DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY WILLIAMSON WORDEN DICTIONARY or NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY SIDNKY LEK VOL. LXH. WILLIAMSON - WORDEN LONDON SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE 1900 [fill ri/:ft'" rtterrtd] 2920 LIST OF WlilTEES IN THE SIXTY-SECOND VOLUME. 1\ .T. W. A. ,1. AuounoM>. TIIK KKV. CANON ATKINSON. Hi MM BATKHON* THH HKV. HONAM> BAYNU, TlIOMAH BAYNK. PttOFHHHtW Ol'UUTj P. ;f. A.. . . W. A. .1. A. F. A. A. * . M. B ..... K. B ..... T. B. . . , . C, B* , * . * T- 0. 1J * * 0, B* B. . , T. B. U. . * K I* C.. . . \V. C H. . . J. I*. . , A, C u. . . . J. W. C K.. K. C R. . , A.'M. 0, A. M. C-w, I. 0, , . OtUHMU, 1\ W. P. C. . * W- P, OOUUTNKV. I/ f C* . * LTONKT* CUHT, F.H.A. BoNNlilY, RU.H, 0. 8. Bow,m-!iu T. B* BHOWNJNCK K. IttVlNd OAHIA'MO* WiMiiAM OAUH. HN. J. A. IlARnwoN. Tins lli-iv. TJIOMAH HAJWIT/PON, D.I>. . 0. AwsxAMfDisii HAIIUIS, O.M.G. , PnoFMHHOii MAHCTTB HAUTOCL . P, J, UAUTOO. * T, F. HNJ)KUHON. Tim UKV. t7. KINO HKWIHON* , TJIH BKV. WIMMAM HUNT. KKNT. KMKIIH?, P,SA* IJANO. J. K. LAUOHTON, V! List of Writers. *T. G. L. . . T, G. LAW. W. E. B.. . W. E. BHODES. I. S. L... * L S, LBJJDA^C, J. M, B. . . J. M. BIGG. E. L Miss ELIZABETH LEE. T. S. . . . THOMAS SECOOMBE S. L, . . . . SIDSET LEE. C. F, S. . . Miss C. FELL SMITH, C. H. L* . . C. H- LEES, D,Sc. B. J. S. . . REGINALD J. SMITH. E. M. L. . . COLOSEL E. M. LLOYD, BJ2. G. W. S. . . THE BEV. G. W. SFROTT, D.1X J. & SI . * J. B. MACDOXALD. L. S. . . . . LESLIE STEPHEN. JE. M. . SHEBIFF MACEAY. G. S-H. . . . GEOBGE STBONACU. A. P. M. . . A. PATCHETT MARTIN. 0. W. S. . , C. W. SOTTON. L. M. H. . . MISS &IDDLETOX, J. T-T. . . . JAMES TAIT. A. H. M, . . A. H. illLLAB. D. LL, T. D. LLEUPEH THOMA.S* C. M. . . . . COSHO MOSEHOUSE. M. T. . . MllQ TrtTTT N. M. . , . . JsoaaiAs MOOBE, HJ) T. F. T. . lurta. xuyj;, PBOPESSOB T. F. TOUT. A* N G. La G. S D. J. O'D. . . ALBEBT NICHOLSON. G. LE GETS KOBGATE. B. H. Y. . A. W. W. . COLONEL B. H, VETCH, B.K, C.B, A. W. WABD, LL.D., Lw.D. * P. W. . , . . PAUL WATirnTrnnatii F. M. O'D., H* W. P, . , F. M, (TDONOGHUE, F.SJL MAJOB HUGH PEABSE. W. W. W. . CAPTAIN W. W. Waron, M,D., F.S.A. A. F. P, B. P, D'A. P A. F. POLLABD. 3liss BEBTHA POBTEB. B'Ascx POWEB, F3.C.S. E. F. W. . . -aw... . B. W. , . E. F. WILLOUGHBY, M.D. GENERAL JAMES GEANT WILSON, B. B. WOOD WABD. F. & , , . F&ASEB Xljtg. H. B. W.. , H. B. WOODWABD, F.B.S. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Williamson Williamson WILLIAMSON, SIB ADAM (1730- 1 7i>S), liwitonanlrffenoral, governor of Jamaica and St. Domingo, born in 17tfO, was son of Lieutimant-goneral Goor-go William- Bon (1 707 P-'1 7tSl ), who commanded the royal artillery at the nii^o and capture of Louis- burg in 17fiK and during the operations in North America terminating in the capture of Montreal in 1700. He became a cadet gunner on 1 Jan. 174H, entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich in 1750, and was appointed practitioner-engineer on 1 Jan, 3753, lie went to North America in tlio following year, was engineer in Braddock's ill-fated expedition to Virginia in 1755, and was wounded at the buttle of Da Quesno on 5) July. Ou 14 Oct. ho received a commis- sion as ensign in the Oth foot, was placed upon the stall" of the expedition to North America, and served throughout the war. On 25 Sept, 1757 ho was promoted to bo lion- tenant in the 5th foot, and on 4 Jan. 1758 to bo ongmooMWtraordiniiry and captain-lieu- tenant. In August 1759 he was wounded at Montmortmcy at the siege of Quebec (London Gfissettei 19 Oct. 1759). On 21 April 1760 ho was promoted to bo captain in the 40th foot j in August he dwtinguifilujd himself in the repulse of the French, who were be- sieging Quebec, at Fort Levis, L'Tflle Koyalo, and at the end of tho year ho accompanied IUH father to England on leave of absence. Williamson returned to North America in 1761, and wont with the expedition to the West Indies, where he took a gallant part in the capture of Martinique and Guadeloupe in February 1702. Ho returned to England in 176& On 16 Aug. 1770 he was promoted to bo major in the 16th foot, and on 4 Pec, to bo engineer in ordinary. He was trans- ferred to the Gist foot VOL* LXII. 'as major, and on 12 Sept. 1775 was promoted to bo lieutenant- colonel in the army. Brought into tlio 18th royal Irish regiment of foot as a regimental lieutenant-colonel on 9 Dec., ho ceased to perform engineer dutiow, and joined his regi- ment, "which was on active service in North America, taking part -with it in the battle of Bunker's Hill, and returning with it to England in July 1770, when ho was quar- tered at Dover. On 23 Dec. 1778 Williamson was ap- pointed deputy adjutant-general of the forces in South Britain, on 16 Feb. 1782 was pro moted to be colonel in tho army, and on 28 April 1790 to be major-general, on If) July was appointed colonel of the 47th foot, and in the same year was made lieutenant-' governor and Commander-in-chief at J iimaicu. In 1791 some of the inhabitants of St, Do- mingo made overtures to Williamson, pro- posing to place the colony tinder the protec- tion of Great Britain, Tho proposal a were warmly advocated by Williamson, who re- ceived discretionary powers from the home government in 1^5 to take over those parts of tho island of which tho inhabitants might desire British protection, detaching from Jamaica a force sutUcient to maintain and defend them. Williamson made a descent on St Domingo in September with all the troops which could be aparod, and established a protectorate. On 19 March 1794 ho was transferred to tho colonelcy of the 72nd high- landers, and on 24 Oct. ot the same year he relinquished the government of Jamaica, and was appointed governor of St. Domingo, Port au Prince, the capital, having capitulated to the British conjoint expedition under Com- modore Ford and Colonel John Whitalocke [q. v.] on the previous 5 June. Williamson was made a kaight of the order of the BatU B Williamson Williamson - > on 18 NOT. He was promoted to be lieu-, tenmfrfweml on 26 Jan. 1797. ^ Yellow ferarand mneiWesifltory fighting made such tarriS&e havoc &ong the British troops that, ha spite of all Williamson's enthusiasm and energy, t&e islariS had to be evacuated in 1796, aadWilfiflinfiOif, who had, sacrificed his prirafe fortune And keaitfa. ia this enterprise, to SSgiglairfL ^e died from the eeflee$ ofra&Il at Ayffcury House, on 21 Oct. 1708. ' ** * Eecords ; Cenolly Papers ; ,es; British. Military Library, 1798; BEJBB Edwaw^sHisttf tie British, Colonies fa the tfest ladfes: Gen]*. Mag^lTflS ; Knox's IJCis- torical Jernal OT the C^mp&gns m North Ame- 2 Tola. 4to, 1769.] B. L V flWfmttftwnufl', ALBXANDSR (1829- % 189Q), sessionary to China, was horn on & Bee. 1829, aUMIdrk, studied at Glas- ^ow/aadwas apjwintst missionary to China under the Ixmon Missionary Society. He wasoa^abfid at Glasgow in April 1855, and asSed ni the following mojdi for Shanghai, Ea^b^OTefvio^tsly married Iflass Isabel*6oHi~ $& for tvo years he took part; in mis- aonary work at Shanghai and Pringhu ; but, ] * *-i* Uta& left China on riofc J ajrrp|E ia Jfegland on 18 April His connection with the London In June 179fl Williamson mrvod on tho coast of Franco in tho expedition to ( juibtwm Bay, to assist the French rovalwl H. In 17U1) he went to tho Capo of (4owl ITopo and served in the Hottentot and Kaffir wr of that : year, thence to Jflgypt aucl th Medi- terranean, was at the mfl#o f Jnohia in June 1809, commanded tlm art.il lory at tho capture of four of tho Ionian ifd'imdtt in October of that year, and at, tlm tmw* nnd capi^re of Santa Maura in A pril 1 8 1 0, H < subsequemtlywont to Spain andeommandiHl * the artijllery at the battlo of ( Jatal1a, tindnr Sir John Murray (17flBP. I \ n mv ^{ wie] J JIS^ OW ^ n . in Fronw untnhiw promotion to bo w^immtal Jiiuitwumt- coionel, when he^retumwd to England, hu o as i iir?r me *'* um wpwMfawwnt, of tho Jioval Military Jtapoflftoxy at W^wlwWi and prepared a now and oxtonNivo ow of instruction m artillery, whwh formwi tlm a. an TOd at Shanghai in December 1863. He hw i ' ' the miscdlanonfl intratum f 17 , niSrSt^P Williamson Williamson through whose influence he was admitted as a town-boy to Westminster school, then tmder Dr. Busby, Busby recommended him to Gerard Langbaine the elder [q. v.1 as a doaorvmg northern youth, and in September 1650 ho entered as a bateljer of Queen's Col- lege, Oxford, whence he graduated B.A. on 2 Feb. 165,3-4. Hid college tutors were Dr. Lamplugh and Dr. Thomas Smith. After graduating Jae went int6 France and the Low Countries as tutor to a young man of quality, possibly ono of the sons oi the Marquis 01 Urmondo (Hint, MS& Comm. 4th. Kep. App. p. 546 ; of. Cal State Papers, Dom. 1051-3, p, BOO). In November 1057 he was elected a fellow of Queen's (graduating M.A.. in the same month), and ho held his fellowship tmtil his marriage. Boon after the Hestora- tion he quifctiod Oxford for political life upon obtaining a place in tho oilico of Shr Edward Nicholas [q. v.], an old Queon's man, at that time secretary of state. In Tuly 1660 Charles II wont to the provost and follows of Queim's a apecial mjuoHt that they would grant Williamson a dujptmHation for absence from college j his lows was regretted both by the parwntn of hifl pupils and by his col* loagtttiH, Henry Dtwton, the BnccesBor to his rooms in col'loftQ, alluded to his musical tastes when ho wrote in October 1060 ' Your couple of viols fltill hang 1 in their places as a monument that a genuine" son of JuTbal has boon here,' Ills poition in tho secretary's office was not at tot. lucnitivo; but his status was improved on ttG Doe. 1061 by his appoint- wumt as towjpur of the king's library at White- hall and ut the paper oiftco at a salary of J 60J, pr annum, The paper office work was performed by four or five clerks under Henry Ball, Williamson's subordinate, They issued news-letters once a week to numerous sub- scribers and to a smaller number of corre- spondents, the correspondents in turn fur- auahinft materials which were subsequently embodied in the 'Gazette* (see below; of, Ball's curious report of 23 Get, 1674 appended to Christie's Williamson Correspondent and Mrs. Everett Green's preface to Cal, State jfopara, Bom, 1666-6), Meanwhile in October 1662 Nicholas was succeeded as secretary by Sir Henry Bennett (afterwards Lord Arlington), anc Williamson was transferred to him as secretary. Facilities for making money now became abundant, and he showed him- self no backward pupil in the generally practised art of exacting gratifications from all kinds of suitors and petitioners* Pepys met him at dinner on ft Feb. 1668, and dedbribes him: 'Latin Secretary . , . pretty knowing man and a scholar, but it may be he thinks himself to be too much On the 28th of the following month, became one of the five commissioners :or seizing- prohibited goods, and in Novem- >er 1664 he was one of the five contractors tor the Koyal Oak lottery, which,became a S ? U i! ce j? ^siderable profit to him (the right of conducting and managing lotteries was restricted exclusively to the five ' com- miasi ??S5v itt J . une 1665 )* In this sam & year (1664) Williamson seems to have been called to the bar from the Middle Temple, When, in the autumn of 1665, Charfes II sought refuge in Oxford from the great plague, the lack of a regular news-sheet waa strongly felt by the court, The ravages of the pestilence seem to have disorganised , L'Eatrange's < Intelligedacer * and 'Newsf Under those circumstances Leonard Lichfield w- v ' J> tlie university printer, was authorised to krmg out a local paper. On Tuesday 14 Kov ; the first number of the 'Oxford Gazette appeared, and was thenceforth contoued regularly on Mondays and Thurs- W 8 * ^i h Oxford pioneer of the paper was lfe y Muddixnan ; kt, after a few numbers, Wiihamson procured for hjmself tho privi- iW 3 ? * ?r ltw> ' em ploying Charles Perrot of Oriol Oolite as his chiof assistant. When the court was back at Whitehall, Muddi- man made vain endeavours to injure Wil- liamson's efforts as a disseminator of news, and J/Estrange put forth a claim, which WM rejected, to a monopoly in publishing official intelligence. Williamson's paper be- came the ' London Gazette; the first issue so named being that of 5 Feb. 1666 (No, 24) ; it soon outdistanced its rivals, and survives to this day as the official register of tho trans- actions of the government, As secretary to Arlington, who was at the head of the post office, Williamson took an active part in its management, The amount of olftcial work of allldnds that he got through during the next fifteen years from 1665 to 1680 is enormous, and his cor- respondence at the Becord Office is extra- ordinarily voluminous. Evelyn wrote that Arlington, 'loving his ease more than busi- nesse (tho* sufficiently able had he applied himselfe to it) ; remitted all to his ma Wil- liamson, and in a short time let Hm go into the secret of affaires, that (as his lordship himself told me) there waa a kind of neces- sity to^ advance him, ad so by his subtlety, dexterity, and insinuation he got to be prin- cipal Secretary, . / Williamson found some compensation for his labours in the opportu- nities afforded him of rapidly making money. Two instances of his generosity are afforded Williamson in August 1666 : he sent down money by a private hand to be applied to the relief of * . , , ^J_3 J olartTirPflAIITiAa Williamson tohisold college two pairs of banners wrought with silTer toad, and a massive silver trumpet which was long used to summon tie college to dinner (the summons^has always been made by i a clarion/ as ordained bythe college statutes). The motive of the gift to the college appears to have been Williamson's anxiety, though he was a non- resident, to retain and sublet his rooms t in college, and he menaced the fellows with 'inconveniences' if they did not accede to his wish ; the college in reply diplomatically eroded the demand* In small matters, and espedallyinhis management of the * Gazette/ "Williamson showed a decidedly grasping and penurious spirit. "With the warm concurrence of his chief, "Williamson made various efforts to get into parliament, without meeting at first with success. His candidature failed at Morpeth '(October 1666), Preston (May 1667), Dart- i&outh, and at Appleby, where in December 1687 his hopes were crushed by the inter- veatfoa of Anne Clifford, the famous coun- tess of Pembroke [for the laconic letter said ty Horace Walpole to have been written on the subject by the countess, see CLIFFORD, Asnra; that there is some truth in Walpole's story is rendered very probable by State ftyrt, Dom. Charles H, xxxi. 170]. On 23 Oct. 1669 Williamson eventually suc- ceeded in getting elected for Thetford, and h was re-elected in February 1678-9, Au- put 1679, February 1680-], and March 1685. He did not sit in the Convention, but b was returned for Rochester in March 188(1 ^ e in October 1695, My 1698, and January 1700-1, being elected both for this oty anS for his old borough, he preferred to & k the former. He seems to have voted steady as a courtier, but, except in his offi- sh capacity as secretary, rarely opened his ' 1671-2 Williamson became the council in ordinary and was , 13te jpost of clerk, which had v' T* Richard Browne, John s felfcer-in-kw, had been promised by the king, 'but/ explains the l consideration of the renewal of ksse aad other reasons I chose to part & to Sir Joseph Williamson, who gave fte rest of his brother clerks a hind- his house, and after su himself was an exjert per On 17% 1673 steed, in company with Sir Looline Jenkins [q. v.] and the Earl of Hun- derlancl, as joint Jiritish plenipotentiary to the congress at Cologne, Thoro ho nmwinwl until 1/5 April 1074 (the lottors wril.Um to Mm during his absence woro printed for tho Camden Society in two volutuoH, iuwhr tho prolonged, nothing in reality waw and the separate peace bo.twomi England ami . Holland (which was suddenly proclaiuiod in April 1674) was made not ab Cologne, but in London, Before he left England on IUH omhiWHy it had been arranged botwoon WilliainHon ami his patron Arlington that upon hin rot urn Arlington should resign hm oihco an WM'.n*! aiy of state, and that williamHon, if ponniblo, should bo ollbred tho revewitm of thn post upon paying a sum of 6,000/, Thin arrange- ment was provisionally simct-ionod by tho king, Meanwhile, in March 1(574, Arlin^tun oiFered to secure the oHlce for Sir William Temple, another of hifl protfi^w, aiui <<> pro- vide otherwiwe for Will lamHon; but. 'IVmplo refused the oiler, remarking to bin friotidrt that he considered it no great honour to bo preferred before Sir Joseph WilliamHom Williamson returned in June HJ74, ami was at once appointed aeoretary of Htalo, being then not quite forty-one; Arlington obtained the more lucrativo yont of (thtutH berlain, A few days after IUH iippo'mtttH'itti Williamson -was on S7 Juno 1(^7'1 admit 1^1 LL.l). at Oxford, and on 11 Hopt. lu WHH sworn of thu privy council Exoept for tlw great industry that characteriHed all Wil- liamson's departmental work, tteu in litilo to distinguislx liis tenure of oillou m (oro- tary. In September 1074 the new mwrtnrv olfioially announced to Tomplo a Kuglihh ambassador at The Uaguu that thn nffum of the United ProyinceH would ltonatfort h come under his special care* Tlw annount'o- ment cannot) have boon especially ugrwwblo to Temple, and it soumfl to have btum no less distaatoful to thu Princu of Orange, who saw in Williamson even morti than in Arliug^ ton an instrument of compltjt aubNHrvioiit*o to ^ the French sympathies of Olmrltm II, With respect to another despatch TtmipUt TOtes, on 24 Feb 1677 : ' Tho prinee otmid hardly hear it out with any patuwcu. Hif Joseph Williamson*8 style waft alway HO disagreeable to him, and ho thought tho whole cast of this BO artificial, that ho rtt* ceived it with indignation and scorn/ !ta said on another occasion, a* on thiw, that Williamson treated him 'like a child who was to bo fed on whipt cruam,' Williamson Williamson speaks elsowhoro with compassion of Sir Looline Jonltinfl lying under the lash of Secretary Williamson, who, upon old grudges botweon them at Cologne, never failed to lay hold of any Oceanian ho could to censure his conduct, nor did Temple himself alto- gether Huceood in escaping the lash, 1 hiring 1075, at the instigation of OharlosII, Williamson triod to induce the master of tho rolls to remove Burnot from his place an . proaehor to the master of the rolls, but he encountered a determined opposition from Sir llarbottle Grimatou [q. v.J and the out- spoken Murnet was enablod to retain his foothold in London, ^ In 1 076 Milton's friend, Daniel Skinner, wished to print the do- coasod poet's 'Latin State Letters * and trea- tise t Do Doctrina Christiana,' and applied to Williamson for the necessary license (that of the oilicial licensor being apparently in- NuiUcumt), The secretary reltiHud, saying 1 that ho could countenance nothing of Mil- ton's writing, and he wont so far as to write of Skinner (to a likely patron) as a suspect * until he very well cured himself from such infectious commerce as Milton's friendship/ Williamson managed ^ eventually to lay his hands upon the original manuscripts, and locked thorn up for security among the state archives, The ' State Letters' were surrep- titimiHly printed from a transcript in 167(5, but the treatise was not published until 1 H#* (see LEMON, liowaiw j for the full com- pi iwitwl story of tut) manuscripts, soo MASWONT, Mlf8, vi. 331, 608. CIO. 78L 729, 77-1, HOB). Dry and formal though Williamson may have been in lite unual manner, it seems fair to inter that hewafl^byno means deficient iu4 a fltmrtitff, and hifi letters to several of the royal concubines show that ha did not haro Clarendon's scruples about Baying court to tho laditft whom tho king delighted to honour, Upon the whole, however, he confined himsiuf ^ vary clpsoly to his official and adminifltmtive bumnpss and to tho direction of foreign affairs, His fellow Moratory, Sir Henry Coventry, undertook the parliamentary work* Ho had to take a decided line upon tho subject of the Duke of York's exclusion, and on 4 Nov. 1678y m answer to Lord llusselPs motion to remove the Duke of York from the king's presence and councils, in a succinct and not ineffec- tive speech he declared that this would drive tho hair to the throne to join the French and tho ^catholics. Almost im- mediately after this he fell a victim to the panic excited by tho supposed discovery of a popish plot/ and on lo Nov. ho was com* imttod to tho Tower by tho lower house on the charge of 'subsigning commissions for ollicers and money for papists/ in other words of passing 1 commissions drawn up by the Icing's order in favour of certain recusants. IIo remained in the Tower but a few hours, for Charles with unusual energy and deci- sion lost no time in apprising the commons that he had ordered his secretary's release. At the same time the oifensive commissions wore recalled. Williamson's continuance in oilico, however, was not considered altogether desirable (cf. WOOD, Life and Times, ii. 438). Tho newsletters on 10 Feb. announced ' Sir Joseph Williamson is turned out, but is to be repaid what his secretaryship cost him.' As a matter of fact ho received from his suc- cessor, Sundorland, 6,000/, and five hundred guineas. In J 076 Williamson was elected master of the Olothworkers* Company (presenting a silver-gilt cup bearing his arms) ; toe was succeeded as master by Samuel Pepys* Williamson had been declared a member of the Jtoyal Society by nomination of the original council on 20 May 1003, and on the resignation of Lord Brouncker oil 30 Nov. 1077 ho was elected second president of the society, a post which he hold until 30 Nov, 1680, when ho was succeeded by Sir Chris- tophor Wren. The secretaries under him were Thomas Honshaw and Nehemiah Grew, On 4 Dec. 1677, being < tho first day of his taking the chair, he gave a magnificent supper* at which Evelyn was present. Im- moraod in multifarious business though he was at the time, Williamson presided at every meeting of the council during his term of onicQj and generally managed in addition to preside at the ordinary meetings. He presented several curiosities to the museum, and a large screw press for stamping diplomas, as well as his portrait by Knoller, now in the Society's meeting-room. Olden- burgh dedicated to him the ninth -volume of the ' Philosophical Transactions/ Though he evidently took much interest in the society f s work, researches of a legal, historical, and genealogical nature seem to have been more really congenial to him. He collected many valuable manuscripts relat- ing to heraldry and history, and he purchased the rich collections of Sir Thomas Shirley, which contained visitations of many counties t of England written by the heralds or thw f : t clerks during the sixteenth and seventeiwt centuries, ^ t ,'{* Shortly before his removal from oiHce in December 1678, Sir Joseph married Catha- rine, eldest and only surviving daughter of George Stuart, lord D'Aubigny (fourth, but second surviving son of Esmfc, third duke of Williamson Williamson Lennox), by Lady Catharine, eldest daughte of Theophilus Howard, second earl of Suf folk. She was baptised at St. Martin's-in the-Fields, Middlesex, on 5 Dec. 1640, anc married, first, Henry O'Brien, lord Ibraclcan who was buried in Westminster Abbey on Q.Sept. 1678. As heiress to Charles Stuart duke of Richmond and Lennox [q. v.], his wif brought Williamson a noble fortune. ' 'T wa thought/ says Evelyn, 'that they lived no so kindly after marriage as they did before She was xnuch censured for marrying so meanly, being herself allied to the roya family.' The alliance offended Danby, who coveted the Richmond estates for one of his own sons, and it may have had something to do with the secretary's fall from office When the .Duke of Richmond died in 1672 Lady O'Brien succeeded to the bulk of his property, but his debts were so heavy thai it was found necessary to sell some of the estates to defray them, Under these circum- stances the Cobham estates, together with the fine old hall, were bought in by William- son for 45,000 In 1679 with his wife's money he purchased for 8,000 Winchester House in St. James's Square (No. 21), which he tenanted until 1684. In 1682 he became recorder of Thetford, and on his acquisition of the Cobham estate/! interested himself not only in Rochester,but also in Gravesend,for which in 1687 he pro- cured a new charter (CETTDBN'S Hist of Graves- end, 1843, pp. 376 sq.) In May 1690 he was appointed upon the committee to take ac- count of public moneys since William's accession, and in February 1691-2 a false rumour was spread abroad that he was to be lord privy seal. On 21 Nov. 1696, however, Williamson was sworn of the privy council, and on 12 Dec. he was, together with the Earl of Pembroke and Lord Villiers, accre- dited a plenipotentiary at the congress of -Nimeguen. Owing to indisposition he did not arrive in Holland until 8 June. The peace of Ryswick was signed somewhat ?5? tl ?. 11 t . hree months later > a 20 Sept. 1697. Williamson stayed on at The Hajyue in the capacity of < veteran diplomatist ' (as Qft + t r T < l by * ca * la y)> and on 11 Get, ipys tne nrst partition treaty was signed by linn at Loo as joint commissioner with Port- land. The secrecy with which the treaty iiad fceen negotiated excited the wrath of the commons in April 1699, but their full fury fell not upon Williamson but upon Pona^dandSomers, Williamson returned from Holland in November 1698, and next month it was reported that he would be sent as plenipotentiary to Versailles He returned, however, to The Hague until the middle of March Kf&)9, ( whon he finally ro- tirod from his diplomatic pont. Hn roruivod several vitiits from tho king at Cohham flail, and in tin* Koehwtor Corporation lu&mmfH are two heavy billn (May 1(JJ)7 and 1701) for expenses in connection thornwith, He died at; Oobham, Kont, on !J Oct. 1701, and was buriod on 14 Oct. in tho Dulto of Richmond's vault in King 1 lonry YUWhapot in WostoniiiNtor Abboy (OIIHMTHU, 7tVrosimt Ktnto of thn Jowii in nr- bary. Tho famouH twHuyint WHH iminiii Joseph ftfbor his fatlwr'a iMuwfuctor. Wil* liamfion also mt J)r, Wiliium Lanntuitor and Bishop Nicohon (both <)umn f H mmi) abroad at tho crown'u vximm, in amtnliuiw with a plan of hi own ftr tmininff yrHuitr men of proimso for diplomatic work, Nit'ol- son, when a young tabordar of (iuiHmX dtuli- oated to the secretary hU Hj>itnl foun- dation at 'Jtiwtford, and partly m finding out appwuticoH and in local tsharitiM. To itoehttt>r, btfudt'H iiOJ, for tho poor, Homo gilt eommtmkm plato, and a portrait of Wil- liam 111 to uang in thu town-nail, Iw htft 5,000/, for Uw purohmuntfof landn ami Umo- wnmtBto Hiippttrt a fr* * mathematical Hchool." ThiH ww oponodiu 170H umlr tho mantwr- ship of John UolMon [q.v,], and rnbittlt. mwlw a uw Hchomti in 1HOS 4* AH a mark of Lia loyalty to IUH old tioU<^(% Williamwrn for hm < f .wt tm of tii (ituum* ua^lon, and for liin motto * Hub umbra tuarum alarum * (bin armn im) HtiU to bo Mown in a window at Olothworkm* Hall), Among Wood' twmphUitH WIIH a now ram 'ImpwflHio wjcunda uarmitim horoici in honoram To Wiiliwa- son 1 (by !*aynt Finlu^]* An inttmtMtinK portrait (flwmnwwly attn* butod to Loly) wa iwwnirtwl by t^liw National Portrait UalWy, Lfmton t in 1H*)/J, HHHW tho portrait at St. HMH, and tho hali-luf{th by Kuollor at HurliHtfton HMH, thw art> port-rait of Williamson in (Jiuum 1 * Collide Kali, in tho town-hall, Hoch^to, aud in Olothwork0r' Uall. [A toll Lite of William** would iwlfe atmoHt oxhautiv4 rvy of political and Kngiiuid from 160A to 1680. Hi local c tion have bwn aonim^moratpd in a *rieH of brief but uMttfal uttmmanoi of hi* carats: that with Cobliam Hull by CJanon fieott liobertson in tho Ar0h*oUfffo Cantiana (*i 274-$4)j that with Oumbwland in HutehiuiMm'ft liiit of Cumber land, il, 244 in,, in Nicbolson and Burtt* West- morland, and in Iol' Annnli of the Foil** of BtmthcMo (chap, iii,>; tto* ^th lioctoter in Mr. Charts Bi^'n Hir J. WiiUamon, foxwdot of the Mathematical Sciiool (Boohitr. 1894), and in HP. A, Jthocterti very cftreful notice ol Wil- liamion in the Chatham and Bocheiter News, No?, 1898; that with Thetford !& Mwtotni with tho Koyal Society ia Weld's Hist, of the Hoytil Bocsioty, i. 2(>2 sq.; and that with Graves- end iu Grudon'a Hist, of Graveaoad, 1843, pp. U77 sq. The Cal, of State Papers, D.om. from KtM tx> 1671, containB freqxiexit references to Williamson, The state papers relating to tho yoaro 1072-i) (LS yet uncalendtuced) embody a vast number of Williamson papers, diaries, and kttors ; extracts from his official journal are printed as an appendix to the Calendars from 1 07 1 onwartte, For the enormous bulk of Wil- liainHon Papers previous to their dispersion and rearrangement, ee Thomas's Departmental Hist. 1846, folio; and 30th Annual Report of the Deputy-Keeper of Public Bocords, A fev lotitors, papors, and tranwcripte from his official diario are among the Additional manuacnpts (HOC cwpoflially Addit. MSS, 6488 ff. 1379, 5831 f. 87, 128040 f, 36, 28093 f. 2H, 28945 1 197, 34727 f. 130), and Stowo MBS, (see especially 200, '201, 203-10 pS8im, and 549, f, 12) at tho BritiHh MttHMim. Bo also Christie's Williamson Oornwp. (Camdon SSoc.), 1874; Foster's Alumni Oxon, 1 500-1714 ; Oolite AtiheniB Oantibr, (Addit, MH, 6888, f. 83); Welch's Almrmi Westmon. p t 171,; Jftcknon's Oumljorlnnd and West- morland Papars, 1802, ii, 203, 230 ; Lonsdale's Worthies of Cumberland, vi. 228; Life and- TimoH of Aut-houy tX Wood, vols. ii. and iii. puHBim; Hiwtod'H Kent, ii. 63; Evelyn's Diary, 1805, i. 400, ii. 22, 42, 67, 73, 101, 111, 124, 180 ; "" yn'a Diaify, etl. WheatJoy, to 290, 388, r. , w /nn, vi, 33-4, vii.and viii* ptiabim; LuttrelVs IrSi'f Hist. Itolution, i. 8 t 9, it 44, 156, 353, iii. mi> iv. pim, v, 84, 94, 90 ; Lexington Papers, ed* button, 1851; Anno Oreen' He^es fcom tho l)(d, 1050, p. 6 j Official Eettirns of Mem- ber* of BirJ.j Purl. Hifcit v, 1014, 1038; Ktwhurd'H Hint, of I8ngland t 1718, iij, 368, 479, 408 j Kapin'a Hiat of Bngland, vol. ii,; Ralph's Hint. of Kngland, ml i.; Boyor's William III, pp. 76 sq. ; ' Kunke'i Hist, of England, iv. 65 ; Hint. MRS. Comm. 4th Hep, p. fi46, 7th. Eep. p. 40/S, 8th Bep. p. 390, 15th Bep. pp. 171, J 77 { 0 vi, paiaira; Ahton'0 Hist, of Lotteries: Evelyn's Numiamata, p.^7 J Nicholas Lit. Aneed, \y, 8-9 ; Paeent^fl St. James's Square, pp, 6, 30, 107 f WtM'n Oat. of Boyal Society Portraits, 1800, p. 70; National portrait Oallory Cat. 1898; Platan's Diplomatie rran^aise, 1811, iv. passim; Notm and Queries, 1st wr.Ttt. pasaim; JBOtM from Queen's College BegiaterH, wiost kindly furnished by the Provoat,] T. S. p B lluit, of Thfttfojft!, 1779, pp. 220 q., and in Hmington'n Page in the MbttOf Thftfardj Ouit WILLIAMSON, PETER author and publisher, son of James William- son, crofter, was born mtHeparishof Aboyne, Aberdeen-ato, la 1780. Whett about ten years of affe he fell a victim to a barbarous traffic which then disgraced Aberdeen, being kidnapped and transported to ito American plantations, where he -was sold for a period of iiwn years to a fellow countryman m Williamson 8 Williamson Pennsylvania. Becoming his own master about 1747, he acquired a tract of land on the frontiers of the same province, which in 1754 was overrun by Indians, into whoso hands Williamson iell. Escaping, he en- listed hi his majesty's forces, and after many romantic adventures was in 1757 discharged at Plymouth as incapable of further service in conseouence of a wound in one of his hands, with the sum of six shillings with which he had been furnished to carry him home, he set out on his journey, and reached York, where in the same year he published a tract entitled < French and Indian Cruelty exemplified in the Life and Various Vicissi* tudes of Peter Williamson . . . with a Cu- rious Discourse on Kidnapping/ Arriving in Aberdeen in 1768, he was accused by the magistrates of having issued a scurrilous and infamous libel on the corporation of the city and whole members thereof. He was at once convicted, fined, and banished from the city, while his tract, which had passed through several editions in Glasgow, Lon- don, and Edinburgh, was ordered to bo pub- licly burnt at the Market Cross. William- son brought an action against the corpora- tion for these proceedings, and in 1762 was awarded 100J. damages by the court of session. He was also successful in a second suit brought in 1765 against the parties engaged in the trade of kidnapping. Williamson settled in Edinburgh, where he combined the occupations of bookseller, printer, publisher, and keeper of a tavern, * Indian Peter's coffee room' (FBUQyssotf, Mrnig of the Session). In 1773 he issued the first street directory for Edinburgh. In 1776 he engaged in a periodical work after the manner of the 'Spectator/ called the 6 Scots Spj, or Critical Observer/ published every Friday. This periodical, which is valuable for its local information, ran from 8 March to 3Q Aug., and a second series, the 'New Scots Spy/ from 29 Aug. to 14 Hov, 1777. About the same time Williamson set on foot in Edinburgh a penny post, which be- came so profitable in his hands that when in 1793 the government took over the management, it was thought necessary to allow him a pension of 252. per annum. Williamson died in Edinburgh on 19 Dec 1799, He married, in November 1777, Jean daughter of John Wilson, bookseller in Edin- burgh, whom he divorced in 1788. A portrait of Williamson is given by Kay (Origina Portraits, L 128), and another 'in the dress of a Delaware Indian' is prefixed to va rious editions of his * Life.' In addition to ' French and Indian Cruelty nd tho * Scots Hpyj 1 Willianiwm wan author i: 1* ' Some OoiuudoriitiniiH on tho Pronrnt; itato of AftairH* Whoroiu tho IWcnct'lt'SH Itato of Groat Britain in point od out/ York, 70S, & 'A briof Account of tho Wur in Sforth America/ Edinburgh, 170, 8, * Tra- vels of JPote Williamson amongHt tlw dif- ferent Nations and Tribim of Havago tmlinng n America/ Edinburgh, 1708 (now udit* 786). 4, ' A Nominal Kiuwwiium on tho City of Edinburgh,' Mdintwrgh, 17IM, 5. * A Viow of Uu> wholo World/ Kdin* n.d* 0. *A Ouriww CoUnclion of VToral MaximH and Wino HuyingM,' Kd'm- >urgh, n,d 7, 'Tho Koyul Abdication t>f \stor WilliamHon, King 'of tho Mohawks,' Edinburgh, tul, 8, * 'Proposal H for oata- )lishing a ninny VtwtiJ Edinburgh, n,d, Among tho workft iHRUod frotu IUM pr f 47.] I*. J, A, T,RA M U Ml.(l WJ- !H 10), was tho youngor turn of John Williainaon of Livorpool, in town ho was born in stWjowniLMAMHow-), painto, was bom at Uipon in 1 75 L ! I o waft apprtmticinl to an ' ornamental ' painter m Kirmingham, marricsd in 17Hl t Hi>ttlwi in Liverpool in 178^ and continued to Tonido there, practising as a portrait-painter, till his v.l and JamiM Hutton (17^(^1797) [qv.], ll eontributtid ilhmt.mted dtwcriptiohs cff fofisils whiclt had btuMi diHuovered in an esttiarijio deposit. )>y liis iather and hie iather'fl coiwin, Simon Jtt^m, 1 1 w work attracted tho atten- tion of many eminent naturaliHtfl, notably William B\iuklad [q. v,] Owing to their intimist, and to that 'of naturalists visiting Scarborough, h rocoived a call from the Manrhtwtur Natural Hwtory Society to the cumt.orship of thwr muHoinn in 18*55, Wed- doll gennrously cftncolling IUH indentures ; ho hold thin oflico iV>r three years, continuing {wpocmlly geological nwoarch and publica- tion, and wa n frequent visitor at the Lite- rary and HuioHophioal Bocinty, where he m London, In 1840 ho attended a se- cond of lectures there } but before the close of the year had obtained the diplomas of M.1UX8. and L.H.A., and in January 1841 commenced practice in ManchoBtcr with the ganurouB guamnteo of two wealthy friends. Some flucceanful opwrations on squint brought him into note, and he was Boon appointed surguon to tho ()horlton-on*Modlock dispon- eary, a post ho roaigned in 18(^8. Ear troulbies during nis Rtudent days had interested him in that organ; ho profited by some vacations to study aural aurgory undr Mt3iu6re ia Pans, Joswph Toynbee [q. vj and Harvey in Lon- don, took active 8teps towards the creation of the ManohoHtor Institute for Diseases of tho 12ar in 1855, and was surgeon to it until 1870, when ho became its consulting sur* Williamson 10 Williamson geon. To his large general practice lie thus added that of a specialist in this department. He continued professional medical work till about his seventieth year. He -was present at that public demonstration of mesmerism which first attracted James Braid [q. v.] to the subject ; was the first to show from^the contracted pupils that the hypnotised patient was in a genuine and peculiar state; and utilised Braid's services as a hypnotist later on in the successful treatment of epilepsy ; tout finally abandoned the therapeutic use of hypnosis, regarding it as likely to undermine the will power of the patient. He devised the treatment of infantile convulsions by prolonged continuous chloroform anaesthesia, and wrote two papers on this subject, the first (not cited in the Reminiscences) in the ' Lancet ' (1853, vol. i.) A clinical observa- tion on the ' Functions of the Chorda Tym- pani' (also not cited; Assoc. Med. Journ. 1855) as a nerve of taste, a view which still has partisans, completes with the three cited papers (Brit. Med. Journ. 1857) his contri- butions to medical science. In January 1851 he was appointed first professor of l natural history, anatomy, and physiology ' in the Owens College, Manches- ter. His duties comprised instruction in zoology and botany in the widest sense, be- sides the geological sciences. In 1854, with Mr. Eichard Copley Christie, he initiated at the college evening classes for working men. At first he divided his subjects into two groups, on which he lectured in alternate sessions ; but ultimately the demands of uni- versity students made this impossible. In 1870 a distinct lectureship had to be created in mineralogy. In 1872, on the fusion with the Royal School of Medicine, geology was also separated, and Williamson became pro- fessor of * Natural History/ A demonstrator to assist in the then new laboratory work was appointed in 1877 ; and in 1880 zoology was split off, leaving him the chair of botany which he resigned in 1892, after forty-one years' continuous tenure of office, with the title of emeritus professor, and a year's salary as gratuity. Bis lectures to students were well arranged and well delivered, in- teresting and fluent, but lacked minuteness of accurate detail ; and from the ignorance of German which he deplored he never thoroughly assimilated the current language of the modern aspects of botany. Williamson added largely to his income by popular scientific lectures ; between 187^ and 1890 alone he gave, among others, at least three hundred in connection with the Gilchrist trust. For these, many of which dealt with his own discoveries, he drew anc ^ainted beautiful and oflbetivti diagrams, 1 1 o was highly successful as a popular Iwturw. Several of his popular locturoa wore print od. le wrote a mmibor of articlos for tho ' Low- Ion Quarterly Koviow/ publiwhod uiwlwr Woa- ,eyan auspicoa, and some for liho * Popular Science Review.* Those on * Primeval Yg* ;ation in its relation to th Doctrimw of Natural Selection and Evolution* in tho Owens College Eaeayfl and a Adclnw/ 1874, and on * Pyrrhonism in Soitmco ' ( Cbn* temporary Jfcv. 1881), show his caulimia attitude, by accepting the tloHeent-fchoory generally, but resenting all attempts at fltuon- bific dogmatism and intolerance He was* in-* dined to demand something which escapes scientific analysis, in addition to tho known natural factors of divergent evolution* He was on friendly terms with tho Wea* leyans in Manchester, and was for a timo a member of that body* He was medical at- tendant to the Weskyan Theological Col- lege, Didsbury, 1864-83, and a member of the committee of management, After an attack of ill-health in 1800, Wil- liamson settled in 1861 in the then outlying hamlet of FallowMd. There he built a home, with a garden and range of plant- houses, and became a successful grower uaptv- cially of rare orchids, insectivorous plants, and higher cryptogams ; thofto were utilwoa in the later development of laboratory touch- ing at the college, which contributed an annual grant towards the expense. In 1883 he suffered from diabetes, and had finally to resign his chair in J 891. Ho removed irom Manchester to Clapham Common, where hft continued in harness nearly to the laHt, work- ing in collaboration with Professor II, I). Scott at his own house or at the Joddroll Laboratory, Hew. Hi last publication (in February 1895) was tho obituary of IUH old friend, sometime opponent and rocunt con- vert, the Marquis de Saporta. He died at Clapham on^sS Juno 1895, IIa was nparti and erect, with blue-grey oyes dwp not in an oval face. He had an educated taste in music; and the watorcolour skotchoa ht brought back from his vacation trips wm* poetic in feeling and happy in composition, He was married twice; first, in 1849, to Sophia (& 1871), daughter of the Bev, Ho* bert Wood, treasurer to the Wesleyan body, by whom he left a son, Eobert Bateson, solicitor, and a daughter, Edith j secondly, in 1874, to Annie 0. Heaton, niece of Bir Henry Mitchell of Bradford, who completed and edited his autobiography under the title of 'Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Natural- ist ; ' by her he left one son, Herbert, paintnr. Williamson's scientific work was iniuum*< Williamson ami invaluable Kurly rMwwheH on tho Foratmniiera betwewi lH-10 and 1H50 hid to Lin preparing a monograph on the recent form** of thiH group for tho Hay Hwuety ; William Bemamin Oarpentw [<|*v,| annerl<*d that bin work introdiuku^a new technique for their Htudy (that of thin MutfimiM) ana a iu*w conception (that of thn aomhmatiou of a wide variety of fontm hitherto ranked ii of HjwtnlUt or geut'rw rank in Mtuglo indiyt- dualM), and that it gave, a starting-point for all futuro invent igutimw. Uemtarc.hert on Pb/wr about iHfil), only HOMO thirty yearn lator nptieed ami wmltrnuul, tiemotiHtrattttl that thin critical form in eswmtially vegetal, not animal, in its morphology, A very com- ploto Htudy of tho wheul-ammalj Mfttwrtttt wan publinbed in 1HM, anil in wmnequetu'.u ho wan umplnynd by Andrew pritulmni to writo a monograph on tho Rotifera lor tho third edition of hU ' lufuwtria 1 (1H(H); thin wa an admirable, {twnptlat.um* itutwonn I MO ami lHr>(), largely provitletl with inato- rial by Sir Philip t'it/MnlpuH <}rey~Hgert.ou Itj, v,| t bo protlucetl two inonogmplm on tho mHtology f tooth, flnb MCttleM, and bono, of duri.HH'iU' vuhin, I Worn ho thmtottHtratotl two capital tbeneH- tho oMHential identity of ti^oth and of ibth m*aleH f utul tho dUtinction of botu^ furmtnl t tion than any ont^ oiao, But it was only towards 1H58 that ho really bogan that com- pruheniv tudy of tho planU of the coal- meanunm which in hm groattmt cluim to rank &* one of the fouudirti of paltpobotany, llo dtimonatrattjd that with cm-tain cliaractors of the higher exiating ^owerleuB plants horse* tttil,ftsrn*,clubmo8(ifi,&io, thera were found at thttt period planta whoao woody cylinder grew by external teosit of n^w layers, w m oux foreBt trses* His results mat at first with neglect and hostility. His drawings ware exquisite and nature-true, mado ( on lithographic tranifer paper with the artifice of a quadrilU eye-piece : but they suffered in the proceseoe of transference to stone and printing. His figures were distributed over the plates with a view rather to neatness and economy of space than to logical connection. Williamson />*'" H ^ r \n (ach SUCCOSHIVO memoir he described SlV t-ho material ho had studied completely uj> v 41 (** J * - - 1 -* - To his unfamiliarity with modem terminology ho addod a defective i. 11 IB text, was a detailed descrip- tion of tha pttimims, with references to tne accompany ing plat OB and to those of pro- viouH mampirt^ lutorHporsod witk discussions of genoralitioH and of controversial matter, withwt tables of contonts, genoral introdac* tionn, or linal numtnarics and conclusions. T<^ mantor Huoh papow was, in oHect, to con- dnct a rtwoarch on tlio figuros with a mini- mum of olloctivo aid. In 1871 a discussion at tho .Hritish AHsociation was followed up m ' Nafcurej 1 \vhr a corroapondont uccusea him of going bade to the conceptions of Nohomioh Grow [q. v.l In France his rtjHiiltn wro Hystomatically ij^norod, despite liin can nt tint iuvitatioua to his opponents to Htudy IUB ftpiicimtms a hisguosts, until 1882, wlum for th iirHt timo the facts and argu- ment** ou both Bidos wore marshalled in a readily owuiHBiblo form in a French essay, 1 Len ^igillairwB <^t IUB J/ipidodondrto* by WilliamHOii and his demonHtrator, Professor Marcus Havtag (Ann, $a Nat* 1882). Fresk nvitlonco pourod in* In 1887 Henault. MB c!uf t)pponont, rotroated honourably from ono part of tho ilold, and Grand' Bury and Baporta in 1 81)0 avowed thair general con- version. Only in respect of one minor point tho question of tho interstitial growth of the ctmtre of tbo woody cylinder did Wil- liamHan's viows break down j but it was through hia own laborious investigations that tho disproof was completed, A full invcmtigation on the structure of compact coal was commenced in 1876 and continued to his death, but the examination of many thousand auctions led to no publication em* bodying general results after the preliminary note (BritM Amdatitm Jfc%>ort, 1881), A. valuable research in 1885 extended Nathorst's discovery that reputed animal and vegetable fossils were mare tracks of animals or of tidal currents* Williamson never spared money in the purchase of adequate apparatus and specimens; one of the latter, a magnificent Bigillaria with stigmarian roots, from Clay- ton, near Bradford, now in the Manches- ter Museum, was long called ' Williamson's Folly,' He met with generous Kelp from the amateur field-naturalists of the north, often working men, who were proud to help him with the fossil s they had collected or the sections they had cut and noted as worth Hs study. This help i.e always acknowledged. Williamson's scientific work lacked, of course, the method developed by personal academic training and by the laboratory in- Willibald 12 Willibald struction of pupils. He stands halfway be- tween the scientific amateurs of genius like Cavendish, Lyell, Joule, and Darwin, and the modern professional savants of Cam- bridge and South Kensington. Averse from excessive speculation and dogmatism, he took no share in the formation of scientific theory. iFrom 1865 to 1882 his reputation stood at the lowest among the new school of profes- sional English biologists, trained when his pioneering work had become the anonymous commonplaces, of the text-book, while his recent work was ill understood or largely ignored. From that period onwards it rapidly rose, and at the British Association meeting in Manchester (1887) he was an honoured member of the cosmopolitan group of bota- nists there present, many of whom were his personal guests. Williamson was elected F.R.S. in 1854. He became a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester in 1851, served repeatedly on its council, and was elected an honorary member in 1893 ; and he took a leading part in the for- mation in 1858 and in the working of the microscopic and natural history section. His ninth memoir, ' On the Organisation of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures' (Phil Trans.), was given as the Bakerian lecture at the Royal Society. A nearly complete bibliography is given in the * Reminiscences.' He received the royal medal of the Royal Society in 1874, an honorary degree of LL.D. of Edinburgh in 1883, and the Wol- laston medal of the Geological Society in 1890, besides foreign honours. A portrait by H. Brothers is in the Owens College, Manchester. [Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist, 1896; obituaries and notices by Count Solms Laubach (Nature, 1895), A. C. Seward (Nat. Sc. vol. viL 1895), R. D. Scott (Science Progress, 1895-6, arid Proc. R. S. vol. clxx. 1896-7), P. J. Fjaraday] and T[homas] Hpcfes] (Mem. Manchester L. and Phil. Soc, 1896), and Lester Ward (Science, vol.ii. 1895); information kindly given by Robert Bateson Williamson, Rev. "W, H. Dallinger, P.B.S., Rev. Richard Green (of the Wesleyan Theological College, Didsbury), Mr. Walter Brown (University College, London), the registrar of Owens College, Manchester, and P. J- Hartog ; personal knowledge.] M. H. WILLIBALB^OOP-786), bishop and traveller, born about 700, was the son of a certain St. Richard who bore the title of Mng, and is conjectured to have been the son of Hlothere, king of Kent, who died in 685. His mother was Winna, sister of Saint Boni- face [q. v.l, the great apostle of Germany; ehe was also related to Ine [a. v,l, king of "Weseex. Willibald had a brother W unebald and a sister Walburga [q. v.], who woro nlwo missionaries among tho GormmiH. In hirt boyhood he was sent to the monaHtory of Waltham to bo educated ( Vita #eu poliuit JKodccponcon fiancti WitUbaldi, up, Toimwu, Descriptions Terra* JSaw.tw f j). 0), Hero ho conceived tho idea of a pilgrimage, and per- suaded his father and brother to Hot out with him for Homo ($. pp. 14-10) about 720-1. At Lucca Willibaltvrt father died, but lit* himself and his brother preyed on their dif- ficult and dangorouH journey, and finally arrived in Homo. IJoro Willibald formed the design of going on to Jerunalom, and after wintering in Kome, where he wan 8im- ously ill, set out in the spring of 7^2 For Syria. It was a timp when ]nlgrimago in tho east was fraught with infinite hurdHlrip and danger, when tho old hoflpitala on tho pilgrim routes had fallen into neglect, and wuen tho great Maliommodan empire stretched from the Oxus to the Pyrenees. The HuiledngH of Willibald and his party were therefore very great, At JQmofla they were taken primmer** as spies, but were ultimately wot froo to visit; tho pilgrim shrinos still allowed to remain r, Willibald scorns to havo wandered ,t Palestine a good dual, and to Iwvo visited Jerusalem several titnoH, finally leav- ing Syria about 726 after a narrow oHtwpo of martyrdom through smuggling hulfttim from Jerusalem (BrusnvNY, '77w? Darni and authoriHod tlu puhlieation of ms narrative. J?oniface meanwhile WHH in neod t of help in Germany, and united for Willibald, who -was accordingly tltwpnttthwi by Gregory III to Eiehwtiidt (?/;. pp, 4H ), At Salzburg in 741 Willibald wu wnm\ crated to tho bishopric of Michntiidt by A wh- bishop BonUaeo (t. pp, 51 ^), and her the latters (loath became the loader of tho (Ger- man mission, He built a monantery int. Eichstadt, and Hvod a monastic life thuns (5.) dying in 786, WillibahVs guido-book, entitled < Vita mm Hodoeporicon Sancti Willibaldi msriptnm a Sanctimoniali/ from which tho dutailH of his life are taken, waB dictated by himnulf (ib. p. 62), and probably written down by a nun at Ileidomuura, tho ilninhiug to being added by another hand oi'tur hin Willibrorcl Willibrorcl Jim book tfiv**H lit tin gonoral information, UK tlw writer WUH wtont upon IUH dovotionrt, but thrown Homo light upon law and ctiHtnm in tho tuiMtom lantln in which Iw travelled. HH vjituo IK owing **> tho ofcjrowo Hwiwity of |>ilgrim jmtitw during theoij(htlt ctmtury. 1t in imbtiHlitMi by Mabilitm tu tho *At.ifc Hanoturuw OrdiwH Houedicti* (iv. ttOfmnj.), but tho moHt awoHHihio edition in that of Toblor in tho * 1 h'wmpt imuw 'IVrrw Hanr.tm* (pp, 1 fifi). OthorlivoHlwHnduprutthihav beon written, but Iwvo added to it nothing of importance {llAUDY, /^WVV)J///Y? VtttttL I pi, li, pp. 4M-I). Tht* (thief of thoHO - tho *Vita Hive potitw ItinewHuw Hancti Willihaltti auHoro Antmytim' in alnu tiuh- linhod by Toblor ( hw. fit,, pp. W 70), Wilii- bald in Huid tit hnvo writ.lett tho well-known UFo of 8U Boniikeo publwhotl by JiirtVi in tlio 1 Mtmiuntmta Moguutina* in * Uiblinthoca Horum ( Im'Maniimrum* ( Itewnpt* (fatal, 1, cit..p.47H ; but mm /%n //V, M i. JM4 fi), rAuthovitiwi quotiitl in tlw toxt. 1 ) ' A. M. WILMMROUD or WILBKORD, ardtbiwhop of Utmtht and Frinia, born about tW^wana Nor* i, 5*10 B), thw on of Wiigils, who, aftw "Willibnml'H birth, rotirad from th world to awll at tlw mouth of tho II umber (AidtUN t ViL Witt* vol. I chap. i.) wherti hn livod the imchorittfn lifii, 1 1 ift day waa later obwurvod an a leant day in WillilmmTa own montiatwry of Kohtiontaoh ($. chap* xxxi) Dadicatud by hm mother and father to a raligious lifts, willtbrord, a noon as ho was weaned, Wftn given to thomonkfl of Hipon, whore h0 came under the influence of St. Wilfrid [ljl uin tlu^ conwmt of Poix^ Bt^m to tht* nnKHion, and in tho hopo 01 rocoivhi^ holy rdics of tho apostles and mar- tyrn to pluou in tlw ahurotuw ho wimltod to build in rVicHlnnd (Bm>H, JIM* Xkal. vol, v. chap, xi, ; AJ*OUIN, Vit* Will, vol. i, ohnpB, vi. vii.) IloobtaintHl bot,h, and on IUH re turn over- throw papin idolH, plan tod churohos, placing in t.hom tlw rtilii'H ho had brought from Homo, find) though amid f(roat tlitlicult.ioB, won tho 1 runt, of tho KriHiatiH. 1 lo nuwlo a bold onwot in Holitfolnml upon tho pa^aw Hhrino of the p;od Kiwito, who wan a HDU of Haider, and, inviting tlw vontfoanoo of tht pod by his in- iVin^omont of tlw IHWH ^uurdtn/jf tho wacrwi fouutnin thoro, ho won a romarkablo u- jmnuncy <*V(^r tho mi mitt of tho puffim Friniann ( A MiuiK, vol. L lirt, x, xi.) Mo clontroyod t Ixxxix, 685-6SJ), In 695 Willibrord wont to Rome a second time, in order that, at IMrmin's requet f ha might be consecrataa arcKbishop of the Frisians by Sergius, lie was consecrated in the church of Santa Cecilia in, Trastevere on the feast of St, Clement (21 Nov,X and on consecration received the name of Cle- ment, a name which, however, never came into general use (but cf. BBBB, Hist, J&e/. v, 11; BBB, ^Chron.sivedeVI^ 99 C } n Willibrord Willibrord Wl&. in Mon. Hist. Brit. y. 639 B). Alcuin (chap, vii.) mates Willibrord go to Borne only once, but in this he is probably wrong. He also says his consecration took place in St. Peter's ($.), but this also seems to be a slip. Bede,who places Will ibrord's second journey to Kome in 696, probably postdates at by a year (cf. Monumenta Ahmniana, p. 46 n.) Remaining in Rome only fourteen days, Willibrord on his return received from Pippin a seat for his cathedral at Wiltaburg, a small village a mile from Utrecht. Later, in 722, Charles Martel, confirming his father Pippin's action, made a formal grant to Wulibrord of Utrecht and lands round the monastery (BOTTQTIET, iv. 699 ; MlG-NB, Pat. Zat. Ixxxix. 551, 552). In Utrecht Willi- brord built a church of St. Saviour's (cf. Boniface to Pope Stephen III, Ep. 90, apud MieKNU, Ixxxix. 787-9 j Men. Mog. pp, 259, 260). He built many churches and some monasteries throughout his widespread dio- cese (BEDE, Hist. EccL vol. v. chap. xi. ; Aictrar, Vit. Will. chap, xi.) Of the latter the most famous foundation was that of Echternach on the Sauer in Luxemburg, near Trier, which he and the abbess Irmina founded. It was richly endowed by Pippin and his queen Plectrudis in 706, and later by Charles' "Martel in 717 (ib. chap, xxii; MiasrB, Pat. Lot. Ixxxix. 639-50). IJe con- secrated several bishops for Frisia. When St. Wilfrid [q. v.] made his second journey to Rome with Acca [q. v.] as his companion, they visited Willibrprd, and Wilfrid was a$e to see the completion by Willibrord of the work of which he himself had partly laid- the foundations (& iii, 13, v. 19 j ED- Dius in Historians of Church of York, p. 37). In 716, during the war between Rathbod and the Franks, Christianity in Frisiaendured a' time of persecution. St. Boniface in that year went to Frisia, hoping to help Willi- brord and to win JRathbod's consent to his preaching* But the latter was refused, On 15 May 719 Boniface was appointed Willi- brord's coadjutor, his special work being to convert those of the German tribes who were still pagan. On Rathbod's death Willibrord was joined by Boniface, and they worked together in Frisia for three years ; but when Willibrord urged that at his death Boniface should succeed to his archbishopric and charge, Boniface's humility refused such honour, and he went on into Hesse (MiGNE, 'Ixxox 615, 616; BoirmoB, J&>, 90, in Micros, Iranrix. 787, 788V Willibrord baptised rippin the Short, grandson of Pippin of Herstal who had first welcomed him, and he foretold that he overthrow the sMow of Mero- vingian rule and become king of tho Franks (ALOUIW, vol. i. chap, xxiii.) In extreme old age he retired to the monastery of Kehtor- nach, where he died and wn buried, aged 81, in 738 or 739. Boniface's stattmumt of his having preached for ' fifty yoarw ' (MiONtt, Pat. Lat. Ixxxix, 585} iw approximate only. Alcuin (chap, xxiv,) givo.N (iNov, miHcih-y Ut*v, Mic.haid Tynon of tho oriifiuul tmtnf iiu{ ly l)ahl. ItiiHripituiutMd iu iNirhulnH * I*iti*rury AmustlotoH* (yiti, *J10) and HutfiinH*H ' Dor- motlior, and oihor tmilrM of U* fumily won* at HlMrhlty. ^ tlu* litoriiry wnrltM itf WiltU r*< iu* eluded Htirv'yof tlm four \Vi*l!i cutluMtrulH, vw, Ht. Davi'd'H (ITlT)i LtundnlV OVtiMt >^t AHiiph (17*JO) iwd Hjnjsr t T/'.U 1 ; ttut ilw (Inscription y Dr. Wtilutm W<>u*n (thn initiuln liu)i tti* nmt'tuthiitf l*tti'M nf hi nunum) t tmd tltut uf LkntlnlV, whirh WM alHocotnpiittd hy Wottoiii IIHM tun uiunt* in full* VViliw publtHhnl m 17^7 two vtiiittn*rt of *A Hurvny of tlu* CuthmiruiH *f Vtirh, ; Ourlirtlts t'h^Htt^r, MHU, LifhtMtiy and bo wMiicd iu 17tt) a iluri vnlumo on * I/mtu>ln, Mly f Oxford, nmt l'^ti* j)tti- Hwhen iu |HtL Tbomronnl of t!m *t!itii* dral of Man ' i nmrtHitinni tit IItirrtituit*ii 4 4 Htl litHtoriatui' of that M* (Mmtt Hots nvui l*2(Jfil), tho mirvt^y of Ltnrolit ttalt^irtti formtid tho hfti of ft VO!IIUM mt * Tb*r Anti- quit ifla in Lincoln Cathedral * (1771), unti n * History of (4othiis nntl Hnxtm Arrttitiu't urn in England '( 170H) wan romiaUt fro bii works and thou of J tittum Ifeutlutm |i|. v.1 Willis Willis also wrote : 1. ' Notitia Parliamen- taria ; or an History of the Counties, Cities, and Boroughs- in England and Wales/ 1715, 8 vols., 1716, 1750 ; 2nd ed. with addi- tions, 1730, 1716, 1750 (but the last two volumes are of the original edition). A single sheet of this work on the borough of Windsor was printed in folio in 1783, and is now very scarce. 2. 'History of the Mitred Parliamentary Abbies and Conventual Cathedral Churches/ 1718-19, 2 vols. (cf. Rel Hearnian, ed. Bliss, 1857, i. 428). He had previously drawn up ' A View of the Mitred Abbeys, with a Catalogue of their respective Abbots/ for Hearne's edition of Leland's ' Collectanea ' (1716, vi. 97-264), the Latin preface of which is addressed to him. Both the preface and the pajjer on the abbeys and abbots are reprinted in the 1770 and 1774 editions. 8. TarochialeAngli- canum ; or the Names of all the Churches and Chapels in thirteen Dioceses/ 1733. 4. ' Table of the Gold Coins of the Kings of England, by B. W./ 1788, small folio a hundred copies, and the same number on large paper, which are said to have been printed at the expense ' of Vertue ; it was included in the * Yetusta Monumental 6. ' History and Antiquities of the Town, Hundred, and Deanery of Buck- ingham/ 1755. Cole's copy, t with notes copied from those by Willis, is in the Gren- ville Library, British Museum. Cole also transcribed and methodised in two folio vo- lumes, now with the Cole manuscripts at the British Museum, his 'Historv of the Hun- dreds of Newport and Cotslow ' to match this volume on Buckingham. Willis had circulated queries for information on the ' county in 1/12. In 1717 Willis published anonymously 'The Whole Duty of Man, abridged for the benefit of the Poorer Sort/ and in 1762 an anonymous address *To the Patrons of Ecclesiastical Livings.* Editions of John ' Ecton's ' Thesaurus rerum Ecclesiasticarum,' with corrections and additions by Willis, came out in 1764 and 1768. He assisted in Samuel Gale's 'Winchester Cathe- dral* (1710), W.Thomas's 'Antiquities of Worcester ' (1717), Tanner's ' Notitia Mona- stica' (1744), and Hutchins's * Dorset/ He also aided and corresponded with Francis Peck [q. v.] Early in life he had made some' collections on Cardinal Wolsey (HBA3H9TB, Collections, ed, Doble, i ^71, h. 261}, and communications from him on antiquarian topics are inserted in the Archaeologia ' (i, 60, 204, viii. 88-1 10). John Nichols possessed numerous letters of Willis, including a thick volume of those to I*r. Ducarel, Many communications to VOL, LIII. Willis and from him are printed in Nichols's ' Illus- trations of Literature' (i. 811-12, ii, 796, 806-7, iii. 485-6, 532-3, iv. 113), Letters rom the Bodleian Library ' (1813), and in Hearne's ' Collections ' (Oxford Hist. Soc.) [Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, ii. 36, vi. 120, 186- ill (mainly from a memoir by Dr. Ducarel, read Dofore Soc. of Antiquaries, 22 May and 12 June 1760, and printed in eight quarto pages), viii, 217-23 ; Hutchins's Dorset, 2nd ed. i. 100, 104- 105, iv. 327-37; Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, iv. 10-14, 18-37, 55, 75; Hearne's Coll. ed. Doble, i. 117, iii. 350; Misc. GeneaL et Heral- dica, ii. 45-6 ; Chester's Westminster Abbey, p. 20 ; Halfcett and Laing's Anon. Lit. pp. 2106, 2535, 2601, 2811; Biogr. Britannica; Bel. Hearnianse, ed. Bliss, ii. 579-81, 609.] W. p. 0. WILLIS, FRANCIS (1718-1807), phy- siciati, born on 17 Aug. 1718, was third son of John Willis, one of the vicars of Lincoln Cathedral, and his wife Genevra, daughter of James Darling of Oxford. He matriculated from Lincoln College, Oxford, on SO May 1784, migrated to St. Alban Hall, and pro- ceeded B.A. on 21 March 1788-9, and M.A. on 10 Feb. 1740-1 from Brasenose College, of which he was fellow and subsequently vice-principal. In obedience to his father he took holy orders, but he had so strong an inclination for medicine that even while an undergraduate he studied it and attended the lectures of Nathan Alcock [q, v.], with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. In 1749 he married Mary ; youngest daughter of the Rev. John Curtois of Bramston, Lin- colnshire, and took up his residence at Dun- flton in that county, He is said to have at tot practised medicine without a license, but in 1759 the university of Oxford con- ferred on him the degrees of M,B. and M,D. In 1769 he was appointed physician to a hos- pital in Lincoln wmch he had taken an active part in establishing. For the six following years he never ceased to attend it regularly twice a week, though distant nearly ten miles from his own home. In the course of this work he treated successfully several cases of mental derangement, and patients were brought to him from great distances. To accommodate them he removed to a larger house at Gretford, near Stamford. "When George III experienced his first attack of madness, "Willis was called in on 6 Dec. 1788* He encountered considerable opposition from the regular physicians, being 'considered by some not mucn^ better than a mountebank, and not far different from some of those that are confined in his house 7 (SHEFPtEU), Auckland CorrG^on* ?, ii. 266), From the first he maintained Willis is that the lung would recover, and insisted that the patient should be more gently treated and allowed greater freedom thftn heretofore (GBBNVILLB, Buckingham Papers, ii. 35; JESSE, iii. 92), He soon became popular at court. Mme. D'Arblay describes Mm as** a man often thousand; open, honest, dauntless, . light-hearted, innocent, and high-minded' (JDtOTty 1892, iii. 127) ; while Hapnah More calls him 'the very image of simplicity, quite a good, plain, old-fashioned country parson* {Memoirs, ii. 144). After the king's recovery in 1789 Willis returned to his private practice, but his re/ putation now stood, so high that he was obliged to build a second house at Shilling- thorpe, near Qretford, in order to accom- modate the large number of patients wluv wished to be attended by him. He died on 5 Dec. 1807, and was buried at Gretford, where a monument to his memory was erected by his surviving sons. His first wife died on 17 April 1797, and not long before his death he married Mrs. Storer, who sur- vived him. Willis had five sons by his first wife ; of these John (1751-1835), with his father, attended George III in 1788, and again in 1811 alone; Thomas (1764-1827) was pre- bendary of Rochester, rector of St. George's, Bloomsbury, and of Wateringbury, Kent ; Richard (1755-1829) was admiral in the royal navy; and Robert Darling (1760- 1821) attended the king during his second attack of madness, wrote 'Philosophical Sketches of the Principles of Society and Government, 7 London, 1795, 8vo, and was father of Robert Willis (1800-1875) [q. v.] [Report from the Committee appointed to ex- amine the Physicians who have attended his Majesty during his Illness touching the state of his Majesty's Health, London, 1788, 8vo, in A Collection of Tracts on the proposed Regency 1789, 8vo, vol.'^A Treatise on Mental De- rangement, by Fra. Willis, M.B., 2nd edit., Lon- don, 1843, 8vp, p. 86; Wraxall's Memoirs, iii. 197 ; Jesse's Life and Reign of King fteorge the Third, vol. iii. passim; Life of Charles Mayne Young, by his son, i. 343-50; inscription on the monument in Gtetford church ; private in- formation.] j. WILLIS, HENRY BRITTAN (1810- 1884), painter, -was born in 1810 at Bristol, the son of a drawing-master in that city. He practised for a time in Bristol with little success, and then went to the United States but after a brief stay was compelled bv ill- health to return. In 1848 he settled in London, and gained a considerable reputation as a painter of cattle and landscapes, He Willis exhibited at the Koyal Academy, Britiwh rnHtitution, and Suffolk Street Oal* lory from 1844 to 1K(&, and from IHH! to 1807 was a inombnr of the * I'Yoe Itahibi* tions ' Society. In IHOiJ he was elected an associate ol'tko 'Old Watercsolour 1 Society, and tkfencaforth waft a ooiuslaint cont.ribut.oi* to its oxhibil.ioiiHj in L8(j;j 1m botmnu^ a full mombor, Wtllin painttul in an attractive manner VAI'IOUH pi<;tunMqu(^ localifinn in Groftib Britaini inl.nxltunng finely cotnpoMiMi groups of caUln, llin 'Highland dattto/ painted in 1 8UO, i tho property of tlnMiH*en, and his ' J^tm Oruiwkan Uat,tlo*coming Hout-h ' was at the Paris Inhibition of 1H(J7, Four of. his compositions wr i^n^ruve0,and RD. in IHOrt. On l fe j.lum) 1601 ho wan admitt(l tt> fch n;tory <^f Ht, Mary Bothaw, Dowguto Uill, London, which horesignodin IflOrtonbtungivpnoinhtti ft^tor of Ktoitley Parva, KNHnx. Probably iut dioS<,.(*lomot > 8, Strand, whore ho bocauw woll known HH a preacher. Nanh HpoaltH of Inn famoun , 6, 108). <)u SJ !). 1701 he was promoted to tho dmucry of Lincoln, Four yoarn later wtw print (1 ono of his most olaborato wnrmonH 'pnuwhml bo- fore thoqwum on Uft Aug. 1705, bung the thanksgiving day for tlu late j^loriouM Hucttutui in forcing tno tniemy'H linen in ih Rpawwh NethorlandH, by the Duke of Marlborcwjrh,' A good preacher and a (rood whig, having opposed the sehinmbill of 1714, WiUw wa made bishop of Gloucester by thrg I upon the death of Kdwurd Fowler [q. vl Il WUH elected on 1 Deo. 1714, confirmed on tho ICth, and consecrated on 10 Jun, fillowing in Lambeth chapel, lie wan put upon tho commission for building fifty now tiuurcthnt in and around London, wim made a clwrk of the royal cloaefcj and allowed to hold hU deanery m oommmthm* The king wa grati* fied by his sermon, * Tho Way to Bfcable and Quiet Timea,' preached befart the court on 20 Jan. 1714-1/5, ' being the day of thanks- giving for bringing 1m majesty to a peace- able and quiet posHusfiion of the throne, 1 which was tran&lateuinto French for Georgia bene- fit, In 1717, when William Nicolson [q.v,] was translated from Carlisle to Deny, ana had in consequence to resign the ofllc of lord almoner, Willis was appointed to the pout. After seven years at Gloucester* upon the translation of Talbot to Durham, Willis wne on 21 Nov< 1721 translated to Salisbury, and ihence he was on 21 Nov. 1728 promoted to the see of Winchester. His advancement was due, according to Bishop Newton, to the ,ong and laboured! oration which he made against Atterbury upon the occasion of the third reading: of the bill to iaflict pains and penalties. This speech was published in 1723, Willis, who was a martyr tp the Willis 21 Willis gout, died suddenly at Winchester House, Chelsea, on 10 Aug. 1734, and was buried in the south aisle of Winchester Cathedral, a little above Bishop Wykeham. The monu- ment to him with a lite-size figure of the bishop in pontificalibm is described by Mil* man as the most finished in the cathedral (Ilist. of Winchester, i. 445 ; the long Latin inscription is reproduced in BALL'S Histo- rical Account of Winchester,^. 97). By his wife Isabella, who was buried in the north vault of Chelsea church on 26 Nov. 1727 (cf. FATJLKWBK, Chelsea, p. 330), Willis left two sons John of Chelsea, who married in 1733 the only daughter of Colonel Fielding; and William, who married on 11 Feb. 1744 < Miss Read of Bedford Row, with 40,OOOJ. ' (Gent. Mag. 1744, p. 108), There is an oil-portrait of the bishop by Michael Dahl in thp palace at Salisbury, and the engravingof this m mezzotint by JT. Simon depicts a handsome man with the mobile face of an orator (SMITH, Moxxo Portraits, p. 1126). [Cassan's Lives of the Bishops of Salisbury, 1824, iii. 202-9, and Lives of tlio Biahopa of WinchoHtor, 1827, ii. 215-22; Nash 'a HiHt, of Worcestershire, ii. 270 ; Wudham Coll. Regi- sters, ed. Gardiner, p. 339 ; Wood's Hist., and Antiq. of Oxford, ed. Gutch, p. 274 ; Lo Neve's Fasti Eccl. Anglicune, i, UO, HO ; Notes ntid Queries, 2nd wer. iv. 103, 4th spr, iv. 480; Nicolson's Episb. Corrosp. ed Nichols, 1780, ii. 477 ; NiclioWs Lit. Anocd, ix, 80 ; Willis's Cathedrals, ii. 82; Hourno'e Collect* ed. Doblo, i. 69 ; Abboy'fl EngliBli Church and its Binhops, 1887,11.30; Noble's Continuation of G-ranger, iii, 76 ; Bromley's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, p. 273.] T. S. WILLIS, EGBERT (1800-1875), pro- fessor of mechanism and arctaologist,Bonof BobertI)arlingWilii8(17604821)and grand* son of Francis Willis [a. vj was born in London on 27 Feb, 1800. t The tastes that afterwards distinguished him became mani- fest at a very early age. When a mere lad he was a skilful musician, a good draughts- man, and an eager examiner of every piece of machinery ana ancient building that came in bis way* In 1819he patented au improve- ment on the pedal of tne harp, and in 1821 published ' An Attempt to analyse the Au- tomaton Chess Player ' (London, 1821, 8vo), a mechanical contrivance then, being ex- hibited in London, which 'had excited the admiration of the curious during a period little short of forty years ' fa 9). After re^ peated visits to the exhibition in company with his sister, he was enabled to show that there waa ample room for a man of small stature to be concealed within the figure and the box on which he sat, an explanation the truth of which the owner afterwards admitted. His health was delicate, and he was educated privately till 1821, when he became a pupil of the Rev. Mr. Kidd at King's Lynn. In 1822 he entered into residence at Qonville and Caius College, Cambridge, as a pensioner. He proceeded B. A. in 1826, when he was ninth wrangler. He was elected Franldand fellow of his college in the same year, and foundation fellow in 1829. He was ordained deacon and priest in 1827, After his election to a fellowship he devoted himself to the study of mechanism, selecting at first subjects in which mathematics were blended with animal mechanism, as shown by his papers in the ' Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ' * On the Vowel Sounds' (1828) and 'On the Me- chanism of the Larynx / (1828-9). The last has been accepted by anatomists as contain- ing the true theory of the action of that organ. In 1830 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1 837 ho succeeded William Farish [q.y.] as Jaclcaonian professor of applied mechanics at Cambridge, an ollice which he held till hfo death. ^His practical knowledge of car* pentry, his inventive gemma, and his power of lucid exposition made him a most attrac- tive professor, and his lecture-room was always full. Farish was a man of great ori- ginality, whose lectures Willis had attended (as he told the present writer),, and when he published his own ' System of Apparatus for the use of Lecturers and Experimenters in Mechanical Philosophy' (London, 1851, 4to) ho described his predecessor's method of building up a model of a machine before the audience, and gave him full credit for 'devis- ing^ system of mechanical appcuntus con- sisting of the separate parts of winch machines are made, sa adapted to each other that they might admit of Doing put together at plea* sure in the forfn of any machine that might be required' (p* 1). This system,, as mo- dernised and perfected by "Willis, has been largely adopted both at homa and abroad* In 1887 Willis read a paper 'On the Teeth of Wheels/ (Tram. Inst., Qfo. Eng* iL 89), with a description of a contrivance called an odontograph, for enabling draughtsmen to find at onc& the centres from which the two, portions of the teeth are to be struck. He was the first to point out the practical advantage o constructing oycloidal toothed wheels mwhat are called 'sets' by using the same generating circle and the same pitch throughout the set, with the result tshat any, two wheels of the set will gear Willis together, This invention is in universal use. In 1841 he published his 'Principles of Mechanism.' In this work he reduced the study of what he called pure mechanism to a system. It is the earliest attempt to develop, with anything like completeness, ' the science of machines considered from the kinematic point of view, without reference to the forces which are at work or to the energy which is transmitted. A machine, according to him, is a contrivance for pro- ducing a specific relation between the mo- tions of one of its parts and another. To express this relation completely the two elements velocity-ratio and directional rela- tion are required. Accordingly he groups machines in three general classes : (1) those in which both of these elements are constant ; (2) those in which one (a) is constant and the other (b) is variable ; (3) those in which this variability is reversed. In each class there are divisions depending on the mode in which motion is communicated, whether by rolling contact, sliding contact, link-work, and so forth. The first part of the book expounds this system of classification as ap- plied to elementary combinations of moving pieces ; the second part deals with what he calls aggregate combinations, in which two or more elementary combinations co-operate in producing a relation of motion between the driving and following parts of the ma- chine. A second edition of this work ap- peared in 1870. In 1849 Willis was a member of a royal commission appointed to inquire into the application of iron to railway structures, and contributed to the report of the com- missioners Appendix B, ' On the effects pro- duced by causing weights to travel over elastic bars/ reprinted in Barlow's * Treatise on the Strength of Timber.' In 1851 he was one of the jurors of the Great Exhibition. In that capacity he drew up the report for the class of manufacturing machines and tools, and contributed a lec- ture to the series on the results of the exhi- bition, organised by the Society of Arts in 1852. He was also a vice-president at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, and reporter of the class for the machinery of textile fabrics, In connection with this office he published in 1857 a report on machinery for woven fabrics, for which he received the cross of the Legion of Honour. When the govern- ment school of mines was established in Jermyn Street in 1853, Willis was engaged as lecturer on applied mechanics. In 1862 lie was president of the British Association, which that year met at Cambridge ; and in Willis the following yoar at. Nnymwtlo ho ; over tho mechanical HOC! ion. During nil thewe yonrn VVilliM WIIH Ht tidy- ing architecture and archaeology with llm same energy as meclwwHm, and pcrhnpH with even greater original 5 ty, In 1H15, after a rapid tour through a part of France, Uer- many, and Italy, ho published ' UemnrltM oi the "Architecture of tho Middle Ages, espe- cially of Italy,' a work which first on lied Borio us attention to thn Uothie wtyle, tuul which in many wayrt IB utill without a rival. II o treated a building n.s ho treated a ma chino: he took it to pie.cen; he pointed out what wiw Htruetural and what WHM decora- tive, what was mutated ami what wiw original; and how the mont cwnples forms of modiwviil invention might he reduced to simple elemontH. Thin publication WHM fho starting-point of thut portion of hit (mreer which was tlovotud to HtudioH conibiniug practical avdutnc.ture with lu'Mt.orical nntl antiquariati voKoarch. I'\r thene he wan singularly well iitted. He had noHeutiineut and no p'roconwivod theory, Hin tueclmni- cal knowledge enabled hun to itdtrjstan (Arch. Joum. 1848); 'A Westminster Fabric Roll of 1263 ' (Gent Mag. 1860); ' On Foundations discovered in Lichfteld Cathedral ' (Arch. Joum. 1860) ; < On the Crypt and Chapter House of Worcester Cathedral ' (Trans. lust. JBrit. Arch. 1863) In tho course of these studies he edited, or more correctly rewrote, a cousiderable portion of Parker's ' Glossary of Architec- ture/ (5th ed, 1850) ; and published a ' Fac- simile of tho Sketch-book of Wilars de Ilonecort' (London, 1859, 4to), with a tot partly from the French of M. Lassus, partly by himself. But perhaps his most remarkable archaeological work is his last, ' Tho Architectural History of the Conven- tual Buildings of the Monastery of Christ- church, Canterbury* (London, 1869, 8vo), lie had promised to do this in 184.4, when ho lectured on tho cathedral, but other en- g-agomonts had stood in the way of publica- tion. It is a minute and perfectly accurate exposition of tho plan of a Benedictine monastery, considered in relation to the monastic life. His health did not allow him to complete his comprehensive work on the ' Architec- tural History of tho University and Colleges of Cambridge/ which originated in a lecture delivered before the Archaeological Institute at its mooting at Cambridge in 1854 This was completed after his death by the present writer, and published by the University Prow* in 1886 (4 VO!B. imp, 8vo). Willis diftd at Cambridge on 28 Feb. 3875 of bronchitis ; his health had been seriously impaired for some years previously. lie married, on &6 July 1832, Mary Anne, daugh- ter of Charles Humfrey of Cambridge. [Verm's Biogr. Hist, of Gotw'lle and Onius College, 1898, ii, 182; Arch, Joum. passim; private knowledge.} J. W. C-x. WILLIS, BOBEET (1799-1878), medical writer, was born in Scotland iu 1799, and in 1819 graduated M,D. in the university of Edinburgh. lie became a member of the College of Surgeons of England in 18^^, then began practice as a surgeon in London, and was in 1837 admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians. In 1827, on the sugges* tion of John Abernethy (1764-1881) [a.v.j,h0 was appointed librarian of the newly formed library of the College of Surgeons, and held oitice till June 1845, after which he went to live at Barnes in Surrey, and there practised Willis Willis till his death. He translated in 1826 Gas- pard Spurzheim's 'Anatomy of the Brain/ Pierre Bayer's valuable treatise on m 18 diseases of the skin, and in 1844 Karl F. H, Marx's 'On the Decrease of Disease' and Rudolph Wagner's ' Elements of Physiology.' His chief original medical works were 'Urinary Diseases and their Treatment/ pub- lished in 1838; 'Illustrations of Cutaneous Disease ' in 1841; and ' On the Treatment of Stone in the Bladder ' in 1842. His practical knowledge of disease was small, and the pre- paration of works for the press his^more con- genial occupation. His translation of the works of William Harvey (1578-1657J [q.v.] was published by the Syctenham Society in 1847. In 1877 he published an historical study entitled * Servetus and Calvin/ and in 1878 'William Harvey: a History of the Discovery of the Circulation/ a work con- taining some facts not to be found in earlier lives orHarvey. He died at Barnes on 21 Sept, 1878, [Lancet, 12 Oct. 1878 ; Works.] N. M. WILLIS, THOMAS (1682-1 660?), school- master, was the son of Richard Willis of Fenny Compton, Warwickshire, and of his wife, whose maiden name was Blount. He waa born in 1582, matriculated from St, John's College, Oxford, on 11 June 1602, graduated B.A.. on 2 June 1606 and M,A. on 21 June 1609, and was incorporated at Cambridge in 1619. On leaving college he became school- master at Isleworth, and remained there teaching for about fifty years. He published two Latin schoolbooks, ' Vestibulum Linguoo Latinse/ London, 1651, and ' Phraseologia Anglo-Latina/ London, 1655, published with the author's initials only. Thelatter work ap- peared also in the same year under the title of copies contain the three title-pages. Prefixed are some Latin dedicatory verses. In 1672 William Walker (1623-1684) fq. T.] repub- HshedWiUifl's book, reprinted the laudatory verses, omitting the headings 'To Volentius/ then adding his own 'Parcemiologia Anglo- Latina; or a Collection of English and Latin Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings match'd together/ and placed his name alone on the title-page. The whole book has in conse- quence been in the preface. W$ig died about 1660. He married Mary Tomlyn of Gloucester, by whom he had two sons aad two daughters. The elder eon, THOJKAB WXLMS (& 1692), TOS educated first in his father's school and aft-orwardB at St. John'** (,'olloffo, Oxford, whoro he was emit ml M,A. on 17 I)w, 10U>, by virtue of tho Id-tow of Sir Thomnn Fairfax. lie was poHSibly thn *Mr, Thomas Willie, minister, who WUH chaplain to t.ho iv^imwiti of CoL Payno, part, of tlw brigade uwW tlw command of Mnjor-^tvnwal Brown*' In HMH he was appointed nmuntnr of Twickenham in Middlesex, and WUH huU.it uttid on H Out. ! u 1651 ho had his atijxmd ituuvuMod hy K)tM, a year from titliM boloNg'ing 1 to tluulonu and canotiH of Wmdnor, 1 In was on<* of tho oour- missLonorA for tho county of Midiilt'rw.K ami city of WiWl-miiiHtot 1 lor tho ojortiou of iguoraut atid fu*.anL) wl ail ; Wood 1 * Athenae. d, Bliiw, iii, 40$ t iv 698-9, Faati, ed, Bilw, ii 80, S80-7 ; Ahttttii Oxon, 1500-17Hj Cobbfltfc'* of Twickenham, TO, 110, 124 lS89j Environs, Uj 291*5; Palmer 1 ! Nonoonfonrnut'* Memorial, ii. 470; Lipscomb't Buckinghamshire, iii. 343; Manning and Bray*! Surrey, I S04; Aubroy's AfttiquStfa of Sumy, 1 25 j Eiiit,MBft. Oomm. 7th Bep. p. 128 j Lordi 1 Jourfiftt t fill p. Willis WILLIS, TITO^^ physician, son of Thomas Willis and his wife, Rachel Ilowell, was born at Great Bod- win, Wiltshire, on 27 Jan, 1620-1, and baptised on. 14 Fob, following. His father, a farmer at * Church or Long Handborough,' Oxfordshire, was, 'according to Wood, 'a retainer of $, John's College/ and afterwards steward to Sir Walter Smith of Bodwyn, retiring in his old ago to North llinltsey, near Oxford, and losing Ida life in the aioge of Oxford in 1646. His mother was a native 'of Ilinksey. Tho son was educated at the private school of Edward Sylvester in Oxford; 'in 1086 he became a retainer to the family of Dr, Tho. HOB, canon of Christ Church^ (WOOD); and on iJ March 1686-7 he matriculated from Christ Church, graduating B,A. on 10 Juno 10.M9 and M,A, on 18 June 1642. Ilo served th king in tho university lugion, and studied medicine, On 8 Dec. '1040 he graduated M,B, He began practice in a huitHO opposite Morton e, whero, throughout tho robe ho robellion, tho offices of tho church of Itinffland wore regu- larly porformod [BOO Owi-iN 1 , JOHN, UJI6- 1C8'8]. Ho there wrote MHatribw duro medico-philosophicro/ono on MVmontatton/ and the other on 'lAwors/ which, with his i DissertatioEpistolaris do tlrinis/ were pub- lished at The Hague in 1659. To this JTOd- mund Meara |"q, v1 repliod in 1665 in an ' Examon ' which called forth a defence from Willis's friend, Dr. Richard Lower (1631- 1091} H, iii* 1 06; [tol)iMon*H Jloir. of MtM't'htmt- Tiiylor* >S'hul, i. 24,] B, t, WILLISEL, Tl f< >M AS ( f /. 1 cffr* j ) f nut u- liHt, wtm a tutttvo of Ntir!lmwpt74], I did recommend him to his excellency, who made him his gardiner there. lie dyed within a yoare after his being there, but had made a ilno collection of plants and shells, which the Earlo of Oarbery hath by him ; and had ho lived ho would have given the world an account of the plants, antmaln, and fishes of that island, He could write a hand indifibnmt legible, and had made himself master of all the Latino names : ho pourtrayod but un- towardly ' (lw., tit,) Some plants collected "by WiilUol aro preserved in Sir Hans Sloano's herbarium. [Authorities above oittul.] <3K 8, ,B. WILLISON, GEORGE (1741-1797), portrait-painter, born in 1741, was a son of i)avid Willison, an Edinburgh printer and Eubltflhor, and a pandsou of John Willison .j, v.] In 1750 ho was awarded a prise for a drawing of flowers by the Edinburgh So- ciety for the Encouragomtwt of the Arts and Sciences, and in tho two following years his name again figures in the priasolist. After this his undo, George Dmnpmtor [q.v/] of Dunnichon, sont him to Homo to continue his studios, and on his return he sottlfld m London, where, between 1707 and 1777, 1m exhibited some sk-and-twonty portraits at the Itoyal Academy* But meeting with little encouragement, ho went to India and painted many portraits, including those of some native prmces, one of which (that of the nabob of Areot) is now at Hampton Court. Ho possessed a certain knowledge of medicine, and cured a wealthy person of a dangerous wound of long standing, in grati- tude for which he had some time afterwards a considerable fortune bequeathed to him* Then he returned to Edinburgh, whore he continued to paint, and where he died in April 1797* Ilis pictures are pleasant in. colour and rather graceful in arrangement, his characterisation fair, his handling easy; if somewhat thin, A number of his portraits were engraved by Valentine Green and James Watson, A medallion portrait of Willison (dated 1792) by QuiUame is in the Scottish Portrait Gallery, [Scots Magazine, 1755-8; Millar's Eminent Burgesses of .Dundee, 1887; Oat. Scottish Na- tional Portrait G-allory; Ernest Law's Hampton Court ; Bodgrave's, Bryan's, and G-ravea's Die- tionariefl.1 J. L. C. t WILLISON, JOI-IN (1680-1750), Scot- tish ^ divine, was born in 1080 at or near Stirling, wliero his family had been long settled and possessed considerable property, Jlo was the eldest son of James Willison Mill of Graigforth and Bothia Gourlay, his spouse, lie entered the university of Glasgow in 1695, and, though sometimes styled M,A,, his name does not appear in the list of graduates* lie was licensed by the presby tery of Stirling in 1701 , appointed to the parish of Brochin by the united presbytery of Brechux and Arbroath in 1703, and ordained in De- comber of that year. Many of his parishioners wore Jacobites and episcopalians, and he oneountored much opposition from them. In 1705 ho reported to the presbytery that the formor op'iBCopal minister had retaken pos* soHHion of tho pulpit for tho afternoon ser- vice on Sutulayw, that tho magistrates refused to render him any a&sintanco, and that he was told that he would be rabbled if he tried to oust tho intruder. In 1712 he published a pamphlet entitled 'Queries to the Scots Inno- vators in Divine Service, and particularly to tho Liturgical Party in the Shire of Angus, By a Lover of the Church of Scotland ; ' and in 17 14 ' A Letter from a Parochial Bishop to a Prelatical Gentleman concerning the Govern- ment of the Church/ In 1716 Willison was translated from Brechinto the South churcli, Dundee, In 1719 ho published an ' Apology for the Church of Scotland against the Ac- cusations of Prelatists and Jacobites/ and in 17^1 a letter to an English M,P, on the bondage in which the Scottish people were Irept from the remains of the feudal system. In 1726 he preached before the general assembly, and from about this time he took a prominent place among the leaders of the popular party in the church. In his own presbvteryhe strenuously opposed John Glas fg, v, J minister of Tealing-, who founded the Glassites/ otherwise called Sanderaaniana, and in 1729 Wiilison published a treatise against his tenets entitled 'A Defence of the National Church, and particularly of tlxe National Constitution pi the Church of Scotland,against the Cavils of Independents/ During the controversy which ended in the deposition of Ebenezer Brskine [q. v.] and his followers, Willison exerted himself to the utmost to prevent a schism, At the synod of Angus in 1788 he preached a sermon xirpfing conciliatory measures, which was puolimed under the title *The Church's Willison Willmore Banger; 7 and after the seceders had formed presbytery of their own, it was through th influence of Willison and his friends tha the^ assembly of 1734 rescinded the act which had given them offence, and authorisec the synod of Stirling to restore them to thei former status. This assembly also sen Willison and two others to London to en deaTour to procure the repeal of the act o 1712 which restored the right of patronag 1 to the former patrons. For five years mor the assembly persevered in its efforts to re claim the seceders, and when at length 11 resolved to libel them, Willison with others dissented. As the seceders now declinec the authority of the church and declarec that its judicatories were ' not lawful nor right constitute courts of Christ/ the as- sembly found that they deserved deposition but, on the earnest solicitation of Willison and his friends, the execution of the sentence was postponed for a year to give them a further opportunity of returning from their 'divisive' courses. They still stood out, how- ever, and it is said that 'the failure of Willison's efforts to prevent a schism so overwhelmed him with grief that he did not take an active share in church courts after that time/ In 1742 Willison visited Cam- tmslang to see for himself the nature of the celebrated religious revival there which is associated with the name of Whitefield, and on his return journey he preached a sermon at Kilsyth which was followed by a like movement in that parish. In 1744 he pub- lished 'A Fair and Impartial Testimony ' (to which several ministers and elders adhered) w 6 oMou uuoueueuiaujisujt Lne national cjiurca, tne lamentable schism begun and carried on by the seceders, the adoption of liturgical forms and popish practices by Scottish episcopalians, and other innovations. In 1745 he published < Popery another Gospel/ which he dedicated to the Duke of Cumber- land, Curing the rising of 1745 Highlanders belonging to Prince Charles's army twice entered his church and threatened to shoot him if he praved for King George, so that he was obliged for a time to close the church and to officiate in private houses, Besides his controversial works, Willison published numerous treatises on devotional and practi- cal religion, many of which were translated mto Gaehc and were great favourites with the Scottish people, Willison was one of the most eminent evangelical clergymen of his time. He was remarkable for his com- bination of personal piety with public spirit, tod, though frequently engagecl in contro- versy, < there was no asperity m what he said or wrote. Faithful in every department of duty, he was specially notod for Im diligtmco in catechising 1 tho young and in vimting tlw sick. lie died on tf May 1750 in tho wwmi- tieth year of his ago, and was buriotl in the South church, Dundee. On 11 Nov. 1714 he married Margarot, daughter of William Arrot, minister ol'Afontrosn, and had A ndrmv, a physician in Dundno; a daughter, who became tho wife of VV, Ball, inituMtw of Ar- broath, and otihor childnm, t-luorgo Willi- son [q, v,] was hin gpandwn. Wlllison'fl principal works, IwmdoH thono mentioned abovft, aro; 1. 'Tho Hanctifloa- tion of the Lord's Pay/ 1.71.3, & * A Harm- mental Directory/ 17 Ml. ,1. * Sormcnm bnforo andaftrthLord f HHuppr/ I7tia* 4, 'Tim Mother's CatwohiHitt : an Ifixampln of" l*Inin Catechisintr on tho Shorf Welch's Harrow School Keg. p. 71 ; Ktittltft Memoirs of C, Boner, 1871, i 100; information from Mr. W. Aidis Wright of Trinity Colhw, Cambridge, and from the Bev, C. A. Whittwfc of Bearwood,] W. p. Q, WILLOBIE, HENRY (1574P-U$wm ^y^ous hero of < Willobies Aviaa, 1 [Hou tk ttn<] M . to r(U , tiH( , at Kni. ,. m W(1Hl ^, , , and win m l-Wi, Im w w H()ll( , to S( . llUllI1( | on a cninmiNHijm to Ui, qnwm r , wmt 1V(im tho i)uehnhi" Utirdt. Ou S I'.- ,. lop hcivHy ljlB' th wmtu-tl, and lar fiultiw t, , wmir ttl , a , tinmiw to jm-m-l, |, A h,, ^ w ,a tt wnd tl Hp.iifuil, n), Ayr, but MM by Imldil ,, (lgPlJI( %, ' thw iBllMMtJiitt.rjirtm)(wrijt,mH( ii, did not, ( it . m *' outlawry of Jam m/fi??/y), Tho .. and othorn WHH juinn..w, "ubwittiNUinfiinir thd ftMNttinhly of u Inrffo hotty of mm{ \ ^i\^ mm at t orUif to whwu ti pruiuimi }^\ btujti made that Willm-ii tttiilhw frittndit woiUU not t ^^.tt!r^* ti ^^fW>t hau comn to habit where he bAw. w Jane Grey. On the accession of Mary te in - -*.; " ^ '!-..,.. ' *iH!!K ftoft cnmft rrth m mimtmtiy with ttaKarlof Olnnmum, ami wmJo th*n* nu and Knox had an intr- vmwwith Ar^ylittntl Urd Jamas Htwart (aft,arwanl Kurl of Monty), from whom thwrtl tie dose of Willock Willoughby entered Edinburgh along- with the lords of tho congregation. Shortly afterwards Knox was elected minister of St, Giles ; but after a truce had been completed with the queen regent it was deemed advisable that Knox fthould for a while retire from Edinburgh, Wiilock acting as his substitute in St, Giles. During Knox's absence strenuous efforts were made by the queen regent to have the old form of worship re-established, but Wil- lock firmly resisted her attempts ; and in -August he administered the Lori's supper for the first time in Edinburgh after tue re* formed manner. After the queen regent had broken the treaty and begun to fortify Leith a conven- tion of the nobility, barons, and burghers was on 21 Oct. hold in the Tolbooth to take into consideration her conduct, and Willock, on being asked his judgment., gayo it as his opinion that she * might justly be deprived of the government/ in which, with certain provwoa, he was seconded by Knox (ib. pp. 44S-JJ). The result was that her authority was suspended, and a council appointed to manage the affairs of the kingdom until a meeting of parliament, Willock being ono of the four ^ ministers chosen to assist in the deliberations of the council. Not long after- wards Willock left for England, but ho re- turned with the English army in April 1560, and at the request of the reformed nobility the queen regent had an interview with him on her deathbed in June following, when, according to Knox, ho did plainly show her as wdl the virtue and strength of the death of Jesus Christ UB the vanity and abomina- tion of that idol the luww (5& ii. 71). By the committee of parliament ho was in July 1500 named superintendent of the west, to which lie was admitted at Glasgow in July 1 561. He WOH alwo in July 1 560 named one of a commission appointed by tho lords oJ the congregation to draw up the first book of discipline, As a Scottish reformer Willock stands next to Knox in initiative and in influence ; but it is possible that the risrid severity of Knox became distasteful to him, and, appa- rently deeming tho religious atmosphere pi England more congenial, he about 1502 in which year he wa, however, in June and December moderator of the general ( assembly became rector of Loughborough in Leices- tershire, to which he was presented by his old friend the Duke of Suffolk, Neverthe- less, by continuing for several years to hold -the office of superintendent ^ of the west, he retained his Connection with the Scottish chuioh, and%e was elected moderator of the general jftembly on 26 June 1564, 25 June C65, and 1 July 1568. While he was in Scotland in 1565 'the queen made endeavours ,o have him sent to Ate castle of Dumbar- ton, but he made his escape (CaL State Papery For. 1504-5, No. 1510). IE January 15(57-8 the general assembly of the kirk sent him. through Knox a letter praying- him to return to his old charge in Scotland (KNOX, Works, vi. 445-6) ; but although he did visit Scotland and officiated as moderator of the assembly, he again returned to his charge in England. According to Sir James MCelville, the Earl of Morton made use of Willock to reveal to Elizabeth, through the Earls of Huntingdon and Leicester, the.deal- ings of the Duke of Norfolk with the regent Moray, for an arrangement by which the duke would marry the queen of Scots (Me- motrs, fc. 218)* Willock died in his rectory at Lough- borough on 4 Dec. 1585, and was buried the next day, being Sunday; his wife Catherine survivea him fourteen years, and was buried at Loughborough on 10 Oct. 1599 (FLETCHER, Parish Xteffinter* of LouyhborougK), Though Demster ascribes to him ' Irnpia qusedam,' it does not appear that he loft any works. Chalmers, in his ' Life of Ruddiman/ seeks to identify Willoclc with one ' John Wil- lokis, descended of Scottish progenitors/who on 27 April 1590 is referred to in a state paper as being in prison in Leicester, after having been convicted by a jury of robbery* The supposition of Chalmers, sufficiently im- probable in itself, is of course disposed of by the entry of the rector's death in the parish register, but there is just a possibility that tho robber may have b*een the rector's son. [Wodrow's Biographical Collections (Maitiand Glib), i. 99, 448 sq. ; Histories by Knox, Koith, and Calderwood; Col. State Papers, Por, 1561- 1562, and 1564-5; Cal, State Papers, Scottish, 1547-1563; Wodrow Miscellany, voL i, ; Mait- land Miscellany, vot iii, ; Sir James Melriltf s Memoirs in the Banwatyae Olub; Ghalraers'a Lifo of Ruddiman; Nichols's Leicestershire; Hew Scott's Fasti Eeeles, Scoticanse, ii. 375-6.] T. F. H. WILLOUGHBY. See also WD> WILLOUGHBY DB BROKE, third BA&ON. [See V^BKBY, UIOHAEJ), 1621- 17130 WILLOUGHBY u ERESBY, , 1656-1601,] w PASHAM (16 son of William, third baron Willoughby of < >t Parham, by Frances, daughter of John Man- ners, fourth earl of Butland, was born about ^ Willoughby Willoughby 1613, His great-great-grandfather, Sir Wil- liam Willoughby of Parham, was nephew of William Willoughby, ninth baron Wil- loughby de Eresby, whose daughter Katha- rine, duchess of Suffolk, married as her second husband Richard Bertie, and was mother of Peregrine Bertie, eleventh baron Willoughby de Eresby [a. v.] Sir William was created first baron Willoughby of Parham in Suffolk on 20 Feb. 1546-7, and died in August 1674 His son Charles, second baron, is frequently confused (e. g.in indexes to CaL State Papers, Dom., Cal. Ratfield M88., and Leicester Correspondence) with his cousin, Peregrine Bertie ; he was grandfather of William, third baron Willoughby of Parham, who died on 28 Aug. 1617,and was succeeded by his eldest son Henry. Henry died about 1618, when little more than five years old, and the title passed to his younger brother, Francis (OoL- Lnre, Peeerage, ed. Brydges, vi. 618). In 1636 Francis Willoughby complained of partiality in the levying of ship-money in Lincolnshire ; in 1689 he answered with a great lack of zeal the king's summons to serve against the Scots; in the summer of 1640 his name was attached to some copies of the petition of the twelve peers to the king which led to the calling of the Long parlia- ment. Though not at all conspicuous among the opposition, it is evident he was disaffected to the government (Cal. State Papers. Dom, 1636-7, 1638-9 p. 435, 1640 p. 641). When the breach between the king and the parlia- ment widened, Willoughby was appointed by the latter lord-lieutenant of the district of Lindsey in Lincolnshire, and, iu defiance of the king's direct orders,put into execution the militia ordinance (Lords' Journals, iv. 687, v. 115, 127, 155). He was given command of a regiment of horse under the Earl of Essex, but arrived too late to take part in the battle of Edgehill (PBACOOK, ArmyZists, p. 48 ; WHITBLOOKB, Memorials, i. 187). On 9 Jan, 1643 he was made, by a special ordi- nance, lord-lieutenant and commander-in- chief in Lincolnshire (HUSBAND, Ordinances. 1643, p. 834). Ou 16 July 1643 he surprised Gainsborough and took prisoner the Earl of Kingston, but was immediately besieged there by the royalists. Cromwell and Sir John Meldrum [q. v.] defeated the besiegers (28 July) and threw some powder into the town, but Willoughby was obliged to sur- render on 30 July (Mercurius Aulious, 27 July-8 Aug. 1643 ; Life of Col HutcMn- son t i. 217, 223 ; CA.ELTXB, Cromwell, letters xii. xiv.) A few days later he was forced to abandon Lincoln also, and to retire to Boston, which he expected to be unable to hold. Without we be masters of the field/ he wrote to Cromwell, * wo shall be out by the ars one after another* (of. actions of the lloyal Hwtvritvil titwfoty, 1 p. 63). Lincolnshire was added It) the cmatorn association, on 20 Sept. J(U.% and rocovnrod by Manchester's victory at Wincoby on J I Oct., Willoughby joinod ManohoHtw iuHt buforo the battle, andcapturod Boltngbrolw Ciuttlo in Lincolnshire on 14 Nov. 14B ( VIOMIH, 6W* ^tr^pp.44, (57). In March 1644 ho took part in Six* JolmMoJdrumVaborUvtMittompt to capture Newark, andtlw ill mietwHH of the siege was froely attributed to tho rofuflal of Willoujyhby'B men to obny Muldrmn (A Brief J&vlation of tM %I(ml Bury censured and Oolonol Ktlward Kinpr committed to N^wpto forthtnr eriticmmH of hia conduct aa a Amoral ; but Kiiitf wu re- leased by ordor of th UouKt) of Ootumont (ft. vi, tm t m, fi/57, 571-0, fifi, (X), (105, 6 IS), In oonsonuflnco of t\wm pnrfional sligntB h bocamo mttwly diAHiitmfliul. * W are all haBtinff to an oarly ruin,' wan IUM viow of public afftjiw in IH44, 'Nubility and gentry are going down upa.cn * (//W. MM&* Comm. 4th'ttep, p SHB; WHTTJMOCIKI!}, ii. 366). In Becembor 1645 parliament votfid that the king should bo a*Kd to malw Wil* loujafhby an earl, and mplyed him o onft of its commissioners to the 8coUw*h army (WHITB^OOKU, i, 541, 54B). Olanmdon de scribes him a of great wteum among the preabyterians, * though not tainted with thmr principles ' (Jf^W/ton, xi, B5) In 1647 b was one of the Iead