble in alcohol and hot ether, with difficulty in water. Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown. > nitric acid, yellow changing to green. (c) SC/LLIPICRIN B.; yellow, amorphous, hygroscopic, bitter. Soluble in water. (d) SCILLITOXIN ; brown, amorphous. Soluble in alcohol. Insoluble in water or ether. Concentrated sulphuric acid, red changing to brown. 45 nitric acid, yellow, changing to green on warming. § 205. SCROPHULARIA aquatica, Z., andS Investigator : Walz, Jahrb. Pharm., 26, 296. SCROPHULARIN B. ; crystalline, bitter. Reactions : [No pp. lead acetate, neutral or basic. ] ‘fannie acid, pp. Liliacece. Sub- (c), (d), Merck, . nodosa; Scrophulariacew. esos ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. § 206. SIMABA cedron; Simarubacew. The seed, substance (a). Investigator: Lewy, Journ. Chim. Méd., 1851, 282. Used against snake- bites. S$. Waldivia (distinct from preceding), substance (6), from the fruit (Ch. Tanret, Compt. Rendu, 91, 886). (a) CEDRINE (A. ?), (Valdivin ?, Tanret) ; glittering needles, neutral, bitter, emetic. Forms fluorescent compounds. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Precipitated by tannic acid and by most alkaloid reagents (C. Tanret). (b) VALDIVIN G, (2), CygH ygO24-5H..0 or C)gH.,0;-+-5H.0 ; erystallizes in hexagonal prisms; M.P. 230°, non-volatile; sp. gr. 1-46; bitter. Forms compounds showing a magnificent fluorescence, Optically in- active, Soluble in 600 parts cold water (frothy solution), 50 boiling, 190 abso- lute alcohol, or 60 spirit of 70 per cent., easily in chloroform; not in ether. Removed from aqueous solution by chloroform. [Not precipitated by neutral or basic lead acetate. | Ammoniacal lead acetate } Tannic acid j PP Febling’s solution, reduced after treatment with alkalies (acids 7). Concentrated sulphuric acid ) Nitric acid Acids in general increase the solubility in water. § 207. SINAPIS alba (White Mustard) ; Will and Laubenheimer, Ann. Chem. Pharm. , 199, 150. S. nigra (Black Mustard), substance (c); Turritis glabra, Or Brassica rapa, (¢). (a) SINALBIN G., Cy)H,,NS.0,,; crystallizes in needles; only faint yellow unless impure; fusible. Decomposed by Myrosin (ferment of mustard) into glucose, Sinapine sulphate, and Siaalbyl thiocyanide, C,H;,O'NCS. Soluble in water, in 3°3 parts boiling 86 per cent. alcohol ; absolute alcvhol, ether, or carbon bisulphide. Reactions : Fear e hydrates ) aiecclve yellow. mmonia j [No pp. barium chloride until after decomposition. ] Alkaline earths dissolve, the yellow coloration being perceptible even with traces only. dissolve colourless. Cruciferae ; substances (a), (4). not in cold DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 91 Ferrie chloride, no colour then blood-red (sulphocyanide test). Silver nitrate, white pp., becoming black from production of silver sulphide. Fehling’s solution, reduced, some cupric sulphide being formed. Mercuric chloride, pp., glucose being left in solution. Concentrated nitric acid, transient blood-red. (Db) SINAPINE-THIOCYANIDE A. till boiled with alkali, (Sulpbosinapisine, Sulphosinapine ; the thiocyanide was formerly mistaken for Sinapine), C,,H,,NO,HSCN (Gerhardt) ; glittering prisms; M.P. 130°, recrystallizing on cooling ; neutral reaction (free Sinapine is alkaline), bitter. (Free Sinapine rapidly decomposes ; not separated pure either by alcohol or ether. Soluble in water and alcohol (yellow solutions) ; not in ether, carbon bisulphide, or turpentine. Alkaline hydrates dissolve yellow. Ferric chloride, blood-red coloration on warming. (©) POTASSIUM MYRONATE G., C,,HygsKNS,O,,: crystallizes in silky prisms, fusible, neutral, bitter. (The free acid decomposes readily, with production of sulphuretted hydrogen; it has acid reaction, with bitter and sour taste). Myrosin converts the glucoside to glucose, Allyl- thiocyanide, and acid potassium sulphate. Soluble in water, with difficulty in alcohol. form, or benzene. Precipitated by neutral lead acetate, yellowish-white pp., soluble in acetic acid. (d) SINCALINE, by action of alkalies on Sinapine; crystalline, non- volatile, powerfully alkaline like potassic hydrate; absorbs carbonic acid. § 208. SOLANUM various (Solanacew), e.g., S. nigrum (Nightshade), substance (a); S. tuberosum (Potato, the leaves and shoots), (a) and (c) ; 8. duleamara (Bittersweet), (a), (jf), Geissler, Archiv. d. Pharm., [3], 7, 289, 1875; 8S. grandiflora var. pulverulentum (Wolf-fruit of Brazil), investigator, H. Freire, Compt. Rendu, 105, 1,074, (g); S. paniculatum (the fruit), F. v. Greene, substance (¢). See also Atropa group for other members of the Solanacew. (a) SOLANINE A.-G., C,,H,;NO,; (Hilger) or C,,H,,NO,, (Firbas) ; crystallizes in four-sided prisms ; M.P. 235°, with some sublimate in Insoluble in ether, chloro- Dilute acids resolve into Sodium amalgam produces needles ; feebly alkaline; taste bitter and hot. sugar and Solanidine. Salts react acid. butyric acid and nicotine.’ Soluble scarcely in water, 1 in 8,000 boiling (the salts are soluble), in 125 boiling alcohol of sp. gr. 0°839 (giving crystals on cooling), in amyl alcohol, 4,000 ether. Benzene dissolves traces. Removed from aqueous solutions by amyl alcohol. Reactions : e pee mes i amorphous pp. Tannic acid, pp. ; at 1 in 3,000, flocks after 24 hours. [Picric acid, not dilute. Platinum chloride, not dilute. | Gold chloride ) |, nese Silver nitrate kre ee [ Fehling’s solution, not reduced. | Silver potassium cyanide, gradually amorphous pp. Potassium bichromate, not 1 in 3,000.] Phospho-molybdie acid, light yellow pp- [ Ilodo-potassic iodide, not 1 in 3 ,000. | | Bismuth- potassic iodide, pp- only if concentrated. | | Cadmium-potassic iodide, not dilute. | | Mercuric-potassic iodide, ‘not 1 in 3,000]. | Mercurie chloride, not 1 in 3,000. ] Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, light reddish-yellow. ‘3 with potassium bichromate, light blue. Trace of Solanine}1 per cent. sulphuric acid evaporated on watch- glass, gives four-sided prisms, which on warming become successively red, purple, brownish-red, and, on cooling, violet, blackish-blue, green (colourless crystals still pr -esent). Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, light reddish. Nitric acid added to the solution in sulphuric acid after 10 hours, light yellow. Nitric acid alone, colourless, then purple, finally colourless. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, yellow. Froéhde’s solution, cherry- red wbrownish- red~yellow; after 24 hours greenish- yellow with black flocks. Sulphuric acid and alcohol, red on warming. 92 (b) SOLANEINE G., C5.H,NO,, ? (Firbas). Amorphous, yellow, horny, M.P. 208°. Soluble in 85 per cent. aleohol. Acids gives Solanidine and sugar. (c) SOLANIDINE A. (G.-derivative). In young shoots of potatoes, and from Solanine. ©,;H,,NO, (Hilger) or CyH_,NO, (Firbas) ; crystallizes in glittering needles; M.P. 208° (191°, Firbas); alkaline reaction; bitter | and sharp taste. [Forms salts difficultly soluble in water. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, scarcely in water. Removed by chloroform from acid solutions. Alkaline hydrates ( ‘ell Ammonia § eae (d) SOLANICINE A. C;,H;,NO,? Formed from («) by long-continued action of acids. Light yellow crystals from ether; M.P. 250°, with de- composition; scarcely alkaline, almost tasteless. Salts reddish-yellow, amorphous. Soluble scarcely in alcohol, in 2,000 parts boiling ether, not in water. (e) JURUBEBINE A. Amorphous (hydrochloride crystaliine); bitter | taste; aromatic odour, Soluble in alcohol and chloroform, with difficulty in water. No pp. picric acid or platinum chloride but by most other alkaloid precipitants (I, v. Greene). (7) DULCAMARIN B. Bitter. Soluble in acetic ether ; not in ether, chloroform, benzene, or carbon | bisulphide. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates ) Ammonia j Precipitated by basic lead acetate and tannic acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid, red changing to rose colour. (g) GRANDIFLORINE A. Molecular weight 236:4; amorphous, bitter, poisonous. Soluble in alcohol, not in water. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, evolution of ammonia on heating, Ammonia, white pp. Tannic acid, cloud. Platinum chloride Iodo-potassic iodide Mercuric-potassic iodide | dissolve reddish-brown. -yellow pp. “= ® DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow turning red. Concentrated sulphuric acid with manganese dioxide, green changing to violet, then yellow. 40ice.__ Nitric acid, purplish. § 209. SPARTIUM scoparium (Broom), or Sarothamnus scoparium (Cytisus scops.), Leguminosae. Investigators : Stenhouse, Philos. Trans., 1851 ; Mills, Chem. Soc. Qu. J., 15, 1, ete., and others. (a) SPARTEINE A., C\;HogN,; liquid; sp. gr. greater than water; volatile ; B.P. 276°-288° or 311° (different observers) ; alkaline reaction ; bitter taste and aniline-like odour. Levo-rotatory,—146° for p line. Dilates the pupil ; becomes brown on exposure ; sulphate very soluble. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, scarcely in water, not in benzene. Removed from alkaline aqueous solutions by ether and petroleum ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates Ammonia Lead acetate, nenieul hate: = ne asic Picric acid, yellow. Platinum chloride, yellow. {Not silver nitrate. } [Not potassium ferrocyanide, the compound formed being easily soluble. | Sodium phospho -molybdate, white. Cadmium-potassic iodide, white (Bamberger). Colour tests (negative) : Concentrated sulphuric acid ( pp- soluble in excess. pS + . With nitric acid tiaee Concentrated nitric acid § Se = Acids generally (b) SCOPARIN G.? Diuretic. Soluble in alcohol and hot water (greenish-yellow solution), scarcely cold. Reactions : | Alkaline hydrates } 5 carbonates Ammonia Barium and calcium hydrates C.,H..0,)._ Pale yellow crystalline or amorphous. » soluble, greenish-yellow. + DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Lead acetate, neutral | a basic [No reacuon silver ete or mercuric chloride. | § 210. SPIGELIA Marylandica (Carolina Pink, wormseed, perennial worm grass). Loganiacece. North America. ‘The root. Investigator : Dudley, Amer. J. Uh., 1, 154. SPIGELINE A. Crystalline, volatile, alkaline, bitter. Soluble in water and alcohol (not in ether ?). Precipitants : Meta-vungstic acid. Jodo-potassic iodide, brownish-red. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white crystalline pp., soluble in alcohol, ether, etc., and dilute acids. Jodine tincture, brownish-red. 211. STROPHANTHUS Group. carbonates. .. bicarbonates, after expulsion of carbonic acid. Lime water. ; Magnesia. Morphine, strychnine (the free bases). DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF Ammonia, not at once, at 1 in 100; oily pp. becoming crystalline. | [Not lead acetate, neutral or basic. | | ‘Vannic acid, 1 in 2,000; limit 1 in 10,000. Picric acid, pp. gradually crystalline ; limit 1 in 10,000, Platinum chloride, 1 in 1,000, yellow crys. (insoluble in acetic acid). Gold chloride, 1 in 25,000, dirty yellow, amorphous ; soluble in hydro- chloric acid. | Potassium ferrocyanide, yellow crystalline (not 1 in 500, Dupuy), becoming blue on exposure, Potassium sulphocyanide (gradually at 1 in 100). Silver potassium cyanide, pp. becoming crystalline. Potassium chromate, yellow crystalline, limit about 1 in 500. Potassium bichromate ; at first no pp., then crys. up to 1 in 3,000, Chromic acid, 5 per cent. Phospho-moly baie acid, 1 in 5,000, orange flocks, | »» antimonic acid, Todo-potassic iodide, 1 in 50,000, kermes pp. Potassium iodide alone, crystalline pp. Bismuth-potassium iodide, 1 in 10,000, orange-red pp. Cadmium-potassic iodide, crystalline ; precipitation complete. Mereuric-potassic iodide, whitish yellow, amorphous ; feeble at 1 in 50,000. Mercurie chloride, amorphous unless concentrated. Chlorine water, yellow coloration becoming red, then colourless, | finally white flocculent pp. Bromine water, violet coloration. lodine tincture, brown crystals. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, pure, colourless. 5 i », With sagar, no effect. | » with potass. bichromate, orange; red ” ” | with dilute acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid, with trace of nitric acid, intense red. Nitre added after 15 hours’ solution in sulphuric acid, roseworange myellow. Nitric acid alone, scarlet to blood-red, becoming yellowish-red, then yellow ; on then adding stannous chloride or ammonium sulphide, reddish-violet. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, uo effect. Frohde’s solution, red~yellow ; after 24 hours, colourless. | | | | PLANTS. 95 (c) IGASURINE A. Schiitzenberger and W. A. Shenstone have shown this to be a mixture. Desnoix’ description (Journ. Pharm. [3], 25, 202) | is here given asan illustration of the results one may obtain when dealing with mixed alkaloids from Nux Vomica. Silky crystals with 10 per cent. of water, levo-rotatory, alkaline, _ bitter, Soluble in 200 parts of boiling water, crystals being rapidly formed on cooling ; also in alcohol, amyl alcohol, and essential oils ; with difficulty in ether. Reactions : Facer pp. soluble in excess. Alk. bicarbonates precipitate in presence of tartaric acid, ‘distinction from Brucine.’ Tannic acid, white pp. Platinum chloride, yellow pp. Potassic iodide, pp., not immediately. Iodo-potassic iodide, brown pp. Concentrated sulphuric acid with trace of nitric acid) . spine . -intense red. : nitric acid alone (d) CURARINE A., CyH,;N, Preyer (Ci3;H3;N, Sachs); crystals from chloroform, becoming oily on exposure ; feebly alkaline reaction, bitter, extremely poisonous. Salts non-crystallizable and very soluble. Soluble in all proportions in water or alcohol, with difficulty in amyl aleobol or chloroform. Insoluble in ether, benzene, petroleum ether, carbon bisulphide, or turpentine. Not removed from alkaline aqueous solutions by immiscible solvents. Precipitants : Tannic acid, pp. soluble in hydrochloric acid. Platinum chloride, yellow, becoming crystalline. Potassium ferrocyanide. 7 sulphocyanide. . bichromate, amorphous. Phospho-molybdie acid. Bismuth-potassic iodide. Cadmium-potassic iodide, completely. Mercuric-potassic iodide. Mercurie chloride. Potassium platinous cyanide. * per-iodate. 96 , DICTIONARY OF TILE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, red ; or blue first, then red after some hours, or on heating to $0°-100° (compare Narcotine). Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate, violet. with sugar, red. 3 ,, With nitric acid, red. is nitric acid, purple. (e) AKAZGINE A. (Icajanine) ; amorphous ; fusible, becoming yellow on heating ; alkaline reaction, bitter, poisonous. Tartrate crystalline. Soluble in 15,000 parts cold water, 60 of absolute alcohol or 16 of 85 per cent., 120 absolute ether (more easily in commercial ether) ; further, in chloroform, benzene and carbon bisulphide. Precipitants (all following precipitates are amorphous) : Alkaline hydrates. Potassium sulphocyanide. 7 carbonates. bichromate. Ammonia. Jodo-potassie iodide. Sodium phosphate. Mercuric-potassie iodide, Tannic acid. Mercuric chloride, soluble on Pieric acid. warming. Platinum chloride. Todine tincture. Gold chloride. Stannous chloride. Potassium ferrocyanide, Concentrated sulphuric acid, as Strychnine. (f) GELSEMINE A., CosH,,N 0, or Co,H.,N.O, (Gerrad) ; with difficulty from alcohol ; M. P. 45°; bitter ; poisonous. Hydrochloride not readily soluble. Soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon bisulphide, benzene ; with difficulty in alcohol or water. Removed from alkaline solutions by benzene, etc. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, soluble in excess. [ Not lead acetate, neutral or basic. | Picric acid, yellow crystalline. Platinum chloride, vellow ; soluble on boiling. Gold chloride, soluble on boiling. [ Potassium ferricyanide, reduced. | Colour tests : ” ” ” crystallizable dilates pupil; very Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless, or yellow changing to reddish- brown. Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate, violet-red. 5 ,, With sugar, red. si nitric acid, greenish-yellow. (y) GELSEMININE A. ; dark brown, resinous, alkaline. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform ; sparingly in water and petroleum ether. Hydrochloride easily soluble. Precipitate by ammonia, reddish-coloured, flocculent. § 213. SYRINGA vulgaris (Lilac) ; Oleacew. Substance (a), in the bark during spring (March-April). after which period it is replaced by (0). Walz, Arch. Pharm., vols. 105, 108, 109, 113; also G. Koerner and others. Ligustrum vulgare, (b), (c). (a) SYRINGIN G. (Hydroximethvleoniferin. Lilacin probably. C,-H.,0, or ©,H.(OC,H,,0,)' (OCH,)." ‘"(C,H,OH)'. (Koerner): ervstalline hydrate in needles up to half- inch in length : loses water at 100°-114°. melts 185°-190° (191°-192°, Koerner) : neutral "reaction. tasteless, Acids convert to sngar (fermentable) and Syrineogenin, C©,,Hy,9%,, or OH-C,H.(0'CH,),-C,H OH = Hydroximethylconiferyl alcohol, appearing as gray flocks, Soluble in hot water, hot alcohol, and in chloroform; with difficulty in cold water; not in ether, {Not precipitated by lead acetate or other metallic salts. ] Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid added to the aqueous solution, dark blue, turning violet with more acid, Concentrated nitric acid, blood-red. es hydrochloric acid. colourless separate, the fluid becoming violet-red. Frihde’s solution, blood-red turning to violet-red. (b) SYRINGOPICRIN B.. C.,H.,0,; ; amorphous, yellow; M.P. below 100°; slightly acid reaction, bitter. Soluble in water and alcohol Absorbed by charcoal. [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic. ] J Tannic acid, pp. [No reaction ferric chloride or Fehling’s solution. ] Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet (greenish to brown. Kromayer). _ ; on boiling, blue flocks ; not in ether. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, (ve) LYGUSTRON B.; needles; M.P. rather over 100° C., distils at 260°-280°; neutral, bitter. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Reduces ammoniacal silver nitrate. § 214. TARAXACUM (Leontodon Taraxacum, L. ; Dandelion) ; Com- posite. The juice. Polex, Arch. Pharm., 19, 50; Kromayer, Arch. Pharm. [2], 105, 6. TARAXACIN B.; crystalline ; readily fusible ; non-volatile ; neutral, bitter. Soluble in hot water, difficultly cold ; dissolved also by ether, which removes it from aqueous solutions, [Not precipitated by basic acetate of lead—Kromayer. ] § 215. TAXUS baccata (Yew); Vasxacew. Investigators: Hilger, Marmé, etc. (a) TAXINE A., C,,H;,0,)N. Amorphous? (crystalline, Marmé) ; M.P. 80°-82° ; evolving aromatic odour ; bitter. Soluble readily in alcohol and ether; also in chloroform (not as readily as in ether) ; in benzene (Hilger says insoluble in benzene) and carbon bisulpbide ; water dissolves traces. Insoluble in petroleum ether. Removed from alkaline solutions by benzene (see note above). Precipitants (slightly acid aqueous solution of 'T.) : Alkaline hydrates. [Not gold chloride ? Atwmonia. Picric acid. Platinum chloride. Sodium phospho-molybdate. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, intense purplish-violet. 4 nitric acid, yellowish-brown (colourless, Marmé). Froéhde’s solution, reddish-violet. (b) MILOSSINE A. ; crystalline ; M.P. 86°-87°. Soluble in alcohol, not in water. § 216. TEUCRIUM fructicans; Labiate. Gazz. Chim., 8, 440. TEUCRIN G., C,,H.,0,, ; crystalline ; M.P. 225°-230°. Soluble in alcohol. Acids give sugar and an organic acid. § 217. THALICTRUM macrocarpum ; Ranunculacee. Henriot and Doassans, Bull. Soc. Chim., 34, 83. Hilger says Todo-potassic iodide ) Bismuth-potassic iodide { {Not mercuric chloride. ] yellow. Investigator: Ogliario, Investigators : 97 (a) MACROCARPINE A. ; per centage composition, © 58°36 H 5°87 ; crys- tallizes in yellow needles; blackens on heating to 150°; optically inactive; neutral reaction ; stable in presence of acids; otherwise de- composes at 100°. Soluble in alcohol, better in amyl alcohol; not in water or ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates decompose to resinous mass, [Not precipitated by basic lead acetate. ] Silver nitrate precipitates the pure base. [Fehling’s solution not reduced. | [No reaction Iodine tincture. ] (b) THALICTRINE A.; crystallizes in radiating needles ; alkaline ; action like Aconitine. Soluble in alcohol, ether, or chloroform ; scarcely in water. ‘Gives alkaloid reactions.’ Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless (?). Fuming sulphuric acid, green. Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, deep green. § 218. THEA group. Thea Chinensis (Camellia Thea; tea); Tern- strwmeriacee or Camelliacee. The leaves. Substances (a), (c), (7), (9); also Xanthine, Hypoxanthine, Adenine, and Quercitrin—for the latter see Quercus. The proportion of (a) is usually from 2 to 3} per cent. Coffea Arabica (Coffee) ; Cinchonacee or Rubiace, (a), about 4 to 14 per cent. Tlex Paraguayensis (Paraguay ‘ea; Matc), Aquifoliacee, (a). Cola or Kola acuminata (Stereulia; the nut=Kola nut); Sterculiacea, (a), (d). Paullinia sorbilis (Guarana; the seed) ; Sapindacec, (a). Lunanea Bichi ; Sterculiacew, (a). Theobroma Cacao (Cacao or Cocoa ; the seed); Byttneriacee or Sterculiacee, (d) ; also (a). Camellia Japonica; the seeds, (e). (a) THEINE (Caffeine ; methyl theobromine ; trimethylxanthine) ; C,H,,N,O. or CH;5N — CH \ CO CNCH, (E. Fischer). ! ( \ CH,N — o:n7 ©° Long silky needles containing 1 molecule H,O ; M.P., after loss of water, 177°-228° (different observers), partly sublimable without decomposi- tion (a minute portion sublimes at 100° when heated dry, though no perceptible loss in water vapour) ; feebly alkaline, bitter. Cerebral and 13 98 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. cardiac stimulant. Combines only with strongfacids; salts only in acid solution—the compounds with acids not being very stable. Solubility (authorities differ to some extent) of anhydrous Caffeine : 1 in 98 cold water, 1 in 10 hot, 1 in 97 cold alcohol, 1 in 194 cold ether | (less readily in absolute ether) ; also in amyl alcohol, chloroform and benzene ; scarcely in carbon bisulphide or petroleum ether. t Removed by benzene and chloroform from alkaline and acid solutions. | Precipitants (precipitation imperfect) : {Not alkaline hydrates. rs) as carbonates. 5 ammonia. | [Lannie acid, cloud ; solved on warming. | [Picrie acid, not dilute. | [Not ferric chloride. | | Platinum chloride only in very strong solutions, gradual crystalline pp. soluble in about 20 parts cold water. ] [Gold chloride, after some hours, yellow crystalline pp. ] [ Fehling’s solution, not reduced if pure. | [ Not silver potassium cyanide, potassium bichromate, 1 in 3,000, » chromic acid 5 per cent. solution. ] Phospho-molybdie acid, yellow. [Not phospho-antimonic acid. ] | Iodo-potassic iodide, dirty brown, but not dilute. ] Bismuth-potassic iodide, 1 in 3,000. [Not cadmium-potassic iodide. zinc-potassic iodide. » mercuric- potassic iodide. | Mercurie chloride, crystalline needles ; 1 in 1,000 after a time. Colour tests (mostly negative) : [Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless (twenty-four hours). with sugar, no effect. with potass. bichromate, no effect. with nitric acid, colourless. Nitre added after ten to fifteen hours’ solution in sulphuric acid, colourless. | Concentrated nitric acid, colourless ; but on evaporation over water- bath and cautious addition of ammonia, purple (murexide test). insoluble in hydrochloric acid cold, but dis- ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” This reaction is more sensitive when Chlorine or Bromine water is | substituted for the nitric acid, avoiding excess. 0° C., 660 at 20°, | the latter boiling ; [Concentrated hydrochloric acid, no effect. Fréhde’s solution, colourless. | (b) CAFFEIDINE, from Caffeine by boiling with Baryta water; C/H,,N,O (Caffeine+ H.O—CO,) ; crystals are obtainable; M.P. 94° (Wernecke). The free base readily decomposes into Ammonia, Methylamine, and Cholestrophane. Salts crystalline, (c) THEOPHYLLINE, C,HsN,0.+H,0, or CC Crystalline ; becomes anhydrous at 110°. which it may be converted by methylation. Soluble in water and alcohol. Ammonia dissolves readily, Chlorine water gives on evaporation, a bright red, changing to violet with ammonia, (d) THEOBROMINE, ) { NOH, CH: EX} co+n.o. Closely resembles Theine, to C;H,N,0., or CH,N — CH | COC-NCH, (E. Fischer). | | HN-¢-N_co. Microscopic needles, subliming at 290° without fusion ; neutral reaction, bitter ; similar physiological action to that of Theine ; feebly basic ; salts separate readily into acid and free alkaloid. Solubility (authorities differ somewhat): 1 in 1,600 parts water at 55 boiling ; 1,400 cold alcohol, or about 50 boiling; very difficultly soluble in cold ether (1 in 17,000 ?) or in about 600 boiling ; | with less difficulty in amyl alcohol and chloroform (about 100 parts of scarcely in benzene ; insoluble in petroleum ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates Ammonia [Not neutral lead acetate, but carried down with other matters from an aqueous extract of cocoa by basic lead acetate. | [Tannic acid, only cloud in dilute solutions. } [Not picric acid. } | Not ferric chloride. ] Platinum chloride, brown flocks, slowly 1 in 3,000. Gold chloride, slowly needles. pp. soluble in excess, forming salts. DICTIONARY OF THE_ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Silver nitrate, crystalline pp., gradually (C,H,N,O,AgNO,), charac- teristic. Eee bichromate, cloud, then gradual pp. ; amorphous at 1 in 3.000. Phospho-molybdic acid, yellow. Phospho-tungstic acid in large excess, slimy pp. Phospho-antimonie acid, cloud 1 in 1,000. { lodo-potassic iodide, cloud, pp. if concentrated. | | Bismuth-potassic iodide, cloud. } | Not cadmium-potassic iodide. ] | Not mercuric-potassic iodide. | Mercurie chloride, pp. in strong solutions, white crystals ; cloud at 1 in 3,000. Colour tests (mostly negative) : ~Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless (24 hours). “a 3 » With nitric acid, unchanged. Concentrated nitric acid, colourless. Friéhde’s solution, colourless. Evaporated with chlorine water, etc. (murexide test), as Theine. (e) CAMELLIN G., C,sH,,0 Soluble in alcohol. Fehling’s solntion, reduced. Concentrated sulphuric acid ) d Concentrated nitric acid (nee: (/) ASSAMIN G. From the seeds of Thea Chinensis, var. Assamica. Produces tetanus. (g) ASSAMIC ACID G., C,,H,,0,,. Yields Sapogenin (see Saponaria), 45°59 per cent., and glucose 42°56 per cent. Soluble in water, gelatinous pp. by alcohol. Precipitated by neutral and basic lead acetate. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowwred~blue~violet. Fuming nitric acid, yellow. § 219. TRIANOSPERMA fiicifolia ; Cucurbitacew. Brazil. The root. Investigator: Peckolt, Arch. Pharm. [2], 63, 104. (a) TRIANOSPERMINE A. Crystallizesand sublimes in needles ; sharp taste. no odour, Soluble in water and alcohol, not in ether. Precinvitated by platinic chloride. iy» From the seeds of Camellia Japonica. alkaline ; oH) (b) TRIANOSPERMITINE A. Crystalline, sublimable, tasteless, odourless, Soluble in ether, with difficulty in alcohol, not in water. § 220, TRIGONELLA foenum Grecum ; Leguminose. The seed. TRIGONELLINE A. (The methylbetaine of nicotinic acid ; isomer of Von Gerichten’s pyridine-betaine), Crystallizes in flat prisms from alcohol, loses water at 100° and decomposes on further heating. Neutral reaction, deliquescent. Very soluble in water. Reactions : [No pp. pieric acid. ] Red coloration with ferric chloride. [No pp. platinum chloride. | [No pp. mercuric chloride. | § 221. TYLOPHORA asthmatica ; Asclepiadacew. Ipecacuanha sub- stitute. East Indies. The root. Investigated by D. Hooper. TYLOPHORINE A, Crystalline, alkaline, emetic. Forms neutral salts. Soluble in ether (by which it may be removed from alkaline solutions), sparingly in water. ‘Precipitated by usual alkaloid reagents.’ [No action ferric chloride. } Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown, changing to green, then blue. with potass. bichromate, violet- brown. with potass. permanganate, decoloration. purplish-red ; portion soluble, with Insoluble in ether, chloroform or benzene, ” ” ” O) ” ” Concentrated nitric acid, orange colour, Concentrated hydrochloric acid, yellow solution. Frohde’s reagent, bright green. § 222. URECHITIS suberecta; Apocynacew (called ‘Nightshade’ in Jamaica), The leaves. Investigator : Bowrey, Chem. News, 37, 166. (a) URECHITIN G. C,H ,0;+Aq. Cystallizes in needles or four-sided prisms ; very bitter (perceptible 1 in 40,000); very poisonous. Gives sugar on treatment with acids. Soluble in hot alcohol, easily in chloroform, also in amyl alcohol, ether, benzene, glacial acetic acid ; not in water or dilute alcohol, Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, changing successively to orange, red, mauve, purple ; oxidizing agents hasten colour changes. 100 (b) URECHITOXIN G., C,,H.,05; possibly a derivative of (a). Less readily crystallizable than latter. Acids give sugar and Urechitoxetin. Soluble in chloroform, amyl alcohol, ether, benzene (less readily in last two than is the case with (a), also in petroleum ether ; with difficulty in water, and not in dilute alcohol. Removed from alkaline solutions by petroleum ether, contrary to the behaviour of most similar substances. Precipitated by basic lead acetate. Concentrated sulphuric acid, as (a). § 223. USTILAGO Maydis (‘Smut’ of Indian corn). Mungi. Investi- gators: Rademacher and Fischer. USTILAGINE A. Bitter: physiological action resembles that of Ergot. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Reactions : Ferric chloride, dark yellow coloration. Precipated by mercuric-potassic iodide. Concentrated sulphuric acid, brown changing to intense green. § 224. VALLARIA (Hydrocotyle Asiatica) ; Umbellifere. Investi- gator: Lepine, Journ. Pharm. [3], 26, 47. | | not Couerbe’s Veratrine), C,,H,,NO,, (W. and L.). DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve with gradual red coloration ; acids precipi- tate from the solution a bitterless substance. Ammonia dissolves, solution turning gradually red. Chlorine water, yellow coloration. No colour with concentrated sulphuric acid. § 226. VERATRUM group; JJelanthacew (Colchicacee). Y. album (White Hellebore), alkaloid (4) principally ; also (9), (j), (1), (m), small quantity (/), trace (h), (/). V. viride (Green Hellebore), (>), (/), (a), (9); Sabadilla seeds from Asagrea officinalis, Lind]. (Sabadilla officinalis, Brandt; Veratrum officinale, Schecht), (a), (1), (c),(¢). [For Black Helle- bore see Helleborus, /tanunculacew.| Investigators numerous ; mention should be made of Wright and Lutf who have recently done so much towards removing the obscurity surrounding these alkaloids. (a) VERATRINE A, (Merck’s Veratrine ; Wright and Luff’s Cevadine ; Needles or compact | erystals from alcohol (varnish from ether); M.P. 205° (W. and L.) ; alkaline reaction, burning taste ; no odour, but produces violent sneezing ; | dilates pupil ; poisonous ; solutions fluorescent ; without action on polar- VELLARIN B. ; yellow, oily, neutral, bitter; strong odour ; thickens and | darkens on exposure. Soluble in alcohol, ether, volatile and fatty oils ; emulsion with water. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, insoluble. Ammonia, soluble (acids precipitate). § 225. VARIOLARIA dealbata; Lichenes. Substance (a). Investi- gator: Robiquet, Ann. Chem. Phys., 42, 236. V. amara, substance ()), Alms, Ann. Chem. Pharm., 1, 61; Vogel, N. Jahrb. Pharm., 8, 201. (a) VARIOLARIN B.; crystallizes in needles, subliming with some decom- position, Soluble in alcohol and ether, not in water. No coloration with alkalies [see (/))]. a on ,», concentrated sulphuric or other acids. (b) PICROLICHENIN B., CyoH.)0, (Vogel and Wuth). Transparent rhom- bohedric crystals; M.P. 111°; not volatile without decomposition ; acid to litmus ; bitter, odourless, Sp. gr. 1-176. Soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon bisulphide, volatile and fatty oils, hot glacial acetic acid ; difficultly in hot water and not in cold. ized light. On saponification, methyl crotoni« acid, C,H,CH, COOH, and | a base Cevine, C,,H,,NO,, are obtained. Salts mostly amorphous (picrate, | gold,and platinum double salts bave been obtained crystallized —E. Merck). Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, amyl alcohol, benzene ; with difficulty in petroleum ether, not in cold water, 1 in 1,000 boiling (Pelletier and Caventou). Removed from acid solution by chloroform, from alkaline solution also by benzene, and in traces by petroleum ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates carbonates a bicarbonates, if no free carbonic acid. Ammonia, somewhat soluble in excess. Tannic acid, gradually (cloud at 1 in 5,000) ; pp. difticultly soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. Picric acid, amorphous pp. 1 in 1,00 (a crystalline picrate is obtain- able however). Ferric chloride, pp. in hydrochloric acid solution, Platinum chloride, not in very dilute solution. | Gold chloride (the double salt melts at 182°). i precipitation not complete in the cold, Dupuy. ” DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE [Potassium sulphocyanide, if concentrated. | | Silver potassium cyanide, amorphous 1 in 3,000 to 6,000. Chromic acid (5 per cent., solution). Potassium bichromate, at 1 in 3,000, gradually. | Phospho-molybdic acid (cloud at 1 in 5,000). » antimonic acid, 1 in 1,000, dirty flocks ; cloud at 1 in 5,000, | Todo-potassic iodide, kermes coloured pp. [ Bismuth-potassic iodide, not dilute. | Cadmium-potassic iodide, completely, [Zince-potassic iodide, very slight pp. ] Mercuric-potassic iodide, yellowish- white pp. ; cloud at 1 in 5,000. Mercurie chloride, pp., but not 1 in 500; the double salt has M.P. 172°. Chlorine water, yellow coloration ; golden with ammonia. Bromine water, cloud at 1 in 5,000. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, changing to carmine. with potass. bichromate, reddish-brown. 5, With sugar, gradually deep green, then deep blue (characteristic, Weppen). Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, cherry red. 7 nitric acid, yellow. mi hydrochloric acid, deep violet ; on boiling, intense red. Frohde’s solution, yellow becoming cherry red (24 hours). (b) JERVINE A. (Simon and Will’s, and Wright and Luff’s Jervine), C.3;H,,-NO,+2H,.0, W. and L. (C.)H,,N.0;+2H,0, Will; or, C,,H..NO., Pehkschen). Crystallizes in needles from alcohol ; slightly levo-rotatory, M.P. 237°-239° (190°-204° ?) ; non-sternutatory ; sulphate very difficultly soluble. Solubility (Pehkschen’s figures, alcohol, 60 chloroform, 268 ether, 1,625 benzene ; ethyl acetate ; not in petroleum ether. Removed from acid solutions by chloroform. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow becoming successively dark yellow, brownish-yellow, then greenish-brown. Concentrated sulphuric acid with sugar, blue. », with nitric ‘acid, yellow then green. nitric acid alone, no effect. hydrochloric acid, no effect cold ; yellow on warming. ” ” ” at temperature of 22°C), 1 in 16°8 slightly in water and PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 101 (c) SABADILLINE A. of Weigelin (Cevadilline of Wright and Luff ; but identity not thoroughly established), CapHogN.0,; (W. and L. °s Cevadilline, C3,H;;NO,) : crystals from benzene (varnish, W. and L.) ; sharp taste ; strongly alkaline reaction (Couerbe) ; non-sternutatory (Hubschmann) : M.P. 200° (Couerbe). Soluble in water (143 parts boiling), in alcohol, amy] alcohol, benzene ; with difficulty in petroleum ether, and not in ether. Removed by amyl alcohol and benzene from both acid and alkaline aqueous solutions; petroleum ether abstracts traces from an alkaline solution. Reactions : [No pp. alkaline hydrates. sy 3 carbonates. ammonia. - Pr carbonate. a piecric acid, 1 in 150). ferric chloride. platinum chloride, 1 in 150. gold chloride dilute, potassium sulphocyanide, 1 in 150, ferricyanide, 1 in 150. bichromate, 1 in 150.] Phospho- molybi dic acid, pp. ; ‘cloud at 1 in 5,000. [No pp. potassic iodide. | lodo-potassic iodide, kermes coloured pp. Mercuric-potassic iodide, yellowish-white pp. ; cloud at 1 in 5,000. [No pp. mercuric chloride, 1 in 150.] [No coloration chlorine water. ] Bromine water, Gloud at 1 in 5,000. [No pp. sodium phosphate. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. with sugar, brown, changing to reddish- ” ” ” ” *) violet. Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, gradually cherry-red. nitric acid, yellow. hydrochloric acid, wine-red. Fréhde’s solution, gradual reddish-violet. (d) SABADINE A., CoyH,,NO, (Merck) ; ” crystals like zine sulphate in 102 appearance ; M.P. 238°-240° with decomposition. Green fluorescence in sulphuric acid solution ; sternutatory, Soluble in alcohol and ether readily, sparingly in petroleum ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates | : carbonates - dissolve, but pp. on warming. Ammonia Colour tests : : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, changing to blood-red, then violet. Concentrated nitric acid, no colour, (d2) SABADININE A., Cx>Hs;NOs (Merck) ; hair-like crystals from ether ; no detinite M.P. ; non-sternutatory. Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, and difficultly in ether. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates » carbonates Ammonia Concentrated sulphuric acid, persistent blood-red. (e) SABATRINE A. ; soluble in 40 parts cold water (Dragendorff), and in ether or chloroform. Removed from alkaline solutions by chloroform, and in traces by petrolenm ether. Reactions : as Sahadill; Boaeenens « , | 28 Sabadilline. (7) JERVIC ACID, from Jervine. as above. (7) VERATROIDINE A., C;,H;sN.0,¢ (Bullock) ; or C,,H;,;NO, (Pehkschen). Crystalline ; M.P. about 149°; salts amorphous; optically inactive. Solubility at 22°C ; alcohol dissolves in almost all proportions ; 1 in 5:9 chloroform, 9 absolute ether, 13 benzene; not soluble in petroleum ether, Precipitated by mercuric-potassic iodide (cloud at 1 in 5,000), and by | most alkaloid precipitants. : Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, becoming successively orange and red, with green fluorescence. Concentrated sulphuric acid and sugar, brown? (violet, Muter). cs 5, With nitric acid, gradually cherry-red. e nitric acid alone, transient rose colour, then yellow. Hydrochloric acid 11 per cent., rose colour. Fréhde’s solution, gradually cherry-red. ” DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. (h) COUERBE’S VERATRINE A., ©,-H,,NO,, ; amorphous (varnish) ; M.P. 180° ; not fluorescent. Salts crystalline. Nitrate insoluble. On saponi- fication, a base VerINE, ©,,H,,NO,, and Veratric acid (dimethylproto- catechuic acid) are obtained. Concentrated sulphuric acid, reaction similar to that with (a). (4) VERATRALBINE A., C.sHy,NO;; non-sternutatory. Flnorescent green solutions. Precipitated by sodium hydrate and phospho-molybdie acid (cloud at 1 in 3,500). Colours with sulphuric acid as with (a). (/) PSEUDOJERVINE A., C,,HiNO,., Pehkschen (Veratrum album gave ‘006 per cent. only); large rhombic crystals, blackened at 259° C. (300°- amorphous ; | 307°, Salzberger) ; optically inactive. Soluble in 184 parts absolute alcohol, 4 chloroform, 372 benzene, 10 | petroleum ether, 1,021 absolu‘e ether. Precipitated by phospho-molybdic acid ; clond at 1 in 10,000. Mercuric-potassic iodide ; cloud at 1 in 6,000. No colours with acids when pure, but if admixed with trace of Jervine, coloratious due to latter are obtained, (kk) RUBIJERVINE A., C,,H,,NO,+H.O (Salzberger) ; M.P. 240°-246°. Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. (1) PROTOVERATRINE A., Cy.H,,NO,, (Salzberger) : crystallizes in micro- scopic four-sided plates ; M.P. 245°-250° ; sternutatory ; very poisonous. Soluble with difficulty in boiling alcohol or in chloroform, slightly in hot ether ; insoluble in cold ether, benzene, petroleum ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates, Phospho-molybdie acid. Ammonia. “0 tungstic acid. [Not tannic acid. ]* Cadmium-potassie iodide.* Picrie acid. Mercuric-potassic iodide. [Not platinum chloride. | [Not mercuric chloride. ] Gold chloride. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves slowly with gradual green, then blue, coloration ; violet after some hours. Concentrated sulphuric acid with sugar, greenish turning to brown. (m) PROTOVERATRIDINE A., C,,H,,NO, (Salzberger) ; crystallizes in See Protoveratridine. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF four-sided microscopic plates; M.P. 265°; non-sternutatory ; non- poisonous ; bitter. Soluble scarcely in alcohol, chloroform, methyl alcohol, or acetone, and not in ether, benzene, or petroleum ether, Precipitants : Ammonia. ‘Vannic acid, Picric acid. {Not platinum chloride. ] Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet, becoming cherry-red. Hydrochloric acid, light red on warming, an odour of isobutyric acid being perceptible. § 227. VERNONIA nigritiana ; Composite—Tubulijlore (* Batiatior’ or ‘Batjentjor’); W. Africa. Investigators: Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen. VERNONIN G.; amorphous white powder giving a resinous substance, C,Hj,03, and sugar on hydrolysis. Cardiac poison jth power of Digitalin. Soluble in alcohol, slightly in ether and chloroform. Concentrated sulphuric acid, brown, becoming purple (lasting for several hours). § 228. VIBURNUM prunifolium. VIBURNIN B. (possibly G.) ; brown, resinous, bitter. Soluble in alcohol. § 229. VICIA sativa (Tares) ; Leguminose—Papilionacew. The seeds. Investigators : Ritthausen, Berichte d. ch. Ges., 1876; E. Schultze, and others. In addition to (a), (b), and (c) the following have been found by E. Schultze: AspanaGine ; VERNINE, CigH.)N303+3H,0, which gives Guanine with boiling hydrochloric acid; Brvainn (U:V06 per cent.) ; UHOLINE (00015 per cent.) ; and AMyGpaLIN (see Prunus). (a) VICINE A., CogH;,NyO.,? (Ritthausen). Crystallizes in needles, loses water on heating, then melts at 180°. Forms crystalline sulphate and hydrochloride, Phospho-tungstic acid. [ Not cadmium-potassic iodide. | Mercuric-potassic iodide. [Not Millon’s reagent. | Soluble in 108 parts water at 22° C.; insoluble in absolute alcohol, : but dissolves in hot commercial alcohol. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates Barium hydrate 1 dissolve. Calcium hydrate | viscosa, Caryophyllacew ; Robinia viscosa, Leguminose ; PLANTS. 103 Ammonia hydrate dissolves slowly ; Vicine becomes bluish-gray in an ammoniacal atmosphere, or purple in dry ammonia gas. Concentrated nitric acid causes it to swell up; soluble after evapora- tion, the residue from which becomes violet around the edges. (b) CONVICINE A., C,,H,4N,0,-+-H,0. Soluble with difficulty in water or alcohol. Precipitated completely by mercuric nitrate. (¢) DIVICINE A., Cx,H5)N5 015 ? from (a) by boiling with 20 per cent. sulphurie acid. § 230. VISCUM album (Phoradendron; Mistletoe), Loranthacew ; Atractylis gummifera, Composite ; Gentiana lutea, Gentianacee ; Lycbnis Saxifraga tridac- tylites, Saa/fragacee. VISCIN ; CopH,sO03 (Rheinsch, N. Jahrb. Pharm., 14, 129); thick viscid substance ; on heating to 100° becomes more fluid ; acid reaction, nearly tasteless ; sp. gr. 1:0. Soluble in ether. § 231. VITEX agnus castus (Verbenacew). CASTINE A. ; crystalline. Soluble in alcohol and ether, not in water. § 232. XANTHIUM strumaria ; Composite. Pharm. Z, Russl., 1881). XANTHOSTRUMARIN G. ; poisonous ; succinic odour on warming. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Precipitants : [Alkaline hydrates, dissolve dark yellow. | Neutral lead acetate, yellow pp. {Not tannic acid. ] Ferric chloride, dark green pp. Silver nitrate, slight reduction on warming ; at once with ammonia. Cupric acetate, greenish-blue pp. Fehling’s solution, reduced after hydrolysis of the glucoside. Stannous chloride, pp. [Not tartar emetic. | § 235. KANTHOXYLON Senegalense, D.C, (Artar root ; variety of Prickly Ash) ; Xanthovylacece. Substance (a) 0:4 per cent. of the root, Hydrochloride crystalline. The seeds (A. Zander, 104 also an alkaloid crystallizing in blood-red needles; soluble in water and forming yellow salts; further, a crystalline substance, ©,)H 0s, resembling Cubebin, Some varieties of Xanthoxylon contain Berberine (see Berberis). (a) ARTARINE A., C.,H.;NO, (P. Giacosa) ; rose-gray amorphous powder; becomes brown at 210°, then melts at 240” with decomposition ; bitter taste. Salts golden yellow. Hydrochloride precipitated by ether from alcoholic solution. Free acids diminish the solubility of the salts, Soluble in ether, boiling amyl alcohol, and warm acetone; with diffi- culty in warm chloroform, sparingly in boiling 98 per cent. alcohol ; DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS, warm methyl alcohol dissolves it if the base be freshly precipitated. Insoluble in water or benzene. Precipitants : [Phospho-antimonic acid, slight pp., soluble in excess. } Bismuth-potassic iodide, red flocculent pp., insoluble in excess, Cadmium-potassic iodide } Mercuric-potassic iodide Chlorine water (to hydrochloride), yellow tinge; colourless on addition of ammonia. Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless. Nitre added to the solution in sulphuric acid, blood-red. yellow flocculent pp., insoluble in excess, PART II. TABULAR SUMMARY. § 1 ACHILLEA. ] The substances are inserted here in the order of the paragraphs in Part I. TABULAE SUBSTANCE. AcuILLEA Achillein G Ivain B ‘Moschatine A AcHRAS Sapotin G Sapotine A Aconirum Aconitine A Aconine A Pseudaconitine A ‘Pseudaconine A ‘Picraconitine A Lycoctonine A Acolyctine A Myoctonine A |Aticine A Acorus | Acorin G Calamine A ADANSONTA Adansonine A ? ADONIS Adonin G AscoLtus Alsculin G A sculetin G- deriv. Argyreescin G Propescinic Acid G FoRMULA. CuH,,NO,, C.gHyNOn C,H yNO,, OH, NO, Cy,H,;NO,, »7Hg)N,0,°5H,O C,H NO, Cy) Vs CaHaOs C,;H.0, C,H,0,H,0 CFH.O8 APPEARANCE OR CRYSTALLINE Form. red-bn., amorphs. yellow, amorphs. red-bn., amorphs, micros. crystals rhombic prisms amorphous ndls. or varnish | | amorphous needles or prisms amorphous amorphous amorphous resinous | needles needles or prisms | silky needles or plates silvery crys. BUEN Pr-lReacrion.| ‘Taste. alkaline. bitter eo bitter below 100 bitter 240 | burning H.,NO; C., HNO, C5)H13301 APPEARANCE OR CRYSTALLINE Form. crystalline crystalline plates resinous yellow crys. micros. crys. needles | needles lustrous needles | or plates* microscopic TABULAR SUMMARY. SOLVENTS. needles | crys. or amorphs.,| salts amorphs. | amorphous powder yellow prisms or needles crystalline erystalline,colour-| less if pure crys., orange-yl. powder erys., yl., rhombic) pesca PT. REACTION. TASTE. SS WATER. ALCOHOL. ETHER. Carex OrneR Souvents, 250—251 5,000 hot | soluble insoluble insoluble, acetic acid 1 224 996 sweet scarcely | soluble | diff. | ... | 29 very soluble hot} ... | ©... a 3 bitter | 171 et bitter 300 cold |... insoluble insoluble) cee 4 224 neutral) very b. |] scarcely | soluble | scarcely : acetic acid 5g 170 ... |feebly | diff. cold, | easily — scarcely aoe 6 bitter | easily hot) tasteless Jsoluble hot soluble | diff. “5! 7 diff. cold ; jdifficultly diff. amyl alcl.; easier sol.| 8 SOME Yer || | = | alcl. and ether than . | in water below 100) neutral insoluble | soluble | soluble \difficultly benzene,and| 9 in part. | carbon bisulphide 243} |scarcely soluble \volatile oils; dilute}10 | cold | | acids 198 alkaline} bitter |6,000 cold ; 5 (abso- 13 soluble | amyl alcohol, acetone |11 1,500 blg.| lute) | | below 103) bitter ] insoluble 250 | soluble | 12 120+ neutral) bitter [300 cold ;difficultly very diff. diff. difficultly benzene; in-]13 soluble hot) cold soluble petroleum ether ‘ 138—150¢/alkaline| bitter | difficultly 30 cold; 4 soluble co ‘benzene (petroleum |14 boiling | ether slightly) : 135 _alkaline|bitter in ] scarcely | soluble about80| very (benzene (insoluble {15 solution soluble) petroleum ether) i re ie es | sol. hot insolublelinsoluble| — 16 at alkaline} bitter very diff. | soluble soluble | soluble | difficultly benzene [17 142(194?)| acid bitter & | scarcely | soluble | soluble | soluble |benzene, CS., acetic [18 — sharp (glacial) . very soluble | soluble insoluble a 194 bitter * Baphiin colourless only if pure, otherwise red. t The dried pp. by ammonia; or 208—214° the crys. from alcohol. + Fleitmann, or brown at 110°, black at 160° (Perkin). ao-l So wnore 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 Caustic ALKALIES Roses. Tannic AcID. Ge GoLp CuLorIDe. Sutpauric Actp, CoNCENTRATED. Ge Sounpry Preciprrants, Frc. soluble no pp. intense red on warming (ferric chloride, reddish colour) aes ots ferric chloride, brown (laeevo-rotatory ) ~ My: Le: (ferric chloride, reddish-brown colour) soluble pp. (alel.) | blood-red solution picric acid sol. fluorescent op pp. basic = pee oe | (ferric chloride, blue-green coloration) | a = = > pp. most alkaloid precipitants (Dupuy) gives Baphinitin|pp. white dry HCl; red~violet~green on boiling (alcoholic) | soluble, yellow 20 | soluble yellow Fehling, not reduced pp., difficultly sol.) no pp. pp. yl. (sol.|pp. yellow, | pp. yellow- |dirty olive-green ~ lighter in 15|brown (para-|picric acid, Mayer's reagent, etc., etc. excess (neutral)|HCl warm)| insol. HCl white hours buxine gn.}} See § 41 and lists wee abe 006 | with MnO, magnificent greenw 51 eae | violet (like strychnine) becomes brown- | no pp. clond at pp. pp. orange, yellow or olive-green; MnO,/dark brown- |red ring on pouring Cl solution on the resinous neutral | 3,000 part soluble) colours like strychnine red acid Berberine solution. For other | cold HCl. | tests see § 42 and lists 14]pp., soluble excessno pp. ni./pp. white |pp. yellow, pp. red.-brown (colourless ~ yellow,|brown-yellow|pp. phospho-molybdic, AgNO., HgCl., or basic soluble HCl | O. Hesse) etc. See § 42 and lists pp- pp- pp. yellow- | pp. yellow- | faint yellow with pure H,SO, jorange (blue,|K, ferrocy. picric acid, KI+T, etc. See red red fluorescent § 42 and lists. Becomes fluorescent on dilution)| with K,Mn,0,, not in excess (pp. ammonia) red-brown red 500 pp., soluble excess hs red red KI+I, KI+Hel,, iodine tincture soluble (and in| pp. (neu- gives red amorphous substance red coloration ferric chloride carbonates) tral) no pp. Ppp: pp- (basic. ) TABULAR SUMMARY. 115 [§ 46 Bryonta. 116 § 47 CaILcEDRA.] TABULAR SUMMARY, nanan non -; WS NS = SOLVENTS. SUBSTANCE. ForMULA. peat ieee MCESE M eon Pr. Reaction.) TASTE. - WATER. ALCOHOL. ; Eraer. CEO | a CarLcepRa|Cailcedrin B brittle, resinous | 70—80 |neutral| bitter | difficultly | soluble is soluble | soluble | CaxLaBar |Physostigmine A C,,H.,N,0, crystalline, or 69 lalkaline feebly | difficultly | soluble | soluble soluble lbenaene CS, (insoluble BEAN varnish bitter | petroleum ether) Calabarine A known only in , soluble soluble insoluble! benzene, OS, ? (insol. solutian | | petroleum ether ?) Cxten- |Calendulin amorphs., yellow, neutral tasteless swells up | soluble insoluble. acetic (glacial) DULA transparent Cato- Mudarin B amorphous, bitter |sol. cold; soluble insoluble (insoluble turpentine) TROPIS yellow | jelly hot Catumpa |Calumbin B Cy HO; amorphous 182 /neutral| bitter | difficultly diff. cold ;diff.cold; soluble acetic (glacial) ROOT | sol. hot) sol. hot Cary- Calycanthine A crystalline insoluble | insoluble soluble CANTHUS CanTuart-|[Cantharidin] B C,)H,.0, subl. 180 | (acid very diff. (800 (salts) 900 80 amy! alcohol, 500 ben- DES nature) (NaCl faiicultty) zene, 2,000 CS. assists) | Capsicum |Capsicol A CyH,,NO, (T.)* [liquid red-brown/76 ; volat.) difficultly lsoluble(B.| sol. (B. | soluble (T.) benz., CS,, acetic (B.), erys.(T.)] | 115 (T.)] and T.)| and T.)) (B.) (glacial), acetic ether, | oils ; diff. petr. ether. Capsicin B amorphous, soft 58 burning | difficultly soluble | soluble benz., petr. ether, acetic] 10 yellow-brown ether, oils ; diff. CS., | turpentine Carapa |Carapin B C55, H6'5, 088-4 resinous not easily | soluble noteasily| soluble | per cent. soluble soluble Tulucunnin B amorphous, pale acid | very 150 cold | soluble insoluble) soluble yellow bitter | Caropa |Carobin B needles soluble hot} sol, hot en LEAVES (not cold), Sparattosper-| ©,,H.,0,, microscopic 24° insoluble | soluble | scarcely | Insoluble (ins-l. amyl alcohol,}14 min B needles petroleum ether) Cassia Cathartic acid G |(conts. N.and 8. ?) amorphs., brown- acid | soluble insoluble Ae black Sennapicrin G C,,H,,017 amorphous bitter | difficultly soluble insoluble * T’ refers to Thresh's statements on Capsaicin, and B to Buckheim’s on Capsicol. TABULAR SUMMARY. 117 [§ 57 Cassta, | | | } | | Caustic ALKALIES. ees Tannic Acro. | PESTER Goes CHLORIDE. Surpuuric Actp, CoNcENTRATED. | PEC ea Sunpry PRECIPITANTS, ETC. 1 a no pp. nl. pp., soluble no pp. | ae no coloration ferric chioride or basic | excess | | 2 |(oily pp. if con-no pp. neu- pp., soluble) no pp., 250 pp. 2,000; Au) yellow to green (gradual red, yellow (red, phospho-molybdic and KI+1 25,000, ete. cencentrated.) | tral HCl reduced Muter) | Mauter) See § 47 and lists 3 |soln. ~intenseredno pp. nl. ba 80 nce | oe 500 phospho-tungstic. Mayer's reagent ~wyl.wgn.~blue or basic | | 4 soluble pp-nl. or be. no pp. Glass mercuric chloride (aleoholic) holic) | | 6 |soluble (acids re-no pp. nl. no pp. = a yellow to red no pp. metallic salts pp-) or basic* | 7 Rae | oe ose pale yl. (brick-red with K,Cr.O;; bright green ue | with sugar, purple~blue) | 8 soluble ‘pp. (neutl.), (acids pp. from salts, except CuSO,, NiSO,, green crystals ; PdCl., | white cry-) ammonia salt) yellow hairs. See § 52 and lists. stalline 9 |(T.) AmHO dis- é colourless cold ~ red ~~ purple ~ red (alkalies FeCl], hot, AgNO; soluble, AmHO | solves traces | blue warm ~yellow) purple (T.) 10}soluble (insoluble no pp. no pp. no pp. brown bright red no pp. AgNO, 11 12 13 14 15} soluble (acids pp.) 16 becomes red | | * Calumbic acid, see § 50, is precipitated by lead acetate. no decided colour _ no decided colonr bn.wbl. (splendid bl. if few drops no blue the blue coloration also by HCI], H,PO,, | aq. added at once to H.SO, soln.) — colour wari citric, etc. tartur emetic | | | | yields sugar and cathartogenic acid | 118 § 58 Carecuv.] TABULAR SUMMARY. SEED SOLVENTS. SUBSTANCE. ForMuLa, Here aS aS HONG PT. REACTION. Taste. ——— | WATER. | ALCOHOL. Eruer. Rene. | ] | Catecuu |Catechin B C,,H,Os ? needles 217 ~~ slightly| slightly } 1,133 cold, 5 to 6 cold, soluble | acid | bitter | 3 boiling 2or3blng.| Crano- |Ceanothine A (conts. N.) crystalline 190 (neutral | bitter > soluble THUS CrpuaLAn-|Cephalanthin G C..H,,05 amorphous extreme, | difficultly | soluble | diff. diff. THUS bitter (frothy ) Cephalin G 565 crystalline ee | as very diff. | soluble — soluble | soluble CeRBERA |Thevetin G Crea Onue micros. plates LON |) Setsee bitter 122 cold | soluble insoluble}... Theveresin G-drv. oo O38 140 neutral difficultly | soluble | scarcely insoluble Thevetosin G four-sided prisms Poe insoluble | 59 slightly Odollin set sa 50 ie soluble | soluble | insoluble Cerberin B (N. free) crystalline Ineutral |bitter & | insoluble | soluble ‘sol. 80 %| soluble burning ether | Cuaro- Cheerophylline A volatile alkaline (sulphate (sulphate (sulphate PHYLLUM soluble) | soluble) soluble) Cuama&- |Chamelirin G yellow-red, bitter | soluble soluble | diff. insoluble LIRIUM amorphous frothy CHARA Characin 508 fatty volatile |... ws eee soluble | soluble | CHELI- Chelerythrine A C.,,H,,NO, needles resinous alkaline) bitter | soluble | soluble | soluble DONIUM at 65 \Chelidonine A |7C,,H,,NO,°2H,0 | crystalline plates |130 volat. jalkaline| bitter | insoluble | scarcely | scarcely soluble | Beta-homo-cheli- C,,H,,NO, monoclinic crys. 159 = wes donine A Alpha-homo-che- C,H» NO,; erystalline 182 lidonine A | | Glaucopicrine A ee crys. or amorphs. oe lalkaline! bitter soluble | soluble | diff. | |Glaucine A C,,H,,NO4 pearly crystals |below 100jalkaline| bitter & }scarce.cold, soluble | soluble sharp sol. hot | CuHENO- (Chenopodine A C,H NO, ? microscopic 180 neutral |tasteless} 11 cold 202 cold | PODIUM | needles | Curococca |Caincin G CaO. needles | acid | grad. b. | difficultly | sol. hot | diff. Cuirerra |Chirettin B C,,H,30}, resinous neutral | very b. = | soluble | soluble Ophelia Acid C),H.,0 49 yellow syrup acid |sour and] soluble | soluble bitter | | | | OrHER SOLVENTS. acetic (glacial); (in-] 1 soluble turpentine) soluble mixture ether] 2 +chloroform amyl alcohol acetic (glacial) acetic (glacial) acetic acid benzene, petroleum ether, etc. amy]! alcohol, oils petroleum ether 4 TABULAR SUMMARY. ; 119 § 68 Curretra.] | | ia | Caustic ALKALIES. * (ape TANNIC Agi Peer Gotp Cutoriwr.| SuLpHuRic ActD, CONCENTRATED. | RED, SUNDRY PRECIPITANTS, ETC. . : | : | | EZ as a ea —_ — 1 pp. white | ute reduced pp. red- | soluble warm, purple-red / soluble red |Green-brown, FerCl;. Fehling, CuSO, (al. or be.)| | brown | | fumes | and AgNO, reduced. 2 Me | ats | Fehling reduced after boiling 3 | | idem | | 4 soluble be c6 D0 sis : ene 380. 5 Re = se | — => red-brown~cherry~ violet me | no pp. metallic salts 6] soluble yellow ee fest | Ee He idem | | i 7 see 00 yields sugar and a resin 8 no pp. ni. | violet es | oe 9 ane oo | oe | idem ose decomposed by acids, but no sugar | | | formed 10 PP. | picric acid il | 13 pp- gray |yellow-red | dark red yellowish-red mercuric chloride, K. chromate, ete. 14 | ae ie 15 violet phospho-molybdic, bromine water, etc. 16 pp. soluble) yellow idem 17 pp. dark green on warming | 18 pp. blue~violet~red | 19 | PP. 20 soluble (no pp. ferric chloride) 21 awe (Fehling’s solution not reduced) 22] soluble yellow | Fehling’s solution reduced 120 TABULAR SUMMARY. § 69 CurysanTrHEMUm. | | SOLVENTS. SUBSTANCE. FormuLa. Ae ROE fone Pt.’ Reaction.| TASTE. SS = | WATER. | ALCOHOL, Erner. | | Con OTHER SOLVENTS. | | | | Curysan- |Tanacetin B | Lae amorphous ss ee bitter soluble soluble casolnule | sae 1 THEMUM|Chrysanthe-| C,H,,N.N, j|needles(orsyrup)above 100/jalkaline| ... soluble | soluble insolubleinsoluble methyl alcohol 2 mine A CicHorium Chicorin G | CsgH y40 1943-0 crystalline 915—220 ... | bitter [soluble hot) soluble insoluble 3 CINCHONA Quinine A Onn HaNs ,0.--Aq | ndls. or amorphs. |17]—172* alkaline| very b. |1,667 cold}, 2 parts (23 or 60 1 8 cold benz., petr. "ether, etc. | 4 \Quinicine A Cy Hau Ny0. amorphous | about 60 jalkaline) bitter | difficultly | soluble | soluble’ soluble 5 Apoquinine A ge, NEOh EG crystalline | 160 (alkaline! bitter |soluble hot| soluble soluble soluble 6 Hydroquinine A Cy) HosN,O. crystalline 168 alkaline) bitter | soluble | soluble soluble | benzene, CS., etc. 7 Cinchonine A C,5HoaN,O needles or prisms} 165§ alkaline) bitter 3, 800 ‘cold, | 140 cold se. cold, 40 cold amyl alcohol, hot ben- 8 | | 2,500 bing. 371 hot zene ‘Isocinchonine A C,,H,,N,O ets (125 volat.alkaline| ... ‘insoluble | easily easily easily benzene, acetone a Apocinchonine A C,,H..N,O | prisms 209 alkaline} bitter | insoluble | soluble diff. diff. sat 10 Apocinchoni- a | A | soluble | soluble | soluble 11 cine A | Diapocincho-| ©,,H,,N,O, — |yellow amorphous | soluble | soluble — soluble | 12 nine A | Hydrocincho- C,,H,,N.O amorphous 256 alkaline 13 nine A Cinchonicine A || C,,H,,N.O yellowish amphs. | about 50 alkaline) bitter | soluble soluble soluble | benzene, acetone {14 ‘inchotine A C,,H,,N.O prisms and leaflets) 268—270 F =a 1 360 ‘cold | soluble 534 cold oo! See 15 Dicinchonine A C,,H,,N,0O, | | amorphous ... alkaline]... insoluble | soluble | soluble | soluble | benzene, acetone {16 Quinidine A C.,)H.,N.O,+24H,0 prisms or needles | 168* |feebly | bitter | 2,000 cold 26 cold 80 30 cold diff. amyl alcohol, benzene} 17 | alk. | per cent. /Apoquinidine A C,,H..N,0, amorphous 137* alkaline ' soluble soluble - |Hydroquinidine A| C,)H.,N.0.°25H.O | needles or plates | 166—167 a ais . readily diff. readily ‘Cinchonidine A | CRoNOs || prisms 1175—206$ alkaline} bitter |1, 680 at 10° 19 of 80: 76 soluble |Apocinchoni-- C,,H.,NO, crystalline very dine A bitter Cinchamidine A | ©,,H,,NO, needles or plates} 230 | ... | «-- 308 | soluble | diff. | soluble Aricine#] | Cy nue AN KOE Ob. ,O| long needles 188 alkaline} not searcely |100 cold, 33 | bitter "11 boiling \Cusconine A idem lustrous prismsor) 110* |feebly | not scarcely | soluble | soluble | very — | plates alk. bitter | soluble |Cusconidine A pele ese ae | * The anhydrous base. + Sestini’s figures. 23= Van denburg, 60=Merek § Authorities differ. "| Other Cinchona bases are described in Part I. || For other derivatives of Cinchonine see Part I. we BOO WADI — Caustic ALKALIES. LEap ACETATE. Tannic AcrD, no pp. dilute soluble yellow PP: oily pp. pp- soluble excess PP- pp- insoluble pp. crystalline pp- resinous pp. resinous gradual pp. (no pp. bicarbo- nates.cold) pp. insoluble pp- pp. insoluble yellowish pp. pp. difficultly sol. | no pp. pp. neutral no pp. no pp. yellowish | lemon pp. | pp. and carbonates | no pp. yellowish 19 Ppp. pp: PLATINUM CHLORIDE. no pp. | ey pale yl. pp. | pale yellow | | pale orange | | yl. amorphs. TABULAR SUMMARY. GoLp CHLORIDE. 121 {[§ 69 CrincHona. : Nirric Act: , SutpHuric Acip, CONCENTRATED. GoNGENTRANED Sunpry PRECIPITANTS, FAC. yellow, sol. hot | yellow pp- lemon pp. | lemon yellow yellow amorphous idem no action (not phospho-molybdie), Mayer's solu- | tion ee | red |Fehling reduced ; ferric chl., green coln. (colourless, fluorescent ) colourless Mayer’s solution, limit 125,000 fre (gives thalleioquin reaction) rie ( op a 5 faintly) (fluorescent) 605 . o a colourless colourless Mayer’s solution, limit 600,000 ammonia ammonia (reactions like those of Quinicine) no thalleioquin reaction pp. tartrate ory oe (fluorescent solutions) colourless (fluorescent in dilute) colourless gives thalleioquin test acid) idem idem no thalleioquin reaction not fluorescent fluorescent colourless (not fluorescent ) colourless not fluorescent intense green Mayer’s solution, phospho-molybdice, ete. | dark green | dark green yellowish-green idem J idem (acetic soln. not ppd. by sulphuric) acetic solution ppd. by nitric acid 16 122 TABULAR SUMMARY. § 69 Crncuona.] SOLVENTS. SUBSTANCE. ForMUuLa. Pb la es excur-e Pr. Reaction.| TASTE. = = Z ee WATER. | ALCOHOL. Eruer. | Carone- OTHER SOLVENTS. Cincuona |Concusconine A | C.,;H.,;N.0,;H.0 |monoclinic prisms|144—206* neutral | tasteless | insoluble Sparingly: readily | readily benzene 1 Cuscamine A ee crystalline 218 | ... {rather b. ne | soluble | readily readily sos 2 Chairamine A | CyoHsN.0,°H,O | needles or prisms) 233+ (neutral | ee difficultly | 540 of readily | readily (insol. hydrochloric) | 3 97 % \Conchairamine A CrsHasNaO, | prisms 120+ nearly Te tere act | sol. hot readily readily (scarcely hydrochloric)| 4 ' neutral Chairamidine A idem amorphous | 127 neutral... insoluble | soluble | soluble soluble benzene 5 Conchairami- idem | prisms }114—115 neutral| ... insoluble | soluble | soluble soluble benzene, acetone 6 | dine A (Quinamine A CyoHyN,O. | prisms 172 | ... tastelesst} 1,516at | 105 at 48 at | soluble petroleum ether, ben-| 7 | LBAGs ve |) 202G: 16° C. zene boiling Quinamicine A idem crystalline OO nae Be, an | soluble | soluble soluble sa 8 Conquinamine A idem triclinic prisms 121 i - difficultly | soluble | soluble | soluble benzene, CS, 9 Cupreine A CiyH,N,0, prisms 198+ alkaline zat soluble | diff. diff. a 10 Homoquinine A Coo HN Ox radiating prisms 177 alkaline! ... ve | soluble diff.§ | soluble ae 11 \Cinchonamine A Ci>HoN.O hexagonal prisms LOS Pee bitter | difficultly | soluble soluble soluble benzene, CS, 12 Paricine A C,gH,.N.O0 | yellow powder 7 feebly | bitter scarcely | soluble | soluble oe whe 13 | | alk. Quinovin G Cs H ygOg | resinous powder Ae neutral gradual. | scarcely soluble soluble | soluble oils 14 | | | | bitter cold Quinovic Acid | ©,,HyO, imeetttesteniacntee .. | se _ | tasteless eS slightly | slightly | slightly _ 15 Cascarillin B nn resinous neutral | bitter searcely | soluble | soluble ee benzene 16 Copalchin B | a resinous Ba bitter | scarcely | soluble ‘ partly’) soluble ee 17 Lignoin B CxpHosNOg brown, amorphous mpose | rece |) aces 23 soluble a =) | 18 | | Californin B 306 yellow, amorphs. neutral) bitter soluble | soluble insoluble ... | a 19 Moradeine A a | opaque prisms | 199—200 | slightly | readily | readily | readily oe 20 Javanine A ae rhombic plates ah |v es soluble | aa soluble sce as) 21 Cnicus ‘Cnicin B OVALE EO}r silky needles fusible neutral) bitter | scarcely ea) scarcely) soluble | benzene 22 cold Coca ‘Cocaine A C,,H.NO, 4-6-sided prisms 98 alkaline slightly | 704 cold | soluble | readily | sol. hot | benzene 23 bitter § an Benzoyl-ecgo- Ci¢Hj»NO,+H,0 | prisms or needles| variable |... |... soluble hot) soluble scarcely sol. hot acetone, wood spirit |24 | nine A 87—140 | | z * Melts, resolidifies, then remelts at the higher temperature. + The anhydrous base. t Salts bitter. § Easier soluble when freshly precipitated, || Presumably a mixture. ‘I Sense of taste temporarily destroyed. TABULAR SUMMARY. 123 [§ 71 Coca. crystals | Caustic ALKALIES. Pee Tannic Acip. ae: Goxp Cutorive. Sutrauric Actp, CoNcENTRATED. eS SunpRY PRrecrpiants, Etc. | | . resinous no pp. nl. ellow flocks | dirty yellow | blue-green | dark green Po pp Pp: by ays | g gs pp- aS 08 Sos | ae B06 not fluorescent. No colour ferric chloride | pp. yellow ; colourless gradaal green Fréhde’s solution, colourless needles | pp. insoluble } dark yellow brown~ intense green to HCl solu-| potass. sulphocyanide excess tion, green | idem yellow flocks} yellow~dark green idem — | insoluble nitric acid alone pp. oily~~crystal- 306 intense green ident idem line \yellow to zed oe (non-fluorescent) | | Au reduce | | . insol. excess | yellow if pure (dilute acids in excess, pp.) <_ | potass, iodide, sodium chloride, ete. os | | yl.~purple | pp- soluble excess pp: a za: one gives thalleioquin reaction decomposes | 22 fluorescent not decompd., idem all ee | nt no thalleioquin reaction | yellow-green Ne | | soluble no pp. | => = dark red soluble warm; pp. metallic salts. Fehling not reduced | decomposed, soluble frothy cee =D | solution unchanged | a copper sulphate, green pp. ae no pp. | no pp. | | blood-red red-violet (hydrochloric acid, violet colour) a no pp. ni. pp. red : soluble brown | pp. flesh- Sy | | colour | no pp. no pp. | brown-red no pp. mercuric chloride | ete se intense yellow sae partial pp. | no pp. red ; benzoic odour on warming (silver nitrate not reduced) basic | pp- amorphous~, no pp. | pp. white | whitish light yellow | benzoic acid vapour on warming | ae phospho-molybdic, Mayer’s solution, ete. | crystalline 12,500 | soluble yellow | | | 124 § 72 CoccuLus Inp.] TABULAR SUMMARY. SUBSTANCE, ForMULA. Coca Ree A Cocamine A CoccuLtus Picrotoxin B IND. ‘Cocculin Menispermine A Cotcur- (Colchicine A cuUM ‘Colcbiceine A CoLocyNn- Colocynthin G THIS Contum Coniine A ‘Conhydrine A aspen B Convat- Convallamarin G LARIA —_Convallarin G CONVOL- \Convolvulin G VULACE® Jalapin G Turpethin G ‘Tampicin G Corraria Coriamyrtin G Cornus |Cornin B | CoryDA.is Corydaline A ‘Fumarine A | | C,H,;NO; C,oHa,NO, + $HLO Cy H mo) 18 CyoH 6010 C,.H2,N20, Cog HasNOg Cy H,,NO, (ons POF C.H,,N C,H,,NO CH Oo? tH On ? Cy A O15 N Oss Bisel die idem idem Cy9H 36010 Cx HoyNO, CoH oN O, APPEARANCE OR CRYSTALLINE FoRM. rhombic erystals amorphous silky needles needles prisms | amorphous usually | needles usually amorphous liquid pearly plates | resinous | crystalline \rectangular plates amorphous resinous _ brown-yellow, amorphous resinous clinorhombic prisms | silky needles | | | | prisms or needles | clinorhom. prisms) M os Pas! REACTION, yf | 205* 80 199—201 neutral 120 140 161—172 | 126°6 150 150 183 130 220 134 TASTE, nantes bitter & | sweet neutral’ bitter very bitter alkaline not b. feebly bitter alk. neutral neutral bitter alkaline burning alkaline | acid disagree- able neutral b.-sweet neutral sharp feebly tasteless acid idem idem sharp & bitter neutral tasteless | neutral bitter — bitter in solution alkaline bitter SOLVENTS, CHLORO- FORM. Water. AtconoL., | Eruer. Orner SOLvents. | diff. | oe 1 readily difficultly ‘insoluble diff. cold soluble soluble soluble benzene, acetone 2 150 cold, 25 3 250 soluble amyl alcohol, acetic} 3 boiling acid scarcely scarcely scarcely 4 cold insoluble soluble — soluble ite oes 5 oO readily scarcely soluble benzene, amyl alcohol] 6 difficultly readily scarcely soluble idem % cold 8 cold soluble diff. diff. 8 100 cold ee) 6 cold soluble benz., petr. etber, etc.| 9 soluble readily _ readily a =F 10 soluble hot soluble soluble soluble not petroleum ether 11 soluble soluble insoluble soluble amyl alcohol 12 scarcely soluble insoluble... ae 13 scarcely soluble insoluble scarcely 14 difficultly | soluble soluble? soluble amyl] alcohol 15 insoluble | soluble insoluble wae 16 oe soluble — soluble we “24 17 70 50 soluble? soluble benzene 18 soluble soluble soluble | 19 insoluble difficultly soluble solubie benzene, amyl alcohol,}20 etc. difficultly | soluble sparingly 11 (78 benz.,amyl alel., ete. |21 * Anhydrous base. + Authorities differ as to boiling point. Caustic ALKALIES. Aisi. DARI cNohe Gagne. soluble no pp. pp. tee tee pp. soluble no pp. ho pp. n0 pp. pp- oes coe a50 pp. soluble excess. no pp. pp. not at once soluble no pp. (soluble ammonia) no pp. pp. = no pp. no pp. pp- no pp. no pp. no pp. oe aG6 soluble be a0 (solubleammonia) no pp. pp- no pp. ? ace | no pp. m0 350 soluble aes soluble no pp. no pp. ‘pp. basic, no pp. not nl. pp. soluble excess pp. | yellow crystalline pp. | no pp. ni. | ae TABULAR SUMMARY, GOLD CHLORIDE. SutepHuric Acip, CONCENTRATED (pp. conentd.)) pp- ae no pp. yellow ; bichromate, violet pp. and re- yellow ; blue with nitric duction pp: similar to above > deep red cloud 1 in 300 no effect no pp.? violet gradually ‘pure red idem purple purple blackened yellow colourless ? crystalline violet [§ 80 Corypanis, Nirric Acip, ConCENTRATED. | SunpDrY PRECIPITANTS, ETC. iodo-potassic iodide, ete. doc potass. permanganate, violet pp. Langley test, (Fehling reduced) vermilion ; | see Part I. 206 pp. ammonia blue to violet, (not Mayer’s solution, dilute) ~ brown~yl. similar to (phospho-molybdie, pp. ; ferric chloride, | green above light red | no pp. metallic salts | bluishgold | iodo-potassic iodide, ete. idem not attacked pp. mercurous nitrate forms nitro | phosph-molybdic, pp. ; Fehling reduced compound | | silver nitrate, pp. | | brown-red | __ picric acid, potass. sulphocyanide | colourless | potass. bichromate | 126 § 81 Corynocarrus. ] TABULAR SUMMARY, SOLVENTS. SUBSTANCE. ForMuta. ee OR OE in hams Pt. Reaction. Taste. > | Water. | Atconot. | Erner. CHDORE Orner SoLvents. Coryno- (Karakin G ? stellate needles 100 — feebly | bitter |soluble hot) soluble insoluble cnepinblel ad CARPUS acid | Craracus Crategin B grayish crystals | : bitter soluble jdifficultly insoluble)... | CREPIS Crepin bg as bitter Bie Nee soluble oe Cucumis Melonemetin B =o _ brown amorphs. a eee soluble | soluble insoluble)... | ‘Prophetin G Cop H3507 resinous sas as bitter | difficultly | very sol. soluble ee ee CycLAMEN Cyclamin G CoH 9400 crys.oramorphs,| 236 neutral sharp |sol. frothy 71 of 96 7% insoluble insoluble an (Cyclamiretin 1H, 6O¢ | resinous | 198 ... |tasteless ] insoluble | soluble us ste wee Cytisus Cytisine A C,H,N.0 crystalline | 154 ‘(alkalinerather b.] very sol. | very sol. scarcely | scarcely | amyl alcohol Damiana (Damianin B (N. free) | brownish Velen bitter soluble | soluble insoluble insoluble (insoluble benzene, pe- | amorphous | troleum ether) Darune Daphnin G C,;H,,0o°2H.O | needles or rec- 200 neutral b. & as- [soluble hot) soluble insoluble soluble | warm amyl alcohol | tangular plates tringent hot Daphnetin 2(CyH,0,)"H.0 prisms 253 feebly |astrin- | soluble | soluble diff. insoluble (solutions yellow) | | acid gent boiling | hot } H ‘Coccognin B Cop HO} | erystalline a Be tee difficultly | soluble insoluble Datisca Datiscin G Cae aOn silky needles 186 neutral bitter |soluble hot) soluble diff, oe se Dr-- Delphinine A C..H,;NO; | rhombic crystals x alkaline bitter & 1,594 44 53 | readily | benzene PHINIUM| sharp | | Staphisagrine A | CoH,;NO; amorphous 90 alkaline bitter 200 soluble 855 | soluble | eee Delphinoidine A CygHg,N.0;, ? amorphous —«110—120 alkaline scarcely |18o0f 90 % oes | soluble benzene, petr. ether ute | ‘Delphisine A | Co; HagN204 crystalline 189 slightly 270 71 absol.) readily | idem ‘Calcitrapine A FE 506 no Son bee se soluble | soluble = Dierratis Digitalin G ae needles 243 neutral grad. b. | slightly readily diff. | soluble | ec. ‘Digitogenin Cree On a wee aes |\L000f 93% ... ‘| soluble | acetic acid Digitoxin Ae ace aE insoluble | sol. hot diff. | sol. hot | ay Digitonin G Cy, 201, crystalline or 235 soluble | sparingly insoluble insoluble (insoluble benzene) amorphous | Digitalein G (N. free) gummy fusible bitter soluble | soluble sparingly)... a Ecsarium |Elaterin B Cee Or crystalline 200 neutral bitter diff. cold | solnble 125 soluble amy] alcohol |Ecbalin B Cop H 3,04 resinous bitter 20 | soluble | soluble ee oe Blaterid B OPERA OFS | bitter insoluble |sol. dilute insoluble| = * Authorities differ. a CMURDTE ww TABULAR SUMMARY, 127 [§ 93 Ecpanium, | | Caustic ALKALIES. (area /Tannic Aci. | Gee | GoLp CHLORIDE. SuLPHuRIC AciID, CONCENTRATED. | | , inp yee ot ell eee soluble no pp. dark rose on warming no pp. no pp. no p p- pp. red-brown pp- (nl.) red soluble no pp. ‘(be. ) pp- Lin 300 no pp. ‘dilute pp. colourless no pp. = = = | soluble yellow | pp. (basic) red soluble red pp. (neu- yellow on warming tral) soluble yellow pp. yellow no pp. 500 nto 200 pp. insoluble a08 pp- greenish lemon no effect, or light brown excess colours uncertain red-brown ses a cloud yellow dark-brown~violet~gray-brown no pp. pp. crystalline | green or brown (pp- ammonia) pp- ‘nl. or pp- red ; violet on dilution basic S00 bse pp- colourless or reddish-brown soluble no pp. ee yellow to dark red soluble no pp. pp. Nitric Acrp, GoNGENTRATED, Sunpry PRECIPITANTS, ETC. Fehling, green pp. Fehling, white pp: Febling, pp. | jjphes: -molybdic, 1 in 10,000 ; ; picric, ete. | no pp. usual reagents red Fehling reduced gradual in- | tense red ferric chloride, brown-green pp. no effect or | phospho-molybdie, picric, ete. yellow no effect | 200 nomarked | (Fréhde’s solution, blood-red colour) colour 568 phospho-molybdic, yellow~b!lue colourless* no pp. with most reagents (hydrochloric, brown-green colour) ee (Frohde’s solution, yellow colour) red with de- | Soe | composition, * Authorities differ. 128 TABULAR SUMMARY. § 97 Ercor.] = Sasa 2S = eal ae feat ae = | SOLVENTS. SUBSTANCE. ForMULA. ae . Pon. gaat PT-Reaction.| TASTE. — —~_ | Waren, | Atconou. | Examen, ie Orner SOLVENTS. rex ee : a 2 i i : E i Ecratium Hydroelaterin OnE ,Os yellow amorphs. au a not b. soluble soluble soluble aaa 1 Ercor Ergotine A Oso H;3N.0; amorphous a alkaline feebly b.] soluble soluble insolnble insoluble eae 2 ‘Ecboline A es amorphous | 508 alkaline slightly soluble soluble insoluble insoluble 3 | | bitter Ergotinine A CysHnNiO; crystalline oe ede bitter | insoluble soluble | soluble soluble (solns. change colour)| 4 Eryturea Erythrocen- (Os BCOMy) crystalline or | 136 neutral bitter? | 1,360 cold 480f 86% 245 13} benzene, CS,, oils 5 | taurin G amorphous fi Eryturo- Erythrophloeine A. he crystalline ae alkaline ae soluble soluble diff. diff. acetic ether, CS, 6 PHL@UM ‘ Evonymus Euonymin G = amorphous S05 8 bitter slightly soluble © slightly of = 7, 4 Eupa- ‘Eupatorine A | CspH.;04,; HNO, ? micros. needles * alkaline) bitter | insoluble soluble soluble soluble a 8 TORIUM Eupatorin G | ae Sat ooh iy acid soluble hot soluble soluble soluble ian 9 Euruor- Euphorbon | Chas (O) needles or prisms | 106—116 neutral burning} insoluble soluble soluble soluble benzene, amyl alcohol |10 BIA hot 4 Fraxinus Fraxin G OhAsE Op crystalline 320 neutral | feebly 1,000 cold difficnltly | slightly ane (fluorescent in ether) }11 : bitter cold /Fraxetin | CHO; _ yellow needles 227 acid | not 10,000 cold, difficultly scarcely aoe mi 12 @ | | bitter | 33 boiling } Fritit- |Imperialine A | ©,,H NO, needles | 254 SAE very slightly soluble sparingly readily sparingly benzene [13 LARIA | | bitter hot Garcinra Mangostin B | Obs bes(0)- yellow plates | 190 ‘neutral tasteless} insoluble soluble . soluble soluble acetone, CS,, ete. |14 GarpDENrIA Gardenin B (OFM ERO) dark yellow | 163—164__... B30 scarcely soluble _ easily ors (insoluble petr. ether)]15 crystals GENTIANA |GentiopicrinG | CH 0,,;H,O yellow amorphs., | 120—125 neutral bitter soluble | soluble sparingly soluble | (difficultly benzene) [16 or crystalline ‘Gentiogenin | a | yl.-bn.,amorphs. |... oe bitter | difficultly soluble “et Ste aoe 17 (Gentianin We Cyber Oe yellow crystalline aso neutral not b. scarcely difficultly diff. ss aes 18 GEUM Geum bitter A yellow amorphs. ne neutral | bitter | difficultly soluble soluble aa oe 19 Guosu- —_|Globularin (Of = EXO} amorphous ... neutral bitter soluble soluble insoluble... a 20 LARIA Guycyr- Glyeyrrhizin B CuHsNOis | needles} 200 acid | bitter- |soluble hot soluble soluble = =: 21 | RHIZA | | sweet warm | | Not fusible without decomposition. From glacial acetic acid. { Sparingly if absolute. — wnre oF — em oom! o 12 TABULAR SUMMARY. 129 [§ 114 Ghiycyrruiza, Caustic ALKALIES. Ana hee a | no pp. Pp. no pp. nl. pp- no pp- pP- aes nor pp- soluble no pp- pp-? white pp. | not slight* soluble one ‘ie no pp. nl. sligutly soluble | soluble yellow yellow pp.7, | pp-and carbonates ane | yellow pp. | soluble yellow /no pp. nl., pp. basic insoluble ‘or soluble yellow | no pp- neutral red colour aie soluble => on PP: soluble red pp- | | | | CEU GoLp CHLORIDE, Suteuuric Actp, CONCENTRATED. | PG | Sunpry PRECIPITANTS, ETC. | | = = | (pp- conentd.) pp. ep a phospho-molybdic, ete. | yellow pp- dark red Ber idem. Mercurous chloride pp: pp. red-violet in presence of ether ets idem (not mercurous chloride) = > no colours no colours | no pp. metallic salts | | white | with permanganate, violet | phospho-molybdic, dirty green pp. ado yellow~red-brown yellow | Mayer’s soln., phospho-molybdie, ete.* | no pp. | insoluble soluble picric acid ; not other precipitants red-brown light yellow | a yellow-brown 06 | (difficultly soluble in acids) | yellow | ferric chloride, green~yellow pp. yellow dark violet) red~ yellow ~colourless) | pale yellow yellow | Mayer’s solution, red-yellow pp. | reduced) | (reduced) yellow-red decomposes | no pp. other metallic salts 5 P | pp momentary | (hydrochloric acid, soluble warm) crimson | yellow on warming ied (Fehling’s solution, not reduced) | forms compound with PbO, sol. alcohol | ans | | = —> | (precipitates from solution) Boe | salts of heavy metals, pp. | * Alcoholic solution. + Alcoholic solution ; no pp. aqueous solution. 17 130 § 115 Gonoxorus.] ! Gono- LOBUS GRATIOLA HARMALA | HeDERA HELI0- TROPUM HELLE- BORUS HvuMtU.us | Hura HY£N- ANCHE HyMENo- DICTYON ILEX Trecacu- ANHA IsaTis | aeeee JUNIPERUS Juniperin B Lacruca SUBSTANCE, |Gonolobin G Gratiolin G Harmaline A | Harmine A Helixin G Heliotropine A Helleborein G Helleboretin Helleborin @ Lupulinic Acid | ‘Alpha-resin Beta-resin Gamma-resin Hurin B Hyzenanchin B Hy menodic- tyonine A Hexanthin Emetine A \Indican G | \Lactucin B \Lactucon APPEARANCE OR TABULAR SUMMARY. FoRMULA. CRYSTALLINE Form. PERE Er Reaction.| Taste. ee aE Pore ie CoH 40. yellow powder 112 | CysHgO 4 2 needles 200 bitter C,,H,,.N.0 | octahedra 238 alkaline slightly | bitter idem prisms 256—257 alkaline. insoln. CyH On | needles 233 | acid |b.-sweet aa rhombic crystals alkaline| bitter Cx5H 4,0); fine needles __ partly 280 slightly sweetish acid CyH bluish-gray : neutral tasteless Os Bene ? needles above 250 neutral) burning (N free) crystalline 56 acid | bitter idem soft red-brown feebly | very acidor| bitter neutral idem softer than A idem | bitter | | idem brown, brittle idem | not b. oily or crystalline above 100° Lane burning | crystalline or bitter amorphous CyH Ns ? needles or 66 alkaline} bitter amorphous C,;,H»0y yellow, crystalline) 198 CopHyN2O;? ‘needles, plates, or. 50—707+ alkaline bitter amorphous : C,;HyNO,, | yellow, syrupy acid | bitter ve yellow, amorphs.| ... | ... af CoxH,,0; ? pearly crystals | fusible neutral bitter C,;H.,0 ? crystalline stars 185 | tasteless SOLVENTS. WATER. ALCOHOL. ETHER. pes nina | Orner SOLVENTS. 7 1 = Ts a eee slightly | slightly insoluble} insoluble petroleum | 1 ether 893 cold_| soluble |1000cold) soluble ae 2 6,000 cold | sol. hot diff. cold slightly petroleum 3 ether difficultly diff.cold| diff. | ... | Pee at insoluble | soluble | diff. insoluble} hot benzene 5 soluble | soluble 6 soluble soluble insoluble) soluble | 7 insoluble isol. (violt.) scarcely ie pe 8 diff. cold soluble | diff. | soluble _difficultly in oils 9 insoluble soluble | soluble Se ae 10 slightly | soluble | soluble soluble petroleum ether 11 slightly | soluble | soluble | soluble petroleum ether | slightly | soluble | soluble | soluble insoluble petr. ether insoluble | soluble | soluble = oils soluble | soluble | soluble benzene, oils difficultly | soluble | soluble | soluble benzene, petroleum ether searce.cold, soluble insoluble soluble hot slightly | readily diff. readily | benzene, turpentine, etc. soluble soluble = diff. 60 sol. hot | soluble | soluble hot soluble insoluble! ied searcely | soluble | soluble petroleum ether, oils |22 * Volatile at lower temperatures, + Authorities differ. Caustic ALKALIES. Rone Al” | 2}(soluble ammonia) no pp. 3] pp. and carbonates) : idem | 5] soluble green hot pp. neutral 6 oily pp. so | 7 (no effect) no pp. basie 8 | | ; | 10 oc0 G08 11] soluble brownish pp. neu- | tral* 12 idem ‘no pp.alco- holic 13 idem idem 14 unchanged Ae 15 ase | no pp. neutral | 16] pp. gelatinous ie 17 orange pp. _| yellow pp. 18] pp. and carbonates 19 decompose _[pp. neutral or basic 20] (soluble ammonia) 20 21} . soluble red no pp. 22 — Ss TANNIC ACID. eae | | PPS ele : | light yellow crystals ee yl. amorphs. = = | pp. no pp. | pp. brown pp. | pp. (acid | yellowish solution) | | 500 3 Prod | | TABULAR SUMMARY, Gop CHLORIDE. Sutrpwuric Actp, CONCENTRATED. Nirric Acrp, 131 [§ 132 Lacruca. Sunpry PRECIPITANTS, ETC. CONCENTRATED. | | (no pp. Mayer’s solution) orange~brown (red at edges) yellow | ae (acids pp. from solution) | potass. ferrocyanide, etc. soo SOG 466 idem ea bright red | no colour Fehling not reduced — yellow, gradual red pp. most alkaloid reagents brown-red (shade of violet) phospho-molybdie, ete. brown-red blood-red oO (converted to resins on exposure) | ferric chloride, brown pp. | | (strong hop odour) och no cupric reaction, see Part I. resinified pale yellow dirty brown (acids produce indigo) light yellow colourless~red | | | | | yellow-brown | vapours cause inflammation phospho-molybdic, Mayer's solution, etc. (Fehling not reduced) | phospho-molybdie, picric, ete. Fehling reduced Febling reduced no pp. reagents soluble alcohol * Soluble in excess, if alcoholic solution. 132 TABULAR SUMMARY, § 133 LaserririuM. | | | yal SOLVENTS. SuBSTANCE, FORMULA. Gace LO inGae macs ES. Reaction. TAste. | | WATER. | AvconoL. | Eraser. CBLORD- OrHER SOLVENTS. = : a — eS LasER- ltaeenpitin B |} Oh 1EESO), prismatic crystals | 114—118 |neutral bitterin | insoluble {) absolute 3°6 soluble CS., benz., petr. ether PITIUM | | | solution | LaurtNe® Laurotetanine A | Re crystalline cas 500 = tes scarcely diff. oP Lecumi- |Derrid B (N free) . ae slightly) sharp slightly soluble soluble soluble amy] alcohol NOSAR | acid (InpIAN) Erythrine A | (sulphate erys.) ea on fe “ch ies soluble ‘Pithecolobine A | amorphous is 200 burning } milky soln. ee T.inaRIA Linarin B | sae crystalline ae a0 bitter soluble soluble os a es Linum \Linin B | (N free) silky needles ~ neutral |b.insoln.] insol. cold very sol. soluble soluble glacial acetic acid Linamarin G | N 5:55 per cent. | idem 134 |neutral | bitter readily soluble insoluble Lirropen- |Liriodendrin B on needles and 82 neutral | bitter scarcely soluble | soluble DRON | leaflets cold Lopenia. |Lobeliine A-G | do oily, yellowish ae alkaline} acrid soluble soluble soluble soluble amyl alcohol, benzene, | yellow etc. Loitram —_s Loliin G amorphous, dirty aes oer bitter soluble soluble insoluble white Lonicera Xylostein G | ae needles 100 |neutral | slightly | scarcely soluble | soluble | bitter cold Lorus ‘Loturine A | of prisms 234 alkaline}... scarcely soluble | soluble soluble acetone BARK \Colloturine A uae prisms subl. 234 alkaline}... aoe soluble — soluble Loturidine A | A | amorphous ses sco if _ oad fie Fe Lupinus |Lupinin G CogHs201¢°7H,0 | yellowish needles ee eee bitter | difficultly difficultly 3 Lupinidine A C3Hy;N | yellow, oily Se alkaline pungent,| soluble soluble diff. | bitter Lupinine A CrHioNsOn rhombic crystals | 67—80 J|alkaline’ bitter | sol. cold* soluble soluble soluble benzene, petrol. ether }18 | ge |Lupanine A C,;Ho4N,0 yellow, syrupy liquid alkaline, very b. | sol. cold* difficultly soluble soluble ze 19 | | Lycoro- Lycopodine A Cy,H;,N.0; clino-rhom. prms. 114—115 alkaline) bitter soluble | soluble soluble soluble benzene, amyl alcohol }20 DIUM ‘Piliganine A ©);H.,N.0 yellow, amorphs. ses alkaline}... soluble soluble diff. soluble ew 21 | MarRv- Marrubiin B Bh needles or 148 j|neutral | bitter slightly | soluble soluble soluble (insoluble petroleum [22 BIUM | amorphous | ether) Meny- Menyenthin G Cy H Ou | amorphous 100—115 neutral} bitter | difficultly | soluble insoluble soluble benzene 23 ANTHES | cold Mikanra Guacin B oe ‘brown,amorphous| 109 neutral) bitter | diff.cold | soluble | soluble ao ze 24 aap ea VES Legs soluble warm. : : a ; _ TABULAR SUMMARY, 133 [§ 150 Miganta. | | | | LEAD PLATINUM Nirric Acrp, | | Tannic AcipD. Caustic ALKALIES. AGEDATE: Guarino | GoLp CHLORIDE Sutpauric Actp, CONCENTRATED. Conan: SUNDRY PRECIPITANTS, ETC. | | | | : ; z 1 insoluble pp- | red red (insoluble dilute acids) 2] soluble in excess Ane pp. pp. p>. | pale rose-red dirty brown idem 3] slightly soluble cor 600 O86 (powerful fish poison) 4 pp. pp. pp. Mayer’s solution, picric acid, etc. 5 see = BoC aie Mayer’s solution, picric acid, etc. 6 ee no pp. pp. 450 oe 7} soluble yellow 208 dark violet aoe 8 Ape ee ies ar ee colourless 306 gives prussic acid with ferments 9 pp- ee Ses aM oF orange-yellow colourless acids and salts pp. 10 decompose pp. 2? pp. soluble pp- pp- red-brown sor silver nitrate, picric acid, ete. im excess | 11 (crystalline compounds with acids) 12 as no pp.neut. DOB 80 cee brown 13 ane 26 3 C00 Sa (salt fluorescent) sce potass. snlphocyanide 14 a doe aes ae yellow pp. idem one idem 15 a 250 oe 050 — idem He no pp. potass, sulphocyanide 16 soluble pp. basic ste 508 a5 ae abs acids pp. from alkaline solution 17 tee ae 18} (pp. concentrated) : bs Ee fee me 2 ea 19 ace (pp-corcen- pp. white 300 yellow | ae soc iodine, brown-red trated) | 20] (pp. concentrated) no pp. neut. bez -25 coe iodine solution, brown cloud 21 pp- no pp. pp. white no pp. yellow we Mayer's solution, poospho-molybdie, ete. 2?) xd no pp. > = > | no colour reactions no colour no pp. alkaloid tests 23 ae no pp. pp. white sco no pp. yellow-brown~yiolet eee Fehling reduced 24 aes aad aes 600 sais | red- brown dark yellow | 134 § 152 Morrenta.] | | | | TABULAR SUMMARY, | SOLVENTS. SUBSTANCE, ForMuLA. Popstar ea Bore Pr. Reaction TASTE. + | | | | Water. | Avcono. Erner. pata | Orner SoLvENts. | = | E . = a | <7) Morreni Morrenine A AAC dark bn. eae | 106 | bitter soluble soluble soluble | amyl alcohol Nanpinta Nandinine A C,pHy,NO, amorphous | ae o8d. |b eecne insoluble | soluble | soluble | soluble benzene Nartue- |Narthecin B ae crystalline 35 acid biting scarcely | soluble os cIUM | Nerium Conessine A Cy, HogN | whitish powder | 122 bitter | difficultly difficultly scarcely carb. bisulphide Oleandrine A ec yellow, resinous | above 56 bitter | soluble* | soluble scarce.?* soluble oils (not benzene) Rosaginin G (N free) |microscopic crys.) 171 ae insoluble | soluble insoluble insoluble “re NIGELLA Melanthin G CH 30; erystalline 205 slightly | scarcely | soluble scarcely slightly scarcely benzene bitter hot Damascenine A CH, ;NOs crys. below 27° C. 27 alkaline insoluble easily easily CS., benzene, ete. Nupuar Nupharine A C,,H.,N.0. amorphous | 65 not b.> ect soluble soluble | soluble amylalcohol, acetone Ononis Onouin G Cy H,0j5 micros. prisms,ete. 235 not b. | insol. cold difficultly insoluble a 1 Ononid B C,,;H»Os dark yellow, aa acid | slightly soluble soluble 1 amorphous | bitter Opium Morphine A | Cy;HiyNO; HO — rhombic prisms about 230 alkaline bitter | slightly | 40 cold scarcely scarcely, warm amyl alcohol {12 | puret Apomorphine A C,,Hy,NO, Greenish cry stals alkaline difficultly soluble | soluble soluble. benzene 13 | | purple violet Pseudomor- C,,H,.NO, needles or > not neutral not insoluble | insoluble insoluble insoluble hot amyl alcohol phine A leaflets fusible bitter Narcotine A C.2H.,;NO, rhombic prisms or 115—176* neutral tastelesst} scarcely | soluble 166 cold readily benzene, etc. 15 needles Hydrocotarnine A C,HiNOy1 3H,O monoclinic prisms) 50—55 alkaline ae soluble soluble soluble benzene 16 Cotarnine A Cy.H,,NOy°H,O radiating needles) 132 diff. cold | soluble readily 17 Nartinie Acid | Cop Hy N20; orange-coloured | Pe soc S35 oes 18 ‘Cupronine A Cx H13N2.0,5 black powder | S nee ae aes HBr salt its colour]19 Tarnine A \CuHyNO,+13 H, O. orange needles 220 sol. hot sol. hot insoluble 20 Cuprine A OpH NOs copper colour | mee le 980 sol. green sol. greeninsoluble .. 21 Papaverine A C.,H..NO, crystalline | 98* cer scarcely | 50 cold 258 soluble benzene, acetone, ete. |22 prisms } @ ; | ‘Codeine A | C,sH.,NO, octahedra or 115 alkaline shghtly 80 cold | readily readily 10 amyl alcohol, benzene, }23 prisms bitter} ete. 'Thebaine A | OpHaNO, | needles or prisms 193 alkaline sharp | insoluble | 10 cold 140 cold, 18 cold | amyl alcohol, benzene} 24 * Authorities differ. + Salts are bitter. t Pure chloroform ; easier if containing alcohol. momo DOD NRO, Whe oe Re ee TABULAR SUMMARY. Caustic ALKALIES LEAD ACETATE. | | 10 pp. neut. pp. basic no pp. pp. basic* 1 Loo 2 soluble 3 4] pp. ammonia 5 Ff 6) (no pp. ammonia) fi soluble 8 oily pp. 9 10 11 12| pp. soluble excess, 13] pp. greenish, soluble excess 14 soluble 15] pp. insoluble excess 16 Se 17] pp. insoluble 18} soluble greenish 19]}soluble red-brown) 20 21 22] pp. and carbonates 23) pp. slightly soluble 24] pp. insol. excess no pp. neut. no pp. neut, PP. no pp. no pp. no pp. no pp. no pp. no pp. | Tannic ACID. | no pp. yellow- green cloud pp. yellow | | white | yellow | PLATINUM CHLORIDE. | 2 | yellowish pp. pp. pp- no pp. pp. os if not dilute | | yellow | |(pp. concen- (pp. concen- trated) yellow crys. nearly white dirty yellow | yellowt | pp- | | GoLD CHLORIDE. Pp. purple trated) brown Pp- | Nirric Acip, Sutpaurie ActD, CONCENTRATED. | CoNCENTRATED. blue if containing HNO, Ne m red- brown 200 rose colours». violet (orange with nitric), with bichromate, blood-red to | gradual red- violet violet on warming: brown, then greenish fee yellow-red~carmine yellow (acids pp. from water) colourless ; violet with nitric orange (Froéhde’s solution, violet) violet-red pure acid, colourless ; otherwise blood-red blue colourless, gradually yellow | yellow yellow ; red warm Ae o6e red fuchsine red ; bl.-violt. with water deep blue deep blue if pure, colourless; otherwise yellow blue-violet blood-red yellow | | } | | \phospho-molybdic, Mayer’s solution, etc, | (ferric chloride, blue or green colour) 135 [§ 159 Oprum. SonDRY PRECIPITANTS, FTC. pp. by most alkaloid reagents mercuric chloride not mercuric chlorid idem | mercuric chloride, cloud Wt phospho - molybdie, solution, etc. pp. most alkaloid reagents (Frohde’s solution, red colour) pp. by Ag, Cu, and Hg salts Mayer's Fréhde, magnificent violet zine chloride, ferric chloride, ete. copper sulphate, ferrous salts (ferric chloride, red-brown colour) (HBr salt difficultly soluble water) (HBr salt soluble) | not phospho-molybdic (characteristic) Mayer’s solution, phospho-molybdie, ete. bromine water, phospho-molybdie, ete. Soluble in excess. t Not 1 in 250. 136 § 161 Panax.] TABULAR SUMMARY. OpiuM PANAX Papaya PAREIRA | | Paris | PARMELIA | APPEARANCE OR | CRYSTALLINE Form, | | SUBSTANCE. TYorMULA amorphous | |MELTING 2¢ En. REACTION. Thebaicine A C,,H.,NO, Thebenine A idem amorphous eee wee Narceine A Co3HopNO, rhombic prismatic’ 92 neutral needles | Rheadine A CyHe NO, | radiate prisms | 232 neutral Oxynarcotine A C.,H.,NO, | minute crystals | blackens eas Gnoscopine A CeaHisgNoOin needles 233 neutral Codamine A Coy H.;NO, 6-sided prisms | 121 allsaline Meconidine A Cy, H.,NO, brown,amorphous 58 alkaline Lanthopine A C.,;H.;NO, microscopic | browns alkaline prisms Cryptopine A C.,H.,NO; 6-sided prisms 217. ~—salkaline Laudanine A Cop Ha;NO, | radiate prisms 166 alkaline |Protopine A Cop HypNO; crystalline 204 alkaline Tritopine A Cy.H;,N.0, iprismatic crystals) 182 re Laudanosine A Cy,H.,N,0 | idem 89 alkaline Meconin B CoH 190, |hexagonal prisms) 110 neutral | : Meconie Acid C,H,0, | prisms or scales | decomp. 120 Meconoisin B C,H)0. crystalline 88 we Opionin B (N free) needles | 227 |neutral Panaquilon B COPE POR | yellow, amorphs. | fusible \Carpaine A see | erystalline | = 115 Geissospermine A) C,,H,,N,0,"H,O | small prisms 160 Pareirine A C\H,,N,O | gray, amorphous} 124 ae Paridin G C,,H.,0;,+Aq silky needles 08 neutral Paristyphnin G CgsHg4Oig yellowish amrphs. ae on Ceratophyllin &. prismatie crystals | 147 ~—s neutral /Physodin micros. pillars | 125 neutral * Soluble if freshly precipitated, but redeposits. SOLVENTS. TAste. = — = = = a WATER, | ALCOHOL, ETHER. Careee- OTHER SOLVENTS. | i insoluble diff. hot insoluble insoluble benzene a insoluble idem insoluble idem feebly slightly difficultly scarcely scarcely insoluble benzene bitter cold tasteless] scarcely scarcely _ 1,280 scarcely | scarcely benzene cold difficultly difficultly insoluble insoluble insoluble benzene ste insoluble 1,500 coldinsoluble soluble CS,, difficultly benzene bitter | diff. cold | soluble | soluble | readily benzene tasteless] insoluble soluble | soluble soluble benzene, acetone tasteless] insoluble difficultly diff. | soluble —_ scarcely benzene bit. hot | slightly |1,200 cold) insol.* — soluble idem bitter Gee diff. cold) 647 readily benzene insoluble difficultly — diff. soluble _—_ scarcely benzene an Se aa slightly easily ae bitter | insoluble readily 19 readily benzene, petrol. ether bitter | 700 cold, soluble soluble soluble benzene, amyl alcohol, 22 boiling etc. difficultly soluble | soluble scarcely amy! alcohol scarcely easily | soluble b.-sweet soluble | soluble insoluble... very bit.] scarcely | soluble soluble soluble Sot insoluble | sol. hot insoluble soluble benzene fs difficultly | soluble | soluble soluble pungent} soluble+ 50 of 94 % scarcely bitter soluble | soluble insoluble burning Jsoluble hot soluble | soluble , sol, hot soluble + Difficultly ; see Part I. TABULAR SUMMARY. 137 [§ 165 PARMELIA. | | | | | Caustic ALKALIES. ae Tannic AciD, Ue | GoLp CHLORIDE. SuLtpHuric Acip, CONCENTRATED. | RIO ADD SunpryY PRECIPITANTS, FTC, | | 1] pp. slightlysoluble, oe ee. | = fei blue red insoluble in ammonia 2 soluble | = ba eh 4 | blue ; colourless with water see idem 3] pp. difficultly | nopp. cloud1tin, yellow | pp- brown (blood-red or blue if not yellow \phospho-molybdic, Mayer's solution, ete. soluble 3,000 crystals | pure) . 4 4] pp. slightly | ane pp. | soluble salt yellow red-purple | red-purple alkaline carbonates, mercuric chloride, soluble | | ete. 5 5 ats hae whe wae we | ee yields Cotarrine with ferric chloride 6] pp- insoluble kes as pale yellow 250 yellow red Mayer's solution, ammonia 7) pp. soluble excess we ee 500 ies green ‘gn. ;violt.hot) alkaline bicarbonates, resinous pp. 8 idem. = Bae | yellowmred | dirty yellow olive-green with H.SO, ammonia, pp. difficultly soluble red 9 soluble ae 200 | ope (salt M.P. colourless or pale violet resinifies, ammonia, pp. insoluble 182°) } ‘then yl. to red 10] pp. insoluble aes wit soluble warm a intense blue grad. yellow iodo-potassic iodide 11} pp. soluble excess | pink ; dark violet warm | orange (ferric chloride, emerald colour) 12] pp.insoluble | ad ccc 5c 506 = (sol. ammonia) ; pp. icdo-potassic iodide 13 _ idem | ee ete ist Ses | ae | ammonia, jodo-potassic iodide 14 insoluble sce eS | yellow AG red-bn. ; green to violet at 150° C. 20 (no colour ferric chloride) 15 soluble ne cot re a colourless ; purple on warming | 200 no pp. metallic salts 16 soluble pp- ee | a Re | ee oe | (blood-red coloration with ferric * chloride) 18 soluble aS oe 360 308 (acids pp. from alkaline solution) on (soluble in ammonia) 19] soluble brown a pp- no pp. ee purple-red 508 20] pp. insoluble Be pp. | a | colourless | colourless Maras solution, phospho-molybdie, etc. 21} pp. crystalline yellow (deere red | colourless~blue~colourless | purple | (ferric chloride, blue coloration) coloration) | | 22 50 ae ace 550 ee violet blood-red 23 oes Re oA re as a | dilute acids give sugar, etc, 24 soluble yellow | ae pp. wee ae we | dilute acids give ,Paridin and sugar. 25 soluble hot ne pp i Bsn ee Hs | soluble, unchanged aight ‘yellow | (ferric chloride, purple-violet colour) alcoholic 26] soluble yellow-red \ a ) a Ae 56 | violet a 18 138 TABULAR SUMMARY. § 168 Payra Bark. | | SOLVENTS. SUBSTANCE. ForMULA, Faia a ate PT. REACTION. TASTE. = = = — | WATER. Aveowon | nai CEtORD: OTHER SOLVESTs. PayTA Paytine A C.,H,,N,0°H,O prismatic crystals 156 wae ane difficultly | soluble | soluble | soluble benzene, petrol. ether | 1 BARK | Paytamine A idem amorphous wes ors) lh, eee ee bak soluble 2 Prrrose- Apiin G CoH 2013 | fine needles 228 neutral tasteless }solublehot, 390 cold insoluble 3 LINUM jelly cold) PuItty- Phillyrin G Cy7H3,0;,13H,O | silvery scales 160 ... | grad. b. | 1,300 cold| 40 cold — scarcely Sue warm glacial acetic | 4 REA Philligenin C., HO | pearly crystals | fusible | te scarcely soluble | soluble ead 5 PHYLLAN- |Phyllanthin B Cy Hy, Og | needles volat. 200, ... very slightly | soluble | soluble soluble benzene, petrol. ether] 6 THUS | | bitter Puysatts Physalin B CuH,.0; amorphous partly 190... bitter | difficultly | soluble | diff. — soluble ie 7 PILo- Pilocarpine A ©,,H,;N.0, | amorphs. or crys. ae Bad 3 easily soluble | soluble soluble benzene carPIUS Pilocarpidine A Cio H4N.0. deliquescent | wae Ee eee soluble soluble | diff. readily amy! alcohol 9 \Jaborine A CyHs.N,O, | amorphous jnon-volat. alkaline aa soluble soluble soluble aoe os 10 PIMPI- ‘Pimpinellin B (N free) needles 37 Se Ie ores insoluble | soluble | diff. ot scarcely petroleum 11 NELLA | ether Pinus, ETC. Coniferin G C1 >Hy:0g°2H,0 silky needles 185 Pree con 196 cold difficultly insoluble wee ae 12 Pinipicrin G CoH360n | yellow crystals | 100 ... | bitter soluble | soluble insoluble... = 13 absolute |Thuyin G CoH 22012 | yl. 4-sided plates | a3 ... astringt. Jsoluble hot) soluble aoe Pe A 14 Thuyigenin C,4H,.0, micros. needles | an ihe ach difficultly | soluble |... ese a 15 Thuyetin C\4Hy4O8 | yellow crystals Ses Renee | eee difficultly | soluble | soluble ae oe 16 PIPER Piperine A C,,HyNO; ‘monoclinic prisms} 100 neutral almost difficultly | 30 cold | 60 cold soluble benzene 17 | tasteless 'Piperidine A C;Hy,N liquid B.P. 106 alkaline. burning oo | ere wa eae 18 Piscrp1A __- Piscidin B | ‘@iH..0;, prismatic crystals Me li =e a ake insoluble | sol. hot | diff. soluble benzene 19 PLUMERIA Agoniadin G C1oH,,0, silky needles 155 ... | very b. [scarce. cold) diff. cold ... insoluble carbon bisulphide [20 Popo- [Podophyllo-| Cx H,0, crystalline 93—95 slightly 7,000 cold | readily | diff. —_ soluble acetone 21 PHYLLUM toxin G@ | acid Poputus |Populin G | Cop Ha20,-+2H20 | needles 180 | ... | sweet [2,000 cold, | 100 cold scarcely soluble amyl alcohol, acetic [22 | 79 boiling acid (Gteyain | CHO, yellow crystals | 275 Sunes is | 180 cold diff. | scarcely aniline 23 Prunus, |Amygdalin G C.9Hy;NOy+Aq.| pearly crystals 120 neutral slightly 12cold {148 cold* insoluble... insoluble petroleum {24 ETC. | | bitter | ether * Alcohol of sp. gr. 07939. oe ow bo eoo@el Cr a TABULAR SUMMARY, 139 [§ 181 Prunus. | Sunpry PRECIPITANTS, ETC. potassic iodide (perchloric acid, fuchsine red) (ferric chloride, dark red colour) no pp. metallic salts (soluble ammonia) pp. most alkaloid precipitants special test, see Part I. (ferric chloride, dark green colour) (ammonia, blue-green colour) idem | phospho-molybdice, ferric chloride, etc. reacts like ammonium hydrate (soluble in ammonia) (hydrochloric acid, red colour) no pp. other metallic salts Caustic ALKALIES. | As Lrasete AcID. | teeta | Gop CHLORIDE. SuLteyuric Actp, CONCENTRATED RE | 1} soluble gradually | dark yellow | (reduced) colourless~ ‘ | red Kee pp- idem nee | oe soluble === (acids pp. from alkaline solution) insoluble > — = | red-violet | decomposes soluble red active decom- | position | | | a (soluble ammonia) pp. basic | “00 =e =e oon | 0c0 | — pp- colourless | a | no pp. | phospho-molybdic acid (pp- ammonia) | ode on | wee aes red | | no pp. | violet-blue no pp. | sol. yellow to red | yellow pp. | coe | pp. basic | red pp. | oes sae 506 B08 (pp. conentd.) yellow ; green in 20 hours | orange | greenish no pp. \(salt,soluble) one soluble brown no pp. pp. gradual no pp. no pp. light yellowgreen golden-yl. ons He ' no pp. a | cherry-red~green-blue~violet | AS | pp. no pp. | | red soluble | soluble yellow partial pp.* acids pp. from alkaline solution | ve one light violet red | calcium chloride, yellow crystalline pp. * Alcoholic solution, 140 TABULAR SUMMARY. § 182 Punica.] SOLVENTS. SUBSTANCE. ForMULA. ee Oe MEET Pr. Reaction.| Taste. — = = — ee WATER. | ALCOHOL, ETHER. Carony OTHER SOLVENTS. ay PuNICcA Pelletierine A Cc ae NO liquid B.P. 195 | lalkaline| ae 20 cold D x a Methyl-pelle-| CyH,;NO liquid |MBSPA2 ib) ae a2 25cold | soluble | soluble | soluble tierine A | | Pseudo-pelle-| C,H,;NO2H,0 prismatic crystals | 46 alkaline)... soluble | soluble 9 cold — soluble tierine A Iso-pelletierine A) _C,H,,NO liquid |SBER? OOH | ee soluble | very sol. very sol. very sol. = Pyxus, Phlorrhizin G Cy, H4019°2H,O needles 106—109 neutral light. b.,] 2,000 cold soluble — scarcely wee methyl alcohol, acetic ETC. then swt. readily wm. acid Phloretin C,;H,,0; ae 180 ... | sweet scarcely | soluble scarcely Pe methyl alcl., hot acetic QuasstA _|Quassiin B Cp Hy,.Os pillars or plates |215—217 neutral | very b. 222 cold | soluble diff. soluble benzene QuE- Loxopterigine A Cag HgyN202 amorphous | 81 alkaline’ bitter difficultly | soluble soluble soluble benzene, acetone BRACHO } COLORADO) f lee : ; Quepra- |AspidospermineA) — ©2:H N05 needles or prisms | 205—206 feebly | bitter | 6,000 cold |48 of 99 {106 abso- soluble benzene, amyl alcohol | CHO BARK | | alk. | | lute Aspidosper- Coo HogN202 needles | 1162 Jeepers soluble* | soluble soluble | soluble hot petroleum ether matine A Aspidosamine A | idem crystalline | 100 tse) d|Peaness scarcely | soluble soluble soluble benzene Quebrachine A | Cx, HagN.0, crystalline 214—216 alkaline) bitter scarcely sol. hot | sol. hot soluble amy! alcohol Hypoquebra- idem yellow amorphous 3 alkaline’ bitter AE soluble soluble soluble re chine A | | (Quebrachamine A ees needles or leaflets 142 bitter scarcely difficultly diff. diff. difficultly benzene Quercus Quercitrin G CygH3g0 20 yl. micros. plates 160—200 neutral | bitter | 2,435 cold| 23 cold | scarcely insoluble amyl alcohol | Quercetin Co4Hy,0n (?) yellow needles | 250 neutral) bitter scarcely 229 cold | soluble dee warm acetic | Ravanur |Ratanhine 1HisNO; needles or leaflets 40—45 neutral tasteless 9,480 cold | scarcely | scarcely scarcely benzene | | |Ruamnus |Rhamnin G OysHe. Or microscopic aes neutral nearly soluble soluble scarcely scarcely acetic acid | needles or plates tasteless yellow | | Rhamnetin C,H 0; ly]. prismatic plts. 0 ... |tasteless | scarcely | sol. hot soluble an phenol | Frangulin G Cop H 29010 yellow needles | 226 — 5 insoluble | diff. sol. scarcely diff. hot acetic Emodin | Cys;H0; micr. orange ndls. above 250. ee. | insoluble | soluble diff. ae amy] aleohol | RHINAN- /Rhinanthin G Co9H 52029 (?) microscopic | as neutral bitter: soluble | soluble insoluble wy ~~ | ‘THUS | needles | | sweet | * If freshly precipitated. TABULAR SUMMARY, . 141 [§ 191 Rurnanruus, | | | | | | Caustic ALKALIES. Peal ore Aci. | EMnEN on | Gop CuLoripe.| — SuLPRURIC AcrD, CoNceNTRATED. PE | Sonpry Precrprrants, ETC. | | | | | pp. (not bicarbs.) | noe | sya no pp. reduced with bichromate, green bromine water, phospho-molybdie, etc. , pp. and bicarbo-| 250 2 ee nates | idem ote fs tis pp- with bichromate, intense green Ss | the free alkaloid precipitates lime pp. (not bicarbs.) | o0 sce ce es née eae ae soluble | pp. basic Ss sas ae yellow ; red at 30°-60° C. fae (Fréhde’s solution, pure blue) | \ soluble pp. neutral xe on ae idem 455 idem no pp. ie 308 no pp. colourless, gradually brown oe (Fréhde’s solution, brown) oe es with chromic, violet red | (Fréhde’s solution, violet~blue) pp- | a pp. pp- sas with PbO,, red | with H,SO,, (Fehling’s solution, reduced) | red no colour ne | ak os pp- pp. with bichromate, blue ae (Frihde’s solution, blue) pp- and carbs. | oe BOS on | yellow with bichromate, blue See idem pp- resinous | po Sa yellow to red yellow to violet S00 idem violet | (pp. ammonia) | ba ass BoC | ae bluish ; with bichrom., intense bl. 300 soluble, yellow orange sis as (reduced ) ass (ferric chloride, dark green) soluble, yellow red* ase aes (reduced ) ae ee idem pp., soluble excess no pp. Se no pp. 26 colourless pure HNO,, (ferric chloride, violet) colrless.; fum- | ing, see Pt. 1. pp- alcohol, no pp. ore os | soc af. ie Wes (ferric chloride, olive green dilute, | water | reddish concentrated) soluble, yellow | ono a coe eee ont “i black dyes with ferric salts soluble, purple no pp. _no pp. ene | ae | emerald, then purple ee no pp. metallic salts soluble, cherry | pp. 000 | Bas mercuric chloride, cupric sulphate soluble, yellow | no pp. ons i 200 | we ferric chloride, no colour | | | * Alcoholic solution. 142 TABULAR SUMMARY, § 192 Ruvs.] SOLVENTS. SUBSTANCE, ForMuULA. eaters ae MecENS Et. Reaction.| Taste, ~ | WATER. | ALCOHOL. ETHER. | ca OrHeR SOLVENTs. Ruvs ‘Fustin G C; a He Os. needles Die=baa | coo ee soluble hot easily diff. as ae Fisetin GPE AO;) | yellow needles or| browns at| ... oe scarcely | soluble diff. | diff. difficultly benzene yrisms 270 Rosinta /Robinin G Cy5Ag904¢'53H,0 | nille yellow ndls. 195 neutral astringt. soluble hot sol. hot insoluble RorrieRkia Rottlerin B Co. Ho 05 yellow crystals | fusible 360 ah soluble | sol. hot | soluble = Rusvus 'Villosin G S60 | se 173—175| ... bitter in} difficultly soluble — scarcely insoluble solution Rura (Rutin G C.;H.,0;;25H,0 | yellow needles chars ... /b.insoln. = nee ae a2 ae SAFFRON (Grecbs G C4479 Og red “06 aA sweet soluble difficultly scarcely sop (solutions red) Crocetin C5,H 05 | red a vas ik scarcely easily easily = 'Picrocrocin @ Cog HI 6g O17 ‘prisms 73 --- _| bitter* easily | easily diff. | soluble oo SaLix ‘Salicin G C,,H,.0; plates, needles, etc./above 100)neutral | bitter 29 cold | soluble insoluble... amyl alcohol ‘Saligenin | CTHLO} plates orrhombhd. 2 15 cold readily readily Pa =a Helicin G C300; needles 175 |neutral | ‘slightly 64 cold | soluble insoluble | | bitter SopHORA Sophorine A ne | amorphous ane alkaline ue soluble soluble | soluble | soluble | SAPONARIA Saponin G Choo .Oi5 | amorphous | igs jneutral | sharp | sol.frothy sol. hot insoluble soluble | | Sapogenin | Cy4H.0. needles S00 cos Ale es soluble soluble “=| fee Sanrsa- ‘Smilacin G CygH 05+ Aq needles As jaeutral bitter in} sol. hot | sol, hot insoluble soluble amyl alcohol | PARILLA solution (frothy) GlyeyphyllinG@ | C.,H.,0,+3H,0 — erystalline L75—180}} ... i soluble hot sol. hot | slightly insoluble (insoluble benzene) SCILLA Seillain G (N free) amorphous ot | eres bitter | difficultly soluble diff. diff. =e ‘Scillin B 208 light yellow crys. Ao B00 so difficultly soluble | sol. hot Scillipicrin B 600 | yellow, amorphs. ae + | bitter soluble me ee \Scillitoxin ate brown, amorphs. Sa I fee tas insoluble soluble insoluble SimaBa _ |Cedrine A ae | needles SCE neutral | bitter soluble | soluble soluble Valdivin G ? | €)sH.40195H.O | hexagonal prisms 230 at bitter 600 cold 190 absol. insoluble easily S33 SrvaPis Sinalbin G | CyoHuN.S,0,, | pale yellow fusible |... tat soluble jinsol. coldinsoluble — ... (insoluble CS.) needles | absol.t | Sinapine- -thio- | C,;H.,3NO; HSCN prisms 130 neut.§ bitter soluble soluble insoluble aes idem | cyanide A | | | yellow | yellow Potass. Myro- | CyHysKNS.O,) | prisms fusible jneutral| bitter soluble difficultly insoluble insoluble (insoluble benzene) nate G | * Taste characteristic. + Decomposed at 110°-115°. } Readily in hot 86 per cent. alcohol. § Free Sinapine is alkaline. TABULAR SUMMARY. 143 [$ 207 Stars. | Cavstic ALKALIES. | eo. Tannic Actin. | peeks | orp CHLORIDE. SuLpHuric Acip, CoNcENTRATED. | Bisel, Sunpry Precipirants, etc. | | soluble pp. neutral beg yl. pp.* ferric chloride, green black soluble, yellow | pp. basic | | (reduced) | pic.ac. formed Fehling reduced deep red solution! no pp.* a a e, Bab gradual yellow | pp. basic brown ; with water, deep violet ferric chloride, no change colour sol, (decomposed), red pp. | deep hluescvioletaredex brown ‘bluewbrown | copper sulphate, green pp. warm} | soluble red pp. basic | tes ws idem wee sol. (decomposed) | wae 600 (dilute acids give volatile oil, etc.) Fehling reduced on warming soluble no pp.§ | | red (water precipitates Rutilin) | (Frohde, magnificent violet) soluble no pp. | intense red | Sec (ferric chloride, indigo-blue) soluble ba | | yellow | (no violet with Fréhde) ee =f ie Me | Xe (ferric chloride, blood-red) soluble frothy pp. pp. no pp. | yellow-red to violet oct Fehling reduced slowly soluble soc Bae S60 gradual violet soluble Fehling, slight reduction soluble pp. (aleo- dark red ; violet warm soluble Fehling reduced holic) soluble pp. basic Pee aoa ee B50 OY I 19) ae brown (fluorescent green) sa0 concentrated HC), gradual green pp. one 500 5 red-brown yellow~gn. | ee : te | 605 | (hygroscopic) wi nae cae red~brown yl. ; gn. warm aco 500 pp- _ = a a6 pp. by most alkaloid reagents on no pp. pp- colourless | colourless Fehling reduced after decomposition soluble yellow 280 ask transient red Fehling reduced, some CuS formed | idem | | (ferric chloride, blood-red warm) | | pp. neutral } * Alcoholic solution, t Pp. due to Crocetin, hydrolysis taking place. t Volatile oil produced. § Basic lead acetate pp. if concentrated. 144 § 208 Soranum.] TABULAR SUMMARY. SoLaANUM SPARTIUM SPIGELIA Srro- STRYCH- NOS, ETC. SYRINGA TARAXA- cUM Taxus THALIC- TRUM THEA PHANTHUS APPEARANCE OR | | | | SUBSTANCE. FORMULA. CRYSTALLINE Fors. ses ers Py. ReeCaIOS,| TASTE. | ‘Solanine A-G Cy.H,;N Oj, 4-sided prisms 235 | feebly ‘bitter & | alk. hot Solanidine A C,;HNO, needles 208 allkaline bitter & | sharp Jurubebine A amorphous bitter ‘Dulcamarin B ae | bitter (Grandiflorine A (Molec. Wt. 236° 4)) amorphous | ens. xaos bitter ‘Sparteine A C,;H,,N. liquid en 276* alkaline| bitter \Scoparin G aH; | pale yellow crys. Bae Rail ec: Spigeline A doe | erystalline volatile alkaline bitter Strophanthin G CopH Oy | erystalline or 1725 | faintly | very | amorphous acid bitter Strychnine A C.,H..N.0, 4-sided prisms | * alkaline) ‘dem Brucine A CosHogNoO4 prisms, plates, ete. 178 alkaline bitter Curarine A Cy) HisN crystalline (from \feebly | bitter CHCl) | alk. Akazgine A a amorphous _ fusible alkaline bitter Gelsemine A Coo y3N20,4 crystalline | 45 bitter iSyringin G C,,H.,0,+ Aq needles | 191—192 | neutral | tasteless Syringopicrin B | CxsHaO, yellow, amorphs. under 100 slightly| bitter acid |Taraxacin B | crystalline | fusible erst bitter Taxine A | GeHNO,, lamorphe. (oryal 2)| 0-232 | ... | bitter Macrocarpine A | C 58:36 % yellow needles | blackens | neutral | os Thalictrine A ae radiate needles alkaline) ‘Theine At CsHyN,O.+H.0 silky needles | * feebly bitter alk. | Theophylline A | C;H,N,O.+H.O crystalline a 1 ee koe ‘Theobromine A | C,H,N,0, | micros. needles | not fus, neutral bitter 'Camellin G OE Oln | |Assamic Acid G C) gH 2909 OWNS Ore SOLVENTS. Water. Arcouor. | Ernen. | Carone- OTHER SoLvents. scarcely soluble 4,000 | amyl alcohol 1 hot scarcely soluble soluble soluble benzene 2 difficultly soluble e soluble aes Son so insoluble insoluble acetic ether insoluble | soluble - aa scarcely | soluble soluble | soluble petroleum ether soluble hot soluble oa soluble soluble aa oe = soluble 55 cold insoluble insoluble acetone 6,667 cold | 120cold | 1,250 | 5to7 160 benzene 10 850 cold readilyhot notabsol. about 2 64 benzene 11 oe) re) insoluble diff. wie 12 13,000 cold 60 absol. 120 abso. soluble benzene, CS, 13 difficultly difficultly | soluble | soluble idem 14 soluble hot sol. hot insoluble soluble | 15 soluble | soluble insoluble 16 soluble hot, soluble | 17 scarcely | readily readily | soluble | carbon bisulphide {18 insoluble | soluble insoluble ... | amyl alcohol 9 scarcely soluble soluble soluble $4 20 98 cold | 97 cold 194 cold soluble benzene, amyl alcohol }?1 soluble | soluble | ae 22 1,600 at 0° | 1,400 cold sparingly diff. = soluble 25 insol, @)t * Authorities differ. + Caffeine. } Precipitates the aqueous solution as jelly. TABULAR SUMMARY. 145 [§ 218 Tuga. | Sunpry PREcI PITANTS, ETC. Caustic ALKALIES. re | paste Aci. [ou | Gotp CHLORIDE, SuLpuuric Acip, CoNCENTRATED. | ees ACD 1} pp. amorphous | | pp- not dilute reduced light reddish-yellow | colourless~ | purplew | colourless | 2 pp. jelly | i 3 Ao | 208 980 no pp. 500 4}soluble red-brown) pp. basic | pp- AnD red, then rose-colour S05, 5 decompose 506 / cloud yellow pp. yellow, then red | purplish 6] pp. soluble excess | ae | idem colourless colourless 7] sol. green-yellow | pp. gn.-yl. | a 9} soluble yellow | no pp. no pp. no pp. no pp. yellow, then series of colours ; see |palebn.; series | Part I. colours warm 10] pp. insol, excess | no pp. pp: yellow pp. colourless slight yellow 11} pp. (1 in 500) no pp. pp. idem dirty yellow colourless with pure acid blood-red 12) ane | ‘ pp: yellow eo red (or blue, then red) purple 13] pp. and carbs. 506 pp- pp- pp. colourless 70 14] pp. soluble excess) no pp. a02 pp- sol. hot | pp. sol. hot yellow red-brown greenish-yl. 15 oe no pp. nl. bos = — idem | idem 16 no pp. pp- violet 17 ‘no pp. basic 18 pp- | 30 pp- no pp. ? intense purple-violet yellow-brown 19] decomposed nopp. basic oc 505 oe = 20 soc | 360 colourless (green with fuming | with H.SO,, | acid) deep green 21 no pp. | cloud | pp. concen- | gradually colourless (2+ hours) | colourless* trated 22] (soluble ammonia) 20 es se idem idem 23] pp. soluble excess| no pp. cloud | brown flocks jslowly needls. colourless 24 hours idem 24 a aS see red red 25 | 1 | yellowmred~bluewviolet | yellow * See test, Part I. phospho-molybdie, etc. (salts difficultly soluble in water) pp. most alkaloid reagents Mayer’s solution, ammonia picric acid, phospho-molybdic, ete. (no pp. mercuric chloride) Mayer’s solution, etc. no pp. usual reagents Mayer’s solution, 150,000 idem—feebly 1 in 50,000 phospho-molybdic, Mayer’s solution, etc. idem Picric acid, yellow crystals no pp. metallic salts (Fehling not reduced) (Froéhde, red-violet) silver-nitrate gives reactions with alkaloid tests imperfectly precipitated by reagents closely resembles Theine silver nitrate, crystalline (Febling reduced) (yields Sapogenin) 19 146 TABULAR SUMMARY, § 219 TrRIANOSPERMA. ] | SOLVENTS. SUBSTANCE. ForMULA. ier becutrt PI. Reaction. TASTE. =< | Water. | Avconot. | Eraer. | ALONG, Orner Soivents. TrRIANO- |Trianospermine A) Eee needles cA alkaline| sharp soluble | soluble insoluble SPERMA |Trianospermi- crystalline onn ... {tasteless | insoluble difficultly | soluble | | tine A | TRIGO- Trigonelline A we | flat prisms decomp. |neutral Pes very soluble jinsoluble insoluble insoluble benzene NELLA | soluble | TYLo- Tylophorine A | idem on alkaline}... sparingly ... | soluble PHORA | Urecuitis Urechitin G CxsHyOx-+Aq | needles or prisms) very oe soluble | soluble easily benzene, amyl alcohol bitter hot Urechitoxin G C\gHO0; notreadily crys.) ca. |||) sae i difficultly |... soluble | soluble idem Usrinaco .|Ustilagine A a sis OS iI eee bitter soluble | soluble | soluble a ea VALLARIA | Vellarin B a yellow oily | ... |neutral| bitter | emulsion | soluble | soluble 25 oils Vario- ‘| Variolarin B | es | needles Neate Soin || 535 Ses insoluble | soluble | soluble ae se LARIA |PicrolicheninB | C,,.H 0, rhombohedra | 110 acid | bitter diff. hot | soluble | soluble ae oils Veratrum Veratrine A C2 HygNOy evys. or varnish | 205 alkaline} burning | insol. cold soluble | soluble soluble amyl alcobol, benzene \Jervine A | CogHy;NO, + 2H,0 | ndls. (from alel.) | 237—39 aa ... |...slightly | soluble | diff. | soluble 1,625 benzene Sabadilline A CypHosN.0; | crys. or varnish .. _ alkaline| sharp soluble | soluble a Ans benzene Sabadine A CoH, NOx crystalline | 288—240 Se fe readily | readily eae Sabadinine A | Cy,HysNOg hair-like crystals |indefinite| ... one soluble soluble diff. soluble = |\Veratroidine A Cs,Hj3N.0,, | crystalline jfabout149_... Ae soe very | readily readily benzene | soluble ‘Pseudojervine A Cop HygN Oj. rhombic crys. | blackens|... o aoe 1184 absol.| ... | 4 372 benzene /Protoveratrine A C3.H;;NO,, microscopic | 245—250)! <2. hi 3s \difficultly jinsoluble diff.hot insoluble benzene 4-sided plates hot Protoveratri- CogHy;N Og idem |.- 265 | bitter Be scarcely jinsoluble scarcely idem dine A | : Vernonia |Vernonin G ee: amorphous ee eo Pe ... | soluble | slightly slightly ase 20 VICIA Vicine A Cx3Hs:Ny0. ? needles | 180 re 4: 108 | insoluble ie. | ee nes 21 | absolute XantTuiumM Xanthostrv- | $: a abe wee soluble | soluble ace oe 22 marin G : | XanTH- Artarine A C.,H.,NO, amorphous | 240 ee bitter insoluble | scarcely | soluble | diff. | (insoluble benzene) [23 OXYLON | | } warm | ; TABULAR SUMMARY, 147 [§ 233 XanNTHOXYLON. Caustic ALKAUIES. ee Tannic AcID. paenles Gop CHLORIDE SuLpnuric Actp, CONCENTRATED. Pa oleae SunpRY PRECcIPITANTS, ETC. 1 pp- | 2 soc 3 | = > = red-brown~green~blue purple-red pp- usual reagents 4 no pp. (ferric chloride, red colour) 5 | yellow~red~mauve~purple | \(oxidizing agents hasten colours with | sulphuric acid ) 6 pp. basic idem ie 7 ae a brown~ intense green | (ferric chloride, dark yellow colour) 8 insoluble \(acids pp. from ammoniacal soln.) iis (soluble in ammonia) 9 (no colour) | | colourless colourless x 10} sol. gradual red 200 ied 200 colourless 200 (soluble in ammonia, red) 11} pp. EE oplets pp- not dilute |(salt M.P.182°) yellow~carmine yellow iodo-potassic iodide, ete. 12 ji 6b St yellow to greenish-brown _no effect (H,SO, with sugar, blue) 13 not dilute not dilute red | yellow phospho- molybdic, Mayer's solution 14 zalnble’ . hot) $00 yellow~blood-red~yviolet | no colour | (soluble in ammonia, pp. on heating) 15 con G0 one persistent blood-red ae | aes 16 > > = | yellow~orange-red (fluorescent) transient rose| pp- most alkaloid reagents ~wyellow 17 ete ids C0 S00 no colours if pure no colour phospho-molybdic, Mayer’s solution 18 pp. no pp. no pp. pp- gradual greenwblue~violet idem 19} (pp. ammonia) pp. no pp. violet~~cherry-red picric acid, Mayer’s solution 20 508 brown~purple | 000 | oo 21 soluble rene (violet after (dry NH, purple) | evaporation) 22] soluble yellow | pp. yellow) no pp. 200 ferric chloride, dark green pp. 23 | colourless (blood-red with KNOs;) Mayer’s solution, etc. PART Il. in Part II., that another list here appears unnecessary. acids were free. phenolphthalein : Atropine. Coniine. GLAS STEREO ATION ~OF 1. REACTION WITH ALKALINITY TESTS. Jaborine. The behaviour towards litmus is so easily seen on reference to column 6, Laburnine. Lobeliine. Towards Phenolphthalein, it is interesting to note that nearly all [Lupanine.*] alkaloids are neutral ; solutions of their salts. being indicated as if the Lupinidine. The following are exceptions, i.¢., react alkaline to Lycoctonine, Macrocarpine (?). Hyoscine. Mandragorine. Hyoscyamine. Metby!]pelletierine. Nicotine. {Morrenine.*] Homatropine. See Plugge, Arch. Pharm., [8], 25, 45. 2a. SOLUBILITY IN WATER. The following substances are soluble in water, and may be regarded as exceptions, for the greater number of the A., G. and B. are insoluble. Those in italics are very soluble ; co=miscible in all proportions ; those | in brackets are soluble with difficulty ; df.c.=difficultly cold. Alkaloids. Acolyctine. Aconine, Anagyrine. ‘ Avecaidine. Arecaine, Arecoline. | Aspidospermatine. Atropine, | in 200, ‘{Bacharine, df.c. | ‘Berberine, 1 in 300. Caffeine. Calabarine. Cedrine. Chrysanthemine. Codeine, 1 in 80. [Colchiceine, df.c., sol. hot. | Colchicine, very. Conbydrine. Coniine, 1 in 100. Cuprine. Curarine. Cynapine. Cytisine ~. Dibromapophylline. Ecboline. Ecgonine, very. Echitamine. [Ephedrine.* | Ergotine. Erythrophleeine. Glaucopicrine. Guachbamanine. Guvacine. Heliotropine. Hyoscyamine. | Isopelletierine. Muscarine ow. Nicotine. Pelletierine. Piliganine. Pilocarpidine. Pilocarpine. Piperidine ~. Piturine. Pseudaconine. Pseudopelletierine. Sabadilline, very. Sabadinine. Sabatrine. Sinapine thiocyanide (yellow). Sophorine. Spigeline. [Staphisagrine, 1 in 200.] Theine, 1 in 98. Theophylline. Trianospermine. * Authorities differ. REA CRTOW Ss, LTC. Trigonelline, very. Ulexine, very. Valdivine, hot.| bYioling df.) Glucosides. Achillein. Adonin. Amygdalin. Aphrodzescin. Apocynein. [Arbutin, df.c., sol. hot. | [Asclepiadin, df. ] [| Asebotin, df. ] Bergenin. Bryonin. Cathartic acid. Chameelirin. Colocynthin. Coniferin, 1 in 196. Convallamarin. Convolvulin, Coriamyrtin. Crocin, reddish-yellow. | [Cyclamin. ] | [Datiscin, hot.] | Digitalein. [Digitalin.*] Digitonin x. Echugin. df.c., sol. Fabianin. [Fustin, sol. hot.] Gentiopicrin. Globularin. Gratiosolin. Helicin, 1 in 64. Indican. Loliin. { Menyanthin, df.c, sol. hot.] {Murrayin, df.c., sol. hot. Naringin, 1 in 300, Paristyphnin. Pinipicrin. Propzscinic acid. Rhamnin (yellow). Rhbinanthin. {Robinin, hot. ] Salicin. Saponin. Scoparin, yellow. Sinalbin. Sophorin. Strophanthin. Thevetin, 1 in 122. df.c., sol. greenish - Amaroids, etc. Agoniapicrin. Andirin. SoLvBILiry, ] Andromedotoxin. Angelin. [Anemonin, df.c., sol. hot. ] Antiarin, 1 in 250. Aristolochin. [Carapin, not easily. ] [Carobin, sol. hot. ] Kebalin. Elaterin, df.°.] Glyeyrrhizin. | [Guacin, df.c.,sol. hot,] | Hydroelaterin. Hyzenanchin. Junipicrin, Karakin. [Lactucin, hot. | Linarin. Meconoisin. Melonemetin. Mudarin. Odollin. Ononid. df.c., sol. CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. | Ophelic acid. Panaquilon. Picrocrocin. Picrotoxin. Quassiin, 1 in 222. Rottlerin. Scillipicrin. [Sikimin ?] Syringopicrin. Tanacetin. Tulucunnin, 1 in 150. Vaccinin, 2b. SOLUBILITY IN ALCOHOL. Alkaloids, amaroids, and glucosides are as a rule soluble in alcohol ; the following are exceptions, i.e, are insoluble or difficultly soluble. c.=cold, k.=hot, df.=difficultly, sc.=scarcely, sp.=sparingly, abs.= absolute alcohol. Alkaloids. Angeline. Anthemine. Apophyllenic acid. Arecaidine, sc. abs. Arecaine. Calycanthine. Chairamine, 1 in 540. [Chelidonine.* ] | Conessine, df.| Cryptopine, 1,200 c., sol, hot. | [Geissospermine, df.c. ] [Gelsemine, df. | Guachamauine. [Harmaline, df. | Harmine, df. | Laudanine, df.c.] Lupanine, df. ] Narceine, 1 in 945. Oxynarcotine, df. h. [ Papaverine, df.c. | Protoveratridine, sc. Pseudomorphine, | Quebrachamine, df.c. | [Quebrachine, df.c. ] Rheadine, se. Solanicine, sc. Strychnine, Thalictrine. | Thebaicine, df. h. Thebenine, df. h. Theobromine, 1,400 c. Trianospermitine, df. Vicine. Glucosides. { Agoniadin, df. } | Amygdalin, df. | [Coniferin, df. | [Crocin, df. ~ alcohol. | Cyclamin, sp. [Daphnetin, df.c.] [ Digitonin, df.c.] [ Digitoxin, df.c. | Diosmin.*] | [Fragariamarin, df. | | [Frangulin,df.if pure. } [Fraxin, df.c.] Gonolobin. [ Helleborein, df. ] | [| Lupinin, df. } [Myronate of potas- sium, df. | [Ononin, df. ] | Rutin, df.c. | | Saponin, df.c. | Sinalbin, ec. | [Smilacin, df.c.] strong Amaroids, etc. {[Anemonin, df.c., sol. hot. | Cantharidin, 1 in 800, Carobin. Echitin, 1 in 1,430, Glycyrrhizin, sp. {Hydrocarotin, c., sol, hot. | | 149 [SoLuBiLiry. [Meconin, 1 in 700 c., sol, hot. | [Oreoselon, df. | | Rottlerin, df. ] 2c. SOLUBILITY IN ETHER. More of the alkaloids and bitter principles (amaroids) are soluble than insoluble in ether; the first two lists at foot give substances of these classes that are insoluble or difficultly soluble. With regard to gluco- sides, however, the reverse is the case; in fact glucosides are almost invariably insoluble in ether; the third list below gives exceptions to this rule. Alkaloids cultly soluble. Acolyctine. Aconine. insoluble | in ether, or diffi- | ~ : | Cryptopine. Alpha-oxy-cinchonine. | Anchietine. Angeline. Anthemine. Apophyllenic acid, Arecaidine. Arecaine. [ Aribine, df.] Artarine, df. hot. Atherospermine. Bacharine. Beta-oxy-cinchonine. Brucine. [Chelidonine.*] Chrysanthemine. [Cinchamidine, df, ] Cinchonibine. [Cinchonidine, df. ] Cinchonifine. * Authorities differ, Cinchonine, very df. Conessine. {[Cupreine, df. | Cuprine. Curarine. Cynapine. Cytisine. Ecboline. Ecgonine. {Emetine, df.c., hot. | Ergotine. Erythrophleeine. Fumarine. | Geissospermine. [Glaucopicrine, df. | | Gnoscopine, df. | | Harmaline, df. | | Harmine, df. | | Homoquinine, df. | | Hydroquinidine, df.] | Igasurine, df. | | Im perialine, sp. Jervine, 1 in 268. sol. Laburnine, very df. [Lanthopine, df.] Laudanine, 1 in 647, Laurotetanine, sp. Morphine. Muscarine. Narceine. Oxynarcotine. Papaverine, 1 in 258. [Piliganine, df.] Pilocarpidine. Protoveratridine. Protoveratrine. Pseudaconine, df. Pseudojervine, 1 1,021, in | Pseudomorphine. [Quebrachamine, df. ] [| Quebrachine, df. ] Kheadine, 1 in 1,280. Sabadilline. Sinapine thiocyanide. Solanicine, 1 in 2,000. Staphisagrine. Strychnine. 150 CLASSIFICATION OF So.usixiry concluded.) Surinamine. Tarnine. Thebaicine. Thebenine. Theobromine, 1 in 17,000. Trianospermine. Trigonelline, Tritopine, sp. Ulexine. Valdivine. Xanthopuccine. Amaroids, etc, in- soluble or difficultly soluble in Ether. Aloin, very df. Andromedotoxin. Angosturin. Anemonin, sc. Calumbin, df. Cantharidin, 1 in 900. [Carapin, not easily. ] Carobin. | [Quassiin, df. ] Chrysin. | Scillotoxin. Cnicin, se. Sennapicrin. Coccognin. | Syringopicrin. Dulcamarin. | Tanacetin. Elaterid. | Tulucunnin. Elaterin, 1 in 290. | Vaccinin. Gentiopicrin, Glycyphyllin. | ; 4 Hon sion, | Glucosides soluble in ‘0 fh | Ether. amaroid from. Tlixanthin. | Acorin. Karakin. | [Chinovin, df. | Lactucin. | [| Coriamyrtin ?| Lygustron. [ Digitalin.*] Melonemetin. | Diosmin. Mudarin. | Fabianin. [Oreoselon, df.] | Fabiin. Panaquilon. | [Indican.*] [ Physalin, df. ] | Jalapin. Picrocrocin, | Sophorin. Pimpinellin. | Tampicin. Piscidin. | Urechitin. [ Podophyllotoxin, df.] 3. ALKALINE HYDRATES (Caustic Soda and Potash).—Alkaloids are usually precipitated, many being soluble in excess of the reagent ; the majority of the Glucosides and Amaroids are soluble. Substances soluble in water are not precipitated by caustic alkalies, | except perhaps from concentrated solutions. cb.=pp. also by carbonates, sol. xs. soluble in excess of caustic alkalies, | sc. =scarcely, df.=difficultly, erys.=crystalline. I. Alkaloids precipi- tated. Aconitine, sol, xs. Gt, fe, Akazgine, cb. | Apocinchonicine. Alpha-oxy-cinchonine. | Apocinchonidine. Alstonidine, Apocinchonine. Alstonine. | Apoquinidine, df. sol. Anthocercine, cb. exe! * Authorities differ. REACTIONS, ETC. | Apoquinine, sol. xs. | Aribine, eb. Aricine, cb. Aristolochine. Aspidospermine. Atherospermine, cb. { Atropine, if coned., sol. xs. ] Bebeerine, cb., df. sol. xs. Beta-oxy-cinchonine. Boldine, sol. xs. Brucine, cb. | Cannabinine. Carpaine. Chairamidine, cb. | Chairamine, insol, xs. Chelerythrine. Cinchonibine. Cinchonidine, eb. Cinchonifine. Cinchonigine. Cinchoniline, Cinchonine. Cocaine, insol. xs. Cocamine. Codamine, sol. xs. Codeine, partly; eb. [ Colchicine. ] Conchairamidine, cb, Conchairamine, insol. xs. | Concusconine. Corydaline, sol. xs. Cotarnine, sc. sol. xs, | Cryptopine, insol, xs. | Cupreine, sol. xs, Cuscamine. | Damascenine, cb., oily. not [ALKALINE HypRaTEs (3). Delphinine, cb., insol. Xs, Diapocinchonine. [Echitenine, if concd.] Emetine, cb. Erythrophleine. Fumarine. Geissospermine, cb. Gelsemine, sol. xs. Glaucine. Glaucopicrine. Gnoscopine, insol. xs. Harmaline, cb. Harmine. Heliotropine, oily Hydrastine. Hydroquinine. Hymenodictyonine, gelat. Hyoscyamine, as A tro- pine. Hypoquebrachine. Igasurine, sol. xs. Imperialine, cb. Tsocinchonine. Isopelletierine. Laudanine, sol. xs. Laudanosine (?). Laurotetanine, sol. xs. | Lupinine. [Lycopodine, if coned. ] Menispermine. Methylpelletierine Morphine, sol. xs. Narceine. Narcotine, insol. xs. Oxynarcotine. Papaveramine, sc. sol. xs. Papaverine. Paytine, df. sol. xs. Pelletierine. [ Physostigmine, if concd. | Piliganine, Pithecolobine, oily. Protopine, insol. xs, Protoveratrine. Psendopelletierine. Quebrachine, eb. Quinamicine. Quinicine, partly. Quinine, cb. Ratanhine, sol. xs. Rheadine, df. sol. xs. Solanidine. Solanine. Sparteine, sol. xs. Strychnine, crys. Taxine. Thebaicine, sc. sol. xs, Thebaine, insol. xs. Theobromine, sol. xs. Tritopine, insol. xs. Ulexine, sol. xs. Veratralbine. Veratrine, cb. II. Glucosides, Ama- roids, etc., insoluble in Caustic Alkalies, Aristolochin. Derrid. Euphorbon. Gardenin. Hurin. Tlixanthin. Laserpitin. Liriodendrin. ALKALINE HypRartes (3). | Phillyrin. Populin. Sapotin. Sikimin. Vellarin. III. Alkaloids precipitated soluble. (See also I. for some alkaloids that are soluble in excess.) Aconine. Adansonine. Apomorphire. Arecoline. [Atropine, see I.] Benzoyl-ecgonine. Chrysanthemine. Colchiceine. [| Colchicine. | Conbydrine. Coniine. Cupronine, Cytisine. Ecgonine. Eupatorine. [Gelsemine, see I.] | Hyoscyamine, see I.] anthopine. [Lycopodine, see I.] Meconidine. [Morphine, see I.] Nandinine. Nartinic Acid. Nicotine. Physostigmine. Picraconitine, pp. hot Pseudomorphine. Sabadilline. not or Sabadine. | Sabadinine. | Sabatrine. Sinapine thiocyanide. | [Sparteine, see I.] Surinamine. { Thebenine, see I. ] Theine. Theobromine, Ulexine. ~ Vicine. IV. Glucosides, Ama- roids, etc., soluble in Caustic Alka- | lies. (y. = yellow, r. = red, pl.=purple, bn.= brown, gn. =green.) Absynthiin. Bsculetin, y. AMsculin. {Agoniadin, sol. hot. ] Aloin, y. | Anemonin. Angosturin, Antiarin. Apiin. Araliin. Arnicin. Baphiin (?). Brucamarin. Caincin. | Calendulin. Calumbin. Cantharidin. Capsicin. Cathartic Acid. ; Cephalanthin. CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. [Ceratophyllin, sol. hot. | Chicorin, y. Chrysin, y. Cicutoxin. Convolvulin. Crocin, y. Daphnetin, r. Daphnin, y. Datiscin, deep y. Diosmin, y. Dulcamarin, r.-bn. Ecbalin. Elaterid. Elaterin. Emodin, r. Erythrocentaurin, Fabianin, deep y. Fabiin. Fisetin. Frangulin, pl. Fraxin, y. Fustin. Gentiopicrin, y. Geum bitter. Glycyphyllin. Glycyrrhizin, r.-y. Helixin, gn. Helleborein. Hesperidin. Hop resins. Indican, decomp. Jalapin. Karakin. Kosin. Lactucin, r. Laserol, y. Lignoin, bn. Limonin. Linin, y. Lupinin. Mangostin. Meconic Acid. Meconin. Melanthin. Murrayin. Ophelice Acid. Opionin. Panaquilon, bn. Paristyphnin, y. Phillygenin. Phloretin. Phlorrhizin. Physodin, y. to r. Picrocrocin. Picrolichenin, r. Quercetin. Quercitrin. Quinovaic Acid. Quinovin. Khamnetin, y. Rhinanthin. Robinin, y. Rottlerin, deep r. Rutin, y.-bn. Salicin. 151 [Leap AcerateE (4). Santonin. Sapogenin. Saponin. Scoparin, y.-bn. Sennapicrin. Sinalbin, y. Smilacin. Strophanthin, y. Thuyin, y. to bn.-r. Variolarin. Villosin, y. Xanthostrumarin,deep y- 4. LEAD ACETATE gives usually no precipitates with alkaloids, bitter principles, or glucosides ; the following are exceptions, /.e., ave precipitated. nl,=neutral, be.=basic, aml, =ammoniacal, alec. =alcoholic lead acetate | solution. I. Alkaloids. Acolyctine. Aconine, so]. in excess. Nicotine. The free alkaloid gives pp. of Pb(OH),. Sparteine. Theobromine, be. II. Glucosides or their derivatives. Ascinic acid, nl. Aisculetin. Aisculetin hydrate, pp., ul. or be. Aphrodescin, be. Assamic acid, nl. or be. | Cephalanthin. | Crocin, red, be. | Daphnin. Datiscin, yellow. Digitonin. Dulcamarin, be. Fraxin, yellow, aml. Indican, be. Lupinin, be. Myronic acid, yellow. Phloretin. Phlorrhizin. Rutin. Saponin. Sapotin, sol. in excess. Smilacin. Thuyigenin, be. Thuyin. Villosin, be. III. Bitter Prin- ciples, etc. Araliin (Glucoside ?). Baphiin. Calendulin, alee. Calumbie acid. Cantharidin. Catechin. | [Cnicin — authorities differ. ] Gentiopicrin, aml. Glycyphyllin, be. Glycyrrhizin, aml. Hop resins (entirely or nearly so). Tlexanthin, yellow. Kosin. Laserpitin. Lignoin. Mangostin. Ononid. Ophelic acid, Scoparin. 152 Tannic Acip (5a). ] CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC, 5a. TANNIC ACID gives precipitates with the great majority of alka- , Lupanine, loids, bitter principles and glucosides; the following, however, are not precipitated, I, Alkaloids. Arginine, Aribine. Arecaine, turbidity. Arecoline, Chrysanthemine. Grandiflorine, cloud. Theine, cloud. Theobromine, cloud. II. Glucosides. Antiarin. 5b, TANNIC ACID (Tannin), second list. I. Alkaloids. Aconine. Acolyctine. Aconitine.* Alpha - homo - chelido- nine, Amarylline (?). Anagyrine (?). Anthocercine. Apomorphine. Aricine. Asiminine (?). Aspidospermine. Atherospermine. Atisine. Atropine, sol. HCl. Bebeerine, sol. warm HCl. | Belladonnine. Chameelirin. Chirettogenin. Datiscin, Ericolin (or slightly). Frangulin. Strophanthin, pp. if concentrated, III. Bitter Prin- ciples. Angelin. [ Berberine, cloud 1 in 1,000.*] Brucine, sol. HCl. Calamine. Cannabine. Cannabinine (?). Carpaine. Ceanothine. Cedrine. | Chelerythrine. Chelidonine. Cinchonine, sol. warm HCl.* Cocaine. [Codeine, cloud 1 in 3,000, sol. HCl.] Colchicine.* Conessine. Coniine, HCl. sol. warm Calumbin. Cascarillin. Capsicin. Cornin, | [Erythrocentaurin, au- | _ thorities differ. ] | Marrubiin. | Ononid, , Picrotoxin, The following give a pp. : | Corydaline, Cotarnine. Curarine, sol, HC). [Cytisine, 1 in 300.] | Damascenine. Delphinire. Ecboline. Emetine. Ergotine. Ergotinine. Erythrine. Glaucine. | Glaucopicrine. | Guachamanine. | Hyoscyamine. | Igasurine. | Imperialine. [Ineine (?).] Laurotetanine. Lobeliine. ) | | | Lycoctonine. Morphine. Morrenine. Muscarine. [Nareeine, cloud 1 in 3,000. ] Narcotine.* [ Nicotine, cloud 1 in 500, sol. warm HCl. ] Nupharine. Oleandrine. | Oxyacanthine. Papain. Papaverine, sol, warm HCl.* Pelletierine. Physostigmine, red pp., sol. HCl. Piliganine. | Piturine, 1 in 100. Protoveratridine. Pseudaconitine. Quinidine, sol, warm HCl. | Quinine, sol. wm. HC). I. The following Alkaloids give pre- cipitates. Amarylline. Akazgine. Anthocercine. [ Antypyrine. } | Apomorphine. [Picric Acip (6), crys. * Insoluble or difficultly soluble in cold dilute hydrochloric acid. Rheeadine. | Paristyphnin. Sapotine. Rosaginin. Scopoline. | Saponin, cloud. Solanine.* | Sapotin. | Strychnine, sol. HC]. | Solanine, sol. warm not Thalictrine. | cold HCI. Thebaine, sol. warm .* ° * eee ea III. Bitter Prin- Te Once ciples, etc. Tylophorine. Veratrine, not atonce.* | Absynthiin, Veratroidine (?). | Agoniapicrin. | Angosturin. II. Glucosides. ee ailcedrin, Acorin. Chirettin. Agoniadin, gradually. | Copalchin. Asclepiadin. Duleamarin. Bryonin. [Erythrocentaurin, Colocynthin. authorities differ. ] Digitalein. Menyanthin. Digitalin. Panaquilon. Digitonin. Quassiin. Euonymiz, slight. Santonin. Helleborein. Scrophularin. Limonin. Syrincopicrin, 6. PICRIC ACID. Arecoline. Calcitrapine. Arganine. Cannabinine. Aspidospermine. Carpaine. Atherospermine. Cheerophylline. Bebeerine. Cinchonine, 1 in Bellamarine. 100,000 erys. Berberine, crys. Cocaine. Brucine, 1 in 10,000 Cocamine. [Codeine, 1-in 250.] Picric Acip (6).] [Colehicine, not di- | lute.] Conhydrine. Corydaline, Cytisine. Delphinine. Emetine, 1 in 25,000. Erythrine. Eupatorine. Gelsemine. Hydrastine. Hymenodictyonine. Hyoscyamine. Imperialine. Lobeliine. Mandragorine. | Narceine, crys. Narcotine. | Oleandrine, | Oxyacanthine. [Papain. | Papaverine, crys. Pithecolobine, limit 1 | in 100,000. Protoveratridine. Protoveratrine. Quinidine, crys. | Quinine. Pseudopelletierine. Sparteine. Strychnine, 1 in 20,000 crys. | Taxine. Thebaine. Tropidine. Ulexine. Veratrine. II. Glucosides are not precipitated ; exceptions are : Adonin. Euonymin (not at once). Limonin (alcoholic soln.) CLASSIFICATION OF III. The following Alkaloids are not precipitated, or only from concen- trated solutions. Arecaine. Aconitine. Atropine. Caffeine (Theine). Chrysanthemine. Coniine. | Jurubebine. | Morphine, pp. coned. | Nicotine, pp. conced. Physostigmine, coned, Pseudomorphine. Sabadilline (not 1 in 150). PP: | Sabatrine(not 1in 150), Solanine (A.-G.). Theine, pp. concd. Theobromine. Trigonelline. Veratrine, pp. concd, 7. FERRIC CHLORIDE gives colour reactions with a considerable number of substances, and precipitates with a few, as indicated below. When not otherwise stated, the chloride is the iron salt used; in some instances, however, the action of ferrous sulphate is shown. should be in form of salts. I. Alkaloids giving | coloration (no pp. unless _ specially mentioned). Aconitine, pp. y. Adansonine, gn. Angeline, violet. Apomorphine, r., then | black. Arecaidine, r. Colchicine, gn. colour or pp. [Cotarnine, FeS0,.] Cupreine, dark bn. pp. by Alkaloids Cytisine, r. Geissospermine, bl. Guvacine, deep red. Hypoquebrachine, r. Laudanine, gn. [Lobeliine, bn. pp. by FeSO,.] Morphine, bl. REACTIONS, ETC. Muscarine. Nartinic Acid, r.-bn. Oleandrin (Neriodo- rin), r.-bn. [Free Nicotine gives pp. ferric hydrate. | [Physostigmine, free, as Nicotine. ] Piliganine, r. pp. Piperine, pp. Pseudomorphine, or bn.-gn. Ratanhine, violet. Sinapine - thiocyanide, blood-red on warm- bl. ing. Sophorine, blood-red. [Strychnine, light bn. if concd. | Trigonelline, r. Ulexine, dark r. Ustilagine, dark y. { Veratrine, pp. hydro- chlorie solution. | II. Glucosides giving coloration (or pp. where so stated). Agoniadin, pp. Arbutin, blue. | Chicorin, gn. [Daphnin, faint blue if concentrated. | Datiscin, bn.-gn. pp. | Fraxin, gn.-y. pp. Helixin, gn. Hesperidin, bn.-r. Melanthin, y.-gn., (al- coholic). 153 [FERRIC CHLORIDE (7). Naringin, r.-bn. Quercetrin, dark gn. Rhamnin, olive - gn. dilute, bn.-r. if con- centrated. [Saponin, cloud warm. ] Sennapicrin, gn. Sophorin, r.-bl. Strophanthin, and slight pp. Xanthostrumarin, dark gn. pp. gn.-y. III. Bitter Principles (Amaroids) and Glucoside - deriva- tives giving colora- tion (or pp. where so stated). | Agoniapicrin, bn. Aloin, gn.-black. Apiin, dark r. ; FeSO, blood-red warm. {Capsicin, no change cold, r. pp. hot. ] Catechin, gn.-bn. Ceratophyllin, r.-v. {Daphnetin,gn. concd. | Fisetin, black - gn. (black pp. with am- monia). Hesperetin, bn. Hop resin, bn. pp. Kosin, r. (alcoholic). Mangostin, dark gn.-bl. Meconin, blood-r., not decolourized by HCl). [Quassiin, bn. warm. | Quercetin, dark-gn.; r. warm. Rbamnetin, bn.-gn. (al- coholic). Saligenin, indigo-bl. {[Santonin, pp. FeSO,.] by IV. No action with following : Alkaloids. Anthocercine. Atropine. Cinchonamine. Cinchonidine. Cocamine. Codeine. Cuscamine. Hyoscyamine. Lanthopine. Laudanosine. [Narceine, after heat- ing till fumes, blue]. Narcotine. Oxynarcotine, Quinine. Sabadilline. Sabatrine. Theine. Theobromine, Tylophorine. Glucosides. [Achillein, no action FeSO,.] Coniferin, no pp. Gentiopicrin. Helleborein. 20 154 PLatinuM CHLORIDE (8).] Rhinanthin, no colour. Sinalbin, no colour till boiled alkali. Villosin. Amaroids and Gluco- side derivatives. with | Cailcedrin. Caincin. | Capsicin, see ITI. CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC, Cornin. Erythrocentaurin. Opionin. Picrotoxin. Syringopicrin. 8. PLATINUM CHLORIDE forms with hydrochlorides of the alka- loids double salts, which are mostly soluble with difficulty in water ; others, however, are readily soluble, and a tated, or are only deposited from concentrat re consequently not precipi- ed solutions. The formule of these double salts are usually (NR*HCl), PtCl,or N,R(HCl).PtCl,, so that the ratio of nitrogen to platinum is N, : Pt, but there are a few exceptions to this rule. Platinum chloride is reduced by some substances, and occasionally gives colour effects. I. Alkaloids precipi- tated or causing re- duction (pp. unless otherwise stated). Abrotine, df. sol. Aconitine, concen- trated only. | Akazgine. Apomorphine, y. Aricine. Aspidosamine. [Aspidospermine, blue solution, or y. pp-| Atherospermine, y. Atropine, concd. only] ebeerine, y., insol. HCl. Bellamarine, y. Berbamine, white crys. Berberine. Brucine, y- Calamine, reduction. Cannabine. Ceanothine, Chairamidine, y. flocct. Chairamine, needles. Chenopodine. Cinchonidine, se. sol. Cinchonine, 1 in 500. Cocaine, peculiar crys. Cocamine. Codeine, y. Conchairamine, dark y. Concusconine, y. Conessine. Corydaline, y. crys. Cotarnine, y. crys. Cryptopine, sol. warm. Cupreine, df. sol. (dark gn. on heating the dry salt). Curarine, y. [Cytisine, strong soln. ] Damascenine. Delphinine. Ditamine, crys. Ecboline, y. Echitenine, y. Emetine, whitish. Ergotine. Ergotinine. Erythrine. Geissospermine, y. Gelsemine, y. Gnoscopine, pale y. Granditlorine, y. Harmaline, crys. Harmine, y., grad. crys. Hydrastine, y.-r. Hymenodictyonine. [ Hyoscyamine, coned. only. | Hypoquebrachine, y. then r. Igasurine, y. Laudanosine, y. Laurotetanine. Lobeliine. Mandragorine. Meconidine, y.~red. Morphine, 1 in 100, or after 24 hours 1 in 3,000. Narceine, y. erys. [Narcotine, strong so- lution. | [ Nicotine, sol. HCl.] Oleandrine. [Oxyacanthine, y., sol. HCl.] Papaverine, white. Paytamine. Paytine, dark y. [ Physostigmine, not 1 in 250.] [Piperine, coned. only. | [Piturine, not 1 in 100.] nearly | Porphyrine. [Pseudaconitine, con- centrated only, | Quinidine, nearly white. Quinine, nearly white. Rheadine, y. Sapotine, y. : [Scopoline, coned., y.] Sparteine, y. Strychnine, crys. Taxine. Thebaine. [Theine, coned. only.] Theobromine, slowly. Trianospermine. Ulexine, y. 9. GOLD CHLORIDE forms v which are mostly insoluble or difficultl has usually the formula R-HCI1-AuC),. [GoLtp CuLoRIDE (9). Veratrine, not ver A wh dilute. | II. Non - basic sub- stances precipi- tated or causing reduction. Acorin, reduction, Agoniapicrin. Aloin, colour effects, see Part I. Arnicin, pp. (alcoholic). Bryonin, pp. Catechin, reduction. Mangostin. Papain (ferment). III. Alkaloids not precipitated, or only in concentrated so- lutions. [Aconitine, pp. coned. } Amarylline. Angeline. Arecoline. [ Atropine, pp. concd.] Calcitrapine, cloud. Chrysanthemine. | [Coniine, pp. concd. | [Cytisine, pp. conced. | | Ecgonine. Ergotine (pp. in ether+ alcohol), [Hyoscyamine, _ pp. concd. | Jurubebine. Lycoctonine. [ Morphine, see list L.] | Narcotine, ,, te [Nicotine, ,, Be Pelletierine. [Pbysostigmine, see I.] Picraconitine. Piliganine. [Piperine, pp. coned.] [ Piturine,not 1 in 100.) Protoveratridine. Protoveratrine. [Pseudaconitine, concd. | Ratanhine ( Angeline). [Sabadilline, see I.] [Sabatrine, see L] [Theine, pp. concd.] ‘Trigonelline. Pp- IV. Non-basic sub- stances giving no pp. Araliin. Cailcedrin. Californin. Coriamyrtin. Erythrocentaurin, Helleborein. Panaquilon. Podophyllotoxin. Picrotoxin. Rosaginin. Strophanthin. rms with hydrochlorides of alkaloids compounds y soluble in water ; the double salt Reduction of the gold salt very Goip CHLORIDE (9).] frequently occurs on stan other substances also cause reduction. I. Alkaloids giving pp. or causing re- duction. (Pp. understood unless otherwise mentioned.) Acolyctine. Aconine, y. duction. Aconitine, S50): Akazgine. Apomorphine, purple. Arecoline, y., oily, df. sol. and re- y- (MP. Aricine, y., amor- phous. Aspidosamine. Atherospermine, y. Atropine, y. Bebeerine, light y. Benzoyl-ecgonine, sol. hot alcohol. Berberine, orange. Brucine, pp. sol. HCl; dirty y., amorphous. Calcitrapine, y. Carpaine, limit 25,000. Chelerythrine, dark r. (M.P. 233°). Chelidonine, dark r. Chrysanthemine, y. erys. ; sol. hot. Ciuchonidine, y. (M.P. about 100°). Cinchonine, limit 200,000. Cocaine, light y. fern- like erys. Cocamine. Codeine, bn. (not 1 in 1,000). Colchiceine. Colchicine. Colloturine, y., floccu- lent. Concusconine, dirty y. and reduction. Conessine, Coniine. Conquinamine, y. purple. ; Corydaline, y. crys. Cy tisine. Damascenine. Daturine, y. Delphinine, y. Ditamine, sol. erys. cold. Ecboline. Eegonine, phous. Emetine, phous. Ergotine. Ergotinine. Erythrine. [Eupatorine. tion only. | Geissospermine, deep red colour. Gelsemine, y., sol. hot. Hydrastine, reddish y. Hyoscine. to hot ; y., amor- y., amor- colora- CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. ding, or even immediately. Glucosides and Hyoscyamine, whitish- yellow. Hypoquebrachine, y., then violet. Laurotetanine. Lobeliine, insol. HCl. Lupanine, y.,sol. warm, crys. cold. Mandragorine, sol. hot (M.P. 153°-155°.) Meconidine, dirty y., amorphous. Morphine, at once, 1 in 5,000. Narceine,! in 5,000. [ Narcotine, only strong solutions. ] Nicotine, cloud 1 in 10,000. Oleandrine, Papaverine, dirty y., distinet at 5,000. [Paytamine, reduc- tion. | [Paytine, reduction. ] Pelletierine, pp. ; re- duction on warming. Physostigmine, pp.and reduction, blue col- oration. Picraconitine, very in- sol. Piliganine, y., altered by light. Pilocarpine. Piturine, pale red; 1 in 100. Porphyrine. Protoveratrine. Pseudaconitine. Pseudopelletierine. Quebrachine, y., amor- phous. Quinamicine. Quinamidine, purple. Quinamine, y. to r. and reduction. Quinicine, y., amor ph. Quinidine, y. Quinine, y.,amorphous. Rheadine, y., floccu- lent. Sabadilline, not very dilute. Sabatrine, dilute. Scopoline, y. Solanine. Strychnine, HCl. Taxine (?). Thebaine, y.-bn. ; limit not very pp. sol. 10,000. 155 [SitverR Nirrate (10). [Theine, slowly crys. ] | Theobromine, slowly crys, | [ Veratrine, not very dilute ; M.P. 182°.] II. Non-basic sub- | stances causing re- | duction. (Pp. only where stated.) Absynthiin, pp. cold; reduction on warm- ing. Acorin. Adonin. Aloin, red, then violet. Catechin, red-brown. Digitalin, crys. pp. [Ericolin, reduction warm. | Mangostin. [Menyanthin, reduc- tion warm. | Quercetin. Robinin. Sophorin, y. crys. pp. III. No reaction with following : (A.= Alkaloid. G.=Glucoside. B.= Bitter Principle.) Capsicin, B., no pp. Cnicin, B. [ Menyanthin, G., cold; see IT.] [Narcotine, A., see I.] [Picrotoxin, B., slight reduction on warm- ing. | Pilocarpidine, A. Quassiin, B. Saponin, G. | Strophanthin, B. Theine, A, | D0 af Theobromine | Nae 10. SILVER NITRATE is reduced by the following, or gives pp. (where this is mentioned): I. Alkaloids. Aconine, Anthocercine, slight pp. Capsaicin, purple on heating. Capsicin, pp. in strong alcoholic solution. Capsicol, pp. soluble in ammonia. Cupronine. | lizes. Dibromapophylline. | Lobeliine, pp. soluble in ammonia and HNO. Macrocarpine, pp.=pure Macroe, Morphine, red colour. Oxyacanthine, white pp. Pseudaconine (ammoncl. AgNO,). Quinidine, pp. | Theobromine, pp. gradually crystal- 156 Sitver Nirrare (10.)] Glucosides. Antiarin (ammoniacal AgNOs). Chicorin, Convolvulin, pp. (?). Cyclamin. {Daphnin, warming. | Gentiopicrin (ammoniacal AgNO,). Menyanthin as is Quercetrin. Rbamnin. Robinin, slow reduction, [Saponine, slow warming. | Sinalbin, white pp., then black pp. of Ag.S. Solanine. Strophanthin. Xanthostrumarin, slight reduction on warming, or at once with ammoniacal AgNO,. slight reduction on Bitter principles and Glucoside derivatives. ABsculetin. 11. FEHLING’S SOLUTION (alkaline copper tartrate) is reduced by | the following : reduction on | CLASSIFICATION OF Arnicin (alcoholic). Cantharidin, white crys. pp. Catechin, gn. pp. ~ violet-black (ammoniacal AgNO,). Cornin, white crys. Cyclamiretin. Daphnetin. Lactucin (ammoniacal AgNO,). Lygustron 55 * Ononid, pp. Ophelic Acid. Quercetin. Rhamnetin. Sapogenin (ammoniacal AgNO,). II. No reaction with following : Aloin. Ceratophyllin. Cnicin. Ericolin. Erythrocentaurin. Picrotoxin. Quassiin. Scoparin. Villosin. Coriamyrtin. Alkaloids. Glucosides. CG ? Ze yclamin, white pre- Aconine, on boiling. Acorin. cipitate. Aspidospermine. Bergenin. [Helixin, after inver- Ceanothine, on boiling. | Camellin. sion. | [Echitamine, after | Cephalanthin, after Tndican. treatment withacid]. boiling. [Melanthin, after in- [Lobeliine, after treat- | Chamielirin, after boil- version. | ment with acid. | ing Menyanthin, Valdivine,aftertreat- | Chicorin, [Phillyrin, after inver- ment with alkali.] | Colocynthin. sion. ] REACTIONS, ETC, [PorassiuM FERROCYANIDE (12). Picrocrocin, on warm- | [Xanthostrumarin, | Fisetin (on warming). shee after inversion. | | Karakin, gn. pp. or ee on boiling. | reduction. obinin. RB ae Kellin. Saponin, slowly. Hither Erciuiegaue Lactucin. | Sinalbin (copper sul- | ¢ivg. | Ophelic Acid. phide also formed). : | Picrotoxin. Smilacin. Aisculetin, Quercetin, on boiling. [Villosin, after inver- | Cyclamiretin, pp. | Rhamnetin, cold. sion. | Daphnetin. Sapogenin, slightly. Not by the following (amongst others) : Alkaloids. | Helixin, not till in- | Xanthostrumarin, not Galamine: | _ verted. till inverted. Lobeliine (not ill in- | Linemaria. cach | ares A Melanthin, not till in- Bitter Principles and ae oes | verted. Glucoside deriva- Reece Phillyrin, not till in- _ tives. Pseudaconine. ae . . Mheine, ifipuce) , _ verted. Aristolochin. a | Rhamnin, no pp. Chirettin. 5 Sapotin. Tlixanthin. Glucosides. Solanine. Marrubiin. Arbutin. Strophanthin. Opionin. Diosmin. Villosin, not till in- Sikimin. | Gentiopicrin. verted. Syringopicrin. 12. POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE. I. Gives precipitates with the following alkaloids : Akazgine. Apomorphine, warm). Atherospermine. Bebeerine, y. Brucine, y. crys. (blue on exposure), not 1 in 500. Cinchonidine, reddish-y. crys. reddish- y. (gn. Cinchonine, yellowish-white, not 1 in 500, sol. warm. Cocaine, sol. in excess. Codeine, white (alcoholic), slight pp. 1 in 1,000. [ Colchicine, concd. } Curarine. Emetine, 1 in 1,000. Harmaline, red. Hydrastine, white. Hymenodictyonine. ae PorassiUM FERROCYANIDE (12 Hyoscine, white amorphous. [ Morphine, not 1 in 100.] Narceine. [Narcotine, concd.] Quinidine, y.-white crys. Quinine, soluble warm or in ex- cess, Strychnine, nearly white crys., 1 in 1,000. Thebaine, sol. in excess. )J | | II. No pp Aconitine. Atropine. Colchicine, except coned, Hyoscyamine. Morphine (not 1 in 100). [Narcotine, see I. ] Nicotine. Pilocarpine. Saponin, G., clond. Sparteine. Ulexine. 13. POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE. I. Gives precipitants with the following alkaloids : Apomorphine, white, then violet to black, Bebeerine, yellow. [Codeine, crys. ; Plugge. | [Gelsemine, reduction only. | Harmaline, oily pp., changing to gn.-bl. crys. Hymenodictyonine. [Morphine, reduces; no pp. 1 in 60, but on standing. ] Papaverine, slight pp. not 1 in 70, Piliganine, greenish. Strychnine, gn.-y. crys. II. No pp. with: Aconitine. | Atropine. [ Codeine, see I.] Hyoscine. [Morphine, see I. | Narcotine. Nicotine. Picrotoxin, B. | omen not 1 Sabatrine, not 1 in 150.] Saponin, G., cloud. . with : CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. Conchairamine. Corydaline, white. Curarine. Erythrine. Harmaline, y. crys. Laurotetanine. Loturine. 100. Quebrachine. Quinicine, oily. Emetine, y., 1 in 2,500. Harmine, white crys. Morphine, white crys. ; | Narcotine, 1 in 200. Papaverine, sol. hot. Quinine, white needles. Cupreine, grad. crys. pp. not 1 in following : Brucine, y. crys.; up to 1 in 500. Chelerythrine. Chelidonine. in 150.) Corydaline, Morphine.” 14. POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANIDE (KSCN). Pp. Akazgine. Apomorphine, white, sol. warm. Aspidosamine. Aspidospermine. Atherospermine. Bebeerine, white crys. Brucine, gradually Carpaine. Cinchonine, white crys. ; Colloturine. not 1 in 500. ; sol. alcohol. Codeine, grad. erys., sol. warm. 1 in 100. Emetine (avoid excess). Harmine, pp. with decompn. Codeine (Cod. chromate). I. Gives precipitate or colora- flocculent, then iSenetines aye tion with : Alstonine, blood-red coln. 157 [Porassium Brouromatr (16). | Strychnine, white crys, (sensitive). | [Veratrine, if coned. | No pp. Atropine. oe Helixin, G., transient rose-colour. Hyoscine. Hyoscyamine. Karakin, B. Loturidine, [ Morphine, not 1 in 100.] Nicotine. Picrotoxin, B. [Sabadilline, not 1 in 150. ] | [Sabatrine, not 1 in 150.] | Saponin, cloud. | [Veratrine, pp. coned. only. ] | 15. POTASSIUM CHROMATE. | I. Gives precipitates with the [ Narceine, not cold, but when hot | __as Papaverine. | Narcotine (pp.=free base). Papaverine.* Thebaine (T. chromate.) II. No pp. with: Anthocercine. Atropine. Cytisine. [Narceine, not cold; see I.] Nicotine. 16. POTASSIUM BICHROMATE. Apomorphine, orange pp. Atropine, pp. gradually 1 in 3,000, Bebeerine, light y. pp. Bellamarine, pp. crys. * Precipitate contains free base as well as alkaloidal chromate. 158 PorassiuM Bicuromate (16).] Berberine, pp. amorphous, Brucine, gradually crys. Cinchonine, grad. erys. Codeine, grad. pp. 1 in 3,000. Corydaline, pp. Curarine, pp. amorphous, Damascenine, pp. y. Emetine, grad. y. pp. ° Erythrine, pp. Erythrophleeine, y. pp. Fumarine, pp. Harmine, pp. Hydrastine, y. pp. Hymenodictyonine, y. pp- Imperialine, y. crys. [Narceine, not neutral soln., grad. pp. if acid. ] Narcotine, shght pp. 1 in 400. Papaverine, pp. Piliganine, y. pp. 17. PHOSPHO-MOLYBDIC ACID (Sonnenschein’s Reagent) pre- | CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. Porphyrine, y. ppand red coloration. Quinidine, y. pp. | Quinine, y. pp. Strychnine, y. crys. pp. Thebaine, pp. Theobromine, cloud, then grad. pp. at 1 in 3,000. Veratrine, grad. pp. 1 in 3,000. No pp. Aconitine, cloud. Amarylline. [Cocaine, not dilute, | Delphinine. Morphine, scarcely cloud 1 in 100, Narceine, not neutral ; see I.| | Sabadilline, not 1 in 150. Sabatrine, % 5 Theine, not 1 in 3,000. cipitates alkaloids with very few, exceptions ; those liable to oxidation give bluish colours on addition of ammonia, this coloration being in other cases observed even in acid solution. The following list includes all the more important bases, together with some others of lesser significance. *—blue with ammonia. I. Alkaloids precipitated : Acolyctine. Aconine, gray-bluish, Aconitine, light y. flocculent. Anagyrine. Angeline, partly. Anthocercine, Alpha-homo-chelidonine. Arecoline. Aspidospermine, white. Atherospermine, dirty y. *Atropine, y. flocct. *Bebeerine. Beta-homo-chelidonine. Brucine, orange flocculent. Calamine. Calcitrapine, y.; bl.-gn. after 24 hrs. Cannabine. Cannabinine, white. Carpaine, limit 75,000. Ceanothine. Cinchonine, cloud up to 200,000. Cocaine, cloud up to 50,000, Codeine, limit 50,000. Colchiceine, Colchicine, *Coniine. Curarine, Cytisine, 1 in 10,000. Damascenine, white. Delphinine, gray.-y. Ecboline. Eegonine, y. Emetine, up to 1 in 25,000. Erythrophloeine, dirty gn. Ergotine. Ergotinine. Hymenodictyonine, y. Hyoscyamine, y. flocculent. Laurotetanine, *Lobeliine, yellowish-white. Morphine. | Narceine, limit 50,000. Narcotine, bn.-y. ; limit 4,000. Nicotine (cloud at 40,000). Oxyacanthine, y.-white. Pelletierine. Physostigmine, 1 in 25,000. | Piliganine, y. Piperine, bn. Protoveratrine. Pseudojervine, cloud 1 in 10,000, Pseudopelletierine, pale y. Quinine, white ; y. with ammonia. Sabadilline, cloud 1 in 5,000. Sabatrine, a oe Scopoline, white. [PHosPuo-TUNGsTIC ACID (18). Solanine, light y. Sparteine, white. Strychnine, y.-white. Taxine. Thebaine, extreme limit 50,000, Theine, Theobromine, y. ; Veratralbine, cloud 1 in 3,500. Veratrine, cloud 1 in 5,000. II. Non-basic substances precipi- tated. | Acorin, reduction ; blue. Chameelirin, y.-white. Euonymin, gn.-y. Helleborein. Menyanthin, y. [Solanine, A.-G., see I.] | Strophanthin, if coned. ] III. No precipitate with follow- ing: Arecaine, A, cloud. Chrysanthemine, A. Coriamyrtin, G. Digitalin, G. Eupatorine, A., green colour, Lycoctonine, A. Papaverine, A. Picrotoxin, B. | Salicin, G. {Strophanthin, emerald solution; pp. if coned. ] 18. PHOSPHO-TUNGSTIC ACID (Scheibler’s Reagent). Pp. Aconitine. Alpha-homo-chelidonine. Anthocercine. ; Aricine (cioud 1 in 50,000). Arganine. —— o Puospuo-runcstic Acip (18).] Atropine. : Beta-homo-chelidonine. Calabarine. Cannabine. Cocaine, gelatinous. Corydaline. Cytisine, 1 in 30,000. Helleborein, G., and tungstic acid. . Hyoscine. Hyoscyamine. Laurotetanine. [Lobeliine, pp. by Meta-tungstic | acid. | by Meta- | CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. Mandragorine. [Morphine, cloud 1 in 10,000.] Narcotine, limit 1 in 8,000. Pilocarpine, white. [Spigeline, pp. by Meta-tungstic acid. | Strychnine, 1 in 200,000. No pp. [Chamelirin, G., Meta - tungstic acid. | | Strophanthin, G. 19. PHOSPHO-ANTIMONIC ACID (Schultz’s Reagent). Pp: | Artarine, slight pp., sol. in excess, | Atropine, up tol in 5,000; sol.warm. | Brucine. Cinchonine, bluish-white pp. | in 1,000, cloud at 1 in 5,000. Narcotine, y. flocculent 1 in 1,000, cloud 1 in 2,500. Quinine. Strychnine, white flocculent 1 in | 5,000, cloud 1 in 25,000. Veratrine. | No pp. | [Codeine, dirty white, cloud 1 in 1,000. ] [Digitalin, G., cloud 1 in 1,000.] | Morphine, not 1 in 1,000. ] | Nicotine, cloud 1 in 250. ] [Piperine, yellow coloration in dilute solutions. | Theine. [| Theobromine, cloud 1 in 1,000.] 20. IODO-POTASSIC IODIDE ( Wagner’s Solution) precipitates almost every alkaloid without exception. The following list includes all the more important bases, besides many of the rarer ones. the reagent may vary without greatly affecting the result. The strength of Precipitates are generally brown or reddish-brown, and amorphous. k=kermes-coloured. Aconitine. Apomorphine, blood- | Aspidospermine, y. Akazgine. red, sol. warm. Atherospermine, bn.- Anthocercine. Aricine, pp, cloud yellow. 50,000. 159 [Bismutu-Porassic Topipe (21). Atropine, r.-bn. Bebeerine, k Berberine, k. Brucine, k. Calamine. bn. Calcitrapine. Cannabinine. Ceanothine. Cinchonine, k., 1 in 500,000. Ergotine. Grandiflorine, y. Hydrastine, bn. Hymenodictyonine, Hyoscine, oily. Hyoscyamine, orange. Igasurine, bn. Imperialine, dark y. Lobeliine, bn. Quinidine, K. Quinine, r.-bn. Sabadilline, k. Sabatrine, k. Scopoline, bn. Spigeline, bn.-r. Strychnine, k., limit 50,000. Taxine, y. Thebaine, 1 in 5,000 ; crys., Cocaine, bn. ; cloud | Lycoctonine. ‘extreme limit 50,000. 200,000. Mandragorine. [Theine, if concen- Codeine, k., crys. Morphine, k., 5,000. trated. ] Colchicine, 1 in 2,500. Conhydrine. Coniine, k., 1 in 8,000, Corydaline, bn. Narceine, crys. Narcotine, k., 8,000. Nicotine, r.-bn. Papaverine, 1 in 50,000. [Theobromine, if con- centrated. | Tritopine. Veratrine, k. Cryptopine. Pelletierine. poe ee F Be ne = Glucosides and bitter purple. Piliganine, light bn. principles are not pre- cipitated as a rule. An Delphinine, k., 3,000. Protopine. Peet to, tomer Eegonine, r.-bn, Pseudojervine. ia LO) ON pore Emetine, 1 in 25,000. Pseudopelletierine, COABS: 18: Erythrophiceine, y.-r. pale bn. needles. Euonymin, r.-bn. pp. PAs BISMUTH-POTASSIC IODIDE (Dragendorff’s Reagent). Pp. Aconitine, orange, 1 in 40,000. Amarylline, y. Anagyrine. Anthocercine. Apomorphine, limit 10,000. Arecaine, red, becoming crys. Arecoline, ,, 5 Artarine, r. flocculent. Atropine, orange, 1 in 10,000 floceu- lent. Bebeerine, orange-red. Bellamarine, white. Berberine, orange-r.; limit 5,000. Brucine, orange-r. ; 1 in 10,000. Calcitrapine, orange. Ceanothine. Chelidonine, orange-red. Chrysanthemine, orange, grad. crys. Cinchonine, orange-r.; cloud 200,000. Codeine, orange ; slight at 50,000. Colchicine, 160 CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC, Bismuru-Porassic Iopipe (21).] Coniine, y., limit 6,000. Corydaline. Cryptopine. Curarine. Delphinine, orange-r. Emetine, 1 in 25,000. Erythrophloeine, y. Hymenodictyonine, r, Hyoscyamine, r. amorphous. Imperialine, orange. Lycoctonine, 1 in 40,000. Morphine (faint at 5,000. Narceine. Narcotine, orange-r. ; limit 4,000. Nicotine, pp. cloud 1 in 40,000. Papaverine, orange-r.; slight at 10,000, Piperidine, the Hydriodide. | Quinine, orange-r.; cloud 50,000. Strychnine, orange-red ; limit 250,000. Taxine, y. Thebaine, orange; slight at 10,000, Theine, 1 in 3,000. {Theobromine, cloud if dilute. | | Veratrine, not dilute } Of the Glucosides, Menyauthin gives y. pp., and Digitalin pp. in concentrated solutions. 22. CADMIUM-POTASSIC IODIDE (Marmé’s Reagent). Pp. Ancoihtine. wite 1 in 1,000, cloud | 1 in 2,500. Alpha-homo-chelidonine. Amarylline, y. Artarine, y. flocculent. Atropine. Bebeerine. Bellamarine, white. Beta-homo-chelidonine. Berberine. Brucine, crys. Calcitrapine, orange-y. Ceanothine, Chelidonine, Cinchonine, hair-like erys. ; 50,000. | Codeine, grad, crys. 1 in 500. | [Colchicine, only concd.] Coniine. Curarine. Cytisine. | Damascenine, white. Delphinine. Emetine, y. amorphous, | Erythrophleeine, white. Hymenodictyonine. Hyoscyamine, | in 10,000. Imperialine, white flocculent. Lycoctonine. | Morphine, needles 1 in 1,000 aftera time. | Narceine, 1 in 1,000, Narcotine, 1 in 3,000 ; limit 8,000. Nicotine. Papaverine, | in 1,000. Pelletierine. Physostigmine, pale y. 1 in 1,000. Piperine. Protoveratrine. Pseudopelletierine. Quinidine. Sparteine, white. Strychnine, flocculent. [Murcuric-Porassic TopipEe (24). Taxine. | Glycyrrhizin. Thebaine, up to 1 in 10,000. | Helleborein, G. Veratrine. _ Helleborio, G. Ononin, G. No pp. Protoveratridine, /Esculin, G. Amygdalin, G. Chameelirin, G. [Colchicine, only coned. | Colocynthin, G. Digitalin, G. Salicin, G. Saponin, G. Solanine (not dilute). Strophanthin, G. Theine. | [Theobromine, not dilute. | 23. ZINCIC-POTASSIC IODIDE. Pp. No pp. or scarcely. Berberine, amorphous (1 in 3,000 | Atropine. to 6,000). Cinchonidine. Codeine, long hair-like erys. (not 1 | Cinchonine. in 1,000). Coniine. Narceine, crys. become blue on ex- | Morphine. posure (feeble at 1 in 5,000). Narcotine. Papaverine, 1 in 10,000. Nicotine. Quinidine. Theine. Quinine. [ Veratrine, very slight pp. ] Strychnine. Thebaine (not 1 in 500). [ Veratrine, see opposite. ] 24. MERCURIC-POTASSIC IODIDE (Mayer's Solution), a very general precipitant of alkaloids, much used for quantitative determinations. Arecoline, y. oily, grad. crys. Aricine, pp. ; cloud 50,000. Artarine, y. flocculent. I. Alkaloids precipitated. Aconitine, white. Akazgine. Aspidospermine, y. flocculent. Amarylline, y.-green. Atisine, white. Anagyrine. Atropine, up to 1 in 7,000. Angeline, partially. Bebeerine, white. Anthocercine. Bellamarine, y.-green. Arecaine, y.-crys. Berberine. Mercuri¢ Porassic Lopipe (24). ] Boldine. Brucine, y.-white ; feeble at 50,000. Calabarine, insol. alcohol. Calamine. Calcitrapine, y. amorph. Cannabine. Cannabinine, white. Carpaine, limit 200,000. Ceanothine. Chelidonine, insol. alcohol. Chrysanthemine, y.-white. Cinchonine, pp. ; cloud at 500,000. Cocaine, pp. ; cloud at 1,000,000. Codeine, 1 in 5,000 ; limit 50,000. [Colchicine, coned. only, unlessacid, 1) Conhydrine. Coniine, adherent ; 1 in 800, Corydaline, y.-white. Curarine. Cytisine, 1 in 5,000. Damascenine, white. Delphinine, y.-white. Emetine, y. amorph, 25,000. Ergotine. Erythrine. Erythrophloeine, white. Gnoscopine, white. Grandiflorine, y. Hydrastine. Hymenodictyonine, white. Hyoscine, yellow. Hyoscyamine, white. Imperialine, red-y. Laurotetanine. Lobeliine, pale y. Lycoctonine. Morphine, amorph. ; limit 2,500. Narceine, feeble at Tin 10, 000. Narcotine, white ; slight at 8 limit 50,000. 8,000 ; Nicotine, adherent limit PANY 000. Papayerine, white ; 1 in 1,000. Physostigmine, pp. melts at 70° sol. alcohol. Picraconitine. Piliganine, white. Piperine, y.-white. Pithecolobine, limit 200,000, Protoveratridine. Protoveratrine. Pseudaconitine. Pseudojervine, pp. ; cloud at 6,000. Quinidine, limit 50,000. Quinine, amorph. ; limit 125,000. Rheadine, pale y Sabadilline, y. she cloud at 5,000. Sabatrine, Sapotine. Spigeline, white crys. Strychnine, white; limit 150,000. PP: 5 ” ” oh Thebaine, slight "at 5,000, faint 50,000. Ustilagine. Veratrine, y.-white ; cloud at 5,000. Veratroidine, PP. 3 cloud at 5,000. II. Non-basic substances precipi- tated. Acorin. Euonymin, white. Menyanthin, white. [Sikimin, clond. | Sophorin, white. III. No pp. with: | Chameelirin, G. | [Colchicine, A., see I] CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. [Digitalin, G., pp. coned. | Gonolobin, G. Helleborein, G. Karakin, B. 161 [Mercuric CHLORIDE (25 Solanine, A.-G Strophanthin, G. Theine, A. [Theobromine, A, not dilute. | 25. MERCURIC CHLORIDE. I. Alkaloids Precipitated : (w.=white, grad.=gradually, y.=yellow, sol. =soluble. ) Aconitine, w., grad. crys. ; in 100. Akazgine, sol. warm. Apomorphine, w. Aspidosamine. Aspidospermine, w. Atherospermine, w. Atropine, part. sol. then pp. at 3,000. Bebeerine, w., sol. Ammon. Chlor. Berberine, amorph.; insol. HCl. Beta-homo-chelidonine. Brucine, amorph. (except coned.). Chelerythrine, y.-w. Cinchonidine, erys., df. sol. Cinchonine, feeble at 1 in 1,000. Cocamine. Cocaine, w. Codeine, not 1 in 500. Conessine. Coniine, w Cryptopine, sol. warm. Curarine. [Cytisine, free, gives pp., but not the salts]. Damascenine, w. Delphinine, 1 in 3,000, grad. Ditamine, sol. hot, crys. cold. up to 1 HCl; cloud, HCl, or in Ecboline, pp. (in acid solution). Echitenine, pele y. Emetine, w. 1 in 1,000; cloud at 1 in 3,000. Ergotine, pp., but not in acid solu- tion. | Erythrine, Erythrophleeine, w. Hydrastine. Hymenodictyonine. Hyoscine, amorphous. Hyoscyamine. Laurotetanine. Morphine, w. crys., 1 in 100. Narceine, not 1 in 100. Narcotine, cloud, then pp. [Nicotine. free, w. up to 1 in 3,000. | Oxyacanthine. Papaverine, slowly ; not 1 in 500. Physostigmine, sol. HCL (no pp. | in 500). Piturine, w., 1 in 100. [Piperine, not dilute. | Porphyrine. Pseudaconitine. Quebrachine. Quinidine, w. amorph. Quinine, w. amorph., sol. Ammon. Chloride. Rheadine, w Sapotine, w. | Strychnine, sol, alcohol. Thebaine, not 1 in 250. 21 162 MERCURIC CHLORIDE (25).] Theine, 1 in 1,000 grad. erys. Theobromine, pp. ; cloud at 3,000. Veratrine, M.P. 172° (no pp. 1 in | 500). II. Glucosides, etc., precipitated : Adonin, G, {Aloin, B., pp. with mercurous nitrate. | Arnicin, B. (alcoholic solution). Calendulin. Cantharidin, B., w. crys. Catechin, dirty w. (also pp. by | mercurous nitrate). [Convellamarin, pp. nitrate. | Emodin. [Melanthin, cloud. | Neriodorin, Ononid, B. [Santonin,t B. PP. mercurous nitrate.] | Sinalbin, G mercurous | III. Following substances nol | precipitated : Aloin, B. CLASSIFICATION OF Angelin. Angeline. Araliin, G. Arecoline, A. Californin, B. Chrysanthemine, A. [ Colchicine, pp. coned. ] Cornin, B. Cytisine, see I. Ergotinine, A. Erythrocentaurin, G. Helleborein, G. Lobeliine, A. Lycoctonine, A. Ratanhine (free). Rosaginin (alcoholic). Panaquilon, B. Picrotoxin, B. Protoveratrine, A. Sabadilline, not 1 in 150. Sabatrine, not 1 in 150. Scoparin, B. Solanine, G. Taxine, A. Trigonelline, A. 26. SOLUTIONS OF THE HALOGENS. Cl. = Chlorine water, Br. = treatment with chlorine water ; I. Following alkaloids reactions : Akazgine, pp. Alpha-homo-chelidonine, Br. pp. Anagyrine, I. bn. pp. Apoquinidine, Th. faint. | Apoquinine, Th. faint. Arecoline, I, bn. pp. give | Bromine water, I = Iodine tincture, Th = Thalleioquin test (green coloration on addition of ammonia after compare (Quinine. ) Aribine, Cl warm. Atropine, Br., y. crys. ; * Br. y. pp. i. I. gn. y.-bn. erys. | Beta-homo- chelidonine, Br. pp. Boldine, I. bn. pp. ; Br. and pps. sol: see Part I. | Berberine, © Ik red ring; see Part I. | Brucine, Cl., REACTIONS, ETC, colours y. then r., then white pp- Brucine, Br., violet coloration. 3 i bn. crys. Carpaine, ic pp. (limit 1 in 200,000). Chelerythrine, I. pp. | Chelidonine, I. pp. Cinchonidine. Cinchonine. Cocaine, I. bn. pp. Codeine, r.-bn. with Th. test; Br. PP. Corydaline, I. pp. Cupreine, ‘Th. Delphinine, I. pp. Dicinchonine. Ergotinine, Br. pp. Erythrine, I. pp. Homoquinine, Th. Hydroquinidine, Th. | Hydroquinine, Th. Hyoscyamine, I. pp. Laurotetanine, I. pp. Lupanine, I. bn.-r. pp. Lycoctonine, Br. pp. erys. Lycopodine, I. bn., cloud. Muscarine. | Narceine, I. crys. Narcotine, Cl. ammonia. Narcotine, Br. y. pp. Nicotine, I. long crys. solution). Oxyacanthine, Br. pp. Oxyacanthine, I. r.-bn. pp. Papaverine, Cl. greenish; bn. with ammonia. Papaverine, I. pp. erys. Pelletierine, Br. pp. Physostigmine, Br. r. coloration greenish ; y. with (ethereal [SoLuTrions oF HaLoGEns (26). Piliganine, Br., L., y. pp. Quinicine, Th. Quinidine, Th. Quinine, Th. Sabadilline, Br. cloud 1 in 5,000. Sabatrine, Br. cloud 1 in 5,000. Spigeline, I., bn.-r. pp Strychnine, Cl. white pp. (sensi- tive). | ‘Thebaine, r.-bn. with Th. test. 5 Br. pp. Veratrine, golden y. with Th. test. ns Br. cloud 1 in 5,000. II. Following non-basic stances give reactions: sub- | Acorin, I. pp. Aloin, Br. pp. | Menyanthin, I. y Picrolichenin, Cl. y. coloration. Santonin, Cl. grad. erys. Xanthostrumarin, Cl. y. tion. colora- III. No reaction or pp. with following : Atherospermine, Th. Cinchonamine, Th. | Cinchonicine, Th. Cinchonidine, ‘Lh. Cinchonine, Th. Cornin, I. Digitalin, I. Erythrocentaurin, Cl., Br., or I. Fumarine, Cl. no coloration. | Hydrastine, Cl. Macrocarpine, I. Picrotoxin, I. no pp. Sabadilline, Cl. Sabatrine, Cl. SuLpuuric Acip (27).] CLASSIFICATION OF 27. CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID produces colour changes | with an extremely large number of alkaloids, glucosides, and amaroids, when a fragment of the substance is brought in contact with it; in | many instances a succession of colours is given. I. Alkaloids giving red, purple, and violet shades.* [Aconitine, if impure r. or grad. v.] Apomorphine, r. Asiminine, gn.~r.~colourless, Atisine, y.~p. Beta-homo-chelidonine, v. Boldine, r. [Brucine, r. if acid, not pure. | Calcitrapine, see IT. Chelerythrine, y.-r. Cinchonamine, r.-y. [Cocaine, r. if not pure; see IV.] Corydaline, y.-r. (?) ; see IV. ~ (Adermann’s), y.~v. Cupronine, r. (bl.-v. with water). Curarine, r. or bl.wr. Delphinoidine, r.-v. Ditamine, r. Ecboline, dark r. Echitamine, p. Echitenine, r.-v. Eupatorine, r.-bn. Fumarine, v. Grandiflorine, y.~r. Heliotropine, y~r {Hydrastine, r. if acid, not pure. ] Hypoquebrachine, v. Laudanine, pink. Laudanosine, r.-bn. Laurotetanine, pale rose. [Narceine, if impure blood-r. or bl. ; see IT.] * Tt must not be overlooked that impure alkaloids frequently give colours, although the pure substances do not. | Assamic acid, G., ywr.~bl.~y. | Brucamarin, v. [Papaverine, if impure bl.-v..~v. ; see IV. ] Pareirine, v. Physostigmine, grad. r,; see IT.,11T. Porphyrine, p. Protoveratridine, v..cherry-r. Rheadine, r., or IIT. Rubijervine, r. Sabadilline, r. Sabadine, y..~blood-r.~y. Sabadinine, blood-r. Sabatrine, grad. r. Solanine, r.-y. Staphisagrine, r.~y., or LV. Taxine, p.~v. Thebaine, blood-r. Veratralbine, y.~r. Veratrine, y.~r. Veratroidine, see IT. Iu. Non-alkaloidal substances giving red, purple, and violet shades. Adonin, G., deep r. Angelin, B., r. Amygdalin, G., light v.-r. Californin, B., bn.-r. Calumbin, r. Camellin, r. Cascarillin, B., blood-r, Cerberin, v. REACTIONS, ETC. Chameelirin, B., r.~black. Cnicin, B., r..~v. {Convallamarin, v., acid to aqueous solution. | Convolvulin, G., grad. r, Copalchin, B., r. Cyclamin, G., r. Digitonin, G., v. Dulcamarin, B., r.~rose. Elaterin, B., dark r. Frangulin, G., gn..p.~dark r. Gratiosolin, bn.-r. Helixin, G., bright r. Helleborein, G., bn.-r. Helleboretin, bn.-r. Helleborin, G., blood-r. Hesperidin, r. (intense on warming). | Hydrocarotin, r. Jalapin, G., grad. r. Kosin, B., r. Laserpitin, B., r. Limonin, G., blood-r. Linin, B., dark vy. Mangostin, B., y.-r. Melanthin, G., rosewyv.-r. Menyanthin, G., y.-bn.~yv. Ononin, G., r.-y.~r. Panaquilon, p.-r. Phillygenin, r. Phillyrin, G., r.-v. Phloretin, r. Phlorrhizin, G., y.~r. Physodin, vy. Pimpinellin, B., r. Podophyllotoxin, rwgn.~bl.~y. Populin, G., r. | Quinovin, B., grad. r. Rosaginin, G., r.-bn. Salicin, G., r. | Saligenin, intense r- 163 [SuLpHuric Acrp (27). Sapogenin, grad. v. | Saponin, G., light r. | Sapotin, G., r. Scillin, r.-bn. Scillitoxin, r.~bn. Smilacin, dark r., or II. Sophorin, G., flesh-colour, Sparattospermin, gn..r. Tampicin, G., grad. r. Theveresin, G.-d., as Thevetin. Thevetin, G., r.-bn.~r.~y. Turpethin, G., grad. r. Urechitin, ) Urechitoxin, ( ¥°~"~P- Vernonin, G., bn.~p. II. Alkaloids giving yellow to brown colours : Alpha-homo-chelidonine, y, Amarylline, r.-bn.~bn, | Anthocercine, y.-bn. Atisine, see I. Berberine, y. Calcitrapine, dark bn..y,...gray-bn. Calycanthine, pale y. Ceanothine, r.-bn. Chelerythrine, y.-r. Cinchonamine, r.-y. Colchiceine, )} Colchicine, § Conchairamidine, y.wdark gn. Conchairamine, bn.~~intense gn. Corydaline (Adermann’s), y.~v. Delpbinine, light bn., or LV. | Delphinoidine, r.-bn. | Emetine, dirty bn. to gn. Gelsemine, y.~r.-bn., or LV. Gnoscopine, y. Grandiflorine, y.-r. Heliotropine, y.~r. 164 SuLpHuRIC ACID (27).] Hydrocotarnine, y, (r. warm). Imperialine, pale y. Javanine, intense y. Jervine, y. Laudanosine, r.-bn. Lobeliine, r.-bn. Narceine, if pure, bn.; see I. Oxyacanthine, r.-bn. (?); see IT. Paricine, y.-gn. Physostigmine, y.~gn.(?); see also ily (00 Piperine, y..vgn. slowly. Sabadine, see I. Solanine. Ustilagine, see ITI. Veratralbine, y.~r. Veratrine, y.~r. Veratroidine, orangemr, IIa. Non-alkaloidal substances giving yellow to brown colours. Absynthiin, see ITT. Agoniadin, G., light y.~gn. Andromedotoxin, B., bn. Antiarin, B., y.-bn. Assamic Acid, G., see I. Capsicin, bn. Digitalein, G., r.-bn., or LV. Diosmin, G., y. Ericolin, G., y.-bn. Euonymin, G., y.~r.-bn. Eupatorin, G., r.-bn. Euphorbon, B., y.-bn. Fraxetin, G.-d., y. Gentiopicrin, G., y. Gratiolin, y.-bn. Gratiosolin, bu.-r, Guacin, B., r.-bn. Helixin, G., y. CLASSIFICATION OF Helleborein, bn.-r. Helleborin, bn.-r. Junipicrin, B., light y, Liriodendrin, orange. Mangostin, B., y.-r. Menyanthin, G., y.-bn.~yv. Ononin, G., r.-y.~r. Phlorrbizin, G., y.~r. Picrotoxin, B., y. Prophetin, r.-bn, Rosaginin, G., r.-bn. Scillain, G., bn. Scillin, r.-bn. Scillitoxin, r..+bn. Smilacin, G., y.~r., or I. Solanine, A.-G. Strophanthin, G., pale y.-bn. Syringopicrin, gn.-bn. Urechitin )} I Urechitoxin | *°° ™ Xylostein, B., bn. Vernonin, see I. Villosin, G., light bn. REACTIONS, ETC. Geissospermine, colourless ~ bl..~ colouriess. Glaucine, bl. [Papaverine, if impure; see I. and IN Yell Paricine, y.-gn. | Physostigmine, y. ~ olive-gn. (?) ; III. Alkaloids giving blue and green colours. Aricine, dark gn. Aristine, bl..~gn.-bl. Asiminine, see I. Bebeerine, dirty olive-gn. Chairamidine, y.~dark gn. Codamine, gn. Conchairamidine, intense gn. Conchairamine, bn.~intense gn. Concusconine, bl.-gn.~olive-gn. Cryptopine, intense bl. Cuprine, deep bl. Curarine, r. or bl.~r, Cusconine, y.-gn. Emetine, see II, | see I. Piperine, see IT. Protoveratrine, grad. gn.~bl. Pseudomorphine, olive-gn., or LV. Quebrachamine, bl. Rheadine, olive-gn., or I. Thebaicine, bl. Thebenine, bl. Tylophorine, r.-bn.~gn.~bl. Ustilagine, bn.~intense gn. IIIc. Non-alkaloidal substances giving blue and green colours. Absynthiin, B., bn.~gn.~bl. Agoniadin, G., light y.~gn. Aristolochin, B., dark gn. Asclepiadin, G., y.-gn.deep gn. Assamic Acid, G., see I. Coniferin, G., v.-bl. Crocetin, G.-d., bl. Crocin, G., deep-bl. Digitalin, G., gn. (authorities differ). | Frangulin, G., gn..~p.~dark r, | Sparattospermin, gn.~r. Strophanthin, G., pale y.~bn.~gn. Syringin, G., dark bl. Syringopicrin, B., gn.~bn. Tulucunnin, bn.~y. IV. Alkaloids giving no colour, or very pale yellow merely. Aconine. Aconitine, see I. [Sutruuric Acip (27). Akazgine. Alstonidine. Anagyrine. Artarine. Atherospermine. Atropine. Brucine (red with trace HNO,). Carpaine. Chairamine. Chelidonine. Chrysanthemine. Cinchonidine. Cinchonine. Cinchovaic Acid. Cocaine. Codeine. Coniine. Coptine. Corydaline, see I. Cytisine. Delphinine, see II. Geissospermine, colourless at first ; see IIT. Gelsemine, or IIT. Hydrastine. Hyoscine. Hyoscyamine. Lanthopine. Lycoctonine. Morphine. Narcotine. Nicotine. Oxyacanthine, see IT. Papaverine, if pure ; see I. Picraconitine. Pilocarpine. Pseudojervine, if pure. Pseudomorphine, if pure acid ; see THEE Quinidine. SuLpHuric AcID (27).] Quinine. Ratanhine. Scopoline. Sparteine. Staphisagrine, see IT. Strychnine. Surinamine (Ratanhine). Thalictrine (?) Theobromine. Theine. Ulexine. Valdivine. CLASSIFICATION IVa. giving no colour or but slight yellow. Carapin, B. Ceratophyllin. Digitalein, or IT. Erythrocentaurin. Lactucin, B. Linamarin, G. Marrubiin, B. Meconin, B. Picrolichenin, B. Quassiin, B. | Santonin (colourless at first). Variolarin, B. 28. CONCENTRATED NITRIC ACID.—The colours produced by this acid are classified in the same way as those obtained with sulphuric acid. I. Alkaloids giving red, purple and violet shades. Aconitine, if impure;see IT. and IV. Apomorphine, v.-r. Asiminine, carmine~p. Aspidospermine, r. Boldine, r. Brucine, scarlet to blood-r. Capsaicin, r. Colchicine, see IT. Corydaline, grad. bn.-r. Cotarnine, r. Curarine, p. Damascenine, r.-yv. gradually. Ditamine, see II. Echitamine, p.~gn. Echitenine, r.~p.~gn.~y. Geissospermine, p. Grandiflorine, p. | Igasurine, r. Loxopterigine, r. Meconidine, reddish. Pareirine, blood-r. Paytamine, colourless~r. Physostigmine, y. or r. Porphyrine, p. Pseudomorphine, blood-r. Ratanhine® | 22 | = [Surinamine] ;T-Or V.; see lve Thebaicine, r. Tylophorine, p.-r. Veratroidine, see IT. [Vicine, colourless~grad. v. after evaporation. | Ia. Non-alkaloidal substances giving above colours. Camellin, G. Cascarillin, B., r.-v. OF Non-alkaloidal substances | REACTIONS, ETC. Chicorin, G., r. Colocynthin, G., light r. Daphnin, G., r. Daphnetin, grad. intense r. Ecbalin, B. | Fraxetin, dark v.wr..y.~colour- less. Gardenin, B., momentary r. Laserpitin, B., r. Scillotoxin, see Ila. Sinalbin, G., transient blood-r, Syringin, G., blood-r. II. Alkaloids giving yellow to brown colours. [Aconitine, if impure, y., r.,or bn.] | Anthocercine, pale y. Bebeerine, bn. Berberine, dark bn.-r. Ceanothine, y. Cinchonamine, y. Codeine, y. | Colchicine, v..~bn.yy. (or bl.). Cryptopine, grad. y. Cytisine, y. Ditamine, y.~dark gn,~orange r. Echitenine, see I. Emetine, y.-bn. Gelsemine, y. to greenish. Hydrastine, orange. Imperialine, y. Lanthopine, y. Laudanine, orange. Laurotetanine, dirty bn. Morphine, orange. Narceine, y. Narcotine, y.~~colourless. Oxyacanthine, bn.-y. Papaverine, y.~dark orange, Physostigmine, y. or r. 165 { Nirric Acrp (28). Piperine, orangewy.-gn. | Ratanhine. Rheadine, y. | Sabadilline, y. Sabatrine, y. Strychnine, y.~dark y., or IV. | Taxine, y.-bn., or IV. | Thebaine, y. | Veratrine, y., or IV. Veratroidine, transient rose~y. IIa. Non-alkaloidal substances giving yellow to brown colours. Agoniadin, G., golden y. Assamic Acid, G., y. Chameelirin, B., pale y. Crocin, G., see IITa. [Digitalin, authorities colourless~y., or ITI.] differ ; | Euonymin, G., y. Eupatorin, G., light y. Fraxetin, G.-d., see la. Gratiolin, G., y. Guacin, B., dark y. Ononin, G., y. Scillain, G., y.~gn. Scillitoxin, y.-r.~orange~y.-gn. Strophanthin, G., pale y. III. Alkaloids giving green or blue colours. Aricine, intense gn. Calycanthine, bright gn. Chairamidine, dark gn. Chairamine, dark gn. Codamine, gn. Colchiceine, bl. Conchairamidine, dark gn. Conchairamine, dark gn. Concusconine, gn. 166 Nirric Actrp (28).] Cusconine, gn. Ditamine, see IT. Echitamine, see I. Echitenine, see I. Parabuxine, gn. Solanine, A.-G., colourless~bl.~ colourless. IIIc. Non-alkaloidal substances giving green or blue colours. Adonin, G., indigo bl. Crocin, G., momentary bl.wbn. [Digitalin, gn., or IIa., 1Va. | Scillain, G., y.~gn. Solanine, A.-G., see ITT. IV. Alkaloids giving no colours or but faint yellow. Aconitine, if pure ; see also IT. Atisine. Atropine. Carpaine. Cinchonidine. Cinchonine. Conhydrine. Coniine. Delphinine. Delphinoidine. Fumarine. Hyoscyamine. Lycoctonine. Nicotine. CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC, Paytamine, at first colourless; see I. Piturine. Quinidine. Quinine. Ratanhine, if pure ; see I. Scopoline. Solanine, A.-G., at first colourless ; see ITT. Sparteine. Strychnine, or IT. Surinamine (Ratanhine), if pure ; see I. Taxine, or II. Theine. Theobromine. Valdivine, Veratrine, or IT. Vicine, see I. IVa. Non-alkaloidal substances giving no colours or but faint yellow. Araliin, G. Ceratophyllin, faint y. [Digitalin, G., authorities differ ; see IT., ITI.] Erythrocentaurin. Helixin, G. Liriodendrin, B. Solanine, A.-G.; see IV. Variolarin, B. 29. FROHDE'S SOLUTION (concentrated sulphuric acid containing molybdic acid). I. Alkaloids giving red, purple, or violet shades. Apomorphine, v. Beta-homo-chelidonine, y.~v.~gn. Brucine, ry. Cocaine, blood-r. Corydaline (Adermann’s), v. or gn. streaked with v. Delphinoidine, blood-r. Emetine, r.w~gn. Ergotinine, see ITT. Fumarine, v.~dark gn. | Hypoquebrachine, y. Lobeliine, r.-bn. Loxopterigine, v.~bl. Morphine, magnificent v..gn.~ bn.-gn.wy.; after 24 hours bl.-y. Narceine, see IT. Oxyacanthine, vy. Papaverine, see IIT. Porphyrine, p. Sabadilline, grad. r.-v. Sabatrine, grad. r.-v. [Solanine, A.-G., cherry~bn.~r, wy. Staphysagrine, bn.-y. Taxine, r.-v. Veratrine, y.~cherry. Veratroidine, grad. cherry. Ia. Non-basic substances giving above colours. Absynthiin, see IT. Colocynthin, grad, r.~bn. Digitalin, see IT. | Ononin, pure r. Populin, v. Salicin, magnificent y.~dark cherry. Solanine, see I. Syringin, blood-r.~y.-r. II. Alkaloids giving yellow to brown colours. Aconitine, y.-bn. Amarylline, bn.-gn. Bellamarine, bn. | Beta-homo-chelidonine, see I. | Bebeerine, bn.-gn. [FR6HDE’s SOLUTION (29). Colchiceine, y. Colchicine, y.~y.-gn. Conchairamine, brownish, Delphinine, r.-bi.~dirty gn.; or EVE Hydrastine, gn.~bn. Imperialine, gn.-y. Lobeliine, r.-bn. Narceine, bn.~gn.~r.~y. Piperine, y.~bn. Thebaine, orange. Veratrine. IIa. Non-basic substances giving yellow to brown colours. Absynthiin, bn.~v.-bl. Chameelirin, y.-bn. Colocynthin, see I. Digitalin, orangew~r.~bn.~black. Elaterin, y. Quassiin, bn. Villosin, dark bn. III. Alkaloids giving green or blue colours. Alpha-homo-chelidonine, dirty bn.- gn. Amarylline, bn.-gn. Aricine, bl.~gn., or IV. Aspidosamine, bl. Bebeerine, bn.-gn. Berberine, bn.-gn..~gn. Beta - homo - chelidonine, gn. Calcitrapine, olive-gn. Ceanothine, bl. Codeine, dirty gn.~indigo-bl. after 24 hours. Conchairamidine, intense gn. Corydaline (Adermann’s), see I. y-~yv.- CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. Fréuve's SoLution (29).] Emetine, r.~gn. Ergotinine, v..~bl. Fumarine, v.~dark gn. Hydrastine, gn,~bn. Phlorrhizin, bl. | Phloretin, bl. | IV. The following alkaloids give Imperialine, see IT. Laurotetanine, indigo-bl. molcolenre: Loxopterigine, v.~bl. | Alstonidine. Morphine, see I. | Aricine. Narceine, see IT. | Atropine. Narcotine, gn. Chairamine, Papaverine, gn.~bl.wy.~cherry. Cinchonine. Pareirine, bl. Coniine. Quebrachine, bl. | Delphinine, see II. Quinidine, greenish. Hyoscyamine. Quinine, greenish. Nicotine. Tylophorine, bright gn. | Theine (Caffeine). F = Theobromine. IIIa. Non-basic substances giving | Strychnine, green or blue colours. | Absynthiin, see IIa. 30. VITALIS TEST.—Evaporation with fuming nitric acid at 100° C., then touching the residue with a drop of alcoholic potash solution freshly prepared. Homatropine, yellow. Strychnine, red. Veratrine, similar to Atropine.* Atropine, magnificent violet, changing gradually to cherry-red. Brucine, greenish. Other alkaloids that were similarly tested gave negative results. 31. GERRARD TEST.—To "}, grain of free alkaloid about 20 drops of a 2 per cent. solution of mercuric chloride in proof-spirit are added gradually, avoiding excess. * If the test be modified by substituting nitrous acid or a nitrite for the nitric acid, and aqueous for alcoholie potash; atropine still gives a reddish-violet whilst veratrine produces a yellow coloration (E. Beckmann). 167 [PERMANGANATE OF POTASH (32). Pp. red or yellow. Atropine, immediate red coloration, then pp. Homatropine, red pp. Hyoscyamine, at first yellow colora- tion, then red pp. (no pp. if excess of reagent). Scoparin, yellow pp. No red or yellow pp. (a white pp. is frequently obtained). Aconitine. | Arbutin, G., no pp. | Brucine. Cinchonidine. Cinchonine, Cocaine (white pp.). Codeine. Condurangin, no pp. Coniine. Gelsemine. Hyoscine, no coloration. Morphine. Quinidine. Quinine. Sparteine, no pp. Strychnine, no pp. Theine, no pp. 32. PERMANGANATE OF POTASH, added to a solution of the hydrochloride salt of the alkaloids, gives the following results (Beckurt and List, Pharm. J. Trans., and Jahresb., 1886, I1.). I. Immediate oxidation and pp. of Manganese Peroxide. Aconitine, Brucine. Cinchonamine. Cinchonidine. Cinchonine. Codeine. Colchicine. Coniine. Nicotine. Physostigmine. Quinine. | Thebaine. | Veratrine. | II. Red solution, oxidation being slower than with alkaloids | under I. | Atropine. | Berberine. Hyoscyamine. Pilocarpine. Piperine. Strychnine. III. Alkaloids behaving in an exceptional manner. Apomorphine, intense green. Morphine, white crys. pp. (=Oxidi- morphine). Cocaine, stable light violet pp. of Cocaine Permanganate (charac- teristic), Narceine also give permanga- Narcotine nate salts, but which Papaverine ) are not stable. BOTANICAL INDEX. THE sign —- opposite the name of a plant indicates that it forms a group-heading, and may consequently be directly found in its alpha- betical position in Parts I. and IT. Any other plant is to be found under the group-heading specified in this index. The first column gives the plant-name with botanical order, and the second the group-heading to which to refer. The names in these two columns, although frequently synonymous, must not be regarded as necessarily so. Absynthium, Compos. Acacia Catechu, Legui. » _ Lenerrima, Legum. Acanthacee ; see Rhinanthus Achillea, Compos. Achras Sapota, Sapotacew Aconitum, Ranunc. ... Aconkathera on0 Acoracee ; see Acorus Acorus ose Actinodaphne a Adansonia, Walvac. ... Adenium, Apocyn. Adonis, Ranune. ; Aisculus, Sapindac. ... Aithusa, Umbel. Agaricus, Fungi ; Agathotes ... 085 Agnus Castus, Verben. Agoniada ee Agrostemna, Caryoph. Akazga cee F Albizzia Saponaria, Legum. For Cathartic Acid For Saponin SEE UNDER Artemisia Catechu ... Sac Leguminose, Indian Ts =e Strophanthus au Laurinee es Echugin poison = an = Chiretta ... Vitex Plumeria... Saponaria Strychnos Cassia Saponaria PAGE 13, 110 25, 118 61, 132 1, 106 1, 106 1, 106 93, 144 | | Allectorolophus Allspice ... ioe Almond (Amygdalus Aloe, Liliacece Amaryllidacew ; see Amaryllis Amaryllis, Amaryllidacee : Amentacee (see also Salicacew) Ammi Wisnaga, Umbel. Amygdalus eos Amyridacew ; see Elemi Amyris bo ma = =ac Anacardiacee ; see Quebracho Colorado, Rhus (for Quercitrin, see Quercus) Anagallis, Primul. ... ane esc Anagyris Anamirta, Menisp. Anchietea, Violacee ... 506 see Anise, European; see Pimpinella ; Star Anise, see Illicium Andira anthelmintica, Legum. » retusa nos Andromeda, Ericacee Anemone, Ranunc. Angelica SEE UNDER Rhinanthus Eugenia ... Prunus Alstonia, A pocyn. ; see Alstonia, pp.7, 108 ; also A pocynew, Indian Quercus ... Prunus Elemi Cyclamen Cocculus ... = = Ratanhia Arbutus group = — 10, 110 8, 108 84, 140 8, 108 81, 138 51 Angostura (Galipea cl Anisodus ... Anonacece, several Anthemis, Compos. Anthocercis, Solan. Antiaris, Urtic. SEE UNDER —- Atropa Berberis ... = — =: Antirrhinum ; for Rhinanthin see Rhinanthus Aperulea Apium, Umbel. 5 A pocynacece ; see Alstonia, Apoc ynece of Dutch Indies, Apocynum, Cerbera, Echugin poison, Guachamania, Nerium, Payta, Pareira (for Pau-Pareira), Plu- meria, Strophanthus, Urechitis Apocynew, of Dutch Indies Apocynum Cannabinum Apple (Pyrus malus) Aquifoliacew, see Ilex; for Tlex Para- guayensis, see Thea Aralia Spinosa, Aral. i Ginseng and A. Quinquefolia Arariba, Rubiacew 0 Arbutus Uva Ursi Arctostaphylos, Ericacece Areca, Palmacee Argemone, Papav.’ Aristolochia Cava, Avristol. 2 Serpentaria Aristolochiacee ; see preceding Arnica, Compos. irs Ar cider ; see Acorus Arrow poison ; see Strychnos, Strophan- thus, etc. Artar root ... Artemisia, Compos. Asagrea (Sabadilla) .. Asclepiadacee ; see Asclepias, ‘Gonolobus, Calotropis, Eylouiior Asclepias Laurinee... Petroselinum Pyrus Panax Se =s Arbutus ... + Opium Corydalis a Xanthoxylon xe Veratrum BOTANICAL INDEX, PAGE 2, 108 14, 112 20, 114 9, 110 9, 110 9, 110 86, 140 60, 132 78, 138 10, 110 10, 110 82, 140 10, 110 75, 136 11, 110 11, 110 11, 110 12, 110 67, 136 45, 124 12, 110 13, 110 103, 146 13, 110 100, 146 13, 112 Aspidosper ma ; Ash ec » Mountain, paria Asiminia, Papav. eae Asparagus ; for Coniferin, see Pinus ... Aspen (Populus tremula) Asperula ; for Catechin see Quebracho bark and Pyras (Sorbus) aucu- Payta bark Athamantha A therospermacee ; see Atherosperma | Atherosperma oa | Atractylis, Compos. ; for Viscin, see Viscum A tropacee ; see Atropa (other Solanaceae, see Solanum) Atropa Aurantiacee Avens Azalea, Hricacee Bacharis Baobab tree Baphia (Barwood) Barberry Barosma, Rutacee Beam tree ; for Aruvedaliniig see Prunus Bearberry ... Bebeeru Beetroot ; for Coniferin Belladonna... Berberidacee ; Berberis Betel nut 005 Bignoniacee ; see Caroba Big root, Californian Bitter root Blaberopus... see Berberis, Nandina ” Blackberry... SEE UNDER Fraxinus... Prunus zag Populus i Catechu ... Geum Arbutus ... = Adansonia Baphia Berberis ... —- Arbutus ... — Pinus Atropa 23 Areca Megarrhiza Apocyneae of West Indies . Rubus 169 PAGE 53, 128 81, 138 14, 112 79, 138 81, 138 25, 118 14, 112 14, 112 103 14, 112 18, 114 55, 128 11, 110 19, 114 5, 106 19, 114 20, 114 20, 114 81, 138 11, 110 20, 114 79, 138 14; 112 20, 114 12, 110 170 Blood root . Bocconia (= “Macleya) Boldoa de aoe Boraginacea (including Bhwet. see Heliotropum is =aC Botryopsis .. Box (Buxus Sempervirens, “Euphor b. ), see Bebeeru group oc 260 Brassica “ Brayera anthelmintica Briar (Erica) Broom, see Spartium Brucea, Simarub. — .. Bryonia alba L., Cucur rb. Bulbocapnus Buchu os Buckbean ... Buckthorn . Buena a Butterfly weed Buxus, Luporb. 20 Byttneriacea ; for Cacao Cabbage-tree bark ... Cesalpiniee (see also Leguminose, this index) ; see Berberis group Caileedra bark (Swietenia aRencen!: ), Cedrelacee aoe Cainca root Calabar bean (Physostigma) . Calamus, Palmacee ; see Acorus : Calanthe veratrifolia ; ; for abe? see Isatis . .... as Calendula officin. L. , Compos. .. Calisaya bark de Calluna vulgaris, Erie. Calotropis, A sclep. Calpicarpum tes Calumba, Menisper macee SEE UNDER Chelidonium ” = Bebeeru x j Sinapis as Arbutus group Quassia ... = Corydalis Barosma ... Menyanthes Rhamnus Cinchona Asclepiadacee Bebeeru ... Thea Andira ete Chiococea Bes = Cinchona Arbutus group — A pocynece —- BOTANICAL INDEX. PAGE 27, 118 27, 118 22, 114 56, 130 20, 114 20, 114 90, 142 22, 114 11, 110 82, 140 "23, 114, 193 45, 124 20,114 64, 132 85, 140 29, 120 | 13, 112 20,114 | 97, 144 9, 108 23, 116 28, 118 23,116 4, 106 59, 130 23,116 29, 120 11, 110 23, 116 10 24,116 Calycanthacee ; see Calycanthus Calycanthus ser Camellia, Camelliacew | Camelliacee ; see Thea Cam panulacece ; see Lobelia Camwood Canarium 566 soe Cannabinacee ; see Humulus . », Cannabis ... Cannabis indica (Indian Hemp) [Cantharides, Spanish Fly] eae Caper Spurge ; for Alsculetin, see Esculus Capparis spinosa ; for Rutin, see Caprifoliacee ; see Lonicera ... Capsicum, Solan. Carapa, Meliacee Carica, Papayacea Caroba (Jacaranda) ... Carolina Pink she one Carya, Jugland. ; for Quercitrin Caryophyllacee ; for Saponin Cascara Sagrada Cascarilla, Rubiacee .. Cassia, Legum. Cassiece, see Cassia ; for Berberine [Castoreum Canadense ; ; for Salicin, see Salix] Castor seed : see Ricinus (this index) Catechu (Acacia) awe » Ceylon or Colombo ... Cayenne pepper Ceanothus, Rhamnacee Cedrelacee ; see Cailcedra Cedron (Simaba Cedron) Celandine ... = 20 Celastracee ; see Euonymus Centaurea, Compos. ... Centaury SEE UNDER Thea Baphia Elemi Addenda... Addenda ... Ruta Papaya = Spigelia ... Quercus ... Saponaria Rhamnus Cinchona ay Berberis ... cape Areca Capsicum = Simaba. ... Chelidonium Cnicus Erythrea ... 85, 140 29, 120 25, 116 20, 114 25, 118 12, 110 24,116 26, 118 23, 116 90, 142 27, 118 39, 122 52, 128 Cepheelis Ipec., Rubiacew Cephalanthus, Rubiacew Cerasus (Cherry) 3 for Phlorrhizin Ceratophylla Cerbera, A pocyn. Cercocoma, Apocyn. ... Cherophyllum, Umbel. Chamelirium, Colchic. Chamomile... Characee Chara foetida Cheken : Chelidonium, Papav.. Chenopodiacere ; see Chenopodium Chenopodium Cherry, see Prunus; “for Phlorrhizin, see Pyrus Gory Laurel ; for Amygdalin Cherry, Winter, Solan. Chicory : Chillies Chimaphylla China (Quina) : Chiococca, Rubiacew Chiretta, Gentianee ... Chironia Chonemorpha Chrysanthemum, several, Compos, Chrysophyllum glycyphlceum, Sapo- tacew ; see Saponaria, also Si Cichorium intybus (Chicory) .. Cicuta virosa L,, Umbel. Cinchonacee ; see Rubiacee (this index) Cinchona, several aA 4 p excelsa Roxb, Cissampelos Pareira L., Bebeeru and Pareira Citrullus Colocynthis Menisp.; see SEE UNDER Ipecacuanha =. Prunus Pyrus Parmelia... as = ee Anthemis Chara = Eugenia ... — —- IPrunns) 2, Physalis ... Cichorium Capsicum Arbutus ... Cinchona as Erythrea... Apocynece —- Conium ... an Hymenodictyon Colocynthis BOTANICAL INDEX. PAGE 59, 130 26, 118 81, 138 82, 140 77, 136 "26, 118, 193 A pocynea, Indian ... 10, 110 26, 118 26, 118 9, 110 27,118 27, 118 52 oz 27, 118 28, 118 81, 138 78, 138 28, 120 24,116 11, 110 29, 120 28,118 28, 118 52, 128 10 28, 120 28, 120 43, 124 29, 120 58, 130 42, 124 Citrus, several; see Aurantiacee Claviceps purpurea ; see Ergot Clethra . Clusiacee ; see Guttifer @ (this index) Cnicus benedictus, Compos. oe Coca (Erythroxylon Coca) » Mexican on 500 306 Cocculus palmatus ; for oe see Berberis group... Cocculus indicus (Anamirta) .. Re Cxloclina (Unona) polycarpa, IDO} & Berberine, see Berberis : noc Coffea Arabica L., Rubiacee ... ae Cola Acuminata (Kola), Sterculiacee ... Colchicacee (Melanthacee) ; see Chame- lirium, Colchicum, Veratrum Colchicum a 20 Colocynthis ann cos ated Composite ; see Achillea, Anthemis, Arnica, Artemisia (for Atractylis con- taining Viscin, see Viscum), Bacharis, Chrysanthemum, Cnicus, Crepis, Eupa- torium, Inula, Lactuca, Mikania, Ono- nis, Taraxacum, Vernonia, Xanthium Condurango bark . Conessi : Sop ae Conifere ; see Juniperus, Pinus Conium maculatum, L., Umbel. Convallaria majalis, L., Liliacew Convolvulus, several, Convol. . Coptis Teeta—Mishmee or ‘Mabmira, atrifolia=Gold Thread, Ranun.; for Berberine, see Berberis’ Coriaria myrtifolia, L. See Cornacee ; see Cornus Corn Cockle (Agrostemmna) : ee Cornus Florida, L. (Dogwood), Cornac. Corydalis (Dicentra) cava, Fumariacew... Corynocarpus levigata, Primul. 171 SEE UNDER PAGE 18, 114 = 51, 128 Arbutus ... 11, 110 1 395 122 as 39, 122 Tpecacuanha 59, 130 56 20, 114 = 41, 124 a 20, 114 Thea group 97, 144 Thea group 97, 144 = 42, 124 as 42, 124 Gonolobus 55, 130 Nerium ... 65, 134 as 43, 124 as .. 44,124 a 44, 124, 193 = 20, 114 = 44, 124 350 45, 124 Saponaria 88, 142 ‘i 45) tod af 45, 15 —- 46, 126 172 Coscinium fenestratum, Menisp. ; tains Berberine, see Berberis Cowbane (Cicuta) po Cranberry (Vaccinium) ie Cratzegus, Rosacew ... On Crepis foetida, Compos. Crocus, / ridece Crotolaria retusa, Legum. ; 5 for “Indican, see Isatis; see also Leguminose, Indian Croton eluteria (Cascarilla) ... » pseudo-china (pseudo-quina) Crown Imperial on . Cruciferae ; see Isatis, ‘Sinapis Cucumis, Cucurb. — ... Cucurbitacee ; see Bryonia, Colocynthis, Cucumis, Ecbalium (reference to Cucur- bita Pepo under Lupinus), Megarrhiza, Trianosperma Cucurbita Pepo, reference to ; ee Curare Cusparia febrifuga (Galipcea) .. Cusso : Cyclamen Europeum, Tes Primul. Cynanchum (Solenostemma) 208 Cynoglossum ; for Heliotropine Cyrtosiphonia : Cytisus Laburnum, Th vand others, Legum. Scoparius ; for Spartein, ’ete., see con- Damiana Dandelion ... Daphne, several, Thy ymelece Darnel Grass, see Lolium Datiscacee ; see Datisca Datisca Cannabina, L., Datisc. Datura Stramonium, Solan. Daucus Carota (Carrot), Umbel. ier Decamala Gum ; see Gardenia SEE UNDER Conium ... Arbutus ... me Bie Saffron Cinchona Fritillaria —|- Strychnos Angostura Brayera ... = Asclepias group Heliotropum A pocynee = Spartium = Taraxacum — —t Atropa group —t BOTANICAL INDEX, PAGE 20, 43, We 46, 46, 87, 30, 30, 53, 46, 62 114 124 110 126 126 142 120 120 128 | 126 2, 132 | 92, 144 9, 108 22,114 46, 13, 56, 10, 47, 126 112 130 110 126 92) 144 47, 97, 47, 62, 48, 14, 54, 126 144 126 132 126 | 112 48 128 | Delphinium, several, Ranun. ... Derris (Pongamia) ... Dianthus, Caryophyllacee ; see Saponaria F Dicentra= Corydalis Digitalis, several, Scroph. Diosma= Barosma Dita bark ... Dog’s bane... Dogwood = Cornus for Saponin, Eebalium, Cucurb. Echinocystis Echises (Alstonia), Apoe Ne Echitedew ; see Apocynew Ecehugin Poison, (Adenium) Ehretiacee ; see Boraginacee Elemi resins Elaterium ... Ephedra, Gnetacew Epigeea (trailing Arbutus) ; for Ericoline, see Arbutus group Ergot of Rye (Claviceps purpurea) Erica Carnea and E. Rhododendron Ericacee ; see Arbutus Eriodictyon 562 oe acc Erythrina, Legum. Erythroea Centaureum, etc. ... tos Erythrophloeum Guinense, Legum. ... Erythroxrylacee ; see Coca Erythroxylon Coca, Linee se Eschscboltzia Californica, Papav.; see Eugenia Pimenta (Allspice, Pimenta), Myr tacee.. — Euonymus Europeus, Tis Celastrinee ... Eupatorium Cannabinum, L., Compos. . Euphorbiacee ; (for Buxus’ containing Bebeerine, see Bebeeru), (for Croton, eluteria, etc., see Cinchona), Euphor- SEE UNDER — Leguminose, = Barosma... Alstonia ... Apocynum Cornus = Megarrhiza Alstonia ... a 23 Ecbalium = = Arbutus group Arbutus ... Leguminosae, — — i Coca Chelidonium grou ap a + = Indian Indian PAGE 48, 126 61, 132 88, 142 45, 124 49, 126 20, 114 10, 110 10, 110 45, 124 50, 126 64 10, 110 51 51 50, 126 51 11, 110 51, 128 11, 110 11, 110 61, 132 52, 128 52, 128 39, 122 27, 118 52 52, 128 52, 128 — bia (for Alsculetin contained in Eu- phorbia lLathyris, see Alsculus), Hyzenanche, Hura, Phyllanthus, Rott- leria Euphorbia resinifera Exogonium purga (Jalap) Fabiana imbricata, Solan. i: indica ; for Crocin, see Saffron Ferreira, Rubiaceae aoe Flax : Fennel flower Fenugreek .. Fool's Parsley Foxglove Fragaria vesca, L. (Strawberry), Rosac. Frangula_... Fraxinus excelsior, iv, " Oleacece Fritillaria imperialis, ‘Liliacewe Fumaria officinalis, Pmariacee 50 Fungi ; see Ergot, Agaricus, Ustilago Fustic 2 nee Furze (Ulex), Legum. Galipcea Cusparia, St. Hil., Rutacee Gambier ; for Catechin Garcinia Mangostana, i, Gutlifere Gardenia lucida (Decamala Gon): Rubiacee Gardenia grandifiora for Crocin, see Saffron Gastrolobium, Legum. Gaultheria . Gelsemium, Logan. Genistee ; see Leguminose, this index, and Part 1G Gentianacee ; see Chiretta, Erythrea, Gentiana, Menyanthes Gentiana nn SEE UNDER —ta Convolvulacee Atropa Ratanhia Linum Nigella Trigonella Aithusa ... Digitalis ... es Rhamnus aie Bis Corydalis group Rhus Cotinus Cytisus Angostura Catechu Arbutus ... Strychnos BOTANICAL INDEX. PACE 53, 128 44, 124 14,112 87, 142 84, 140 61, 132 65, 134 99, 146 6, 108 49, 126 53 85, 140 53, 128 53, 128 45, 124 86, 142 47, 126 9, 108 25, 118 54, 128 54, 128 87, 142 5d 11, 110 93, 144 54, 128 Gentiana ; for Viscin, see Viscum Geoffroya, Legum. Geum, Rosacee Ginseng 5 Githago (Agrostemna) Glaucium, Papav. Gleditschia, Legum. ... Globularia ’Alypum, Scroph. and Glycyphloeum, contains Saponin; see Saponaria Glycyrrhiza echinata, le , Legum. Gnelacee; see Ephedra Golden Seal (Hydrastis) ee Gold Thread (Coptis) ; for Berberine .. Gonolobus, vii 0 Goose-foot . Gourd , white (Cucurbita Pepo), ‘reference under Lupinus Graminacee ; see Lolium Gratiola, Scroph, : Grossulariacee ; see Ribes (this index) Guachamania, Apocyn. : Guaco Guarana (Paullinia sor rbilis) Guttifere ; see Garcinia Guvaca Gymnema ... Gypsophila, Caryoph. Hagenia ... Harmala (Peganum), 7 Rutacee Zysopia lace) Hassia . Heath (Erica) Hedera, Araliacew Heliotropum, Borag. Helleborus, various ... coc 660 (for White Hellebore, see Veratrum) Helonias, Liliacee ... he a SEE UNDER Ratanhia... awe Panax Saponaria Chelidonium as a = Berberis ... ” . = Chenopodium =—- Mikania ... Thea Areca Prunus Saponaria Brayera ... ae Laurince Arbutus ... Sal 2S = Chamelirium 88, 142 5d, 128 20, 114 20, 114 5d, 130 28, 118 62 55, 130 56 64, 132 97, 144 12, 110 81, 138 88, 142 22, 114 11, 110 56, 130 56, 130 57, 130 26 118 174 Hemp, Indian (Cannabis indica) Hemlock .. Henbane (Hyoscyamus) Heracleum, Umbel. Hercules’ club (Santhoxylum clava- ee) © Hernandia . Holarhena ... Holly 350 Eee Hop Horehound — Howardia ... Huanocho bark Humulus, Cannab. Hunteria He Hura crepitans, L. , Euphor b... Hyznanche globosa, Euphor b. Hydrastis Canadensis, Ranune. Hydrocotyle Asiatica Hymenodictyon excelsum = Cinchona excelsa, Roxb., Rubiacew Hyoseyamus, Solan. ... Hypophorus Sela aiy Hyssop, Hedge 5G Teaya Icica, various Ilex aquifolium (Holly), Aqui Tlex Paraguayensis, St. Hil., A Caffeine ... Illicium anisatum, Ghee Maguol. Illigera Imperatoria Ostruthium Indigotera ... Iné Poison .. Tonidium 1 Tpecueuanha (Viola ) Ipec., L.) Tonidium indecorum Sa 500 guys for ( Violacex SEE UNDER Addenda ... Conium ... Atropa Pastinaca Berberis ... Bebeeru ... Nerium ... Tlex Lonicera ... Humulus Marrubium Cinchona ” ar Apocynew ae a Berberis ... Vallaria ... = Atropa group Lequminose, Gratiola ... Strychnos Elemi =—* Thea group 5 Laurinee Athamantha USER) See Strophanthus Ipecacuanha BOTANICAL INDEX. PAGE 193 43, 124 14, 112 77 20, 114 20, 114 *65, 134 58, 130 62, 132 57, 120 64, 132 30 29 57, 130 20, 110 58, 130 | 58, 130 21, 114 100, 146 58, 130 14,112 61, 132 55, 130 93 51 58, 130 97, 144 58 60, 132 14, 112 59, 130 93, 144 59, 130 Ipecacuanha > substitutes ; Chameeliriam Tpomeea, several, Convolv, Tridacee ; see Saffron Tsatis indigofera, Crucif.. a Isopyrum thalictroides, Ranune. Iva Ivy, Araliac. Jaborandi ... Jacaranda ... Jalap dec James’ Tea... Jateorhiza ... Juncacee ; see Narthecium Juniperus communis, L., Conif. Juglans regia (Walnut) ; for Glyeyr- rhizin, see Glycyrrhiza Kalmia latifolia; for Andromedotoxin, see Arbutus group mG Kamala (Indian Silk Dye) Karakin ; see Corynocarpus Kola=Coia; see Thea group... Kopsia BS Krameriacee ; Krameria Labiate ;~ see Teucrium Labrador Tea (Ledum Pa) Laburnum, Legum. Lactaria Lactuca, Compos. Lar kspur Laserpitium, Umbel. . Lauracee ; see Bebeeru Laurinee see Tylophora, SEE UNDER —- Convolwulacee 5 = Achillea ... Hedera Pilocarpus Caroba Convolvulacee Arbutus ... Calumba... — Rottleria zs A pocynece * Ratanhia Arbutas ... Cytisus ... A pocynee = Delphinium — PAGE 59, 130 44,124 59, 130 59 1 56, 130 78, 138 25, 116 44,124 11, 110 24,116 60, 130 55, 128 11, 110 87 97, 144 10, 110 84, 140 11, 110 47, 126 10, 110 60, 130 48, 126 60, 132 60, 132 > Lauro-ceras. (Cherry laurel) ; por SOE: _ dalin Ledum Palustre, Ericacee Leguminose, Indian .. see also Anagyris, Andira, Baphia, Calabar bean, Cassia, Catechu, Cytisus, Erythrophlccum (for Geoff. royia, see under Ratanhia), Gastro-. lobium, Gleditschia, Glycyrrhiza, Lupinus, Ononis, Piscidia, Robinia (for Sophora, see under Ruta), Spar- tium (for Ulex, see under Cytisus), Vicia Leontice, Berber. ; Berberis ... Leontodon ... Leopard’s Bane for Berberine, see Lettuce a0 Ser 000 Lichenes (for Nephroma, containing Emodin, see Rhamnus), Parmelia, Variolaria Ligustrum, Compos. ... Lilac one ace Liliacew (see also Colchicacec) ; ; "see Aloe, Convallaria, Fritillaria (for Helonias, see Chamvlirium), Paris, Scilla Limosella ; for Cyclamin, see Cyclamen Linacee ; see Linum Linaria vulgaris, Scroph. Linseed bc noe Linum catharticum, Linacew 55 usitatissimum, Linacewe Liquorice ; see Glycyrrhiza 4 Liriodendron i eg L. ae ia Litscea Lobelia... Bd Locust Tree, North American Loganiacee ; see Strychnos, Spigelia Lolium temulentum, Graminacece SEE UNDER Prunus Arbutus Fa —j= Taraxacum Arnica Lactuca ... Syringa ... ” Linum Laurinee = Robinia ... —- PAGE 81, 11, 61, 20, 97, 13, 60, 96, 96, 46, 61, 61, 61, 61, yay 61, 62, 86, 62, 138 110 132 114 144 110 130 144 144 126 132 132 132 132 128 132 60 132 142 132 . BOTANICAL INDEX, Lonicera, Caprifol. Loranthacee ; see Viscum Lotus bark ... Loxopteriginm 900 Lunanea_ Bichi, D.C., Caffeine, see Thea Lupinus albus, L., and others, ‘Legum... Lychnis* Githazo, ‘Caryoph.; for ® Saponin, see Saponaria “ Lychnis viscosa ; for Viscin, s see Viscum Lycopodiacee ; see Lycopodium Lycopodium, ‘Lycopod. Lycopus Europeus ... de Lygustrum vulgare ; see Syringa Lythracee ; see Punica Stercul, ; : for Macleya Madder ; Magnoliaceee ; Mahmira (Coptis Teeta), Ranune. oh Mahogany ; for Catechin, see Catechu... tree, African (Swietenia) Mallotus, Huphorb. : Malvacee ; see Adansonia Mandragora Mangosteen Manzanita ... Marrubium vulgare, ive Labiate Matricaria Chamomilla, L., Compos. Meadow Saffron on Sweet ; see Spirzea (this index) Megarrhiza Californica, Cucurb. Melampyrum ; for Rhinanthin Melanthacee ; see Colchicacee (this index) Meliacee. nat BS 000 Melodinus ... Menispermacee (for Berberine, see Ber- beris) ; see also Calumba, Cocculus, Pereira reference under... see Illicium, Liriodendron SEE UNDER —|= —- Quebracho Colorado Chelidonium Morinda ... Berberis ... Cailcedra... Rottleria Atropa Garcinia ... Arbutus ... Es Anthemis Colchicum — Rhinanthus Carapa A pocynew 175 PAGE 62, 132 62, 132 83, 140 97, 144 62, 132 88, 142 103 63, 132 63 96, 144 27, 118 64 20, 114 20, 118 23,116 87 14, 112 54, 128 11, 110 64, 132 9,110 42,124 64 86, 140 25, 116 10, 110 176 Menyanthes trifoliata moe pean), Gen- tianee . Mezereon ... Mikania Guacho, H. ‘and B. » Compos. Milk weed . Milkwort (Polygala) _ Milletia ... son Mimose (Leguminose) ; see (Acacia Catechu) . Mishmee (Coptis Teeta) Mistletoe ... Monk’s-hood (Aconitum Napellus) Monesia bark (Chrysophylla) Monimiacece ; see Boldoa Monninia, Polyg.; for Saponin Morinda .... a0 Morrenia, Palmacew Mountain Ash ae) ‘Muawi’ ... Mudar bark Murraya, Auwrant. Fe Mushroom ; see Fungi (this index) Mustard Myrtacee ; see Eugenia Myrtus Cheken, Myrtaceae Catechu Nandina, Berber. Narthecium, Liliacew Naseberry tree Nauclea Gambir, Rubiacew Nectandra, Lauracee Nephroma ; for Emodin, see Rhamnus.. Nerium, Apocyn. 53 for Isatin, see Isatis .. New Jersey Tea Nicotiana, Solan. Nigella, Ranwne. ( 2 Nightshade ; see Atropa and Solanum Notaphoebe SEE UNDER = Daphne ... = Asclepias Saponaria Leguminose , Indian Berberis ... Viscum Aconitum Saponaria Saponaria an = Prunus .. Erythrophleeum Calotropis Aurantiacee Sinapis Eugenia ... Achras Catechu ... Bebeeru ... Ceanothus" Atropa Laurinee BOTANICAL INDEX, PAGE 64, 132 47, 126 64, 132 13, 112 88, 142 61, 132 25, 118 20, 114 103 “1, 106, 193 88, 142 88, 142 64 64, 134 81, 138 52, 128 23, 116 18, 114 90, 142 52 5p 65, 134 65, 134 1,106 25, 118 20,114 85, 140 65, 134 59, 130 26,118 14,112 65, 134 60, 132 Nuphar, Vymphwacew Nux vomica mae Nymphaacea ; see Nuphar Oak, Black... Ochrosia F Oleacece ; see Fraxinus, ‘Phillyrea, Syringa Ononis, ‘Legum. os “ce Ophelia Chiretta, Gentianacew Ophioxylon (Snake wood) Opium a Orange Ab Ordeal bark bean ; Tanghinia Ouabaio ‘see Calabar bean, also Pachyrhizus angulatus, Legum. Palmacee ; see Areca, Morrenia Palma Christi; see Ricinus (this index) Palicourea, Rubiacew cis Panax quinquefolius = Araliacee Papaveracee ; see Opium, also ‘Asiminia ; for Berberine, see Berberis ; for Cheli- donine, see Chelidonium Papaya (Carica Papaya) Papayacee ; see Papaya Pareira, Menisp. ; Paris quadrifolia, 1. Liliaceae’ Parmelia ceratophylla Parsnips ace Pastinaca sativa, L. (Parsnip), “Umbel.. Paullinia pinnata, Sapindacea a sorbilis, Sapindacee ; feine, see Thea group Payta bark Pea,reference to; see Pisum (this index) EuEene for Caf- SEE UNDER —- Strychnos Quercus ... Apocynee =. Chiretta ... Apocynee as Aurantiacee Erythrophleum Strophanthus Leguminose, Indiap Pastinaca = =e PAGE 66, 134 93, 144 84, 140 10, 110 66, 134 28, 118 10, 110 66, 134 18, 114 52, 128 93, 144 G1, 132 Peach ; for Amygdalin, etc., see Prunus ; for Phlorrhizin, see Pyrus ... oe Pear 36 eee Peganum, Rutacece Pepper ae Pereira (Cissampelos) Perennial Worm Grass Persian berries Peruvian bark Petroselinum sativum (Parsley) Peucedanum Oreoselinum j Gter 5 Ostruthium ; ENG Peumus ... 20 Phillyrea, Oleacec Phoradendron (Viscum) Phyllanthus, Euphorb, Physalis, Solan. Physostigma, Legum. Phytollacee ; see Coriaria, also under Arbutus Picrena, Simar. Piliganum ... or Pilocarpus, Rutacew Pimento... Pimpernel (Anagallis) Pimpinella (Anise), Umbel. Pinckneya ... Pink (Dianthus) ; for Saponin Pinus : : se Piperacee ; see Piper ; for P. reticula- tum (false Jaborandi), see Pilocarpus Piper (Pepper) 5, reticulatum (false Jaborandi), see Pilocarpus : is 500 Pirola (Chimaphilla) Piscidia * Pisum (Pea), Leg um. Vicia coe Pithecolobium reference under SEE UNDER Pyrus Harmala ... Piper Pareira Spigelia ... Rhamnus Cinchona it Athamantha Boldoa En Viscum sie ars Calabar bean Quassia Lycopodium re Eugenia ... Cyclamen ahs Arariba ... Saponaria = Arbutus ... —|- Leguminose, Indian BOTANICAL INDEX. PAGE 81, 138 82, 140 82, 140 56, 130 80, 138 76, 136 93, 144 85, 140 29, 120 78, 138 14, 112 22, 114 78, 138 103 78, 138 78, 138 23, 116 82, 140 63, 132 78, 138 52 46, 126 79, 138 11, 110 88, 142 79, 138 80, 138 78, 138 11, 110 80, 138 103 61, 132 Plume nutmeg ee Plumeria lancifolia ... Podophyllum peltatum, L., Ber berid. « or Ranune. ; for Berberine, see Berberis ; for Saponin, see Saponaria ; for Podo- phyllotoxin, see Podophyllum Pogonopus (Cascarilla) Polygalacee ; for Saponin Polygala Senega 0 Polygonum ; for Indican Pomegranate Pongamia (Derris) . Populus Potato (Solanum tuberosum)... Prickly Ash » Poppy (Angemone Mexicana) ; 2 see Opium Primrose (Primula) .. Primulaceee ; see Cyclamen Primula ; for Primulin Seer Privet (Ligustrum) .. Prunus ; for Amygdalin, ete. . ss for Phlorrhizin Pseudochrosia Psychotria, Rubiacee ; : for Emetine Pterocarpus ; for Catechin Pulsatilla ... Punica Granatum, Lythracec... Pygium ; for Amygdalin Pyrolacece : Pyrola (Chimaphilla) Pyrus, Rosacew ; for Amygdalin 5 5 for Phlorrhizin Quassia amara, L., Simar. Quebracho Colorado.. 5 bark 6 Quercus tinctoria, and others, “Amentac. Quillaia Saponaria, Rosacee ... SEE UNDER Atherosperma En Cinchona Saponaria ” Isatis Punica Leguminose, = Solanum ... Xanthoxylon Indian . Cyclamen Cyclamen Syringa ... ae Pyrus A pocynew Ipecacuanha Catechu ... Anemone =e Prunus Arbutus ... ” Prunus Pyrus =e Saponaria 177 PAGE 14, 112 80, 138 80, 138 30, 120 38, 142 38, 142 59, 130 81, 140 61, 152 81, 138 91, 144 103, 146 66, 134 46, 126 46, 126 46, 126 96, 144 81, 138 82, 140 10, 110 59, 130 25, 118 9, 108 81, 140 81, 138 11, 110 11, 110 81, 138 82, 140 82, 140 83, 140 83, 140 84, 140 88, 142 178 Ranunculacee ; for Berberine See also Adonis. Anemone, Delphi- nium, Helleborus, Isopyrum, Podo- phyllum, Thalictrum Ranunculus ; see above and Anemone Ratanhia (Krameria) Rauwolfia ... Remijia : Rhamnacer ; nus Rhamnus Rhatany _... 008 oor Rheum (Rhubarb) ; “for Emodin, see Rhamnus nee Soe Rhinacanthus, Acanth. Rhinanthus, Ser oph. . Rhincodia (Gercocoma) Rhododendron, Ericacec ; ete. Rhubarb (Rheum) ; for Emodin Rhus coraria, Anacard. : for Quercitrin », cotinus, etc. ... Ribes rubrum, L., Grossular. ; for Phlorr- hizin > Richardsonia scabra, St. Hil., beanach 9 for Emetin 500 Ricinus Communis, IL., “Euphorb. ; ‘Ricin,’ being albuminoidal, is not entered in this vol. Robinia Pseudaecacia, L., Legum. oy viscosa ; for Viscin, see Viscum Ronabea emetica Richard. '(Psychotria) Rosacew ; see Brayera, Crategus, Fra- garia, Geum, Prunus, Pyrus, Rubus ; for Quillaia and Spirata, containing Saponin, see Saponaria Rottleria, Huphord. . Rowan (Pyrus aucuparia) Boe Rubiacew (Cinchonacew and Galiacee) ; ‘see Ceanothus and Rham- - for Ericolin, SEE UNDER Berberis ... = Apocynen Cinchona == Ratanhia... ae ae A pocynee: Arbutus ... Rhamnus Quercus ... — Pyrus Ipecacuanha =. Tpecacuanha Pyrus BOTANICAL INDEX, PAGE 20, 114 84, 140 10, 110 30, 120 85, 140 84, 140 85, 140 86 86, 140 10, 110 11, 110 85, 140 84, 140 86, 142 82, 140 59, 130 86, 142 103 59, 130 87 82, 140 see Chiococca (Cainca), Cinchona, Cephalanthus, Arariba, Ferreira, Gar- denia, Hymenodictyon, Ipecacuanha, Morinda ; for Rubia tinctorium, see reference’ under Morinda, also Ad- denda, p. 193; for Coffea, see Thea ; Palicourea ; for Nauclea Gambir, con- taining Catechin, see Catechu Rubia tinctoria; see under Morinda, also Addenda Rubus Ruta cre aes sts Rutacee ; see Angostura, Barosma, Pilo- carpus, Ruta; for Berberine, see Berberis Rye (Secale), Ergot of Sabadilla Sabbattia (Chironia), "Gentianaceee Saffron (Crocus) St. Ignatius’ Bean ... Salicacee ; see Populus and Salix Salix, Amentacece : Sanguinaria Canadensis, L. (Blood- root), Papav. Santonica Pee 3a: Sapindacee ; see Aisculus, Paullinia ; for Fraxin, see Fraxinus; for Paullinia sorbilis, see Thea Sapindus ; for Saponin Sapodella Plum Saponaria, Caryoph. ... 220 300 Sapotacew ; see Achras; for Chryso- phyllum, containing Saponin, see Saponaria Sarothamnus 202 é0c Sarraceniacee ; see Sarracenia Sarracenia, Sarrac. Sarsaparilla (Smilax) SEE UNDER Ergot Veratrum Erythrea ... Strychnos = wee Chelidonium ore Artemisia Saponaria Achras + Spartium... PAGE 193 87, 142 87, 142 51, 128 100, 146 52, 128 87, 142 93, 144 88, 142 27, 118 13, 110 88, 142 1, 106 88, 142 92, 144 89 89, 142 Sassafras, Australian Saxifragacee. Saxifraga ... a0 aac 5 tridactylis ; for Viscin Scammony .. Schcenocaulon (Sabadilla) Scilla maritima eu) Sclerotium .. Scoparium .. Scopolia Japonica Scropularia aquatica, L., Scroph. Scrophulariacece ; see Tigetaliet Gratiola, Scrophularia, Linaria Secale cereale 4 cornutum } Sedum acre ; for Rutin, see Ruta ; for Quercetin, see Quercus Selaginacex ; see Globularia roe Ergotin, etc. Semen contra f 4, santonici Senega root iBolyealk) Senna , ss Wild Serpentaria Service Tree, Wild (Pyr us torm. ) Shaddock (Citr us Decumana).. ‘Shirakawazuware’ ; for Aconitine ‘Sikimi’ .. ne Silene, Caryopk: Simaba Simar ubacee ; see Quassia, Simaba Sinapis (Mustard), C rucif. Smilacee ; see cara Smilax Smut of Indian Corn Snake root, Virginian 3 wood (Ophioxylon) .. Snapdragon Copan); for Rhinan- thin co ‘ see SEE UNDER Atberosperma Saxifraga ae Viscum Convolvulacee. Veratrum =: Ergot Spartium Atropa group Ergot Artemisia Saponaria Cassia Globularia Aristolochia Prunus Aurantiacee Aconitum Tlicium ... Saponaria = = Sarsaparilla Ustilago ... Aristolochia A pocynee Rhinanthus BOTANICAL INDEX. PAGE 14, 112 90 90 103 42,124 100, 146 90, 142 51, 128 92,144 14, 112 90 51, 128 55, 128 13, 110 88, 142 25, 116 55, 128 12, 110 81, 138 18, 114 i, 106 58 88, 142 90, 142 90, 142 89, 142 100, 146 12,110 10, 110 86, 140 Soap bark » root (Pithecolobium) (Gypsophylla) MS OLU. oO Soja hispida, ‘Yeference under Lupinus | Solanacee ; Capsicut Solanum see Atropa, Anthocercis, m, Physalis, Solanum Solenostemma Sophora, Leguin. (see ‘also Ruta) Sorbus Sour Gourd (Baobab ‘tree) 5 Southernwood (Artemisia Abrotanum) Sow Bread .. 20 Spartium Sparattosperma Spermeedia ... Spigelia, Logan. Spindle T ree Spirea, osacew ; for ‘Saponin Spurge ; ; 8 Squill Squirting for Salicin.. ee oe b oa (this index) Cucumber... Stachys tuberifera ... Staphisagria Stavesacre seeds S00 Stenotropis (Erythrina) Sterculiacee ; see under Thea for Cola and Lunanea Stramonium (Datura) Strawberry... Strophanthus, Apocyn. Strumaria ... Strychnos, Logan. Stylophoron, Papav. Styraceee ; Sumach ; ” ” see Lotus bark for Quercitrin for Fustin Myrtle-leaved SEE UNDER Leguminose, Saponaria Saponaria s Asclepias = Prunus Adansonia Artemisia Cyclamen i SLY Caroba Ergot =e Euonymus Saponaria Salix Scilla Eebalium Addenda ... Delphinium Delphinium Leguminosae, Atropa Fragaria ... te Xanthium a Chelidonium Quercus ... Rhus Coriaria ... 179 PAGE Indian 61, 132 .. 88, 142 88) 142 62 91, 144 13, 112 88, 142 81, 138 5, 106 13, 110 46, 126 92, 144 25, 116 51, 128 93, 144 52, 128 88, 142 88, 142 90, 142 50, 126 193 48, 126 ... 48,126 Indian 61, 132 14, 112 53 8. 144, 193 103, 146 93, 144 27, 118 62, 132 84, 140 86, 142 44,124 180 Swamp Silk Weed el . Dogwood ... : Sweet Flag (Sweet Hash) Swietenia Symplocos ... Syringa Tabernce:montana Tanacetum, Compos... Tanghinia venenifera, Aj pocyn. Tankewillia Canadensis ; for Indican . Tansy (‘Tanacetum) .. Taraxacum (Dandelion), Comps. Tares Taxacewe ; see Taxus Taxus baccata, L., Conif. Tea », Labrador (Ledum) | », New Jersey af Tephrosia ... Ternstremiacee ; index) Tetranthera 6 Teucrium fructicans, ‘Labiat. . : Thea Chinensis, Camelliacew (Ter nstrce- miacee.) .. Thea Chinensis; Quercus ... Theobroma Cacao, Stercul. (or Byttner iw) Thalictrum macrocarpum, Ranune. Thevetia, ae Thuya Occids., Thymelacee ‘Timbo’ (Paullinia) ... Tobacco (Nicotiana), ‘Solan. Toxicodendron Trianosperma, Cucurbit. Trigonella Feenum Groecum, Legum. see Camelliacee (this for Quercitrin, see , Con pene SEE UNDER Asclepiadacew Cephalanthus Acorus Cailcedra Lotus bark —s Apocyne, Indies ... Chrysanthemum Strophanthus Tsatis Chrysanthemum is Dutch Vicia —- Thea Arbutus ... Ceanothus Cassia Laurinee: ar —1- Thea group — Cerbera ... Pinus group Daphne ... Paullinia... Atropa Hyzenanche = = BOTANICAL INDEX. PAGE 13, 112 26, 118 4, 106 23, 116 62, 132 96, 144 10, 110 28, 120 93, 144 59, 130 28, 120 97, 144 103, 146 97, 144 97, 144 11, 110 26, 118 25,116 60, 132 84, 140 97, 140 97, 140 Turnera ... Tylophora asthmatica, Ase lep. Ulex (Furze) oc Re 355 Umbellifere ; see ALthusa, Ammi, An- gelica, Cherophyllum, Conium, Daucus, Laserpitium, Pastinaca, Petroselinum, Pimpinella, Vallaria Unona (see Celene: for Berberine.. Upas tree ; Urare (Curare) 2 Urechitis suberecta, Apocyn. Urson Se one Urticacee ; see Antiaris Ustilago Maydis, ae Uva Ursi ... Vaccinium; for Ericolin and Vaccinin... Vallaria (Hydrocotyle) Umbel. Variolaria dealbata, Lichenes ... Veratrum sae aoe Verbenacee ; see Vitex agnus castus Vernonia, Games Vetches (tares) Viburnum prunifolinm Vicia Vinca 3 Vi incetoxicum, Asclep D. Vine (Vitis) ; for aceite: see -e Quercus Violacee ; see Anchietea, Viola, Ipe- cacuanha Viola, Violacee Viscum album, L. thacee Vitex Agnus Castus .. Vitis (V. ine) ; > for Quercitrin .. Voacanga, A pocyn. (Mistletoe), Loran- Wahoo bark SEE UNDER Damiana ... = Cytisus Berberis ... Antiaris ... Strychnos ae Arbutus ... Arbutus ... Arbutus ... Vicia = are A pocynee Asclepias group Ipecacuanha a =< Quercus ... A pocynee Euonymus 20, 114 9,110 93, 144 99, 146 11, 110 9,110 100, 146 11,110 11, 110 100, 146 100, 146 100, 146 103 103, 146 103, 146 103 103, 146 10, 110 13,112 84, 140 59, 130 103 103 84, 140 10, 110 52, 128 Waifa (Chinese Yellow Berries) Walnut (Juglans) ; for Glycyrrhizin sf Water Hemlock (Cicuta) Water Lily (yellow)... White Beam tree (Pyrus aria) Whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis idea) us Winter Cherry 2 Woad (Isatis actos) Wolf Fruit (Solanum ¢ grandifl. ) Wolf’s Bane (Aconitum Meee) Woodbine ... Be Woodumpur ; for Berberine ... Woorari (Curare) Worm grass, Perennial Worm seed ; see Artemisia and Spigelia. Wormwood ‘(Artemisia Absynth.) SEE UNDER Ruta eee Glyeyrrhiza Conium ... Nuphar Pyrus Arbutus ... Physalis ... Tsatis Solanum ... Aconitum Lonicera ... Berberis ... Strychnos Spigelia ... Artemisia BOTANICAL INDEX, PAGE 87, 142 55, 128 43, 124 66, 134 82, 140 11, 110 78, 138 59, 130 91, 144 1, 106 62, 132 20, 114 93, 144 93, 144 13, 110 Wrightia (Nerium), Apocyn.... Xanthinm = Strumaria Xanthoxylum 200 aa - for Berberine ... Xylosteum ... Yellow Berries, Chinese (Sophora) 5; Fe Persian (Rhamnus) ” virens) » Root (Hydrastis Canadensis 7 wood , 0 Yew Zanthoxylum ; see Xanthoxylon Zygophyllacee ; see Harmala Jasmine (Gelsemium semper- SEE UNDER Nerium Xanthium ak Berberis group Lonicera ... Ruta Rhamnus Strychnos group Berberis ... Xanthoxylon Taxus 181 PAGE 65, 134 1023, 146 103, 146 20, 114 62, 132 87, 142 85, 140 93, 144 20, 114 103, 146 97, 144 103, 146 INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. Tus index gives the pages on which the substance looked for will be found in Parts I. and II.; to Part III. no references here are needed, each list in that section being alphabetically arranged. SEE PAGE SEE PAGE Abbreviations as ... Introductory “es be vii | Aloin... ... Aloe on on GSE Abrotine . Wg ... Artemisia ... on ... 13,110 | Alpha-homo- chelidonine ... Chelidonium (@) «x. oe Absynthiin ane “5 = 500 . 13,110 | Alpha-oxy-cinchonine ... Cinchona (41) ae7 a 33 Achillein ; Achilletin tr Achillea <.. ee ate 1,106 | Alstonidine = ... Alstonia (/) ae BS 8, 108 Acolyctine : ... Aconitum (7) os bE 4,106 | Alstonine... er = “f (a) oo oe 7, 108 Aconine ... ane 208 5 (d) ac ee 2,106 | Amanitine Ss ... Agaricus ... Ae st 6, 108 Aconitine Nee é00 s (a) eas 2, 106, 193 | Amarylline aoe ... Amaryllis ... 8, 108 PACOLI TUN ns cee Bee) CAGOTUS bene oo a 4,106 | Ammonia soe ... No. 2 in order of precipitants ; . Adansonin ... Adansonia .. Soe 500 5 106 also page _—, Part III. Adenine (reference ‘only) 2. “hea 20 500 ace 97 | Amygdalin be ... Prunus group < a» Sly 138 Adermann’s Corydaline ... Corydalis (d) an 36 46 | Amyrin ... ah .. Elemi ae ay = 51 Adonin ; Adonidin a) Adonis) | &.. 30 ae 5,106 | Anagyrine as .... Anagyris ... sw aso. | See @scigenin 500 ... Aisculus (h) 700 350 6, 108 | Anchietine ae ... Anchieta ... = a 8, 108 Aiscinic Acid aes a5 a Ga — she 6,108 | Andirin ... Andira__... one xs 9, 108 /®sculetin ae ae FA (0) eee sks 5, 106 | Andromedotoxin (Asebotoxin) Arbutus (d) Se AMseulin ... oo con 5 (a) sce — 5,106 | Anemonin oa =: pAMemone | =. s2 =c- 9, 108 Alscaletin Hydrate Aa S (c) eee cee 5 | Angeline . oe ... Ratanhia ... oe ne (OOR D ee ee .-- Plumeria ... Ste ee USOMtS8, Angelica bitter... ... Angelica ... Zee << eae Akazgine . Ad ... Strychnos group .. .. 96,144 | Angosturin Angostura (a) a5 mae 9, 108 Alizarin ... (reference under Morinda) Se 64 Anhydro- bases, see , alkaloids Alkaline hydrates, “No. 1 in from whence derived ; also order of precipitants ; also apo- bases. Part IIT. was wee aes 150 | Anthemine a ... Anthemis ... —e se 9,110 Alkalinity tests ; see Introduc- Anthocercine oe ... Anthocercis a — 9, 110 tory,p-v.; ; Part II.,column 5; Antiarin ; Antiaretin Antiaris... ms -- 9, 140 Part IIL, p- 147 ‘Antimonic Acid; see Phospho- Alkaloids, unnamed ; A pocynew, antimonic acid of Dutch Indies ; Legumi- Aphrodescin coe ... Aisculus (7 ) sai an 6, 108 nose, Indian ; Chelidonium Apiin ; Apigenin ... .. Petroselinum a -. 78, 138 Apo-alkaloids, from Aconite Apocinchonicine oc Apocinchonidine Apocinchonine A poconitine Apoconquinine (Apoquinidine) Apocynin ; Apocynein Apomorphine Apophyllic Acid A poquinamine Apoquinidine Apoquinine Araliin Arbutin Arganin ... 40 S00 Argentic compounds, see Silver (this index) Arginine (reference) Argsrescin Arecaine ; Arecoline ; Arecai- dine Aribine Aricine Aristolochin ; Aristine Arnicin Artarine ... Arthanitin Asclepiadin ; Asclepion Asebofuscin’ Asebogenin Asebopurpurin Asebotin ... Asiminine Asparagine, reference : *Asphodelin’ of Rogain, from Aristolochine, Asphodel, is merely Cane-sugar Aspidosamine ; As pidosper- - mine ; ; Aspidospermatine 34 SEE Aconitum (m) Cinchona (4d) » (7) ” (4c) Aconitum (m) Cinchona (6a) Apocynum Opium (2a) (3i) Cinchona (18a) ” (6a) Arbutus (a) Achras Lupinus. ABsculus (d) Areca Arariba a Cinchona (8) Aristolochiacee Arnica Xanthoxylon Cyclamen ... A sclepiadacee Arbutus (4) Pe ake (h) Asiminia Vicia Quebracho bark INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC, PAGE 4 33, 120 35, 120 32, 120 4 34, 120 10, 110 68, 134 70 37 34, 120 | 31, 120 10, 110 11, 110 27, 110 11, 110 35, 120 12,110 13, 110 103, 146 46, 126 13, 112 12, 110 12, 110 12 12, 110 14, 112 103 83, 140 | Assamic Acid Athamanthin Atherospermine Atisine Atropamine Atropine ... Aurantiamaric Acid Aurantiamarin Aurantiin (Naringin) Bacharine Baphiin Barosmin . Barbaloin — Bebeerine (Beberine) Belladonnine Bellamarine oc Benzoyl-ecgonine ... Benzoyl-pseudotropine Berberine ; Berbamine Bergenin . Beta-homo- chelidonine Betaine (reference) Beta-oxyacanthine Beta-oxy-cinchonine Beta-quinine (Quinidine) Beta-quinovin Bicolorin (sculin) Bismuth-potassic iodide Boldine Breidin Bromine-water Brucamarin Brucine Bryoidin ... Bryogenin Bryonetin ; Bryonin Bulbocapnine co Buxin (Bebeerin) . 183 SEE PAGE Thea ; 99, 144 Athamantha 14, 112 Atherosperma 14, 112 Aconitum (/) 4, 106 Atropa (7)... 16, 112 (Gece 14, 112 Aurantiacee (e) 19, 114 Auruntiacec,(f) 19 eG) 19, 114 Bacharis 19,114 Baphia 19, 114 Barosma 20), 114 Aloe 108 Bebeeru 20, 114 Atropa (h)... 17, 112 Amaryllis ... 8, 108 Coca (2) 40, 122 58) 41 Berberis 21, 114 Saxifraga ... 90 Chelidonium Ce) 27,118 Vicia : 103 Berberis 22 Cinchona (4m) 30 Cinchona (5) 33, 120 Pe (26a) 88 A®sculus 4 : 5, 106 Precipitant No. 26, and Part ITI. 159 Boldoa . 22, 004 Bryonia_... 51 Reagent No. 32, and Part III. 162 Quassia 3 82 Strychnos ... 94, 144 Elemi f 66 51 Bryonia, Addenda ... 193 Bryonia_... 23, 114, 193 Corydalis (/) 46 Bebeeru 20, 114 184 Cacothellin (Dinitro Brucine) Cadmium-potassic iodide Caffeine (Theine) . Mem. : In alphabetical lists (Par! t IIT.) this alkaloid is entered as Theine. Caffeidine Cailcedrin Caincaic Caincin Calabarine Calamine ... Calcitrapine Calendulin Californin Californine ee eee Calumbin ; Calumbic Acid ... Calycanthine ee Camellin ... Canadine .. Cannabine ; ; Cannabinine Cantharidin Capsaicin ; Capsicin; Capsicol Capsulescinic Acid aoe Carapin Caricine ... Carobin Carotin Carpaine ... Carthagine Cascarillin Castine Catechin ... Cathartic Acid Ceanothine Cedrine ... Cephalanthin; Cephalanthein ; Cephalin ; Cephaletin Ceratophyllin Acid; Caincetin; INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. SEE Strychnos ... Precipitant No. 27, and Part ITI. Thea : Caileedra Chiococea ... Calabar bean Acorus 200 Delphinium (e) Calendula ... Cinchona (31) Lotus Calumba Calycanthus Thea group Berberis ... aah Cannabis, Addenda ... Cantharides Capsicum ... Alsculus (7) Carapa Papaya Caroba Daucus Papaya es Cinchona (4a) a8) Vitex ae Catechu Cassia ; Ceanothus ... Simaba Cephalanthus Parmelia PAGE 94 160 97, 144 98 23, 116 28, 118 23, 116 4, 106 49, 126 23, 116 38, 122 26, 118 77, 136 Cerberin ... Cevadilline (Sabadilline) Cevadine Wer nin) Cevine : me Cheerophylline ao Chairamine ; Chairamidine ... Chameelirin Characin ... Chekenin, Chekenetin Chelerythrine Chelidonine Chenepodine cn Chicory Glucoside ... Chinovie Acid Chinovatine Chinovin . Mem.: The German Chin in the Cinchona group (as Chinin) is in English usually Quin (as Quinine). | Chiratin (Ono Chiretto- genin = Chiococcaic Acid Chlorine-water A Chlorogenine (Alstonine) Choline (reference), see Lupi- nus, also Vicia Chromates Chrysanthemine Chrysin Cichorium Glucoside Cicutine ... Cicutoxin | Cinchamidine 3 | Cincholeuponic Acid Cinchonamine | Cinchonetine Cinchonicine Cinchonidine SEE PAGE Cerbera 26, 118, 193 Veratrum (c) 101, 146 5 (a) 100, 146 3 sor 100 Cherophyllum et 26, 118 Cinchona (13), Sool 36, 122 Chamelirium 26, 118 Chara 27, 118 Eugenia Pimenta 52 Chelidonium (a) 27,118 a (5) 27, 118 Chenopodium 28, 118 Cichorium ... 28, 120 Cinchona (27) 38 PA (8) 35, 120 » (26) Chiretta 28,118 Chiococca ... 28 Reagent No. 31, and Part III. 162 Alstonia (a) : 7, 108 Precipitants19 to21,and Part ITT. 157 Chrysanthemum 28, 120 Populus 81, 138 Cichorium ... 28, 120 Conium (a) 44 as 124 Cinchona (7c) 35, 120 » - Gg) 33 i (22 37, 122 » (4d) 32 = (4n) 33, 120 fever 34, 120 Cinchonine (Beta) Cinchonibine ; Cinchonifine ; Cinchonigine ; Cinchoniline Cinchotine Cinchovatiue (Cinchonidine) Cinnamyl-cocaine ... . Cinnamyl-ecgonine Cnicin Cocamine... Cocaine Coccognin Cocculin ... Cocethyline Codamine Codenine ... Codeine Colchiceine ; Colloturine Colocynthin Columbin Conchairamine; Conchairami- dine Concusconine ; dine Condurangin Conessine Ger Shc Conhydrine aoe aot Coniferin.. a derivative; see 2e Syringin Coniine : d Conquinamine 7 Conquinine (Quinidine) Contramine (Brucine) Colchicine Goncusconi- Convallamarin ; Convallarin Convicine... ie re Convolyulin ; Convolvulinic Acid ; Convolvulinol Copalchin SEE Cinchona (3): ” (7) » (Ah) to (4h) » (4?) ” Coca (5) Coca (4) Cnicus Coca (6) Cocculus ... Coca (1b) ... Opium (14) ” (7a) ” (6) Colchicum ... Lotus see Colocynthis Calumba ... Cinchona (14), (16) .. » (10), 11) Gonolobus... Nerium _... Conium (b) Pinus Syringa Conium (a) Cinchona (19) () Strychnos .. Convallaria Vicia Convolvulacece Cinchona (29) INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. 40, 39, 122 41, 124 39, 122 48, 126 41, 124 40 74, 136 2 71, 134 42, 124 62, 132 42, 124 24, 116 36, 122 Copper Tartrate, see Fehling’s solution (this index) Copper Sulphate Coptine Cornin Coryamirtin Corycavine Corydaline 0% 7 (Adermann’s) Cotarnine se Crategin ... Crepin oa Crocin ; Crocetin ... Cryptopine Cupreine ... Cupric Sulphate, see Copper Sulphate (this andex) Cuprine Cupronine Curarine ... Cuscamidine Cuscamine Cusconine Cusconidine Cusparidine Cusparin ... Cusparine... Cyclamin ; Cyclamiretin Cyanchin ; eae Cyanides .. : Cynapine ... Cytisine ... Damascenine Damianin.. Daphnin ; Dapbnetin Datiscin ... Precipitant No. 11 Berberis group Cornus Coriaria.. Corydalis (9) » (a) ” (d) Opium (3b) Crategus Crepis Saffron... Opium (17) Cinchona (20) Opium (37) » _ (3e) Strychnos group Cinchona (9b) ” (12) » (@) » (9a) Angostura (e) »» (a) ” (d) Cyclamen ... A sclepidacew Precipitant No. 16 ‘(see also Ferrocyanides,Ferricyanides, Sulphocyanides, etc.) Aithusa... ae Cytisus Nigella Damiana Daphne Datisca bo ~ 45, 124 44, 124 46 45, 124 46 70, 134 46, 126 46, 126 87, 142 74, 136 37, 122 70, 134 70, 134 95, 144 35 36, 122 35, 120 35, 120 9, 108 9, 108 9, 108 46, 126 14 186 Daturine (Atropine) Dehydromorphine morphine) Delphinine ; Delphisine Derrid Dextro-atropine Dextro-cocaine Dextro-ecgonine Diapocinchonine [Dibromapophylline Dicinchonine vas Digitalein: Digitalin ; tonin ; Digitoxin Diosmin ... Ditaine (Bchitamine) Ditamine .. Divicine ... ace Dragendorfi’s reagent ; see Bismuth-potassic iodide Duboisine Dalcamarin (Pseudo- Delphinoidine ; Digi- Ecbalin Ecboline ... Eegonine ... Echicerin ... Echiretin... Echitamine Echitenine Eehitin Echugin ... = Blaterid ; Elaterin | Emetine sas aes Emodin Ephedrine es Ergotine ; Ergotinine Erdmann’s reagent, see Ericinol SEE Atropa (a) Opium (2d) Delphinium Leguminosae, Indian... Atropa (0)... Coca (1a) ... » (3a) 2 Cinchona (4e) Opium (3h) Cinchona (47) Digitalis Barosma . Alstonia (¢) Atropa (7)... Solanum Kebalium ... Ergot Cocar(3) ... Alstonia (h) ” () CO) ” (d) » , Echugin poison Eebalium ... Ipecacuanha Rhamnus ... Hphedra Ergot 2 Introductory Arbutus (c) INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. PAGE 14, 112 68, 134 48, 126 61, 132 1G) 40 40 33, 120 70 33 49, 126 20, 114 7, 108 7, 108 103 16, 112 92, 144 50, 126 59, 130 86, 140 51 Ericolin Erythrine... ate Erythrocentaurin ... Erythrophloeine Esenbeckin=Quinovin Hserine (Physostigmine) Eschscholzia bases Ethyl-cocaine Ethyl-piperidine Euonymin Eupatorine ; Eupatorin Euphorboa 4 Fabianin ; Fabiin ... Fehling’s solution ... Ferric Chloride Ferricyanides Ferrocyanides Fisetin Formonetin Fragariamarin Frangulio be Fraxetin ; Fraxin ... Fumarine Fustin oes Fréhde’s solution ... Galipidine Galipine ... Gallactucon Gardenin ... Gastrolobin Geissospermine Gelsemine ; Gelseminine Gentiogenin ; Gentiopicrin ; Gentianin ; Gentiscin Geoffroyine (Ratanhine) Geum bitter Githagin (Saponin) SEE Arbutus (c) 7 Leguminose, Indian .. Erythrea Erythrophleum Cinchona (40) Calabar bean Chelidonium group ... Coca (1b) Conium (e) Euonymus... Eupatorium Euphorbia... Atropa (s) .. Reagent No. 12, and Part III. Precipitant No. 6, and Part IIT. Precipitant No. 14, and Part ITT. Precipitant No. 13, and Part IIL. Rhus cotinus Ononis Fragaria Rhamnus ... Fraxinus ... Chelidonium (b) Rhus cotinus Colour test No. 7, and Part III. Angostura (c) » (b) Lactuca Gardenia Gastrolobium Pareira Strychnos group Gentiana ... Ratanhia ... Geum : Saponaria ... Glaucopicrine Glaucine ... Gleditschine Globularesin ; Globularin Glucoside, unnamed Glycyrrhizin Glycyphyllin Gnoscopine Gold Chloride Gonolobin Grandiflorine Gratiolin ; Gratiosolin Guacin aie Guachamanine Guanine, reference to Guvacine... Hager’s. reagent; see Picric Acid (this index) Halogens, Solutions of Harmaline ; Harmine Hedera Glucoside (Helixin)... Helicin as Heliotropine Helixin ae eee Helleborein; Helleboresin ; Helleboretin ; Helleborin.. Heraclin ... A Hesperetin Hesperidin Hesperitinic Acid . Homoatropine Homocinchonidine Homococaine Homococamine Homoquinine Hop bitter ; Homulin Hurin Ae Hyzenarchin INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, SEE Chelidonium (e) I ” (f) Gleditschia Globularia... Gonolobus ... Glycyrrhiza Sarsaparilla Opium (13) ees No. 9, and Part Il. Gonolobus .. Solanum Gratiola Mikamia Guachamania Vicia Areca Reagents Nos.31to3 Harmala Hedera Salix es Heliotrope... Hedera Hellebore ... Pastinaca ... Aurantiacee (b) ” (a) (¢) Atropa (GA)eoe Cinchona (7d) Coca (1b) ... Oa Cinchona (21) Humulus ... Hura Hyznanche ee 154 55, 130 92, 144 55, 130 64, 152 56 103 12, 110 162 56, 130 56, 130 88, 142 57, 130 56, 130 Dis 130 58, 130 | Isophloretin ; | Isopyrin ... REAGENTS, ETC. | Hydrastine | Hydroberberine Hydrocarotin Hydrocinchonine Hydroconquinine ... Hydrocotarnine Hydroelaterine Hydroquinidine Hydroquinine | Hygrine ... Hymenodictyonine Hyoscine . Hyoscyamine bo Hypoquebrachine ... Hyposantonin | Hypoxanthin (reference to). Icajanine (Akazgine) Tixanthin ; Ilicin ... Tgasurine ., Imperatorin (Peucedanin) Imperialine Indican Tneine (Strophanthin) Indigo... Iodides Iodine tincture i Ipomeein ; Ipomeolic Acid . Isaconitine Re Tsocinchonidine Tsocinchonine Tsoconquinine Isohesperidin Isohyposantonin Isopelletierine 20 ade Tsophlorrhizin Isoquinidine SEE PAGE Berberis sas Pr 22,114 Berberis.... aa nee 22 Daucus... one Gee 48 Cinchona (4/) 33, 120 (24) 3 Opium (3a) 70, 134 Eebalium ... 50, 128 Cinchona (6b) 34, 120 5 (2e) 31, 120 Coca (9) . 41 Hymenodictyon 58, 130 Atropa (i)... 16, 112 palaces 16, 112 Quebracho bark 84, 140 Artemisia ... nee poe) lle pall Thea See coe oe 97 Strychnos ... 96, 144 Tlex =F se .. 58,130 Strychnos ... 400 ae 95 Athamantha es come a LAL, Fritillaria ... 53, 128 Isatis 5°, 130 Strophanthus 93, 144 Tsatis 59, 130 Precipitants Nos. 25 to 29, and Part IIT. 159 to 161 Precipitant No, 33, and Part III. 162 Addenda ... 193 Aconitum (7) mee : 4,193 Cinchona (7a) ook oe 35 cf (4a) 6 cog a AIPAD) Af (6d) O80 ocd 34 Aurantiacee (a) Got Bac 19 Artemisia ... 200 Bhs 13 Punica 82, 140 Pyrus ceo ... 82,140 Isopyrum ... aes me 59 Cinchona (6d) on ae 34 188 Jsoquinine Tsorottlerin Ivain : Ivy glucoside (Helixin) Jaboridine ; Jaborine Jalapin ; Jalapinol Jamaicine= Berberine Japaconitine Javanine ... Jervic acid Jervine Juniperin... Jurubebine Karakin ... Kellin Kosin Laburnine (Cytisine) Lactucin ; Lactucerin ; tucon; Lactucopicrin Lanthopine Laserol ; Laserpitin | Laudanine Laudanosine Laurotetanine Lead acetate Lignoin Ligustron... Lilacin Limonin ... Linamarin Linarin ; resin Liniin Liriodendrin Lobeliine ... Loevo-atropine Lac- Linaracrin ; Lina- INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. SEE PAGE Loliin ae Loturidine ; Loturine Loxopterigine Lupinin ; Lupinidin ; Lupino- toxin ; Lupanine ; Lupinine Lupulinic Acid Lycaconine Lycaconitine Lycoctonine Lycopin ... Lycopodine Macleyine (Chelery aoe 2 Macrocarpine : | Mandragorine Cinchona (2a) 508 51 Rottleria, Addenda ... 193 Achillea 3 1, 106 Hedera 130 Pilocarpus ... = O38) | Convolvulacee 44, 124, 193 Berberis 21,114 Aconitum (/) 4 Cinchona (34) 39,122) | Veratrum ... 102 | Smet) 101, 146 Juniperus ... 60, 130 Solanum 92,144 Corynocarpus 42,126 Ammi 8, 108 Brayera 22,114 Cytisus 47, 126 Lactuca 60, 130 Opium (16) 74, 136 Laserpitiuin 60, 132 Opium (18) 74, 136 ” (2 1) 75, 136 Lawi.e@ ... . 60,132 Precipitant No.3; ;also Part III. 151 Cinchona (30) 58, 122 Syringa 97 Syringa s 96 Aurantiacee (/) 19, 114 Linum 61, 132 Linaria 61, 132 Linum “ 61, 132 Liriodendron 61, 132 Lobelia 62, 132 Atropa (c) ... 1d Metbyl-pelletierine Mangostin Marmé’sreagent; seeCadmium- Potassic iodide (this index) Marrubiin ae ae Mayer’s solution | Meconie Acid Meconidine Meconuin ... Meconoisin Megarrhin; Megarrhizin; Me- garrhizitin ao Melanthin Melin (Rutin) Melonemetin Menispermine Menyanthin Mercurialine = Methylamine Mercuric chloride ... see also Gerrard test Mercuric-potassic iodide Methyl-arbutin Methyl-coniine Methyl-morphine (Codeine) SEE Loliam Lotus oe Quebracho... Lupinus Humulus Aconitum (9g) 5 (f) ” (4) Lycopus 3 Lycopodium Chelidonium group ... ‘Thalictrum Atropa (q) ... Garcinia Marrubinm Precipitant No. 29, and Part um, Opium (24) ” (15) ee (20 » (25) Megarrhiza Nigella Rata Cucumis Coceulus .. Menyanthes (from Mercurialis ann inua) Precipitant No. 30,and Part IIT. Precipitant No. re Part ITT. Arbutus ()) ae Conium () ase re Opium Punica PAGE 62, 132 62, 132 83, 140 Milossine ., Molybdic acid ; see Phospho- molybdic acid, also Frihde's solution Monessin; gece EApONT) Moradeine : Moradin ... Morrenine Morindin ; Morindon Morphine Moschatine Muawine ... Mudarin ... Murrayetin Murrayin... Muscarine Myoctonine Myronate of potassium Nandinine Napelline... Narceine ... Narcotine... . Naringenin Naringin ... Narthecin... Nartinice Acid Nataloin ... Nectandrine : Nerianthin ; Neriin ; dorin ; Neriodorein Nicotine ... Nitric Acid Nitro-prussides Nupharine Odollin Oleandrine oo Onocerin ; Ononid ; Ophelic Acid F Nerio- Ononin INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. Saponaria ... Cinchona (32) ee) Morrenia Morinda Opium (1) Achillea Erythrophleum Calotropis ... Aurantiacee (i) ” (J) Agaricus Aconitum (7) Sinapis Nandina Aconitum (a) Opium (10) alee. Aurantiacee (h) mee 9) Narthecium Opium Ds Aloe ; Bebeeru Nerium e (@)iate Colour test No Precipitant No. 17 Nuphar Cerbera Nerium Ononis Chiretta bey and Part Il. PAGE 97 89, 142 39, 122 19,114 19, 114 6, 108 4, 106 91, 142 64, 134 2, 106 72, 136 69, 134 19 19, 114 64, 134 70, 134 ‘ 20, 114 65, 134 17, 112 165 66, 134 26, 118 65, 134 66, 134 28, 118 Ophioxylin Opionin Oreoselon Oscine : Ostruthiin Ouabain ... Oxyacanthine me from... Oxycinchonine, Alphaand Beta Oxymorphine (Pseudomor- phine) ... rae Oxynarcotine Pachyrhizid Palicourine Palladious chloride. Panaquilon Papaveramine Papaverine Papaine ; Papain ; Papayotin Parabebeerine c Paramenispermine . Paramorphine (Thebaine) Pararhodeoretin (Jalapin) ... Pereirine ... an | Paricine ... ~ | Paridin Parillin Paristyphnin Pastinacine Paytamine ; Paytine Pelosine ... bc Pelletierine Pereirine Permanganate of Potash Peucedanin (Imperiatorin) . Phillyrin ; Phillygenin : Phloretin ; Phloridzin im (Pblor- rhizin) . SEE A pocynee, Dutch Indies (a) ... Opium (26) Athamantha Atropa (j)... . oo Strophanthus Berberis Crategus ... Cinchona (41) and (4m) Opium (2)) Opium (12) Leguminose, Indian ... Palicourea ... Precipitant No. 8 Panax : Opium (5a) ” see Papaya Bebeeru Cocculus Opium (8) ... Convolvulacee Pareira Cinchona (25) Paris quadr. Sarsap. (Smilax) Paris quadr. Pastinaca ... Payta Bebeeru Punica Pareira Part LIT. Athamantha Phillyrea Pyrus 44, 124 37, 122 190 Phospho compounds Phyllanthin Physalin ... Physodin ... Physostigmine... Phytomelin (Rutin) Picrasmin (Quassiin) Picric Acid Picre-aconitine Picrocrocin Picrolichenin dos Picropodophyllin ... Picrotoxid ; Picrotoxin ; Picro- toxinin (Barth’s Pierotoxin) Piliganine Pilocarpine ; Pilocarpidine .. Pimarie Acid ; Pinipicrin Pimpinellin j Piperidine ; Piperine Piscidin Bee Pitayine ... Pithecolobine Piturine ... Platinum chloride . Piumbagin (Dulong’ s) Podophyllotoxin; Podophyllo- quercetin Polychroite (Crocin) Polychrome = Msculin Polygalin Savon Populin Porphyrine Potassium salts (reagents) ; see individual compounds (this index) Propscinic Acid ... Prophetin Protopine... INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. SEE Precipitants 22 to 24, and Part Til. S85 Phyllanthus Physalis ... Parmelia Calabar bean 5 Ruta “08 see Quassia ... Precipitant No.5 Aconitum (e) Saffron Variolaria ... Podophyllum : also Part Ill. Cocculus Lycopodium Pilocarpius Pinus Pimpinella Piper Piscidia Cinchona (5) Leguminosae, Indian .. Atropa (m) aes Precipitant No. 7, and Part III. Apocynee, Dutch ‘Indies Podophyllum Saffron Asculus Saponaria ... Populus... Alstonia (e) isculus (e) Cucumis . Opium (19) PAGE 158 78, 138 78, 138 77, 136 23,116 87, 142 82, 140 152 3, 106 82, 142 100, 146 81 41, 124 | 63, 132 78, 138 9, 80,138 | 79, 138 80, 138 80, 138 3, 120 61, 132 17, 112 154 10, 110 ...80, 81, 138 87, 142 5, 106 89, 142 81, 138 7, 108 Protoveratridine Protoveratrine Pseudaconine Pseudaconitine Pseudephedrine Pseudisopyrine Pseudoconhydrine ... Pseudohyoseyamine Pseudojervine Pseudomeconin Pseudomorphine Pseudopelletierine ... Pseudotropine ” Pyrethrosin Quassiin ... Quebrachamine ; Quebrachine Quercetin ; Quercitrin Querescitrin Aa Quillain, footnote to Quinamicine Quinamidine Quinamine Quinetum Quinicine... Quinidine... Quinine Quinoidine Quinotine (Quinidine) Quinovatine (Aricine) Quinovie Acid Quinovin ... Quitenidine Quitenine--- Mem. : : Quin’ in “English i is usually Chin’ in German in the Cinchona group. Ratanhine SEE Veratrum (m) ”, e) Aconitum (d) ” (¢) Ephedra Isopyrum ... Conium (¢) Atropa (g2) Veratrum (/) Opium Q3 3) 4 aed) Punica Atropa (/).. Coca (8a) . Chry: santhemum (d)_ Quassia.. Quebracho bark Quercus tinct. ABsculus (/:) Saponaria ... Cinchona (18)) ” ( 18¢ ) a CL) ” (24) eC) ” (4) ” (1) ‘ (23) A (@) ja) ’ (e ‘ ) ” (26) » (6c) » (@d) Ratanhia ~ PAGE 102, 146 102, 146 3, 106 2, 106 Bl 60 43 16 102, 146 75 68, 134 82, 140 17 41 28 82, 140 “83, 84, 140 84, 140 85, 140 Reagents, see Introductory, p.v.; also Part IIT. Resins, alpha, beta, gamma ... Rhamnetin; Rhamnin ; Rbam- nocathartin ; Rhamnegin... Rheadine (Rhoeadine) Rhinacanthin Rbivanthin Khodeoretin (Kayser’ 8) Rheeadine Ricin, poisonous principle o of Castor seed, is albuminous, hence not described in this vol. Robinin ... Rosaginin Rotoine Rottlerin .. Ruberythric Acid . Rubiadin; Rubiadin Glucoside Rubijervine : Rubreserin Rules . Rutilin ... Rutin (Rutic Acid) Sabadilline Sabadine ... Sabadinine Sabatrine.. Saffron bitter (Picrocrocin) Salicin 4 Sangninarine (Chelery thine) Santonin ... Sapogenin ; Saponine Sapotin ; Sapotine ; Saporetin Sarracenine Sarsaparilla-saponin (Smilacin) Scammonin (Jalapin) INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. SEE PAGE Humulus .., 57, 130 Rhamuus .., 85, 140 Opium (11) 73, 136 Rhinacanthus 86 Rhinanthus 86, 140 Convolvulacee 44,124 Opium (11) 73, 136 Robinia 86, 142 Nerium ec 65, 134 Atropa (0)... 17 Rottleria --. 87, 142 Reference under Morinda... 64 Rubia, Addenda 193 Veratrum (Ik) 102 Calabar bean 23 Introductory vi Salix 88 Ruta 87, 142 Veratrum (c) 101, 146 % (a) 101, 146 ae (d2) 102, 146 5 (e) 102 Saffron... 88, 142 Salix 88, 142 Chelidonium 27,118 Artemisia ... i} 1) Saponaria .,. 89, 142 Achras 1, 106 Sarracenia ... 89 Sarsap. (Smilax) 89, 142 Convolvulacece “Ad, 1247 193 Scheibler’s Reagent ; see Phos- pho-tungsticacid (this index) ‘Schillerstoff ’= Aisculin Schultz's Reagent; see Phospho- antimonic acid (this index) Scillain ; Scillin; Scillipicrin ; Scillotoxin 36 Scoparin ... Scopolamine Scopoletin Scopolin ... Scrophularin Senegine, footnote to Sennapicrin : Sikeranine (Hyoscine) Sikimin Silver nitrate Silver-potassium cyanide Sinalbin; Sinapin-thiocyanide Sincalin 200 so Sipirine Smilacin ... Socaloin ... Solanicine ; Solanidine ; Sola- nine 3 ae Solubility : see coe Sonnenchein’s Reagent; see Phospho-molybdic acid (this index) Sophorine Sparattospermin Sparteine... Spigeline ... Stachydrine Staphisagrine Stramonine Strophanthin ‘ Struthiin (Saponin) Strychnine roe SEE PAGE Aisculus 5, 106 Scilla ase 90, 142 Spartium ... oo6 ... 92,144 Atropa (h)... 280 eG ali a (Pp)... Her Beene early Hi (Dace Boe 17, 112 Scrophularia Ste gee 90 Saponaria ... 89, 142 Cassia a do es 25, 116 Atropa (h) .. 66 508 aoe dle ae Illicium... 58 Precipitant No. 10; salso Part ILL. 155 Precipitant No. 18° Sinapis ee 90, 91, 142 Bebeeru ... eas soc 20 Sarsap. (Smilax) 89, 142 Aloe onc Solanum ... veg) G4 Introductory, p.v.; alsoPart III. 148 to 150 Sophora 88, 142 Caroba 25,116 Spartium ... 92, 144 Spigelia ... 506 «-. 93, 144 Stachys, Addenda ... cae 194 Delphinium 206 wee) 40126 Atropa (/) ... 17, 112 Strophanthus 93, 144 Saponaria ... 89, 142 Strychnos ... 93, 144 192 Stylophorine=Chelidonine . Sulphocyanides 00 Sulphuric Acid! Surinamine (Ratanhine) . Syringenin; Syringin; Sy- ringopicrin aa es Tampicin Tanacetic Acid ; Tanacetin ... Tanghinin Tannic Acid Taraxacin Tarconine ‘arnine)... Taxine Telwscin ... Teucrin Thalictrine Thebaine ; Thebaicine Thebenine aac Theine (Caffeine) ; ; Theo- bromine ; Theophylline ... Thevetin ; "Thevetosin ; The- vetresin Thujin ; Thujigenin Timbonine Trianospermine ; Trianosper- mitine ... eee Trigonelline Tritopine Tropine ; Truxilline Tulucunnin Tungstic Acid ; see “Phospho- tungstic Acid Turpethin ; pra Tylophorine Tropidine Ulexine (Cytisine) INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, SEE Chelidonium Precipitant No. 16, and Part IIL. Colour test No, 1, and Part IIL. Ratanhia oe: Syringa Convolvulacea: Chrysanthemum Strophanthus Precipitant No. 4, and Part II. Taraxacum Opium (3c) re) Taxus 600 Adsculus (7) Teucrium ... Thalictrum Opium (8), (9a) ” (9b b) Thea group Cerbera Pinus group Paullinia pinnata Trianosperma Trigonella ... Opium (20) Atropa @, ©) Coca Carapa Convolvulacee Tylophora... Cytisus PAGE 27, 118 157 163 85, 140 | | | | 96, 144 44, 124 28, 120 93 152 97, 144 | 70 70, 134 ne 97, 98, REAGENTS, ETC. Ultraquinine (Homoquinine) Urea from Arginine Urechitin ; Urechitoxin; Ure: chitoxetin - Urson Ustilagine Vaccinin ... Valdivine ; Variolarin Vellarin .... Veratralbine Veratrine 5 ( Couerbe’ ) Veratroidine Vernine ... Vv i ernonin... Viburnin... Vicine Vinetine ... Valdine | Viola-quercitrin ; Violine 44, 124, 193 99, 146 47, 126 Villosin ; Villosic Acid Viscin Vitali’s test; see Atropine, also Wagner’s Reagent (Iodo-potas- sic iodide); see Iodides (this index) Wrightine Xanthine (reference to) Xanthopicrin (Berberine) Xanthopuccine Xanthorhamnin Xanthostrumarin ... Xylostein... Zinc-potassic iodide SRE Cinchona (21) Lupinus Urechitis ... Arbutus (/) Ustilago Arbutus (e) Simaba Variolaria ... Vallaria Veratrum (i) ” (a) ” \h) ” (9) Vicia a Vernonia ... Viburnum ... Vicia Berberis Ipecac, group Rubus Viscum Part III. Nerium Thea Berberis > ee Rhamnin Xanthium ... Lonicera Precipitant No. 28,and Part IIT. PAGE 37, 122 63 99, 146 11, 110 100, 146 11,110 90, 142 100, 146 100, 146 102 100, 146 102 102, 146 103 103, 146 103 103, 146 21, 114 59 87, 142 103 167 65, 134 97 21,114 92,114 85, 140 103, 146 62, 132 160 ADDENDA. ACONITUM (compare p. 1). Dunstan and Carr (Chem. Soc. Jnl., Aug., 1893) show that Aconitine changes into Isaconitine under certain condi- tions, e.g., long heating of the hydrobromide. Dunstan and Jowett, loc. cit., further show that Aconitine Aurichloride exists in three modifi- cations, having different melting-points, BRYONIA. Masson (J. Pharm., [5], 27, 300) finds for BRYONIN : C,,H,,0, ; dextro-rotatory, [a]p=-+41-25 ; precipitated by ammoniacal lead acetate ; and for BRYOGENIN : ©,,H,,O. ; M.P. 210°; dextro-rotatory (+ 105°). Bryogenin dissolves with red colour in concentrated sulphuric acid, the solution becoming purple on heating, and giving, on subsequent addition of water, a purple pp. CANNABIS indica (Indian Hemp); Cannabinacew ; alkaloids, (a), see Dupuy, ‘ Les alcaloides’; and (0), see H. F. Smith, Amer. J. Pharm. (a) CANNABINE A. ; crystallizes in needles ; ‘action like Strychnine.’ Soluble in alcohol, very readily in water, slowly in ether and chloro- form, ‘Precipitates with most alkaloid reagents,’ sulphuric acid and potassium bichromate. (b) CANNABININE A. ; yellowish-green, amorphous (varnish from ether); | Coniine-like odour ; alkalinereaction. Gives a crystalline sulphate. Soluble in alcohol and in ether; very difficultly in water. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates ) yellowish- Ammonia i green, Tannic acid, yellowish-brown. Picric acid, yellow. Phospho-molybdie acid, white. CERBERA (see p. 26) and STROPHANTHUS (p. 93). No violet coloration with Potassic iodide, yellow. Todo-potassic iodide, brown. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. yellowish- P. C. Plugge (Arch. Pharm., 231, 10-34, and Chem. Soc. Jni., 54, 1., 481) describes under | the name ‘ CERBERIN’ a glucoside resembling Arnaud’s TANGHININ (p. 93); O.,H Os ; M.P. 191°-192° (corrected). Leevo-rotatory : [a]D=-- 74°61 in 90 per cent, alcohol. Soluble in alcohol. chloroform, ether, amyl alcohol ; with difficulty in benzene and carbon tetrachloride, slightly in carbon bisulphide and petroleum ether. CONVOLVULACEZ (compare p. 44). N. Kromer (Pharm, Z. luss., vols. 31 and 32) has obtained the following results : SCAMMONIN (Jalapin), CegHy;,Ou ; M.-P. 123°68° (corrected) ; levo- rotatory, [a]D=—23'06. Insoluble in petroleum ether and water. as given on p. 44. TURPETHIN, C,H 2503; ; M.-P. 146°8° (corrected). TURPETHOL (Turpethole), C,;H0;; M.P. 85°76°; the anhydride apparently of TURPETHOLIC ACID, C,;H5204. IPOMEIN G., from Ipomoea pandurata (Convolvulus panduratus, L.), C7sH 3205 ; a white powder ; M.P. 170°. Soluble in most solvents except ether. Sodie hydrate colours it intense red ; red coloration also with sulphuric acid (concentrated). IPOMEOLIC ACID (a crystalline substance, M.P. 6U°6°) is formed by the Behaviour to other solvents | action of dilute acids upon the preceding body, together with sugar anda volatile acid, C;H,O0, ; M.P. 60°8°. RUBIA tinctoria (Madder). Schunk and Marchlewski (Chem. Soc. Jnl., Aug., 1893) have isolated a new substance, RUB/AD/N-GLUCOSIDE, occurring in lemon-yellow microscopic needles; M.P. about 270°. Decomposed by acids into sugar and Rubiadin, the methyl derivative of Purpuroxanthin (isomer of Alizarin). 25 194 Soluble in boiling concentrated acetic acid (separating in yellow needles on cooling), less readily dissolved by ether and alcohol, scarcely by water. ; Reactions : Potassic hydrate, sol. red on boiling ; the solution, on cooling, becomes a crimson jelly, admixed with crystalline needles. Potassic carbonate « Calcic hydrate solution Baric hydrate solution, dissolves traces, becoming coloured dark red. Lead acetate (alcoholic), no pp. Cupric acetate (alcoholic), brick-red pp. Concentrated sulphuric acid, red solution, decomposing on standing, or on warming, into glucose and Rubiadin. i scarcely dissolve. ROTTLERIA. A. G. Perkin (Chem. Soc. Jni., Aug., 1893) finds for | ROTTLERIN (compare p, 87) M.P. 191°-191'5° ; pale flesh-coloured, slender transparent needles (not yellow, as Anderson had found). Soluble in ether readily, in chloroform, benzene, sparingly in carbon bisulphide and glacial acetic acid. and toluene ; ADDENDA, Reactions : Alkaline hydrates and carbonates, dissolve. Ferric chloride, brown coloration. ISOROTTLERIN was also isolated, in the form of a glittering salmon- coloured mass ; M.P. 198°-199°. Soluble in a mixture of ether and chloroform, sparingly in ether alone. Insoluble in ‘hot benzene, carbon bisulphide, chloroform, Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, sol. cold, orange-red. > carbonates, sol. boiling, orange-red. Ferric chloride (alcoholic), brownish-black coloration. STACHYS tuberifera. A. v. Planta and E. Schulze (Berichte d. d, Chem. Ges., 26, 939) have separated STACHYDRINE, C,H,,NO., resembling Betaine ; transparent deliquescent crystals ; M.P. 210° (after losing water at 100°) ; neutral reaction. THE END. Bailliére, Tindall and Cox, King William Street, Strand, London QK865.S6 1 Soh ctionary of the activ Ti ai. arpe, Kw